L’Assemblée générale et le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU élisent cinq membres de la Cour

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE Palais de la Paix, Carnegieplein 2, 2517 KJ La Haye, Pays-Bas Tél : +31 (0)70 302 2323 Télécopie : +31 (0)70 364 9928 Site Internet X YouTube LinkedIn Communiqué de presse Non officiel No 2023/63 Le 10 novembre 2023 L’Assemblée générale et le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU élisent cinq membres de la Cour LA HAYE, le 10 novembre 2023. L’Assemblée générale et le Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies ont procédé hier à l’élection de cinq membres de la Cour internationale de Justice pour un mandat de neuf ans qui prendra effet à compter du 6 février 2024. Mme la juge Hilary Charlesworth (Australie) a été réélue membre de la Cour. M. Bogdan-Lucian Aurescu (Roumanie), Mme Sarah Hull Cleveland (États-Unis d’Amérique), M. Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco (Mexique) et M. Dire Tladi (Afrique du Sud) ont été élus nouveaux membres de la Cour. La biographie de Mme la juge Charlesworth figure sur le site Internet de la Cour. Les biographies des nouveaux membres élus sont annexées au présent communiqué. En février 2024, la Cour, dans sa nouvelle composition, élira en son sein un président et un vice-président pour un mandat de trois ans. Composition de la Cour La Cour internationale de Justice se compose de quinze juges, qui sont élus chacun pour un mandat de neuf ans et peuvent être réélus. En vue d’assurer une certaine continuité dans la composition de la Cour, celle-ci est renouvelée par tiers tous les trois ans. Aux termes de l’article 2 du Statut de la Cour, les juges sont élus « sans égard à leur nationalité, parmi les personnes jouissant de la plus haute considération morale, et qui réunissent les conditions requises pour l’exercice, dans leurs pays respectifs, des plus hautes fonctions judiciaires, ou qui sont des jurisconsultes possédant une compétence notoire en matière de droit international ». Quant à l’article 9 du Statut, il stipule que les personnes appelées à faire partie de la Cour doivent « assure[r] dans l’ensemble la représentation des grandes formes de civilisation et des principaux systèmes juridiques du monde ». La Cour ne peut comprendre plus d’un ressortissant d’un même État. Présentation des candidats Le droit de proposer des candidats appartient à tous les États parties au Statut de la Cour (au nombre de 193 actuellement). Toutefois, les présentations de candidats ne sont pas faites directement par les gouvernements, mais par les « groupes nationaux » de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage (CPA) ou, pour les États qui n’en sont pas membres, par des groupes nationaux constitués de la même façon. - 2 - La Cour permanente d’arbitrage, dont le siège est à La Haye, a été établie par les conventions de La Haye de 1899 et de 1907. Chaque État partie à ces conventions dispose de son propre groupe national, c’est-à-dire d’un groupe de quatre jurisconsultes au maximum susceptibles d’être appelés à faire partie d’un tribunal arbitral dans le cadre des conventions susmentionnées. Lorsqu’il doit être pourvu aux sièges devenus vacants à la Cour internationale de Justice par voie d’élection, chaque groupe national peut présenter jusqu’à quatre candidats, dont deux au maximum de sa propre nationalité. Les autres candidats peuvent posséder n’importe quelle autre nationalité. Les noms des candidats doivent être communiqués au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Procédure d’élection Les membres de la Cour sont élus par l’Assemblée générale et par le Conseil de sécurité au terme de procédures parallèles. Les deux organes votent en même temps, mais indépendamment l’un de l’autre. Ce système vise à faire en sorte, autant que possible, que le vote d’un organe n’influe pas sur celui de l’autre. Pour être déclaré élu, un candidat doit avoir obtenu la majorité absolue aussi bien à l’Assemblée générale qu’au Conseil de sécurité. À l’heure actuelle, la majorité absolue est de 97 voix sur 193 à l’Assemblée générale. Au Conseil de sécurité, où aucun droit de veto ne joue pour la circonstance et où aucune distinction n’est faite entre les voix des membres permanents et celles des membres non permanents du Conseil, la majorité absolue est atteinte à partir de huit voix sur quinze. ___________ Vue d’ensemble de la salle de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies lors de l’élection des cinq membres de la Cour (Photo ONU/Loey Felipe). - 3 - Un préposé à une salle de conférence montrant l’urne vide pendant la séance du Conseil de sécurité (Photo ONU/Manuel Elias). ___________ Remarque : Les communiqués de presse de la Cour sont établis par son Greffe à des fins d’information uniquement et ne constituent pas des documents officiels. ___________ La Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ) est l’organe judiciaire principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU). Elle a été instituée en juin 1945 par la Charte des Nations Unies et a entamé ses activités en avril 1946. La Cour est composée de 15 juges, élus pour un mandat de neuf ans par l’Assemblée générale et le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Elle a son siège au Palais de la Paix, à La Haye (Pays-Bas). La Cour a une double mission, consistant, d’une part, à régler conformément au droit international les différends d’ordre juridique qui lui sont soumis par les États et, d’autre part, à donner des avis consultatifs sur les questions juridiques qui peuvent lui être soumises par les organes de l’ONU et les institutions du système dûment autorisés à le faire. ___________ Département de l’information : Mme Monique Legerman, première secrétaire de la Cour, cheffe du département : +31 (0)70 302 2336 Mme Joanne Moore, attachée d’information : +31 (0)70 302 2337 M. Avo Sevag Garabet, attaché d’information adjoint : +31 (0)70 302 2394 Adresse électronique : [email protected] A/78/99 S/2023/447 2/65 23-13270 Annex Curricula vitae* Aurescu, Bogdan-Lucian (Romania) Name AURESCU BOGDAN-LUCIAN Academic Title Professor Dr. (authorized to conduct the coordination of Ph.D. students in Public International Law, at the Doctoral Law School of the University of Bucharest), Member of the United Nations International Law Commission. Studies 2010-2011 - Post-Doctoral Advanced Research Programme, with the qualification “Excellent”, in the field of “International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights, Rights of Refugees and Criminal Law” with the subject “Evolutions in the Relation between State and Individual in the Field of International Law of Human Rights and of the International Protection of Persons belonging to National Minorities”, Post- doctoral School of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest 1999-2003 - Ph.D. (doctor) in Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest, with the qualification „Very Good” and the distinction “Summa cum Laude”, title of the Ph.D. thesis: “The Concept of Sovereignty and the Primacy of International Law” 2000-2001 - Post-graduate course, Department for Training of Professors (graduation grade – 10), Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education, University of Bucharest 2000 - National Defense College (of Romania), title of the post-graduate paper: “The NATO Operations in Kosovo during the Former Yugoslavia Crisis and their Consequences on International Law”, Academy of High Military Studies, Ministry of National Defense, Bucharest 1996 - Public International Law Session, The Hague Academy of International Law 1995-1996 - Diplôme d’université de droit des affaires franco- roumain, Institut FrancoRoumain du Droit des Affaires et Coopération Internationale “N. Titulescu - H. Capitant”, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and University of Bucharest; title of the post-graduate paper (in French): “La capacité de la Communauté européenne pour conclure des traités internationaux”, Bucharest 1993-1998 - Faculty of History, University of Bucharest (graduation grade – 10), specialty: contemporary universal history, title of the graduate paper: “The Regional Co- operation and the History of European Integration” 1992-1996 - Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest (graduation grade – 9. 91; “Diploma with Merits”), title of the graduate paper: “The Relations between International Law and Domestic Law. The New Geometry of International Law” 1988-1992 National College St. Sava (graduation grade – 9.59), Bucharest Teaching and Academic Activities 2018 – Approval of the Senate of the University of Bucharest to conduct Ph.D. coordination at the Doctoral Law School of the University of Bucharest 2017 – Obtaining the certificate of authorization to conduct Ph.D. coordination at the Doctoral Law School of the University of Bucharest 2015 to present, Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest (the Public Law Department), teaching Public International Law, International Organisations and * Curricula vitae are issued without formal editing. A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 3/65 International Relations, International Jurisdictions, International Law of Minorities’ Protection 2012-2015, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest (the Public Law Department), teaching Public International Law, International Organisations and International Relations, International Jurisdictions, International Law of Minorities’ Protection 2009 to present, lecturer – The System of International Jurisdictions; The Law of Treaties and the practice of negotiations (until 2012), at the Master of International Law, Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest 2010 to present, lecturer – Public International Law (in English), at the Master “Security and Diplomacy”, Department of International Relations and European Integration, National School of Political and Administrative Studies 2006 (July), Visiting professor (ERASMUS Teaching Staff mobility) at the Faculty of Law, University of Hamburg 2004-2012, university Lecturer, at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest (the Public Law Department), teaching Public International Law, Diplomatic and Consular Law, International Organisations and International Relations, International Jurisdictions, The Law of Treaties and the practice of negotiations 2004 to present, lecturer – International Jurisdictions at the Master of international and EU Law, “Nicolae Titulescu” University of Bucharest 2002-2004, university Assistant at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest (the Public Law Department), Public International Law, Diplomatic and