Correspondance

CORRESPONDANCE

CORRESPONDENCE 1. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THEREGISTRAR OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

[See 1,pp.3-71

2. THE REGISTRAT RO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

28 July 1986.

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of two Applications by the
Republic of Nicaragua, one instituting proceedings against the Republic of
Costa Rica and the other against the Republic of Honduras, both filed in the
Registry today, 28July 1986al 10.00am. local lime.
The Government of Costa Rica and the Government of Honduras are in-

formed by me by telcx' of the filing of the Applications. In accordance with
Article 38, paragraph 4, of the 1978Rules of Court, a certiried copy of the rele-
vant Application willbe immediatelytransmitted to the Governments concerned.

(Signe dantiago TORRESBERNARDEZ.

3. LE GREFFIER AU MINISTRE DES RELATIONS EXTÉRIEURES
DU HONDURAS

28juillet 1986.

Comme suite àmon télégramme-e ce jour, j'ai l'honneur de confirmer à
Votre Excellence que le Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua a
déposéaujourd'hui, 28juillet 1986,à 10heures du matin. au Greffe de la Cour
internationale de Justice,à La Haye, une requête introduisant une instance

contre le Gouvernement de la République du Honduras.
Votre Excellence voudra bien trouver ci-joint, conformément aux ar-
ticles40, paragraphe 2, du Statut et38, paragraphe 4, du Règlement de la
Cour, copie certifiée conforme de ladite requête. Je lui ferai prochainement
parvenir d'autres exemplaires de la requête en question, dans l'édition
imprimée, établie par les soins du Greffe, qui en contiendra également la

traduction en langue française.
- ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~-~~occasionrn~~r attirer~~'attenlion de Votre Excellence -~r
l'article 40du Règlement de la Cour qui dispose, àson paragraphe 2, que dèsla
réception de la copie certifiée conforme de la requête ou le plus tôt 00s-
sible après, le défindeur fait connaîtreà la Cour le nom de son agent: Le

paragraphe 1du même article dispose que les agents doivent avoir au siègede
la Cour un domicile Clu auquel sont adressées toutes les communications
relativesà l'affaire.

'Not reproduced,
'Nonreproduit.226 BORDERANDTRANSBORDEA RRMEDACTIONS

4. THEREGISTRAR TOTHE SECRETARY-GENERO AFLTHE UNITEDNATIONS

28 July 1986.

With reference10 my ielex message' transmitted to you today, 1 have the
honour to communicate to vou herewitha co~vof the Aoolication institutine

proieedings againsi ihr ~ceublic of llondur:~; iilcd by ih; ?iovcrnmeni of ihl
Rcpublic of Nicarapu;~in the Rcg1,rn of the Court ai IO;i.m on 28Julv 1986.
'l'hcu~al prinied bilingual cdiiion is in prcpar:itiun. and zophc.supll
plicdIOvou as \\ion a, possihlc wiih a \icw to the nniiconicmplaied hy
Article 40.p:irtigraph 3. a~fthe Statute of the (iiurt

5. LE CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES A./.DU HONDURAS AUX PAYS-BAS AUGREFFIER

13 août 1986.

J'ai l'honneur, suivant les instructions reçues du ministère des relations
extérieuresdu Honduras, d'accuser réceptionde la copie certifiéeconforme de
la requêteintroductive d'instance du Nicaragua contre le Gouvernement du
Honduras. déposéele 28juillet au Greffe de la Couret parvenue au Honduras
le 1" août 1986.
Le ministere hondurien des relations extérieures se propose de vous faire
connaitre ses vues au sujet de ladite requêtele plus tôt possible.

(Signé)Arias DE SAAVEDRA Y MUGUELAR.

6. LEGREFFIERAUMINISTRE DESAFFAIRESÉTRANGÈRES D'AFGHANISTAN'

21 août 1986.

Le 28juillet 1986a étédéposée au Greffede la Cour internationale de Jus-
tice une requête parlaquelle la RCpublique du Nicaragua a introduit contre la
République du Honduras une instance en l'affaire deActions armées fron-
talières ettransfronlali2res(Nicarac.Honduras).
J'ai l'honneurà toutes fins utiles, de vous transmettre ci-joint un exem-
plaire de cette requête.

7. THEMlNlSTERFOREXTERNAL RELATIONS OH FONDURAS
TOTHEREGlSTRAR

29 August 1986.

The Goirernment of Honduras, following the receipt of the certified
copy of the Application of the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua,

'Nolrrproducrd.
'Une communication analoge6thadresrheauxautresEtatr MembredesNations
Unieset auxEtatsnonmembres desNations Unies adms ester devantCour. CORRESPONDENCE 227

addressed to the International Court of Justice, and dated 25 July 1986. has
the honour. acting on the basis of Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Rules of the
Court, to nominale Ambassador Mario Carias asAgent. charged with the rep-
resentation of Honduras in this matter: his address for service beine the Em-
u
hassyof Hundur;is. C~tsheui,cl 83.2517 KA The llaeuc
In \il;iciinr. ihc Guicrnmeiit oi ihc Rcpuhlic ùf Hundur;i> is hounil io si;iic
that the accu~ations made aeainst it in thé Aoolic..ion are without anv leeal
hasis I hc Govcrniiicni cxp&\lY rcjccts ihcm. I'urihcrniurc. ihe (ioveinm~nt
<ifthe Rcpuhlic ol Ilondurni ui~uld cmphnriïr. ih.ii the truc origin thc situa-

tion of which the Government of Nicaraeua cornolains lies essentiallv in the
cvolutiun or inicrnal pul~iicitl c\,enis u~lhin ~icsraiu~. it,clf I hcrc c\cnts have
produccd n politic;il :iligniiicnt. huih intcrn:iti,m;and wiihin Sic;irn~u;i. which
113scrc:iicJ rriciion nilh Sici~r.igua'i ii.'i~hhi,ur\. and h;is IcJ Uic;ir:isua in;i
\cric.\ 01illiii:icis :ig:iinrt those iicighh<iurs. in p:~riicul.ir ilic cnc<jur:igr.mcni
;und ii>mciiiing or cisil sirifc aiihiiineighhouring :<>unirie\ .iiiJ the i,rg.ini/;i-

tion i)i;irmcJ iii<ursii,ns intai ihcir icrrii<,ric,. incl.dinx thc tcrriisr\, ul H(inJu-
ras.
With respcct to jurisdiction. the Government of the Republic of
Hondurasmaintains the view that the Court has no jurisdiction over the
matterscontained in thc Applic;ition introduced by the Government of

Nicaragua.
The Government of the Republic of Honduras takes this view in the light
of the principle that jurisdiction rests on consent, a principle deriving frorn
the Statute of the Court and reaffirrned by the Court in its Advisory Opinion
on the interpretation of the Peace Treaties, of 30 March 1950. I.C.J.Reports

1950, p.71. Bascd on this principle. the Government invokes the reservations
which accompany its Declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Court dated 22 May 1986, which applies with equal force to the jurisdic-
lion provided for in Article XXXl of the Pact of Bogota.

(1) Firstly. reservation (O) excludes from the jurisdiction of the Court:

"les différends au sujet desquels les Parties seraient convenues ou
conviendraient d'avoir recours à un ou plusieurs autres modes de
règlement pacifique".

Clearly, the facts and situations alleged in the Nicaraguan Application
cannot be isolated [rom the whole context of events in Central America sincc
1979. The Govcrnment of the Republic of Honduras would recall the fact
that, as it has already emphasized in ils Note addressed to the Court through
the intermediarv of the Secretarv-General of the United Nations. dated
24 Aprll 1984 .ini,ingit ihc oihcr priicr.durcs l'or piicifi~. \ctilr.iiicof di\-

put~.sput inio i>pcrJtii>n wiihin ihc rr.gia)n:il Ir~nieirii>Ith: Orp;iiiiï;iii<in <il
American States, a comprehcnsive process of ncgotiation has been conducted
bv the Contadora Grouo of States.This initiative hasbeen taken witb a view to
achieving, in the spirit of Central American CO-operation,a progressive and
peaceful settlement of the various disputes between Central American States.

The initiative activelv involves 13 gin American States: it has heen recoe-
ni/cJ aiid ;ippro\.ed ai ih~.;ippr<iprinic pr<~ccJureiur sciilr.mcnt h? ihc Cniicd
N:iiiiini 1,) ihe Fiiriipc:in Communiiics. and thc iiitcr~i;iiiun:il c~iniiiiunii? in
general.
The Government of the Republic of Honduras considers it is profoundly
regrettable that this surprising Application by Nicaragua. essentially inspired

by political considerations. should be made. Nicaragua mus1 know that ils228 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

Application will compromise the hopes which both Nicaragua and the other

States concerned had placed in this process, a process which the Court itself
hasrecently described asan effort "which merits full respect and consideration
as a unique contribution to the solution of the difficult situation in the region"
(Judgment of 27 June 1986, para. 291). The Government of Nicaragua must
know that, bv its action in makine lhis Aoolication il is ieooardizine
the successfulbutcome of the ~ontadzra proce%, and is attempiing to frusy
trate any further progress. Yet il is this same Contadora process which both

Nicaraiua and Honduras have arreed to useasthe most ao~ro~riate method of
resolving the very disputes which form the subject-matté; of'the Application
made by Nicaragua. For these reasons, these disputes are excluded from the
iurisdiction of the Court on the basisof reservation (O).
(2) Secondly. re,crv;iiion (0 iiccumpmying ihc dcclaration of the Ciotern-
mcnt <ifthe Kepublir of Ilondurns of22 .May IOXh.aI\<icxcludes

"les différends relatifs à des faits ou situations nés desconflits armésou
actes de mêmenature pouvant affecter le territoire de la République du
Honduras dans lesqueis elle pourrait être directement ou iidirec<ement

impliquie".
It is clear that this reservation applies precisely to the facts and situations
invoked by the Government of Nicaragua in its Application.

The Government of the Republic of Honduras would further reserve the
right 10 expand and explain its views in relation to the Nicaraguan Applica-
tion in a written pleading 10 be filed subsequently, and would hope that the
Court will confine al1preliminary pleadings, by al1Parties, exclusively to the
issues of jurisdiction and admissibility, in accordance with established pre-
cedent.

(Signed) Carlos L~PEZCONTRERAS

8. THE DEPW-REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

3 September 1986.

Ihave ihe hotiour tiiinfurm Your E~ccllciicy thiit the Vice-Prcsident of

ihc Couri. cxcrcirin$ the funsiions oi ihc prcsidcncy pur>u;ini Io Ariiclc 13.
~araaranh 3. of ihe Rules of Couri. wiihcs 10 rcccivc the Ae-nis <IIihe Pnr-
iies il>ihe c;isc sonierning Border ntid l'r,i,rrb<>rilcr Arr~ied Acrrotir (Nininr-
giiirv. Hu~riltiriic,;ilI I n ni. on Friday 12Sepicmhcr 1986. Thc purpose <if
thc mcctinr i%,iIIhr.. Dursuant Io Articlc 31 of ihc Kulcs of Court. to ascericiin
the views of the ~aities wilh regard ta questions of procedurc in the case
including the suggestion made by the Government of Honduras in the final

paragraph of ils letter of 29 August 1986, a copy of which was transmitted ta
you with Our letter of the same date.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA

' A similarcommunicationwassentta the Agent of Honduras CORRESPONDENCE 229

9. THE DEPUT(-REGISTRAR TOTHE AGENT OF HONDURAS

3 September 1986.

1have the honour to refer to the letter addressed on 29 Aurust 1986bv the
Sccretary of turcign Reliiiiun,oithe Rcpuhlic <III1ondur;ir lu the Regizir~r
iniormint.hiiiiin p;irticul.ir. oi ihc ;ippi>inimenior Your fxczll:~s,\#c.nt
of the Kcoiihliccii1londur;isin the ;.,~r. cunccriiBc~ril<,r ol/L.rti~hor~k~r
Armed ~rfions (Nicaragua v. Honduras). The reciipt of that letter was ac-
knowledged by the Registrar's letter of the same date.

The letter from the Secretary of Foreign Relations, while drafted in Eng-
lish. contains two auotations in French corresoondine to reservatious la) and
(c.1 10ihc I)cr.l.ir~tiun ;icc.cpting lhc dcimpulsir) jurisilicti<,n of Ihc C'<iurt,
m:iJc hv the C;ovcrniiicni uth: Rcpuhli: of Honduras on 22 \l:i). IV86 'l'hev
read as~fullows:
(a) "les différends au sujet desquels les Parties seraient convenues ou

conviendraient d'avoir recours à un ou plusieurs autres modes de règle-
ment pacifique".
(c) "les différends relatifsdes faits ou situations nésdes conflitsarmés ou
actes de mêmenature pouvant affecter le territoire de la République du
Honduras dans lesquels elle pourrait êtredirectement ou indirectement

impliquée".
The text of the ahove-quoted reservations is identical to that contained in the
French translation of the Declaration of acceptance sent Io the Registry under
cover of a letter of 26May 1986 from the then Ambassador of the Repub-
lic of Honduras to the Netherlands, His Exccllency Mr. R. Arita Quifionez.

However, the above-mentioned French text differsfrom the French text of
the Declaratiou of acceptance communicated to the Registry by the Secre-
tariat of the United Nations. According to that French text the reservations
in question read as follows:

(a) "les différends pour lesquels les parties ont décidéou pourraient décider
de recourir à un autre moyen ou àd'autres moyens de règlement paci-
fique des différends";
(c) "les différends ayant traià des faits ou des situations ayant leur origine
dans des conflits armés ou des actes de mêmenature qui pourraient
affecter le territoire de la République du Honduras, et dans lesquels cette

dernière pourrait se trouver impliquée, directement ou indirectement".
For pur c<in\.cnicn:c 1.itirihuih ihr. I'rcnch .anJ thc English tcxis of ihc
Dr.cl;ir:iiion aii ncccpi:i:1>coniniunicstcd Io lhc Kcgisir!. h) Ihc Ilniicd
Nations Secretariat.

Annex

SECRETARIAT OF STATEFORFOREIGNAFFAIRS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

DECLARATION ON THE JURISDICTION OF THE
INTERNATIONA CLOURT OF JUSTICE

The Governmeut of the Republic of Honduras, duly authorized by the

National Congress under Decree No. 75-86 of 21 May 1986 to modify the230 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Declaration made on 20 February 1960concerning Article 36 (2) of the Sta-
tute of the International Court of Justice,

Herehy declares:

That it modifics the Declaration made by it on 20 Fehruary 1960as follows:
1. It recognizcs as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in
relation Io any othcr State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction
of the International Court of Justice in al1legal disputes concerning:

(a) the interpretation of a treaty;
(h) any question of international law;
fc) the existence of anv fact which. if established. would constitutea breach
of an internationai obligation ;
(d) the nature and extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an
international obligation

2. This Declaration shall not apply, however, to any of the following disputes
to which the Republic of Honduras is a Party:
(a) disputes in respect of which the parties have agrced or may agree to
resort Io other means for the pacific settlement of disputes;
(h) disputes concerning matters subject to the domestic jurisdiction of the
Republic of Honduras under international Iaw;

(c) disputes rclating (o facts or situations originating in armed conflicts or
acts of asimilar nature which may affect the territory of the Republic
of Honduras, and in which it may find itseli involved directly or
indirectly ;
((1)disputes referring Io:
(i) territorial questions with regard to sovereignty over islands,
shoals and reefs; interna1 waters, bays and the legal status and

limits of the ~ - ~ ~ ~ -~~ ~ ~ ~
(ii) al1rights of sovereignty or jurisdiction concerning the legal statu~
and limits of the contieuous zone. the exclusive economic zone
and the continental sheÏf;
(iii) the airspace over the territorics, waters and zones rcferred to in
this subparagraph.
3. The Governmcnt of Honduras also reserves the right al any lime Io sup-

plement, modily or withdraw this Declaration or the reservations con-
tained therein by giving notice to the Sccretary-Gcneral of the United
Nations.
4. This Declaration replaces the Declaration madc by the Government of
Honduras on 20 February 1960.
National Palace, Tegucigalpa. D.C., 22 May 1986.

(Signed) JoséAZCONAH..
President of the Republic.

(Signed) Carlos L~PEZCONTRERAS,
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. CORRESPONDENCE

DECLARATION SUR LA JURIDICI'ION DE LA COURINTERNATIONALE
DE JUSTICE

Par la présente. le Gouvernement de la République du Honduras,dûment
autorisé par le Congrès national. en vertu du décret no75-86 du 21 mai 1986,
à modifier la déclaration faite le 20 février 1960 concernant le paragraphe 2
de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Juslice, déclare:

Modifiercomme suit la déclaration qu'il a faite le 20 février1960:

1) Reconnaiire comme ohligatoirc de plriii droit et ,:in>çon\,cnii(>nspéci;ilc.
à I'i-garddc iout autre Fiai acicpt:int I;memc oblig;iiion. la luridiciion de
IiiCour iiiternaiionale de Ju\iice sur tous le\ différends d'ordre iuridiuue
ayant pour objet:

a) l'interprétation d'untraité;
b) tout point de droit international;
c) la réalitéde tout fait qui. s'il étaitétabli' constituerait la violation d'un
engagement international;

d) la nature ou l'étendue de la réparation due pour la rupture d'un
engagement international.
2) La prc'sentc déclaration nz s'applique lins. ioutcfoi.. aux diffc'rcnds :lux-

quels In Kcpuhliquc du lliinJur;i\ ,cr;iii pnriic ei qui appartienneni aux
catégories suivanies:

a) les différends pour lesquels les parties ont décidé ou pourraient
décider de recourir à un autre moyen ou à d'autres moyens de règle-
ment pacifique des différends;
b) les différends ayant trait à des questions relevant de la juridiction
interne de la Republique du Honduras, conformément au droit inter-
national:
i) les diffZrcnd\ ayant 1r;i3tdes kiiis ou der situ;iiiuns ayant leur cirigins
dan, dcs confiil, ;irnii-s ou des astss de mCmc n;iiurc qui pourr;iicni
:iffecicr Ic tcrr~tuirc dliiKC:~)uhliuuedu H<~nJur:is.el Iei(iuc.l.;
cette dernière pourrait se troÙver impliquée, directement ou indirec-

tement;
d) les différends ayant trait:

i) aux questions territoriales concernant la souveraineté sur les îles,
les bancs et les cayes; les eaux intérieures, les golfes et la mer
territori~~~. leur statut et leurs limites:
ii) à tous les droits de souveraineté ou de juridiction concernant la
zone contisuë. la zone économique exclusive et le plateau conti-
nental. leu;s statuts et leurs limiies;
iii)à l'espace aérien situé au-dessus des territoires, des eaux et des
zones décrits dansle présent alinéa d).

3) Le Gouvernement de la République du Honduras se réserve égalementle
droit de compléter, modifier ou retirer à tout moment la présente

déclaration, ou les réserves qu'elle contient, par notification adressée au
Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Nations Unics.232 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

4) La présente déclaration remplace la déclaration formulée par le Gouver-
nement de la République du Honduras le 20 fkvrier 1960.

Fait au palais présidentiel,Tegucigalpa (D.C.), le 22 mai 1986.

Le président de la République,

(Signé) José AZCONAH.

Le secrétaire d'Ela1 aux relations extérieures,
(Signé) Carlos LdPEZ CONTRERAS.

10. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARTO THE AGENTOF NICARAGUA

4 September 1986.

turihcr io iheleticroi20 Augubt 19%;aJJre.iscJ to Yuur Euccllcncy h\the
Regiiirsr and cnclosing copy <if:Iciicr of the snmr J:ite from ihc.Sccrct;iry of
l'oreign Kcliitions of thc Kcpublic of Ili8nduras. I h:i\,c the honuur io trlin\niit
iciYour Excellcncv copy <if :iIcltcr \rhi:h 1hnw scnrIO rhe ,\gent of theKs-

public of Ilondur;i, in lhc ca~ conccrning Uor<lt,r u,rd 7iii,z~horil<,rAr»t<.</
Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras)

11. LE GREFFIERADJOINTAU MINISTREDES AFFAIRES~TRANGÈRES
DES PAYS-BAS

18 septembre 1986.

Me référant au paragraphe V des principes gknéraux de l'accord du 26juin
1946 entre le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et la Cour internationale de Jus-
tice, j'ai l'honneur de porteà votre connaissancequ'en l'affaire des Actions
arméesfronralières et transfronralières(Nicaragi~ac. Hondirras) le Gouver-
nement du Nicaragua a désignécomme agent S. Exc. M. Carlos Argüello
Gomez, ambassadeur 3 La Haye. De son côté, le Gouvernement du Hondu-

ras a désignécomme agent S. Exc. M. Mario Carias Zapata, ambassadeur à
La Haye.

16 October 1986.

Further Io mv letter of 3 Seotember 1986 1 have the honour Io transmit
cnpic3 of the co;rei.ii$in> m;idc io ille En#li\h and French irans1:iiiuns of the
neu Honduras Decl:iraIion of 22 \1:1y 1986whicli h3d hecn prcpnred ;inJ cir-

culatrJ hv the Uniicd N:iiiuns Sccreiari:it. For \,Our convcnicncc1 ani alsa)
transmitt& the integral text of the translations'othe new Declaration into
English and French.

A similarcommunicationwas sentto the Agent of Nicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE 233

The corrected tex1 of those translations has been communicated to the
Registry by the Treaty Section of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs;
it will be reproduced in the Court's Yearhook 1985-1986.

13. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

22 October 1986.

1have the honour ta inform you that by an Order2 dated 22 October 1986,
the Court has fixed the following time-limits for the written proceedings on
the questions of the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of the
Application in the case concerning Border ancl Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras).

For the Memorial of the Republic of Honduras: 23 February 1987.
For the Counter-Memorial of the Republic of Nicaragua: 22 June 1987.

The subsequent procedure, including the date for the openiug of oral pro-
ceedings, is reserved for further dccision. 1 enclose the official sealed copy of
the Order.

14. LE GREFFIER AU MINISTRE DES RELATIONS EXTÉRIEURES DU BRÉSIL'

3 novembre 1986.

Par lettres du 21 août 1986, j'ai eu l'honneur de vous communiquer un
exemplaire de chacune des deuxrequêtes introductives d'instance présentées
à la Cour var la Réoubliaue du Nicaraeua contre la Rénuhliou~r~~ Co.ta
Rica et la'~é~ubli~;e du'Honduras, ~&~ectiveme"t.-dans les affaires des
Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicurapua c. Costa Rica) et
Actions armées fronlulières el fransfionralières (~icara&u c. Honduras).
J'ai maintenant l'honneur de vous informer, premièrement, que, par
ordonnance du 21 octobre 1986, la Cour a fixé comme suit les délaispour le
dépôt des pièces de la procédure écrite dans l'affaire des Acrions armées
frontalières et rransfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica).

l'uiir Ic mr'niaire Jc 1.1K?puhliqur. CILSii:iraguü. 1c21luillct 1987.
i'i~urIL.aiii1rr.-iii?iiiJcir1.1Rr'puhliquc.Ju (;C~SI.Kic:i. le 21;a\riI'JXd.

»curii.mcmeni. par ~irJ~~iiiiniirrd.u 22 o~.iohr1Yhh. la (.'ou.Ifix2 <i,iiini~.
\uii 1:s diltii, pour Ic d<lii,l dcs pi2cr.iJr.I;iprocidurc r'iriic rcl.ilivcf ;lux
ùuc.~li~in\Je Is siinin;tr.ii:c Jr. 1.1i:<CIJc la rccc\,:ihilildr.1.1~L.UU?IdC ans
l'affaire des crions armées frontalières el transfrontalières (~i&ragua c.
Honduras)

Pour le mémoirede la République du Honduras: le 23 février1987.
Pour le contre-mémoire de la République du Nicaragua: le 22juin 1987.

A communicationin the same tems was sent tathe Agent of Honduras.
'ICJ Reports 1986.p. 551.
'La même communication a étéadressee aux Etatssuivants: Chili, Colombie, Haïti,
Mexique, Pérou,République dominicaineet Uruguay.234 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Dans les deux cas, la Cour a réservéla suite de la procédure (c'est-à-dire en
particulier le déroulement de la procédure orale).
Le texte imprimédes ordonnances vous sera communiquésous peu.

Enfin, j'ai rc~u pour instructions, conformément à I'article 43 du
Règlement de la Cour. d'ao..ler votre attention surle fait que. dans les deux
reiuCies. ln Hépuhliquedu Nicar;iguii ini,uque notaninient 1; trait6 américain
de rt?glcniciit pacifique (p:icie de Ilogo1.i) coàcla ncuvième conférencr:
1111ernniion:~lee\ Etais américainsen 1948.11me faut aiouter cependani que
la présente notification ne préjugeaucune décisionquela Cour pourrait êire
appelée à prendre en application de I'article 63 du Statut.

1s.LE GREFFIER AU MINISTRE DES RELATIONS EXT!~IEURES
ET DES CULTES DU COSTA RICA

20 novembre 1986.

J'ai l'honneur de me référeà la lettre du 21 août 1986oar lauuelle ie vous
;xiconiniuiiiqu6 un chcmpl;iire d1;rsquCtc introJustive d'instance pr2sentr:e
cilaCour pdr InRCpuhlique du Nic;ir:~eudcontre la Ilépuhliquc du Honduras
en l'affaire concernant des Actions irmées fronraliè~eser'rransfronralieres
(Nicurugriac. ~ondirra.~)ainsi qu'à l9ordonna;ce en date du 22 oitobre 1986
par laquelle la Cour. tout en réservantla suite de la procédure, a fixé lesdélais
pour li orocédurc écrite relativeaux auestions de lacomoétence de la Cour et
de la rècevabilitéde la requêteen cette affaire. Vous.trouverez ci-joint un

exemplaire de cette ordonnance.
J'ai reçu pour instructions, conformément à I'article 43 du Règlement de
la Cour, d'appeler votre attention sur le fait que, dans sa requête. la
République duNicaragua invoque notamment le traité américainde règlement
pacifique (pacte de Bogoti) conclu à la neuvième conférence internationale
des Etats américains en 1948. 11me faut aiouter ce~endant aue la orésente
notification ne préjuge aucune décisionque la Cour pourrait êtreappelée 3
prendre en application de I'article 63 de son Statut.

16. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

23 février 1987.

J'ai l'honneur, dans le délai fixé parl'ordonnance rendue par la Cour
le 22 octobre 1986,de dCposer au Greffe de la Cour le texte original et deux
copies certifiées conforme du mémoire du Gouvernement du Honduras,
accompagnéd'un volume d'annexes, dans I'affaire relativà desActionsarmées
fronralièresel rrun.sfr~,nlaliéNicaragiia c. Honduras) (compérenceel rece-
vabiliré).
Je dépose aussi cent vingt-cinq exemplaires (mémoire et annexes) requis

oar le Greffe conformément à I'article 52 du uèelement.
Fin;ilcmcni je i<iusrcmeib un cxcmplairc qui contient les ;annexesdiint les
ieutes figurcnl traJu;iI'uncdes langues offiiicllcs de la Cour d:ins le volunie
des annexes.

(Signé)Mario CAR~AS. CORRESPONDENCE

17. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT
OP HONDURAS

23 February 1987.

1have the honour ta acknowledge receipt of the Memorial of the Repub-
lic of Honduras on questions of iurisdiction and admissibility in the case
concernine Border and ~ransbordeiArmed Actions (Nicarapua;. Hondnras).
311dthe XIIIICX~\ thcrel<l. tilcd h? !i>u In the K~<istr! tucliiv. Iog~,th~r\OIII a
signeil copv fur cummunicillion 1,) thc githcr Party a114ihz nJJiii<~ii;tI:~ipics

rcu~ircd iitidcr Article 52.ri.ir:irr.irih 1i~iI~L. I<ule*il1C'uilrt.Aljv dcrioïitcd
w& a volume of the original ~~aniih tem of a number of documents oi which
translations, or translations of extracts, were included in the annexes to the
Memorial, and a video-cassette of a television interview, a translation of an
extract from which forms Annex 28.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

18. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

23 February 1987.

I h;i,e tlic Iitonoutg,tr3iisniitiai!g,u Iiercuith :a.igncJ copy oi rhc.\!enlu-
ri.11,ifthe Kepuhlic <ilIli>nJur:i~ <in qur~iic~n~ t,tjuri\iliai.,i;and ;~Jnti\iil>i.
111 sn thc c:i.c cc~nccrningti~,rd~r ,!tt,//'r,~~~s/~~~r~I~!itt,dAcrt<,~i.1.\'1~~1r~t-
sr<& v. Hondurasl. toeethër with the annexes thereto. filed in the Reeistrv to-
;ay. Also depos&d inthe Registry was a volume of the original ~paflish iexts
of a number of documents of which translations, or translations of extracts,
were included in the annexes to the Memorial, and a video-cassette of a tele-

vision interview, a translation of an extract from which forms Annex 28.

19. THE REGISTRAR70 THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

27 February 1987.

1have the honour to refer to my letter of 23 February 1987 with which 1
transmitted to Your Excellency a signed copy of the Memorial of Honduras
on questions of jurisdiction and admissibility in the case concerning Border
and Transborder Armed Acrions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), and the annexes
thereto. Annex 29, document D, consists of an English translation of a resolu-
tion of the OAS General Assçmbly (aglcg doc. 23186).The Agent of Hondu-
ras has deposited a copy of the original Spanish text of this resolution; he has

however also supplied a copy of the official English text issued by the OAS
Secretariat, and 1 am enclosing a copy of this Iatter text' for your conven-
ience.

'See 1,p. 175.236 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

20. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

On a preliminary examination of the Memorial on questions of jurisdic-
lion and admissihility filed hy Your Excellency on 23 February 1987 in the
case concerning Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v.Hon-
duras) and the annexes thereto. 1note that Annex 8 consists of a translation
of an'extract from a Report from the Minister for Foreign Relations to the

National Congress of Honduras dated 15June 1983,and this extract contains
two sections headed respectively "A) The situation in Nicaragua and its
repercussion on Honduras and the region" and "B) The negotiations within
the Contadora Group". The corresponding Spanish text, deposited by you
pursuant to Article 50, paragraph 2, and Article 51, paragraph 3,of the Rules
of Court, contains the text corresponding to section A but only the title of
section B (pp. 51-57 of the original Spanish document). On the assumption
that section B is also regarded as relevant in support of the contentions in the
Memorial (cf. para. 1.22 thereof), 1 should he obliged if you would in due
course deposit the original Spanish text.
Should any further queries of this kind arise in the course of further exami-
nation of the documents, 1shall not fail to hring them to Your Excellency's
attention. 1enclose for your information a copy of a letter 1have today sent

to the Agent of Nicaragua.

21. L'AGENTDU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

2 mars 1987.

J'ai l'honneur de vous accuser reception de votre aimable lettre 77384
en date du 27 févrierse référantà l'omission par erreur d'une partie de I'an-
nexe 8 en original espagnol.
Vous trouverez ci-jointcette partie B'de l'annexe8que vous demandez et qui

par regrettable erreur n'avait pas étedeposke avec le reste des documents.

22. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARTO THE AGENT
OF NICARAGUA

23 June 1987.

I have the honour to ncknowledgc receipt of the Counier Irleiiiorinl'oi the
Republic of Nicnrdgun on <lucsiioiis of )urisdiciion and adiiiissibilit) In the
case concerning Border utidIr<in~bur<lcrArnir<l ,lrrrun> (.Vi<ur<iyrviIlon-
diiras),and of a volume of annexes thereto, filed by Your ~xcelienc~ in the
Registry yesterday, together with a signed copy for communication to the

'Non reproduite.
See 1,pp.279-509 CORRESPONDENCE 237

other Partv and 18 of the additional cooies reauired under Article 52 (1) of
the Rules of Court. ~,

1heg further to remind you that the provision of certified texts in one of
the Court's official laneuaees of the documents annexed in Soanish is
required by Article 51 (3)oU tfe Rules of Court. 1 venture also t8 request
that you provide more readily legihle copies of Annex 21.

(Signed) Bernard NOBLE.

23. DEPUTY-REGISTRAR TOTHE AGENT OF HONDURAS

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency a certified copy of the

Counter-Memorial on auestions of iurisdiction and admissibilitv filed vester-
day in the Registry by ihe Agent oj~icaragua in the case concérning Éorder
and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicara~ria v.Honduras), together with a
volume of annexes thereto,

24. THE AGENT OF COSTA RlCA IN THE CASE CONCERNING

BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIOA'S (NICARAGUA V. COSTA RICA)
TO THE REGISTRAR

22 June 1987.

In my capacity as Agent of the Repuhlic of Costa Rica in the case be-

fore that Court Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v.Costa
Rica), and in reference to the case 1986 General List No. 74 -Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), 1respectfully request
that my Government may have available copics of the pleadings and docu-
ments annexed presented by the parties during the preliminary objections
stage of said case.
1 am confident that Honduras, as well as Nicaragua will not have any ob-
jections to the ahove request.

(Signed) Edgar UGALDE.

25. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF COSTA RlCA IN THE CASE
CONCERNlNG BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

(NICARAGUA V. COSTA RICA)

23 June 1987.

1acknowledge receipt of the letter of 22 June 1987 in which Your Excel-
lency has requested that the pleadings and annexed documents presented hy
the Parties in the current phase of the case concerning Border and Trans-
border Armed Actions (Nicaragrra v. Honduras) be made available Io your238 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

<it>rcrnnicnt ;ind ~:I\Lihc honiiur tt:irl\i.ic !otl1,1!hir requc\i \<IIIhc~011-
%idcrr.d iiascsrdancc aith th< pr~~cerlurcIdid J<)uI~h!. :\rtiilc i3 (1J <)ithe
Rules of Court.
We shall not fail to inform you as soon as a decision is taken in the

matter.

26. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS1

23 June 1987.

1have the honour to transmit to Your Excellcncv a coov of a letter dated

22 June 1987whereby the Agent ofCosta Rica in thécase'kncerning Border
and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicarayua v. Cosfa Ricu) has requested
that the oleadines and annexed documenis oresented bv the ~artiecin the
current ihase octhe case between ~icaragua and ~ondhras be made avail-
able to his Government.
It would be appreciated if the view of your Government on this request
could be communicated to the Court at your earliest convenicnce, for the
purposes of the application of Article 53 (1) of the Rules of Court.

27. THE AGENT OP NICARAGUA TO THE REGISTRAR

29 June 1987.

1 have the honour to refer Io the letter dated 23June 1987 whereby the
Deputy-Registrar requests the viewof my Government on the request made by
the Agent of Costa Rica that the pleadings and annexes presented by the
Parties in the case concerning Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nica-
raairav. Hondirrasi be made available to his Government.
,\fier ~on\id~.r:tti<i. i) (io\crnnicnt h;~sno ohjeciion to th13spcciiic re-
qU~.ilh!. Ihc C;~)\~crnmc.n$11<'o,t4 Ilic:i

(Signed) Carlos ARG~ELLO G.

28. THE PRINCIPALLEGAL SECRETARYOF THE COURT T0 THE
AGENT OF NICARAGUA

1July 1987.

1have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency's letter of
29 June 1987,informing me that the Government of Nicaragua has no obicc-
lion to cooies of the ~l~adinnsand annexed documents in the case concernine

'Acommunicationinthe sameterrns war sentIothe Agent of Nicaragua CORRESPONDENCE 239

cation in accordance with Article 53 of the Rules of Court. 1shall no1 fail to
inform you of the decision taken in due course by the Court or the President
on that request.

(Signed) H. W. A. THIRLWAY.

29. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

13July 1987.

1have the honour to confirm that, as the President of the Court indicated
tu Your Excellency at the meeting held on 30June 1987 with the Agents of
the Parties to the Ease concerninè Border and TransborderArmedÀctions
i.Vlr,ir,ig~<,.ll,nr~li<r,iitihc I'rcsiJr'ni has iixr'd'Tuc\d.i? ?IIOciuh-r 1'187 ;il
Ill;ini. :i,ihc d;~iciiir tlic iq>ciiiiig<if IIic <irai~II)~CL~LII II~cSluesti,m\ <if

iurirdi;tion .lnd :~Jmi~\ihilitv in ih;itc~se 'I'Iiisdesisiinii 1:ikcnoursu~iii io
Article 54, paragraphs 1 and 3, of the Rules of Court.

30. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

20 July 1987

1have the honour to refer tu my letter of 10November 1986,with which 1
sent Your Excellency a note concerning the printing of pleadings, for guid-
ance in the preparation of the Counter-Memorial of Nicaragua in the case
concerning Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicuragua v. Hon-
dilru.7).In that letter 1 mcntioned that the number of co~ies of oleadines

requi;ed by the Registry in this case, pursuant to Article 5i, parag;aph 1, Of
the Rules of Court, had been fixed at 125.
When the original Counter-Memorial of Nicaragua was filed on 22 June
1987.it was accomoanied bv the certified conv for the other Partv reauired bv
~rticlc 52 of the Rules, bit by only 18 addiiional copies. It w& unéerstood
that the copies required by the Registry would be supplied very shortly, as
soon as the necessary binding work could be done, and it was on this under-
standing that the Deputy-Registrar accepted the pleading as duly filed, not-

withstanding the absence of strict compliancc with Article 52. At the same
time, it was noted that a number of the Annexes tu the Counter-Memorial
were in the original Spanish only, no translation being supplied as required
by Article 51, paragraph 3, of the Rulcs of Court. This point was in fact
adverted Io in Your Excellency's letter of 23 June 1987.
Since four weeks have now nassed without the reauired number of cooies
of the Counter-Memorial heing filed, or the necessari. translations being Sup-

plied, 1consider il my duty to remind Your Excellency of the matter. Apart
from the comolications caÜsed to the work of the ~eeistrv. in-,articulai.he
tr;insl;iti~~iiof ihc ple:d~ng inti,tr~.n~h. ilic >hiirtag: ui <aipic. prcicnis nie
fr<imwpplyinc ihc uilicr Part! siilitlle iiJJiiion:fil copi:sII rciluircs ftlrihc
preparation ofits oral argument, and since the counsei instructed by Hondu-

' A communication in thesameterms was sentto the Agentof Honduras. BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
240

ras may not necessarily be able to read Spanish,their work is also hindered by
the absence of translations. This is a situation which would appear to conflict
with the principle of the equality of the Parties.
1 shall therefore be obliged if you will make arrangements to supply the
missing translations and to file the additional copies as soon as possible, if
necessary in instalments.

31. THE REGLSTRARTO THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF
THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

21 July 1987.

1 have the honour to inform vou that in the case concernine Border and
'liii,i>h<,nl,,r ,irt>Airio,r$ (.V;i.irniXrviiIli>,~di<r«r,hriiu&i bcfi~re ihe
('ourt I>yNic:ir;iyu;~.,111a>fth< hjre\ uf jurisdiciion for rhc Court rclied iin
bv Nic;~rsiu.i i\Articlc XXXI <ifih~.,\iiieric:in I'rv;iivon Pacilic Sctilcnicni

(~act of B&ota) concluded at the Ninth ~nternationai~onference of Anieri-
can States in 1948. Honduras has however contended, inter aliathat Article
XXXl of that Treaty cannot be invoked as a basis of jurisdiction indepen-
dently of Article XXXII, and that the latter Article precludes any unilateral
application to the Court except on certain conditions which, in the view of
Honduras, are not satisfied in this case. The proceedings therefore appear to
raise questions of construction of the Pact of Bogoti.
The Court has directed that the initial pleadings in the case he directed
to questions of jurisdiction and admissibility, and those pleadings have now
been filed, on 20 October 1987 oral proceedings will open, with a view to a

judgment being given by the Court on those questions.
Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court provides as follows:
"3. Whenever the constmction of the constituent instrument of a
public international organization or of an international wnvention adop-

ted thereunder is in question in a case before the Court, the Registrar
shall sa notify the public international organization concerned and shall
communicate to it copies of al1the written proceedings."
The Pact of Bogoti appears to fall in the category of conventions contem-

plated by this Article, since it provides in its preamble as follows:
"In the name of their peoples, the Governments represented at the
Ninth International Conference of Amencan States have resolved, inful-

filment of Article XXlll of the Charter of the Organization of American
States,to conclude the following Treaty: .. ."(Emphasis added.)
In these circumstances the Court has instructed me to wmmunicate to the
Organization of Amencan States copies of al1 the wTitten proceedings. 1

accordingly have the honour to enclose herewith copies of the Application
instituting proceedings, the Memorial submitted by the Government of Hon-
duras, and the Counter-Memorial submitted by the Govemment of Nicaragua,
together with the annexes to those pleadings.
This instruction was given pursuant to Article 69, paragraph 3, of the
Rules of Court, which is in the following terms:

"3. In the circumstances contemplated hy Article 34, paragraph 3, of
the Statute, the Registrar, on the instructions of the Court, or of the CORRESPONDENCE 241

Presidcnt if the Court is not sitting, shall proceed as prescribed in that
paragraph. The Court, or the President if the Court is not sitting, may,
as from the date on which the Registrar has communicated copies of the

written proceedings and atter consulting the chief administràtive offi-
cer of the public international organization concerned, fix a time-limit
within which the organization may submit to the Court its ohserva-
lions in writing. These observations shall be communicated to the parties
and may be discussed by them and by the representative of the said
organization during the oral proceedings."

The Vice-President of the Court, Acting President, has directed me fur-
ther to ask you ta inform me as soon as possible whether the Organization of
American States would wish to submit to the Court observations on the mat-

ter in accordance with Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, and to
inform you that he has fixed 20 September 1987 as the lime-limit within which
~ ~~ observations mav be filed.
l~urthcrmorc. l ,h~'>iilini6,rm !ou th11 Sicar.igu:t ht15 sils<in\iit~tcd prw
ccciling\ :lg.iinst ihc Reliuhli~ ai Ciirt'i Kic:i iHori1r.r,i>zdTro~zihor,/r,r.Irtrre</
A(f,on\ I.\'IL.,,Y~G~v,LCO>I,IRfc,~,,.'iiid OIIC 01 ihc l)asc, df 'uris~l~ctic~relicd

on in thèse pro&edings also is ~iiicle XXXl of the Pact of Éogot6. However,
the Government of Costa Rica has not yet indicated whether or no1it contests
the claim of Nicaraeua to the existenie of iurisdiction on that basis, and it
th~.r~i,)r~..tppe.ir\ prcni.iturcIO wh~.thcr il ~UL.%II<Iof c,,nhiru..iion ut Arii-
LI: XXXl \iiI.iric IIItlinlc;iic .asacll 1incI<i\~.for yiur ini~iriiiûtii~iiIct~p)ul
Ihc Appliaii~in in thil c;i~ .inJ <ilthc Ordc'ri ni.iJc hyrhc C<iurion htith :.neS.

tin;tlly. fi,th2 \.ikc oi sonipl:tc'n~,rr. 1sh~iild .ils<Jr.ix !our attrntion IO
thc f.,itilintin 11,,\pplic;~iionsin thr,\cIWO caler Nicnr.t~u>,isrcris tIi;iHunilu-
rds aiiJ Ccirtn Rict~Ii:ivcci,mmiiicd hrcÿclics oi itic <:h;~rtcr ai the Or\S :inJ
of the Pact of Bogota. These allegations may also raise questions of construc-
tion of those two instruments, but. in the proceedings brought against Hon-
duras at least, the Court will only be called upon to examine such allegations

if it is satisfied that it has jurisdiction, a point which, as indicated. forms the
subject of the initial stage of those proceedings.

32. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

21 July 1987.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a
letter 1 have today sent to the Secretary General of the Organization of
American States, referring to the cases concerning Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) and Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Cosfa Rica).

33. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

21 July 1987.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a
letter 1 have today sent to the Secretary General of the Organization of242 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

American States. rcfcrring to the case concerning Border and Transbortler
ArrnedAclioris(Nicarnguav. Hondi~ras).

34.THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF COSTA RICA IN THE CASE
CONCERNING BORDER AND TRAh5RORDER ARMED ACTIONS
(NICARAGU A.COSTA RICA)

21 July 1987.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a

letter 1 havc today sent to the Secretary General of the Organization of
American States. This letter relates primarily to the case concerning itorrlrr
ancl Tranrbor<lrArmed Acrions (Nicnrngrrav. Hondirras),but as you will
observe, refcrcncc is also made to the case concerning Border and fiaris-
borderArtneclAcrioris(Nicnrngirav. CosraRica).

35. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

26juillet 1987.

J'ai l'honneur de vous exprimer me référanttre aimable communica-
tion en date du 23juin relatiàela demande du Costa Rica pour que lui
soient communiquées les uièces de la procédure dans l'affaire des Acrioris
orr,iéesfrorira1iè;eser ira~sfronralières('Nicaragila c. Hondirrns). dans sa

phase actuelle. que le Gouvernement du Honduras n'a pas d'objectàoce
que nos pièces écrites soient communiquées au Costa Rica

36. THE SECRETAR YENERAL OF THE ORFANIZATION OF

AMERICAN STATES TO THE REGISTRAR

29 July 1987.

1am pleased to acknowlcdge receipt of your note 78281. dated July 21.
1987,enclosing81copy of al1the written proceedings on the case concerning
Border and Tran.sbor<lerrrriedActiofis (Nicaraguv. Horiditras)brought
before the International Court of Justice by Nicaragua.
As to whcthcr or not the Organization of American States wishes to sub-
mit to the Court observations on the matter, 1am of the opinion that, in this

case,the Secretary General would no1have the authority 10muke such obscr-
valions.
Furthermore. the convening of the Permanent Council of the Organi~ation
on this matter would require that each Member State be provided with copies
of al1the written procecdings on the case which may contravene the Rules of
the Court.
On the other handitis my understanding that the Cohas already noti-
fied al1 the other parties to the American Treaty on Pacific Settlemcnt CORRESPONDENCE 243

(Pact of Bogota) on the fact that these proceedings appear to raise questions
of the construction of this Pact.

(Signed)Joao Clemente BAENA SOARES.

37. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

30 July 1987.

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency's letter of
26 July 1987,received in the Registry today. informing me that the Govern-
ment of Honduras has no objection to copies of the pleadings and annexed

documents in the case concerning Border and Transborder Armed Acfions
(Nicaragua v.Hondi'ras) being furnished to the Government of Costa Rica,
which has requested such communication in accordance with Article 53 of the
Rulcs of Court. 1 shall not fail to inform you of the decision taken in due
course hy the President on that request.

38.THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS'

31 July 1987.

1 have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the President of the
Court, in exercise of the powers confcrred upon him by Article 53 (1) of the
Rules of Court and after ascertaining the views of the Parties, has decided
that copies of the pleadings and documents annexed presented by the Parties
in the current phase of the case concerning Border and TransborderArmed
Acrions (Nicaragua v. Hon<luras) be made available to the Government of
Costa Rica as requestcd hy that Govcrnment's Agent before the Court in a
letter dated 22 June 1987.

39. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF COSTA RICAIN THE CASE
CONCERNING BORDER AND TRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS
(NICARAGUA V. COSTA RICA)

31 July 1987.

1 have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the President of the
Court, in exercise of the powers conferred upon him by Article 53 (1) of the
Rules of Court and after ascertaining the views of the Parties, has decided
that copies of the pleadings and documents annexed preseuted by the Parties
in the current phase of the case concerning Border und Trunsbor<lerArmed
Actions (Nicaragua v. Hondrrras) he made available to the Government of

Costa Rica as requestçd by Your Excellency in a letter dated 22 June 1987.
The aforementioned copies arc bcing despatched separately to the Embassy
of Costa Rica at The Hague.