Consular Law 1998-2002, coordinator of the seminars of the 3rd series of the 2nd year of studies, Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest 2002-2003, lecturer - Public International Law, The Law of Treaties for the 2nd year of studies, Faculty of International Relations, National School of Political and Administrative Studies 1999, lecturer - Public International Law, The Law of Treaties, the Post-graduate Programme on International Relations, organized by the Romanian MFA and the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest for the primary professional training of diplomats under the aegis of the Romanian Diplomatic Academy Scientific and Research Activities Director of the research project “Identification of specific national remedies for the unduly length of judicial proceedings in Romania” / The Programme “Ideas – Projects of Exploratory Research” (project code 769/2009), the “National Plan II for Research, Development and Innovation 2007-2013” (2009-2011). The results of the research were published in the volume “Identification of specific national remedies for the unduly length of judicial proceedings in Romania”, 2011, C.H. Beck Publishing House; Editor-in-chief of the Romanian Journal of International Law, since 2003; Member of the Editorial Board of the Judicial Courier, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, since 2008; Member of the Scientific Council of the Journal ACTA Universitatis Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, Universul Juridic Publishing House, since 2013; Member of the Scientific Council of the Constitutional Law Review, Bucharest, since 2015; Associated expert for drafting the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner for National Minorities on National Minorities in Interethnic Relations (the Bolzano Recommendations) (2008) A/78/99 S/2023/447 4/65 23-13270 Research contract for drafting a chapter of the volume „The Responsibility to Protect Minorities: Is the Kin State a Problem or a Solution?” (2008-2009) cu UN University (Tokyo); Associated researcher in the Programme Institutions of Research and Tertiary Education in Central and South East Europe – Developments, Structures and Perspectives for their Integration into the European Higher Education and Research Area, University of Graz, Austria (2006) Publications 19 books (3 – author, 8 - editor and 8 - co-author) in the field of International Law, 55 chapters in books, studies in volumes of international conferences and more than 225 articles, studies, comments and book reviews published in foreign or Romanian journals, such as Annuaire Français de Droit International (CNRS Editions), The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law (Brill | Nijhoff Publishers), Helsinki Monitor. Security and Human Rights (Brill | Nijhoff Publishers), European Yearbook of Minority Issues (Brill | Nijhoff Publishers), Chinese Journal of International Law (Oxford University Press), Revue Hellenique de Droit International (published by the Hellenic Institute of International and Foreign Law), Romanian Journal of International Law, Annals of the University of Bucharest – Law Series (C.H. Beck Publishing House) Other activities Since 15 June 2023, Presidential Advisor for Foreign Policy, Presidential Administration of Romania, Presidential Administration of Romania 4 November 2019 – 15 June 2023, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania, Romanian MFA July-December 2016, Special (Honorary) Advisor to the Slovak Presidency of the EU Council for inter-institutional and legal affairs 6 May 2016 – 4 November 2019, Presidential Advisor for Foreign Policy, Presidential Administration of Romania 2015 (18 November) – 2016 (5 May), Ambassador at large, Romanian MFA 24 November 2014 – 17 November 2015, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania; ambassador, Romanian MFA 2012 (June) - 2014 (November), Secretary of State for Strategic Affairs, Co-chairman (for Romania) of the Romanian-Hungarian, Romanian-German, Romanian-Serbian Joint Commissions on National Minorities, minister- plenipotentiary, Romanian MFA 2012 (February-June), Secretary of State for Global Affairs, Co-chairman (for Romania) of the Romanian-Hungarian; Romanian-German, Romanian-Serbian Joint Commissions on National Minorities, Romanian MFA 2010-2012, Secretary of State for European Affairs, Co- chairman (for Romania) of the Romanian-Hungarian; Romanian-German, Romanian-Serbian Joint Commissions on National Minorities, Romanian MFA 2009-2010, Secretary of State for Strategic Affairs, Co- chairman (for Romania) of the Romanian-Hungarian; Romanian-German, Romanian-Serbian Joint Commissions on National Minorities, Romanian MFA 2004-2009, Agent of Romania before the International Court of Justice, in the case Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), minister-counselor (since 2006) 2004 (April) – 2005 (January), Secretary of State for European Affairs; coordinator of the General Directorate for Legal Affairs and of the Office for the Relations with the Parliament, Romanian MFA A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 5/65 2003 (July) -2004 (April), Under Secretary of State, Government Agent for the European Court of Human Rights and coordinator of the General Department for Legal Affairs, Romanian MFA 2001-2003, Director General for Legal Affairs (and Legal Advisor of the Romanian MFA), 1st Secretary 2000-2001, Director, International Law and Treaties Directorate, 2nd Secretary, Romanian MFA 1999-2000, Director, Cabinet of the Minister, Romanian MFA 2000-2014, Alternate representative of Romania to the Danube Commission (Budapest) 1999, Deputy Director, International Law and Treaties Directorate, 3rd Secretary, Romanian MFA 1998-1999, Adviser to the Minister, Cabinet of the Minister, Romanian MFA 1998-1999, Member of the Coordination Committee of the Center for Diplomatic Training and International Relations (Diplomatic Academy), Romanian MFA 1997-1998, Attaché, International Law and Treaties Department, Romanian MFA 1996-1997, Desk Officer, International Law and Treaties Department, Romanian MFA Member/head of Romanian delegations of negotiations for certain bilateral treaties of good neighborliness (Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Macedonia - head of delegation), on border regime (Ukraine – deputy head and head of delegation), on maritime delimitation issues (Ukraine – deputy head and head of delegation), on minorities’ issues (Hungary), for multilateral documents and treaties in the framework of international organizations (Black Sea Economic Co-operation Organization, Danube Commission, International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River). Head of Romanian delegation participating to the sessions of the UNGA Sixth Committee and the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe (CAHDI) (2000-2003). Coordinator of the Romanian legal team for the issue of the Law on Hungarians Living in Neighboring Countries (2001- 2003), and of the Romanian legal team for the Ukrainian “Bystroe” canal issue (2002-2004). Signatory on behalf of Romania of Protocols 14 and 15 to the European Convention on Human Rights (2004 and 2013), both regarding the ECtHR reform, as well as of other international treaties. Head of the Romanian delegation to the Review Conference of the Rome Statute of Kampala (Uganda, 2010). Head of the Romanian delegation to the Conferences of the Council of Europe for the Reform of the European Court of Human Rights of Interlaken (2010), Brighton (2012) and Brussels (2015). Rapporteur (or co-rapporteur) of the Venice Commission (as Substitute Member/independent legal expert, on behalf of Romania) for: 1. The Opinion on the draft law on national minorities of Montenegro – 2004; 2. The Opinion on the draft law on property restitution and compensation on the territory of Georgia for the victims of conflict in former South Ossetia district – 2006; A/78/99 S/2023/447 6/65 23-13270 3. The Report on the effectiveness of national remedies in respect of excessive length of proceedings – 2006; 4. The Opinion on the law on the freedom of assembly of Azerbaijan – 2006; 5. The Study on non-citizens and minority protection – 2006; 6. The 2nd Opinion on the law on the freedom of assembly of Azerbaijan– 2007; 7. The Study on the democratic control of armed forces – 2008; 8. The Opinion on the Georgian Law on the occupied territories – 2009; 9. The Opinion on the Kyrgyz Law on freedom of assembly – 2009; 10. The Opinion on the Bulgarian Law on freedom of assembly – 2009; 11. The Opinion on amendments to the Georgian Law on freedom of assembly – 2009; 12. The Interim Opinion on amendments to the Georgian Law on the occupied territories – 2009; 13. The 2nd Opinion on amendments to the Georgian Law on the occupied territories – 2009; 14. The 2nd Interim Opinion on amendments to the Georgian Law on freedom of assembly – 2010; 15. Joint Guidelines of ODIHR/OSCE and Venice Commission on freedom of assembly – 2010; 16. The Opinion on the Serbian Law on freedom of assembly – 2010; 17. The Opinion on the Armenian Law on freedom of assembly – 2010; 18. The 2nd Opinion on the Kyrgyz Law on freedom of assembly – 2010; 19. The Final Opinion on the amendments to the Georgian Law on freedom of assembly – 2011; 20. The Opinion on the Belarusian Law on freedom of assembly – 2012; 21. The 3rd Opinion on amendments to the Georgian Law on the occupied territories – 2013; 22. The Opinion (informal) on the Georgian Law on State language – 2014; 23. The Opinion on the amendments to the Montenegrin Law on national minorities – 2015; 24. The Interim Opinion on the Amendments to the Constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (implementation of findings of international bodies on protection of human rights and freedoms) – 2016; 25. The Final Opinion on the Amendments to the Constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (implementation of findings of international bodies on protection of human rights and freedoms) – 2016; 26. Amicus Curiae for the Constitutional Court of Albania on the restitution of properties – 2016; 27. The Opinion on the Constitutional Law of Armenia on the Human Rights Defender – 2016; 28. The Opinion on the FYROM Law regarding the fight against discrimination – 2018; A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 7/65 29. Guidelines on the Role of Majority and Opposition in a Democratic Society – 2019; 30. Report on the Criminal Liability for Peaceful Calls for Radical Constitutional Change from the Standpoint of the European Convention on Human Rights – 2020. Government Agent of Romania for the European Court of Human Rights (2003- 2004) Agent of Romania before the International Court of Justice (2004-2009), in the case Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine). Romania was granted, by the Judgment of 3 February 2009 (Judgment no. 100 of ICJ), adopted with unanimity, 79.34% of the disputed area (about 12 200 km²), that is 9700 km² of continental shelf and EEZ Chief negotiator on behalf of Romania of the Romanian/US Agreement on the Deployment of the US Ballistic Missile Defense System in Romania, and of the Joint Declaration on the Strategic Partnership for the 21st Century between Romania and USA, both done in Washington, on 13 September 2011 (2010-2011). Active promoter of the acceptance by Romania of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, finalized in June 2015 during his mandate as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania Initiator, as a Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania, in February 2015, of the proposal of establishing an International Court against Terrorism, as an International Law tool to prevent, deter and punish the crime of terrorism. Initiator, as a Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania, in 2020-2021, of the initiative to promote the universal acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Professional Bodies Member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations, first mandate (2017-2022), second mandate (2023-2027), position in which he introduced the topic of “Sea-level rise in relation to international law” on the current agenda of the ILC Commission, acting as co-chair of the ILC Study Group on this issue. Together with another co-chair, he authored the First Issues Paper (2020) and the Additional Paper to the First Issues Paper (2023) on law of the sea aspects related to sea-level rise. Member (independent legal expert, on behalf of Romania) of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) of the Council of Europe – since 2022 Substitute Member (independent legal expert, on behalf of Romania) of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) of the Council of Europe (2002-2022) Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (Romanian national group) (2002-2023) Arbitrator designated by Romania according to article 2 of Annex VII to the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea – since 2009 President of the International Law Section of the Romanian Association for International Law and International Relations and of the Romanian Branch of the International Law Association (London) – since 2003 Member (on behalf of Romania) of the High Council of the European University Institute of Florence (2010-2016) President of the Scientific Board of the BISMUN Association (Bucharest International Student Model United Nations), currently the Romanian UN Youth Association – since 2010 A/78/99 S/2023/447 8/65 23-13270 Member of the Senate of the Diplomatic Academy of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2002-2005) Member of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Studies of the University of Bucharest (1997) Member Romanian Association for International Law and International Relations – since 1996 Awards “Diploma of merits for outstanding contribution to the diplomatic activity of Romania” (2002) conferred by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania “Diploma of excellence for outstanding contribution to the diplomatic activity of Romania and for the contribution in the case Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea” (2009), conferred by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania Decorations The National Order “Faithfull Service” (“Serviciul Credincios”) in the rank of “Knight” (2002), The National Order “Diplomatic Merit” (“Meritul Diplomatic”) in the rank of “Knight” (2007), The National Order “The Star of Romania” (“Steaua României”) (2009), in the rank of “Knight”, The Commander’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (2009), The National Order “The Star of Romania” (“Steaua României”) in the rank of “Officer” (2013), The “Emblem of Honor of the Romanian General Staff” (2013), The “Gold Medal of the Polish Armed Forces” (2013), The National Order “The Legion of Honor” of the French Republic (2016), The National Order “For Merit” of the Italian Republic in the rank of “High Officer” (2018), The Commander’s Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (2019), The Order of the Cross Terra Mariana 2 nd class of the Republic of Estonia (2021), The Order of Merit in the rank of “Grand Cross” of the Federal Republic of Germany (2023). The Order of Honour of the Republic of Moldova (2023). Foreign Languages English, French A/78/99 S/2023/447 24/65 23-13270 Cleveland, Sarah Hull (United States of America) PROFESSOR SARAH H. CLEVELAND Born 4 September 1965, Washington D.C., United States of America. ACADEMIC AND TEACHING EXPERIENCE Since 2007 COLUMBIA LAW SCHOOL, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York, NY. Louis Henkin Professor of Human and Constitutional Rights; Faculty Co-Director, Human Rights Institute Teaching and research in public international law, international and comparative human rights, international humanitarian law, national security law, constitutional law of U.S. foreign relations, and federal civil procedure. 2012-2018 AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States: Jurisdiction, Treaties, and Sovereign Immunity Co-Coordinating Reporter overseeing preparation of major treatise on U.S. foreign relations law; Reporter on Status of Treaties in U.S. Domestic Law. 2000-2007 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF LAW, Austin, TX. Marrs McLean Professor in Law (2001-2007); Assistant Professor (1997-2000); Professor of Law (2000-2001) VISITING PROFESSOR APPOINTMENTS: • Sciences Po University, Paris, France (2016, 2019, 2020, 2021) • Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II), Paris, France (2017), Senior Researcher 2017-18) • Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland (2017) • University of Leiden, Summer Program, Leiden, Netherlands (2016) • European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy (2008, 2012, 2015) • George Washington-Oxford Summer Program in International Human Rights Law, Oxford, UK (2006-2007) • Harvard Law School, Bemis Visiting Professor of International Law, Cambridge, MA (2006-2007) • Columbia Law School, Samuel Rubin Visiting Professor of Law, New York, NY (2005-2006) • University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI (2004) MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS EXPERIENCE Since 2020 AD HOC CONCILIATION COMMISSION, UN COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, Geneva, Switzerland. Member in Qatar v. United Arab Emirates 2019-2021 HIGH LEVEL PANEL OF LEGAL EXPERTS ON MEDIA FREEDOM, London, UK. Member Independent expert advisory body to the Joint UK-Canadian Global Campaign on Media Freedom. A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 25/65 2015-2018 UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, Geneva, Switzerland. Vice Chairperson (2018); Special Rapporteur for New Communications and Interim Measures (2017-2018); Special Rapporteur for Follow-up to Concluding Observations (2015-2017) Elected as independent expert on UN treaty body monitoring State implementation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 2010-2019 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION), Venice, Italy. Member (2013-2019); Observer Member (2010-2013) Vice Chair of Sub-Commission on Rule of Law and Sub-Commission on Federal States (2013-2019); Member, Sub-Commission on Latin America (2015-19); Liaison Officer to U.S. Supreme Court (2018-2019). Independent U.S. Member on Council of Europe’s expert advisory body on human rights and rule of law. U.S. GOVERNMENT SERVICE Since 2011 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Member of the Secretary of State’s Advisory Committee on International Law 2012-2013 U.S.-CHINA LEGAL EXPERTS DIALOGUE Expert member of U.S. delegation 2009-2013 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, OFFICE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER → Attorney-Adviser International (Expert) (2011-2013): Expert legal assistance to Office of the Legal Adviser on international law issues including treaty interpretation and implementation, human rights, international justice, armed conflict, counterterrorism, and U.S. domestic litigation. → Counselor on International Law to the Legal Adviser (2009-2011): • Supervising Deputy Legal Adviser for Office of Political/Military Affairs and Central and Southeast Asia. • Helped supervise legal work of State Department, including developing Department positions in the interagency and U.S. positions before UN and regional bodies. Helped oversee legal work relating to treaty interpretation and implementation, human rights, international justice, armed conflict, counterterrorism, and U.S. domestic litigation involving international law and foreign relations issues. • Assisted with numerous briefs at all levels of federal judiciary including U.S. Supreme Court; United States submissions before the ICJ in Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo, and implementation of the ICJ judgment in Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v United States of America). JUDICIAL CLERKSHIPS 1993-1994 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Washington, D.C. Law clerk to Associate Justice Harry A. Blackmun 1992-1993 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, Washington, D.C. Law clerk to Judge Louis F. Oberdorfer A/78/99 S/2023/447 26/65 23-13270 PROFESSIONAL HONORS AND AWARDS • Doctorado Honoris Causa, Instituto Universitario de Yucatán, Mexico (2020) • Excellence in International Law Teaching Award, Columbia International Law Society (2014) • Certificate of Appreciation, U.S. Department of State (2011) • Excellence in Teaching Award, University of Texas School of Law (2000-2001) • Harry A. Blackmun Fellow, Aspen Justice & Society Institute, Aspen, CO (2001) • Stanford-Yale Junior Faculty Forum, Constitutional Law-Historical Foundations selection (2002) ACADEMIC JOURNAL AFFILIATIONS: • International Review of the Red Cross, Board of Editors (2015-2020) • Journal of International Economic Law, Board of Editors (2004-2015) • Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Board of Directors (Since 2007) EDUCATION 1992 YALE LAW SCHOOL, New Haven, CT. Juris Doctor Degree Senior Editor, Yale Law & Policy Review. Mary McCarthy Fellowship in Public Interest Law. Charles G. Alborn Prize for Excellence in Appellate Advocacy (co-recipient). Annual Human Rights Award, American Immigration Lawyers’ Association (corecipient). 