'A communication in thesame termswas sent to the Agent of Nicaragua.244 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDAaIONS

40. THE REGlSTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

3 August 1987

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a
letter dated 29 July 1987 and handed to me today by the Legal Adviser of

the Organization of American States containing the reply of the Secretary
General of the OAS to my letter of 21 July 1987 referring to the cases con-
cerning Border and TransborderArnled Acrions(Nicaragua v.Honduras) and
Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragira v. CosraRica).

41. THE REGlSTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

3 August 1987

1have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a let-
ter dated 29 July 1987 and handcd to me today by the Legal Adviser of the

Organization of American States containing the reply of the Secretary Gen-
eral of the OASto my letter of 21 July 1987 referring to the case concerning
Border <indTrunsburderArmed Aclions (Nicaragua v. Honduras).

42. LES AGENTS DU HONDURAS El' DU NICARAGUA AU GREFFIER

13août 1987.

Nous avons l'honneur, nous référant à la phase orale de la procédure dons
l'affaire des Actiffris arrriéesfroriiulières et rransfrontulières fNicaru~i~uc.
/lo>r,/i~r,irfr.otitl><lrvir.r<~r.eiirlnlrrt.e i.i>usJcm.tnJcr JI hicn vouloir

ir;insmctirc 3 Xl<iii\ieur Ic I'résidcni dc I:iCour in~crnatii>nalc'Je Ju>licc
I'nciorJ sit!néle 7 .i<,ü1987o:ir Icr 1ir2sidcnt~Jes R6~uhliuuch du IlonJur.i$
et du ~iccragua dont le lexie espagnol est le suivait (tra'duction française
non officielle ci-jointe):

<'LosPresidentes de la Republica de Hondurasy de Nicaragua, en la
conviction de que es necesario fortalecer este plan de pacificaci6n re-
gional, mediante la adopcion de medidas de restablecimiento de la
confianza reciproca, han acordado instruir a sus respectivos Secretarios
de Relaciones Exteriores, para que solicilen a la Corte Internacional de
~us~icia. aue tenea a bien aceotar el diferimiento de la celebracion de la

fase oral'del JuLio sobre ~&n~etencia. que inter alia, se ventila ante
aquel Alto Tribunal, por un periodo de tres meses, en el entendimiento
dicha situacion judicial Sera examinada nuevamente por ellos con
mitovo de la Reunion de Presidentes Centroamericanos que tendra
lugar en el término de ciento cincuenta dias conforme el Compromiso
establecido en este plan, con el fin de convenir el desistimiento del
rccurso a la acci6n judicial internacional sobre la situacion Centro-
arnericana. CORRESPONDENCE 245

Suscrito en ocasion de la Reuni6n Cumbre Esquipulas II, cn la
ciudad de Guatemala, el siete de agosto de mil novecientos ochenta y
siete.

JoséAZCONAHOYO, Daniel ORTEGASAAVEDRA,
Presidente de la Republica Presidente de la Republica
de Honduras. de Nicaragua.,,

Annexe

(Traducrion rion officielle)

Lcs prisidcni> JI.1;Répuhliclucdu 1-londur:lsci Ju Nis;ir.igus. convaincus
de la nL'cessi1dc iortificr ccpl;inde r>acificsiiilnrr:rilln3lc. en ;tdo~iant dcs
mesures de rétablissement de la Confiance réciirooue. sont convenus
., ~ ~~ ~
d'instruire leurs secrétaires de relations extérieures, pour qu'ils demandeàt
la Cour internationale de Justice de bien vouloir accepter I'aiournement de
l'ouverture de la procédure orale dans sa phase sur lacompéience qui, inter
alia. se déroule devant cette Haute Cour, pour une période de trois mois.
étant entendu que cette situation judiciaire sera examinée de nouveau par
eux à l'occasion de la réunion des orésidents d'Amériaue centrale qui aura
lieu dans le délaide cent cinquante jours conformément à l'engagement pris
dans ce plan, afin de convenir le désistement du recours a l'action judiciaire
internationale sur la situation en Amérique centrale.
Signéà l'occasion de la réunion au sommet d9Esquipulas II, en la ville de
Guatemala, le sept août mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-sept.

JoséAZCONAHOYO, Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA,

présidentde la République présidentde la République
du Honduras. du Nicaragua.

43.LE GREFFIER A L'AGENT DU NICARAGUA'

13août 1987.

J'ai l'honneur d'accuser réception de la lettre conjointe en date du 13août
1987 par laquelle, les agents du Honduras et du Nicaragua, se référant à la
phase orale de la procédure en l'affaire des Actions armées frontalières er
rransfronralières(Nicaragua c. Hondiiras) (compétenceet recevabilité),ont bien

voulu me communiquer, pour transmission au Présidentde la Cour, le texte en
langue originale espagnole- accompagné d'une traduction française non
officielle-d'un accord signéle 7 août 1987, à l'occasion de la réunion au
sommet d'Esoui~ulas 11.DarS. Exc. M. le orésidentde la Ré~ubliauedu Hon-
duras et S. EX: M. le~résident de la aépublique du ~karagba, visant z3
solliciter I'aiournement, pour une période de trois mois, de I'ouverture de la
procédure orale en l'affaire susviséeet dans lequel il est préciséque

cette situation iudiciaire sera examinée de nouveau Dar eux à
I'ucc;i,iodc I:Ircunion des prbsidcnis d'Amr'riquc ccntrale qui aura
lieu dans le di.l;~ide cent cinquante juurs conforniément 2 I'cngügement

'Lameme communication a 616adresséeh l'agendu Honduras.246 BORDER AND TRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

pris dans [le] plan [de pacification régionale], afin de convenir le
désistement du recours à l'action judiciaire internationale sur la situa-
tion en Amérique centrale*. [Traduction française non officielle des
Parties.]

l'ai en outre l'honneur de vous faire savoir aue le Président de la Cour,
auquel le texte de l'accord susmentionnéa ététransmis parmes soins,a décidé,
en application de l'article 54 du Règlement de la Cour, de prononcer le renvoi
de l'ouverture de la procédure orak en l'affairà une.date ultérieure qui sera
fixéeaprt-s consulta6on des agents des Parties.
Une communication identique est adressée à M. l'agent du Honduras.

44.THE REGISTRAR TOTHE AGENT OFNICARAGUA

13August 1987

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of 100 additional copies of the
Counter-Mcmorial of the Republic of Nicaragua on questions of jurisdiction
and admissibility in the case concerning Border and TransborderArmed
Actions(Nicaragua v.Hondriras), and of the volume of Annexes thereto.
1 note that the volume of Annexes incorporates English translations of
Annexes 7. 8. 13. 15, 17. 18. 20 and 25. No translations, however. have vet
been received of the Spanish-language documents contained in Annexes i9,
22 and 24.Versions in one of the official languages of the Court of these three
documents are still, therefore, required in order to ensure compliance with

Article 51 (3) of the Rules of Court. I shall therefore be ohliged if you will
arrange to supply these, in the same number of copies as the translations
already filed. as soon as possible.

45. THE REGlSTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

14 August 1987

Further ta my letter of 23 June 1987,1have the honour to send Your Excel-
Iencvsonie additional co~iesof the Annexes to the Counter-Memonal on aues-

tioni ofjurisdiction and a'dmissibilityfiled by the Agent of Nicaragua in the'case
concerning Borderand TransborderArmer1Actions(Nicaragtia v.Hundriras).
1also tÏansmit herewith a couv of a letter which 1addresseta the Aeent of

46. THE REGISTRAR TOTHE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

18 August 1987.

1have the honour to draw Your Excellency's attention to the document of
which a copy has been filed as Annex 25 Io the Counter-Memorial of your248 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Pedimos respeto y ayuda a la comunidad internacional para nuestros
esfuerzos. Tenemos caminos centroamericanos para la paz y el desarrollo, pero
necesitamos avuda oara hacerlos realidad. Pedimos untrato internacionalaue
g:iraniicc el dc\;irrolln par3 que la p:iz que buscamosse:)durailcr;~. Rcitcr:amo.;
con lirmc&~ quc l';yy I>c\;irri~lli~ \un inscp:ir;ihle\.
r\gr:idcccm<i, :il Prc>iJcnte Vinicio <:ere?c ArCv3lo \' 31 nohlc pucblci Jc
Guaiem.il;i Ii;iher sirloI:c;is;i dc esia rcunidn 1.3gcncru,id~irl dcl m:indntnri<>y

cl pucblu gu:iicm;ilrcci~ rc>uli.iron dcci\ii<is p:ir:t cl ilirna en que se ;idupi;iri,ii
los acuerdos de paz.

Procerlimienro paru Establecer lu Paz Firme y Dirrarleru en Cenrroamerica

Los Gobiernos de las Repuhlicas de Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,

Honduras y Nicaragua, empefiados en alcan~ar los objetivos y desarrollar los
principios establecidos en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, la Carta de la
Oreanizacion de los Estados Americanos. el Documento de Obietivos. el
ens sa dejCaraballeda para la Paz, la Seg;ridad y la Democracia en ~mérica
Central. la Declaracion de Guatemala, el Comunicado de Punta del Este, el
Mensaie de Panama. la Declaracion de Esauioulas. v el orovecto de Acta de
~i,ni;ihi)r.ip:ir;i In Pm y 13 (:ooperaciiin ci fcntroimtr;e? hr.16 de junii) dc

I'JX6.han c<ini,cnidu en cl ,iquicnic pruccdimicniu p:ir:i e\i:ihlcccr la p:ir firiiie
y duradera en Centroamérica.

Realizar urgentementeen aquellos casosdonde se han producido profundas
divisiones dentro de la sociedad, acciones de rcconciliaci6n nacional que
oermitan la oarticioacion ooo.la.. con earan-ia olena. en auténticos oroceSos
pc~liiic<isdr, c.ir:icicr rlcmiicritico.whrc Ii:isc.dc ju*tic~a 11h~rt.id ! iIc.iii~>-
cracia !.p:ira t;tI cfcc11.rc;ir11).mec:gni\m,~\que pcrinit.in. Jr. nsucrdo :ibn la

Icv. cl di.il,>go c<iriIo( grup<ir oposiiurcs
A esta fin. Ic,sGubicrni). corrcrponrlicntc> inici;ir.in L.diil<>go coi1todoq los
prupo, dc\.arninJos dc oporicibn poliiicn interna con ,iquillus que \c h.iy.in
acogido a la Amnistia

b) Amnistia

En cada pais centroamericano, salvo en aquellos en donde la Cornision
Internacional de Verificacion v Sesuimiento determine que no esnecesario. se
emitiran decretos de amnistia ouedeberan establecer codas las disoosiciones ~~ ~
que gar:inticr.n I;i invi(>ldhiliJ:id de la vidad. la Iihertiid cii iiidas sdc forniai. los
hiciies ms1cri;iles v I:I\egurid:iJ Je In5 personzis ;i quienc\ sean aplic~hles

dichos Jecrcio\. Sirnuliancaiiiente a la cnii$ibn de Ici<Jecrcii)~ clc ;inini>ii;i.l;ij
fucr/:is irrcg~13res del respcciii,~ pais. dcher5n poner cn lihcri:id :i i<idx\
;~qucll;i\ pcr><ina\quc SC cncucntrcn cn su poder.

Para la verificacion del cumplimiento de los compromisos que los cinco
Gobiernos centroamericanos contraen con la firma del oresente docu-
rnento, en materia de amnislia, cese del fuego, democratizacibn y elecciones
libres, se creara una Cornision Nacional de Reconciliacion que tendra las
funciones de constatar la vigencia real del proceso de reconciliacion nacional, CORRESPONDENCE 249

asi como el respeto irrestricto de todos los derechos civiles y politi-
cos de los ciudadanos centroamericanos garantizados en este mismo docu-
mento.
La Cornision Nacional de Reconciliacion estara integrada por un delegado
propietario y un suplente del Poder Ejecutivo: un titular y un suplente sugerido
por la Conferencia Episcopal y escogido por el Gobierno de una terna de
Obispos que deberi ser presentada dentro del plazo de quince dias despuésde
recibida la invitacion formal. Esta invitacion la formularin los gobiernos
dentro de los cinco dias hibiles siguientes a la firma de este documenta. El
mismo procedimiento de terna se utilizari para la seleccidn de un titular y
un suplente de los partidos politicos de oposicion legalmente inscritos. La
terna debera ser oresentada en el mismo olazo anterior. Cada Gobierno
Centroamericano escogera, ademis, para integrar dicha Cornision, a un

ciudadanonotable que no pertenezca ni alpobierno ni al partido de pobierno,y
a su respective supiente. Êl acuerdo O decÏeto en que se integre larespectiia
Cornision Nacional, sera comunicado de inmediato a los otros Gobiernos
Centroarnericanos

2. Exhortacibnal Cesede Hosrilidades

Los eobiernos hacan una exhortacion vehemente nara aue. en los Estados
del irerque actualmente sufren la accion de grupos ;rreguiares o insurgentes,
se concierte el cese de las hostilidades. Los gobiernos de dichos Estados se
comprometen a realizar todas las acciones necesarias para lograr un efectivo
cese del fuego dentro del marco constitucional.

Los gobiernos se comprometen a impulsar un auténtico proceso dernocri-
tico oluralistav oarticioativo aue imoliaue la orornocion de la iusticia social,
el rGpeto de 16s'~ereLhos ~umanos: la'soberania, la integridad territorial de
los Estados y el derecho de todas las naciones a deterrninar libremente y sin
injerencias externas de ninguna clase, su modelo economico, polftico y social,
v realizaran. de manera verificable. las medidas conducentes al estableci-

. . . -
acceso de las diversas corrientes de opinion a procesos electorales honestos y
periodicos, fundados en la plena observancia de los derechos ciudadanos.
Para efectos de verificar la buena fe en el desarrollo de este proceso de
democratizacion, se entender& que:

a) Debera existir completa libertad para la television, la radio y la prensa.
Esta completa libertad comprendera la de abrir y mantener en funcio-
namiento~medios de comun\caci6n para todos los grupos ideol6gicos y
para operar esos medios sin sujecion a censura previa.
b) Deberi manifestarse el pluralismo politico partidista total. Las agrupa-
ciones politicas tendran, en ese aspecto, amplio acceso a los medios de
comunicaci6n. oleno disfrute de los derechos de asociacibn v de las

miembros de los partidos ~olfticos en funcion proselitista
c) Asimismo, los Gobiernos' Centroamericanos que tengan en vigencia el
estado de excepcion, sitio O emergencia, deberan derogarlo. baciendo250 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

efectivo el estado de derecho con plena vigencia de todas las garantias
constitucionales.

4. Elecciones Libres

Como expresion conjunta de los Estados Centroamericanos para encon-
trar la reconciliaci6n 2 .a oar duradera oara sus ouehlos. se celebrarin e~ec-~ ~ ~
ciones para la integracion del Parlamento Centroamericano, cuya creacion se
propuso mediante la "Declaraci6n de Esquipulas", del 25 de mayo de 1986.
A los vrovositos anteriores. los mandaiarios exoresaron suvoluntad de

beraciones y entregar a los Presidentes Centroamericanos el respectivo
proyecto de Tratado dentro de 150dias.
Estas elecciones se realizarin sirnultaneamente en todos los paises de
América Central en el primer semestre de 1988, en la fecha que oportuna-
mente convendran los Presidentes de los Estados Centroamericanos. Estarin -
snjetas a la vigilancia de los 6rganos electorales correspondientes, compro-
metiéndose los respectives Gobiernos a extender invitacion a la Oreaniza-

cion de los Estados Americanos y a las Naciones Unidas, asi cGmo a
Gobiernos de terceros Estados, para que envien observadores que deberan
constatar que los procesos electorales se han regido por las mas estrictas
normas de ieualdad de acceso de todos los oartidos ooliticos a los medios de
comunicaci<n social, asi coma par amplias facilidkies para que realicen
manifestaciones publicas y todo otro tipo de pro~az.-da proselitista.
A efecto de~aue las elecciones vara inteerar el ~arlamento Centro-
americano se celebren dentro del plztzo que se-sefiala en este apartado, el

tratado constiiutivo correspondiente debera ser sometido a la aprobacion o
ratification en los cinco paises.
Luego de efectuadas las elecciones para integrar el Parlamento Centro-
americano, deberin realizarse, en cada pais, con observadores interna-
cionales e iguales garantias, dentro de los plazos establecidos y los calen-
darios que deberin proponerse de acuerdo a las actuales Constituciones
Politicas, elecciones igualmente libres y democraticas para el nombramiento
de representantes populares en los municipios, los Congresos y Asambleas
Legislativas y la Presidencia de la Repuhlica.

5. Cese de la Ayuda a las Filerzas Irregitlares
o a los Movimientos Insiirreccionales
Los Gobiernos de los cinco Estados Centroamericanos solicitarin a los

Gobiernos de la region y a los Gobiernos extrarregionales que, abierta o
veladamente proporcionan aynda militar, logistica, financiers, propagan-
distica, en efectivos humanos, armamentos, municiones y equipo a fuerzas
irregulares o movimientos in surreccionales. que cesen esa ayuda, como un
elemento indisoensable vara loerar la Dazestable v duradera en la reei-in.
No queda c'omprend;da en Ïo anteiior la ayuda que se destine a repatria-
cion o, en su defecto, reubicacion y asistencia necesaria para la reinteeracion
a la vida normal de aquellas personas que hayan pertenecido a dichosgrupos

o fuerzas. Igualmente solicitarin a las fuerzas irregulares y a los grupos
insurgentes que actuan en América Central. abstenerse de recibir esa ayuda.
en aras de un auténtico espiritu latinoamericano. Estas peticiones se harin en CORRESPONDENCE 251

cumplimiento de Io establecido en el Documento de Objetivos en cuanto a
eliminar el trifico de armas, intrarrenional o proveniente de fuera de la
rcgion, destinado a personas, ~r~anizahones o &upos que intenten desesta-
bilizar a los gobiernos de los paises centroamericanos.

6. No Uso del Territoriopara Agredir ifOtros Esrados

Los cinco paiscs que suscriben este documenta reiteran su compromise de
impedir el uso del propio territorio y no prestar ni permitir apoyo militar
logistico a personas. organizaciones o grupos que intenten desestabilizar a los
Gobiernos de los Paises de Centroamérica.

7. Negociacione.~en Materia de Segrrridad,Verificacion,Control
y Limitacion de Aimumento
Los Gobiernos de los cinco Estados centroamericanos, con la participacion

del Gruoo de Contadora. en eiercicio de su funcion mediadora. oroseeuiran las
negociaiiones sobre los pintas pendientes de acuerdo, 'en materia de
seguridad, verificacion ycontrol en el p~oye~to de Acta de Contadora para la
Paz y la Cooperacion en Centroamérica.
Estas negociaciones abarcaran también medidas para el desarme de las
fuerzas irregulares que estan dispuestas a acogerse a los decretos de amnistia.

8. Refugiados y De.~plazu<los
Los Gobiernos Centroamericanos se comprometena atender con sentido de
urgencia los fluios de rcfuniados y desplazados que la crisis regional ha
orovocado. medcante orotec&5n v aiistenha. esoeciaimente en los aGectos de

manifiestc individualmente.
También se comorometen a eestio~ar ante la Comunidad lnternacional ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
ayuda para los refugiados y desplazados centroamericanos, tanto en forma
directa, mediante convenios bilaterales o multilaterales, como por medio del
Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas vara los Refueiados (ACNUR) v
v
otros organismos y agencias.

9. Cooperacion, Dernocracia y Libertad para la Paz y el Desarrollo
En el clima de libertad que garantiza la democracia, los pafses de Centro-

américa adoptaran los acuerdos que permitan acelerar el desarrollo, para
alcanzar sociedades mis igualitarias y libres de la miseria.
La consolidacion de la democracia implica la creacion de un sistema de
bienestar y justicia economica y social. Para lograr estos objetivos los
gobiernos gestionarin conjuntamente un apoyo economico extraordinario de
la Comunidÿd Internacional.

10. Verificacidny Seguimiento Internocional
a) Comiridn lnternacional de Verificacidny Segrrinliento

Se creari una Cornision Internacional de Verificacion y Seguimiento
conformada por los Secretarios Generales. o sus representantes, de la
Organizacion de los Estados Americanos y de las Naciones Unidas, asi como
por los Cancilleres de América Central, del Grupo de Contadora y del Grupo
de Apoyo. Esta Cornision tendra las funciones de verificacion y seguimiento
del cumplimiento de los compromisos contenidos en este documento.252 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

b) Respaldo y facilidudes a los mecanismos de reconciliacic5ny de verificncibny
segiiirriienro

Con el objeto de fortalecer la gestion de la Cornision Internacional de
Verificaci6n v Seeuimiento. los Gobiernos de los cinco Estados ccntro-
americanos e&ilir& declaraciones de respaldo a su labor.
A estas declaraciones podran adherirse todas las naciones interesadas en
promover la causa de la libertad, la democracia y la paz en Centroamérica.
Los cinco Gobiernos brindarin todas las facilidadesnecesarias para el cabal
cumplimiento de las funciones de verificacion y seguimienta de la Cornision
Nacional de Reconciliacion de cada pais y de la Cornision Internacional de
Verificacion y Seguimiento.

II. Calendurio de Ejecircion de Compromisos

Dentro del plazo de quince dias a partir de la firma de este documento, los
Cancilleres de Centroamérica se reuniran en calidad de Cornision Eiecutiva
para reglamentar, impulsar y viabilizar el cumplimiento de los acuerdos con-
tenidos en el presente documento, y organizar las comisiones de trabajo para
oue a oartir de esta fecha. se inicien 16s orocesos aue conduzcan al cum~li-
mienIo de lus cumpromi\i~\ soritrsirlos deiitrdr. los plwu, r.jiip~l;id<i\.par
mcdio di:<$,n\~lt.i\gcstiones dcni;is mecanismus i~iir\cc\iimcn iic<r.s:irioï.
A lus 90 dia. contadu, iln:artirde InIéchade Iniirnia dr. chi:i ducumcntt~.
cnir.ir5n n régir siniul15nennicnlr. i:n formti public;i ICI,ci>ml>rnriiisosrcI:i-
cionades con ~imnisiiti.sc\c del luego.dcniocraiizaci6ii. csrr. dI;i:ivuda.ilas

fuerzas irreaularesO a los movimientos insurreccionales v no uso dei territorio
para agredira otros Estados, coma se define en el presente documento.
A los 120 dias a partir de la firma de este documento, la Cornision Inter-
nacional de Verificacion y Seguimiento analizari el progreso en el cumpli-
miento de los acuerdos previstos en el presenie documento.
A los 150 dias, los cinco Presidentes ceniroamericanos se reuniran y
recibiran un informe de la Cornision Internacional de Verificacion y Segui-
miento y tomaran las decisiones pertinentes.

Disposiciones Finales

Los puntos comprendidos en este documento forman un todo arm6nico e
indivisible. Su firma entrafia laobligation, sceptada de buena fe, de cumplir
sirnultaneamente Io acordado en iosplÿzos estiblecidos.
Los Presidenies de los cinco estados de la América Central con la voluntad
politica de responder a los anhelos de Paz de nuestros pueblos Io subscribimos
en la Ciudad de Guatemala, a los siete dias del mes de agosto de mil
novecientos ochenta y siste.

Oscar ARIASSANCHEZ, JoséNAPOLEONDUARTE,

Presidente Presidente
Republica de Costa Rica. Republica de El Salvador.
Vinicio CEREZOAR~VALO, JoséAZCONAHOYO,

Presidente Presidente
Republica de Guatemala. Republica de Honduras

Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA,
Presidente
Republica de Nicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE 253

48.THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

21 August 1987.

1have the honour to acknowledge receipt of the letter of 18August by which
Your Excellency transmitted to the Court the original Spanish tex1of the docu-
ment signed in Guatemala on 7 August 1987 and bearing the title "Procedi-
miento para establecer una paz Firme y duradera en Centroamérica".
The text has heen communicated to the Members of the Court. It would
ho\ic\cr br.niush appreci~tcd II:ln) auth~ri~cd \crsioni that nu! cxiit tIi~.rcnI
in t ngli*h;andFrench ci,uldhc ci~mmuniç.itcd 111nic.

49. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARIO THE AGENT Of NICARAGUA

21 August 1987.

1have the honour to advise you that the Agent of Honduras in the case con-
cerning Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v.Hundiirris) has
transmitted to the Court a copy of the Spanish original tex1 of the document
entitled "Procedimiento oara establecer una oaz Firme v duradera en

50. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIERADJOINT

4 septembre 1987.

l'ai l'honneur de porterà votre connaissance que le Gouvernement de la
République du Honduras a désigné, paraccord no274-SPen date du 10 août
1987, le docteur Jorge Ramon Hernindez Alcerro comme CO-agent du
Gouvernement du Honduras dans I'affaire Actions arméesfroritalières et

transfronlalières(Nicaragrrac. Honduras) (compétence et recevabilité).
Le docteur Jorge Ramon Hernandez Alcerro est actuellement le
représentant permanent du Gouvernement du Honduras auprès de I'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies àNew York.

51. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

20 November 1987.

1 have the honour to refer 10 my letters of 13 August 1987 (No. 78356)
and 18 August 1987, concerning respectively the absence of translations of

Annexes 19. 22 and 24 to the Counter-Memorial of Nicaraeua in the case
concerning Border and TransborderArmed Actions (~icarag& v. Honduras),
and the identification of the document filed as Annex 25 to that pleading, and
to reauest that Your Excellency be eood enou-h to take the necessary action to
put t6e case-file in order in th&respect.254 BORDER AND TRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

52. L'AGENTDU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

1" février1988.

Me référant à notre conversation téléphonique du 28janvier. j'ai l'honneur
de vous transmettre. oour la connaissance de la Cour internationale de Justice.
la déclaration conjointe des présidents de l'Amérique centrale, signée à an

Josh. Costa Rica, le 16janvier 1988.
Vous pourrez apprécier que par cctte déclaration conjointe les présidents
ont ratifié la valeur historique et l'importance de l'accord d'Esquipulas II,
signéle 7 août 1987, et sc sont cngagCs à satisfaire des obligations pour son
exécution totale et inexcusable.
Au suiet de l'affaire Aclions armées fronlulières er lransfrunralières (Nicu-
ragira c. ~ondirrus) (compétenceer rec&[rhiliréjles présidéntsdu ~icira~ua
et du Honduras n'ont pas examiné la situation judiciaire lors de la réunion de
San José;par conséquent les deux gouvcrncments devront encore se concerter
pour décider la suite à donner à la requête du Nicaragua conformément à

l'accord du 7 août qui vous fut alors transmis.

Decluracibn corzjjrrnr[~e los Presirleriresde Cenrroan~éricu

Los Presidentes han recibido las conclusioncs del informe de la Cornision
Internacional de Verificacion y Scguimiento. preparado de acuerdo al nu-
meral ll de Esquipulas II. con rcservas senaladas por algunos de ellos.
Los Presidentes reconocen el csfucrzo y el ingente trabajo de la Cornision,
a la que agradecen su dedicacion y esfuerzo para coadyuvar al cumplimiento
de los acuerdos de Esquipulas II.

Los Presidentes encomiendan a In CornisiSn Ejecutiva para que al reci-
birse el informe general Io examine h;icicndo las rccomendaciones perti-
ncntes.
Los Presidentes ratifican el valor hist6rico v la im~ortancia del acuerdo de
Lquipul;i\ II. cuya c<incclici<iiiy cipirilu hi,? rr.c;,n<,cr.y r:itr.r:rc<,m<i
i.it:ilcs p:ir;i cl Iil,cIcdr.mi~cr:iti~;iciu\,Inpnciiic;icinn dcIcirc~ii>n
Porno cstar satisfecho enteramente cl cum~fimiento de los comGomisos de
Esquipulas II. se comprometen a salisface; obligaciones incondicionales y
unilatcralcs que obligan a los Gobiernos a un cumplimiento total e inexcus-
able. Dentro de éstas se encuentran el dialogo. las conversaciones para la
concertacion del cese de fuego, la amnistia general y. sobre todo. la demo-

cratizacion. que necesariamente incluye cl levantamiento des estado de
excepciSn. la libertad de prensa total. cl pluralisme politico y el no funcio-
namiento de tribunales especiales. Los compromisos enunciados que no se han
cumplido por los gobiernos. deberan ser cumplidos inmediatamente en forma
pfiblica y evidente.
El cum~limiento de los acuerdos del documento de Esaui,u.as 11
coniprcndc roiiilironiisos cuyn ohscr\,;inci:i poIg,fiohicrnos c\ ohjci<idv uii:i
~~iiprcs~indiI>l:~rific~ci01tc~pr.;ii!c;i. pariicuI;ir~~ir.ntccl ccw dc 1.1.i!u:I,
los grupos irregulares, el no uso del tcrritorio para apoyar a los mismos, y la
libertad efectiva de los nrocesos electorale~ ~~e deberan ser verificados nor
la Cornision Nacional de Reconciliaci6n. dandole especial importancia a la

eleccion del Parlamento Centroamericano. todos "como un elemento indis-
pensable para lograr la paz estable y duradera cn la regiun". CORRESPONDENCE 255

La CornisiSn Ejecutiva integrada por los Ministros de Rclaciones Exte-
riores de los Estados Centroamericanos, tend16 la funcion orincioal de verifi-

nari la coooeracion de estado; regionalesO extrarrerionales, u oreanismos de

obligaciones que cornirenden una estrâtegia ya csta6lecida, como es el de la
regulacion del armamentismo, y los acuerdos de seguridad y desarme.
Expresamos nuestro reconocimiento a la comunidad internacional por el
aoovo oolitico v financier0 nue ha comorometido oara imoulsar orovectos
rég;onales, orientados a alcanzar el desa;rollo econokico y iocial dé~éntro-
américa,como obietivo dircctamente ligado con la tarea de lograr, preservar
v consolidar la .az.,va a.e siendo economicas v sociales la<cau<as orimi-
genias de este conflicto, no es posible alcanzar la paz sin desarrollo.
Los Presidentes, conscicntcs de su responsabilidad histbrica frente a sus
pueblos, reafirman su voluntad de cumplimiento en la forma expresada, que
estiman irrenunciable e inalterable, prometiendo cumplir Io pendiente en
forma immediata sin reticencias no soslayo, conscientes de que serin sus
pueblos y la comunidad internacional quienes juzgarin el cumplimiento de
las oblieaciones contraidas de buena fe.

~us~bimos la prescnte declaracion, agradeciendo al Pueblo de Costa Rica
y a su Presidente, el Dr. Oscar Arias Sanchez, la hospitalidad brindada que
nos permitid el marco adecuado para la celebracion deesta reunion

Oscar ARIASSANCHEZ, JOS~ NAPOLEON DUARTE,
Presidente Presidente
Republica de Costa Rica. Republica de El Salvador.

Vinicio CEREZOARÉVALO, JoséAZCONAHOYO,
Presidente Presidente
Republica de Guatemala. Republica de Honduras.

Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA,
Presidente
Republica de Nicaragua.

3 février 1988

Me référant à la communication conjointe. en date du 13 août 1987, des
agents de la République du Honduras et de la République du Nicaragua en
l'affaire desActions armées frontalières er rransfronralièrrs (Nicaragua c.

Hondiiras), ainsi qu'à ma lettre n" 78357 du même jour,j'ai l'honneur de vous
faire tenir ci-joint copie d'une lettre datée du IL'février 1988, émanant de
M. l'agent du Honduras, ainsi que du documcnt en langue originale espagnole .
qui l'accompagnait (Déclaration conjointe des présidents des cinq Etats
d'Amérique centrale, signée àSanJosé (Costa Rica) le 16janvier 1988).256 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS

54. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS'

11 Febmary 1988.

1 have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the President of the
Court wishes to receive the Agents of the Parties to the case concerning
Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaraerrn v.~ ~ ~ras). at 11 a.m.
on Monday 22 February 1988. ~,,

In the light of the joint letter addressed to me by the Agents of the Parties on
13August 1987,the purpose of the meeting will be, pursuant to Article 31 of
the Rules of Court, to ascertain the views of the Parties with regard to the sub-
sequent procedure in the case.

55. REQUESTFOR THE INDICATION OFPROVISIONALMEASURES OF

PROTECTIONSUBMIlTED BY THE GOVERNMENTOF NICARAGUA
ON 21 MARCH 1988

[See1, pp. 51 1-5201

56. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

21 March 1988.

1have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the Agent of Nicaragua
in the case concerninn Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaranrra v.
Hondirras) callcd up& me this evening and handed me a request for the indi-
cation of provisional measures in that case, under Article 41 of the Statute
and Article 73 of the Rules of Court. 1 have the honour to transmit to you
herewith a certified copy of that request, and of the documents attached

thereto. In view of the fact that the request was received outside the office
hours of the Embassy of Honduras in The Hague, the address for service
chosen by Your Excellencv's Government oursuant to Article 40 of the Rules
of Court: I considercd ilk) duly forihwiih lu arldrcbs;Itelex niesçagc Ioihc
Foreign Minisisr of Ilonduras and I cnclose nlso n cvpy of ih:i1mc\\;ige for
Your Excellency's information

57. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGISTRAR

22 March 1988.

Nicaragua filed yesterday a Request for lnterim Measures in the case con-
cçrning Border and Tran.shorderArmed Actions (Nicaragila v. Hondirras).
This document has the following errata in para. 8, sec. (a):the reference to

Article 50 is to the corresponding Article of the Statutc of the Court and the
reference to Article66 is ta the corresponding Article of the Rules of Court.

'A communication in thc same termswassent Io thAgentof Nicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE 257

One of the documents accompanying the request is a copy of a telefan con-
taining an English translation of a speech delivered in Spanish by the President
of Nicaragua. The first line of the second page of that document is somewhat
blurred and should read as follows:

". . .Govcrnment has not taken a single step in order Io comply with
the.. ."

The first line of the third page of the same document should read as follows:
". . . sovereignty of Honduras, that has provoked destahilization
in . ."

58. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

23 March 1988.

1 have the honour Io acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency's letter of
22 March 1988,drawing attention to certain corrections to the request for pro-
visional measures, and one of the documents attached, in the case concern-
ing Border and Transborder Arnzeû Actions (Nicaragua v. Hundiiras). The
President of the Court has given leave, under Article 52, paragraph 4, of the

Rules of Court, for these corrections to be made, and the Agent of Hon-
duras has heen informed of them.

59. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

23 March 1988.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a
letter dated 22 March 1988, and received in the Registry today, from the
Agent of Nicaragua in the case concerniiig Border and Transborder Armed
Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), drawing attention to certain corrections to

the request for provisional nieasures, and one of the documents attached,
in that case. The President of the Court has given leavc, under Article 52,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, for those corrections to be made.

60. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

24 March 1988.

1 have the honour to refer to the request for the indication of provisional
measures filed by the Government of Nicaragua in the case concerning
Border a>id Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), and to

inform you that the President of the Court requests the Agents of the Parties
to attend a meeting in his office on Tuesday 29 March 1988, al 11.00 am.,
-
'A similarcommunication was senttothe Agent of Honduras258 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

in order that he may ascertain the views of the Parties with regard to the
procedure, pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules of Court.
Article 74. paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court requires the decision on a
request of this kind to be reached "as a matter of urgency": by paragraph 3 of
the same Article. the Court or ils President is required to fixa date for a hesir-
ing which "will afford the parties of being represented at il".

61. THE AGEW OF NICARAGUA70 THE REGISTRAR

29 March 1988.

1have the honour to refer tu the case concerning Bor<lerorid Trnnsborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragira v.Hondrrras).

1 have received instmctions from my Government Io deliver Io the Court
a copy of the letter dated 28 March 1988 which has been sent by Presideni
Daniel Onega of Nicaragua to President JoséAzcona of Honduras. Enclosed is
a mpy of the originaldocument in Spanish' together with an Englishtranslation.

Managusi, March 28, 19118.

Dear President and Friend:

As you know, the Fifth Meeting of the Executive Commission of the
Esquipulas II Accords, held last weck in Guatemala, could not concludc ils
business. The meeting was tabled with April 7th set as the date of resuniption.

However, the dynamic of rccent cvcnts - the dispatch of 3.200 US soldicrs
tu Honduras and Nicaragua's request for temporary protcctive measures
from the International Court of Justice-has a rhythm of ils own which
obliges us to make immediate decisions.
In the presence of the other Central American Ministers a1 the Guale-
mala meeting. Minister Carlos L6pez Contreras made a commilment that al1
3.200 US sol--~rs. sent to Honduras with the ~ ~ ~wledeed intention tu ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
";trengthen or prolecl the ~icara~uan insurgcnts that are fighling against the

Sandinista régime", would be completelv withdrawn from Honduran terri-
torv on Marc626 and 27
I'odav. Msrch 25. WL. h;i\r. hccn ;ihl10 \.:rii? thai lhc c<~mniilmcniùf >lin-
i\tcr I.<ipe/ C<,ntrcr:r, h;iii\)thecn snrried out. ,\lihough ue Ii:i\,c Icarncd
from puhlic sources tli;iuiidcr ioii\ider;itioni\ thc r>;irll;ilwitlidrawal ofs:iid
troopS between today and tomorrow. the 29th. ~his'would include the reten-
lion of remaining troops in Honduras indcfinitely with some taking part in

military manŒuvres that may have the same aim as that which determined
thcir disoatch.
On th'eGer hand. esteemed President. representatives for Nicaragua and
Honduras were summoned by the President of the International Court of Jus-
tice to appear at a meeting that was scheduled Io he held lomorrow. March
29. This meeting was postponed until Thursday lhc 31st, al the pelition of
Honduras. CORRESPONDENCE

To Your Most Excellent Sir,
JoséAzcona Hoyo,
President of the Republic of Honduras,

Tegucigalpa.

On Thursday the 31~1,however, we should be well prepared to clearly
define before thc President of the International Court of Justice Our decision
regarding the form of continuing legal proceedings andlor the conditions
under which we could proceed to conclude said proceedings.
Therefore, esteemed President, with the intention of continuing to con-
tribute the utmost to the consolidation of peace, by means of strengthening
the process initiated with Esquipulas II, 1take the liberty of making the fol-
lowing proposal:

First. Nicaragua is rcady to continue to be flexible and patient and in
this spirit, toait until Wednesday, March 30 al 2400 hours for the 3,200US
soldiers sent to Honduras to totally abandon the territory of that country.
If at that lime. the troons that Minister L6nez Contreras guaranteed would
hc .,ut <if1-lc,nJur:tiiiSuiiJ:iy tlic 77th h;i$r.'iii;idr..in cffr.cti\c aiid i~~iiiplctr.
uiihdr:in:il. ihdn Nic:ir:i-u.4,in ihc rnceting iiith rcprcsrnt;iii\.cs of tli~nJur.i>

tin.1SI<,I~,I,!UIctor~ tlic Pr~s~Jcntofth: lni~rn:~ii~m:n(.l.~ur,oJU~IICC sci fur
Thursday, ~arch 31, would consent to desist in the request for temporary pro-
tective mcasures presented lo the International Court of Justice. But, al the
same time, would proceed to insist that said Court set a date for the oral audi-
ence on jurisdiction in the claim initiated by Nicaragua against Honduras.
Second. Nicaragua would be willing to alter ils position with respect to the
date on which an oral audience on jurisdiction is held if, within a time period
of no longer than 45 days, a mechanism to guarantee security on the border
between Honduras and Nicaragua is established in sitir and for a minimum
period of one year. This mechanism would be established by means of a bila-
teral accord between both States. For that purpose, a request would be made
to the General Secretary of the United Nations to organize, if possible with
the CO-operationof the Orgauization of Arnerican States, permanent mobile
units, such as those suggested by the UN-OAS technical commission that visi-
ted Central America in October 1987.These permanent mobile units would
be established on the border between ond dur ansd Nicaragua, and in accord
with the letter of the Esquipulas II Accords, its members would be selected
from regional and extra-regional countries that have shown a desire to co-
operate with pcace efforts in Central America. Thesc include countries such
as Mexico, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Argentins, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay,

Canada, Spain, Finland, Italy, Norway, Federal Repuhlic of Germany, and
Sweden.
Third. If by May 15th, we find the mechanism to guarantee border security
between Honduras and Nicaragua already established in siru,Nicaragua would
consent to agree that the reprcsentatives of both countries appear before
the International Court of Justice to express their desire that the datc on
which the oral audience on jurisdiction takes place be indefinitely suspended.
Fourth.Once al1the aforcmentioned is completed. if Honduras insisted on
the withdrawsl of the claim, Nicaragua would also be willing to be flexible
when and if Honduras agrees ta sign a bilateral trcaty of friendship and co-
operation with Nicaragua that obligates both States to find recourse in the
International Court of Justice in the case of any controversy or situation that
puts peace between both parties in danger. This bilateral treaty must estab-260 BORDER ANDTRANÇBORDER ARMEDA~IONS

lish the acceptance on the part of Honduras and Nicaragua, in a clear and
douhtless manner and withoui any condition or lime limit, of the obligatory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. independently of whatever
existing reservations and101 of the withdrawal or the modification of the
;icceotance of oblieatorv iurisdiction of the Court with resoect to third States
ihai'm:~? bc I>rese'nted'f;,llouingihe sigiiing ol thr trcaii. Nicar:igu;~u.<,uld

procecd to desid in thc cl;tiin againsi 1li1ndur;lsimmcJi3ir.ly alter the imple-
mentation of the treaty of friendship and co-operation.
For your information, 1am also enclosing the document that Nicaragua is
delivering to Central American Governments and to the international com-

inunity on the situation we face.
President and Friend. please accept my cordial greetings.

Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA.

62. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGISTRAR

30 March 1988.

1have the honour to refer to the case concerning Border and Transborder
Armed Acrions(Nicaragira v. Hondrrrrrs).
The letter of President Ortega to President Azcona dated March 28, 1988
-a copy of which was delivered to the Court yesterday - indicates in ils tex1
that another document was also enclosed. The copy that was delivered to the
Court did no1 have that enclosure because 1 had no1 yet received a legible
copy. This arnved today and is enclosed herein.

Annex

Posirionof Honduras inthe Fifrh Meeringof rheExecuriveCommissionHeld in
Giiaremala on March 23 and 24 of 1988 und Proposa1 by Nicoraaua ro Over-
con~irhe Sirttofion

Honduras came to the fifth meeting of the Executive Commission. held in
Guatemala on March 23-24. 1988. declaring ils decision to withdraw if, in
the final statement of said meeting, a paragraph was not introduced by which
Nicaragua would commit itself io unconditional withdrawal of its request
before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for temporary protective
measures. Moreover. Honduras sought Nicaragua's withdrawal of the claim
lodged against Honduras on July 28, 1986,that is to say, more than one year
prior to the signing of the Esquipulas II Accords.

The Foreign Minister of Honduras, Carlos L6pez Contreras, tried to jus-
tify the official position of his Governmeni by alleging that Nicaragua had noi
sought recourse in mechanisms of verification, control and follow-up pro-
vided for in Esauiuulas II. He further alleeed that. on the occasion of the bor-
ilcr incidciits th7itmk plilcc In the H~Ic~)~zs~~in the middlc <ii\l;ir~.h.Nicl-
r3gux h:id :~ppc:,li.I<thc Inicrnal1on;il Court <ifJu,iicc 1nçtc3d tif;illowing
the Executive Commission to intervene in the affair.
In an objective examination of the facts, these statements are clearly
untenable. CORRESPONDENCE 261

Firsr. The mechanism of verification and follow-up created by the Presi-

dents in the context of the Esquipulas II Accords, that is to say, the Interna-
tional Commission for Verification and Follow-up (CIVS), ceased to exist
because some of the sienatorv countries of the Accord - amone them Hondu-
ras - felt affected by ïhe objective revelations contained in the report on the
prevailing situation in each one of the Central American countries. And they
~nsisted on changing the Commission. Nicaragua was thc only country thit
accepted the Report in the form in which it had been formulatcd by the Minis-

ters and Specialists of the member countries of the Contadora Croup and
the Contador;~ Support Croup, as well as by the Representatives of the
General Secretaries of the United Nations and the Organization of American
States. Nicaragua also defended to the end the basic principle that one cannot
be judge of a situation to which one is also a Party.
Second. In fact.~ ~ ~re the formulation of the Reoort. the CIVS had been
, ~ ~
h;indic3ppcd. in Itirgepiiri. by Ilondur;~,', rejectioii uf ihc indispens:ihle IIIsirri
\~crific;itiun In ihis contehi. itis wurth ihc cllori io site n few \pecilic oint>
of the Report prepared by the CIVS. the only mechanism authorizéd by
the Presidents to pass judgment on compliance or non-compliance with the
Accords. In numeral 22 of Chapter IV of the Report, that contains the
comments, observations, and conclusions of the CIVS, it is stated:

"The CIVS should point out that the utilization of the territory of
States in the reeion to attack others. with or without the consent of the
Covernment wuhosc territory would be compromised, facilitates the
action of said forces or movements and hinders the achievement of peace.

The CIVS is still no1in a oosition to verifv the aforementioned due to not
having been able to instdl mechanism of in sirir inspection to date."
Further on, in numeral 30 of the same Chapter. the CIVS points out:

"One of the first consid~ra~ions of the CIVS was the necessitv to ~~
establish practical forms for verification of agreements contained in the
Proceedines of Guatemala. For the verification of commitments con-

tracted inïhe area of security, namely. cease fire. non-use of territones
to attack other States, and cessation of aid to irregular forces and
insurrectional movements, the necessity of in sirir inspection is a sine
qua non of verification if it is to be truly objective, independent, and
effective. Al1 the members of the CIVS accept this basic premise and
nobody disputes the necessity that such a mechanism must, of necessity,
be established so that verification and follow-up can be iniliated."

Third. In the summit held in Alaiuela. Costa Rica. the Presidents aereed Io -
JcIcgi~ic 1<1the Ccnir.il ,\iiicric;in Forci~n Minihiers the princip:il rcspon.ihiliiv
in ihc arcil <IIvcr~l~c:tii~nc .ontrol ;inJ iollow-up. This rcspon\ihiliiy invulve\

desienine a svstem for verification of the 22 commitments assumed. and deci-
Jin); on ihr. region:il nnJ exira-rcgii~n:il<;o\crnmcnt\ .I* ucll :is inicrnniion;il
orgaiii?nii<,n>ih:it iiuould he appropriait iciiiiiiieio r~~ll;ibor;itcin snid tnck,.
F r It \vas I~C rcsponsihility 81f the (iui~ernmcnt ol El Siilv~dor. in ils
caoacitv as oro iemoore Secretarv-of the Executive Commission in the oeriod
ftiluwiBg the ~l;ij&l:s Silmmit. i;iconwne ihe Forei$n Minisiers ,u ihdi ihcy
could niake th< pcrtincnt dcçi\ions to fiIlthe dangcruu. \,:icuumcre:ited hv ihc

decision to cha&?e the mechanism of verification and follow-UD.This vacuum
constitutes a threa~~to the oermanence of the Accords. It became indisoensable
Io iiiiiiicdi;itcl~pr,icceJ ICIthc creniiiln of s nca vcrific;itiun rnech:inisni.
lifilr. El S:ili.;iJ<ir~(~nvcnvdthc 1:uiirih >I~.ciiiigof ilic Enecutii.d Coniniis-262 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

sion on February 17. 1988. for the sole purpose of reaching minimal agree-
ments in preparation for the meeting in Hamburg. This cal1overlooked the

fact that the best way to solidify intcrnational solidarity. which is very much
needed. is by making decisions and taking steps that constitute irrefutable
proof of our seriousness in the fullilment of iniernational agreemcnts. Nica-
ragua look three extensive proposals to this meeting in San Salvador regard-
ing procedure Io undertake in order to lulfil the Ministers' principal responsi-
bility in the area of verification and follow-up of the accords.
Sirrh. For unexplainable reasons. the meeting in San Salvador lasted only
one dav. Obviouslv. there was not lime to cnnsider in anv deoth the form in
~ ~ . .
\,hich ihc I:rccuiivc Commission sh<iuldi>rg:inizc;ilid put intaimotion ilic new
vcriiicntion mcîh;inism Conscquenily. ncither w;i\ ihcrc lime to sturl, :,nd
iudee the oronosals oresented bv ~iiaraeua. For these. il was aereed in the
joint ~eclaraiion of iaid meeting that the~icara~uan proposals would be the
subject of consideration in the meeting to be hcld in Guatemala on March 23-
24.where accords would have to be adooted in relation tothe '.identification of
thc iornis ns ticIl:i,thc countric; anJ iiiicrn:iii~~nxo l r~:inw:iiions th31,1111pir-

ticipntc in thc spc~ific rcriiic:iiiun il1the ctimmiimcnis rcqrdiiig cc\r;iiiun cil
aid~toirregular groups or insurrcctional lorces and the non-use of territory to
attack other St~ ~~~-
Sevenrh. It is important Io cmphasizc again that Honduras cannot elude the
responsibility that rests exclusivcly on it for having impeded the adeauate
operaiion ofverification niechiinisms creatcd in the iontéxt of the ~s~uibulas
11 Accords. Therefore, Honduras is no1 in the right when il alleges that
recourse has not been sought in mechanisms that, in fact. are non-existent

or inoperative because of the systematic opposition of Honduras to the
functioniue of thos~ ~ -~ mechanisms.
~i~h1h.h March 15,Charles Ücdman, spokesperson for the State Depart-
ment, made the first relerence in international media to the offensive launched
bv the EPS with the aim of dislodeine the mercenarv erouos chat attemnted Io
establish themselves on the ~icar&uan shore of théfoco'~iver, in the~ocay
Zone. The next day, March 16th.the same spokesperson Redman declared that

the Sandinista ~rm~had made an incursion intoHonduran territory with the
objective of destroying arsenals of the "resistance" that were storcd in Hondu-
ras. Redman pointed out that those arsenals representcd a large part of the
military material in the hands of the "resistance", and that ils loss would signify
a severe blow for ils members who were now facing a "desperate situation".
Likewise, he wamed that these acts might be answered by "actions" on the part
of the United States. which would honour ils commitment to the Honduran
Government to aid in the defense of its national sovereignty and territorial

integnty. Redman added. of course. that the United States has had a long-
standingcommitment to the "freedom fighters" of Nicaragua.
Ninrh. Later. the dispatch of 3,200 soldiers [rom thç 82nd Airborne Divi-
sion was announced. According to Frank Carlucci and Michael O'Brien.
US Embassy Consul in Tegucigalpa, their "principal objective" was to
"strcngthen or protect the Nicaraguan insurgents that are fighting against the
Sandinista régime". Clearly, al no lime was this an effort Io defend the sove-
reignty and territorial integrity of Honduras. which was never threatened. The

only objective pursued with the trnnsfer of US troops to Honduras was to
"strenethen or orotect" the mcrcenarv forces.
T~,I;;IIn ;i~ci.;c~~iifcrcncchcld hc Ihc Pr~.>irl~< 111iSi;.tr:n&ui~ M;~r;h Ih
in lishi [ii the ihrc;iirh! tlic US Guicrniiicni -chprcssc~l b? \~i<ikc\ficr\i)n
Redman - and in spite of the fact that there had noi yet been aiy ~oiduran264 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

itself no1 to aid in any way. On the contrary. Honduras had taken on the
solemn commitment to block~t~ ~e ~o~ ~ ~from usine ils territorv.
On the otherhand, and independently of the fazthat the conduc! of Hon-
duras is openlv in violation of the Esquipulas II Accords, Nicaragua wants to
present ciear .and forceful evidence ihat the conduct of ~ondùras is also
totally iiiviolation of the most fundamental principles of international law.
These include principles such as the non-use or threat of use of force, non-
intervention and respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the

States. At the same lime, Nicaragua offers proof that there is not a single
bilateral. regional or any other sort of accord that can diminish the rights
and oblieations of the States established in the Charter of the United Nations
according io ,\rticle 103of th31Charter. Thr request Ior transfcr of IJSsoiiiliat
troops to Il<~ndur~siu protect 11iciiicrxnar). i,>rcc>.consequcntly. viulatrs not
only the Esquipulas ~ccords but also transgresses international iaw.
It is foreseeable that, even though we may be able to overcome these most

recent incidents, similar acts could happen again-as has happened in the
past. Similar acts could happen as long as the well-equipped mercenary forces
(as has been recognized by spokespersons for the Reagan Administration)
continue to enjoy the support and protection of Honduras to launch, from the
territory of that country, their armed actions against Nicaragua.
Likewise, it is evident that the signing of the Sap06 Accords does not elimi-
nate the possibility of a repetition of these incidents, becausc it is well known
that the most recalcitrant somozaist ex-guards that lead thc mercenary units

refuse to acceDtsaid accords.
Thcrcfi~rc. the rcqucst for tempor~iry pri>icd!vc nicasurcs i\ t~,t.rllyju\ti-
IicJ ;and ncccssnr) (or thc prc\cri,atii>n of ~C;ICC hetuc~n hoth hr<jthcr C<IUII-
tries Se\~crlhcl~ss.in Iiyhl of Honduriin dtninnds. Sic;tr;iyu;t is willinfi tuhr.
flexible and, inspired ink permanent vocation of peace, fiesents thefollow-
ing proposal to the Honduran Government:

Proposai by Nicaragtia IO Achicve rhe Re-esrablishnre~rrof Pence and
Tranqriiliry in rhe Border Zone berween Hon~ttirusand Nicaragiia

1. On March 17, 3,200 US soldiers landed in Honduras. Statements by
Mr. Frank Carlucci, Secrelary of Defense for the United States, repeated by
Mr. Michael O'Brien, Consul for the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa, publicly
acknowledged that the "principal objective of the troops that the United
States Government has recently dispatched at the request of the Honduran

Government is to strengthen or protect the Nicaraguan insurgents fighting
against the Sandinista rkgime".
In the meeting of the Executive Commission, held in Guatemala las1
March 23 and 24. Mr. Foreign Minister for Honduras, Carlos Lbpez Con-
treras, issued an assurance that said troops would begin their withdrawal
ftom Honduras on the 26th and would be totally out of Honduran territory on
March 27. that is to Say,during the weekend. It turns out that this is no1 true,

as US troops continue to he stationed in Honduras.
Today. March 28, Nicaragua continues to be willing to maintain its flexi-
bility, and to wait until Wednesday. March 30 at 24:OOhours for the total
withdrawl of US troops (rom Honduras. If at that lime, the 3,200 US soldiers
that Foreign Minister L6pez Contreras guaranteed would be out of Honduras
on Sunday the 27th. have made an effective and total withdrawal, then Nicara-
gua, in the meeting with rcpresentatives of Honduras and Nicaragua before
the President or the International Court of Justice set for Thursday, March 31,266 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

The Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua, Dr. Jos6 Leon
Talavera. was expressly charged wiih delivering to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Honduras, of the letter dated 28 March 1988that President Ortega
addressed to President Azcona, and of which the Court was furnished with a
COPY.
On occasion of that meeting, Deputy Minister Talavera was given assur-
ances by the Honduran authorities that the troops of the Government of the
United States that had recently been sent to that country were being with-
drawn. He was also told thai due to the Easter celebrations President Azcona
was away from his ordinary round of duties and for that reason thcy
requested a prudential period of time to respond to President Ortega's
letier.
For the reasons stated above. and particularly in view of the formal assur-
ances given by the Government of Honduras - that have begun Io be put into
effect-of proceeding to the withdrawal of the troops of the United States
that were the ~rinci~al reason for the ureent reouest made bv Nicaraeua lo
the Court, my 'Goveinment has given me ~nstruct~onsto withdpaw the request
of interim measures of protection that had been requesied [rom the Couri on
21 March of ihis year.

With respect to the other considerations in President Ortega's letter. my
Government considers it convenient - in view of the explanaiions given by the
Honduran authonties -to await the reply of President Azcona ai his rcturn.

64. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

31 March 1988.

1 have the honour to transmit 10 Your Excellency herewith a copy of a
letter dated 31 March 1988and handed to me al 1.15p.m. today by the Agent
of Nicaragua in the case concerning Border and Trnnsbor<lerArnie(1Acrior~s
(Nicaragira v. Honrli~ros).
In view of the terms of the letter, the President of the Court proposes to
make an Order todav o,.cine -n record the withdrawal of the reauest for the
indication of provisional measures made by the Republic of ~'icara~ua on
21 March 1988.

65. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

31 March 1988.

1 have the honour to acknowlcdee receiut of Your Excellencv's letter of

ther to transmit herewith a copiof an Order' made by the President of the
Court today. placing on record thai withdrawal. The formal sealed copy of the
Order for the Government of Nicaragua willbe sent to you early next week. CORRESPONDENCE 267

66. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

31 March 1988.

Further tu my letter of today's date, by which 1transmitted tu Your Excel-
lency a copy of the letter of 31 March 1988 from the Agent of Nicaragua in
the case concerning Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicarngrii~v.

Hondrrras) withdrawing the request made by the Republic of Nicaragua
for the indication of provisional measures in that case, 1 have the honour
to transmit herewith a plain copy of an Order' made by the President of the
Court today, placing on record that withdrawal. The formal sealed copy of
the Order for the Government of Honduras will be sent tu you early next
week.

67. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

5 avril 1988.

J'ai l'honneur de vous accuser réception de vos aimables notes 79283 et
79284du 30 et 31 mars, relatives au retrait par le Nicaragua de sa demande à
la Cour en indication de mesures conservatoires dans l'affaire Actions arrnérr
frontalières er rransfrontrrlières(Nicarngria c. Honduras), accompagnée de
l'ordonnance du 31 mars. prisc par Monsieur le Président de la Cour.
Je vous serais gré,Monsieur le Greffier, de bien vouloir transmettre à Son
Excellence le Président de la Cour internationale de Justice la lettre que, au
sujet de cette procédure incidente, j'ai l'honneur de lui adresser accompa-
gnéede trois annexes.

68. L'AGENT DU FIONDURAS AU PRÉSIDENT DE LA COUR

1"'avril 1988.

La République du Honduras prend acte du retrait effectué par le Gouver-
nement du Nicaragua en date du 31 mars, i propos de la demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires qu'il avait introduite devant la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice le 21 mars 1988.
Elle tient à préciser à l'attention de la Cour qu'elle ne pouvait de toute
façon que déplorer I'initiative de cette demande, provoquée, qui plus est, par
des actions arméesdont le Nicaragua avait lui-mSme pris l'initiative.
Cette demande illustrait une nouvelle fois le caractère tactique des
agissements du Nicaragua à l'encontre du Honduras devant la Cour. qui s'ins-

crivent manifestement dans le cadre d'une stratégie o-.itiaue d'ensemble.
au sein de laquelle la Haute Juridiction est sollicitéepour permettre au Nica-
ragua d'atteindre, sous le couvert du droit, les objectifs purement politiques
agi1 s'est fixés
I:i Kc'puhli.liirilu Hi,ii~lur:lsiic pcur quc J;lilir.:trL:~iiiiii.pcu ciii11
p.itihlc:,\ccIL.rc,pciiJG i 1.i('giur1..iudr<iitini~,rn;iii,iii;ilcii 32nir.il

'ICI. Reports 1988,p. 9.268 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Concernant la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires invoquée
ci-dessus, la République du Honduras n'aurait pas pu I'accepter d'avantage
que la requête principale sur laquelle cette procédure incidente venait se

greffer.
Pour ordonner de telles mesures. il eût en effet fallu que la Cour se
déclarât «prima facien compétente, pour connaître de la requête nicara-
guayenne du 28 juillet 1986. Or une telle position ne pouvait êtreprise s'agis-
sant d'un cas dans lequel la compétence de la Haute Juridiction et la
recevabilité de la requête sont manifcsterncnt dépourvues de bases juri-
diques, pour les raisons que la République du Honduras a pu amplement
développer dans le mémoire qu'elle a eu l'honneur de déposer au Greffe de la
Cour le 22 février1987.

La République du Honduras tient par ailleurs à souligner que I'ajour-
nement de la procédure orale dans la phase de juridiction et recevabilité,
dans notre affaire, demandé par lettre conjointe des présidents des deux
Républiques le 7 août 1987,étaitdestinéà favoriser le déroulement de procé-
dures plus appropriées au règlement des différends dans l'ensemble de la
région d'Amérique centrale, et ne comportait pas des engagements des par-
ties sur les différendsde fond aui les séoarent.
Dans ce contexte le Gouve;nement'du Honduras rejette en outre formel-
lement les accusations du Gouvernement du Nicaragua contre le Honduras et

les diverses affirmations fausses et erronées au'il atïribue aux hauts fonction-
n;iirc> du Ciuuvernenient du Honduras. dans ccs rr'ccntcs cummunis;iiionh à
13 Cour. ;itn,i quc sa p:irticuliGre interpréi;ition d12position du I-lonJur;i, ;I
la commission exécutire des accords d'Esquipulas II. '
Finalement le Gouvernement du Honduras tient à souligner, en rapport à
la lettre de M. l'agent du Nicaragua du 31 mars, que le retrait des troupes
américaines du Honduras était orévu à la fin des manŒuvres conioinles et ne
fais.aitiiullcnir.nt partie dcs nicsurcs con~cri;ituirc5 Jcm:indCc, le 21 mars par
Ic Guu\crnc.mcnt du tiic:~r;igu;i.

I..iR6puliliauî Ju Hondurds floric rcspectucuscmcni :aI';ittciititiii Jc. la
Cour les documents joints en annéxc à la p;ésente lettre afin de lui permettre
d'avoir une connaissance plus exacte des faits alléguéspar le Nicaragua dans
sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.

ANNEXES

1. Note de protestation du 16 mars 1988, du ministre des relations
extérieures du Honduras, au ministre des relations extérieures du Nicaragua.

adressée troisjours avant la première note de protestation du Nicaragua, jointe
à sa demande.
2. Lettre du 15 mars 1988. adressée par le président Azcona au président
Reagan, concernant l'exercice du droit de lkgitime défense par le Honduras
face à l'agression sandiniste.
3. ~ummuni~u~ de prcwc noOld-88tmis Ic 16nt;irs 19% pdr I;rdire~.tiiJc
I'iiifornintion du mini,i>rc Jcs rc.l:ition\ cxtiricurc\ du IlonJurar. au sujet des
Ciéncment>dan< le sccicur de iloc3y. 3 Idtruntii.rc cnlrc ICHondurzi, ci Ir.
Nicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE 269

Annexe 1. Nore deproresration

N" 025-DSM Tegucigalpa, le 16 mars 1988.
Monsieur le Ministre,

Je m'adresse à Votre Excellence pour porter à sa connaissance que des
élémentsde l'armée populaire sandiniste estimés entre mille et mille cinq
cents ont envahi le territoire hondurien dans le secteur où la rivière Bocay
verse ses eaux dans le fleuve Coco ou Segovia au sud-est du département
d'Olancho. L'attaque fut précédéepar des bombardements d'artillerie et
aériens.
Il s'agit là d'une ouverte agression armée contre I'Etat du Honduras, avec
la violation conséquente de son territoire et de son espace aérien.
Elle constitue en outre une violation de la Charte des Nations Unies, de la
charte de l'Organisation des Etats américains et du traité interaméricain
d'assistancem&elle. Instruments tous qui proscrivent l'emploi et la menace
de la force dans les relations internationales.
Face à ces événementseraves et iniustifiés.mon eouvernement rése entsa
plus énergique protestalTon; demaide le retrair immédiat des troupes
envahissantes et prévient le Gouvernement du Nicaragua qu'il adoptera les
mesures nécessakes pour exercer son droit de légitime défense prévu à
l'article 51 de la Charte des Nations Unies.

Je renouvelle à Votre Excellence les assurances de ma haute considération.

Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,
ministre.

Son Excellence Don Mie-el d'Escoto.
ministre des relations extérieures,
Managua, Nicaragua.

Annexe2

Tegucigalpa, D.C., March 15, 1988.
MI. President:

1 have the honour of addressing Your Excellency to refer first of all, that
yesterday Sandinista Popular Army troops have trespassed the border
between Honduras and Nicaragua, attacking with artillery forces and com-
bat aircraft the localities situated on Honduraterritory at the Southeastern
sector of the Olancho Province.
In order to prevent the worsening of the situation in the frontier, 1have de-
manded President Ortega to order his troops to ahstain from violating our na-
tional territory and the immediate withdrawal of the military units that have
invaded Honduras.
1 have also kept in touch with Presidents José Napoleon Duarte, Vinicio
Cerezo and Oscar Arias Sanchez and asked them tu cal1the Government of

Nicaragua to put an end to ils aggression against Honduras and tu withdraw ils
troops from the frontier zone.
My Government, in exercise of the right of legitimate self-defence conse-
crated in Article 51 of the UN Charter, immediately proceeded tu executethe necessary actions to reject the invasion, instructing ils Armed Forces to
repel the troops of the Sandinista Popular Army.
In view of this uniustified a.~-.ssion and the evident disadvantaee -.
rouniry 15in. rcg.irding thc numhcr of milii:try cffccli\es ;iiid ;irni;iiiicnts tlic
:~%grc>\urforc<\ dispose ni. ni\. <;o,crnnicnt is iorccIO .ippr.;iicthc i<inti-
nental solidarity to rcpcl the aggression and tu restorc peace'in the region.
In the light of international law the actions carried out by the invading
army are indced an act of aggression which in consequcnce should be con-

sidered as an aitack against al1American States.
Therefore. according tu the above-mentioned Article 51 of the UN Charter:
Articles 3, 8 and 9 of the lnteramerican Rcciprocal Assistance Treaty; in
consonance of the special security relations between our two States and the
provisions of the Military Assistance Treaty subscribed on May 20. 1954.1am
in the need of rcquesting your Government the effective and immediate
assistance tu maintain ihe sovereignty and territorial integrity of my country.
1am convinced, Mr. President, that you share with me the assurance that a
joint action of both our couniries is necessary tu defeat this ncw aggression of
the Sandinista régime.
1avail rnyself of ihis opportunity to reiterate to Your Excellency the assur-
ances of my highest and distinguished consideration.

los6 AZCONAHOYO.
President.

HISEXCELLENCY MR.RONALDREAGAN,
PRESIDENT OFTHEUNITED STATES O AFMERICA,
WASHINGTOND ..C.

Annere 3. PressReleiiseIsstiedon 16 Morch 1988by rhe klondiiron Minisrry
of ForeignAffoirs

The Minisiry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Honduras wishes to
inform the general public, in Honduras and throughout the world, of events
which have taken place in the Honduran-Nicaraguan border region (Bocay
sector of the Department of Olancho):

1. On 15 March, the Honduran Armed Forces notified the President of
the Republic of an encroachment on our territorv bv forccs of thc Sandinist
People's Army: scveral hundred troops madc an incursion in10 Honduran
territory, withartillery support and with bombs bein- dro~ ~d from fixed-wing
aircrafi and helicopters.
2. With a view io preveniing any worsening of the border situation, the
President of Honduras contacted President Ortega and requested him to
order his troops to refrain from encroaching onour terriiory. and to withdraw

immediately the military units which had invaded Honduras.
3. Similarly, he contacted President José Napoléon Duarte, President
Vinicio Cere'o and President Oscar Arias Sbnchez, requesiing them tu urge
the Governmeni of Nicaragua tu halt its aggression againsi Honduras and
withdraw the troops from the border region.
4. Also on 15 March. after the aforementioned telephone communica-
tions, President Azcona. with a view to safeguarding the sccurity of the Hon-
duran people, addresscd a letter tu the President of the United States of CORRESPONDENCE 271

America. informing him of these developments and requesting his solidarity
in countering the violation of Honduran territory.
Inasmuch as the militarv action bv the Sandinist Peoule's Armv in Hon-
.lur;in icrritory c<~nliiiuics;iggrc.\slim.i>rciclc.ntrizcim.~.onhiri. rlfthc

>pccldlhccurlty r:I:~i~t)~i>lw~ihthc ['~IILJSt:~tc> :III~ othc h~.~ $11inicr-
national collective-securitv instruments, found it necessarv to ask the United
States Governmcnt for thc cffcctivc and immediatc assisiance which Hondu-
ras needs in order to maintain ils territorial sovereignty and integrity.
5. On 16 March, the United States Ambassador in Tegucigalpa, on
express instructions from his Government, reaffirmed the United States
commitment 10support Honduras zindprovide any assistance necded by our
country for the defence of its national sovereignty.
6. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has protested in the strongest terms Io
the Government of Nicaragua ai the act of aggression, has demanded the
immediate withdrawal of the invasion forces, and has warned that Govcrn-
ment that it will take the necessary action 10exercise its right of self-defence,
as envisaged in Article 51 of the Charter of thc United Nations.
7. Honduras regrets that the Government of Nicaragua, through the
interna1 and international use of force, persists in jeopardizing the effort to
achieve a peaccful solution to its social conflict.
8. Tonighl the President of Honduras again spoke with the President of
Nicaragua and look the opportunity both to reiterate the urgent need to with-

draw Sandinist troops from Honduran territory and to inform him of the
steps taken by the Government of Hondur:is to safeguard ils territorial sover-
eignty and integrity.

69. L'AGENTDU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

12avril 1988.

J'ai l'honneur de me référer à l'ouverture de la procédure orale dans
l'affaire des Actions armées fronta1ière.set trarisfrontalières (conlp6tence et
recev~ibiliré()Nicarugiin c. Hondirrns) vous priant de bien vouloir porteà la
connaissance de S. Exc. M. le Président qtie le Gouvernement du Honduras
demande respectueusement qu'elles aient lieu entre les dates du 23 mai et le
10juin 1988.

70. T1IEREGISTRAR.TOTHE AGBN'I'OF HONDURAS'

26 April 1YXX.

In confirmation of the arrangements discussed at the meeting betwcen the
President of the Court and the Aeents of the Parties in the case concernine
Ih,r,/t,r und ï'r~iri\/~cr rtrfcd ~lc~l10tA'Ic~I~~I ~II//~~~~11~11~eid~01121)
April 1')88,1h;ivc ihr.hi~nourlu inlurm yuu ih:ii ihe Ci,uri h:i>Jecidc~lih;ii thc
oral nroceedines on the auestions of iuÏisdiction and admissihilitv in that case
willopen at 3 p.m. on ind d 6a^un e988.

'Acommunicaiionin the sameterms was senita the AgentofNicaragua272 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Itis my understanding that the Parties are in agreement that the represen-
tatives of Honduras should address the Court on 6 and 7 June. and the rep-
resentatives of Nicaragua on 9 and 10 June; the possibility of a second
exchange of speeches remains reserved. These arrangements have been
approved by the Court in accordance with Article 58, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court.

71. THE REGISTRAR TOTHE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

26 April 1988.

1refer to my letters of 13 August 1987. 18 August 1987 and 20 November
1987. concerning the absence of translation into an official language of the
Court of Annexes 19, 22 and 24 to the Counter-Memorial of Nicaragua in
the case concerning Border and Transborder Arme</Actions (Nicaragira v.
Hondiiras), and the identification of the document filed as Annex 25 to that
pleading; these matters were also drawn to Your Excellency's attention by
the Registry in a telephone conversation of 12 January 1988. In view of the
fact that oral proceedings in this case10open in little more than a month's
lime. it is my duty to cal1 upon Your Excellency's Government to bring its
pleading into compliance with the Rules of Court in this respect without fur-
ther delay.

72.L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

28 avril 1988.

J'ai l'honneur, aux fins de connaissance de la Cour, de vous envoyer ci-
joint la note no 198-DA en date du 21 avril 1988adressée par le ministre des
relations extérieures du Honduras, M. Carlos L6pez Contreras, au ministre
des relations extérieures du Nicaragua. M. Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann.

(Free rranslation)

Note No. 198-DA
Tegucigalpa, D.C., 21 Apnl 1988

His Excellency Dr. Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann
Minister of Foreign Relations,
Managua, Nicaragua.

Your Excellency,

1have the honour to refer to Your Exccllency's letter of 20 April 1988 by
which vour Government stronelv orotests the authorization of the Govern-
ment of Honduras to the deli&;y'of humanitarian aid to groups of Nicara-
guans, approved by the Congress of the United States of America with the CORRESPONDENCE 273

affirmative vote of reoresentatives and Senators of both the Reoublican and
Democratic Parties.

Your Excellency. 1 consider your protest tu be absolutely ungrounded,
considerine that said aid was ao, ,ved with the consent of the Nicaraeuan
<i~o\~riinieiitorisc an iigrccnlciii iiic'riipornr) cs.~\c-ia15 rc3clir.J. ~~rc-
ci~clv\vlihthc purpu>e of ~.xp~,~liiih< i~~rcem~~n oifF..q~i~pulilIl.;sndihc
sano6 neeotiations. which are still iÏÏeffecl
'~hat The ~ond;ran Government has allowed is, that under the supervi-
sion of the International Agency for Development, the Catholic Church, and
Price Waterhouse. a orivaie enterurise. said aid reaches those erouos of
Nicaraguans that are in the country'and who do not fall under the protéction
of the Higher Commissioner of the United Nations for the Refugees
(ACNUR):
In reierence to the legal action of the Nicaraguan Government against the
Government of Honduras hefore the International Court of Justice, Your
Excellency is perfectly aware of the firm posture assumed by my country
since the beginning of the case, which is, in brief, that any forum of negotia-

tions, let it be called Contadora or Esquipulas, is incompatible with the legal
action raised before the Court. It would be more truthful to affirm that it is
the ohstinate attitude of the Nicaraguan Government not tu abandon its legal
claim which constantlv undermines the different efforts tu achieve a ree-onal
agreement, cven when the Government of Honduras has presented concrete
oro~osals ta solve the border incidents The purpose of the Honduran request
io ihe Court tu have a date for the oral hearing is tu avoid that Nicaragua
continues to manipulate this legal claim before the Court tu achieve its own
political ends. Thereiore, Yonr Excellency, it is up to your Government tu
allow the proccss of Guatemala and the Declaration of San Josétu advance, or
to become stagnant.
Copy of this note will be forwarded tu the International Court of Justice.
1 avail myself of this opportunity tu renew tu Your Excellency the assur-
ances of my highest consideration.

Carlos LOFEZCONTRERAS,
Minister of Foreign Relations

73. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE RECISTRAR

8 May 1988.

1 refer to the case concerning Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras).
Enclosed are translations into English of Annexes 19, 22 and 24 of the
Counter-Memorial'. The document included in the Counter-Mernorial as An-
nex 25 should be the copy of the letter sent by the Government of Honduras tu
the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 18April 1984and which 1am
also enclosing.

'See 1,pp. 415,421and 478,respectively.274 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACrlONS

74. THE REGlSTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

9 May 1988.

1 have the honour to acknowledee receiot with thanks of Your Excellen-
<y'\ lcttcr of h \!.#y I~I>Xcnclc)\,ng ir.in4:#11<;n II[<>Engl~shof the d~)cum~nr.
.itt:i<heJI<C tlie (',>uiitcr-hlcniuri.~luf \i:;ir;igu.III~IILc.ase ;on:crninc Ili,,-
Ir / / . I I . r i Ili,~i<lt<r.,,\ r\nn~.xc. 19.
22 and 24. I note further that Annex 25 to tKecounter-~embrial -~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~he~~
letter dated 18 April 1984from the Government of Honduras to the Secre-

tary-General of the Unitcd Nations, the tex1 of which you were also good
enough to enclose with your letter. The President of the Court has given
leave, pursuant to Article 52, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, for the sub-
stitution of this text for the text previously filed as Annex 25'.

75. THE REGlSTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA"

31 May 1988.

I have the honour to draw your attention to the following provisions of

Article 71 of the Rules of Court:
"1. A verbatim record shall be made by the Registrar of every hear-
ing, in the official language of the Court which has been used ...
4. Copies of the transcript shall be circulated la judges sitting in the

case, and to the parties. The latter may, under the supervision of the
Court, correct the transcripts of speeches and statements made on their
behalf, but in no case may such corrections affect the sense and bearing
thereof.. ."

The transcript of the oral proceedings on the question of jurisdiction and
admissibility in the case concerning Border ancl Trunsborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Hon[liirasJ, opening on Monday 6 June 1988,will be circulated ta
the Parties as follows: the transcript of a hearing held from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
willhe available in the evening of the same day, and that of a hearing held from
3 to 6 0.m. willbe available durine the mornine of the followine dav.

In Order to facilitate any sup&vision wbich the Court may'feef it proper to
exercise, 1shall be obliged if you will hand your corrections to my secretary as
soon as possible after the circulation of each transcript, and in any event~not
later than 6 p.m. on the day following such circulation.

76. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS3

31 May 1988.

1have the honour to refer to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court,
which provides that:

See 1,pp.501-503.
'A communication inthe sameferms was sent Iothe Agent ofHonduras.
' A cummunicationinthe sametermswassent Iothe Agent ofNicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE 275

"The Court may, after ascertaining the views of the parties, decide
that copies of the pleadings and documents annexed shall be made
accessible to the public on or after the opening of the oral proceed-

ings."
1should be obliged if you would communicate tu the Court assoon as possi-
ble any views whichtheGovernment of Honduras may dcsire to express on this
question in respect of the proceedings on the question of jurisdiction and ad-

missibility in the case concerning Border lrnd Transborder Armed Acrions
(Nicrrri~gii<vr. Hondi~rris).similar enquiry has been addressed tothe Govern-
ment of Nicaragua.

77. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGlSTRAR

3 June 1988.

1have the honour tu refer to your letter dated 31 May 1988in which you
request the views of my Government on the matter of making accessible to
the public, on or alter the opening of the oral pleadings, of copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed in the case conccrning Border and Trans-
borderArme</Acriuns (Nicaragrra v. Hun(1rrra.s).
Aftcr consideration, my Government has no objection to making acces-
sible copies ofsuch documents.

78. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFlER

3juin 1988

J'ai l'honneur, me référantà votre aimahle communication 79575en date du
31 mai. de Dorter à votre connaissance que lc Gouvernement du Honduras ne
fait pas d3Ôbjection à ce que des exemil;iircs des pièces de procédure et des
documents annexés soient rendus accessibles au public à l'ouverture de la

1r.re5er rr~tn.sfronraliè(sicoragiranc.Hundirr<~s()rornpére!~ceet recevabilirb).

comme prévu à l'article 53. paragraphe 2,du Règlement.

79. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

7juin 1988

Au tcrmc dc l'exposéde ses arguments et de la rbfutation dès thèses du
Nicaraeua dans ses olaidoiries dans l'affaire desAciiotrsarméesfronralièreset
rrursfr1a1ie.s (~>caru~ciac. Hundr<ras) (compérerrceel re:evabiliié), la
Rfpublique du Honduras ne juge..as .écessaire dc modifier les conclusions'
qu'elle a~r~s~ecteusementsoumises à la Cour à la fin de son mémoire

'Voir 1.p.80276 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Je prie donc la Cour de considérer leurs termes commes inchangés.Nous

nous réservons la possibilité de les compléter eventuellement au terme d'un
second tour de plaidoiries.

80. THE AGENT OF HONDURAS TO THE REGISTRAR

9 June 1988.

1have the honour to enclose herewith the Summary Records CR 8814and
CR 8815,corresponding to the oral hearings held on Monday 6 June, at 15
hours, and Tuesday 7 June, at 10 hours, containing the interventions of
the Agent, Co-Agent and Counsels of Honduras, with the following correc-
tions'.

81. THE REGLSTRAR TOTHE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

9 June 1988

Pursuant to Article 60, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, 1have the hon-
our to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a letter dated 7 June

1988 by which the Agent of Honduras in the case concerning Border and
TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v. Hondriras) confirms the indication
given at the hearing of that date that Honduras maintains at the present stage
of the proceedings the submissions statcd in its Memorial. Attached to that
letter was a copy of pages 173-175of that Memorial, where the submissions
are set out, a copy of which is enclosed. The Agent of Honduras has also
requested that the Annex to CR 8815consists of the original English text
of bis Government's submissions, rather than the French translation as at
present.

10 June 1988.

1have the honour to present, in accordance with the Rules of Court, the
Submissions of the Government of Nicaragua', in Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras)

'The correctionswhichthe Partiesrequestedio be made inthe transcriptsof their
oralarguments,underthe supervisionof the Courtwere takeninto account at the time
of publicationof the tex1in the preseries.
See pp. 136,supra,and 1,pp. 374-375. CORRESPONDENCE 277

83. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

10June 1988.

1have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a let-
ter of today's date from the Agent of Nicaragua in the case concerning Border
and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), and a copy of the
text of the submissions of Nicaragua enclosed with that letter.

13June 1988.

1 have the honour to refer ta the oral proceedings in the case concerning
Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras).
At the request of the President of the Court at the oral proceedings on
9 June 1988, copies of the documents referred to by Nicaragua's Agent and
counsel on that date are herehy submitted to the Court. A list of the docu-
ments is also annexed hereto.

Annex

1. "Humanitarian Aid Arrives: Boots and Uniforms" (La Tribuna, 24 April
1988).
2. "Aid to the 'Contras' Still Arriving" (Tiempo, 5 May 1988).
3. Press Release No. 002-88 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Repuh-
lic of Honduras (15January 1988).
4. Note of Nicaragua to Honduras, 23 April 1988.
5. United Nations Depositary Notification, 29 July 1986.

La Tribuna,28 April 1988,p. 1

HumanitarianAid Arrives: Boots and Uniforms

Tegrrcigalpa.The first plane with US aid for the Nicaraguan rebels arrived
yesterday. Dozens of packages with uniforms, books and knapsacks flew into
Toncontin Airport aboard a military plane, and were then stored in a ware-
house near the airport. The "humanitarian" aid was transported by these
trailers.

[Spanish text no1reproduced]

Tiempo, 5 May 1988,p. 1.

Aid fo the "Contras"StillArriving
Caption: Tegucigalpa. The American aid to Nicaraguan insurgents who
have retreated into the country continued to reach the capital yesterday in278 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

four C-130 transport planes of the United States Air Force. They landed yes-

terday morning at Toncontin Airport with medicine, clothing and other per-
sonal-use items. The cargo (in the photograph') was transported in trucks tu
other locations. (Photo: Majin).

[Spanishrexrnor reproduced]

Minisrry of ForeignAffnirs
of the Republicof Hondurus

PRESS RELEASE NO. 002-88

The Honduran Foreign Minister, Carlos L6pez Contreras, has written tu
Central American Presidents in his capacity as a member of the CIVS pro-
testing irregular actions in the work entrusted lo them by some members of
the Commission on Verification and Follow-Up.
The note, sent from Panama, says:

''1have the honor of writing tu you in my capacity as a full mcmber of
the 'Commission on Verification and Follow-Up' (CIVS), created in
the 'Procedure for the Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace in
Central America'. During the IV Meeting of the ClVS held in Washing-

ton, D.C., United States of America, we concluded that the five basic
commitments provided for in paragraph number 11 of the Guatemala
Procedure did not simultaneously and puhlicly take effect as agreed,
due to the unilateral conditions imposed by one Central American
government.
Todav. 1have the oainful oblieation of informine vou that durine the
V and last meeting of the CIVS, ield in this city onjanuary 12and 73 of

this year, some of its non-Central American members tried tu assume
tasks alien to veriiication. They crossed over into the area of policy
definitions that the Presidents have reserved for themselves. Some of
said representatives tried to adopt interpretive functions by judging,
even reforming the Guatemala Procedure, and questioning the useful-
ness of some its provisions. This was clearly trespassing into responsi-
bilities voluntarily assumed by the governments.

Counter to the objectivity and impartiality necessary to analyze
progress made in compliance with the Guatemala Accord, they strived
to minimize the testimony of non-governmental organizations on
human rights violations collected by the Ad-Hoc Commission of Repre-
sentatives in Managua.
Also. durine the debates of the las1 session. certain~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~
CIVS dealt wzh the conditions imposed by ihe Nicaraguan Govern-
ment for implementation of amnestv and lifting the state of emereencv,
.
with surpris<ngindulgence and even-went so faÏas to endorse the;.
Finally, ignoring the Central American Presidential Accord that sets
forth the composition of the CIVS as a body of 15 members with equal
riehts and oblieations. some CIVS memhers deoarted from the rule of
cinsensus in decision making. In the process, they have damaged this
important organism hy imposing their vitiated will. CORRESPONDENCE 279

In view of these irregular actions, which affect the rights of Central
American Governments and could make the presidential resolutions
ineffective, 1consider it my duty as a ClVS member to provide evidence
and knowledge of my protest to the Presidents so that they may under-
take to resolve it.
In closing, 1 assure the Honorable Presidents of my utmost esteem
and consideration.

Carlos L~PEZCONTRERAS,

Minister of Foreign Affairs."

Tegucigalpa, D.C.,
January 15,1988,
Press and Information Office,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

[Spanishrexrnor repro<liiced/

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAlRS MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua, April23, 1988.

The Minister:

1 am writing in reference to your note dated April 12 regarding judicial
proceedings initiated before the International Court of Justicc on July 28,
1986, for illegal activities and violations of international law by Honduras to
the detriment of the Republic of Nicaragua.
Before getting into the details of your note, 1 must express our surprise at
the Honduran Government's decision Io request continuation of the Nicara-
guan lawsuit. As The Minister will recall, on March 28, President Daniel
Ortega submitted a concrete proposal to President JoséAzcona Hoyos on the
form under which Our country could agree to Honduras's demand to with-

draw the lawsuit. President Ortega's proposal - made in the context of bor-
der incidents in the Bocay Zone and landing of US troops in Honduras - was
no1 even answercd hy the Honduran Government, even though it was di-
rected at resolving a problem raised by Honduras on the lawsuit in question
in a just and reasonable way.
As Your Excellency will recall, my Government withdrew our petition
for provisional protective measures before the International Court of Justice
when US troops were withdrawn from Honduras. The presence of these
troops in Honduras was a clear threat Io Nicaragua, and the main reason for
our petition hefore the ICI. The case then returned to the status it had been in
since August 7. 1987.
The Nicaraguan proposal, presented by President Ortega, outlined the
obligations Honduras wonld have to assume to satisfy Nicaragua and allow us
Io withdraw the lawsuit before the ICJ. This proposal was repeated in the
Executive Commission meeting, held on April 7 of this year in Guatemala, as
refiected in the statement issued hy Central American Ministers at the close
of the meeting.
Therefore, Nicaragua was surprised by the unilateral action of the Hondu-280 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

ran Government in contradiction to its previous agreements and positions.
This occurred just before the Executive Commission's next meeting, sche-
duled for the latter part of May in Tegucigalpa.
By this action, Minister, it would seem that Honduras is seeking a new

excuse to continue its ~o. .v of sabotaeinz on-site verification bv al. .ssible
means. On-site verification is especially necessary for certifying compliance
with the agreement to not aid irregular forces in any way. And that is one of
the main themes of the upcoming Executive Commissionmeeting.
Given ~ ~ ~ ~v erroneous interoretations in vour note on this tooic. 1am
. .
ohliged to address'each one.
The first paragrapb of your note States, "On August 7, 1987, the Central
American Presidents siened the 'PROCEDURE FOR THE ESTABLISH-
MENT OF A FIRM AND LASTING PEACE IN CENTRAL AMERKA',
in one of ifs clausesagreement was reuched" on the text signed by President
Daniel Ortega and President Azcona regarding Nicaragua's lawsuit against

Honduras that Your Excellency cites in your April 12note.
Regarding this, 1 must remind The Minister that the text referred to was
formulated completely by the Honduran Government and submitted ta
President Ortega by President Azcona, who requested his signature. Thc text
was signed following the signing of the Esquipulas 11Accord. Therefore, said

text is not, nor ever has been, part of the "Guatemala Procedurc". It was a
transitory agreement of a strictly bilateral character between the two Presi-
dents for a period of one hundred and fifty days until the following meeting of
Central American heads of State. At that meeting, the International Com-
mission on Verification and Follow-up (CIVS) was to present a report, a key
part of which would be Honduras compliance with the "commitmcnt to

impede use of its territory and no1 permit even logistical military support
to persons, organizations, or groups who are attempting to destabilize the
Ciover~m~~~~-~~ o~ Ce~tral American~ ~un~ ~es".
In ih: inicrcsi of swing ihis coniniiim~.nt kepi. Nc;ir;igu;i \iar ûgrr'c;ihlr.Io
re\,ici\in- with PrcsiJcni :\/r.i~na ilic luJi;i:il pro:ccdiny, iniii:iied Iiïfarc ihr.
Intcrn;iiioiinl Couri ui Ju>iice, incluJing con~idcrinj \iirhdr;i\ril (ifIhc I.t\i-

siiii. In J;iiiuar! 19x3. th^.,sxind m:~,tiny oi (:cnir:il r\mcri:.in Pr~,iilcnt\ u.3~
hcld On th.iiosasion. 1'r:~iJeni r\z:un:i. who h3J nui cwn iiiinini;ill? corn-
plied with his commitment to prevent the use of Honduran territory for
attacking Nicaragua, did not even suggest that President Ortega consider
extending the period for scheduling public hearings pending in the Interna-

tional Court of Justice. Consequently, when the one hundred and fifty days
ended, Nicaragua was freed from any obligation and could renew its case at
any time. Nonetheless, we chose patience hecause we did not want the case
hefore the ICJ to be used as a pretext for ohstructing the peace process in
Central America.
1 would like to add that the CIVS report clearly stated that they were

unable to fulfill their verification mission because they were not permitted to
carry out on-site inspection. The CIVS considers this a sinequa non condition
for reaching the goals for which it was created. The CIVS could not accom-
plish its task hecause Honduras was the only Central American country
which refused to accept on-site inspection. This refusal by Honduras, in turn,
was~and is due to ~he fact that such an insoection would show that Honduran

territory is the main platform of aggression against Nicaragua.
The Honduran Government's conduct towards Nicaragua in violation of
international law was demonstrated once again. Morcover, the Honduran
Government refused to accept on-site inspection by the United Nations mis-282 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

duras on July 28, 1986, more than one year hefore the signing of the

Esau.ou,as Accord. Esauioula. i, an aereement between the five Central - ~
,\mcri...in <;<,i.crnnic~nttiu procure ~oluii~~ii O ilic.trc;t',pr.~ifi<pr.>hl~.nir.II
1sniri ;ti:~;cor~lIII:I.U~\IIIUICS thc Ilnitcil N;itii~nr< h:artcr. IIc~uipul;~,II.Ioc\
not contain anv commitrnent related to hilateral oroblems'between Cen-
tral American Eountries, which must be resolved though procedures estab-
lished by international law, accordine to the United Nations Charter.
The iext signed by the ~resideits of Honduras and Nicaragua, at the
request of Honduras, to defer public hearings on jurisdiction scheduled by the

International Court of Justice for October 20, 1987,was aimed - as has heen
explained before-al giving Honduras an opportunity to comply with its
commitments according Io international law, two of which were expressly
contained in the Esquipulas 11Accord. Those Iwo obligations were to cease
support to irregular forces and not allow the use of its territory to attack an-
other State. This, and no other, was the goal of the agreement between the
Honduran and Nicaraguan Presidents to defer the date.
In your letter, you also state that "in view of the fact that the Honduran

Governmcnt cannoi remain in a state of uncertaintv with resoect toits narticir~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
p;iiion in ilic i,iw initi;ii:d h! ilic iïi~:ir~~u~li(i;o\eriiiiicni hCi<~rrh: Inicrii~.
ii<in.i<'i>urt oi Jusiisc. \rliishr;ii\c, ihc h.sniLii~.itisicdc.altaiih in the 'Gu;it:-
rnala Procedure'. the Honduran Government. verv rcluctantlv. has found it
ncich%.ir! tsircqucrt tlic I1rc,iJcnt i,fihc prciii>u<l! meniionid Caiurt 1,)>ci
J;IICYfor ihc ph.ihc .ii 1iu1,lirh:;irinp in ihc,c.i~ .,\riiir.J Riiiclcr .>nJ Cr<>,\-
Ilordcr A?iii,ii, (JurihJictii,ii aiid ,\Jiiii\<ihilii\,j (Sic.ir;i~l1.iIl,>iidur.îç~"
It is strange that the reason for the ~onduràn ~o&nment's decision is
that "it cannot continue in a state of uncertainty with respect to ils participa-

tion in the case initiated by the Nicaraguan Government". One can say that
there has been some uncertainty with respect to the case. But, that uncer-
tainty has been a product of systematic refusal by Honduras to resolve its
bilateral conflict with Nicaragua through an institution par excellence of
peaceful solution of conflicts, such as the International Court of Justice.
On the other hand, to assert that the "Esquipulas Procedure" deals with
the same matters as the Nicaraguan lawsuit is complete liction. The Hondu-
ran Government, among other violations of international law, has intervened

and intervenes in the interna1 alfairs of Nicaragua. It has promoted, insti-
gated and participated in military and paramilitary activities against Nicara-
gua. It has encouraged and protected human rights violations, and it has vio-
lated and violates Nicaraguan sovereignty. Likewise, it has refused to end ils
illicit conduct or peacefully resolve the existing bilateral conflict. Instead, it
maintains a systematic policy of hlackmail towards Nicaragua, threatening at
every opportunity to make the Esquipulas II process fail if Nicaragua does
not withdraw ils lawsuit against Honduras.
In the end, overwhelmed with "uncertainty", the Honduran Government

decided to request the continuation of the case before the International
Court of Justice in exchange for its withdrawal from the Esquipulas process,
for which il seeks to blame Nicaragua. This attitude only confirms the lack of
any real willingness by the Honduran Government to comply with ils interna-
tional obligations and commitrnents-something we have repeatedly pro-
tested. The Honduran Government could have avoided considerahle domes-
tic uncertainty if it had made these decisions months ago.
Nicaragua regrets the Honduran Governrnent's decision to use the ICJ
case as an excuse for discontinuing participation in the Esquipulas II process.