1989 UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, LINCOLN COLLEGE, Oxford, United Kingdom. Master of Studies (M.St.) in British Imperial & Commonwealth History Rhodes Scholar 1987-89. 1987 BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, RI. Honors A.B., Magna Cum Laude Independent Concentration in Law & Mental Health Phi Beta Kappa EXPERT BODIES & PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS • Human Rights First, Board of Directors, New York, NY (Since 2021). • Microsoft Technology and Human Rights Advisory Council (Since 2021). • Geneva Human Rights Platform, Advisory Board, Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland (Since 2020). • Independent International Legal Advocates, Advisory Council, New York, NY (Since 2020). • Centre for Civil and Political Rights, Advisory Board, Geneva, Switzerland (Since 2020). • Clooney Foundation for Justice, TrialWatch Advisory Board, New York, NY (2019 -2021). • International Commission of Jurists, Commissioner, Geneva, Switzerland (Since 2018). • International Bar Association Human Rights Institute, Council Member, London, UK (Since 2013). • Institute of International Peace and Security Law, University of Cologne, Germany, Advisory Board (Since 2015). • American Law Institute Member, Washington, D.C. (Since 2007). • American Society of International Law (Since 1998). Executive Council Member (2014-2017). A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 27/65 BAR MEMBERSHIPS • International Bar Association (Since 2019); Human Rights Committee, Co-Vice Chair (2020), Advisory Board (2021). • Supreme Court of the United States Bar Association (Since 2012). • American Bar Association (Since 1998). OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Aspen Institute/NYU-Columbia Federal Judicial Training Seminars. Instructor in seminar for U.S. federal and state judges on international human rights and international humanitarian law (2007- 2018). Project on Harmonizing Standards for Armed Conflict. Co-director of transnational expert project on strengthening legal protection in non-international armed conflict (2012-2016). Stimson Center, Ethics and Law Working Group, Task Force on U.S. Drone Policy, Washington, DC (2013- 2014). Afghanistan Transitional Commercial Law Project Working Group. Expert on ABA-sponsored project drafting employment code for post-Taliban Afghanistan (2003). Erlenborn Commission, Legal Services Corporation. Member of federal commission reviewing the provision of legal assistance to aliens in the United States (1999). Florida Legal Services, Belle Glade, FL. Skadden Fellow. Conducted civil impact litigation on behalf of sugar cane guestworkers and other migrant farmworkers (1994-1996). American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Florida, West Palm Beach, FL. Cooperating attorney on broad constitutional civil rights litigation docket (1994-1996). Schell Center for Human Rights Research Project in Namibia, Yale Law School. Comparative research on Namibia’s constitutional transition in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe (1990). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, Switzerland. Researc h on repatriation of South African refugees (1990). Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, National Center on Education & the Economy, Rochester, NY. Comparative European research in Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Sweden (1989 - 1990). Telesis, Providence, RI. Research on adult education programs in Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Sweden (1989); Munich, Germany (1988). SELECT PUBLICATIONS BOOKS PAUL STEPHEN AND SARAH CLEVELAND, EDS., THE RESTATEMENT AND BEYOND: THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF U.S. FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW (Oxford University Press, 2020). HENKIN, CLEVELAND, ET AL., HUMAN RIGHTS (Foundation Press, 2nd ed., 2009), and SUPPLEMENT (2013). ARTICLES, ESSAYS AND BOOK CHAPTERS Human Rights Connectivity: The Future of the Treaty Body System, in THE FUTURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS (N. Bhutal, ed., Oxford University Press) (forthcoming 2022). A Human Rights Agenda for the Biden Administration, 115 AJIL UNBOUND 57 (Jan. 22, 2021), https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/humanrights-agenda-for-the-biden-administration/1257834BB98BBD94D3605E89D7403448. A/78/99 S/2023/447 28/65 23-13270 Prólogo (co-author), in Fabián Salvioli, Introducción a los Derechos Humanos: concepto, fundamentos, características, obligaciones del Estado, y criterios de interpretación juridica (IIRESODH 2019) Hate Speech at Home and Abroad, in Lee Bollinger and Geoffrey Stone, eds., THE FREE SPEECH CENTURY (2018). Human Rights Treaty Bodies in the Age of Connectivity, in SYSTÈME DE PROTECTION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME DES NATIONS UNIES : PRÉSENT ET AVENIR (University of Paris Panthéon-Assas, 2017). Outcomes Report, Review of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies System, Latin America Expert Regional Consultation, San José, Costa Rica, Human Rights Institute (2017) (co-author). Defining and Punishing Offenses Under Treaties, 124 Yale L. J. 2202 (2015) (with William Dodge). After Kiobel, 12 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 551 (2014). The United States and the Torture Convention, Part I: Extraterritoriality, Just Security Blog (Nov. 2014), http://justsecurity.org/17435/united-states-torture-convention-part-i-extraterritoriality/. The United States and the Torture Convention, Part II: Armed Conflict, Just Security Blog (Nov. 2014), http://justsecurity.org/17581/united-states-torture-convention-armed-conflict/. Principles to Guide Congressional Authorization of the Continued Use of Force Against ISIL (coauthor) (Nov. 2014) (co-author), https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ISISAUMF-Statement-FINAL.pdf. Harmonizing Standards in Armed Conflict, EJIL: Talk! (Sept. 2014), http://www.ejiltalk.org/harmonizing-standards-in-armed-conflict/. The Kiobel Presumption and Extraterritoriality, 52 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW 8 (2013). Book Review, Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties, by Marko Milanovic, OPINIO JURIS / EJIL: TALK! (Dec. 2011). In Memoriam: Tribute to Louis Henkin, 49 COLUM. J. TRANSNATIONAL LAW (2011). Embedded International Law and the Constitution Abroad, 110 COLUM. L. REV. 101 (2010). The Legacy of Louis Henkin: Human Rights in the “Age of Terror”, an Interview with Sarah H. Cleveland, 38 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. (2007). Brief of Professors of Constitutional Law and Federal Jurisdiction as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners, Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah v. United States (Nos. 06-1195 and 06-1196) (U.S. 2007) (co-author) (habeas corpus jurisdiction over aliens detained as enemy combatants on Guantanamo). Foreign Authority, American Exceptionalism, and the Dred Scott Case, 82 CHICAGO-KENT L. REV. 393 (2007). Our International Constitution, 31 YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 (Winter 2006). Is There Room for the World in Our Courts? WASHINGTON POST, Mar. 20, 2005. International Decisions: Legal Status and Rights of Undocumented Workers, 99 AM. J. INT’L. L. 460 (2005). Hamdi Meets Youngstown: Justice Jackson’s Wartime Security Jurisprudence and the Detention of Enemy Combatants, 68 ALBANY L. REV. 1127 (2005). President Not Above the Law, DALLAS MORNING NEWS, June 30, 2004, at 19A. The Alien Tort Statute, Civil Society and Corporate Responsibility, 56 RUTGERS L. REV. 971 (2004). Brief Amicus Curiae of Immigration and Labor Rights Organization in OC-18, Advisory Opinion on the Legal Status and Rights of Undocumented Workers, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2003) (co-author) (international law protections for migrant workers). A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 29/65 Why International Labor Standards?, in INTERNATIONAL LABOR STANDARDS: GLOBALIZATION, TRADE AND PUBLIC POLICY, Robert J. Flanagan and William J. Gould, IV, eds. (Stanford Univ. Press, 2003). Inter-American Court of Human Rights Amicus Curiae Brief: The United States Violates International Law When Labor Law Remedies Are Restricted Based on Workers’ Migrant Status, 1(3) SEATTLE JOURNAL FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE 795 (Spring/Summer 2003) (co-author). Powers Inherent in Sovereignty: Indians, Aliens, Territories, and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of Plenary Power over Foreign Relations, 81 TEXAS L. REV. 1 (2002). Human Rights Sanctions and International Trade: A Theory of Compatibility , 2002 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 133. Norm Internalization and U.S. Economic Sanctions, 26 YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 (Winter 2001). Crosby and the “One Voice” Myth in U.S. Foreign Relations, 46 VILLANOVA L. REV. 975 (2001). Human Rights Sanctions and the World Trade Organization, in HUMAN RIGHTS, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND THE LIBERALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (F. Francioni, ed.) (Hart Publishing, UK 2001). The Plenary Power Background of Curtiss-Wright, 70 U. COL. L. REV. 1127 (1999). Global Labor Rights and the Alien Tort Claims Act, 76 TEXAS L. REV. 1533 (1998). Aliens and the Duty of Nonrefoulement: Haitian Centers Council v. McNary, 6 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 1 (1993) (co-author). USA and UK Government Policy in Youth Training for the New International Economy: Lessons from Abroad, in SOMETHING BORROWED, SOMETHING BLUE? A STUDY OF THE THATCHER GOVERNMENT’S APPROPRIATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION AND TRAINING POLICY. OXFORD STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE EDUCATION, Vol. 2 (2) 1992. AMERICA’S CHOICE, HIGH SKILLS OR LOW WAGES! SUPPORTING WORKS (EUROPE). COMMISSION ON THE SKILLS OF THE AMERICAN WORK FORCE, NATIONAL CENTER ON EDUCATION & THE ECONOMY, 1991. Do Dangerousness-Oriented Commitment Laws Restrict Hospitalization of Patients Who Need Treatment? A Test, HOSP. & COMM. PSYCH., Vol. 40, No. 3, 1989 (co-authors P. Applebaum & E. Muntze). SELECT PRESENTATIONS Commentator, Expert Meeting on the Right to Participate in Public Life, Article 25 ICCPR, Centre for Civil & Political Rights, Geneva (Nov. 2020). Panelist, Access to Justice and State of Emergency in Turkey: Current State and Way ahead, International Commission of Jurists, Istanbul (Nov. 2020). Panelist, Expert Workshop: The Oxford Process on International Law Protections in Cyberspace: Protecting Elections from Foreign Cyber-Interference, Oxford, UK. Produced The Oxford Statement on International Law Protections Against Foreign Electoral Interference through Digital Means (Oct. 2020). Panelist, Complaints handling by regional and global human rights mechanisms, 2020 Annual Conference of the Geneva Academy for Human Rights, Geneva (Oct 2020). Panelist, Expert Workshop: The Oxford Process on International Law Protections in Cyberspace: Safeguarding the COVID-19 Vaccine Research, Oxford, UK. Produced The Oxford Statement on the International Law Protections Against Cyber Operations Targeting the Health Care Sector (July 2020). Co-Organizer and Presenter, Workshop on Indirect Discrimination and Religious Freedom, Harvard Law School, Cambridge MA (April 2020). A/78/99 S/2023/447 30/65 23-13270 Panelist, The Use of Sanctions to Protect Journalists, Report of the High Level Panel on Global Media Freedom, Chatham House, London (Feb. 2020). Presentation, Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations, Committee on the Rights of the Child, Geneva (Jan. 2020). Expert Workshop, Simulation of a clustered Treaty Body Review, Geneva Academy, Geneva (Dec. 2019) Expert meeting, “Global Human Rights Architecture Reform Initiatives: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead,” Open Society Foundations, Washington, D.C. (Nov. 2019). Expert workshop, “Freedom of Religion or Belief and Gender Equality,” with UN Special Rapporteur on Religious Freedom, New York (Oct. 2019). Panelist, Guidelines on Investigating Violations of IHL, Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations, UN Headquarters, NY (Oct. 2019). Expert workshop, Perspectives on the 2020 UN Treaty Body Review, Geneva Academy, UN Headquarters, NY (Oct. 2019). Contemporary Challenges in Human Rights, co-discussant with Amal Clooney and UK Supreme Court Justice Lady Arden, The London Conference on International Law, London (Oct. 2019). Panelist, “Attacks on Civilians and Civilian Infrastructure in North-West Syria: What Does International Humanitarian Law Say?” UK Permanent Mission to the UN. UN Headquarters, NYC (Sept. 2019). Co-organizer and participant, Challenges in the Design and Implementation of the Colombian Peace Agreement with the FARC, four-day workshop of high-level legal experts, Bogota, Colombia (August 2019). Moderator, Current issues and common challenges for the protection of human rights in Europe, Africa and the Americas, Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, London, UK (June 2019). Keynote Speaker and Panelist, Annual Conference of the Geneva Academy Human Rights Platform, on “Connectivity of Human Rights Mechanisms.” Geneva, Switzerland (June 2019). Expert Group Meeting on assessing criminal law from a gender equality and human rights perspective, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva (March 2019). Expert Workshop Creation of Registry for Treaty Bodies, Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law, University of Paris Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), Paris (Jan. 2019). Workshop on ILC proposal on draft articles on Crimes against Humanity, Harvard Law School (Jan 2019). Human Rights and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: Strengthening the Bridge between Geneva and New York, UNGA side event New York (Sept. 2018) (panel). Individualization of War conference, European University Institute, Florence, Italy (June 2018). A Global Pact for the Environment? Invited Lecture followed by panel discussion, University of Sciences-Po School of Law (April 2018). Workshop on the Future of the UN System for the Protection of Human Rights, Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law, University of Paris Panthéon -Assas, Paris (Feb. 2018). Strengthening Legal Protections in Modern Armed Conflict, Second Annual Hans Kelsen Memorial Lecture on International Peace and Security Law, University of Cologne, Germany (Nov. 2017). International Organizations and Customary International Law: Expert Workshop for Int ernational Law Commission, Michigan Law School (Nov. 2017). Technical Expert Meeting to Review Treaty Body Reform Proposals, Geneva Academy, Berlin (Oct. 2017). A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 31/65 Expert Meeting on Follow-up to Treaty Body Recommendations, CCPR Centre and Geneva Academy, Geneva (Oct. 2017). Conference on the Global Pact for the Environment, Panelist, Columbia University Earth Institute and Center on Sustainable Development, New York (Sept. 2017). Expert Meeting, USIP Project on Legal Justifications for Humanitarian Intervention, Washington, DC (Sept. 2017). Expert Workshop on Trends and Developments in UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies Case Law, Koç University Istanbul (June 2017). Expert Seminar: Current Challenges to Human Rights: Policing of Assemblies: Use of force and Accountability, Geneva Academy, Geneva (May 2017). Panel Presentation on Draft General Comment No. 36 on the Right to Life: Recent Developments, Geneva Academy, Geneva (March 2017). Human Rights in the Trump Era, invited lecture at Paris II (Panthéon-Assass) University, Paris (Jan. 2017). Follow-up and Implementation of HRC Recommendations to States, Workshop between the UN Human Rights Committee and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, San Jose, Costa Rica (Nov. 2016). Connectivity and the Human Rights Treaty Body System, invited presenter at panel on “The Treaty Body System: 2020 and Beyond”, conference on “The United Nations Human Rights System: Present and Future”, University Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), Paris (Nov. 2016). Family Reunification in the Human Rights Committee, invited presenter at Expert Seminar on Refugee Family Unity and Reunification, organized by UNHCR and the Council of Europe, Copenhagen (Oct. 2016). Reform of the International and Regional Human Rights Systems, invited plenary speaker at conference on “Interaction between human rights: 50 years of the Covenants,” Dept. of Law, Aarhus University, Denmark (Sept. 2016). The Human Rights Committee’s Approach to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, presentation for Joint Meeting between the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, honoring the 50th Anniversary of the two Covenants, Geneva (July 2016). Oxford Debate: Should There be a World Court of Human Rights? Invited debater, with Prof. Martin Scheinin, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford University, UK (May 2016). Commentator, Is Compliance an Indicator for the State of International Law? Exploring the Compliance Trilemma, at conference on The International Rule of Law – Rise or Decline?, Humboldt University, Berlin (April 2016). Gross Human Rights Violations and the Impact in Domestic Legal Orders, invited panelist for conference on “History and Perspectives of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in a Global World,” Opening Ceremony of the Judicial Year of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, San Jose, Costa Rica (Feb. 2016). Human Rights Connectivity and the Future of the Human Rights System, Columbia University Annual University Lecture, N.Y. (Feb. 2016). Judicial Development of International Humanitarian Law, invited presenter, conference on “International Humanitarian Law and Modern Warfare,” Italian Ministry of Defense, Rome, Italy (Oct. 2015). Chairman’s Legal Symposium on Hybrid Conflicts, invited participant, closed expert meeting organized by the Legal Counsel to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. (Sept. 2015). A/78/99 S/2023/447 32/65 23-13270 The Role of Parliaments in the Protection and Realisation of the Rule of Law and Human Rights, “Panel on Substance: Principles and Guidelines,” invited presenter, UK Arts and Humanities Research Council & Joint Committee on Human Rights, UK Parliament, London, UK (Sept. 2015). Harmonizing Standards in Armed Conflict, invited presenter, XXXVIII Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law, on “The Distinction between International and NonInternational Armed Conflict: Challenges for IHL?,” Institute of International Humanitarian Law, San Remo, Italy (Sept. 2015). Comparative Approaches to War Powers, commentator, conference on Comparative Foreign Relations Law, Geneva, Switzerland (July 2015). Intersectionality between the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the International Covenant on Human Rights in relation to Persons with Disabilities: Linkages to the Post-2015 Development Agenda, UN Permanent Mission of Uganda, NY (June 2015). UN Human Rights Council, Panel Discussion on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Privacy in the Digital Age, invited independent expert panelist, Geneva, Switzerland (Sept. 2014). The Use of Chemical Weapons as a Criminal Offense: Constitutional/International Law Interaction, presenter at “A World Free of Chemical Weapons, and Beyond,” University of Rome, Rome, Italy (March 2014). Luxembourg Forum, meeting of U.S. Supreme Court and European Court of Justice, academic participant, Luxembourg (Feb. 2014). Kiobel, Universal Civil Jurisdiction and the Liability of Corporations in International Law, roundtable presenter, European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy (June 2013). House of Lords House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights. Written evidence on the state secrets doctrine, Report on The Justice and Security Green Paper, HL Paper 286 HC 1777 (24th Report of Session 2010–12) (2012), List of Written Evidence, JS-29 (2012). Expert Meeting on the Future of the International Criminal Court, invited participant, The Hague, Netherlands (Sept. 2012). Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations: The U.S. Perspective, panelist, University of Pretoria, South Africa (Aug. 2012). Consular Notification Reform and the ICJ’s Avena Judgment, presentation to the U.S. State Department Office of the Legal Adviser, Washington, D.C. (Sept. 2011). “The United States and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, ” presented at a symposium on “The Death Penalty and Mexico-U.S. Relations,” University of Texas at Austin (April 14, 2004). “EU and US Trade Sanctions for Human Rights Purposes,” paper delivered at conference on “The European Union in the World Economy,” University of Siena, Italy (June 23, 2001). “Human Rights Sanctions and the World Trade Organization,” Oxford University (June 13, 2000). “The Role of Human Rights Law in Protecting Civil Liberties in Latin America, ” panel presentation for symposium on “Challenges to Fragile Democracies in the Americas: Legitimacy and Accountability,” The University of Texas School of Law - Austin (Feb. 25, 2000). A/78/99 S/2023/447 44/65 23-13270 Gómez Robledo Verduzco, Juan Manuel (Mexico) [Original: English, French and Spanish] Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco Born in Mexico City, Mexico, on 5 March 1959. Ph.D., Facultad de Derecho (Law School), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 2018. LL.M. (Maîtrise en Droit Public), Université de Paris X (Nanterre), 1982. Master in International Relations, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), 1982. Licence en Droit, Université de Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne), 1980 Former member of the United Nations International Law Commission (2012-2016 and 2016-2022) in which he acted as Special Rapporteur on the Provisional Application of Treaties. Foreign languages at proficiency levels: English, French, Italian. DIPLOMATIC CAREER 2001: Promoted by Presidential Decree to the rank of Ambassador of Mexico. 