However. we feel highly satisfied that the decision clarifies your Govern- CORRESPONDENCE 283

ment's position, acccpting recourse in the International Court of Justice.
Nicaragua, as the ulaintiff country and guide* hv international law. can finallv
continue the judkial process w&houtany uncértainty from the continuo&

blackmail of the Honduran Government regarding the Court al The Hague.
Nicaragua understands that the Honduran decision to reactivate the case
before the International Court of Justice constitutes a forma1 and officia1
rejection of the proposal of President Daniel Ortega to President Azcona,
regarding measures that would satisfy Nicaragua and would permit it to with-
draw the lawsuit. In viewof this rejection on the part of the Honduran Govern-
ment to our generous and flexible proposal. the Nicaraguan Government
officially withdraws said proposal and conveys its decision to continue the
case until termination, without further delays, in keeping with the wish

expresse* by the Honduran Government.
Nicaragua holds the Honduran Government responsihle for its systematic
blockade of the Esquipulas peace process, and the resulting consequences. It
is now clear that the responsibility for reaching peacc in Central America in
the future rests with the Honduran Government due to ils open support for
and participation in the US Administration's policy of aggression, and its
complicity with al1actions aimed at causing regional peace efforts to fail.
In regard to Honduras's public proposal for guaranteeing border security
(first presented in November 1987 during the OAS General Assembly in
Washington, and repeated in the Executive Commission meeting held on

Fehruarv 17and 18 in San Salvador). 1 will limit mvself to statine that~w~ ~ ~
clear th& ils value was merely pr&agandistic sinGe the Honduran Govern-
ment has never shown anv willingness to meet with Nicaragua to discuss im-
plementation of said pro~osal. ~he Nicaraguan Governmeit requested acti-
vation of the Honduran proposal on many occasions. in conversations with
Your Excellency, as well as in diplomatic notes, such as the one sent on Feb-
ruary 22 of this year. Nicaragua has never received a positive response from
the Honduran Government.

In closing, 1assure Your Enccllencyof my utmost esteem and consideration.

Miguel D'ESCOTOBROCKMANN,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Excellency

Carlos L6pez Contreras,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

[Spanish rexrnor reproduced]

C.N.152.1986.TREATIES-1(Depositary Notificalion)

COMPULSORY JURISDICTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURTOF JUSTICE

Declararionhy Honduras Replacirrga Previo~rsBeclaration

The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as
depositary, and referring to depositary notification C.N.38.1960.TREATlEs-1
of 7 April 1960,communicates the following:284 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

On 6 June 1986. the Secretarv-General received from the Government of
Honduras a Declaration by whiih that Government indicates that il modifies
the Declaration made on 10 March 1960 under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute of the International Court of Justice. and that this new Declaration
replaces the previous Declaration. A translati'on of the new Declaration is
annexed herewith.

29 July 1986.

Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of interna-
tional organizations concerncd.

C.N.152.1986.TREATiES-l(Annex)

Transiared from Sponish

SECRETARlAT OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
OFTHE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Declarurion on the Jiirisdicrion of rhe
Inrerriarional Coiirr of Ji~stice

The Government of the Republic of Honduras, duly authorized by the
National Congress under Decree No. 75-86 of 21 May 1986 ta modify the
Declaration made on 20 February 1960 concerning Article 16 (2) of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Hereby Declares:
That it modifies the Declaration made by it on 20 February 1960 as fol-
lows:

1. It recognizes as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in
relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction
of the International Court of Justice in ail legal disputes concerning:

(a) The interpretation of a treaty:
(b) any question of international law:
(c) the existence of any fact which, if established. would constitute a
breach of an international obligation:
(d) the nature and exient of the reparation to be made for the breach of
an international obligation:

2 'l'hiI>ccl:~ration<h:illno1npplv. huucv~.r.io.in) <ithc fiilluaiiig Jispulch
io which Ihc Kcpuhlic (IIIli~iirlur1.n parts,.
(a) disputes in respect of which the parties have agreed or may agree ta
resort to other means for the pacific settlement of disputes;

(b) disputes concerning matters subject ta the domestic jurisdiction of
the Republic of Honduras under international law;
(c) disputes relating to facts or situations originating in armedconflicts
or acts of a similar nature which may affect the territory of the Re-
public of Honduras, and inwhich it may find itself involved directly
or indirectly;
(d) disputes referring ta: CORRESPONDENCE 285

(i) territorial questions with regard to sovereignty over islands,
shoals and reefs; interna1 waters, bays and the legal status and
limits of the territorial sea;
(ii) al1rights of sovereignty or jurisdiction concerning the legal status
and limits of the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone

and the continental shelf;
(iii) the airspace over the territories, waters and zones referred to in
this subparagraph.
3. The Government of Honduras also reserves the right at anv time to

supplement, modify or withdraw this Declaration or the reservations
contained therein by ~-ving -otice ta the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
4. This Declaration replaces the Declaration made by the Government of
Honduras on 20 February 1960.

National Palace, Tegucigalpa, D.C., 22 May 1986

(Signed) JoséAZCONAH.,

President of the Republic,
(Signed) Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,

Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

1 have the honour to refer to the oral proceedings in the case concerning
Borderand TransborderArmed ActionsfNicaraaua v.Honduras). For the con-
\eri~cncc <ifihc ('<iuri. :inJ in ;iniicip:iii<ri 111pusiibility ih:ii the Agciii
<ircounbel for Nic:ir;ggu;ima). iind itn~,ri.rsdryin rcitr ic çcrt.xinrloc~meni~
in rebuttal to the second r&nd of areunient bv Honduras, couies of these
documents are suhmitted to the Court Grewith. A list of the dociments is also
annexed hereto.

Annex

A. Diplomatic CorrespondencebetweenNicaragila andHonduras

1988 Notesfrom Honduras ro Nicaragua
27 April 1988

27 April 1988
27 April 1988
23 April 1988
21 April 1988
15April 1988

'See also No. 93infra.286 BORDER AND TRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS

12April 1988
8 April 1988
(note from the Permanent Representative of Honduras to the
United Nations addressed to the President of the Securiiy Council)
5 April 1988
23 March 1988
16March 1988
1 March 1988
24 February 1988
20 February 1988
19February 1988

4 February 1988
3 February 1988
8 January 1988

1988Noresfron~Nicaragrra IOHondriras
17May 1988
16May 1988
13May 1988

12May 1988
9 May 1988
6 May 1988
29 April 1988
27 April 1988
26 April 1988
20 April 1988
28 March 1988
23 March 1988
19March 1988
19March 1988
18March 1988

B.PressAccoitnt,s

1.La Tribirna28 May 1988.
2.La Tribrrna23 May 1988.
3.New York Times, 19May 1988.
4.Tiemp», 28 April 1988.
5.El Hernlrlo28 April 1988.
6.La Prensa,28 April 1988.
7.El Herüldo,28 April 1988.
8.La Tribrina25 April 1988.
9.Miami tler~rl~,2 April 1988.
IO.La Prensa,20 April 1988.

11. Tien~po.28 March 1988.
12.ChrisrianScienceMoniror. 8 December 1987. CORRESPONDENCE

A. Diplornatic CorrespondencebetweenNicaragnu
and Honduras

1988 Notesfrom HondirrasIo Nicaragua

The Ministry of ForeignAffuirs of Honduras reports rhat:

On April 26 of this year, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic
wrote to the Secretary of State, His Excellency Mister George Shultz,
regarding recent events in the country in which the United States Consulate
in Tegucigalpa suffered physical damage. The note in question begins by
condemning those acts, explaining that they are the result of the Matta
Ballestreros case as well as provocations by disruptive forces who were
undoubtedly inspired by the demoustrations carried out in many American
cities criticizing United States Government policy towards Central America.
Clearly, the real aim of some of the demonstrators was to provoke casual-

ties and iniuries at the hands of Honduran authorities or Embassv securitv
forces in the assauit on the Consulate. Failing in this objective, the; fatefulfi
opted to create their own martyrs ~y wo~nding sever.l of their comrades and
killing two of them.
In these circumstances, we had to choose between an immediate interven-
tion by the police or the thoughtful and prudent response we have chosen on
similar occasions, thereby preventing the Government from falling into the
trap set by the antisocial individuals.

Ihc :iulhi>ritic, ili~,\I~C ~CCN~ ;~~IIIïrnilti\,c.~IVOIJIIII(I:I\.<>Ivin~~th^.
I I I I I t l i I I nhhr nr. ..\ r.ipid pc,li:c ini~.ri,cnli,>ii
\i.,.~lJ h:sic c.iu>c.I ~ ~lc,i~rcJl~loo~lh31hu .ith inii~li~il;ih-.C<III<IIIIsc~;1.11.
and political consequences for our country. It would have put relations
between Honduras and the United States into danger, as well.

We recognize and regret the magnitude of macerial damage caused to the
Consulate. but we reiect the insinuation that there was bad faith or oremedi-
taled negligence on the part of our law enforcement officials in offering pro-
tection. Prudence in our actions prevented a crisis of much yreater -ropor- . .
tions.
On the other hand, the Honduran Government has not just limited itself to
condemning drug trafficking. It has also adopted measures that have resulted
in the capture and destruction of large quantlties of narcotics.
This was recognized in an April 15message to the President of the Repub-

lic from distinguished Senators of the United States, from both the Republi-
can and Democratic Parties. They expressed their solidarity and support in
the struggle against drug trafficking. That is why we are so surprised by the
intense campaign launched by United States newspapers to discredit and
defame the Honduran Government and its Armed Forces. The Ministcr of
Foreign Affairs of the Republic, Carlos Lopez Contreras, has conveyed to
Secretary of State George Shultz that it is equally incomprehensible that
the United States Government consider declaring Honduras a high-risk coun-
try, putting its ally in the same category as its enemies. This, in addition to

producing justifiable indignation, is causing serious economic and moral
damage.
These events have endangered the cordial and beneficial relationship
between the two countries in areas of economic, political, and sccurity288 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

cooperation. This includes the iemporary presence of US forces in Honduran
military installations. For these reasons. the facts deserve deeper discussion.

Avril 27. 1988.

[Sp,rni,sI~XInot reproduced]

Tegucigalpa,
Urgent April 27. 1988.
Telex No. 805

His Excellency

Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Managua, Nicaragua.
1 have the honor of writing to Your Excellency regarding today's telex in
which you suggest a meeting of the Technical Croup take place on May 4 and
5 in Managua to negotiate the Treaiy of Regional Fnendship and Coopcraiion.

Il pleases me to inform you that Ambassador Roberto Flores Bermudez,
Coordinator of the Advisory Cabinet of this Ministry, will participate in said
meeting. 1will notify you of the details on his arriva1as soon as possible.
In closing, 1assure your Excellency of my highest esteem and consideration.

Guillermo CACERESPINEDA,
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs

Tegucigalpa,
Urgent April 27. 1988.

His Excellencv

Managua' Nicaragua

In keeping with the Joint Siaiement adopted by Foreign Ministers at the V
Meeting of the Executive Commission, 1 have the honor of inviting Your
Excellency to the VI Meeting. to bc held in Tegucigalpa. 1 suggest Thursday,
May 19,and Friday, May 20 for this meeting.
1would appreciate it if Your Excellency could inform me of the possibilily
of attending the meeting on the dates indicated.

In closing,1assure Your Excellencyofmy highestesteem and consideraiion.

Guillermo CACERES PINEDA,
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs.

/Sporzishtex!no! reproduced] CORRESPONDENCE 289

MlNtSTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAtRS 01' THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Tegucigalpa,
April 23, 1988.

The Minister:
1 have the honor of writing to Your Excellency to submit my Govern-
ment's most emphatic protest of the Sandinista Army attack on the village of
Suji, located on the Honduran bank of the Wanks, Coco or Segovia River, in
Gracias a Dios Province.

On Wednesday, April 13, between 02:OOand 03:OOhours, approximately
65 Sandinista Army soldiers assaulted the Suji population, opening fire indis-
criminately in a military operation. Killed rvere Samuel Toribio Miller, a sol-
dier, and Mister Eduardo Martinez, and there were several wounded. al1
Hondurans. In addition to the material damages inflicted by your Govern-
ment's Army, Sandinista soldiers acted like common criminals by vulgarly
looting the village. in thecrude spirit of the attack itself.
My Government, Mr. Minister, has been closely following the negotiations
between your Government and the Directorate of the Nicaraguan Resist-
ance. We are convinced that national reconciliation and progress towards
democratization in your country would represent a valuable contribution to
regional peace. Therefore. we have tried to help provide the Nicaraguan
Government the space needed for the negotiations to progress, without dis-
tractions, in spite of the seriousness of the acts that occurred in April.
However, your Government's Army has continued its hostile behaviour
against the Honduran villages of Awasbila, Pranza, and Rus-Rus in Gracias a
Dios Province. hy harassing, provoking. and threatening to use violence. This
occurred repeatedly on Saturday the 16th, Monday the 18th. and yesterday.
Fridav the 22nd of A~ril. Mv Government also em~haticallv orotes. .these
;ici\. u,hich arc incomp.itihle with the h:i\ic prinoplcs of inicrn;itiorial I3u
II is i>htious th:ii the in~.rc:int~~~siunc s;iu,cJh, the .;!\lem;~iis \,i<ilenic
of thc Slindini,t;i ,\rmv ieor>ar~lizc.t\he ;ilrcadv uucsiiunahl~.iuturr. ol thc.rcciu-
na1oeace orocess. ~his'orbcess has been afféciedbv the Nicaraeuan Govërn-
mcni's iiisislrm'c upiin uziii.~the inicrn.itioiial Ic+iI option in~tcdidtlic spc-
cinl pr<~c~.Juriicrccd up<mhv tlic I>istin~uishr.d( r.iitraI Aineric:ln PrcsiJr.ntr
1-houe that vzur Government will coisider these factors and adoot a oosi-
!ion in'kecpini with tlic Jciti;in,l~ ui [hi\ hi~i<)riz:ilniom~.nin\%hichuc. ;i,
Ccntrnl Amcriclin$. arc se-kin,! to res<)lvc.ur ~IiticreiicciiiirJcr 10Iiclp iitir-
.
malize interregional relations.
In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.

(Signed) Guillermo CACERESPINEDA,
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs.

ïo His Excellcncy
Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Managua. Republic of Nicaragua.

I.Spanishrerr no1reprodriced] BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
290

MINISTRY OP FOREIGN AFFAlRS 01' THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Official Letter No. 198-DA

Tegucigalpa.
April 21, 1988.

The Minister:

1am writing to Your Excellency in reference 10 your April 20, 1988 note.
In said note. vour Government emohaiicallv .r.lests the Honduran Govern-
niciii'> .iuthori/;iiiun ui dclive<;Ihum;inii;ir~nn ad 10 grc,up\ <IIS1ciir:j-
guans 'l'hisaidwx approi,c\l bv thc Ilnitcd St:iie, Cun%resruitli the aliirm;i-
tivc \$,tof ilr.nrcscni~ti\c~ nnJ Scn:itoi, frum b,lili th', Rcriuhlic;in;m<lI>~iiiu-
cratic Parties.
Minister.1consider your protest 10 be completely unfounded, since the aid
in question was approved with the consent of the Nicaraguan Government
after a temporary ceasefire was in place, precisely ta facilitate the Esquipulas
II Accords and Sap06 negotiations, bolh of which are still in effect.
The Honduran Government has allowed said aid, under the supervision of
the Agency for 1nlernalion;il Devclopnicnt, the Catholic Church, and the pri-

vate firm of Price Waterhouse. ta reach groups of Nicaraguans who are in the
country and who do no1 enjoy the protection of thc United Nations High
Commissioner for Relugees (UNHCR).
In regard to the action liled by the Nicaraguan Govcrnment against the
Honduran Government in the lnlernational Court of Justice, Your Excel-
lency knows thc position of my country since the beginning of the case per-
fectly well. This can be summarized by saying that any lorm of negotiation, be
it Contadora or Esquipulas, is inconsistent with the legal action brought
before the Court. It would be closer to the trulh to sav that the Nicaraeuan
Government's obstinate position has repeatedly sabotked efforts to ach;eve
a regional agreement. by continuing to pursue the lawsuit even after Hondu-
ras formulated concrete proposais 10 resolve border issues. Our request to
schedule the next hearing is aimed at preveniing Nicaragua from continuing
to manipulate this lawsuit before the Court for ils own political aims. Thus.
MI. Minister. it is u10 your Governmenl whether or no1 the Guatemala Pro-
cedure and ihe ~an~oséDeclaralion oroeress or staenate.

The tex1of this note will also he sen& the lnter~ational Court of Justice.
In closing. 1 assure Your Excellency of rnyutmost esteem and considera-

(Signed) Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

His Excellency
Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Managua. Nicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE

Telex No. 716

Tegucigalpa,
April 15, 1988.

Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Managua, Nicaragua.

1have the honor of writing regarding the message dated April 14, in which
Your Excellency suggests Managua as the site for the meeting of the Techni-
cal Group charged with ncgotiating the Treaty of Regional Friendship and
Cooperation. This Treaty was mentioned in the Joint Statemcnt of the V
Meeting of the Executive Commission.
1 am pleased to inform you that the Honduran Government will gladly
participate in this meeting as soon as we receive evidence that the irregular
situation of the Esquipulas 11Procedure has ended with the withdrawal of the
lawsuit against Honduras beforc the International Court of Justice.
It is important to make efforts to conqucr the last harriers blocking thç
normalization of relations in Central America.
In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.

(Signed) Carlos L~PEZCONTRERAS,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

[Spnnish fextnut reprorluced]

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Telex No. 698

Tegucigalpa,
April 12, 1988.

Your Excellency:

On August 7, 1987, the Presidents of the Central American countries
signed the "Procedure for the Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace in
Central America", in one of whose clauses the following was agreed on:
"The Presidents of the Republics of Honduras and Nicaragua, in the
belief that it is necessary to strengthen this plan of regional peace, by re-
establishing mutual trust, have agreed to instruct their respective Minis-

ters of Foreign Affairsto request that the International Court of Justice
defer scheduling the oral phase of the trial on jurisdiction that, inter dia,
is before that high tribunal, for a period of three months. The Presidents
understand that said legal situation will be re-analyzed by them hefore
the meeting of Central American Presidents, to take place in a period of
one hundred and fifty days in keeping with the commitment established
in this plan, for therpose of agreeing on the waiver of recourse to inter-
national legal action on the Central American Situation."292 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

This clause recognizes the incompatibility of using legal recourse with
the implementation and Culfilment of the Special Procedure of Esqui-
pulas II.
Eight months have passed since the adoption of the "Guatemala Proce-
dure" and still the Nicaraguan Government refuses to refrain from recourse
to the international legal action in question.
Instead, on March 21 of this year, the Nicaraguan Governmeni submitted
a request for provisional protective measures to the International Court of
Justice. This requestwüs framed within the lawsuit against Honduras il had
filed with that International Tribunal. On March 31, Nicaragua withdrew ils
request for provisional measures. but no1its original lawsuit.
The Honduran Government cannot continue in a state of uncertainty re-
garding participation in the trial initiated by the Nicaraguan Government
before the lnternational Court of Justice. Nicaragua's lawsuit takes up the
same issues dealt with in the "Guatemala Procedure". The Honduran Govern-

ment, reluctantly, has found it necessary to request that the President of
said Court set the dates for the hearings in the case "Armed Border and
Cross-Border Actions" (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) (Nicaragua v. Hon-
duras).
The Honduran Government is aware of the effect this trial will have on the
"Guatemala Procedure". We have systematically stressed this to interna-
tional organizations in Our bilateral relations with friendly couniries and
those who are a part of the "Guaiemala Procedure".
Our Government has taken al1possible precautions and has no1 found any
interest by the Nicaraguün Government in ending the legal procedure before
the International Court of Justice. Therefore, the Honduran Government
declines al1 responsibility for possible consequences on the Esquipulas II
Procedure, as the continuation of the legal claim is not attributable to Hon-
duras.
My Government reiterates ils determination Io continue participating. in
good faith. in the regional efforts aimed al bringing interna1 peace back to the
countries suffering civil wars, andnormalizing inter-Central American rela-

tions. once the Central American question definitively ceases to be diverted
to international leeal bodies. This sueeestion bv Honduras encomoasses the
proposals made bq the Government; the XVII General ~ssembl~ of the
OAS in November of 1987,and points on the agenda of the Executive Com-
mission of the Esquipulas II~rocëdure.
In closing, 1 assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and considera-
tion.

(Signed)Carlos LOPEZ CONTRERAS,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Excellencv

Miguel d'Escoto ~rockmann,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Managua, ~icaragua.

[Spanislirexrnot reproduced]294 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

April 5, 1988.

Lerrer Dared 5April 1988ro rhe Presidenr of the SecirriryCorincil/rom r11e
Permnrienr Represe,zrariveof Hondirras ro rhe Unired Nntiorzs

1 have the honor of writing to Your Excellency pursuant Io instructions
from my Government to request that you convene the Security Council on
Monday, April 11. 1988,Io discuss the collateral effects of the pacification of
Nicaragua on the situation in Central Amçrica. and the maintenance of peace
and security in the region, in view of recent events.

(Signed) Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ ALCERRO,

Ambassador.

[Spa~~isliexrrior reprodiiced]

Al421943
S119678
English
Page 2

Annex

Communication Dured 2.7March 1988Sent IOthe Ministerfor Foreign
Affairs of Nicnrugir(by tlle Ministerfor Foreign Affairs of I1or1ilrrrir.s

1 am writing to you in order to inform the Government of Nicaragua about
the incidents to which 1rcfcr below and to register the most vigorous protest
on the part of the Government of Honduras.
Yesterday. 22 March 1988.at 2000 hours, approximately 50 soldiers from

the Sandinist People's Army violated the Honduran frontier, entering Our
countrv throueh the Pico Es~anol sector. De~artment of El Paraiso.
r\l"';osi \ikultnnr.ouily. :; unit ,of the ~;~njinisi People'\ Arniy. ci,ni;iiiiing
311 c\iim;~icd 3011~ol~li~r~c.rco$,cJ ihc irn1111rint1e~iicred #!Urcotiniry in:t
furiher incursion ihrough ihe Hocnv\ccior. I>:p:iriiiieni of Olnnch<>.
In oresentine to thé Governm&nt of ~ic&aeua the Honduran Govern-
mciit \ extrcmely vis~irou, pr,otc\i hec:iuscdi the\e incidents. ahich iniriiigc
ciur ~o\erei~iicy:tnJ :iren clc:ir-ctii and pdtcnt ri<ll;iiioninicrnniion;il I:iu.
:ind Iiir nho\e r~.,uIt>thc Goi,crnnicnt <iftlonduras c.innot hc'Iield rewunsi-
ble, 1 mus1 also siatc that acis of provocation and aggression of this Rature

tend ta aggravate thc already tcnse situation on the frontiers of our two coun-
tries.

Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,
Minister.

[Sponish rerr no! reprodiiced] CORRESPONDENCE 295

Official Letter No. 025-DSM

Tegucigalpa, D.C.,
March 16. 1988.

The Minister:

1 am writing to Your Excellency to inform you that between 1,000 and
1'500 Sandinista People's Army soldiers have invaded Honduran territory in
the area where the Bocay River flows into the Coco or Segovia River, south-
east of Olancho Province. The attack was preceded by artillery and aerial
bombings.
This is a clear armed aggression against the State of Honduras accom-

'anied bv the conseaucnt violation of ils territorv and airsoacc.
It conititutes, moicover, a violation of thUN charter: OAS Charter, and
Inter-Amcrican Trcaty of Reciprocal Assistance, which are al1 instruments
that proscribe the useor threat of force in internationrelations.
In the face of these serious and unjustificd events, my Government
emphatically protests. We request the immediate withdrawal of invading

trooos and forewarn the Nicaraguan Government that we will adoot measures
necèssaryto exercise our legiti&te right to defease, provided for in Arlicle 51
of the UN Charter.
In closing, 1assureYour Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.

Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,
Minister.

To His Excelleiicy

Don Miguel d'Escoto,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Managua. Nicaragua.

/Sponi.~trrexrnor reprodi~ceii]

MlNtSTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAlRSOFTHE REPUHI.ICOF HONDUKAS

Official Lettcr No. 015-CAYM-88

Tegucigalpa. D.C.,
March 1. 1988.

The Minister:

1 respectfully write to Your Excellency to submit an emphatic prolest 10
Nicaragua's illustrious Government for the following action:

On February 20. a boat from the Nicaraguan naval fleet captured a small
boat owned by Honduran citizen Ernesto Contreras in Honduran national
waters. CO-ordinates 13-01-45latitude north and 87-24-05 longitude West.The

captured boat was sail and paddle propelled, four metres long and one metre
wide, without name. The boat's crew were also taken into custody: German
lsrael Casco, 22 years old; Gilberto Rios. 23 years old; and Teodoro Amador.22 years. All three are Honduran citizens who were taken to Nicaragua along
with the boat.
1 emphatically protest these events and request the immediate release of
citizens Casco, Rios, andmador, and the return of the captured boat. Once
again, 1 cal1on the illustrious Government of Nicaragua ta take appropriate
steps to avoid repetition of acts such as these. These types of acts have oc-
curred frequently and have seriously harmed Honduran fishermen, causing
fear and uueasiness which disrupts their honest work of fishing in purely
Honduran waters.
In closing, I assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and considera-
tion.

(Signed) Guillermo CACERESPINEDA,
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Excellency
Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Managua, Nicaragua.

[Spanishtexrnaf reproduced]

MlNlSTRYOFFOREIGN AFFAlRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Official Letter No. 011-CAYM-88

Tegucigalpa, D.C.,
February 24, 1988.

The Minister:

1respectfully address Your Excellency in order to make a vigorous protest
to the illustrious Government of Nicaragua over the following events:
On Februarv 4 of this vear. a Sandinista Peoole's Army uatrol veuetrated
Honduran terrhory in the'~as'~inas sectorDU YU jurdicti^^,'~holuteca
province. The patrol fired on Honduran citizens Boanerges Betanco, Elmer
Osorio, and Rdando Betancour.
Citizen Elmer Osorio was mortally wounded, passing away a few moments
later. Mr. Betanco, who triedto assist him, was brutally decapitated. The
third victim, Mr. Rolando Betancour, was wounded in the right foot but was
ab~~ to flee to the village of Las Delicias and is now receivine medical treat-
ment in Choluteca. - u
The Honduran Government, in vigorously protesting to the illustrious
Nicaraeuan Government the violation of Honduran territorv, the murdersof
~isters Osorio and Betanco, and thc serious wounds inflicfed on the citizen

Betancour,also requests a prompt and thorough investigation of the events by
your Government, that the guilty be punished, and strict orders be issued CORRESPONDENCE 297

to avoid a repetition of these criminal acts which interrupt the relative har-
mony in the border zone in rccent months.

In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.
(Signa/) Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,

Minister.

His Excellency
Mieuel d'Escoto.
~inister of ~ore&n Affairs of the Republic of Nicaragua,
Managua. Nicaragua.

[Spanish re.rtnot reprodiiced]

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGN AFFALRS OF TtlE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Feb. 20, 1988.

The Ministers:
In September 1984, in San José, Costa Rica, the European Community, ils
member States, and the Central American States initiated a new political and
economic dialogue between the two regions, with the of the
Contadora Group. The aim of that dialogue was to strengthen the efforts of
Central American countries tu promote peace, social justice, economic
development, respect for human rights and democratic freedoms in the region.
At the time, Central America faced a crucial point in what has been the
longest, most painful and most complex crisis in its history.
The outbreak of armed conflicts in some countrics of the region, which
were exploited by foreign interests, unleashed strong international tensions
that many believed could lead Io a break in peace that would tragically

involve the entire isthmus.
Fortunately, a process of negotiation was initiated between the Central
American countries, in search of a peaceful, just, and lasting solution to the
crisis being experienced.
That Drocess of nezot-ation. inauzurated under the ausuices of the
~ontado;a Group, deserves special mextion. Contrary to pessimistic predic-
lions, the invaluable efforts of the Governments of Columbia, Mexico, Pana-
ma, and Venezuela, were a success. Not only did they niake dialogue between
Central American countries possible, which was difficult, but they also aided
us in finding points of agreement broad enough to take us to the next stage.
A new initiative, product of the Central American region, culminated in the
signing, on August 7, 1987, of the "Procedure for the Establishment of a
Firm and Lasting Peace in Central America".
The Contadora Group's tremendous work in helping us find the road to
peace, democracy, and development in Central America, and their dedi-
cation to our cause, deserves, fellow Ministers. our most profound apprecia-
tion.
Since the last draft of the "Contadora Proposal for Peace and Co-opera-
tion in Central America" was put forth in lune 1986,and left unsigned, a gap
in negotiations was produced. This occurred in spite of the fact that Central
American countries were in overwhelming agreement on solutions for prob-298 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS

lems of the crisis. However. still pending were accords on limitation. control.
and reduction of armaments and military personnel, regulation of interna-
tional military manŒuvres, and mechanisms of verification and control.
Under those circumstances and in view of the need to find a formula for
renewing momentarily interrupted negotiations in the region with a reason-
able possibility of success, the President of the Republic of Costa Rica, Oscar
Arias Sanchez, submitted a new initiative. This turned out to be a viable,
timely. and constructive instrument to contribute to normalization on the
Central American isthmus. The initiative of President Arias was the object of
dynamic study and received support from the various Central American
Governments. It led us to the signing of the "Procedure for the Establishment
of a Firm and Lasting Peace in Central America", in Guatemala City.
This is an appropriate forum in which to recall that the President of

Costa Rica was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize for an initiative that has
allowed Central Americans to gel on the road 10 consolidating peace, demo-
cracy, and development.
WCfeel proud and honored by that effort, which has resultcd in the joint
action of Central Amencans defining Ourown future.
The "Guatemala Procedure" is a balanced system of compromises whose
fulfilmcnt leads to a solution of the regional crisis. In that vein, internal obli-
gations have been outlined to end deep political differences among the
citizenry of certain States, and aid consolidation of democratic institutions in
al1the region's countries.
Those measures, provided for in the Esquipulas Accord, are lo be comple-
mented by others directed al guaranteeing respect by each of the region's
countries, or outside countries. for the principle ol non-intervention in the
internal affairs of others.
Additionally, the five States would pursue negotiations on the pending
issucs of securitv. verification. and control of the draft "Contadora Prooosal

for Peace and Co-operation in Central America". These discussions \;ouid
take place with the Contadora Group serving as mediator.
To settle our differences as soon as oossible. we Central Americans set UD
ci r!sicni<if>huri pcritidr ta,comply iiiih Ihc ohli2:ilion. undcrt:iken. durini:
uhich ;ilof u\ h;i\c iiiarlr.cfii~ICI~ùiiipl? uiih E~quipu1:iiII.
Thcrc 1% nu Jcn~inr th.11oh>t.iclc$ciill i>cr\i,in Cciilr:il ,\rncricn'i pc:icr.
process, but today a $rit of understanding reigns in the rcgion. This leids us
more and more each day to a democratic and peacrful destiny accompanied
by thc social well-being Ourpeoples deserve.
Much o.oer=ss has been made. And much remains to be done. The Execu-
ii\.c Coniniisrion. body Jclcgai~J h? ilic Cenirnl ,\mcric;in I'rcsidcnt\ :iiiil
coiiip<ircd ui 3liiiistcof Fi~rcignAliairs #ifI~L. rcgiiin's ii\c cuiin1rir.s. ha\
been charged with driving forwaÏd compliance with each and evcry one of the
obligations assumed. Il continues a process of discussion. having scheduled
ils next meeting for March. There. complementary proposals on democrati-
zation and securitv will be taken UD.

For us, as ~eniral Amencans. 11is evident that the primary responsibility
for success or failure of the "Procedure for the Establishment of a Firm and
Lasting Peace" and security in the Central American countries rests with us.
1sav that without ie-or~ne~-~at there are foreien factors and ~n~ ~ests whose
prefencc can favorably or unfavorably affect thC Central American situation.
We are aware that, to the degree that we are sufficiently proficient in uniting
to unleash ourselves from nëgative aspects of external factors. and changing
interest shown in Our region by many of the world's nations into effective CORRESPONDENCE 299

political and economic support, lhen the possibilities for success in peace and
development will be substantially increased.
Peace and development, jus1 as justice and liberty, are inseparable factors
that mutuallv condition and aid each other. In the belief that consolidation of
democracy ihplies the full reaffirmation of our own independence and sover-
eiynty, as well as the creation of a system of social well-being, of economic
an-dsocial justice, the Govcrnments agrce ta make a joint proposal for special
economic aid from the international community.
The continued advance of the peace process requires an improvement in
the standard of living of layers of the Central American population who live in
astate of critical poverty.

Aware of the euormous responsibility that we have assumed, as well as the
interrelation in the economic and social life of the five states of theegion, we
have jointly initiated design of an immediatc Action Plan that contains a
strategy for regional development.
That Action Plan, whose broad outlines are already known by the Euro-
pean Community, mainly contains steps for meeting Ürgent needs produced
by the current situation.
The emergency plan has identified the following most pressing problems:

1. Securing food supplies for the Region.
2. Attention ta repatriation and relocation programs for refugees and dis-
placed persons.
3. Economic reactivation of Central America.
4. Secure fuel supplies.
5. The foreign debt.
Secondlv. the Action Plan foresees measures and Droerams in the short-

gional payment and finance mechanisms, to raise levels of production and
exchange rates.
To be able ta sustain its development, Central America also needs to drive
forward its reinsertion into the international economy. Plans to promote and
diversifyexports ta tbird countries are in the making. For this, it isnecessary to
have access to international markets, frequently made difficult by protec-
tionist measures.
Additionally, the Action Plan contains provisions for improving al1 pro-
ductive activities in the region, and strengthcning rcgional institutions of
Central American integration.
In the Esquipulas Procedure, the Central American Presidents said, "We
have plans for peace and development, but we need help in making them a
reality. We request the international treatment that will guarantee develop-

ment, sa that the peace we seek will be lasting."
In answer ta that call, the XLII Regular Session of the United Nations
General Asscmbly in 1987 approved two resolutions designing a develop-
ment plan for the region, and urging the international community ta
"increase its technical, economic, and financial assistance to Ccntral Ameri-
can countries, as a means of reinforcing their efforts towards peace and devel-
onmont'' '
The Action Plan elaborated by Central Americans themselves and the one
which 1have referred ta, is the backbone of what the Secretary-General of the
United Nations will present ta the General Assemhly no later than April30 of300 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACCIONS

We hope that the presentation of the plan in question to the international
community will afford it an opportunity to concretize the verbal support it
has su often given to our Central American peace and development efforts.

1 would like to emphasize the fact that development is an indispensable
element for attainine oeace. In our ooinion. the areument that oeace and sta-
bility must be in in Central ~merica before moral and material support
to the region can be offered, is unjustifiable.

Ministers:
Since the Esouioulas Accord was siened. the Central American situation
has varied subsia~tially. All Central Kmerican countries have significantly

advanced in complyin..with-the commitments assumed, and we are deter-
mined to fully comply with al1of those commitments.
We are aware, 1repeat, that only our determination will make peace, de-
mocracy, justice, and freedom in Central America a reality. In that belief, we
have taken steps of great consequence. In that spirit, we have strengthened
our common institutions and reinvigorated the interrelation that exists be-
tween us at al1levels. With that intention, we signed the Treaty that institutes
the Central American Parliament as a svmbol of the freedom. indeoendence.
and reconciliation to which we aspire inkentral America.

The European Community, Ministers, is for us an inspiring example. Of
the twelve States that compose it, many were protagonists in some~of the
cruellest conflicts of history in the not so distant past. Visionary statesmen,
thinkers from al1 of Europe, could understand the necessity of integrating
their distinct parts into one whole. You have made the dream of José Ortega
y Gasset possible, who in 1930already said,

"The unity of Euro~e is not a fantasv, rather realitv itself. and the fan-
tasy is exactiy the opPosite: the belief that ~rance,.~ermany, Italy, or
Spain are substantial and independent realities",

concluding that,
'. ..<,ni! lhc cIc~.iii<>Id c1)n5lrUCo Inr. ~rr.;iln;itlon oi :,IIthc ~ontil1:ntnl
~xol~lcrwill rcvi\e th? pulse oi E~r<ipc.Thi, \iil$i\r II~oiiiiJcricc.itwill
sutom.iii~:~llyd~.m;indmore of it\r.l.ind Ji\;iplinc. it~clf."

That integrationist dream is our dream also. Hopefully, we will be capable
of making it a reality, following your footsteps.
Europe's efforts in support of peace and harmony are not limited to your
own continent, rather they uroiect themselves al1the wav to eeoerauhically
i;lr.i\\;ivCr.ntr;il r\mcris,i, in:içunvcrgrncc <ilcunimun ~Iiurt, for pc,i;c. dc-

mocrncv. ,inJ unJ~rriaiiJiii~ hct\rr'r.n pcopl~,s.'1his nicctiiig ica part of the
dialogue which is proof of that.
Permit me. Ministers. to raise mv voice in the name of the Cen~ral Ameri-
can countries: to honorthe ~inister of ~&i~n Relations of the Federal Re-
public of Germany, Don Hans Dietrich Genscher, whose dedication and per-
ional determination played an important role in bringing about dialogue
between Central America and the European community.

END.

[Spanish tex1not reproduced] CORRESPONDENCE

Official Letter
No. 010-CAYM-88

Tegucigalpa, D.C.,
February 19, 1988.

The Minister:
1respectfully write to Your Excellency to inform you that on February 17

of this year, several Honduran fishermen were intercepted, attacked, and
forcibly dispossessed of 15 pieces of fishing equipment by 1 of 2 Sandinista
Navy vessels that penetrated Honduran waters.
The affected fishermen reported this action to the director of the Punta
Condega post, Alferez de Fragata C. G. Efrain Mann Hernandez, who pro-
ceeded to carry out an investigation. As he headed towards the two San-
dinista Navy vessels in the El Conchal area, co-ordinates latitude lZO 59'

north and 87"24' latitude West,one of which had dispossessed the Honduran
fishermen of their fishing equipment, they opened fire with automatic wea-
pons and fled towards Nicaragua.
The aîtion described is both a violation of Honduran sovereignty, and an
armed attack on our National Navv unit. The Honduran Government empha-
~ ~ ~,- - r-~~~-~~~~~-~~ ~ ~to the iliustrious Government of Nicaraeuau Ai the
same time, we request that your Government investigate the facts, sanction

those res~onsible, and institute urgent measures to avoid a repetition of actions
harmful io the peaceful coexiste<ce that the Central ~merican people yearn
for.
In closing, 1 assure the Minister of my utmost esteem and considera-
tion.

Respectfully,

(Signed) Carlos LOPEZCONTRERAS,

Minister.

To His Excellency
Doctor Miguel d'Escoto,
Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Republic of Nicaragua.
Your Information.

[Spanishrexrnor reproduced] BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
302

Telex No. 244

Tegucigalpa. D.C..
February 4. 1988.

The Minister:

1 have the honor of writing to Your Excellency regarding the message 1
sent yesterday. In it, we scheduled a technical meeting to work out a political
statement for San José IV for February 15 and 16 in Tcgucigalpn. We also
suggested that a mecting of Foreign Ministers be held immediatcly after the
first meeting, also in Tegucigalpa, to prepare for the Hamburg meeting.
With regard to the latter meeting, the Salvadoran Foreign Ministry has
suggested that the Executive Commission mcet on that same date 10deal with
issues related to Esquipulas II and discuss the Central American position at
San JoséIV. 1take this opportunity to inform Your Excellency of my Govern-
ment's consent to travel to San Salvador on February 17 and 18 for the
purposes outlined. 1 do so with the understanding that the other Central
American countries are in agreement.
1await your prompt response regarding the delegation that will attend the
technical meeting in Tegucigalpa on behalf of your country.

In closing. 1 assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and considera-
tion.

Guillermo CACERE SINEDA,
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Honduras.

His Excellency
Miguel d'Escoto B.,
Minister of Foreign Affiiirs,
Managua. Nicaragua.

[Sponishrexrnor reprodiicerlj

The Minister:
1 have the honor of writing to Your Excellency regarding preparations for
the Fourth Meeting of Foreign Ministers from the European and Central
American Community (San José IV).
First of all, 1 am plcascd to inform Your Excellency that a mccting has
been called for February 15 and 16 in Tegucigalpa to work out a politicdl
statement to bc issucd in Hamburg. This meeting, subject to thc agrccmcnt of
the region's countrics. will bç of a technical nature. We urgently request that

Your Excellcncy inform us of the composition of your country's delcgation as
soon as possible.
Secondly. we support the Guatemalan Ministry's suggcstion that a mect-
ing of Foreign Ministers take place immediately after the technical meeting.
in the region, to define the Central American position in this matter. For
practical reasons, 1 propose that the second meeting take place in Teguci-
galpa on February 17. 1trust that Your Excellency will agree with this sugges-
tion. 1await your answer regarding this. CORRESPONDENCE 303

In closing.assure Your Excellency of myutmost esteem and consideration.

(Signe d )illermo CACERESPINEDA.

Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs

His Excellency
Ricardo Acevedo Peralta.
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
San Salvador. El Salvador. Managua, ~icaragua.

His Excellency His Excellency
Alfonso Cabrera Hidalgo, R. Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto.
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Guatemala. San José, Costa Rica.

3 February 1988.

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OFTHE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS

Official Letter No. 003-DA

Tegucigalpa, D.C.'
January 8,1988.
Honorable Sirs:

In accord with the meeting held yesterdny afternoon.the Government of
Honduras would likc to confirm the statements pronounced by the President
of the Reoublic. the Honorable José Azcona H..~commentine.-.n the cessa-
lion of aid to irregular forces or insurrectional movements.
In the second half of October 1987,during a visit to the United States of
America, the President stated: "Therc should not be military aid (10 the
conrras) because it violates the Guatemala Accord", insisting that only non-
lethal aid should be provided in the framework of the Guatemala agreement.
Moreover. the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Carlos L6pez Contreras. in a
public event held on September 10, 1987,stated:

"We have bccn plcascd to lcarn that the illustrious Govcrnmcnt of
El Salvador, demonstrating ils firm will to seek peace, has already or-
ganizcd thc National Reconcilintion Commission and other commis-
sions it considers neccssary to implenient the Guatemala Accord. WC
trust that the irregular armcd groups that operüte in El Salvador will
accept this Peace Accord. as well as the cal1 of al1 Central American

Presidents, by agreeing to a cessatiori in hostilities to reach national
reconciliation."
In his speech before the XVll General Assembly of the Organization 01
American States, the Ministcr L6pcz Contreras said that:

"By making the public cal1 for ceasing military aid to irregular
forces. we trust thatilwill be accepted and complied with by al1States304 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACrlONS

involved in that type of activity. including those that obstinately deny il,
in spite of evidence ta the contrary."

In closing, 1assure the HonorableAd floc Representatives to the Interna-
tional Commission for Verification and Follow-Up. of my utmost esteem and
consideration.

(Signed) Guillermo CACERE PINEDA,

Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Honorable Sirs.

Tegucigalpa

[Spanishrextnof reproiliicedl

-

1988Noresfrom Nicaragua IO Ifondiiras

MlNlSTRYOF FOREIGNAFFAIRS, MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua, May 17,1988.

The Minister:

1 have the honor of writing to Your Excellency regarding the mechanism
that our Governments established to facilitate voluntary repatriatof Nica-
raguans from Honduras, with the collaboration of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Rcfugees (UNHCR). In an exchange of diplomatic notes
between our respective Ministries of Foreign Affairs dated June 13and July 2
of 1986,we agrced on said mechanism.
The Nicaraguan Government designates Ambassador Danilo Abud Vivas
as Official Liaison with the Honduran Government to co-ordinate al1matters

related to rcpatriation. Ambassador Danilo Abud Vivas replaces Doctor
Oscar Ramon Tellez, Director of Latin America and the Caribbean.
1am sure Ambassador Abud Vivas will be able Io rely on your illustrious
Government's assistance at al1times, to the advantage of the important aims
guiding co-operaiion efforts to facilitate voluntary repatriation.
In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.

(Signed) Miguel D'ESCOT OROCKMANN,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Most Exccllcnt Sir.

('arliis Lope?,Conircras.
Sc~.rciarvof Forcign Aflciirsuf Ili~nJur:i\.

[Spnnishrexrnor reproduced]
- CORRESPONDENCE

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGNAFFAIRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
May 16, 1988.

IA. NO.

The Minister:
1 am writing ta Your Excellency in reference ta the serious events outlined
below.

On April 28 of this year, members of the Honduran Armed Forces in-
truded on Nicaraguan territory and kidnapped Nicaraguan citizen, JoséBoni-
facio L6~ez. Mr. L6oez was Secretarv of Records for the onlv Court of Santo
I'<iin:,\jil S<iric. in'('hinan~c~;, 13r<,;c.~.i.,rJinid:~\:~ii.~hlrcc.pi>rt\.thc
~iidi).iduaIkidnilppccl\\II\tr.in*icrrcd. hlinJluldci:inJh.iiiJcuifcd.1iiC'hu-
luteca city, wherehe is in fact imprisoned.
The Nicaraguan Government vigorously protests this flagrant violation of
Nicaraguan sovereignty, and kidnapping of a citizen of my country.
These events oblige me to request that the Honduran Government imme-

diately release JoséBonifacio Lopez, and carry out a thorough investigation to
clarify the facts and impose the corresponding punishment on military per-
sonnel found tu be involved.
In closing,1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.

(Signed) Miguel D'ESCOTO BROCKMANN,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

His Excellency
Carlos L6pez Contreras,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Honduras.

[Spanish rextnoi reprodirced]

MINISTRYOF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
May 13,1988.

The Minister:

According ta information published in the May 12edition of the Honduran
newspaper La Prensa, soldiers from your country's Armed Forces appre-
hended Diogenes Hernandez Membreiïo (Fernando), a leader of the so-called
Nicaraguan Resistance. The information indicated that hç was ta be deported
yesterday, Thursday, to the United States.
Today, May 13, that information was corroborated in an article by Sam
Dillon published in The Philadelphia Inqrrirer, where it States:306 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

"Honduran authorities have detained Diogenes Hernindez, conrru
dissident officer. thereby neutralizing bis efforts to remove Enrique
Bermudez. According to conrra sources and other agencies. Hernindez
was taken by helicopter from his mountain camp near the Nicaraguan
border to a Honduran military base. A Honduran based officer said
that Honduran authorities would very likely deport Hernindez 10
Miami." (*TN: translated from the Spanish.)

Minister. once again. I am obliged 10 emphatically protest your Govern-
ment's conduct in support of the Reagan Administration's criminal policy by
permitting your territory to be used as a base of aggression against Nicaragua,
and ultimatelv intervenine in conrra interna1 disou'es on the side of com-
bative, anti-~a~oi. and anïi-Esquipulas sectors.
I must also express my concern, Minister, regarding the Honduran prac-
lice of svstematicallv'.enorine-a laree-.art of iur communications durinr
ihcsc nii)nicni\ oïgrr.;it tcnsion 'l'hii poliof indificren~~~181,,Ur iIipliini;itic
niiic.dot* ii%,in .in\\\;IVconirihutc td zrc:tiiiig thc .itmc>\ph~$11pc;icc :IIIJ
co-operation that your inustrious Go~ernment~sa~sit is intercstedin advan-
cing. In this context, 1mus1referto my notedated May 9, 1988,in which 1pro-
tested the detention and "deportation" of Walter Calderon L6pez (Tofio), a
signer of the Sap06 Accord. On that occasion, 1requested exact information
on the olace. date. timc and means of transoortation bv which the "deoorted"
Nicaraguansarrived in the United~tates, ii the interést of "clearly eStablish-
ing the fate of conrra leaders mentioned and the conditions under which rhey
wëre 'deported'".
Unfortunately. my request was never answered.
On this occasion, 1 hope to receive a prompt response to Our request for
consular access. This rcquest was made hy the Nicaraguan Embassy in Hon-
duras in a diplomatie note delivered today and is in keeping with the Vienna
Convention on Consular Relations.
1 insist, Minister. that repressive measures against members of the so-
called Nicaraguan Resistance who are signatories to the Sapoi Accord -
while Somocista Enrique Rermudez remains free - constitute clear proof of
your Government's complete involvement in President Reagan's policy
against Nicaragua. They are also a clear demonstration of efforts to hinder
signing of a definitive ceasefire in Nicaragua and fuel the continuation of
war.

The Honduran Government's conduct proves the justness of Nicaragua's
position in proceeding with the lawsuit brought against your country before
the International Court of Justice. This lawsuit was unilaterally reactivated
by Honduras, thcreby rejecting Nicaragua's generous offcr to withdraw il.
For this reason. my Government is obliged to withdraw said offer.
Under these circumstances, we will have to settle the issues raised in Nica-
ragua's lawsuit hïïore the International Court of Justice. We will continue
10 reiect Honduras's attemots at hlackmail with resvect to the Esauivulas II
~ccirds, that. morcover, y&r country has not compiied with in any'way.
The Nicaraguan Government calls on Honduras to exercise wisdom and
moderation. in hope that your Government's conduct does no1 obligate us
anew 10 request Provisional Protective Measures before the lntcrnalional
Court of Justice. This lime such a request wbuld not be withdrawn.
A copy ofthis note will be sent to the President of the International Court of
Justice, the President of the Security Council for distribution as an Official
Document. the Secretary-General of the United Nations, and the Secretary CORRESPONDENCE 307

General of the Organization of American States. as well as the Governments
that make up the Contadora and Support Croups.
In closing, 1assure Your ~xcellencyof my utmost esteem and consideration.

(Signed)Miguel D'EscoTo BROCKMANN,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.
To His Most Excellcnt Sir.
Carlos Lope2 Contreras.
Minister of Foreign Aflairs of Honduras.

[Spnnisl~rexrnor reproditced]

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MANAGUA. NICARAGUA

IA. NO.
The Ministry of Foreign Aflairs presents its compliments to the
Honorable Honduran Embassy. On this occasion we are sending you a tran-
scription of Note No. 225 dated April 27. 1988. in which the Colombian
Embassy in Managua requests that the Nicaraguan Government intercede on

ils behalf before the Honduran Government to secure the release of Coloni-
bian citizen Tomas Mieuel Ruiz Mont. Mont was kidna~ued bv forces of the
counterrevolutionari&n March 20, 1986.and is being détained in Honduran
terrilory. Following is the tex1of their communication:
"The Colombian Embassy presents its compliments to the Honorable
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Please permit us to couneously and respect-

lully request that the Honorable Niwraguan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
have the good will to intercede before the Honduran Government in the
case of Colombian citizen Tomas Miguel Ruiz Mont. His situation is well
known (see notes regarding this dated Apnl 9. 1986 and AJ-020 dated
August 22. 1986).Our request, in light of the Sap02 Accords, is that thc
aforementioncd citizen be released to the Nicaraguan Government, and
that,inturn, your Government release him to the Colombian Government
for his repatriation. Our request is based on reliable reports in our posses-
sion that Colombian Tomas Miguel Ruiz Mont was kidnapped by counter-
rcvolutionanes on March 20, 1986.He was kidnapped in the Zelaya Norte
regionas he accompaniedthe Director ofthe Company"COMADECASA",
Omar Castillo Rojas, who is Nicaraguan. Our sources of information indi-
catc that Ruiz Mont was seen in the neighbonng country between Apnl20

and 25 of 1986,and it is very likcly that he is still under detention by
countcrrcvolutionary forces that opcrate from Honduran terntory."
In closing. the Ministry ofreign Affairs assures the Honorable Honduran
Emhassy of our utmost esteem and consideration.

Managua, May 12, 1988.

To the Honorable Embassy of Honduras,
Managua. Nicaragua.SI19882

ANNEX
Letter Dated 9 May 1988from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua

Addressed Io the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Honduras
For vears. vour enliehtened Government has tumed a deaf ear to the numer-
ou\ Pr~c~~1 ~1iiidcbythe C;OV:~IIII~CII~i Nt;:iragu:~.I\our POIIC :II.tll<nvinlt:hc
n,t,rni.tiiturn Ilondur3n territor! iiito 3 \priiigh,~nrd!<Ir:agqcwain ;is.iin\Our
iici,iilc.wiih th\urin<!rii,ficn dtrcc!. u111~H~n~lur:~;~trinicil irirLcr.
Your ~overnmênthas always chosen to deny publicly what everyone knows

tube an irrefutahle fact. In private, it has always said that it is unable to prevent
the contras from using Honduran territory, claiming that it could not withstand
the inevitable repnsals which the United States Government would take if
Honduras were tu show independence. Honduras has done nothing to change
its policy even since the signing of the Esquipulas II agreements.
Now that the Sapod agreement has been signed and that the possibility of
peace is, for the first lime, drawing within reach, the Government of Hondu-
ras has finally decided to take action against leaders of the contras. In order
that, in the words of a communiqué issued by the armed forces on 6 May,
Honduras "should not become involved in the internal affairs of other na-
tions", the Honduran authorities proceeded to arrest and expel from the

country "seven leading members of the Nicaraguan resistance".
Curiously enough, the individuals arrested and imprisoned by the DNI are
precisely those leaders who say that they are for peace and for compliance
with the Sapod agreement, which involves signing a definitive cease-fire
agreement. Moreover. two of the arrested. Walter Calderon Lo~ez (Toiio)
and Diogenes ~erndn'dez Membreiio (~ernando), are, as a ~eraid article
6 May indicates,signatories to the Sapod agreement. In other words, Honduras
has taken the reprehensible step of interferhg in the internal struggle among
the contras and of siding with those elements who want to pursue the war.
The Government of Nicaragua lodges a vigorous and categorical protest al
this action by the Honduran Government, which is unquestionably further

proof of your Government's deep commitment to the cause of terrorism,
death and destruction against Nicaragua.
Lastly, we have learned of the note sent tu a Honduran newspaper and
signed by most of the arrested contra leaders who, according to the above-
mentioned communiqué of the armed forces, have been "deported" to the
United States. These Nicaraguan citizens feared for their lives, and say as
much in their note. Accordinelv..w. reauest vour enliehtened Government to
iiifurrn u\ prccibcly whcrc whcn :*ni hoa: ihc.c <i<;ir;tgii:iti -d:p,,rir.r.s"
.irri\rJ inihc Cniicd 5i;iir.. The Guvcrnmcni uf Ni<.ir,igii;tis n;iiur,illy inicr-
estcd in csi:thlishing prcsisclv uliat Ii~s Iiariiicii~diai thc .ih<nc-mcntioncd
contra leaders and under whai circum~tances'ihe~ were "deported".

Copies of this note will be sent to the President of the International Court
of Justice, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Secretary
Gene-ral of the Organization of American States and the President of the
United Nations Security Council.
Miguel d'EscoTo BROCKMANN,
Minister for Foreign Affairs.

[Spanish texrno1reproduced] CORRESPONDENCE

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAlRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
May 6,1988.

The Minister:

1am writing to Your Excellency to protest the following actions:
On May 4 of this year, two ''Pitana" type boats originating from the Hon-
duran naval base of Amapala invaded Nicaraguan jurisdictional waters. They
attacked Sandinista People's Army positions on the Bocana seaboard, one
kilometre south-east of Potosi, in Chinandega Province. During the on-
slaueht. M-50 heavv machine gun and rifle fire were used. Nicararuan mili-

taryauthoritiesrePelled the a&ault and forced the attacking hoats"to return
to their place of origin.
In view of this attack,the Nicaraman Government is oblired 10once arain
lodge a vigorous protest. Actions such as those reviewed chove are sezous
violations of Treaties in effect, and of norms of general and common interna-
tional law.
My country's Government insists that Honduran authorities adjust their
conduct in keeping with the order of international law, in particular, by im-
peding use of Honduran territory for acts of destahilization against Nicara-
gua, and hindering the repetition of these deeds. The continuation of these
actions weigbs negatively on efforts to reach a just and lasting peace in Cen-
tral America.
In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideratiou.

(Signed)Miguel ~'Esco~o BROCKMANN,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Excellency
Carlos L6pez Contreras,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Honduras.

(Spanishlai not reprod~rcedj

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGNAFFAlRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
April 29, 1988.

The Minister:

1must categorically reject the protest note of April 23 sent by Your Excel-
lency. This note attempts to attribute to my country's Army an attack against
the Honduran village of Suji, as well as harassment against the villages of
Awasbila. Pranza. and Rus-Rus.
A ond dur armed Force statement issued on April 23 tries to convey
that the UNHCR verified "dead and wounded, as well as material damage310 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

left by Sandinista troops". This was denied by the UNHCR in an April 26
note where ii affirms that "ihis office has noi been invited tu visit affected
zones . .to verify the supposed existence of wounded, dead, or maierial dam-
age".
Likewise, the UNHCR points out in the note that "the circulation of this
version occurs ai a particularly successful moment of Our work", given the
riumber of rcpatriations that have been carried out. In thc judgment of my
Government, this siiu;ilioii creates serious suspicions about hidden intentions
underlying the unsustainable accusations containcd in your note.
Bascd on contacts with some of the 164 repatriated individuals who
arrived in Nicaragua from Honduras las1Tuesday via the Leymus post, il can

De deduced that a confrontation between the Honduran Army and Yatama
forces occurred at Suji. Consequently, there was no participation from my
country's Army. Similar confrontations had taken place in the Awawas and
Awaslala sectors on April 19and 21, with the capture of almost one hundred
Nicaraguans being reported.
In accord with this iestimony. it has been established that the cause of
attacks by Yatama forces rests in the innumerable abuses, repressive acts. and
persecution against Nicaraguan citizens of Miskito origin.
According tu rïports, the conduci of your country's Army ranges from
harassing motorists who transport the repatriated, illegally confiscating
motors from the boats used in ihe reoatriation. uo to and includine reoressive
and arbitrary mcasures in refugee camps. These measurcs have gone as far as
using physical violence against refugees and imposinp obstacles to the repa-
triatlon of young pcople. . .
The following are among the cases cited:

"On January 27. 1988,the citizen Otoniel Gomez was murdered by an
officer of the V Military Batallion of Honduras, in a place known as Wis-
Wis.
On March 28. a small boat that was transoortine a corose back to the
community of Krin Krin, was detained by the'~ondiran krmy at the bor-
der post of Pranza. They searched the crew members and treated the
cadaver disres~ectfullv,
'~'hrou~hoiiithis ?:~r. M\.li,kiioviII;i$srai ihc pi>~iiiknoun as \V:i\puk
i;iha\< hccn thr. i~bjcctutsc.irsher 4nJ prc\\urc, h! ille 1liinJur:in mili-
tary.

Since March 15, Honduran military personnel have repcatedly vio-
lated Nicaraguan sovereignty by crossing the border and carrying out
arbiirary actions in villagesuch as Wiwinack.
The Honduran military virtually impedcs free transit tu the commu-
nities, in the stretch that goes from Asang tu Santa Isabel."
The Nicaraguan Govcrnment firmly and emphatically condemns the re-
pressive acts committed against Nicaraguan citizens of Miskito origin. as

well as the violations of our national sovereignty. We request an immediate
and definitive end to ihis intolerable situation.
An integral solution Io this problem would include facilitating voluntary
repatriation and preventing an increase in repression ngainsi relugees due to
these reports. In order tu seek such a solution, the Nicaraguan Government
requests that the Honduran Government allow a Government Delegation tu
carry out an on-site inspection in the refugee camps. This visii would be a kcy
factor in acceleraiing the repatriation of al1 Nicaraguan ciiizens of Miskito
origin who arc in Honduras. CORRESPONDENCE 311

In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my highest esteem and consideration.

(Sigrle</)Migucl ~'Esco~o BROCKMANN,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

His Excellency
Carlos L6pe7.Contreras;
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Honduras

[Spanistr rexrriorreproducedl

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
April 27, 1988.

The Minister:

Once aeain. the Honduran Government has answered a message o- the
A'icÿragu;iAGi>iernnicnt with ;Ifitriiri.o,>rpL.,rcccnt c;~se.is the Ietter sent
by lJre\idcnt D;~nicl0rteg;i tiPresident JosC A/~.(in:a inre\p<inse to cuncernb
of Hondur:i\. Prcsidciit 0rtcg;i cxprcssed our willincnr.,\ Io withdraw the

lawsuit hefore the 1nternatioGl ~iurt of Justice if th; Government of your
country look concrete steps to re-establish the rule of international law in
relations between the two States. Your Govcrnmcnt's answer to Nicaragua's
generous proposal was to request the scheduling of public hearings (June 6)
before the International Court of Justice which Nicaragua had frozen.
Undoubledly, this action by Honduras can only be interpreted as an offi-
cial reiection of our orooosal for the withdrawal of the lawsuit, oblining us to
cancefour offer- ai wi have, in effect, done- and move forward inthe judi-
cial procedure without further setbacks. as Honduras requested.
~bda~, your country's Government again answered a~communication from
Nicaragua by means of a fairaccompli.On April 22, President Ortega spoke
with President Azcona by telephone to voice his concern over the Honduran

Government's illegal authorization for US Administration "assistance" to be
deliv~re~ ~o~irreeular forces in Honduran tcrritorv via AID. He am~lv ex-
plained to the esi ide of Honduras the need to Linder Honduran tér;itory
from being uscd for such illicit aims sincc said authorization is inconsistcnt, in
absolutc tirms. with thc Esauioulas II Accords, the Sa~oi Accord. and cven
the intervcntionist law appr;véd by the Congress of the United States. This
concern of Nicaragua had also been expressed in a letter 1sent to Your Excel-
lency dated April20, which has yet to be answered.
President Azcona offered to respond to the concerns expressed by Presi-
dent Ortega (in the April22 telephone conversation) on April23. The answcr

to both my letier and President Ortega's message arnved by means of accom-
plished fact. Today, April 27. the Honduran Director of Information and
Press announced that a US Air Force airplane unloaded 38,000 pounds of so-
called "humanitarian aid" for irregular forces in Honduran territory.
That was your Government's answer: allow the illegal delivcry of "aid" CORRESPONDENCE 313

name of the official who will participate in the Technical Group, as well as the
flight and lime of arriva1 in Managua.
In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consideration.

(Signed) Miguel ~'Escoro BROCKMANN,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Excellency,
Minister of Foreign Alfairs of. ..

[Spanishttirt not reproduced]

SI19831

ANNEX Il

Letter Dated 20 April 1988 from the Minister for ForeignAffairs
of Nicaragila to theMinisterfor ForeignAffairs of Honduras

1have the honour to refer to the authorization given hy the Government of
vour countrv for the United States Adininistration. throueh the Aeencv for
international Development (AID), to provide "aid" to tie irreguïar forces
that are in Honduran territory. Such authorization is mentioned in a press
release issued bv the information and mess officeof vour countrv's Ministrv

Esquipulas II and iRterfering i' tne proper implementation of the agreement
signed at Sapoa, by lending itself to the manŒuvres of the Government of
the United States, the sole objective of which is to sabotage peace efforts.
As you will recall, under section 5 of the Esquipulas II Agreement, it is
"vital" for the attainment of peace that any kind of aid ta the irregular forces
be terminated, except that intended for "the repatriation or, failing that, the
relocation and necessarv assistance with reinteeration into normal life of
iormcr nicnihrr\ cilsuch goups or i<ir;-s".
L,igicaIl!, *uch:inc.;ccpri<inc:innoi .ipplyin ihc~.;i\r.o:srmr.J grc,up,iIi:ii
irL.in Hi~niliir;i\;inih.ii ~ipcnliIr.cl,ircihc~r.lc<i,iun tu <Iirrcg:~rilthc Sdpoi
agreement and continue teirorist acts against Nicaragua. -

We cannot omit to point out that the unilateral reactivation by Honduras of
the legal action instituted by Nicaragua before the International Court of
Justice, through a request for the setting of the date of the next hearing, is
motivated by the search for a pretext to continue rcfusing the establishment
of permanent mobile units in its territory to carry out the essential on-the-
spot verification of the implementation of the security agreements, in accord-
ance with the "Guatemala Procedure" and the declaration signed al Alajuela.
1 should inform you that a copy of this note is being transmitted to the
International Court of Justice.
(Signe</)Miguel ~'Esco~o BROCKMANN,

Minister for Foreign Affairs.

[Spanishtex1not reprodi~ced]314 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDAnIONS

Managua.
March 28,1988.

Dear President and Friend:

As vou know. the Fifth Meetine of the Executive Commission of the
~s~ui&las II ~ccords, held last ieek in Guatemala could no1 conclude
ils business. The meeting was tabled with April 7th set as the date of resump-
tion.
However. the dvnamic of recent events- the disoatch of 3.200 US soldiers
to ond dur and' Nicaragua's request for temp&ary prothe measures
from the lnternational Court of Justice - has a Pace of its own which obliges
us to make immediate decisions. .

In the presence of the other Central American Ministers at the Guatemala
meeting, Minister Carlos Lapez Contreras made a commitmenl that al1
3.200 US soldiers. sent to Honduras with the acknowledeed intention to
'.strengthen or proiect the Nicaraguan insurgents that are fiaring against the
Sandinista regime", would be completely withdrawn from Honduran terri-
torv on March 26 and 27
~od3~.513rch 28.wr. habc hcen ahle to \.erify that the coniniitnieiiIini-
stcr Liipcï Contrcrÿs has no1 hccn ciirricd out. ~ilthuugh. uc havc leiirncd
frim puhlic wurces ih;it unJer cun\idcr:ati<in i5the p:irti.il aiihdr:sa<if\.iirl
troops th-twwn ~i>drl?aiid ton)orrow. Ihc ?L)lh.'l'hli uould includc thc retcii.
lion of rcniaining troaips in 1-londur;is indcfinitcly \\.ith \omc t:iking p;irt in
inili1;irvm.iniru\rc, th:it m:i\ h.iic the mine ::fth;it \\hich d~.tc.rmincdihcir

deplo$nent.
On the other hand, esteemed President, the Agents for Nicaragua and
Honduraswere summoned by the President of the International Court of Jus-
tice to appear at a meeting that was scheduled to be held tomorrow, March
29. This meeting was postponed until Thursday the 31% at the request of
Honduras.
On Thursday the 31% however. we should be prepared to clearly define
before the President of the lnternational Court of Justice Our decision re-
garding the form of continuing legal proceedings or even the conditions
under which we could proceed to conclude said proceedings.
Therefore. esteemed President. with the intention of continuing to con-
tribute the utmost to the consolidation of peace, by means of strengthening
the process initiated with Esquipulas II. 1take the liberty of making the fol-
lowing proposal:

Firsi Nicaragua is ready to continue to be flexible and patient and in
this spirit, to wait until Wednesday, March 30 at 2400 hours for the 3,200
US soldiers sent to Honduras to totally abandon the tcrritory of that
country.
If at that time, the troops that minister Lapez Contreras guarantecd would

be out of Honduras on Sunday the 27th have made an effective and complete
withdrawal, then Nicaragua, in the meeting with the agents of Honduras and
Nicaragua before the President of the International Court of Justice set for
Thursday, March 31, would consent 10desist in its request for temporary pro-
tective measures presented IO the lnternational Court of Justice. But. al the
same time. would proceed to insist that said Court set a date for the hearing
on jurisdiction in the claim initiated by Nicaragua against Honduras.
Second. Nicaragua would be willing to alter ils position with respect to
the date on which the hearing on jurisdiction is held if, within a Limeperiod of CORRESPONDENCE 315

no longer than 45 days. a mechanism to guarantee security on the border
between Honduras and Nicaragua is established irr sirir and for a minimum
period of one year. This mechanism would be established by means of a bila-
teral accord between bath States. For that nu. .se. a reauest would be made
lu ilic <icncr,il Scrrc1;tr<ilihc Ciiiicrl N.iiiiin>icc)rgiini,c.ifpo*\ihlc wiih
the CO-opcr;aii<in ui ihc Org~iii/;ilii~n<IIAmcricnii St.itc*. pcrm.incnt mohilc
unit,. suchai tliosc \urric\icJ bv ihc C'N-O,\S icchntc;il cummisrion ih:ii risi-
ted Central America K~ciobér 1987.These oermanent mobile units would
he established on the border between Honduras and Nicaragua, and accord-
ina to the letter of the Esquipulas II Accords, ils members would bc sclecicd
fr<m regional and extra-reghnal countries ihat have shown a desire to co-
operate with peace efforts in Central Anierica. These include countrics such
as Mexico, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela; Argentina, Brazil, Peru and
Uruguay; Canada. Spain, Finland. Italy. Norway, the Federal Republic of
Gcrmany, and Sweden.
Thircl.If by May 15th, we find the mechanism to guarantee border securiiy
between Honduras and Nicaragua alrcady established in sirrr. Nicaragua
would consent to agree that ihc agents of both countries appear before the

International Court of Justice to express their desire that the date on which
the hearine on iurisdiction is Io take olace be indefinitelv susoended.

rati'on with ~icaragua that <bligcs the two states to find récourse in ihc
International Court of Justice in thc case of any conflict or situation ihai
puts peace between them in danger. This bilateral treaty mus1clearly and un-
doubtedly establish acceptancc by Honduras and Nicaragua, and without any
condition or lime-limit, of the obligatory jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice, independenily of whaicver existing reservaiions andlor of
the withdrawal or the modification of the acceptance of obligatory jurisdic-
lion of the Court with respect 10 ihird States thai may be presented following
the signing of the treaty. Nicaragua would proceed to desist in the claim
against Honduras immediately alter the implementation of the Treaty of
Friendship and Co-operation.

For your information, 1am also enclosing the document that Nicaragua is
delivering to Central American Governments and to the international com-
muniiy on the situation we face.
President and Friend, please accepi my cordial greetings.

Daniel ORTEGASAAVEDRA.

His Most Excellent Sir,
JoséAzcona Hoyo,
President of the Republic of Honduras.
Tegucigalpa

/Spprirri.slfrcrr nor rcprodirced]316 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Al421946
SI19698
25 March 1988
English
Original: Spanish.

Letter Dated 25 March 1988from the Chargéd'Affaires a.i. of the
Permanent Mission of Nicaragua fo the United Nations Addressed ro
the Secretary-General

1have the honour to transmit to you below the note which His Excellency
Mr. Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann. Minister for Foreien Affairs of Nicaraeua.
sent toUHis Excellency Mr. carlos L6pez contrer&, Minister for ~orzi~n
Affairsof Honduras, on 23 March 1988:

"1 am writing in reference to your note of 23 March, in which you
ascribe responsibility for violations of Honduran territory on 22 March
in Pico Espanol sector, El Paraiso department, and Bocay sector, Olan-
cho department, to troops of the Sandinist People's Army.
The Government of Nicaragua categorically rejects such accusa-
tions. As vou are aware. and as official sookesmen of vour countrv and
,~~ ~ ~
of the United States ~overnment ha;e acknowledged, ~icari~uan
government troops have successfully concluded operations to drive the
mercenary forces out of Nicaraguan territory and hack to their bases in
Honduras, and are at this moment safeguarding the territorial integrity
of Nicaragua.
It is a matter of concern to mv Government that the false accusations
levelled by the Government of2Honduras coincide with the arriva1 in
Nicaragua of the United Nations technical mission that has been dis-
patched to observe the situation in the border area. We nevertheless
appreciate the communication received today by the Nicaraguan
embassy in Tegucigalpa from civilian and military authorities, indi-
cating that every effort will he made to help to guarantee the safety of
the mission during its visit to the border sector of Bocav.
While reitera& our appeal to the Government20f Honduras to

grant access to the mission so that it can observe the situation on hoth
sides of the frontier and ascertain the veracitv of the accusations, we
would point out that the outrage upon Honduian sovereignty has been
committed by the United States Government hy imposing the presence
of mercenary forces on your country."

1should be grateful if you would arrange to have this note circulated as an
official document of the forty-second session of the General Assembly under
agenda item 34. and of the Security Council.

(Signed) Julio ICAZA GALLARD,
Ambassador,
Chargéd'affaires a.i.

[Spanish text not reproduced] CORRESPONDEXCE

Al421934
SI19660
21 March 1988
English
Original: Spanish.

Letter Dared21 March 1988from the Chargé d'Affaires1r.i.of the
Permanent Missionr~fNicaragiraIo the UnitedNationsAO<lressed to
the Secre1ar.v-General

1have the honour to transmit to you below the note dated 19March 1988
which His Excellency Mr. Miguel d9Escoto Brockmann, Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Nicaragua. sent to His Excellency Mr. Carlos Lopez Contreras,
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Honduras:
"1am compelled to write to you once again with reference Io the fol-
lowing attacks:

Between 0800 and 0830 hours today, 19March, two F-5 aircraft com-
ing from Honduran territory overflew the sectors of Mukuwas. San
Andrésde Bocay, Waniwas y Wayawas. situated approximately 12kilo-
metres inside Nicaraguan territory, and proceeded ta drop bombs and
fire gun shots there.
Later, bctwccn 1435and 1445hours,two F-5 aircraftoverflewthe sec-
tors of Amaka and Bocav, situated 8 kilometres inside Nicaraguan terri-
tory, and dropped four bombs on Sandinista People's ~rmf positions
there. The aircraft later returned to their sanctuary in Honduran territory.
The Government of Nicaragua protests vigorously and formally at
this series of aeeressions aeainst Nicaraeuan territorv. to which must be
added the reprehensible aerial bombings, attacks and incursions which
1reuorted in the notes which 1sent to you yesterday and this morning.
~hese incidents make quite clear what ~resident-~zcona meant when
he said yesterday at a press conference that 'our most readily available re-
source is the Air Force and we shall use it again tomorrow if we continue
to find that the Sandinistas have not left our territory'. What President
Azcona wasreally doing was reporting, in advance, the bomhing of Nicara-

guan temtory, for there has been no Sandinista 'invasion'of Honduran
soil. As a result, for his words to be fulfilled,what he mus1have me-nt
and what in fact happened- was that the target wasOurnational temtory.
These latcst attacks show that the Republic of Nicaragua was justi-
fied in applying, in the common interests of both peoples, to the Inter-
national Court of Justice for interim protective measures in the case
brought by Nicaragua. The Government of Honduras must realize that
only respect for international law can provide an effective framework
for relations amon- -eiehbourine countries."
1should be grateful if you would have this note distribuled as an official
document of the forty-second session of the General Assembly. under agenda
item 34, and of the Security Council.
(Signed) Julio ICAZAGALLARD,
Ambassador,
Chargéd'Affaires a.i.

[Spanishtex:not reproduced]318 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACI'IONS

Al421937
SI19666
22 March 1988
English
Original: Spanish

LetferDared 21 March IY88from the Chnrgé d'Affaireso.;. ofrlze
PermanentMission of Nirorufirru10the UnitedNationsAddressedfo
rtreSrcrerury-Generul

1have the honour to scnd you a transcript of the note dated 19March 1988
which His Excellency Mr. Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, Minisier for Foreign
Affairs of Nicaragua, sent to His Excellency Mr. Carlos L6pez Contreras,
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Honduras.

-1 am writing to inform you of the following incidents:

At 2100 hours on 18March 1988,a group of approximately 30 merce-
naries entered Nicaraguan territory from Honduran territory via thc
sector of Valle de Torres, 5 kilometres north-east of Somotillo. on co-
ordinales 4508.The group clashed with a unit of the Sandinista People's
Army: one member of Ourarmy, JoséDimas Rodriguez Rios, was killed
and soldiers Anastasio SBnchez Zamora. Savier Velisquez Poveda,
Leonidas Adin Rivera Ramos and Osman Sanchez Corrales were
wounded. Among the terrorist group, two mercenaries were killed and
a large assortment of military supplies were captured. The rest of
the group fled towards Honduran territory, taking the El Coyol road on
co-ordinales 4708. This infiltration was openly supportcd hy the Hon-
duran army, which fired rifle shots al the Sandinista People's Army
border post located at Palo Grande Viejo, half a kilomeire west of
Somotillo on co-ordinates 35-98-4.
1must also inform you that on 15March of this year, aircraft coming

from Honduras violaied Nicaraguan airspace on three occasions,
returning to Honduran territory alter their incursions. Simiiar viola-
tions of Nicaraeua's airsoace- 4. 10 and 9 incursions resoectivelv -
occurred underrimilar ckcumstances on 16. 17and 18~arih, making a
total of 26 violations of Nicaraguan sovereignty. 1 musi emphasize
that, on a number of occasions, these incursions were accompanied by
attacks on our ierritory.
Faced with ihesc rcpeaied, unjustified and treacherous acts of aggres-
sion against the Republic of Nicaragua. 1 wish to lodge the strongest
and mosi vigorous protcst and 10 inform you that Our represrntative
to the International Court of Justice has been instructed to apply immc-
diately to the Court for intcrirn protective measures in the case con-
cerning 'border and transborder military actions' brought by the Rcpub-
lic of Nicaragua.
This dccision is further proof that the Government of Nicaragua,
faithful to its commitment to always seek peaceful solutions to situa-

tions which ihreaten international peace is using the mcans of dispute
settlement to which it is bound by the United Nations Charter and the
Bogot6 Charter. Such action is motivated hy Our profound conccrn Io
see the establishment of a jus1 and lasting peace in the region, a
peace which your Government unjustifiably and irresponsibly insists on
jeopardizing." CORRESPONDENCE 319

I qliould Iic ~r.iicfII!i,u \ii,ulJ h.ivc [hi, ciimm~nic.iiion ,li~irih:i,.In
oiiic~~filu~.unicni01 th< lari\-~cc~~~i~lS,ICJI01the Gcncr:~l~\>scnil>ly.undcr
agenda item 34, and of the ~ëcurity Council

(Signeii) Julia ICAZAGALI.ARD,

Ambassador,
Chargéd'Affaires a.i.

[Spanishtexfnof reprodrice<l/

A1421935
SI19661
21 March 1988
English
Original: Spanish.

Letter Daled 21 Marclr 1988 from the Chargéd'affairesa.i. of the Permanent
Missionof Nicaraguato the UnitedNutionsAddressed fo
the Secretary-General

1 have the honor to transmit to you below the note which His Excellency
Mr. Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua,
sent to His Excellency Mr. Carlos Lopez Contreras, Minister for Foreign Af-
fairs of Honduras, on 18March 1988:

"ltis with profound concern that 1am writing ta inform you of the fol-
lowing incidents:
At 1200 hours on 17 March 1988, two jet planes entered Nicaraguan

airspace from Honduras and fired 5 rackets in the sector of Amaka, on
the border between the two countries, al precisely the moment when
Lt. Col. JavierCarrion. Deputy Chief of Staff of the Sandinista People's
Army, was holding a press conference for 31 national and foreign jour-
nalists. This treacherous attack, which was widely covered by the jour-
nalists prçsent at the scenc of thc incidçnt, was totally unprovoked.
At 1640hours on the same dav. a iet olane also comine from Hondu-

re-entered Handuran airspace.

The Government of Nicaragua protests formally and vigorously al
these attacks on Nicaraeuan territory, which show that the Government
of Honduras is persist>g in its refusal ta conduct its relations with
Nicaragua in accordance with international law and the treaties in
force.
The incidents to which 1have referred are no1only extremely serious
in themselves but are al1 the more dangerous in that they are taking

place at a lime when the United States Government, launching a massive
campaign of false accusations against Nicaragua, has deployed 3,200
soldiers to southern Honduras in a move designed to set the stage for a
inierventionist adventure against Nicaragua.
The incidents to which 1have referred, combined with the continued
tolerance and support which the Government of Honduras has shown320 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

for the military and paramilitary activities being conducted from
Honduran territory by the mercenary groups in the service of the
United States Government. are more than adequate and unequivocal
proof that Honduras has not only failed Io comply with the Esqui-
pulas II agreements, by supporting irregular groups and not preventing
the use of ils territory as a base for aggression against Nicaragua, but
also appears no1 to have any intention of complying with them in the
future.

The Government of Nicaragua once again calls on the Govern-
ment of Honduras to heed the leeitimate interests of the Honduran
people and allow access to the ~nyted NationsIOAS technical mission
so that it can conduct an on-the-spot investigation and propose the
necessary procedures for disarming and relocating the mercenary
groups currently stationed on the border between Honduras and Nica-
ragua."

1 should be grateful if you would have this note distributed as an official
document of the forty-second session of the General Assembly, under agenda
item 34, and of the Security Council.

(SignedJJulio ICAZA GALLARD,
Ambassador,
Chargé d'affaires a.i.

[Spanish fextnotreproduced]

MINISTRYOF FOREIGNAFFAIRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
March 17, 1988.

I.A. No

The Minister:
1 am writing to Your Excellency to categorically and emphatically reject

your protest of March 16, in note No. 025-DSM. The Minister attempts to
base his protest on a non-existent "invasion" of Honduran territory by the
Sandinista Army "in the area where the Bocay River flows into the Coco or
Segovia River, south-east of Olancho Province".
The Nicaraguan Government lirmly rejects the unfounded accusation that
members of the Armed Forces of Nicaragua have invade(/ Honduras. If any
invasion of Honduras has taken place, il is that of US troops and their merce-
naries, as has been systematically denounced by diverse sectors of the Hon-
duran population. And the only aggression that has occurred is the daily
aggression waged from Honduran territory by the Reaganite forces. This
is tolerated bv the Honduran Government which has been incaoa'le of
denouncing théReagan Administration's illegal use of ils territory.
For niore than seven years, the United States Government has maintained
an illegal and immoral policy of war against Nicaragua, which has entailed CORRESPONDENCE 321

using neighboring countries as platforms for attack by mercenary groups at ils
service.
Throughout al1these years, the Nicaraguan Government has tried to ham-
per, unsuccessfully. the involvement of brother countrics in the criminal war
against my country. To this end, Nicaragua has proposed many concrete
peace initiatives, such as joint patrols on the borders and creation of mixed
security commissions.
In spite of those cfforts, the irregular groups creatcd, armed, trained,
and directed by the US Government have made Honduran lcrritory their
sanctuary. From there, they c«mmit the terrorist acts 1 havc referred to
with impunity, often provoking border incidents as a result of that illegal
presence.
Previous years havc shown how the US Government has attempted, on
innumerable occasions. to distort these incidents in order to escalate the

aggrc\\ic~n~ginst Nic;tr;igu.i2nd open ihc.d<i<irIO an cvcniu;il intcrvcnii,>ni~i
aJvcnturc I'hcdcliloynicni of .i.Zi(IS Army suldic.r\ 1srcli;iblc pr~~ofof flic
war obiectives hidden behind the false accusations aeainst mv countrv.
~h; slanderous campaigns against my country, and évents iollowing
border incidents in March and December of 1986, clearly illustrated the
aggressive aims of the US Administration, alien to the real intercsts of our
'eooles.
li was preciscly to prevent the Honduran Government from being dragged
by this policy into a regional war of incalculable conscquences, that the Nica-
raeuan-~overnment. Ündcr the orocedures for ~eaceful solution in the
~iited Nations Charter. appealed io the ~nternational Court of Justice. Nica-
ragua sought to securc an end to the use of Honduran territory as a launching .
pad for brutal aggression against Our nation.
The Nicaraguan Government has never harbored hostility towards the
brother people and Government of Honduras. On the contrary, convinced of
the historical links that unite both nations. Nicaraeua has alwavs tried to
make peace and friendship the basis of relations Gith ils neighbor, in the
framework of international law.
When Nicaragua rcpels mercenary groups that daily commit the most
atrocious crimes aeainst ils oeoole under a oolicv of aeeression and State ter-
rorism, it is only &ercising'its iegitimate and unquestionable right to defend

its sovereignty, independencc, and territorial intearity.
The ~GaÏaguan -Governmcnt views with geit Eoncern the non-compli-
ance of Honduras with the obligation under international law, and repcated
by Central American Prcsidents in the Esquipulas II Accords. of impcding
the use of their territory to attack other States. Efforts to gel the Honduran
Government to accept mechanisms for on-site inspection havc also becn un-
successful. These would eventually help to re-establish peace and tranquillity
in the border zones affected by the mercenary presence.
The Nicaraguan Government calls on the Government of Honduras to
consider the situation. so as to not get dragged along by an illegal policy
that has already been condemned by the International Court of Justice, and
that will only bring more death and destruction to the Central American
oeoole.
În this spirit. Nicaragua invites the Honduran Government to receive the
visit of the UN-OAS Technical Mission. This Mission has been cstablished to
carry out on-site vcrification in border zones, and formulate concrete pro-
posais on procedures for disarmament and withdrawal of al1 mercenary
forces from the common border arca.322 BORDERAND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

In closing. 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and considera-
tion.

Miguel D'EscoTO BROCKMANN,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.
His Excellency

Carlos Lopez Contreras,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Tegucigalpa.

/S~>uni.s i.rtnur reprodirced]

MlNlSTRY OF FOREIGNAWAIRS
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA

Managua,
Fcbruary 22, 1988.

The Minister:

1have the honor of writing to Your Excellency regarding the proposal you
presented on bchalf of the Government of Honduras during the XVll Regu-
lar Session of the Gencral Assembly of the Organization of American States.
This proposal was again presented by the Minister in the February 17, 1988.
Executive Com~-ssion nieetin~~~ ~San Salvador.
Your Excellency proposed. among other things, the formation of an Inter-
national Securitv Commission on the borders. This body would be charged

with imoe.ine ~"reeul-r forc~s~lrom usine Hon--ran terhtorv. as well as dis-
arming and detaining those groups that would seek sanctuary in your country.
Your proposal also called for the creation of civilian organizations of an
international character. These would assume the tasks of organizing recep-
lion and internment centers for irregular forces, as well as repatriation or
transferral to third party countries (within a penod of three months) of those
members of said groups who disarm on Honduran soil. and other tasks.
Your Excellency will surely recall that the Nicaraguan Government has
insisted on the absolute necessity of establishing effective mechanisms to

guarantee border security between our two countries on many occasions
since Mav ,981~~.hen t~e Presidents of Hnnduras and Nicaraeua met at the
border post of El ~uasaulel ln fact, that 1981Summit prod~cedYanagreement
that the Ministcrs of Defense and Chiefs of Staff of our countries would meet
and take concrete steps to guarantee border security by means of a joint
patrol. Unfortunately. in spitc of Nicaragua's insistence, it was impossible to
keep that agreement. It was not even possible to secure Hofiduras's consent
to meet at the Ievcl agreed upon to ùiscuss how to carry out said joint patri~l.

At the V Meeting or the Executive Commission, held in San Salvador on
February 17. 1988, Nicaragua submitted concrete and detailed proposais for
implementing the agreements of Esquipulas II in the areas of verification,
control. follow-uo. and csoeciallv "indisoensable" on-site verification. The
I:iiic.ri;icwniniiinient which Hondur;ii ha;. to d,ie. refu\<J 10 :<,nipl! uitli.
The propr~\:ilprcscnicd by IlonJur:i\ ICIihr. G~ncriil Asxnihly of thc O,\S.
:ind .<e:tinon Fc'hrunry17in S.in S:ili,;idor.uould nr>i>cnr tu have hecn \uhmii-
ted as an alternative2to on-site inspection. which 'i; a commitment we made
under the Guatemala Procedure. CORRESPONDENCE 323

Our understanding is that your Government's proposal reflects a firm
oolitical will to resoect the basic orincioles of international law and to therehv
;doPt the necessa& measures toprevent Honduran territory from being used
as a base ol aeeression against Nicaragua. Therefore1wish to repeat that my
Government c&siders ihis a proposal, as 1 expressed-in my no&
dated Novemher 16, 1987.
However, the real value of your proposal, Minister, depends on the will-

ingness of the Honduran Government to implement il as quickly as possible.
Nicaragua invites the Honduran Government to immediately establish
direct talks between Our couniries to agree on and implement your country's
proposal, with the urgency that the situation warrants. 1propose that the first
meeting of commissionslrom hoth countries tüke place on Monday, February 29,
in Managua, or if you prefer, in Tegucigalpa. These commissions should
be led by the respective Chiefs of Staffof the Honduran and Nicaraguan Armies.
In closing1assure Your Excellencyof my highestesteem and consideration.

(Signed) Miguel D'ESCOTOBROCKMANN,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

To His Excellency
Carlos Lope2 Contreras,
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Honduras.

[Spanish text not reproduce<lj

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MANAGUA , ICARAGUA

Managua,
Fehruary 4,1988.

The Minister:

1 have the honor of writiue to Your Excellencv to convev the contents of
the note 1sent today to His Excellency, Ricardo icevedo ~Galta, Minisier of
Foreign Affairs of El Salvador. The text of the note follows.

"Managua,
February 4, 1988.
To His Excellency
Ricardo Acevedo Peralta,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador.

1have the honor of wriiing to Your Excellency to confirm my accept-
ance of the invitation made todüy, hy telephone, to attend an Executive
Commission meeting on February 17 and 18 of 1988 in San Salvador.
This meeting willallow us to carry out the mandate cntrustçd ta us by the
Central American Presidents in the Costa Rica Summit meeting. As
Foreign Ministers of our respective countries, we can take advantage of
this meeting to discuss the positions our Governments will present at

the IV Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs from the European Com-
munity. Contadora Group. and Central America.324 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

The Nicaraman Government noted that the Honduran Foreien
Minisir?.in ICIL N'o. 244. Jaicd today. ha5 ;ilrc;iJ! ctinicniId bc;n
San SalvaAir on the proposed daics for ihc.purpuses outlincd \Ve have
;il\<notcd iIi;ithe h1iniir.r of Ciu,ticm;il;i. tlis C.\cc.llcnc\, ,\lfon\i~
Cabrera Hidalgo, is in agreement with the procedure outlined; as stated
tu me in a telephone conversation today.
In closing, 1assure Your Excellency of my utmost esteem and consid-
eration.

Miguel D'ESCOTOBROCKMANN,
Ministcr of Foreign Affairs."

In closing, 1take this opportunity to assure your Excellency of my utmost
esteem and consideration.
Miguel D'ESCOTOBROCKMANN.

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

[Sponishre.xtnot reprodiicedl

B. PressAccoitnrs

La Tribuna, 28 May 1988.p. 6.

4 PlanesLoorlerlivirhAir1for Nicorngrfians

(Caption: "Civilian personnel await authorization to unload the Hercules
C-130of the United States Air Force, in order to dispatch the 'humanitarian'
aid for the contras."')
It was officially reported that a new shipment of humanitarian aid sent yes-
tcrday by the United States to the conrr'isand displaced Nicaraguans arrived
in four C-130 military planes. They unloaded thcir supplies at Toncontin Air-
port in Tegucigalpa.
The press attaché of the United States Embassy, Charles Barkley,
rcported that the aircraft of the Military Air Transport Command (MAC)
were carrying medicine, clothing and shoes from Charleston,South Carolina.
He said that the aid will be delivered "by land to the familier and the Nica-
raguans in the border zones".
The distribution of the assistanceis being supervised by a staff appointed
by the Catholic Church of Honduras. the team of the Agency for Interna-
tional Development (AID) located in Honduras. and the United States

accounting firm Price Waterhouse.
Barkley said that "this is another installrnent of the humanitarian aid that
began to flow two months ago". and will possibly continue to be sent until
September, ai an overall cost of the $18 million passed by the US Congress.
Other planes will be landing in Tegucigalpa over the weekend carrying
more aid for the Nicaraguans, according to the spokesman.
When the cease-fire went into effect on April 1, thousands of conrrris
gathered in Honduras, primarily in the areas of Yamales and Capire, in the
eastern province of ElParaiso. said inhabitants of the zone.

[Sparrishrexrnor repr»rfuced/

' Photographnot reproduced CORRESPONDENCE

La Tr;bi<na,23 May 1988.p. 6.

ALTHOUGHTHEY'REJUSTBEANS:
CONTRAS CELEBRATE ARRIVAL OF FOOD

By Humberto Arce, AFP Special Correspondent

Capire, Honduras, May. (AFP). Camouflaged by thcir olive green uni-
forms, some unarmed and others with guns over their shoulders, the Nicara-
guan contras go down the steep streets of Capire and Yamales in eastern
Honduras with a festive air. They are receiving food, medicine, combat boots,
and their wages sent from the United States.
After several days of great anxiety due to the feuds that have hroken out
among their guerrilla commanders, the coizlras in this remote region of Hon-
duras in the eastern province El Paraiso are happy because the American aid
has been abundantly flowing since Thursday.
An average of 4 or 5 transport vehicles arrive daily in Capire from Tegu-
cigalpa and other Honduran cities, with hundreds of tons of supplies for the
contros.
Recently baptized "Little Managua" by the contras, Capirc is a small vil-
lage some 200 km from Tegucigalpa, and only 10 km from the border with
Nicaragua, where for the las1 four months the Strategic Operations Com-

mand post (COE) or Staff Headquarters of the contras has been opcrating
again.
The COE is really a small complex of warehouses and ramshackle huts at the
foot of a rock mountain ai the entrance to Capire. Thousands of guerrillas file by
daily, desperate for a new pair of boots, a package of lard,or medicine.
Most of the guerrilla camps are dispersed in the area of Yamales, some
15 kilometers hefore Capire. Because il harbors the COE, the latter town
serves as the contra "capital", whichs why it is called "Little Managua".
Capire and Yamales, now almost depopulated, are small villages hidden
hetween the hills and deforested peaks that extend al1the way to the border
with Nicaragua. There the farm camps have shrunk ta make room for the
contra camps.
Most of the 6,000 contra fighters who moved into this region. hnd to walk
for two or three weeks 10reach Yamales. Ironically, they went through more
difficult times in thcse weeks than in their confrontations in Nicaragua,
according to their own testimonies.
The trucks transporting the American aid for the rebels park at the COE.
There, hundreds of enthusiastic combatants rapidly unload the supplies and
re-load them onto pick-ups and off-the-road vehicles which will take them to

theLast Thursday when the Iwo-week distribution first began, there was an

incredible volume of vehicles travelling to and from the COE because of the
anauish in most of the camos over the food shorta...
Gir, oi.erflou,ing with sacks of he;ins aiid clnncd gaiods %,in1and out oi
the COt :Ir~irecnrspceJ to lenrn of the di\tr~buiion nciu<irk from unc cnnip
10 anoiher.
The commanders of each guerrilla camp participated actively in transport-
ing supplies. sometimes in the driver's seat. They even carefullysupervised to
ensure that distribution was according to the food needs of their troops.
The food, this time basically beans, was left on either side of the road
between Capire and Yamales. From therç the troops later carricd them on326 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

their hacks to thc final destination,the camps - usually one or two kilometers
off the rodd.
For example. the 325 guerrillas eamped al the Tactical Operations Com-
mand Base (COT) in San José de Yamales had a monumental task on Thurs-
day. They carried 100- and 200-lb sacks of beans on their backs for Iwo

kilometers over rugged mouutain terrain.
The sight of young guerrillas toting loads almost cqual to their own weight
was to be seen al al1 entrantes to the conimando camps of "Rafaela Herrera",
"Jorgc Salazar", "Juan Castro". "Quilali". etc.