1998: Minister Plenipotentiary, through competitive examination. 1993: Counsellor, through competitive examination. 1991: First Secretary, through competitive examination. 1990: Promoted to Second Secretary. 1989: Promoted to Third Secretary. 1988: Entered the Mexican Foreign Service as Diplomatic Attaché. DIPLOMATIC FUNCTIONS Since 2021 Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative of Mexico to the United Nations. 2016-2021 Ambassador of Mexico to France and Monaco. 2006-2015 Deputy Foreign Minister for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2004-2006 Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations, New York. 2000-2004 Legal Counsel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1998-2000 Minister, Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission to the Organization of American States, Washington, D.C. 1995-1998 Counsellor (humanitarian and disarmament affairs), Permanent Mission to the International Organizations, Geneva. 1994 Chef de Cabinet, Office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1993-1994 Chief of Staff, Office of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 45/65 1992-1993 Special Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1991-1992 Deputy Director for Western Europe, European Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1990-1991 Adviser to the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1983-1986 Head of the Political and Disarmament Desk, United Nations Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1982-1983 Officer at the United Nations Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. LEGAL FUNCTIONS 2016-2022 Reelected as member of the International Law Commission (2016-2022). In his capacity as Special Rapporteur on the Provisional Application of Treaties, he submitted six reports that led to the drafting of a Guide on the practice of the provisional application of treaties, which was adopted, on second reading, by the Commission in 2021. During its 76th session, the UN General Assembly adopted, without a vote, resolution 76/113 by which it took note of the Guide on the Provisional Application of Treaties, decided to bring it to the attention of States, and called for its widest dissemination. 2011 Elected as member of the United Nations International Law Commission. The Commission appointed him as Special Rapporteur on the provisional application of treaties. 2008-2009 Agent of Mexico before the International Court of Justice in the request for interpretation of the judgment of 31 March 2004 in the case Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), The Hague. 2003-2004 Agent of Mexico before the International Court of Justice in the case Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), The Hague. 2002-2003 Agent of Mexico before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the request of an Advisory Opinion on the Juridical Status and Rights of Undocumented Migrant Workers (OC-18/03) San José, Costa Rica. 1998 Adviser, Delegation before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the request of an Advisory Opinion on the Right of Consular Notification (OC-16/99), San José, Costa Rica. 1995 Adviser, Delegation before the International Court of Justice on the request of an Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, The Hague. 1988-1990 Associate Legal Officer, Codification Division, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, New York (through national competitive examination). 1986-1988 Associate Attorney, Noriega y Escobedo, A.C. (Law firm), Mexico City. ACTIVITIES AT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Since 2021 Chairman of the Working Group on Amendments, Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court. A/78/99 S/2023/447 46/65 23-13270 2013 Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Diplomatic Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), New York. 2009-2010 Coordinator of Mexico’s negotiating team to the Sixteenth Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Sixth Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. 2010 Chairman of the Fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development. 2006 Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the 61st Regular Session of the United Nations General Assembly. Co-chairman of the Ad Hoc Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction, New York. 2005 Chairman of the Working Group on the Trust Fund for Victims of the Fourth Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court, The Hague. 2003 Chairman of the Working Group of the Sixth Committee on an International convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings, 58th session of the UN General Assembly 2001-2003 Alternate Representative to the 56th, 57th, and 58th sessions of the UN General Assembly (Sixth Committee). 2001 Deputy Head of Delegation, Preparatory Commission for the establishment of the International Criminal Court, New York. Head of Delegation, Second Review Conference of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva. 2000 Delegate to the regular session of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States, Windsor, Canada. Meeting of Governmental Experts on Destruction Techniques of Antipersonnel Landmines, Buenos Aires. 1999 Delegate to the regular session of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States, Guatemala City. 1998 Delegate to the regular session of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States, Caracas. 1997 Delegate, Diplomatic Conference for the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Transfer and on the Destruction of Antipersonnel Landmines, Oslo. Delegate to the 52nd session of the UN General Assembly (First Committee). Delegate, Review Conference of the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons, Geneva. 1996-1997 Governmental Expert to the Ottawa Process for the Total Ban of Antipersonnel Landmines, Geneva, Vienna, Bonn, and Brussels. 1996 Delegate to the 51st session of the UN General Assembly (First Committee). A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 47/65 1995 Delegate, First Review Conference of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Vienna (and its resumed session held in 1996 at Geneva). Delegate, International Conference of the Red Cross and of the Red Crescent, Geneva. 1994 Delegate, Negotiations on the Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, New York. 1993 Delegate, Negotiations between Canada, Mexico and the United States on Parallel Agreements to the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Labor and the Environment, Ottawa, Washington, D.C., and Cocoyoc (Mexico). 1992 Delegate to the 47th session of the UN General Assembly (Sixth Committee) 1990 Delegate, Preparatory Commission of the International Sea-Bed Authority and of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Kingston and New York. Delegate, Meeting of Governmental Experts for convening a Diplomatic Conference to negotiate a Convention on Biodiversity, Geneva. Delegate to the 45th session of the UN General Assembly (Sixth Committee) 1985 Head of Delegation, United Nations Council for Namibia, World Conference on Population, Mexico City. 1984 Delegate, United Nations Disarmament Commission, New York. ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES Summer 2023 Invited to teach at The Hague Academy of International Law a special course on the International Law of Disarmament. Since 2022 Adjunct Professor, Summer course, Washington College of Law, American University, Washington, DC. 2013 Profesor of International Relations, Universidad Iberoamericana. 2001 Director, Graduate Seminar on International Humanitarian Law, Universidad Iberoamericana (México City). 1999 Taught a course on International Law under the auspices of the Organization of American States at the Law School of the Universidad de Panamá, Panama City. 1992-1993 Professor of Public International Law, El Colegio de México (Mexico City). 1986-1988 Taught a course on International Strategic Problems in the context of the EastWest Conflict at the Universidad Iberoamericana (Mexico City). 1984-1986 Professor of Public International Law, Universidad Panamericana (Mexico City). A/78/99 S/2023/447 48/65 23-13270 MAIN LECTURES 2023 « Peut-on encore justifier la dissuasion nucléaire? Le point de vue du droit international », L’Entretien d´Initiatives pour le désarmement nucléaire, 26 de enero de 2023. 2022 “New Nukes and new risks”, Fordham University, New York (26 October 2022) “The Guide to provisional application of treaties”, Lecture for the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, http://.www.un.org/law/avl. 2020 “El estado del derecho internacional en el 75 aniversario de las Naciones Unidas”, Universidad de Monterrey (México) y Universidad del Rosario (Bogotá) 2019 Intervención en el coloquio Communication médiatique de l’Etat et droit international, Actes du colloque de Nanterre, 14 de junio de 2019, Centre de droit international de Nanterre (CEDIN), Editions A. Pédone (2021). 2015 “¿Cómo se hace el derecho internacional?: La labor de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional de las Naciones Unidas”, XXII Taller de Derecho Internacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara (Mexico). 2012 “La resolución Radilla de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación: la recepción del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en México”, XIX Taller de Derecho Internacional, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca (Mexico). 