[Spanishrexr ,inrrepro[lriced/

The New York Times, 19May 1988

Contras Taking Rejrrgein Honliriras

By Stephen Kinzer. Special to The New York Times

Yumiiles, Honduras, May 17. In the three months since Congress cul off
military nid Io the Nicaraguan guerrillas, thousands of rebels havc flooded
into Honduras and created a mini-state in the mountainous border area.
Ii<inilur;iniifli:i:ah;ii,c rcpr.;~tr.JIyJe111c.lih:tl ihe! coi>pcr:iir.with thc
<.o,iiroshut ;iirip lhrouxh the 3rc;i \hi)u.r.d thnt in I;KIihc Hoiidurnn milit.try

uorks ilo*r.l\, u,ith theni. Onr. of ihcotrlroc;imnr. in the \illare<ifC:ipirc. 1s
500yards from a Honduran military post.
The co~irrusmaintained camps here in past years, but many of them aban-
doned Honduras in the mid-1980s. moving into Nicaragua to fight the San-
dinisias. With military aid now cut off, the majority of the contra force, about
5,000 men. has moved into a section of Honduras that the Honduran authori-
ties havc turned over to them.
Honduran soldiers maintain guard posts along the road into the conrru zone,
and outsiders are not permittcd to pass. But today, two correspondents who

were able to cntcr the area found that the conrrns have effectively assumed
control of an area covering about 120 square miles. Their presence contra-
dicts assertions made Friday by Foreign Minister Carlos L6pez Contreras, who
rejected Nicaraguan charges that corirrusare hased inside Honduras.

"T/iey'rcin ClirirgeHere"
"The Government of Honduras is not permitting the coritrasto use its tcr-
ritory as a base for agression against Nicaragua. and certainly not with the
direct or indirect support of the Honduran armed forces", Mr. Lope2 wrote in
a reply Io the Nicaraguan charges.

The conrrri zone is reached by a rugged dirt road that begins outside the
town of Las Trojes and winds through hillside pastures and coffee fields.
"This isconrru country", said a Hondurzin farmer who lives here. "They're
in charge here."
Therc was no sign of tension or conflict in the area today, despite the feud
that has broken out among conrru military commanders. Even conrrus loyal
to dissident commanders said they were prepared to accept the discharge of
their commanders if that proved necessziry 10 maintain the strength of their
fighting force.328 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

one of the dissident commanders, Walter Calderon Lapez, who uses the name
Toiio. "1hope he is allowed to come back. But if he doesn't, we'll go on any-
way. It will he as if he was killed in combat."
In a telephone interview from Miami,Aldolfo Calero, a member of the coiilru
directorate, said Toiio would probably not retum to the ranks of tcontras.But

he said negotiations were under way with other dissident commanders in the
houe that thev willresume their nosts under Mr. Bermuder's leadershio.
"l've been listeningIo their'complaints because 1think they de&e to be
heard". MI. Calero said. "The accusations are not against Bermudez so much
as they are against the way certain things have beendone."
Tono and other dissident commanders have described Mr. Bermudez as
dictatorial and corrupt, and asserted that he is no1 committed to democracy
in Nicaragua.

A Yoirng Contra's Deci.\ion
Contras who have assumed control of this part ol Honduras include men
and women, veterans and new recruits. Some are almost elderly and others
have not yet reached their teens.
"1 joined up nine months ago, because 1 was getting to the age when the

Sandinistas were going to draft me". said a 15-year-old conrra who called
himself Siete Mares. or Seven Seas. He said he was from the Nicaraguan city
of Matagalpa. "1was going to have to fight for one side or the other. and since
1don't like the Sandinista system and al1the controls, 1decided to become a
conrra."
Honduran soldiers hased nearby said they have an informal agreement
with the contras.
"Their zone, more or less, is from Capire to Yamales, and we don't go in
there much", one soldier said. "As long as they keep lo themselves, there's no
problem."

-

Tiempo, 28 April 1988,p. 39.

Bootsand Milirnry Uniforms among the "HirrnanirariairAid" Arriving
for theContras

Tegrrcigalpa. The first shipment of "humanitarian aid" for the contras
taking refuge in Honduras arrived in the capital yesterday in a heavy Hercules
C-130 plane. It was affirmcd that among the supplies were military hoots and
uniforms.
Foreign Ministry spokesman Eugenio Castro said that the shipment con-
tains 38.000pounds of clothing, shoes, and cooking utensils. He did not refer
to the boots and uniforms that some journalists reported on.
lmmediately alter the plane parked around 900, the cargo began to be
unloaded and transferrcd to a warehouse near the "Las Torres" neighbor-

hood of Comayaguela. From there it will be sent to the border zone.
A spokesman of the United States Embassy said that the plane came from
Pope Air Base in North Carolina, and is the first flight with assistünce for the
rcbels. Last week supplies were delivered, but they had been purchased in
Honduras.
Officiais from the Agency for International Development (AID) and the
US Embassy were al Toncontin yesterday dunng the unloading. CORRESPONDENCE 329

The shipments are from the $48 million that Congress recently approved
to aid the rebels within the framcwork of the peace efforts they are involved
in with the Sandinistas.
The Honduran Government's authorization for the delivery of the aid
here is considered to be tacit recognition of the presence of anti-Sandinista
rebels in Honduran territory.
Nicaraguan Ambassador Danilo Abud Vivas said on the radio yesterday
that President Daniel Ortega had spoken with his Honduran colleague, José
Azcona, on Friday to tell him that Honduras's decision constituted a viola-
tion of the Esquipulas and SapoApeace accords.
Danilo Abud asserted that this aid seeks to militarily strengthen thecontra
faction that follows the Reagan Administration's orders and opposes the

peace efforts.
"This humanitarian aid is turning in10 logistical suiport because it is going
to armed men", said the chief of Managua's diplomatic mission in Teguci-
galpa.
On the other hand, he stated that the Government of Honduras has also
denied that there are rebel camps in its territory, but with this act, "it is
openly acknowledging the fact".
He emphasized that the aid that arrived in Tegucigalpa yesterday ob-
structs the SapoA Accords, by strengthening the faction headed by Colonel
Enrique Bermidez which wants to continue the military hostility.

(Caption: Thc first load of "humanitarian" aid for the contras who have
taken refuge in Honduras arrived yesterday in the capital aboard a heavy
Hercules C-130 plane. It was reported that among the supplies are military
hoots and uniforms. The cargo was transferred to a warehouse (in the photo-

graph' near Toncontin Airport.)

[Spanishrexrnot reproduced]

El Heraldo, 28 April 1988,p. 1.

Aid IO the"Contras"

This is the Hercules C-130 plane2that flew into Toncontin Airport yester-
day from North Carolina (USA), full of "humanitarian aid" for the Nicara-
guan contras. The assistance is to be delivered in the course of this week
under the supervision of AID, the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa, and the Hon-
duran Catholic Church. OAS Secretary General Joao Baena Soares protested

the delivery of the aid yesterday, accusing the United States of obstructing
the peace efforts of the Central American Presidents.

[Spaniçhtextnot reproduced]

'Not reproduced.
Phatagraph nat reproduced.330 BORDER AND TRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS

Lo Prensn. 28 April 1988.p. 5

H~rni<rnitnriuiA~id Arrives for Nicorrrgirnns

(Caption: A load of humanitarian aid for the Nicaraguans arrived yester-
day aboard a C-130 airplane. (Martinez.))'

Tegitcigolpii.(By Felipe Casaca Ventura.) A US Air Force plane flew into
Toricontin International Airport yesterday from the Pope military base in
North Carolina, USA. It brought 38,OMpounds of humanitarian aid supplies
for the Nicaraeuan counterrevolutionaries.

Fuseniu Castro Clnr;iniount. spohe~iii3n of thc Il<>nJur:~nForeign Mini>-
Ir!. reports Ih:ilthe aircrafi .irri\c.J ai 8:30 .i.m. ir;tnsp<,riiiigcluthing. shucs.
cooking utensils and other items.
The foreien oolicv snokesman affirmed that this merchandise was for the
~icar:r~ulins;in\he hor;lcr.;andwho ;irc ni,iincluded inthe nid p~ckngcof the
llniied N:itions Hi~h Coiiiniissioncr on Rclu$ccs (UKFICR). hut he rcfuwd
to Sayit was for thë..conrrasw.
He said that ihis aid comes under number 5 of the agreement signed at
Guatemala last Augusi, which states that the Cenlral American countries
would ask countrics within and outside of thc region to not aid armed groups.
He pointcd out that this clause does preclude aid for the rcpatriation or relo-
cation necessary to rçintcgratc former membîrs of said groups or forces into
normal life.
Castro Claramount also explained that possibly that aid is in response to
the temporary cessation of the armed struggle between the "conirus" and the
Sandinistas,agreed upon in Sapoa.

According to unofficial reports, the plane belongs to the US Air Force. is
a C-130, and carries no war matérielin ils cargo.

[Spurrish rexrnor repro<lircerl]

El Heraldo, 28 April 1988, p.2.

Plu~iewirlrAid for "ConIras" Arrives lrT~~trconrin

Tegi~cigalpn(ACAN-EFE). A Hercules "C-130 plane from North Caro-
lina, United States, arrived in Tegucigalpa yesterday with "humanitarian aid"
for the Nicaraguan "co,irros" located in eastern Honduras.
A spokesperson ol the Honduran Foreign Ministry informed ACAN-EFE
that the aircraft, with some 19,000 kilos of cargo including food, clothing,
shoes. and cooking utensils, landed in the civilian section of Toncontin Air-
port, al the southern end of this capital.

The aid to the anti-Sandinistas will be distributed by the Agency for Inter-
national Development (AID). the Catholic Church, and ihe United States
Embassy.
The Church announced this week that il would help deliver the aid to the
"conrrus" for humanitarian reasons.
On April 20, the Government of Honduras agreed Io allow the aid to be

'Phatogr.aphnot reproducrd. CORRESPONDENCE 331

delivered to the Nicaraguan rebels in the territory of this Central American
countrv. under the suoervision of AID. the~Church and the US Embassv ~ ~ ~~,
accredked in this capitil.
In February. the United States vassed $48 million in aid to the "conrrns"
that have ooeiated in Honduras siGe 1981
Af1:r Ihc :innouii~crii~.iit tli.ilth: .iid 1.1ihc inïiirgciiti u,oulJ hç ~L.II\L.~L.J
ilirdugh IleriJurs\. th^.iii,i.crnni:nt oi N~arit~u;~III-IJC .Ii<~rm.iIpr<)ic\t IL)

ihr. l:nit:<l Si;sic,.in.ltI,iiiJurns. It\.II, tIi.11ihisvi~il;it~~ihc. r\cc<,rds\ILIIICJ
al Sapoa between Managua and the ~i'cara~uanResistance.

lSpunish texi nor reproduced]

La Tribiinn, 25 April 1988,p. 6.

Monroyn Urgerfor Protests over the Contras nnd USArrogance

** Some police leaders are incapable of bowing their heads and saying yes to

the American police.
** Judicial Branch should punish Matta's kidnappers.
The Presideiit of the National Congress, Carlos Montoya, called for protests

over the presence of the contrai. in Honduras and "ovcr the arrogance of the
Americans in Honduras". He noted that "some leaders of our police force arc
incapable of bowing their heads and saying yes to the United States' police".
He also said that the Judicial Branch should take action, al the Govern-
ment's initiative or at the request of one of the parties, against those who par-
ticipated in and sponsored the abduction of alleged drug trafficker Ramon
Matta, "because it is a crime that violates al1the laws of Honduras, including

the Constitution".
The presidential hopeful said the above in a speech before some 900
leaders of his movement who were participating in a political meeting in San
Pedro Sula on Saturday night.
Montoya maintained that those responsiblc for the "abduction and hand-
ing over of Matta should be put on trial, because they only presented us with
a fair nccompli. When the Honduran people learned about it, he was already

on a plane in the Dominican Republic, after having been captured by agents
of the DEA of that country".
He asked "Who resoonds to fizirac~,rnoli~ ~ ~ ~ immediatelv answered. .
"The law has to whocvcr violates ii. That is why from the beginning
1said il was a violation of the Constitution and an abduction, and the Judicial
Branch has to take action."
Bui inhtr.;~Jc,f icl.ing ilic q.ttlicriiiq .ihour thc Jr.m.inJ~ . I? lin^, ui illcg-
ihlc ICYI] \;and\lc~nio\a. vtio tli~t~<ht th.11"A \Iran<: tnl\turc,,DIc,ut>:r\.tttvc,
.
and left&ts started théprotest makh".
Montoya asked, "Why werc thcre no demonstrations when over 150 lead-
ers disappeared in Honduras, whose only crime was to think differently?
Everyone remained silcnt", he said. "Now, taking advantage of the commis-
sion of one crime- the kidnapping of Matta- they sling mud at President
Azcona's administration, make the Liberal Party seem weak as if il cannot
govern, and put together a chain of communications depicting this act as a

tremendous violation of the Constitution."
"And many of us view it as much more than a crime," he added, "so we gel332 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

caught up in a dangerous game. Who funds those demonstrations? What
is their purpose? How is it that the conservative college students are anxious
to ally thcmselves with the ultra-left and set flame to the United States

Consulate with molotov cocktails, as Enrique Ortez said?" hc asked without
pausc.
He then added, "There is a rise in drug trafficking, and Honduras is a tran-
sit ooint for narcotics. There is a lot of monev involved and there is also the
arr&ance of the US authorities who offend Ihe dignity of our people. There
is also the inability of some leadersof our police force to bow their heads and
say yes Io the arrogant US police."
There was a whole string of "errors, acts and violations which should be
examined clinically, without the passion of an imprudent act of rejection or
rebellion". he noted.
Montoya then immediately said, "We don't like ta see our dignity tram-

pled on, we don't like the arrogance of the Americans in Honduras, we don't
like them sticking Our country with the conrras. We should protest al1of this.
but we also should oreserve President Azcona's Constitutional eovernment."
To ihis he recci\,ed the ;tppl;tu,c oi his ii>llo\r,err.
"Hui ;il,u." he zidded."WC musi clctin up Honduran soïictv frum the danger
of drug iraflicking Ilis CImulti-mill~onJ,ill;ihusiiieis. ;inilsould ttiu~hnll of
Our couniry'>sirusturcs. ilcould prostitutc Our soiiet!.. Il c3n buy oif guvcrn-
ments. huyoff niiliiary officers. buv off Icadcn. and use thcm ;isspringh<iards.'
He said ihni such is thc current situation in I1an:ima.wherc '.notliing is
rcspccted. l'residrnt Del Valle wns thruun <iul Iike nny ci\il servani. uhilc

C;cncraI Noricg.81:~kr.sin millions froni drug 1r;ifficking."
"We Libcrnls." hc eniphasircd. "do not umt n country iicd IIIsrim?. or Io
drue traffickine. or to war. or to the conrras.,or to deoéndence. We want a
dernacratic country with dignity, with freedom and wiih respect forthe law.
But the people have to achieve this little by little."

/Spanish re.rrnor reprodiicefl

The Miami Heral(1. Friday 22April 1988.

Hondr~ras: Contra Aid Relayed

Teglrcigalpa. Honduras says il is allowing US nonlethal aid ta reach
Nicaraguan rebels on ils soil, even though Nicaragua says the aid violates a
regional peace plan.
US Embassy officials said the first consignment of the aid, part of a $47.9
million nonlethal package approved by Congress las1month, was dropped by

air ta the rebels in a remote part of eastern Honduras on Tuesday.
The Foreign Ministry said Wednesday that "the government of Honduras
has authorized the handing over of the.. . humanitarian aid to the Nicaraguan
population that is in Honduran territory, bordering on Nicaragua."
11 was a rare admission of the presence of Nicaraguan rebels in Honduras.
The Government had previously said it did not want the contras in the coun-
try but could no1keep them out. CORRESPONDENCE 333

Lu Prensa, 20 April 1988,p. 2

Honduras Authorizes Delivery of HirmunirariunAid to "Contras"

Tezucieal~a. Uoon knowine of the aereement between the Nicaraeuan
~esisran& and thé Sandinistayront, thekonduran Government authozzed
delivery of part of the humanitarian aid package to the Nicaraguan popula-
tion located-in national territorv
Following is the brief communiqué released last night by the Minister of

Foreign Affairs, establishing that whereas:
The Government of Nicaragua and the Nicaraguan Resistance agreed
upon a provisional cease-fire as a result of talks held in Sapai, the Republic
of ~icaiagua;
The approval of funds by the United States Congress for humanitarian aid
expresses a bipartisan policy regarding the aforementioned cease-fire, and
has the support of al1interested sectors;

The providing of said aid is expressly in line with the commitment under
clause 5 of the "Procedure for the Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace
in Central America", signed by the Presidents of the Central American coun-
tries on August 7, 1988;and
The recipients of this assistance are not included in the international aid
offered through the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees.

Therefore:
The Government of Honduras has authorized the delivery of said humani-
tarian aid to the Nicaraguan population in Honduran territory dong the
border with Nicaragua. The following entities are in charge of coordinating
distribution: AID; Price Waterhouse, the Catholic Church of Honduras, and
the Embassy of the United States of America.

[Spanish texrno1reproduced]

-

Tiempo, 28 March 1988,p. 9

[Paid Space]

Open Letrer

Tegucigalpa, D.C., March 24, 1988

MI. President of the Narional Congress of Honduras,
Lic. Carlos Orbin Montoya,
Tegucigalpa.

Honorable Sir:

Our organizations are made up of Hondurans who are indignant upon daily
seeing sectors of the government sel1out Ourcountry's sovereignty and dignity.
It is we, Hondurans, who pay Ourtaxes on time so that they can be used on
development and social welfare. We do not pay to see OUI money converted334 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

into war instruments such as F-S's, and much less military manacuvrcs which
taint Our native land everv 24 hours.

eien ~olicv.However. two vears have hein sufficient to demonstrate that thin~s
rema'inthe same: the subiervience has not been curbed at al1and ond duras
continues to be latched onto the hawk cowboy who runs the White House.
Last year we were given hopc upon seeingPresident Azcona add his signa-
ture to the peace accord known as Esquipulas II. We thought it marked an
honorable rectification of Honduras's forcign policy. But we were completely
wrong. Government policy not only continued to be essentially the same, it
became even more hard-line and upped itsdosage of cynicism.
We have heard Mr. Azcona's speeches, particularly those referring to the
Central American political situation. And we have heard the long, boring
speeches of the Foreign Minister of Honduras, Attorney Carlos L6pez Con-

treras, sometimes denying the presence of the anti-Sandinista counterrevo-
lutionanes, and ai others (as on international television), admitting that Hon-
duras served as their "sanctuary". We see that the lessons of clever Goebbels
have been learned well. This, Mr. President of the National Congress of
Honduras, infuriatesus to the core!
But the straw that broke the camel's back, Mr. Montoya. is the events of
the oast few davs. 3.200 more US soldiers landed in Ourcountrv. alleeedlv to
defënd us from'~icaraguan ..aggressionn. For allowing this ta Lke pLce,'the
Azcona Administration can takc pnde in making the.greatest sell-out yet of
Our national sovereignty.
The most ironic aspcct is that the news of the alleged incursion of the
Sandinista People's Army into Honduran territory came out in the United
Statesbefore Honduras itself. Don't you think there's something a bit absurd
and unbelicvable about al1this? 1sthere no1desoeration in the White House
and the Pentagon because their contrus, their precious .'freedom fightcrs",
apostles of Bolivar, are losing the war? Or is it that they underestimate the
people sa much that they think we arc unable ta reason logically?
The Constitution of thc Rcpublic grants the Armcd Forces the duty.
among others. of safeguarding the territorial integrity of the nation.

If this territorial integrity is in danger and 3,200 US soldiers are called in to
defend it, this means that the Armed Forces are incapable of doing their job.
On the other hand, the Constitution -as you should know. Mr. Montoya,
being an attorney -clearly States that the National Congress is the State
agency that mus1 authorize the presencc of foreign troops on Honduran soil.
Why was it no1Congress who made the decision in this matter? Mr. Montoya,
does it not seem that thc branch of government over which you prcsidc was
also disrespected by Azcona?
In a previous March, this onc of 1924,200 marines mo+cd into thc hcart ol
Tegucigalpa under the pretext of defending American interests. which wcre
allegedly endangered by the hloody civil war of that year. The day after the
unruly soldiers arrivcd. the great Honduran patriot Froylan Turcios pub-
lished the Brtlletin of Nnrionrrl Defensasking that they be expellcd. That was
accomplished in April of that same year.
Now. in the fiery month of March 1988, we invoke the spirit of Froylan
Turcios and his brave colleagues, Alfonso Guillen Zalaya. Federico Peck
Fernandez, Saul Jimenez, Vicente Mejia Colindres and other honorable
spokespersons of the generation of 1924 who got Honduras's sovereignty
respected by means of civic conseiousness. CORRESPONDENCE 335

Based on the above, we demand the following:

1. That the National Congress use its constitutional powers and order the
immediate departure of the foreign troops - both the Americans and the
Somocista counterrevolutionaries.
2. That the Government of Honduras behave in keeping with international
law, and in strictcompliance with the Esquipulas II Accord.
3. We do not agree with war, because il is a threat to man's most sacred gift:
life.We demand jobs, freedom and socialjustice to live as a dignified and re-
spected people.

We hope this patriotic cal1will yield the desired result: a Honduras free of
foreign troop presence, as our forefathers dreamed and as we, good descend-
ants, also hope.
Accept assurances of our most distinguished consideration.

Organization: United Federation of Workers of Honduras
(FUTH)
Starnp and signature: (signature)

Organisation: National Federation of Farmworkers (CNTC)
Stamp and signature:

Organization: Co-ordinating Committee of People's
Organizations (CCOP)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)

Organization: Committee for the Defense of Hurnan Rights in
Honduras (CODEH)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)

Organization: Professional Association of Honduras Teachers
(COLPROSUMAH)
Stamp and signature: (seal) (signature)

Organization: Professional Association of Teachers in Middle

Education of Honduras (COPEMH)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)

Organization: National School of the Arts (ENBA)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)

Organization: Council for the Integral Development of Women
in the Countryside (CODIMCA)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)

Organization: Peasant Organization of Honduras (OCH)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)
Organization:
Committee of Families of the ~etainedand
Disappeared in Honduras (COFADEH)
Stamp and signature: (signature) (seal)

[Spunishfexfnor reprodticedl
-336 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDAmlOh'S

The ChristianScienceMonitor. 8 December 1987,p. 9.

PeacePlan in Trr~rrble:Horidiiras PosesOhsiocleIo Verifying CentralAmeri-
cn'sPeacePlan

By Peler Ford. Special to the ChrisricrnScienceMnnitor

The Central America peace plan is running into serious trouble in Hondu-
ras - the country that is the Reagan administration's closcst ally in the region
and the one where the contra rebels are based.
The Honduran Government is refusing to allow inspectors to check that
it is keeping its promises under the pact, according Io a report by a group
involved in checking such compliance.
This stance, the confidential document concludes. makes verification of
security aspects of the Aug. 7 peace agreement impossible.

The report was prepared by a technical group of the International Verifi-
cation and Follow-up Commission (known by ils Spanish acronym CIVS),
formed to ensure that five Central American nations comply with their obli-
eations undcr the o.ct~
That plan requires Honduras ta cease offering sanctuary ta Nicaraguan
contra rebels. who are known to have established base camDs,communication
networks, and logistical centers in Honduras.
But the ClVS mission reported that Tegucigalpa would not allow in sirrin-
spection of ils territory until the five Central American Governments have
concluded an agreement on mutual arms limitation. "This is potentially an
extremely bad sign", said one official closely involved in the verification
process. An arms agreement is foreseen under the peace pact. but no time
frame bas been sel. "It could go on ad infinitirm",the official said. "And Hon-
duras is in a position10 stall the arms talks."
At a meeting last Friday in New York, the CIVS - comprised of foreign
ministers tram [ive Central American nations. eight Latin American coun-

tries, and the Secrelary-Generals of the United Nations and the Organization
of American States - agreed to send a mission ta the region in early January
to check compliance with political obligations under the peace pact. But they
look no action on the technical mission's reoort that "it is clear that the con-
ditions to suggcst concrete steps toward in sitiinspection do not exist".
The 30-man team "will ask governments pertinent political questions
about security issucs, but they win't be observ~ngcornpliance as such", the
official said.
The Central American Presidents set up the CIVS to verify their steps to-
ward the peace plan's five key goals: democratization, arnnesty for political
prisoners, cease-fircs. an end to outside aid for rebels, and halting the rebels'
use of regional territory.
The commission was to have begun its inspection a month ago and be
ready to report 10 a presidential summit scheduled for Jan. 15, 1988.But so
far il has only sent ils technical team on two trips to the region, which led to a
"basically negative outcome". the team report said.

Nicaragua. El Salvador, and Costa Rica are al1 in favor of establishing
mobile inspection teams in the region by the end of the year, the report said.
while Guatemala warned that ils congress mus1 approve any inspection team
visits.
But the Honduran Government is tying territorial inspections to full de-
mocratization in Nicaragua, the report States. Tegucigalpa also sees regional CORRESPONDENCE 337

arms limitation as part of the peace plan's "harmonious whole", and is insist-
in- that there be no verification without simultaneous com~liance with al1the
plan's provisions.
Even then, the report says, Honduras is offering the ClVS access only "so
long as this does no1compromise the regular activities of the armed forces or
requirements imposed by security motives".

Many of the contras' communications and supply bases are known to
have been establishcd in Houduran Amy camps, such as the Palmerola and
Aguacate Air Force bases, and in militas. installations on the Swan Islands.
Honduras's insistence on simultaneity has frustrated officiais seeking to
verify the treaty. The country's refusal to allow in situ inspection until other
aspects of the plan are in place means "thc notion of simultaneity, a funda-
mental ingredient of the accord, could nonetheless become its Achilles heel",
the CIVS report warns.
Resolving that problem is crucial. If il is no1solved, the ClVS team warns,

"compliance with the accord as a whole will probably be bogged down".

86.THEREGiSTRARTOTHEAGENTOFHONDURAS

13June 1988.

1have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of two

letters' of todav's date from the Aeent of Nicaragua in the case concerning
B<>rtkr iitri7k~;iisl>ordc..r-Ir»,t.<l11;1ioti~~~li.<iriril5.rIloti<lr<rir>,i.oKc,ihG
iiiih<inc,ci <ii~tipic\ (ifilic dociinleni? cn~loicil wiih c:s:h \u:h Iciicr. ,\\the
Pri,sid~ni ;innoiincc<l ;airhc opciiiiit. of iIiiaiicrni~un's Iii.iiriny.Ihc Goicrn-
meni or Ilt>iidur.is ii iii\iicJii~ conimenl. if ii \o rlc\ir~.\uli<iiithc\c dosu-
iiisiiiiii~c~~r~i.inc c.iih .Arii.deif). p;ir.igr.ip.3.ofihc Rulcs oi (:ouri.

87. THE AGENT OF HONDURAS TO THE REGlSTRAR

14June 1988.

1 have the honour to refer to the oral proceedings in the case concerning
Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v.Honduras) (Jurüdiclion
and Admissibility), to submit to the Court, copies of documents already pub-
lished, but of which reference was made by myself as Agent, and Professor
Derek W. Bowett, as counsel of Honduras in their pleadings of 13June 1988.

M. Carias (Publicsitring, 13Junr 1988)

1. Letter from Minister Carlos Lope2 Contreras to the Ministers of Foreign
Relations of the nine member countries of the Contadora and Support
Group. 24 June 1987: copy attached, Press Communiqué. (See p. 143,
supra.)

'See Nos. 84and85, supra.338 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

2. Letter from Presidcnt Ortega to President Azcona. 22 December 1986:

United Nations document. (See o. 144.~ .-~rn~~,1
3. Letter from President ~zcona to President Ortega. 24 December 1986:
OAS cpllnf. 2491187. (Ibid.)
4. Statement by Minister Carlos Lapez Contreras nt the United Nations
General Assembly. 7 October 1987:Al42lP.V.24. (Ibid)
5. SapoA Agreement between the Government of Nicaragua and the Nica-

raguan Resistancc. 22 March 1988: press clip and translation. (See p. 145,
srrpra.)
6. Press Communiquéof 19April 1988on transit of humanitarian aid through
Honduras. (See p. 146, supra.)
7. Speech by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Honduras to the Seventeenth
General Assembly of the OAS. 12 November 1987: booklet. pp. 34-35.

(Ibid.)
8. Press Communiqué by represcntatives of Canada, Federal Republic of
Germany. and Spain. on verification in Central Amcrica. 25 May 1988.(See
p. 147. sirprrr.)
9. Fifth Meeting of the Executive Commission of Ministers of Foreign
Relations of Central America. Guatemala, 1April 1988. (Ibi<l.)

Profasor Bowcrr(Pirblic sirring,13June 1988)

Jorcr,ialof rhe Unireil Narions.
Friday, 20 June 1986. (See p. 153, supra.)

1. Lerrerfrom Minisrer Carlos L6pez Conrrerasro rheMinisrersof Foreign
Relarionsof rlieNilie Member Corinrriesof rhe Conradoraund S~rpporrGroirp.

Press Comniuniqité

(Free franslarimi)

24 June 1988.

Mister Minister:
1 have the honor to address Your Excellency in refcrence to the conti-
nuous efforts of Honduras leading tu the holding of meetings by the Central

American Foreign Ministers, in order tu adequately prepare the summit of
Presidents, in which important decisions were to be adopted regarding the
peace initiative of His Excellency, Mr. Oscar Arias SBnchez, President of
Costa Rica.
On the occasion of the visit 10 Tegucigalpa of His Excellency, Mr. Marco
Vinicio Cerezo. Prcsident of Guatemala. las1 June 16. a consensus was

reached by four Central American Governments tu hold Foreign Ministers'
meetings prior to the Presidents' summit.
On the basis of such consensus. the Government of Honduras once again
invited the Central Amcrican Foreign Ministers to a meeting that would take
place at the city of Tela. on June 25 and 26, 1987, withthe main purpose of
"developing and establishing the sequence of the Arias initiative". Regrettably,

such DreDaratorv meetings have been svstematicallv blocked in an attitude ~~ ~
seeming io refleCtthe dessting, on the pa;t of some Central American Govern-
ments, to celebratc the summit to deal with the proposal of Prcsident Anas. CORRESPONDENCE 339

Such circumstances led the Government of Honduras to the need of

having to suspend, much to its regret, the Foreign Ministers meeting to be
held in Tela.

Of mul?ilateral nezofiations within the framework of the Contadora oeace
initiative. Actually, the four years of negotiations conducted under the

Contadora Group led to the conclusion of agreeme.ts on nearly ninety pcr . .
cent of the topic<under discussion.
Alter repe;itedly failing to undertake possible direct negotiations between
Central American countries, il appears wise to reiterate to Contadora its full
competence as mediator of the Central American situation. On such basis, the
Government of Honduras suggests that the Contadora Group proceed to cal1 a
meeting of Central American Foreign Ministers in order to exhaust negotiation
of pending rnatters included in the Contadora Agreement for Peace and Co-

operation. In the same manner and due to circurnstances prevailing in the area,
the Government of Honduras is pleased to offer the city of Tela as host of the
first meeting of Forcign Ministers called by the Contadora Group.
Allow me to reiterate to Your Excellency the assurances of my highest
consideration.

Carlos LOFEZCONTRERAS.

Amb. Eugenio Castro,
Director of Information,
Honduras Foreign Ministry.

2. Lerrerfrom Presidenr Ortega ro Presidenr Azcona.
Unired Narions Docirrnenr

22 December 1986.

Estimado Presidente:

Los ultimos acontecimientos en la zona fronteriza entre Honduras y Nica-
ragua, provocados por los ataqucs armados dc grupos mercenarios desde
territorio hondureïio. evidencian la ~erentoria necesidad de continuar los
esfuerzos para encontrar una soluciin pacifica y justa a ta1 situacion, que
permita el restablecimiento de la paz y la tranquilidad en la frontera comun.
No obstante cstar informados-de sus declaiaciones sobre la propuesta de
Nicaragua de solicitar conjuntamente una cornision de inspection de Nacio-
nes Unidas, tambien estamos informados del creciente rechazo que provoca

cn el pueblo hondureïio, la uresencia Y actividades de la contrarrevolucion y
~ ~l~ ~d~ ~ ~a~iones de coniresistas v&ras altas nersonalidades hondureiiai.
difundidas ampliamente por los medios de prensa de Honduras, sobre las
gestiones que su Gobierno estaria realizando con el Gobierno de los Estados
Ünidos que los grupos mercenarios abandonen el territorio de Hon-
duras.
Nicaragua esta consciente de que no existen discrepancias ni conflictos

entre nuestros Paises y que las tensiones que se sucedcn tienen su origen en la340 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

politica ilegal de intervention y fuerza de la administracion Reagan contra
Nicaraeua. Guiados oor esa certidumbre. como una demustracion mas de la
voluntad de mi ~obiérno de luchar pur una sulucion efectiva y duradera a las
tensiones existentes, propongo a Usted, estimado Presidente, las siguientes
acciones que mi Gobierno esta dis~uesto a en~render en colaboraci6i con el
Gobiernode Honduras:

1. Nicaragua acogeria, con todas las garantias legales, a los ciudadanos
nicaraguenses involugrados en actividades contrarrevolucionarias que volun-
tariamente deseen acogerse a la ley amnistia, siguiendo el ejemplo de los
6000 Nicaraguenses que ya se han acogido a dicha ley y que, habiendose reu-
nido con sus familias, estan dedicados al trabajo honrado.
2. Nicaragua colaboraria con Honduras en gestiones conjuntas ante terce-
ros pafses que, eventualmente, puedan ser receptores de los ciudadanos nica-
raguenses que no deseen acogerse a la ley de amnistia.

3. Nicaragua, en colaboraci6n con Honduras y el ACNUR, acogeria sin
restrictionalguna, a todos los refugiados nicaraguenses que voluntariamente
deseen retornar, cuhriendo los gastos para el traslado que no puedan ser
proporcionados por ACNUR. Estos refugiados gozarian de las facilidades
para su vida lutura que han recibido los mas de 10300 repatriados que se
encuentran en Nicaragua.

Mi Gobierno considera que estas acciones permitiran resolver, tanto las
tensiones en la zona fronteriza, como el grave problema que signilica para
Honduras la permanencia de los grupos contrarrevolucionarios y la carga que
le reDresentan los refusiados. Asimismo. se daria resouesta al oroblema
humànitario de los invol;crados en actividades contrarre;olucionari& y de los
refugiados, dandoles la oportunidad de regresar a su paisy trabaiar pur la paz.
Estov seeuro que la eran rnavoria de lis naciones del mundo.-reiibirancon
agrado &ta; acci6nes cunjuntai por todo Io que vendran a beneficiar a nues-
110sPueblos y a la region centroamericana. Las cuestiones contretas de esta
propuesta de Nicaragua, pueden ser analizadas por nuestros Ministros de
Relaciones Exteriores, en una fecha proxima en este mes de diciembre, dada

la urgencia de resolver la situacion en la zona fronteriza.
Estoy procediendo a comunicar la propuesta nicaraguense a los paises que
integran los grupos de Contadora y apoyo, asi como al Secretario General de
Naciones Unidas, a quienes solicito su colaboracion para lograr la materia-
lizacidn de la misma.
En la confianza de que Usted sabra valorar este nuevo esfuerzo de Nicara-
gu3. pue5 ci>iiiogovflnnii~cIIUUSI~Ùprinicr~ ohlipciiinch Ir;ibd]:irpor13p.17v
cl bicnc,i;gr ilc 1-londurcfyoXic:ir.igu~.n>r.\r.ciihn un :,>riliai bnl~do.

Fraternalmente,
Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA

3. Letterfrum President Azcona tu President Ortega

(OAS cp/Inf.2491/87)

Tegucigalpa, D.C., 24 de diciembre, 1986.
Sefior Presidente:

Aviso a usted recibo de su rnensaje enviado via telex el dia de hoy, aunque
fechado en Nicaragua el 22 del corriente mes de diciembre. En dicho CORRESPONDENCE 341

mensaje usted se refiere a Io que identifica como "los ultimos acontecimien-
tos en la zona fronteriza entre Honduras y Nicaragua", pero que mi Gobierno
califica como los hechos sangrientos denvados de la agresion militar del
ejército sandinista contra la poblaci6n y las Fuerzas Armadas en territorio

hondurefio, que di6 lugar a una rcspuesta adecuada en ejercicio del derecho
inmanente de legitima defensa.
En verdad que no existe conflictos entre nuestros paises, resuliando por elIo
incomprensible que el ejército sandinista pretenda violar impunemente el
tcrritorio hondurefio. Mi Gobicrno reconoce, sin embargo, que entre nuestros
dos paises se producen tensiones denvadas de la compleja situacion centro-
amencana, en la cual los factores de perturbacion mas visibles sea los movi-
mientos de insurgencia politica armada en algunos paises, entre ellos Nicara-
gua. Factores de perturbacion que, por la fuerza de la contiguedad geogrifica,

tienden a implicar a las naciones vecinas, no obstante los esfuerzos que ha
venido haciendo y que continua haciendo el Gobiemo de Honduras de mante-
nerse sustraido a los conflictos internos de los oaises vecinos.
Comoes de su conocimiento, el Gobierno de Honduras a Io largo de mis de
tres afios ha buscado una solution diplomitica, nagociada a la crisis que atra-
viesa Centro América. pero una solucion que. desde luego, tenga en cuenta y
salvaguarde los intereses politicos y de seguridad de todas las partes que inter-
vienen en el proceso de pacification, bajo la iniciativa del Grupo de Contadora.
Mi Gobierno esta en la mejor disposition de proseguir una solution
diplomatica, tan pronto como CIGobierno de Nicaragua ponga en marcha

acciones que restablezcan la situacion existenteantcs del 25 dc julio de 1986.
De Io contrario resultari incomprensible que uested, de una parte declare "la
oerentoria necesidad de conrinuor los esfuerzos oara encontrar una soluci6n
pacifica y justa" a la situaci6n en la frontera, mientras, por otra parte, su
Gobierno rechaza la negociaci6n politica bloqueando efectivaniente la accion
de Contadora, medianté el desplizamiento de la cuesti6n centroamericana a
una instancia judicial internacional.
Tiene usted razon cuando dice que la inmensa mayoria del pueblo
hondurefio y el Gobierno que presido desean, en forma vehemente, man-

tenerse su~-raidos a la violenci~ ~ ~ ~e ~roduce e~ ~~~ ~ ~erior de al-~~~~~
paises centroamericanos y que amenaza con implicar a otros Estados. Deseo
reiterarle que mi Gobierno persiene una solucion pacifica. de caricter global,
a la situaii6n de sceurida'd ceitroamericana v-aue. obviamente. i;ia en
detrimento de los in'iereses de seguridad hondu;efibs aceptar soluciones
parciales que solo bcneficien los intereses de otro Estado. Asimismo. en
iepetidas ocasiones he manifestado que es sumamente dificil lograr este
objetivo. mientras todos los Gobiernos del irea no tengan una concepcion
cornfin de Io que es la democracia representativa, pluralista y participativa y

actuen con el mayor respeto a las libertades publicas y a los derechos y digni-
dad de la rersona humana.
Es por ello, Sefior Presidente, que tomo nota con satisfaction, de que el
Gobierno de Nicaragua acogeria con todas las garantias legales, a los ciuda-
danos ni~ara~uensesinvolucrados en actividadës contrarre;olucionarias que
voluntariamente desean acigerse a la Ley de Amnistia; asimismo, que Nicara-
gua colaboracia con Honduras en gestionar que terceros paises puedan
recibir ciudadanos nicaraguenses que no desean regresar a su pais; y, final-
mente, que Nicaragua, en colaboraci6n con Honduras y el ACNUR acogena
sin restriction alguna a todos los refugiados nicaraguenses que desean

retornar voluntariamente a su pais. Mi Gobierna examina con inter& el
mensaje que usted ha tcnido a bicn dirigirme, y los diversos puntos en éIcon- BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
142

tenidos y de ninguna manera descarta la posibilidad de que dichas cuestiones,
iunto con otros aue interesan de maneraparticular a la se~uridad de Hondu-
;as. ouedan ser analizados oor nuestros ~inistros de Relaciones Exteriores.

ofreciendo servicios para com~lementar'las gestiones de pacificacion del
Grupo de Contadora, mi Gobierno les ha hecho la observacion de que "ah
se 'ncuentran pendientes de acuerdo entrc los cinco paises de Ii region,

aspectos sustantivos del Acta de Cantadora para la Paz y la Cooperacion en
Centroamérica, asi como los mecanismos de venficacicin y control en materia
politica y de seguridad". Y, ademis, les ha expresado que dicha proposition
"abre incuestionables avenidas para la ejecucion de los acuerdos que se
illeguen a convenir entre las Partes merece ser mcditada con profundidad
para obtener de ella los mayores beneficios en favor de la pacificacion de
América Central".
Estoy convencido, Sefior Presidente, que es fundamental que todos los
Gobiernos de América Central profundicen en las diversas iniciativas politi-
cas de pacificacion del Area, y que deben eliminarse los obst~culos a la
efectividad de la gestion conjunta que durante la segunda quincena de enero
realizaran, cerca de los Gobierno de Centroamérica, el Grupo de Contadora
para la Paz y la Cooperacion en Centroamérica, su Grupo de Apoyo y los

SecretariosGenerales de la Organizacion de los Estados Americanos y de la
Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas.
La Repilblica de Honduras ha estado comprometida en la busqueda de
una situacion pacifica centroamericana.Mi Gobierno se mastiene fiel a ese
compromiso.
Del Sefior Presidente con toda consideracion.

JoséAZCONAHOYO,
Prcsidente Constitucional de laepublica de Honduras.

4. Statemenr by Minister Carlos Lbpez Contreras ar the United Nations
Generul Assemhly
Provisional

Al42iPV.24
7 October 1987.
English

Forty-second Session
GENERAL ASSEMBLY

PROVISIONAL VERBATIM RECORD OF THE TWENTY-FOURTH MEETING
Held ut Headquarters. New York, on Monda?, 5 October 1987,nt IOa.m.
.............................
AGENDA ITEM 9 (continiler/)

General Debare

Mr. LUpez Contreras (Honduras) (interpretation from Spanish): On behalf
of the Government of Honduras 1 cxtend to you, Sir, sincere congratulations CORRESPONDENCE 343

on your election as President of the forty-second session of the General As-
sembly. Your personal qualities and your knowledge of this world Organiza-
lion guarantee wise and successful guidance of the Assembly's work. We
should also like to express our appreciation to Mr. Humayun Rasheed Choud-
hury, the representative of Bangladesh, who preceded you in your important

functions.
To the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Mr. Javier Pérez de Cuél-
lar, 1wish once again to express my Government's great appreciation for his
outstandine workk charee of the ~r~anization
The democratic Government of ~Gnduras, presided over by JoséAzcona,
constantly reaffirms its commitment to peace. development and democracy.
It shodd be seen as an encouraging sign that in Central America, torn by
violence and political radicalization, my country is fighting resolutely for
political freedom and economic and social well-being. This is so because the

Honduran Government has set as its primary objectives improved living
standards for the oeoole and the consolidation and develooment of demo-
cracy as a system if liféand of Government.
These goals are faithfully reflected in the loreign policy of Honduras. Just as
domesticdlv. al the eove;nmental and the orhate levels, we are eudeav-
ouring by peaceful means to overcome the obstacles of underdevelopment,
internationally. we are endeavouring to resolve our differences with other
countries bv Ïesortine. to the ~eaceful means of settling di-.utes contained in
international law.
.............................
Other continuing conflicts threaten the system of world peace and security.

We reaffirm our conviction that the auestion of Korea mus1be resolved oeace-
fully thr.,ugh Ji.il<iguc.inJ nr,&>ii.iiii,n\hctu~.~.nS<~uthK0rc.i .inJ tic,rth Ko-
rcti.\\lercitcr:ii~~h;ii in .ic~.<iril.iaiih ih~ prin~iplc $11iinii:r.:llii). si,iiin
the Ilriitcd Naiioii <:liaricr. sll ii;itiotli.~so Jcsirc niu*i Ihsa pari <ifil131uni-
\.er,.slii!. .ind ;i\,.iIi~ i~hli~:iii<,\ ciforth in ihr.Ch.irtcr. .Ih:rc mu\[ hc :in
cnd iu tnc Icg.ic( dl ihc io1J \$:IIihiii I)r.r>iIIIihc Kl)rchn peninsuln and inni)
way contribütci to the attainment of international peace and security.
My Government supports the General Assembly resolutions on Kampu-
chea, which cal1for the withdrawal of al1occupying forces and the restoration
of the country's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity. In this

connection, we strongly support the eight-point proposal for a political settle-
ment presented hy the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea to
the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.
The Government of Honduras condemns the armed occupation of
Afghanistan and urges al1 States to reach a political solution based on the
unconditional and total withdrawal of foreign forces from Afghanistan. full
respect for Afghanistan's political indcpendence, sovereignty and territorial
integrity, and the adoption of measures guaranteeing the right of the Afghan
people to decide its own future without foreign interference, as well as on the
return of Afghan refugees to their homes.
In view of the unfortunate events recently experienced by the Government

of the Philippines, we express our hope that peace and harmony will return to
that country so that it can pursue its development in the framework of free-
dom, justice and democracy.
The persistence of the conîlict in the Middle East makes it even more
essential to find a lasting solution through the peaceful means of negotiations.
Honduras views with satisfaction the efforts of the State of Israel and the
Arab Republic of Egypt to promote peace in the region, strcngthen the peacc344 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

treaty hetween them and resolve outstanding prohlems. We helieve those

efforts are important for the prospects of peace with otherArah States.
The armed confrontation that has continued for sevcn years hetween Iran
and Iraq is a very clear example of extreme nationalism compromising world
security. That war has not only claimed hundreds of thousands of victims and
brought hack the use of illcgal methods of warfare, but also interfered with
freedom of navigation and international maritime trade. My Government
hopes that the bclligcrcnt States will heed the appcals of the international
community for agreement on a peaceful settlement of their conflict.
The Government of Honduras takes this opportunity tu reiterate its con-
demnation of the policy of aparrheid of the Government of South Africa,
which is a clear violation of human rights.
Once again the Government of Honduras states ils sincere hope that the
Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Grcat Britain and
Northern Ireland, couniries with which we have traditionallv maintained the
best of relations. will settle their differences on the highesi level of justice,
understanding and peace. The Government of Honduras would he most will-
ing tu CU-operate - if ils efforts might prove useful-in the attainment of a
speedy settlement of the dispute.
One of the objectives of this Organization is the promotion of its purposes
and principles through regional CU-operation, which finds its rcflection in
various kinds of CU-operation with other intergovernmental organizations.
We are pleased that an item has been included in the agenda of the present ses-
sion relating to co-operation between the United Nations and the Organi-
zation of American States. This is the result of an initiative hv Honduras.
with the support of many other Latin American States. It will surely contri-
bute tu the common search for solutions tu the many economic. social, cultural
and humanitarian prohlems that heset the international community.
Another purpose of the United Nations system is tu promote technical co-
operation for development, and that is particularly important for my country.
In this regard. the Government of Honduras appreciates the many co-opera-
tive efforts being made hy organs and bodies within the United Nations sys-
tem :in particular we appreciate what has heen done su effectively in Latin
America hy the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
MY Government is vleased that the fourth UNDP oroeramme of co-ooera-
lion for tlondurds h:isbecn ;$dupied ;iniu.,lFupport ihc .istivitics of thii;c iir-
g:ini~cili<iin the are;iiflore\tr! aiid it~r~cuIture.j~uhliicntcrprisc.\ working
IIIthis arc3 .ind tcchnic:il ci,-olier;ltion .im<inr!dcvcli~ntnccountrics I'he i,>urih
programme will make il pos$ble for ~ondüras to give-attention to cnviron-
mental prohlemsand the protection of natural resources as a matter of priority.
We should like tu emphasize that the adoption by the United Nations Chil-
dren's Fund (UNICEF) of the suooort oroeramme for the new oeriod is im-
portant tu ond dura lswill make'bossible Theadoption of a numher of basic
programmes protecting mothers and children in Honduras.

We also welcomc ihe design for the new five-year programme covenng
population activities.
In keeping with ils humanitarian traditions. since 1979about 200,00p 0er-
sons have sought refuge in Honduras. They have heen drawn there by a cli-
mate of oeace and frcedom. havine fled from oolitical and social violence in
their euunirie\. ,\hout 47,i~t01thux re1ugcL.bh;ii,e hecn rcseiriiig as\istance
from the intcrnxiion~l cummunitv - thcy L~L.\<~1 \1recug-itiun - and Ironi
other organizations.
Mycountry has also received much assistanceat the international level from CORRESPONDENCE 345

other friendly countnes to help refugees. But the flow of refugees continues
and will continue until a climate propitious to their return home has been
created.
The promotion and respect of human rights is one of the primary purposes
of the United Nations. However, the international community continues to
witness barbaric acts violating human rights, freedoms, man's dignity and
fundamental rights. It is thcrcfore urgent that the international community
take concerted action and wage a broad campaign against terrorism, which

threatens domestic and international mace and can bv no means be iustified.
My Government is convinced that'those nations {rofessing faith "inhuman
rights have a legal and moral obligation to protect them and to condemn the
countries which;nexcusablv and riucatedlv violate them.
Oiiie ;i$:iinin tlic L'nit;cl ~:iiii>WC qh311 conder the i1L.mcntitlcd 'The
situ:iti<~in <:cntr.il A~iicric;~.1hre;it..Io iiiternation;il peiice ifilidse~urity and
peace iniiii~iives".which h:i\:ilre;idy becn the uhiect oi a nuiiit)er oi Gcner;il
~ssemblv resolutions. We believe ihat Io carrv out a orooer analvsis of the
crisis in kentral America it is important to undérstand [ts ;rigins and political
and social development. It is necessary to understand the colonial, federal
and reoublican backerounds of Central America which have led to the
prcseiit ecunumic. soci:fil.politic31 and sccurity 5ituation I'hc nccumul:~ii~~n
of thi>\ecvents in ihc hisior) of Ccniral ,\iiiericn h;is Icd to thc wrial tension

and internal struggles besetting the countries of the region today. and now the
crisis has come to the periphery of East-West confrontation.
Interna1 conflicts in certain countries have led to a massive exodus of refu-
gees, whose repatriation mus1 bc undcrtakcn in keeping with the commit-
ment to national reconciliation. This cannot be delayed, lest economic and
social problems become more acutc. Of late, one of the primary receiving
countries of refugees has been Honduras.
The ~ersistence of these internal conflicts has caused irreoarable harm
iciecon<iniir.s.[,rodu;tii,c in\~.\imeni.;. :iiiJ the soiii~ligndwurit?h~lnnsc in
n~.ighhi)uringc<iuntrir'i.3rnied uppu,itioii mo\,enicnts hn\c tricd tu u\e hor-
decarcas as sanctuaries and al1ton frequently those actions have led to
claims, protests, tensions and even armed raids such as those suffered by
Honduras in March and December 1986. Those raids have prompted the

Honduran army to expel aggressor forces from our national territor).
The arms race is another force disruptive to peace in Central America; it
ton has led to growing insecurity in the region. The Government of Honduras
has insisted that the arms race be halted, that armaments be limited and mili-
tary forces reduced - al1under effective international control.
Given the abnormal situation now prevailing in Central Amenca, Hondu-
ras has endeavoured to assume zidispassionate and thoughtful position in ils
relations with neighbouring countries. Our foreign policy has been realistic,
forthright and free of undue passion.
In January 1987 the countries of Central America were honourcd by the
visit of the Secretarics-Gcneral of the United Nations and the Organization
of American States (OAS), who met with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of
the countries of the Contadora and Support Groups.

Those distinguished visitors informed the Central American heads of
State of their concern at the crisis afflicting Central Amenca. The Honduran
Government, which fully appreciated the visit, expressed ils willingness to
maintain and consolidate peace by al1legal means.
On that occasion, the Secretaries-General indicated that their organiza-
lions would co-operate in the settlement of internal disputes and accompany- BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
346

ing regional tensions. Their offer was greatly appreciated and proved to be an
important contribution towards regional normalizalion.
When the President of Costa Rica proposed a new peace initiative in
February 1987,my Government supportcd it as a suitable and timely method
for maintaining peace in Central America through political negotiation. We
also recommended that the peace initiative be implemented in Iwo stages - at
the national level, in relation to agreements concerning national reconciliation.
that is. on a cease-fire, amnesty. democratization. supervision and control;
and ai the international level with the ~articioation of the Contadora gr ou^
end the Support Group, to seek agreement on the following: the cessation if
military assistance to insurgents; the non-use of territory for the launching of
ects of aaeression aeainstother States: disarmament and the relocation of
--
insurgent~: limits on and control and reduction of weapons and military
advisers; the arms trade; international verification and control; and co-opera-
tion on political, economic and security questions.
On 1 August, al the initiative of Honduras, the Foreign Ministers of Cen-
tral America and the Contadora Group met once again, this time in Teguci-
galpa, in order to continue efforts to normalize the situation in the region. We
considered the Arias dan. modifications sueees.Ad bv the Governments and
the Josumcnt cntiilcd 'I1rupo,;ils by H~mdurar rcgnr<liiir,pcace iniii;itivr.\ior
Ccntr;il Arncric~". wtiicli atteniptcJ to Iinriii~~ni~thc p~il111e;iil h~cclii,of
democratization included in the-ulan with a Honduran reeommendation that
mediation by the Contadora G;oup be reaciivated so ihat agreements on
problems of security could be reached.
That meeting. which represented a milestone in the peace process, culmi-
nated in the sienine bv the Central American Presidents. on 7 Aueust of this
year in Guaternala"ciiy. of the document entitled ..Procedures &the estab-
lishment of a firm and lasting peacein Central America". We are pleased that
many of the proposais by Fionduras regarding peace initiatives in Central

America have been included in the Esquipulas II agreement, including that
for active mediation by the Contadora Group in security matters.
Thrce important meetings bave been held regarding execution of the
commitments embodied in the Guatemala accord - the first in San Salvador,
where an cxecutive committee was set up; the second in Caracas, where the
International Committee on Verification and Follow-up was created; and the
third in Managua, where a framework for action by hoth committees was de-
cided.
The Executivc Committce, composcd of the Presidents of Central Ame-
rica and invcsted with the power to regulate. implemenl and enforcc compli-
ance with the commitments entered into under the Guatemala agreement at
the recent meeting in Managua, endeavourcd to dcfine principles, guidelines
and orientation for the work of the International Committee on Verification
and Follow-u~-.whi~ ~was assiened the task of enforcine the various commit-
ments entered into by the ~ouvernments. consequentl< the Executive Com-
mittee will see to it that the lnternational Committce on Verification will
have the support and facilities it needs to carry out its tasks.

Indeed. il is up to the Committee on Verification to ensure the simul-
laneous implementation of the agreements on amnesty. including those on
irregular forces and political prisoners. a cease-lire. democratization. cessa-
tion of assistance to insurgent forces and the non-use of tcrritory to carry out
acts ofaggrcssion against other States.
The number and nature of commitments entered into are not the same for
al1the parties. for these depend on the political and social situation of each CORRESPONDENCE 347

country. Some Governments are called upon tu implement al1 the commit-
ments. Others, such as Honduras. which has avoided much of the social
unrest affecting ils neighbours. have entercd into those parts of the agree-
ment lhat apply specifically to them.
Central Ainerica, by means of the Executive Committee, now has within ils

control the process of a return to normalcy in countries suffering from civil
war and bilateral and multilateral tension.
In order to ensure the success of the process of peace and dCtcnte in the
region, il is essential that irregular forces fully accept the Guatemala agree-
ment and act in accordance with il. This applies to those forces operating in
Nicaragua and El Salvador. After irregular forces publicly accept the agree-
ment. the Governments of Nicaragua and El Salvador must take al1neccssary
action to agree on and implement an effective cease-fire within a constitu-
tional framework.
All the Central American countries mus1ensurc that their territory no1 be
used for acts of aggression against other countries. in regard to matcrial aid as
well as to moral and propaganda considcr;itions. Again, this is an oblig.?tion
that mus1 be fulfilled bv States memhers of the International Committce
on Verification and ~ollow-up zind by thosc States expressing an interest in

efforts to normalize the situation in Central America.
The Central American countries having made an international appeal for
the cessation of military assistance to irregular forces and insurgents. we trust
that it will bc accepted and complied with, in good faith. by al1 the States
involved in that type ofactivity. including those which have stubbornly dcnied
their involvement desoite oroof to the contrarv.
The restoration of'the équilibrium of secuhty in Central America depends
uoon Our abilitv to keep out of the East-Wcst conflict. We mus1 recoenize
that if the reeional cris& were no1 su comolex it would not have takenfive
yc;irr ,iip;~iiciitiic~~iti;iii,in.l the conirihuiii~n 01 13~.~iuniric,.inJ 2 in1L.r-
n.iiii~n.ilorr.iiii/:iii<iiis. 1 rc~ioiial .trid 1 rri~rl113ihriiir ,lhciuil\rciiirn
- - -
to normalcy.
Honduras is participating in good faith in the process agreed 10 in Guate-
mala, a process based on mutual trust, arising from the premise that al1
Governments willahide by the commitments they have entered into. asagreed.
The Central American homeland demands democratic peace. For that rea-
son. we trust thal the principles of good faith and mutual trust underlying the
Guatemala agreement will be strengthened. That can be done by putting an
end to certain international juridical situations that represent an unjustifiable
threat to such principles and that are inconipatible with certain intcrnational
treaties provided for in the agreement.
An essential part of Esquipulas II is an appeal for the cessation of hostili-
lies. Those Governments of the States that arc zipresent the victims of activi-
lies carricd out by irregular or insurgent groups have committed themsïlvcs

to whatever action is necessary tu implemcnt a cease-fire within a constitu-
tional framework.
An effective cease-fire is essential for the attainment of peace in those
countries suffering from civil war. Once the hostilities are over citizcns will.
as an incvitable result of socio-oolitical realities. return to normal civil life
and 1akean ;iciivc pari in ihc.dr.mi1cr;iii7ati#inof thcir iaiuntrics.
Once ihc h<istilitissarc <?\,sr.rcfugecs u.111 rciurn io iheir couniries of <)ri-
gin and thcir hc~mcs;and pivc thcir f;imilics the Iruii <ifthcir uork. and ihc
quici honie Iifc iti:iis the ccniciii rcquircd 1i1 huild n.itii~n.il1r:inquilliiy.
Oncc ihc h~istiliticsarc ,?\er. tlictensiuiis anlong nei~hliouring cuuntrics prw348 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

duced hy such refugee movements willcame to an end. Once the hostilities are
over, there will no longer he any need for external assistance provided for the
purpose of destabilizing Governments.
The situation in Central America is quite unlike the situation anywhere
else in the world. The crisis there should no1 be viewed as an international
conflict in the sense of hostilities among nations. Its essential characteristic is
the existence of long-drawn-out civil wars in the region that have given rise to
tensions among Governments. Those civil wars must therefore be brought to
an end, for they are a threat to peace and security in the region.
May God enlighten the leaders of Our countries and the leaders of the
irregular forces now involved in those civilwars. May they enter in10a patriotic
dialogue, and may they reach agreement on an effective cease-fire that will
lead to national reconciliation.

5. Snpoa Agreenzenrberween rhe Governmeni of Nicaragira and
rhe Nicarag~ianResisrance.
23 March 1988: Press Clip and Translarion

[El Heraldo, 24 March 19881

SAPOAAGREEMENT

The Constifutional Government of the Republic of Nicaragua and the

Nicaraguan Resistance, meeting in Sapoi March 21-23, 1988, with the aim of
contributing ta reconciliation within the framework of the Esquipulas II
Agreement and in the presence of witnesses, Cardinal Miguel Obando y
Bravo. President of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua, and Ambassador
Joao Baena Soares, Secretary General of the OAS. have arrivcd a1 the fol-
lowing agreement:
1. Cessation of offensive military operations in the entire national terri-
tory for a period of sixty days heginning April 1 of this year, during which

there will occur a negotiating process for definitive cease-fire whose effective
implementation will occur jointly with the other commitments contemplated
in Esquipulas II. Bath parties agree to meet at the highest level in Managua
on April 6 ta continue the negotiations on a definitive cease-fire.
2. During the first 15 days. the forces of the resistance will locate them-
selves in zones whose locality, size, and modus operandi will be mutually
agreed to by a special commission in a meeting in Sap05 ta begin Monday,
Marcb 29.
3. The Government of Nicaragua will decree a General Amnesty for those
tried and sentenced for violation of the law of maintenance of order and pub-
lic security, and for the mcmbers of the army of the previous régime for
crimes committed before July 19, 1979.In the case of the first group. amnesty
will be gradual, taking into account the religious sentiments of the Nicara-
guan people on the occasion of Holy Week, and will begin with the liberation
of the first 100 prisoners on Palm Sunday. Subsequently, upon verification of
the entry of the Nicaraguan Resistance Forces in the zones mutually agreed
upon, there will he freed 50 per cent of the prisoners. The remaining 50 per
cent will be freed on a date alter signature of the cease-lire and will be agreed
upon in the meeting of April6 in Managua. CORRESPONDENCE 349

In the case of the prisoners referrcd 10 in the second category of the first
paragraph under this number, their liberation will begin with the signature
of the definitive cease-fire undcr guidelines (previo dictamen) of the Inter-
American Human Rights Commission of the OAS.
The Secretary General of the OAS will be the guarantor and trustee ((le-
positurio) of the implementation of the Amnesty.
4. With the objective of guarantecing food and basic supplies for the
irregular forces, they will arrange for and accept exclusively humanitarian
assistance. consistent with Article 5 of the Esquipulas II Agreement, which
will be provided by neutral organizations.
5. The Government of Nicaragua will guarantee unrestricted freedom of
expression as contemplated in the Esquipulas II Agreement.
6. Once the forces of the Nicaraguan Resistance are concentrated in the
zones mutually agreed tu, (the Resistance) can send to the National Dialogue

as many delegates as the political organizations that make il up, up to a maxi-
mum of eight. In the National Dialogue thcre will be considered, among
other topics, that of military service.
7. Thcre is euaranteed to al1 oersons who. for oolitical motives or anv
other reason, have left the country: the ability tb retirn 10Nicaragua, be inté-
grated into the political, economic, and social processes without any type of
condition other than those established in the laws of the Reoublic. Thev will
not be judged, punished, or persecuted, for activities of a'political/mfiitary
nature that they may have undertaken.
8. The Government of Nicaragua confirms that those persons who have
been reintegrated into a peaceful life can participate with equal conditions
and guarantees in the elections for the Central American Parliament, and the
municipal elections on the dates that are established for these, as well as in
the national general elections on the date established by the Constitution.
9. Tu put into effect the verification of compliance with this Agreement,
the Verification Commission will be established, composed of the President

of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua, His Eminence Cardinal Miguel
Obando y Bravo. and the Sec. Gen. of the OAS, His Excellency 1020 Baena
Soares.
The technical assistance and the serviccs necessary for this commission,
that would permit and expeditc compliance, follow-up, and verification of
this agreement, will be solicited and entrusted to the Sec. Gen. of the OAS.

Both sides agreed tu extend tu April 1of this year the cessation of offensive
military operations previously agreed tu by both parties on March 21. 1988.

[Spanishtextnot repro<luced]

6. PressConirnrrniyuéof 19April 1988 on Transirof Hiimanitariun Aicl
rhrorrghHondirras

Free Translation

The Ministry of Foreign Relations herewith informsthe national and inter-
national media, that:350 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Considering:
that the Government of Nicaragua and the Nicaraguan Resistance agreed
on a provisional cease-fire as aesult of the meetings that took place in Sapoi.
Nicaragua:

that the funds approved by the Congress of ihe United States of America
in the form of humanitanan aid are the expression of a bipartidist policy in
sccordance with said cease-fire and the consent of the parties interested;
that the assistance for the delivery of said aid is expressly included in the
undertaking of numeral 5 of the "Procedure for establishment of a firm and

lasting peace in Central America", signcd by the Presidents of Central
America, on August 7, 1987';
that the beneficiaries do no1 fall within the international aid of the High
Commissioner of the United Nations for Refugees:

Tl~erefore:

the Government of Honduras has authorized the delivery of such aid to
the Nicaraguan population that is in Honduran territory in the border with
Nicaragua. under the responsibility and CO-ordination by representatives of
AID. Price Waterhouse of Honduras. the Catholic Church. and the Embassy
of ihe United States of America.

7. Speech by the Secrr.r,rof Foreigri Affairs of Honduras

C~rrlo.l-<il>eCo,rrrcr<l.s

SEVENTEENTHORDINARY PERlOD OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
ORGANlZATlON OF AMERlCAN STATES

Washington, D.C.,
November 12. 1987.

Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Foreign Secretaries,
Mr. Secretary General,
Mr. Assistant Secretary General.
Mr. Delegaies:
After listening with attention to the disiinguished speakers before me, 1

have been able to verify the consensus existing in some of the topics that have
been deali with. But in-none has that consensis bcen more evident than in the

'UN document A1421521 CORRESPONDENCE 351

The Government of Honduras. under President JoséAzcona. widelv iden-
tified with ideas of peace, liberty and democracy that also inspire the ~overn-
ment of Costa Rica, joins others in congratulating Minister Madrigal Nieto
with the conviction that his ex~ericnce, ihrewdness, perseverance and diplo-
matic finesse more than guarantee fruitful and positi$c achicvements forihis
Gcneral Assembly.

Mr. Chairman:

It is most unfortunate to admit that our Organization, in spite of the
efforts of Secretary General Baena Soares, continues suffering an almost
paralysing crisis, hoth economically and financially. Such phenomenon, in
itself reason of concern, would entail alarming charactcristics if it reflected
lack ofinterest of the Member States in the Organization and in what il stands
for. It would be like abandoning the dreams of our heroes, seeing the United
America of Bolivar and Valle turn into a group of thirty separate countries,
perhaps joined in small nuclei in search of their own individual fates.
The economic-financial problems would become an effect and not the
cause of the present crisis, which manifests itself in different ways: the timor-
ous manner with which the Organization has faced the different regional
problems and the reluctance to start using the mechanisms that would turn
the Organization more operative as provided in the Cartagena Protocol
which as of this datc has only been ratified by fourteen countries and may run
the same luck of the 1975Protocol of Reforms to the International Treaty for
Reciprocal Assistance. The absence of political will to amend the Pact of
Bogotti or to approve a new American Treaty of Pacific Solutions is similarly
si-nificant.
We thus find ourselves in an Organization on thc brink of hankruptcy,
whosc basic instruments are disarticulated and uncoordinated.
In spite of al1this, it is convenient to admit that in the past year, thanks to
the initiative of Secretary General, Ambassador Joio Clemente Baena Soares,
together with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ambassador
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, both organizations finally participated, in an active
manner. on the search of solutions to one of the crises in the Continent: The
~entral'~merican situation.
With respect to this inter-organizational cooperation, 1 have the pleasure
tu inform vou that on las1 October 28th. the United Nations General Assem-
bly appro;ed by consensus the draft of a resolution presented by the Hondu-
ran Delegation with the co-sponsorship of al1 the OAS Member States,
except one. Such Resolution is an invitation hy the Secretary-General of the
United Nations to:

- procure additional coopcration and coordination between both organiza-
tions and their specialized organisms;
- submit in 1988a report on the application of said resolution, maintaining the
inclusionofthc subject in the lorty-third period of the General Assembly.

Mr. Chairman:

Sevrral historic circumstances, external factors and the same political cri-
sis affecting Central America are attempting against the well-heing and
future development of the area. Facing such situation and fully conscious of
the close links joining peace, democracy and development, il is evident that
Central America deserves more assistance in its effort of recovering with theaid of friendly countries and institutions of international technical and financial
cooperation. The Government of Honduras acknowled~es the Secretariat
General's compliance with mandates aimed at ensnringuan effective treat-
ment to particular problems in the Central American area as a whole and in
Honduras in particular.
In this sense, 1 wish 10 emphasize the compliance with the Resolution of
the Fourtecnth General Assembly, seeking for better attention to the needs
of development of Central America. In the last months, the Secretariat Ge-
neral, with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank and the Pan-
Americaii Health Organization. has backed national efforts to carry out an
international meeting of donors, in order to channel resources aimed at tend-
ing to the social needs of the poorest sectors in al1the countries in the area.
Mv country is oartici~atine with interest in the Proeram of Social Invest-
rncnt; for r);\,cl<ipmcnt tii th^.('enIrdl ,\mcri<m l~tlii;iu~. \iliisl~~~iistitutz~

thr. b.,si\ ior that nicctinr: On thir uc:;i,iun. Honiliir;~,\\i,hc.18)highlisht thc
v.ilu:ihlc .uppi>rt hein2 received ir.m the Secrct,iri.tt (iciicr:iiii tliificld.

MI. Chairman:

Respect to human rights is the fonndation on which the democratic state
of law must stand. True democracy cannot exist without respect to human
rights. Democracy and human rights are both values of the same equation.
The Government of Honduras, a result of the people's will expressed in
free and honest elections, is based on full respect to human rights, acknow-
ledging in the human person - whose dignity is inviolable - the supreme end
of societv and the State.
For this reason, Honduras appears among the first countries to ratify the
1969American Convention of Human Rights and to accept the jurisdiction of

the Inter-American Court, without any reservations nor conditions.
Dnring the last decades. Our Continent has bled as a result of indiscrimi-
nate violence brought by terrorist actions, interna1 confrontations bordering
with civil wars and the logical mass violations of human rights.
Central Amenca has been suffering from endemic subversive movements
as far as thirty years ago and since 1978 to date, the area has faced domestic
armed struggles causing over one hundred thousand dead, wounded and miss-
ine oersons, thonsands of orisoners and oolitical exiles. as well as consider-
abïe'materia~ damages. ond dura hs,wevér, thanks to its consolidated demo-
cratic process has managed to withdraw itself from those conflicts. lnstead of
generatinn refugees, it has received more than two hundred thousand Central
Americanurefu~ees who have found shelter in the climate of peace and liberty
prevailing in Honduras in spite of the enormous economic difficulties we are
facing at present.
Notwithstandine that Honduras works in oeace devotine its maior efforts
toward the strengtiening of democracy, aimed at its people'sintegr~l develop-
ment, al safeguarding human rights of hundreds of thousands Central Ameri-

can refugees-to whom it provides safe shelter, while attempting through al1
kinds of means to bring the area back to normal conditions, our country finds
itself in a quite paradoxical situation.
It is the first nation to be accused bv the Inter-American Commission of
Human Rights before the Court for alieged violations that supposedly took
place in previous régimes.
However, the Government of Honduras, far from feeling humiliated or
insulted hy such accusation, believes that it should he used ai an example to CORRESPONDENCE 353

several sectors trying 10 condemn us, whose action, if they are in fact defend-

ing human rights, should be oriented instead towards having their Govern-
ments submit themselves to the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights, in the same broad manner shown by Honduras.
It suffices to say that oncc again the Governmcnt of Honduras is proceeding
with characteristic correction and sercnity, honoring its legal obligation by
appearing before the International Court to present its defense allegations.
On the question of human rights, good intentions are no1 enough; con-
crete and urgeni actions are required. 1.therefore, urge the other members of
this Oreanization to follow the examole set bv Honduras -if thev have failed
to do so - and proceed to accept théunconditioned jurisdiction of the Inter-
American Court of Human Rights. Such acceptance would become the best
proof that true respect of human rights is far more than a stereotyped and
convenient posture.
Led by the firm spirit inspiring us and true to honor the compliance with the
"Procedure for the establishment of a firm and Iasting peace in Central
America", in the middle of last October the first massive repatriation of the
area took placc in the Honduran-Salvadorean bordcr, with 4,311 Salvadorean
citizcns returning to their country. Similarly, in the Oriental region of Hondu-
ras, the voluntary rïpitriation program has allowed the rcturn of 2,504Nicara-
guans. It is Our hope that this program will be increased until every Central
Amencan is able to live in his own nation, free from violence and repression.

Mr. Chairman:
It is convcnient to clarifv that the so-called Central American cnsis has ils
own characteristics, consisiing of prolonged isolated civil wars which have
originated tensions between nations without producing any armed interna-
tional conflicts. apart from some armed incidents at the borders.

As has been repeatedly said, this crisis became more serious when it found
itself amid the East-West confrontation, with ils sequel of domestic struggle
in some countries and the interminable currents of refugees.
The Contadora Grouo is born as a result of this dramatic situation. The
(ir<,up oitcrs itidi,iiitr.rc~icJ m~,li.~tiiigcii<iri. :~r.c~plcduilh hopc a,.III\-
iiirtiiin by the Central Amcric;in (i,i\criinicnls. Thi>1\< ,cc:iii.~:IShrilli~ntl!
exprc\scd h) the grcd1Pcru\i.tn ]iiri.r..IgnCLuis llui1;im:intc! Ilivcr~.
"among institutions of law, there are somc which excel for discretion
and this is the case of mediation. It e\,olves quietly. without boasting or
exaggerating signs. It moves in the shade, il does not cast shadows on
anyhody .. .and in the dimness of its sobriety, its influence is felt as an
advice and not as a mandate .. ."

It is then this mediating effort the one that will hclp us continue ncgotia-
lions still pending in the fields of security and verification and control in the
draft of the Contadora Act.
Domestic conflicts, as 1 mentioned before, have originated massive emi-
erations of refueecs. whose reoatriation is imoerative. in a clear resuonse to
Eompliance withunationa~recoici~iation comm~tmcnts.'
This is onc of the fundamental commitments found within the sphere of
Contadora's mediating role because it implics dialogue, ccase-fire, amnesty,
tolerance, rcfugecs' rcpatriation and human rights to arrive al democratiza-
lion and return to normal conditions.
Arrnamentism is another factor of disturbance and insecunty in Central354 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDAmIONS

America. Consequently, Honduras has insisted in the termination of arms
build-up. as well as on limitation, reduction and control of armaments and
trooos. In this context. the Contadora Grouo has been reiteratedlv orovided
with'its first instance mediating rolc. which musc not be frustrateddie to un-
compromising attitudes. as it already occurred in the past, since that role is a
key solution to control extraregional niilitary presence in the area.
On Februarv 1987. when the President of Costa Rica. Mr. Oscar Arias.
honored now. <oour ;atisfaction, with the Nobel Prize for Peace, proposed a
new peace initiative, my Government considered it a constructive option for
mainlaining peace in Central America within the context of politicainegotia-
tions.
On July 31, 1987, at the initiative of Honduras, the Foreign Ministers of
Central America and the Contadora Group mct again after a year, this time

in Tegucigalpa, aiming to continue with thcir efforts ta bring the region back
io normal. The agenda comprised the Arias Plan, the suggestions made by the
Governments and the document entitlcd "Honduran Proposais with regard
to the Peace Initiatives for Central America". oriente* towards the harmoni-
ous merging of the political objectives of domcstic reconciliation included in
such plan with the Honduran recommendations for reactivating the Conta-
dora Grouo's mediation in the ~ie~ ~of securitv.
This meeting proved to be a landmark in the pacifying process, which cul-
minatcd with the subscription in Guatemala. by the Central American Presi-
dents of the document -i>rocedure for the establishment of a firm and lasting
peace in Central Amenca" on August 7, 1987.
As provided for in the Guatemala agreement, five important meetings
have becn held to date: the first one took place in San Salvador, where the
Executive Commission was established; the second was held in Caracas. where
the International Commission on Verificaiion and Follow-up was formed;
the third meeting. in Managua, established the framework for both

Commissions; the fourth, in San JosC, permiticd the Exccutive Commission
to set the scope of the simultaneity principlc rcgarding the compliance with
agrccd commitments and finally, the fifth meeting, in the headquarters of
our Oreanization. where the International Commission on Verification and
~ollow-Üp took noticc of the steps taken hy thc Governments for complying
with such cornmitments.
The Executive Commission, in ils character of delegate organ of the Cen-
tral American Presidents, has described the principles. the directives and the
orientations to guide the tasks of the International Commission on Venfica-
lion and Follow-up. in its role of facilitatine -rean for compliance with their
resoective commi<ments bv the Governmenis.
eonsequently, the ~xkutive Commission will see Io it that the Interna-
tional Commission on Verification and Follow-up is assisted and supported
with the necessary means to fulfill its function.

Mr. Chairman:

Central America. through the Executive Commission, has under its com-
mand and control the process of return to normality, both in the cases of
counlries with civil wars, as in the ones conccrning bilateral and multilateral
tensions derived from such conflicts.
In order to guarantee the success of the pacifying and distension process, it
is fundamental that irregular forces fully accept the Agreement of Guate-
mala, proceeding to act accordingly. This includes those forces in El Salva- COKKESPONDEh'CE 355

dor, as well as the ones in Nicaragua and Guatemala. Once such public
acceptance is achieved on the part of the irregular forces, the Governments
of El Salvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala must undertake al1 the necessary
actions "to reach an agreement and bring about an effective cease-fire, in
accordance with the Constitution".
In ~uiiformity with ihc .igrr,ciiiciit<ilL.;quipiil.ii IIitir c.w.nii:il ih.it ,11t1hr.
('ciitr:iI ,\iiieric;iit ccuntrls ~nip~~li.c u,r. ,~fihc,iir.rrit,lrfor .ici> ;lsgrc>.
sion aeainst other States. both from the material point of view as from the one
pcrt.iiiiiii1,)iiii~r.i:iiid prap.i$:inil;~\iil>pi,rt. 1hi*<ihlig.itionmu4 .il><tic iul-
iillcd h!, th: \Ir.inhcr St;itc>,,i ilicIiit~~rii.itii~iConinii>hii,n<in\'criiic:sii<in

and ~oilow-UDand in those countries interested in the success ol our effortsto
bring the are; back to normal.
When the public appeal ta terminale military aid to irregular forces is made,
we trust that it willbe accepted and complied with byal1the nations engaged in
this type olactivity, including those who repeatedly deny il, in spite of the evi-
dence in contrary.
Honduras is a gond faith participant in the procedure of Guatemala, foun-
ded on reciorocal trust. under the oremises that al1eovernments will comvlv . .
uiiti thc corrc>piiniling ~<inimitnir.ni. :A>:igrr.r.J.
'SIIL ('c.ritr;,r\!iicr~c;l!ii:~tli:rl.inJ ,l.,ni.~n,l>ih:ti >u<Iipr~i~c~plhf gu~>.l
faith and reciprocal trust on which the Agreement of Guatemala is sustained
be strengthened through the elimination of international legal actions which

represent an unjustifiable challenge to such principles.
An essential part of the "Esquipulas II" document is the appeal to ccase
hostilities and it isbecause of this that the Governments of those States,where
irregular or insurgent groups are currently active, have committed themselves
to undertake al1necessary steps to bring about a cease-lire and national recon-
ciliation. nursuant to the Constitution.
In effe'ct,if hostilities cease in those countries suffering from a civilwar, the
national reconciliation process shall have begun; refugees will go back 10their
native land and tensions produced by those seeking a-sanctuary in the border-
ing lines will cnd between neighboring countries. Consequently, the work of
the International Commission on Verification and Follow-up will be made
easier and the same thing will apply to compliance with commitments on the

part of other governments undergoing tensions generated by domestic con-
flicts.

MI. Chairman:

As 1 stated before, the main characteristic of today's situation in Central
America is that it is the result of prolonged civil wars which generate tensions
between governments. It is then necessary to put an end to these civil wars
because they threaten security and peace in the area. This is why il is so
important for national reconciliation proccsses to devote their best efforts
to their achievement.
In this sense and even though Honduras is no1 included in those cases

"wherc dcep divisions have taken place within society", the President of the
country, exercising his constitutional powers, resolved to establish a National
Commission of Reconciliation in order to offset some ill-intentioned opinions.
pretending to argue that the failurc to est;iblish said Commission stood for
non-compliance of the procedure agreed in "Esquipulas II".
In the same manner, my Government is honored to comply with the "com-
mitment to prevent the use of ils own territory by persous, organizations or356 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDAmIONS

groupsseeking to destabilize the Governments of Central American countries
and to refuse to provide them with or allow them to receive military and
logistical support",WChave faith that this obligation willalso be complied with
bv the other Governments and. in order to suarantee such compliance. Hondu-
r;isibwilling 10rc<luciltIlc prcqcncc <if:ln inicrn;itiuii;li ~ccurltycominlç~lonln
thc couniric5' h<irdcringlines.c%peciaIl!the ont, pcrt;iining io KISalvador and
Nicaragua, to ensure that such -lines are no1 crossed over by subversive ele-
ments, from one side to the other and vice versa.

Mr. Cbairman:

The Central American Presidents upon subscription of the "Procedure of
Guatemala", aereed to establish a ninetv-dav term for the execution of those
commitmenls iivolving a series of actiofis aithe same moment of those other
one single action commitments. This balanced system of compliance with the
agreements would ensure the simultaneity in such cornpliance.
Accordingly. the verification and follow-up of the commitments accepted
under the "Procedure of Guatemala" necessarily imply parallel actions as to

the moment in which such commitments must begin to cast their effects. The
orinciole of harmonious interaction and the com~lementaritv in the fulfillment
Of the'commitments themselves with the correSponding vérification and fol-
low-up is evident on the basis of the Agree-ent adopted by the Executive
Commission during ils III Meeting.
The Government of Honduras considers that verification must provide
equal treatment to commitments of both political and security nature. The
mechanisms established by the International Commission on Verification and
Follow-up throughout the area will give a better opportunity to fortify trust
among the countries in the area.
Ever since the "Esquipulas II" document was subscribed, as well as during
the subseauent meetines. Honduras has insisted. as orovided for in item 7 of
I~C ~~rceknt. illa1 ihi ~enir;il Aiiicrism (ico\criiincntr. ivith thc mcji;ii~ng

particip.ition<if Ctini~idora. procccd rriih ncgi~ii:~ri<~u*n pendiiig in3iier.r in
ihc fields of sccuriiv. i.eriiic;~iiunand control in the Jrnit of ihc Contadora Act
for Peace and ~oo~eration in Central Amenca.
However. it was no1until the third meeting of the Executive Commission in
San José, Costa Rica, on October 27-28. 1987. that the agreement to proceed
with negotiations on limiting military armaments and troops within the follow-
ing forty-five days was adopted.
Once again. before this General Assembly, 1urge the other Central Ameri-
can countriesand the Contadora mediating Group to conclude the negotiation
of these essential aspects of regional security.

Mr. Chairman:

It is necessary to recover the spirit of harmony and understanding, by
means of concrete actions leading to normalization and distension in Central
America.
With the realism that should preside our acts, it is advisable to recognize
fhat the International Commission on Verification and Follow-up, during ils
meeting al this House las1 Saturday, in effect verified-in the light of the
Governments' public reports and statements on conditionality, that the five
iundamental commitments set forth in item 11 in the Guatemala Agreement

did no1become effective publicly and simultaneously, as agreed by the Central
American Presidents. CORRESPONDENCE 357

Thc <iovcrniiir'ntui HijnJurü, is inihr'bc.1 di.po\iiion io in1pc.l~ihc i:iiI~rc
oiour PC<IL .f.c)ri\. \\ith~<xcIu~lin~:an urgeriical1iur ;i ndr( ciiir;il ,\nicric;in
I'rc>iJcnii.t.;Liiini.iitimcrl .ii c\xlu:iiiiir.lnJ rc.idiu\iinc th^. t'ciicc 1'I:an.
wherever necessary, since aside from the~xecutive ~omn&sion, there is no
other organ to evaluate or interpret such plan.
The Government of Honduras considers as a decisive contribution
to strengthen trust and regional peace, the implementation of the following
actions by the Government of Nicaragua:

Firsr: withdrawal of offensive military troops and equipment from the
border line with Honduras;
Seconrl: cessation of violations to Honduran air, Landand maritime space;
Third: cessation of bambines and ~lantine of antiversonal minine devices in
-
Honduran territory and kidnGpings'of ~olduran Gtizens;
Forrrth: cessation of political-military interventions in the other Central
American States;
Fifth: restoration of full jurisdiction of the mediating effort of the Con-
tadora Group; and,
Sixth:dialogue with the Nicaraguan armed opposition for national recon-
ciliation purposes and the issuance of a broad and unconditional amnesty.

On the other hand, in a harmonious interaction with the aforementioned,
the Governments of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua could undertake
the following joint actions:

First: to request the establishment of an International Security Commission
in the borders of Honduras-El Salvador and Honduras-Nicaragua, responsible
for:

(u) monitoring and denouncing aggressions against nationals and against the
Honduran territory;
(6) denouncing and impeding the entrance of armed irregular forces from El
Salvador and Nicaraeua into Honduras:
(c) disarming and confFning in internationally inspected camps irregulars
from El Salvador and Nicaragua seeking sanctuary in Honduran territory;
and,
(d) impeding irregulars or refugees the use of frontier lines for military pur-
poses.

Second: to urge for the establishment of civilmechanisms of an international
character, to allow for:

(a) the organization of admission centers and camps for confining disarmed
irregulars from El Salvador and Nicaragua;
(b) the admission of disarmed irregulars, providing them with humanitarian
assistance;

(c) the repatriation or relocation to third countries within a 3-month period of
irregulars having laid down their arms in Honduran territory; and,
(d) the facilitation of repatriation programs of Nicaraguan and Salvadorean
refugees.

With regard to security matters, the Government of Honduras announces ils
decision to consider a timetable for the withdrawal of temporary US military
personnel from its territory, provided that the Government of Nicaragua, in a
simultaneous and verifiahle manner, sets a timetable for the withdrawal of358 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

military forces of Soviei bloc countries in Nicaragua and maximum limits or
applicable reductions on military armaments and troops are agreed upon hy
both countries.
Likewise, if there is a relaxing of tensions between the Governments of the
United States of America and Nicaragua, and if both parties agree Io negotia-
tions, the Government of Honduras would be very pleased forose negotia-
tions to takc place in ils territory, thus. as of now. Honduras extends ils most
cordial invitation.

Mr. Chairman:

Honduras has no1been a cause of the crisis that saddens Central America.
On the contrary. the countryuffers from ils consequences. It is lime now ta
say enough! Enough to violcncc. cnough to oppressioenoi~glespecially to
indecision toconfront basic problcms due to demagogic or circumstanfial
reasons.
Our Organization was creatcd to achieve orderly pcace and justice in
the Continent. on the basis of the effective exercise of representative demo-
cracy.
Such beautiful concepts did not originate fromthe inspiration of a dreamer
nor are they a simplelyrical and utopic vision. Quite the contrary. they are
carved indelibly in the deepesi corner of the sou1 of the man of the Amer-
icas.
The American Confinent alter Iwo hundred years continues in ils struggle to
become the true land of hope and freedom. Much blood has been shed and
will continue to be shed to reach and consolidate such goals. Everything
seems to indicate that we are to win the battlc. This is evidenced by the present

cmshing majority of democracics in Our vast continent, expected to become
universal.
What the Latin American peoplc demand is for us to show without
shame nor hesitation the virile boldness of Our ancestors in defending their
cono~e~-~~
Only iwe nail downforevcr. in the highest peak of the American Continent
the banner of iustice and liberty shall we be able to iustify the existence of Our
Organization and the reason of being of Ourown nations.

8. PressCommirni</irhy ReprcretirafivofCanada, FecleralRepirhlicof
Germany an</Spain, on Verificrrtionin CentralAmcricu

25 May 1988.

TEXT OFTHE PRESS RELEASE DELIVERED TOTHE FlVE CENTRAI. AMERICAN
AMBASSADORA SCCREDITED 'TOMADRID, BY THECENERALDIRECI'ORS
FORIBEROAMERICA FROMCANADA.FEDERALREPUBI.IC
OF GERMANY ANDSPAIN

Representatives of the Federal Republic of Germany, Canada and Spain
met in Madrid on25 May 1988.
The principal aim of this meeting was to exchange. in a genericand informal CORRESPONDENCE 359

way, points of view about the role thc three countries could play in
the vcrification of the peace process of Central America, in relation to the
Declaration of 7 Aorii 1988 of the Executive Commission of the Esauioulas
Agreement. that wis forwarded to thcm through the offices of the ~ekritiiry.
General of the Unitcd Nations.
In conformity to the Dcclaraiion of Aoril 7. the task of the threc countries
appointed wouo be the integration of the mechanisms of verification. follow-

up and control.
This Declaration also alluded, specifically, to the terms of reference thai the
three countries would oresent to the Execuiive Commission for iheir consid-
eraiion. Thc possible térmsof refcrence were discussed in the meeting.
The three countries are in awailance of a formal invitation from the fivc
Central American countries
The three countries said to be honoured by the trust bestowed 10 them by

the Central American countries in considering their collaboration in the pro-
cess of verification.and confirmed their wish toco-ouerate lo the oeace urocess
iiithc u;i! i1i.11 Jc;incJ mii3t.tlipr<)pri;ilc
Ih~.iiicsiiii,:in hl:idrirlwr\cJ 10 m.ikc:lc.ir ihc n.iiurr.ot11~..irklh,ii h:i*
to be performëd and to prepare the thrcc couniries for a prompt reaction in case
they should rcceive a formal invitation from the Central Amencan countries.

[Spnnish re.rr1701re[)rodiice(l/

9. Iïflli Meeting of fhe ExeciiriveConimission of Minisrersof Foreign
Xelnrionsof Cenrral Anrerica. Giinremala, 7AprillYXX

V REUNION DE LA COMISION EJECUTIVA

ESQUIPULAS II

La Cornision Ejecutiva, integrada por los Ministres de Relaciones

Exteriores de Costa Rica, El Salvador. Guatemala. Honduras y Nicaragua SC
reunio en la ciudad de Guatemala. los dias 23y24de marzo y7 de abril de 1988,
con cl proposito de analizar la situaci611prevalcciente en el irea y las medidas
a aplicar O recomendar por la Comisi6n Ejecutiva. a fin de continuar con el
cumplimiento de los compromisos contenidos en el Procedimiento de Guate-
mala y en la Declaracion Conjunta de los Presidentes Centroamericanos,

suscrita en Alajuela el 16de enero de 1988.
Como rcsultado de sus deliberaciones, la Cornision Ejecutiva

ACOKIIO:

1. De conformidad al Procedimiento para cstablecer la paz firme y dura-
dera en Centroamérica y a la Declaracibn de Alajuela, crear el sislema de
verifkacion. control y scguimiento de los compromisos contenidos en dichos

Acuerdos.
Las Comisiones Nacionales dc Keconciliaci6n verificarin el cumplimiento
de los c~~oromisos aue a ellas les corrcsoonde verificar. conformc al Pro-
cedimieniode Guatenha y la ~eclaracionde Alajuela, medio de inspec-
ciones bi sitiO de cualquier otro proccdirnicnto de venficacion especifica qucestimen convenientc y necesaria. Las Comisiones Nacionales de Reconci-
liacion rendirin informes mensuales, de sus funciones a los Gobiernos
Centroamericanos. que los discutiran en el seno de la Cornision Ejecutiva.
Tratindose de los compromisos en materia de seguridad, la Cornision
Ejecutiva solicitarB por medio del Secretario General de Naciones Unidas, la
colaboracion de un Grupo Técnico Auxiliar integrado por personal espccia-
lizado de los Gobiernos de Canada, Esparia y la Republica Federal de
Alemania, Gobiernos que han manifestatdo el deseo de colaborar en el pro-
ceso de paz de Centroamérica para que conformen los mecanismos de
verificacion. control y seguimienio.
Una vez formalizada la referida solicitud. el Grupo TécnicoAuxiliar dictari
susnormas de funcionamientoque comunicari a la Cornision Ejecutiva para su

consideracion. En el descmperio de sus funciones, mantendri contactos
directos con las autoridades que sefialen los respectivos Gobiernos de la
region. Presentari informes mensuales del resultado de sus labores a la
Cornision Ejecutiva, la que los analizari y, en Io que crea pertinente, le hari las
observaciones del caso.
Decide igualmcntc la Cornision Ejecutiva, a nombre de sus Gobiernos,
celebrar un Tratado de Amistad v Cooveracion Regional. el aue habri de
suscribirse en la VI Reunion de ja omisi io ~jecGiva a celébrarse en la
Republica de Honduras en el mes de mayo proximo, el cual consignari, entre
otros vrincivios de imoortancia. aue las Partes se comvrometen-de manera
firme é irrkocable, a 'hacer siehpre uso de los procedimientos de solution
pacifica de las controversias. renunciando al uso de la fuerza o a cualquier otro
medio coercitivo, a fin de afianzar de esta manera, la mejor convivencia entre
sus pueblos.
En ta1virtud, los Cancilleres se cornprometen a designar, en el término de
los proximos ocho dias, a los funcionarios respectivos que participaran en el

Grupo Técnicoque negociad los términosdel Trarado en menci6n.
En atencion a los Acuerdos adoptados en esta Reunion, a los cuales los
Cancilleres reconocen especial validez y firmeza, asi como a los progresos
alcanzados dentro del Procedimiento de Guatemala, el serior Canciller de
Nicaragua declara que, habiéndose cumplido los propositos previstos para la
VI Reunion de la Cornision Ejecutiva en Honduras, se habri fortalecido el
Procedimiento de Guatemala, ya que dichas medidas contribuyen signifi-
cativamente al restablecimiento de laconfianza entre los oaises del Areavaue. en
es3 tirtud.SC cumpromele 3 prcsentiir iintliCorle lnicrn;iciondl dc ~"st'icia.cl
Jcsisiiniicntu dcl Gohierno de Sic:ir;igub dc la denianda iii~ii:id:icon1r:i CI
Gobieriio Jc l.londurns cl28 de luliu Je I9hh.luq~c h;ir:i;rn5s 1iiril;irJin cn
qui: >c cclchrc I:VI Kcunioit dc 1sComi3iiin t.~r.cuti~.i.qiic leiidri lugar en cl
rncs Jc rnii)o del aria cn surw cnI;iKcpubli~.;dc Hunclur:!~.