2009 “El Consejo de Seguridad y el Estado de derecho internacional”, XVI Taller de Derecho Internacional, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. “Obligatoriedad de los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos, a nivel federal y local”, Congreso Nacional sobre el reconocimiento y protección de los derechos humanos en las constituciones locales, Querétaro (México). “La instrumentación del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en el derecho interno: una tarea pendiente”, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM 2006 “La Corte Penal Internacional y el Consejo de Seguridad”, Seminario Parlamentario sobre el impacto del Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional en el orden jurídico de los Estados, Senado de la República (Ciudad de México) 2005 “La relación entre el Consejo de Seguridad y la Corte Penal Internacional ”, Seminario Iberoamericano sobre la implementación del Estatuto de Roma, Universidad Iberoamericana (Ciudad de México) “Iberoamérica ante los retos del Derecho Internacional del siglo XXI: la perspectiva desde las Naciones Unidas”, Universidad de Salamanca (España) “The expansion of the Security Council and how it relates to the other UN organs, particularly the ICJ: strengthening the ICJ by allowing the Secretary-General to request advisory opinions”, St. John’s University, New York City “La reforma de las Naciones Unidas”, El Colegio de México. A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 49/65 “Latin America and the United States in the Organization of American States: from distrust to some level of cooperation”, OEA, Washington D.C. (EUA) 2004 “El Caso Avena y Otros Nacionales Mexicanos (México v. Estados Unidos) ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia)”, School of Law, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2003 “La responsabilidad de los grupos armados y la observancia del derecho internacional humanitario”, Regional Expert Meeting on Improving Compliance on International Humanitarian Law, International Committee of the Red Cross (Mexico City). “Las implicaciones jurídicas de la propuesta de reforma al artículo 21 de la Constitución Política y de la fórmula aprobada por el Senado de la República”, at the International Conference on the Rome Statute and its Implications for Latin America, organized under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute (Mexico City) 2003 “El procedimiento ante la Corte Penal Internacional”, Instituto de la Judicatura Federal (Mexico City) 2002 “El Estatuto de Roma y el orden jurídico mexicano”, External Programme of The Hague Academy of International Law (Mexico City) “A Mexican Foreign Legal Policy: the pursuit of the national interest within the promotion of and respect for International Law”, Keynote Speaker at The American Bar Association, Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. 1987 “Nuclear Deterrence under International Law”, International Conference on Nuclear Issues and International Law, The Lawyer’s Committee on Nuclear Policy, New York. 1986 “México y el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT)”, Instituto Panamericano de Alta Dirección de Empresa, Guadalajara. 1985 “The Third World and the Nuclear Arms Race”, Student Conference on International Affairs, Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts. PUBLICATIONS “La Corte Internacional de Justicia”, Introducción al Estudio de los Organismos Internacionales. Perspectivas históricas, conceptuales y teóricas. J. A. Schiavon Uriegas, M. Ruiz-Cabañas Izquierdo, & R. Velázquez Flores (Editors). Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Instituto Tecnólogico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California y Centro de Enseñanza y Análisis sobre la Política Exterior de México, to be published. Article 25 in The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties, New edition of the Commentary, Oxford University Press, to be published. “Aplicación provisional de los tratados”, en Tratado de Derecho Internacional Público, Tomo II, Real Instituto Universitario de Estudios Europeos, Madrid, to be published. “L´application à titre provisoire des traités”, en Le droit des traités entre Etats- Pratique et mutations 1969- 2019, Editions Pédone, Paris, to be published. A/78/99 S/2023/447 50/65 23-13270 “L´élaboration et la diffusion de la communication médiatique: aspects stratégiques et juridiques”, Communication médiatique de l´Etat et droit international, Cahiers internationaux No.35, CEDIN, 2019, Edtions Pédone, 2022, pp. 77-87. La práctica del Consejo de Seguridad después de la guerra fría y la interpretación de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, Tirant Lo Blanch, Valencia (España) y Ciudad de México, 2018, 344 p. “El principio de no intervención en la política exterior de México” en la serie “Los principios constitucionales de política exterior” Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. Ciudad de México, 2018, 94 p. “México y la ONU: vínculo perdurable”, Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica, Vol. 15: Núm.4, 2015, p.46-54. “La aplicación provisional de los tratados”, en Centenario de la Constitución de 1917. Reflexiones del derecho internacional público (Jorge A. Sánchez Cordero, Editor), Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM y Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 2017, pp. 95-139. “El camino para la reforma constitucional de derechos humanos”, en colaboración con Stéphanie Black León, en El camino para la reforma constitucional de derechos humanos, Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación y Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, (Carlos Pérez Vázquez, Coordinador), 2013, pp.39- 60. “Iniciativas mexicanas en apoyo a la Corte Penal Internacional”, en Nuevos diálogos sobre la justicia internacional, (Bernardo Sepúlveda,Coordinador), Facultad de Derecho de la UNAM, Senado de la República y Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 2012, pp. 187-196. “El Consejo de Seguridad en la Política Exterior Mexicana”, en México en el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU. La historia tras bambalinas. (Roberto Dondisch, Coordinador) p. 15-28, 2012. “Universalidad de los derechos humanos y asistencia humanitaria: la inexorable evolución del principio de no intervención”, Las Relaciones Internacionales. Los Grandes Problemas de México,(Blanca Torres y Gustavo Vega, Coordinadores) 2010, p. 113-175. “México en el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas: un balance a la mitad del camino”, in Foreign Affairs en Español, Vol.10, Núm. 2, 2010, p.56-63. “La implementación del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en el derecho interno: una tarea pendiente”, in Recepción nacional del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y admisión de la competencia contenciosa de la Corte Interamericana, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM, Sergio García Ramírez y Mireya Castañeda Hernández (coord.), 2009, p.127-150. “México y el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU en el siglo XXI”, in Foreign Affairs en Español, Vol. 8, Núm. 1, 2008, p.56-64. “The unilateral declarations on security assurances in United Nations Security Council resolutions”, in El Tratado de Tlatelolco, Memoria de su cuarenta aniversario, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, México, D.F., 2008, p.121-127. “La vigilancia en la aplicación de la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad”, in Los derechos de las personas con discapacidad, Memoria del Seminario Internacional “Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad: Por una cultura de la implementación”, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores-Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación, México, D.F., 2007, p.19-24 “L’avis de la Cour Internationale de Justice sur les conséquences juridiques de l’édification d’un mur dans le territoire palestinien occupé: timidité ou prudence ?», in Revue Générale de Droit International Public, Tome 109/2005/3, Paris, p.521-537. A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 51/65 “La Lucha por la Paz y la Seguridad Internacionales”, in Los siete principios básicos de la política exterior de México, Emilio O. Rabasa (Editor), Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM, 2005, p.227-248. “El Caso Avena y Otros Nacionales Mexicanos ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia (Mexico v. Estados Unidos)”, in Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM, V-2005, p. 173-220. “The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963”, contribution for the historical archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, http://www.un.org/law/avl. “La Carta democrática interamericana”, en Jornadas de Derecho Internacional, Organización de los Estados Americanos, diciembre 2001, pp.-71-85. “La respuesta de México a los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre”, en Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, Instituto Matías Romero, México, D.F., núm.64, octubre 2001, pp.11-42. “La ratificación del Estatuto de Roma y el orden jurídico mexicano”, in La soberanía de los Estados y la Corte Penal Internacional, Memoria del Foro Internacional, Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, México, D.F., 2002, p. 89-95. “Los conflictos armados internos en el Estatuto de Roma”, in La Corte Penal Internacional (Ensayos para la ratificación e implementación de su Estatuto), Universidad Iberoamericana-Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, México, D.F., 2002, p. 89-96. “La Corte Penal Internacional”, in El Foro, Barra Mexicana, Colegio de Abogados, México, D.F., Tomo XIV, núm. 2, 2001, p. 95-114. “Consecuencias para la política exterior de México de la resolución del Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores por la que se concede la extradición de Miguel Angel Cavallo”, in El Foro, Barra Mexicana, Colegio de Abogados, México, D.F., Tomo XIV, núm. 1, 2001, p. 217-224. “Alegato de México en la Corte Internacional de Justicia: Opinión consultiva sobre la ilegalidad de la amenaza o el uso de las armas nucleares”, Introduction, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, México, D.F., 1999, p. 9-21. “El derecho internacional humanitario: las nuevas exigencias del mantenimiento de la paz”, in Las Naciones Unidas en su 50 Aniversario, Instituto Matías Romero de Estudios Diplomáticos, México, D.F., 1995, p.65-80. “El debate sobre el uso de la fuerza por parte de las Naciones Unidas”, in Las Naciones Unidas hoy: visión de México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México D.F., 1994, p. 124-149. “Handbook on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States”, United Nations, 1992, Chapters on Mediation and Conciliation, p. 40-54 “La iniciativa de paz y de desarme de Nueva Delhi”, in Documentos, Centro Latinoamericano de Estudios Estratégicos, Doc.-003-86, México D.F., 1986 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ➢ Member, Mexican Bar Association (Barra Mexicana, Colegio de Abogados). ➢ Member, The International Law Association (Mexican Branch). ➢ Member, American Society of International Law. A/78/99 S/2023/447 52/65 23-13270 AWARDS ➢ Order of the Mexican Foreign Service ➢ Ordre National de la Légion d´Honneur (France), Commander. A/78/99 S/2023/447 62/65 23-13270 Tladi, Dire (South Africa) Academic and Professional Qualifications Ph D (Law), Erasmus University Rotterdam (2007); LLM, University of Connecticut (2000); LLB (cum laude), University of Pretoria (1999); BLC, University of Pretoria (1996) Main Academic Awards and Scholarships • Fulbright Scholar Grant (1999 and 2018/19) • Principal’s Prize for Research, Unisa (2005) • National Research Foundation (2003, 2004, 2019, 2020, 2021) • Stichting Studie Fonds (Holland) (2003) EXPERT POSITIONS UN International Law Commission, (2012-2022) • Chair (2022); First-Vice Chair (2021); Chair of Drafting Committee (2013) • Special Rapporteur Jus Cogens (2015-2022) Co-Editor in Chief of the South African Yearbook of International Law, 2013-2018 President, South African Branch of the International Law Association, 2019-Present Member of the Institut de Droit International, 2017-Present Legal Expert in the Trilateral Negotiations between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan on the Great Ethiopia Renaissance Dam Counsel for the African Union in the Jordan Appeal (ICC Appeals Chamber), 2018 Lead Counsel for South Africa in South African non-Cooperation Matter (ICC Appeals Chamber), 2017 International Law Expert in Swissbourgh Diamond Mining v Lesotho (Investor-State Arbitration under the ICSID rules) Member of legal team for the Lake Malawi Dispute (Malawi/Tanzania) Mediation Team of former Presidents Chissano, Mbeki and Mogae, (March 2013-2015) (discontinued) Main Positions Held A. Government/Civil Society South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation, (March 2006 – 2014) • Principal State Law Advisor (International Law) • Legal Counsellor, South African Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York, Jan 2009 – January 2013 • Special Adviser to the Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, 2014-2018 B. Academic University of Pretoria, Professor of international Law (2014-Present) • NRF/DST SARChI Chair of International Constitutional Law (2020-Present) • Future Africa Chair in Global Equity in Africa (2023-Present) A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 63/65 Global Visiting Professor of Law, University of California Irvine, 2018; Visiting Scholar/Professor, Humboldt University Zu Berlin, 2015; Visiting Professor, Kobe University, 2015; University of Stellenbosch, Department of Public Law (extraordinary profesor) (2008 – 2018) University of South Africa, Department of Constitutional and International Law (senior lecturer, associated professor, head of department) (May 2002 – March 2006) University of Pretoria, Department of Legal History, Comparative Law and Legal Philosophy, (junior lecturer, senior lecturer) (1997 – 2002) Selected Publications List of Publications (total 105) “In Search of Solidarity in International Law” ; Kassoti/Idriz (eds) The Principle of Solidarity in International and European Law (Springer, 2023) “SDG 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere”; in Hey/Ebbesson (eds) The Cambridge Handbook on the Sustainable Development Goals and International Law (Cambridge, 2022) “Representation, Inequality, Marginalization, and International Law Making: The Case of the International Court of Justice and the International Law Commission” (2022) University of California Irvine Journal of International, Transnational and Comparative Law The African Union’s Right to Intervene and the Right to Life: Tension or Concordance” ; Viljoen/Tladi et al (eds.) A Life Interrupted: Essays in Honour of Christof Heyns (PULP, 2022) The Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors (Hague Academy Lectures, Brill, 2021) Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens): Disquisitions and Disputations (Brill, 2021) (edited volume) “Grotian Moments and Peremptory Norms of General International Law: Friendly Facilitation or Fatal Foes” (2021) 42 Grotiana 334 “A Constitution Made for Mandela, a Constitutional Jurisprudence Developed for Zuma The Erosion of Discretion of the Executive in Foreign Relations”; Aust/Kleinlein (eds) Encounters Between Foreign Relations and international Law: Bridges and Boundaries (Cambridge, 2021) “The Duty Not to Intervene in Matters within Domestic Jurisdiction” in Jorge E Viñuales (ed) The UN Friendly Relations Declaration at 50: An Assessment of the Fundamental Principles of International Law (Cambridge, 2020) “The International Criminal Court” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (2020) “The Constitutional Court’s Judgment in the SADC Tribunal Case: International Law Continues to Befuddle” (2020) 10 Constitutional Court Review 169 “Populism’s Attack on Multilateralism and International Law: Much Ado About Nothing” (2020) 19 Chinese Journal of International Law 369 “The International Law Commission’s Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens): Making Wine from Water or More Water than Wine?” (2020) 89 Nordic Journal of International Law 244 The Trialogues on War and Peace: Vol I Use of Force Against Non-State Actors (with O’Connell/Tams) (Cambridge, 2019) Dugard’s International Law: A South African Perspective (Juta, 2019) (with four others) A/78/99 S/2023/447 64/65 23-13270 “The Use of Force against Syria in Response to Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons by Syria: A Return to Humanitarian Intervention?” (2019) 79 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 205 (Aniel de Beer) “An Institutional Framework for Addressing Marine Genetic Resources under the Proposed Treaty for Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction” (2019) 19 International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 485 “Article 46L: Promoting an Effective Cooperation Regime” and “Article 46 A Bis – Beyond Rhetoric”; Jalloh/Clarke/Nmehielle (eds) The African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights in Context: Development and Challenges (2019) “The International Law Commission’s Recent Work on Exceptions to Immunity: Charting the Course for a Brave New World in International Law?” (2019) Leiden Journal of International Law 169 D Tladi “The Proposed Implementing Agreement: Options for Coherence and Consistency in the Establishment of Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction” in David Freestone (ed.) Conserving Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (2019) “The Intervention in Côte d’Ivoire – 2011” ; Ruys/Corten (eds) The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach (2018) “Of Heroes and Villains, Angels and Demons: The ICC-AU Tension Revisited” (2017) German Yearbook of International Law 43 “The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters: Codification, Progressive Development or the Creation of Law from Thin Air?” (2017) 16 Chinese Journal of International Law 425 The Pursuit of a Brave New World in International Law: Essays in Honour of John Dugard (Brill, 2017) with Maluwa, du Plessis (eds) “Interpretation and International Law in South African courts: The Supreme Court of Appeal and the Al Bashir Saga” (2016) 16 African Human Rights Law Journal 310 “The International Criminal Court and the Duty to Arrest and Surrender The Case of Omar Al-Bashir in South Africa” 2015 Zeitschrift für Internationale Straftrechtsdogmatik “Immunity in the Era of ‘Criminalisation’: The African Union, the ICC and International Law” (2015) 58 Japanese Yearbook of International Law 17 “Progressively Developing and Codifying International Law: The Work of the International Law Commission in its Sixty-Seventh Session” (2015) South African Yearbook of International Law 205 ‘National Commissioner of the South African Police Service v South African Human Rights Litigation Centre & Others 2015 (1) SA 315 (ZACC)’ (2014) South African Yearbook of International Law 137-143 (with Martie Bradley) “The Common Heritage of Mankind And the Proposed Treaty on Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction” (2014) 25 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 113 “The Proposed Implementing Agreement: Options for Coherence and Consistency in the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas” (2015) International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 654 “The Duty on South Africa to Arrest and Surrender President Al Bashir under the South African and International Law: A Perspective from International Law” (2015) 13 Journal of International Criminal Justice 1027 A/78/99 S/2023/447 23-13270 65/65 “The Immunity Provisions in the AU Amendment Protocol: Separating the (Doctrinal) Wheat from the Normative (Chaff)” (2015) 13 Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 “When Elephants Collide it is the Grass that Suffers: Cooperation and the Security Council in the Context of AU/ICC Dynamics” (2014) 7 African Journal of Legal Studies 381 “State Practice and the Making and (Re)Making of International Law: The Case of the Legal Rules Relating to Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction” (2014) 1 Journal of State Practice and International Law 97 “The Nonconsenting Innocent State: The Problem With Bethlehem’s Principle 12” (2013) 107 American Journal of International Law 570 “On the Al Qaida/Taliban Sanctions Regime: Due Process and Sun Sets” 2011 10 Chinese Journal of International Law 771 “Marine Genetic Resources on the Deep Seabed: The Continuing Search for a Legally Sound Interpretation of UNCLOS” International Environmental Law-Making and Diplomacy 2008 65 “Strict Positivism, Moral Arguments, Human Rights and the Security Council: South Africa and the Myanmar Vote” (2008) 1 African Human Rights Law Journal 23 “Reflections on the Rule of Law in International Law: The Security Council, International Law and the Limits of Power” (2006) South African Yearbook of International law 231 “Sustainable Development, Integration and the Conflation of Values: The Fuel Retailers case” in Duncan French (Ed.) Sustainable Development and Global Justice (October 2010) “Flexible Mechanisms” in V I Grover (Ed.) Global Warming and Climate Change: Ten Years On Years After Kyoto and Still Counting (2008) Sustainable Development in International Law: An Analysis of Key Enviro-Economic Instruments (2007)