2. Urgir a las fuerzas armadas irregulares y a los movimicntos insurrcc-
cionales a que. a través de los mecanismos ya establecidos en el Procedimienlo
de Guatemala, los miembros de dichos grupos o fuerzas, se dispongan

seriamente a la conclusi6n del cese al fueeo. con el fin de inteerarse a los
procesos democriticos authticos y pluralGt&, con plenas garazias de sus
derechos a la vida, la libertad en todas sus formas - incluyendo el Eoce total
de los derechos civiles y politicos-

3. De igual manera reiterar su demanda mis enérgica a los Gobiernos
regionales y extrarregionales que estuvieren dando cualquier tipo de ayuda o
respaldo. abierto o véladoa los grupos insurgentes o fuerzas iriegulares, para CORRESPONDENCE 361

que Io cesen inmediatamentc como accion indispensable para lograr la paz
estable y duradcra de la region. Se exceptua de esta disposition la ayuda
humanitaria contemplada en Esquipulas II.
4. Senalar que ha sido preocupacion constante de los paises cçntro-
americanos obtener los recursos suficientes en condiciones aorooriadas Dara su
desarrollo integral. como unacontribucion efectiva para la'co~secuci& de la
paz y el afianzamiento de la democratizacion de sus peuhlos.

or Io que se coneratulan de la oresentacion. oor Üarte de la Secretaria Ge-

de Ïa Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas
Solicitar, en consecuencia, que se analice de inmediato dicho plan a fin de
encontrar fuentes financieras indispensables para hacer realidlos postulados
contenidos en el citado docume~nto. Su aorobacion constituirj un factor
determinante de desarrolloy la paz de los cinco paises centroamericanos.
Considera igualmente, que es de especial importancia que en la determi-
nacion de prioridades y enla ejecucion misma del plan, tengan estas naciones
una plena y directa participacion.

5. Reiterar su honda preocupacion por el gran nurnero de refugiados y
des~lazados en la reeion como consecuencia de la situacion que atraviesa
centroamérica y, deacuerdo con la recomendaci6n de la ~ukornision de
Refugiados y Desplaïados, convocar a una Conferencia Internacional sobre
soluc!ones a favor de los refugiados centroamericanos con el co-auspicio de
ACNUR, a la brevedad, e invitar a otros paises afectados directamente por
este problema a que apoyen ampliamente esta convocatoria.

6. Que todas las disposiciones contenidas en la presente Declaracion
Conjunta seran confirmadas en su pronima reunion a verificarse en la
Republica de Honduras, ya que deberin realizarse consultas con los paises
invitados e implementarse los mecanismos de verificacion.

7. Agradecer al Pueblo y Gobierno de Guatemala la fraternal hospitalidad
v las facilidades brindadas a los miembros de la Comision Eiecutiva v sus

~ele~aciones durante su permanencia en el pais, que contribuyeron sknifi-
cativamente al éxito de la reunion.

Guatemala, 7 de abril de 1988

Rodrigo MADRIGALNIETO, Ricardo ACEVEDOPERALTA,
Ministro de Relaciones Ministro de Relaciones
Exteriores y Culto de la Exteriores de 13
Republica de Costa Rica Republica de El Salvador.

Alfonso CABRERAHIDALGO, Carlos L~PEZCONTRERAS,
Ministro de Relaciones Secretario de Relaciones
Exteriores de la Exteriores de la
Republica de Guatemala. Republica de Honduras.

Miguel D'EscoTO BROCKMANN,
Ministro delExterior de la
Rcpublica de Nicaragua.362 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS

Professor Bowerr,
(Piiblicirring,13 Jiine 1988)

Journo1of the UniredNuiiorrs,
Friday, 20 June 1986.No. 861117(Part II). (See p. 153,siipra.)

Si@rrrirres,Karificarions,eic.

[MULTILATERAL TREATIES DEPOSITED WlTH THE SECRETARY-GENERAL]
Declaration recognizing as compulsory the jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice under Articl36.paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court

Declaration replacing
that of 10March 1986:Honduras (6 June 1986)'

[TRAITES MULT~LATERAUX DEPOSÉS AUPRÈS DU SECRETAIRE GENÉRALJ
Déclaration reconnaissant comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour inter-

nationale de Justice en application de l'article 36,paragraphe 2. du Statut de
la Cour
Déclaration remplaçant
celle du 20 mars 1986i:Honduras (6juin 1986)'

88. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

14June 1988

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency's lctter of
10lune 1988,enclosing a copy of the tex1of the submissions of Nicaragua at
the close of the first round of oral argument in the case concerning Border
rrnd Transborder Armer1Acriotls (Nicarogrrv.Hondrirm), in accordance with
Article 60, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court.

89. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGISIKAR

15Junc 1988.

1 have the honour to rcfer to the oral proceedings in the case conccrning
Border and Transborder Artned Actions (Nicarugriav. Hondirras).

'The dateofreceipof the relevantdocuments.
Dale derecrptiondes documents pertinents. CORRESPONDENCE 363

1hereby transmit to the Court copies of the following documents to which
Nicaragua's Agent or Counsel may refer on 15 June: (1) a Note of the
Republic of El Salvador to the Organization of American States dated 24 No-

vember 1973; (2) an open letter by thc Foreign Minister of Honduras, Carlos
Lope2 Contreras, published in La Tribunaon 3June 1988;and (3) a letter from
the Secretary General of the Organization of American Statesto United States
Secretary of State George Shultz dated 25 April 1988.

1. Note of theReprrblicof El Salvador tu the Organizationof American Stnres

Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Republic of El Salvador, C.A

Officeof the Secretary of State
A. 513 No. 19700

San Salvador
24 November 1973.

MI. Secretary General:
1 avail myself of this means to inform the Secretariat General under your
authority, as the successor to the Pan-American Union, that the Republic
of El Salvador denounces the "American Treatv of PacificSolution" or the "Pact

de ri vin^ therefrom towards the other contractinn oarties, are essentiallv the

1. On several occasions El Salvador has demonstrated ils full acquiescence
and has made determined efforts to put in place an effectivestructure for the
peaceful resolution of controversies, particularly among the countries which
make up the Inter-American regional system.
It would be too lone to invoke here the manv examoles that iustifv .he ah.ve
:~s\crtii~n.HI)\~L.\.L~ i.~.)l~I~.nic)~i\ir:~tiieUI~~~<I\L~III~\nciîti~~iifor [ICJIC th:ii
Ii:i,cli;ir:i<i-ri~rJ El $:iI~;iJt?rIIIttic lis\i Ji>iiiipui>h~~ ii in rhc prc\cni. .inJ
\iiII~liiuhtlcrrlvl>i~i~.~irit.~ir~icJtlic iuiurc. 11i\ iincof ihr. hc\t ic..iturc..ofilur
oeoolc as thev.strive for individual and collective self-imorovement
'
21 ~alvador participated in the Ninth International Âmerican Confercnce
full of interest and enthusiasm. The Salvadorean delegates to that important
regional conclave signed the instrument which we now denounce, and it was
ratified shortly thereafter by the corresponding authorities of the Government
of this Republic.
By signing and ratifying this multilateral agreement, El Salvador undertook
a reciprocal obligation with the rest of the Amcrican countries, through the
structures and inechanisms of an ideal instrument for the purposes for which it364 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Dcspiii the spirii <~fcornpleiesolidaritv ihai prevailed among ihc Jclesatcs ,if
the ?I counirie\ ;itthe 5igning i~fthc l'.ici~f H<ig<ii.io.nl) btinic of thosc Sratcs

have ratified it to date, thatii more than 25 veafs alter ils auuroval.
Time, and the fact that a large number or the ~i~natoryiountries have not
ratified it, have shown that the system set up under the Pact of Bogoti cannot
effectively fulfill ils purposes. Also, it is no1 acceptable to many American
States (since many of them signed or ratified with reservations), and not al1
new members of the Organization have adhercd 10 the Pact. This has led El
Salvador to reconsider ils position within a multilateral trcaty subject to the

aforementioncd circumstances. The reconsideration causes us to adopt a new
attitude in agreement with the feelings of the States which comprise the inter-
American system.
2. On the other hand. the aoolication of some orovisions of the Pact of
Hogafl'icould put Ihe ~c~ublic of LI SalvaJur in ,iiuaiion, c~nlr;~r~tu the ipirii
and ihe leitcr ol Constiiutii~nal principles conséirating II\ suverci~ntv ;incl
inteentv. which did not cxist whenthe ~act was ratified bv our ~eoublii
-.
The ahove has ;il<ohccn a po\vcrful motiixion inspiring ihe iurrcnt Ciov-
crnmcnt of iil S;ili,;idor tii w;tich ovcr ihr.prcwri,;iii<in .ind eiicctii,e :<pplic;i-
riun ul th: Conslitutional priiicinlc~which euvern Ili:Iifc ol the Kenuhlic. ;,it.I
which reflect the feeling; and' desires or the Salvadorean ~t the
same lime we are still driven by a desire to resolve international controver-
sies direclly and peaccfully.
3. Although El Salvador has decided to denouncc the Pact of Bogoti. this

does not mean that it has rejected al1means of pcaccful resolution of interna-
tional controversies. It is aware of the need for these means, and recognizes
that there are other pertinent provisions within the inter-American system,
particularly in the Charter of the Organization of American States and the
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, as well as the Charter of the
United Nations. These proscribe the use of forcc exccpt in cases of leeitimate
defense. orotect States aeainst aeeression. and orovide'to States the~r~sources~ ~ ~ ~
b) u,hich ihcy cnn resolvc thcir Jiftc-rcnces in sel pcacclul proccdurss.

,\II ni the ,\nicric:fin Si;itih.it5irncJ hui did no1r:itifv ihi.I'aci of Hueu1;i.
or that signed or ralified with reservations, or never adhered to il, are in-this
exact situation.
Finally, my Government would like to state for the record that, because of
the above reasons, El Salvador hereby denounces the Pact of Bogoti as of
today. At the same time it reiterates its firm intention 10 continue to partici-
pate in the collective efforts currently underway to restructure some aspects

of the system, in order to bring it in line with the fundamental changes that
have occurred in the relations amone Ame=ican States.
A8:iin. .Mr.Sccrctary Gcnertil. I bcg thiii ihis denunciaiion hc iransiiiiticd IO
the other Iii~h Contractiiir Parties. 1.tvaiI nivsclf <of th15 op..riunity IO as>urc
you of my hkhest and moi1 distinguished consideration.

(Signed) Mauricio A. BORGONOVO POHL,

Minister of Foreign Affairs
of El Salvador.

[Spanishrexrnor reprodirced] CORRESPONDENCE

2. Open Lerrerby rheForeign Minisrerof Honduras

La Tribuna, 3 June 1988.

(Paid Space)

BY CARLOS LOFEZ CONTRERAS

Minister of Foreign Affairs

The oral nroceedines on iurisdiction and admissibilitv in the lawsuit entitled
"Border and ~ransbo;der Amed Actions" that the ~6vernment of Nicaragua
filed against Honduras on 28 June 1986will begin on 6 June of this year.

Background

In some countries this crisii manifests itself in à lack of democracv. and the
i,hicncc iil Iiiiiil:imcni;ilcii,il ;iiiiI polilic,~I fr~~c,lom~\u;h:I.th~ irecJ<~m oi
,picch :inJ <ii.ir>cinlily. Tlii> Ii~r IcJ tlic piiliti>pp,isiii.>iiiii:ikc up tirni,ii,

chanee a situation it finds intolerable. The confrontation betwcen thc armed
oppo'sition and established governments caused civil war to spill over into
neighbouring countries. Meanwhile, the political and military interference of
thesu~eroowers in the reeion came to be both the cause and effect of an un-
bridleh a;ms race; the flok of hundreds of thousands of refugees; systematic
armed incursions which disturb the peace and quiet of border comrnunities;

numerous violations of the nationalterritory - bv~land,sea,and air - of neinh-
I~ouri~i$countrics. Jc~tiil)~l~~ai~c,tnhruugh tcrruri~ni, ,~ihvcr>ion :snJ >:gh~!l:rgc:
.ind <r<h* hi,rdcr .irm\ ir.iffickin3. Tlic ('enir31 ,\nicric.in cduniric\ ilicn hc+in
negotiations on these political and security issues, as well as domestic and
reeional economic oroblems. Thev did so under the ausnicesof the Contadora
Cnroup;ounirie. t(:'<il<lmhi:~.hlr~xici,. I'.in.im.i .tnJ \'cnc,ucl~aiiJ I~tcr ivith

ihc pari1;ip;iiiain of the Support Cirr~up(Argr.iiiin;i Hr;a/il. I'~.ru;inJ I'rugu:i!).
The ('uiltaJur~ (irdup II.!\hccii playing IIIC rolc 01 nicJ~:~tor IIIIII: rr.$i~)ii,iI
cri51sinci 1963 In Jiind of 19kii ihr. C'i~nt.i.l.,r:, (.iri,up prc,c.ni:Jr.,ii i,f 111s
T~L. 11)i<>rPC:ICC .liid ('<1<111~r:t11I<1(cnirrll ;\nicricJi. \\IiicIi &as ndt ;ICCI,PICJ
because it left some fundamental security issues unclear. In the opinion of
Honduras, it would have been dangerous to acknowledge and legally sanction a

de facto situation: the military hegemony of one of the Central American
States over the rest. 1 am referring to the arms race launched by the Govern-
ment of Nicaragua with massive assistancefrom the Soviet Union.

The Procedurebeforethe Courr

On 28 July 1986the Government of Nicaragua filed suit against Honduras in
the International Court of Justice over alleeed violations of its international
~hli~:~~i,>nr>cg,irJing I~~)II-I~~I~~V~IIIIin the inicr~ial alla~rh Niciir;~gu:i, ;tnJ
ihc baii ,iiiihc rhri;ii ,ir use i,f for~.c..is;iin>i 1h;siSt;~tc

In 113noir. of?.) .\uzusi I<Jhh.IloiiJuras iii1,mn:J th< Court Ih.it. in Iiyhi uf
a,~licahle law. the ~Tzh C-urt did not have iurisdiction over the subiect-
niatrcr of the suit filcd b! Sic:ir;iqua Cunscqiicnily. thr. Ci~urr JcciJcJ il
shuuld hold iiprcliminary prucccJiny on ir,~iiri>JiciiainIiII,UL.J :in order III~I-
~.;iiins ? Fchru:ary lYi7 ;i,ihc Jc;tJliiie ior Iliiridur3i to auhniit 11s3lciiioriitl.366 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDAmIONS

and 22June 1987as the deadline for Nicaragua to submit ils Counter-Memorial.

Bath countrics fulfillcd this order in the proper time and form.
The position of Honduras on the Court's lackofjurisdiction on this mattcr is
primarily founded on the following factors.

1. What has now become a regional conflict originated in the domestic conflict
in Nicaragua itself.
2. The suit by Nicaragua isan attempt Io bring its interna1conflict to a bilateral
plane, trying ta use the Court for improper. propagandistic and artificial
purposes.
3. The Nicaracuan suit violates the orincioles established in the inter-Ameri-
can ~ystem.~lttries to initiate ankther interna1 procedure (a legal one) ta

resolve a controvcrsy, without havine exhausted the one that is underway
(in this case,the Contadora medialion).
4. Honduras acccpts the Court's jurisdiction, ta the exclusion of the subject of
the h'icaraguan suit.

The Court sct 20 October 1987as the date for the oral phase of the trial on
jurisdiction.
ïïie EsqiiipirlasII Accords

On 7 August 1987the Prcsidcnts of the Central American countries signed
the "Procedure for the Establishment of a Firm and Lastine Peace in Central
Anir.ri~.;i",\liachcd to II is xn :iddcnduin hy\vhich the Pre\iJcnt\ <if1-li,nJur;i\

diid Sicnrnguzt:~grr.cdio Jclcr the or:il ph.isc ul ihc. tricil<ln;iJiiiiisihility ;inJ
iuri,dir.iia~. he nurnixc ci!ihc afi>~cniciiiioncda;is the withilrnwnloi thc suit.
pursuant ta the progrcss of and cornpliancc with Esquipulas II.
This clause manifestly acknowledged the incompatihility between recourse
to legal action, and the implementation of and compliance with the Special
Esquipulas II Procedure. Nicaragua's withdrawal of a similar suit it had filed
against Costa Rica, also in the International Court of Justice. was the conclu-

sive act to confirm this incompatibility.
Oral Phase

Eight months have passcd since the adoption of the "Guatemala Procedure"
and the Government of Nicaragua hasnot complied with its obligation ta desist
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l action in auestion. To the contrarv. after its armed incursion into
Honduran ïerritory, on il March the ~overnmént of Nicaragua submitted a
reauest to the International Court of Justice for interim mcasures of protec-
tion. within the framework of ils suit aeainst Honduras in the lnter&tional

On 31 March, Nicaragua proceeded to withdraw its request for provi-
sional measures, but not ils original suit.
In lightof the obstruction by the Sandinistas, and in order ta clear the way for
the normalization of Central America by freeing the Esquipulas II political pro-
cedure signed by the Central American Presidentsfrom the interference of lcgal
proccdurïs, the Government of Honduras asked the International Court of Jus-
tice ta set a date for the oral phase of the trial on jurisdiction.

On 20 April 1988 the Court dccided that the oral phasc should begin on
6 June 1988.Thc Government of Honduras shall uphold its position on the
6th and 7th; the Government of Nicaragua shall speak on 9 and 10June. The
Court shall issue its judgment on jurisdiction and admissibility in the fall of
this year.
The Government of Honduras has designated Ambassador Mario Canas
Zapata as the Agent 10 rcpresenl it in this trial, and Ambassador Jorge Ramon COURESPONDENCE 367

Hernindez AIcerro as the Co-Agent. Honduras also will be making use of the
legal counsel of distinguished European jurists.

EsquipulasIl undJiiilicial Rrcorirse

By trying to place a manifestation of the regional crisis on a bilateral plane
through judicial recourse, the Government of Nicaragua has tried to frustrate
the diplomatic negotiating process which has not only involved the Central
American countries, but also the member States of the Contadora and Support

Groups, the United Nations, and the Organization of American States. In addi-
tion to these 13States and the two organizations mentioned, the Esquipulas II
diplomatic procedure has attained direct support from the 12 member coun-
tries of the European Community, and the possible participation of Spain,
Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as the endorsement of
the International Community.
In view of the incomoatibilitv between the "Guatemala Procedure" and
judicial recourse (which' ~icarigua obstinately refuses to lay aside), the
Central Americans' own efforts to keep peace in the region are in great danger
of beine. frustrated

Ihe <~~~~~~rniiio cfiii:iir:~~u~lrrcsp~in\il>lcior ihc consc4u:n;c.. iIi:aim:iy
hc LIL.:I111 I~Ltx~u~piilia>II I'r~)c~~l~irhc.,;iiuse HcmJur.~~isniitihr.<HIC niilin-
taining the lawsuii.
Once the issue of the Court's jurisdiction is decided, Honduras will be free
of undue pressure from Nicaragua. It will be able to continue contributing to
the normalization of Central America by complying with the commitments un-
dertaken in good faith in the special Esquipulas II procedure.

3. Lerrerfront theSecreraryGerleralof rhe Orgarrizaiionof American Srales 10
ihe UnitedSraresSecreraryof Srare,GeorgeShirliz

April 25, 1988.

Excellency :

1988.saooa ~ereementbetween the Constitutional Government of Nicaraeua
and 1he'~icar;guan Resistance, 1 wish to state the following regarding ïhe
deliveries of assistance by the Agency for International Development
("USAID") to members of the Nicaraguan Resistance during the week of
April 17th last, under Joint Resolution H.J.Res.523:

The press reported that USAID has claimed that last week's deliverieswere

part of the 47.9 million non-lethal aid program authorized under Joint Resolu-
lion H.J.Res.523 of the United States Congress. Section 2 of that Resolution
States:368 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

"The assistance and suooort..or which this ioint resolution orovides
\h;ill he aJiiiinisicrr.d ~,cinsi\i~r ith th^.S:tli<ihcri~c,nic~nt Yi, ;iiiih,~rity
;oiii;iincJ lnihib loint rr.\,iluti;,13 inicnJ:,l i<,hc c\cr<iscJ innny ni:in-
iicr ih:liiiiiehi hc ~lcicrniincd hv iltc \'r.riiir:iii,m Cummis\icm c\t.ili-
lished by th: Sapoa Agreement tb be inconsistent with that Agreement

or any subsequent agreement hetween the Government of Nicaragua and
the Nicaraguan democratic resistance."
Article 4 ol the SapoA Agreement addresses the issue of humanitarian aid
for the members of the Nicaraguan Resistance.

"4. -Con el fin de garantizar los alimentos y suministros bisicos para las
fuerzas irregulares, se gestionara y aceptara exclusivamente ayuda
humanitaria. de conformidad con el numeral 5 de los Acuerdos de Esaui-
pul:i\ II.I;quc .cri c.tn.ili~xJ3 a ira\& Je org:ini/:~cii~nc.n \cuir.ilc>.'
(Ori~iii..i\ :r>ion. Sp:a~ii,h.j

'4. - In <~rJcrto Funranicc food :lnJ h.i\ic .upplic3 to tlic irrcpl:ir
forzcs. i>rilIiiiiii.iriit.iri:iri.iid hc,i~~iugtit.inJ .,cicpi:,l. in ~.,inr<irmlt!.
wiih Kumcr:il 5 r>ithc li;quipiil:<~II Acri~rd\. .and ii %h.illtic :h.îniiclcd
ihrc~uchnc~lr~~ l~r~:ini/.ttia~n\.''
~~l~ic~if~ci~r:alnsl;xtictn.,

Numeral 5 of the Esquipulas II Accord States:

"5) Los Gobiernos de los cinco Estados Centroamericanos solicitarin
a los Gobiernos de la rcgion y a los Gobiernos extraregionales que,
abierta O veladamente proporcionan avuda militar. loeistica, financiera,
propagandistica, en efectivbs humanos; armamentos, municiones y equi-
pos a fuerzas irregulares, O movimientos insurreccionales, que cesen esa
ayuda, como un elemento indispensable para lograr la paz estable y
duradera en la region.
No queda comprendida en Io anterior la ayuda que se destine a repa-
triacion O, en su defecto, reubicacion y asistencia necesaria para la

reinteeraciun a la vida normal de auuellas 'ersonas que havan perte- . .
necidCa dichos grupos o fuerzas."
(Original version: Spanish.)
"5) -The Governments of the five Central American States request that
governments in the region and governments outside the region that have

either overtly or covertly provided military, logistical,financial and propa-
uanda assistance. .rooos..arms. munitions and eauiomen..to the irrezular "
forces or insurrectionists, cease that support, as an essential element for
the achievement of a stable and lasting peace in the region.
Assistance which is for the rev~~iation or. if ~Ïot aoolicable. the
resettlement of those persons th& were members of s;ih groups or
forces, and which is necessary for their reintegration into normal life, is
not included in the above."
(Unofficial translation.)

There is an explicit linkage between the legislation adopted by the Congress
of the United States of America. the Sanoi Aereement. the, . ~ ~~ons of
Ecqu1puI.i.;II 2nd an? iubsrqucnt .iyrc~.mcnihctwcîn ihc sign;itor!. p.iriic, CI!
ihc Slip02 ü;c,~rd An\, ;action ih;gidcii;iici iroiii ihs~ tcuts is1n;onhiricnt i\.ith
the fo;egoing legal pr&isions and the conditions agreed to by the parties. Any

change of these texts can only emanate from the authority that adopted or
agreed to them. CORRESPONDENCE 369

1can well understand the human orohlem oosed to the men of the irreeular
forces in the fieldduring the peace irocess, and 1am worried by such cirEum-
stance Nonetheless. 1cannot share the view that the action taken hy USAID
falls within the mandates which reeuuate this matter
.As :iiiciiihcr of ihc V:~I~IC;I~I>'I.I,rnmis~ig,n\.%hii\thr.iiiilioiizrc~icil
h\ ihc.p.irtic\taiticSspoi i2~rccnicnt. I cannut hc..ic.ci,uni:rhl~i..,r iiioniigiring

actions that are not congruent with the ohiectives and reasons underlying its
conception. Therefore 1iust express to you my deep concern about this who~e
situation.

(Signed) Joao CLEMENT EAENA SOARES,
Secretary General,
Memher of the Verification Commission
of the Sapoi Agreement.

90. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

15Juue 1988.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a

. -
which have been referred to in oral argument by th6 fepresentatives of Hondu-
ras. Copies of the documents willhe supplied to you as soon as possible.

91. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

16June 1988.

Further to my letter of 15June 1988,I now have the honour to transmit to
Your Excellency herewith a set of copies of the documents, deposited in the
Registry by the Agent of Honduras in the case concerning Border and Trans-
border Armed Actions (Nicarng~rav. Honduras) on 14June 1988,to which ref-
erence was made in oral argument by the representatives of Honduras in that
case.

92. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

16June 1988.

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency's letter of
15 June 1988, enclosing 25 copies of the documents to which reference was
made during oral argument in the case concerning Border and Transborder

Armed Actions (Nicaragrrn v. Hondiiras).
It isnoted that the documentsnumbered 2,3,8 and 9 on the list of documents
referred to in your own address to the Court are in Spanish only. 1should there-
fore be ohliged ifa text or translation of these in either of the officiallanguages of
the Court, could be supplied, also in 25 copies. BORDER AND TRANSBORDERARMED ACI'IONS
370

93. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGISTRAR

17June 1988

1 have the honour to refer to the oral proceedings in the case conccrning
Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragira v. Hondirras).
On June 13 of this year, we submitted copies of documents to which the
representatives of Nicaragua might have made reference in the event 01 a
rejoinder. We omitted from the master lis1sent to the Court on that day, the
document here included which consists of a draft resolution of the Securitv
Council that was circulated by Hondurasat the time of its request for a mccting
of that entity of the United Nations. I rcspectfully request thatitbe included

in the lis1oidocuments suhmitted by ~icaragua

The Security Council.

Recalling its resolutions 530 (1983)of May 19, 1983,and 562(1985)of May 10,
1985.

Taking inro accoi<nrthe repeated support that the General Assembly has
accorded to efforts by Central Amcrican countries to find, by mcans of
negotiation, a solution to the crisis that affects that region, through ils
resolutions 38110of November 11, 1983,3914of October 26, 1984,and 41/37 of
November 18, 1986.
Recalling in particular, resoluiion 4211ol October 7, 1987,of the General
Assembly that expresses ils firm backing of the Accord "Procedure for the
Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace in Central America" and calls on
the Central American Presidents to continue in their efforts to reach peace in
the region,

Convinced that the adoption ol the Esquipulas Accord hy the Central
American Presidents is both an expression of the political will that inspires
them to resolve their differences bv means of dialoeue and neaotiation. and. in
virtue of the advances achieved in the peace procesr, the best oplion for achiev-
i-. peace, democrûcy, securiiy and stability in the Central American countries,
Conscious that the succcss of the Esquipulas Accord requires additional ef-

forts by al1Central American countries,
Convinced that il is correct that countries that are a part of the Esquipulas
Procedure and the entire international community cooperate in eliminating
obstacles that may block the successlul culmination of the Central American
peace process,

1. Expresses ils full support for the Accord "Procedure lor the Establishment
of a Firm and Lasling Pcace in Central America" signed by the Central
American Presidents on August 7, 1987.in Guatemala City.
2. Urges the Repuhlic of Nicaragua to definitively and unconditionally desist
from other methods of peaceful resolution as long as the one in effeci has
not been exhausted. CORRESPONDENCE 371

3. Calls on the international community to offer its most firm support to said
Accord.
4. Requests the Secretary-General to maintain the Security Council informed
on compliance with this resolution.

[Sponish rexrnot reprod~iced]

94. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

28 June 1988.

1have the honour to refer to my letter of 13June 1988,with which 1trans-
mitted to Your Excellency (inter dia) a set of copies of documents deposited by
the Agent of Nicaragua in the case concerning Border und Transborder Armed
Actions (Nicurugrgi~va. Honduras) to which, as the Agent explained in his letter
of that date, counsel for Nicaragua nlight find it necessary to refer during the
second round of oral argument.
Pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, 1 requested the
Agent of Nicaragua to supply further copies of these documents. When these
were supplied, there was at the same time submitted to the Court a further
document, namely a draft of a Security Council resolution (tent in English and
Spanish): 1 enclose a copy of the letter which the Agent of Nicaragua
addressed to me in this respect on 17June 1988.
In order to complete the communication of documents to Honduras in
accordance with Article 56 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to send

Your Excellency herewith also a copy of the draft resolution enclosed with that
letter.

95. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

7 July 1988.

1havc the honour to refer to the questions put to the Parties by Members of
the Court during the oral hearings in the case concerning Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Niccrragiiav. Honduras), and to recall that al the
close of the hearings held on 15 June 1988, Your Excellency stated that the
replies of the Government of Nicaragua to these questions would be given

in writing (sirpro, p. 213).
Article 61 of theRules of Court provides that when questions are put to the
agents, counsel or advocates of the parties during the hearings, they "may
either answer immediately or within a lime-limit fixed by the President". No
such time-limit was set during the hearings; in view however of the tact that
the Court has now to deliberate on the case in accordance with Article 54,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, and therefore requires to be fully informed, the
Vice-President of the Court. Actine President. has decided to fix 15 Julv 1988
as the time-limit for replies to the questions put during the hearings.
A similar letter is today being addressed to the Agent of Honduras.372 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

7 July 1988

I h;ivc th< hunour to rcfcr to the qur.stioiis put to the Pnrtics hv hlcmbcr, of

the (:o~rt durin2 thc i~ral hearings in the ciise ccinccrning Ilordt,r <i!z,l
?iior\l>orLlrrAr>>inl,tcrron~ l.V!ci!rdwiiiiv. I/<,lz,lriruv,.:ind Io rccliil t31ithc
hearing held on 13Junc 1988, YOU; Excellency staled that written replies of
the Government of Honduras to these questions would be dcposited with the
Registrar (supra, p. 148).
~-~~~~~~61 of the Rules of Court orovides that when auestions are out to the
agents, counsel or advocatcs of the parties during the hearings, they "may
either answer immediately or within a time-limit fixed by the President". No
such lime-limit was set during the hearings; in view however of the facl that

the Court has now to deliberaie on the case in accordance with Article 54;
paragraph 2; of the Statute, and therefore requires to be fully informed, the
Vice-President of the Court. Actine Pr"sident. has decided Io fix 15Julv 1988
as the time-limit for replies to the questions put during the hearings.
A similar letter is today being addressed to the Agent of Nicaragua.

97. THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGISTRAR

8 July 1988.

1have the honour to refcr to the questionsput to the parties by Membcrs of the
Court during the oral hearings in the case conceming Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. tlonditras).
The answers Io the questions in reference are included herein. Please note,
that the answer to Judge Guillaume's questions includes as an annex a State-
ment made by the Contadora Group and the Support Group on 27 June 1988.
1would like 10bring to the Court's attention the fact that, nt present, Prof.

C-av~s.~~.Counsel for Nicaraeua is in the hosoital undereoine s'.eer., Pro.. .
<:h31.e\h:id hccn :h:irgcd in$articular nilh i~vc\tig~ting full! the :insu,ers IO
the tirsi oucsiions posed hs Judre, Cuill;iumc :ind Sh:ihahuddeeii Thercfore.
at oreseni. the answers to ihoseauestions do not have the full benefit of Prof.
ciayes' investigations. If Prof. chayes has any further comments to the ques-
tions after his recovery, 1 will forward them to the Court if they are made
within a time-limit acceptable Io the Court.

QUESTION POSED BY JUDGE NI '
Distineuished Aeents and counsel and advocates. 1think it miehl be - con-
scnicnt timc IC:iddrcss ;Iquestion I~Ihoth I'.irtir~s.I'hcpoint on uh~cliI nish tu
h;ii.;t~~l;irifi~~iitrn\\,hcthcr .in? \tep <Ir\tep.*h:ivc becn inken ns a niatier of

rczordzd fact within the frdmewurk uf the Contadora Proctis ioii,ard\ the solu-
tion<ifthe horder disputes bctween tlondurai and iïiair;igu;i This is the ques-
lion I an? no1referring IO the eff<~rtsfur tlic solution of thc inntters of gener:il

'See alsop. 70,supro. [Nole by the Regrstry.1 CORRESPONDENCE 373

interest to the States of the American continent. 1 do not expect an instant
reply or replies so that there will be time for reflection.

REPLY

The answer to this question is very firmly in the negative. The Croup of
Contadora has not played a role in the solution of the bilateral disputes
between Nicaragua and Honduras.
In a general manner, it is convenient to point out that the Declaration of
Contadora of January 1983 that originated this process, does not include
among ils aims the solution of hilatcral disputes (see Annex 9 of thç Honduran
Memorial).
Furthermore, as was clearly evinced in the oral hearings, Honduras has
never accepted the creation of mechanisms that could have permitted the
reaching of solutions to the bilateral problems.
As a point of comparison, we note that in the case of the bilateral relations
between Nicaragua and Costa Rica - mentioned by the Honduran Govern-

ment at the oral hearings - the situation was different. A solution to the bi-
lateral problems was sought by different means including, at one point, the
friendly CO-operationof the French Government in 1984.

QUESTIONS POSED BY JUDGE SHAHABUDDEEN '

First Question:
1gather that neither side adopts what 1may refer to as a third view, to the

effect that Article XXXl of the Pact by itself constitutes a self-sufficient decla-
ration by each member of the Pact of acceptance of the Court's compulsory
jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute. According Io Nicara-
gua, Article XXXI of the Pact is indeed a self-sufficient acceptance of the
Court's jurisdiction, but this is a conventional jurisdiction under Article 36,
paragraph 1, of the Statute, and not a compulsory jurisdiction under Article 36,

made unde; the latter ta complete a grant of jurisdiction.
However, from the material presented by the Parties, il appears that there is
a body of opinion supportive of what 1have referred to asthe third 17ew: Sec in

particular the Honduran Memorial (1)at pages 14, 49, 66, 68,69 and 75.
My question then is this, can the Court competently consider this third
view? And, if it can, and if it accepts this third view, how, if at all, would this
affect the arguments?

Second Question:
Are there any ratifying members of the Pact who have not had auy declara-
lions in force under Article 36, paragraph 2' of the Statute? 1 really do not
know myself the answer to that, but, if il is su, has tliiabiiuatçvcr been criti-
cized by other memhers, or by qualified commentators, as constituting a breach
of an understanding given in Article XXXl of the Pact to deposit
declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute?

See alsopp. 70-71,supra./Note bytheKegistry.] BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
374

REPLY TO THE T!VO QUESTIONS QUOTED ABOVE

Nicaragua considers that these quesiions were answered in the public
sittings held on June 9 and 10 of 1988and in particular that of Wednesday
15June 1988in the intervention of Professor Chayes (sirpro,pp. 205-212).

R$.PONSFS AUX AUTRES QUESTIONS PoseEs PAR LE JUGE SHAHABUDDEEN'
LORS DE L'AUDIENCE DU MARDI 7 JUIN 1988

Troi.siè~~rqeuestion:
Mêmes'il oeut êtreétabli au'un Eiat entendait en fait aue sa déclaration

soit irrévocable, peut-ilencor; y mettre fin unilatéraleme~t dans l'exercice
d'un pouvoir souverain absolu de définir les termes sur la base desquels il
admei de se soumettre à la juridiction de la Cour?

~Éro~sf:
La République du Nicaragua est passionnément attachée au principe de la
souveraineté de I'Etat, dont la violation par le Honduras constitue précisé-

ment I'un des fondements de la requête.Toutefois. loin d'êtreincompatible
avec celui du respect dû aux obligations internationales, le principe de la
souveraineté l'implique au contraire. el il est significatif que la résolu-
tion 2625 (XXV) de l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies, portant déclara-
tion relative aux principes du droit internaiional touchant les relations
amicales et la coopération entre Etats. conformément 3 la Charte des Nations
Unies. fasse du devoir qu'a chaque Eiai *de s'aquitter pleinement et de bonne
foi de ses obligations internationales,> I'un des uéléments» du principe de
l'égalitésouveraine des Etats.
En application de ce principe, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale

s'est refusée
«à voir dans la conclusion d'un traité quclconquc, par lequel un Etat
s'engage à faire ou à ne pas faire quelque chose, un abandon de sa
souveraineté.Sansdoute, toute convention engendrant une obligation de

ce genre apporte une restriction à I'exercice des droits souverains de
I'Etat, en ce sens qu'elle imprime à cet exercice une direction détermi-
née. Mais la faculté de contracter des engagements internationaux est
précisémentun attribut de la souveraineté de I'Etat.,, (Vopeirr Wimble-
don, arrêts ,923,C.P.J.I. sérieA II" 1p. 25).

C'est que, comme l'a rappelé Anzilotti,
eles limitations de la liberté d'un Eiai. qu'elles dérivent dudroit interna-

tional commun. ou d'engagements contractés. n'affectent. aucunement.
en tant que telles, son indépendance.» (Régime doironie, entre
/'A//e,,rogneet /'Ailtrichopinion individuelle.1931, C.P.J.I. série1 MB
n" 41,p. 58).

Ce qui vaut pour les traités vaut tout autant pour les déclarations facul-
tatives faites en application de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut. Quelle que
puisse êtrela nature exacte de ces instruments, il ne fait aucun doute qu'elles
constituent des engagements internationaux et créent des obligations
juridiques à la charge de leurs auteurs, «I'Etat intéresséétant désormais tenu
en droit de suivre une ligne de conduite conforme à sa déclaration,,(E,s,soi,s
-
Voir aussi ci-dessus p. 71.[Nole di' Greffe., CORRESPONDENCE 375

nucléairer,C.I.J.Recueil 1974,p. 267 et 472), sans que cela soit, d'une manière
quelconque, incompatible avec sa souveraineté.
La Cour elle-mêmea du reste considéré,de la manière la plus claire, que:

<<Lesdéclarations d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour sont des engagements facultatifs, de caractère unilatéral, que les
Etats ont toute libertéde souscrire ou de ne oas souscrire. L'Etat est libre
en outre soit dc faire une déclaration sans'condition et sans limite de
durée,soit de l'assortir de conditions ou de réserves.IIpeut en particulier

en limiter l'effet aux différends survenant après une-certaine date, ou
spécifierla duréepour laquelle la déclaration elle-même resteen vigueur
ou le préavis qu'il faudra éventuellement donner pour y mettre fin. Le
caractère unilatéral des déclarations n'implique pourtant pas que I'Etat
déclarant soit libre de modifier à son gré l'étendueet la teneur de ses en-
gagements solennels.» (Activitésmilitaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragira
et contre celui-ci (Nicaraglia c. Etats-Unis d'Amériqire),compétenceet

recevabilité, arrêt,.I.J.Recueil1984,p. 418).
Dès lors, c'est en vertu de son pouvoir souverain que I'Etat s'engage mais,

ayant ainsi librement accepté certaines obligations à l'égardd'autres Etats, il
ne peut y mettre fin unilatéralement à son gré;il ne lui est possible de s'en
dégager que de deux manières: soit en application des limites dont il a lui-
même assorti sa déclaration soit en vertu des règles du droit international
général applicables.

Qriatrièmequestion:

11me semble ressortir du contre-mémoire de Nicaragua, à la page 33, que,
dans sa protestation de 1974, le Honduras avait dit que la notification de
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ion~ ~mmédiate d'El Salvador aétait totalement dénuée de validité».
En employant ces termes, le Honduras adoptait-il une position au sujet de la
auestion de savoir si la notification de dénonciation d'El Salvador étaitou non
totalement contraire au droit et, en conséquence, si cette notification pourrait

ou non devenir effective après un certain délai?

KÉPONSE
Ic tcxie .iiigI.,i\ int6~ral dc[ilettre du illin~strc~lcrr<f(..~irc6çtr.1n&i.rc\<III

Hi,niliir;,\ cn d:ii~.du 2juin lv7-Iiigurc &in>Sh~ht~iRo~criric.L)o~rrrrrc~ ~IIr.s
III?I>ti,,r,t,t11((',111101 JIOIII<>1,\Inhdn ;,.indtn Riin 1979, IN>.,301-,3661.
II résulte clairement 'des termes 'mêmesde cette lettre q;é le ond duras
estime, pour des raisons généralesde principe, qu'il n'est possible ni de
dénoncer ni de modifier une déclaration facultative d'acceptation de la juri-
diction obligatoire dc la Cour faite sans liniitation de durée. Cela résulte
en particulier des passages suivants, reproduits également dans le contre-

mémoiredu Nicaragua (1,p. 303):

"Leading authorities on international law take the position that a
declaration not containing a time-limit cannot be denounced, modified or
broadened unless the right to do so is expressly reserved in the original
declaration and that, accordingly, ncw resewations cannot be made
unless this requirement has been fulfilled.
To say otherwise would mean accepting the notion that a state can
unilaterally terminate its obligation to submit to the jurisdiction of the

Court whenever that suits ils interests, thus denying other states the rigbt376 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

to summon it before the Court to seek a settlement of disputes to which
they are parties. This could well undermine the universally appli-
cable principle of respect for treaties and for the principles of inter-
national law ...
For the reasons stated above, my Government challenges the declara-
tion by which El Salvador seeks to revoke and replace its original decla-
ration accepting the jurisdiction of the Court since the new declaration is

improperly made, hence completely lacking in validity, and would set a
precedent prejudicial to the stability of the legal institutions established
by the international community and to the effective exercise of the right
of States to settle their disputes under the guarantee provided by the
highest judicial body so far conceived by man."
Et le Honduras d'ajouter que l'invocation d'une modification du droit

constitutionnel de I'Etat auteur de la déclaration pour justifier une modifica-
tion de celle-ci
"is contrary to the universally accepted principle that the sacred treaty
obligation will continue to be the basic rule of international law".

Les termes particulièrement catégoriques ou absolus utiliséspar le Hondu-
ras montrent bien que cet Etat considère que, non seulement la notification de
dénonciation d'El ~alvador. mais encoreioute dénonciation ou modification
d'une déclaration faite sans limitations de durée,est totalement contraire au
droit et ne peut devenir effective mêmeaprès un certain délai.
Comme le Nicaragua l'a montré dans son contre-mémoire (1,pp. 297-304),
cette position n'est pas dénuéede fondement. Toutefois, il n'est sansdoute pas
utile de prendre une position tranchée sur ce point en l'espèce; il suffit bien

plutôt de constater que, de toutes manières, la «nouvelle déclaration» du Hon-
duras n'était pasopposable au Nicaragua au moment ou celui-ci a introduit sa
requête.
La position de principe très ferme adoptée en 1974 par Ic Honduras n'est
oas sans nertinence en la orésente esoè,e: ce na.s ne veut faire auiourd'hui ce
qu'il c~~nir~st;i;iii.g<iriq.iernr.nin;igui.rr..C.>miI;('ciur I'ni:ippc,li1.111iin
,/ii:iroin\oquL: i pluiicurs repriscç eii plaiJùire p.ir Ic Hi,iiJiir;i\:

«II est reconnu que des déclarations revêtantla forme d'actes uni-
latéraux et concernant des situations de droit ou de fait oeuv.nt avoir
pour citct dc crter dc, ubligiiiiuns juridiq.ics.. Ou.ind I'Ft.it .iut~.uJe
Ici1L:cl;lr:irtnnt~.nd:trc 112~oiiioriii6riici1t>cc icrnics. cetic inicniiiiii
confère à sa prise de position le caractère d'un engagement juridique,
I'Etat intéresséétant désormais tenu en droit de suivre une ligne de
conduite conforme à sa déclaration.» (Essais nucléaires(Australie c.
France), arrêt , .I.JRecueil 1974,p. 267).

Quel que puisse êtrelebien-fondéde l'interprétation donnéepar le Hondu-
ras au regard des règlesgénérales applicables,celui-ci est «désormais tenu en
droit de cuivreune ligne de conduite conforme àsa déclaration»

Cinquièmeqlrestion :
Je crois savoir que le Honduras prétend qu'une relation consensuelle ne
prend naissance en vertu de l'article 36,paragraphe 2, du Statut qu'à la date du
dépôt d'une requête.L'opinion selon laquelle une requêteest introduite sur la
base d'une relation consensuelle est-elle fondée? Si oui, la requêtepeut-elle
faire naître la relation et reposer sur elle? CORRESPONDENCE 377

RÉPONSE

De l'avis de la République du Nicaragua, il n'est pas exact qu'une relation
consensuelle ne prenne naissance en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du

Statut qu'à la date du dépôtde la requête.C'est au jour de la notification elle-
mêmeque cette relation s'établit entre I'Etat déclarant et les autres parties au
système de la clause facultative:

<<C'esten effet ce jour-là que Ic lien consensuel qui constitue la base
de la disposition facultative prend naissance entre les Etats intéressés.»
(Droit de pussuge sur territoire indien, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J.Recueil 1957, p. 146.)

Dès lors, il apparaît que c'est bien sur la base d'une relation consensuelle
qu'une requête est introduite, mais cette relation est fondéenon par la requête
elle-même, maisbien par la déclaration, qui acontractualisen le système de la

clause facultative entre les Etats parties.
II serait d'ailleurs totalement illogi:u. d'admettre aue. comme le orétend le
I-londur:ir, I,ircquiic f;sin.iirrc :clic.rc.l.1iiicoii~r'nsucllc3. cn m;nic Icmpb.
rc.p<i\csur ,.clIr.-ri clic oc pcut cil 2trc:ifiis\,ln propre f<inJc.mc.iicii \3 pr,il>rr'
conséquence.

QUESTIONS POSED BY JUDGE GUILLAUME'

1. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogota

First Qirestion:At the signature, the ratification or the coming into force of
the Pact of Bonoti, or at the time of accession to the Pact - did the Contracting
States whicb had oreviouslv made the declaration recoenizine the iurisdiction of
Ihe Court as com~ulsory inder Article 36 of the ~tatite ofihe kourt (with or
without reservations), notify the Pan-American Union or the Organization of

American States of that declaration? And, at the same time of signature, ratifi-
cation or coming into force, or at the same of accession, did the Contracting
States which had not previously made the declaration recognizing the jurisdic-
tion of the Court as compulsory under Article 36 of the Statute of the Court,
make a special declaration in pursuance of Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogoti?

REPLY

The answer is negative for both parts of the question

Second Qrrestion:When certain States to the Pact of Bogoti
withdrew their acceptance of the declaration recognizing the jurisdiction

of the Court as compulsory under Article 36 of the Statute. did they
notity the Organization of American States of that withdrawal? Did
they state clearly at the time what their situation would be in relation to
Article XXXI?

-~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~- ~ ~~ ~,~
Sec alsop. 137, supra. [Nore hy rheRegirrry.]378 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

REPLY

The answer to this question is also negative. The only exarnples were those
considered by Nicaragua in the public sitting held 15June 1988(supra, pp. 205-
212). There have been no notifications of withdrawal of acceptance. The only
country to notify a "modification" of its declaration has been Honduras. No
mention has been made as to their relation to Article XXXI.

Third Qrrestion: Was El Salvador's withdrawal from the Pact of Bogoti
accompanied by a declaration concerning Article XXXI?

REP1.Y

This question was addressed at the public sitting held 15 June 1988 (supra,
pp. 205-212).

Foirrth Question: Were the notifications effected by the States for these
various purposes communicated in turn by the Organization of American
States to the States parties to the Pact of BogotA? Did they provoke reactions
such as acknowledgements, acquiescences or protests?

REPLY

The answer to the first part of the question is no, because no such notifica-
tions were effected by the States, with the exception of the "modification"
notified by Honduras and the denunciation of the Pact made by El Salvador.
The answer to the second part of the question is that only Nicaragua has
entered a protest for Honduras's attempt to enter reservations to the Pact,

40 years after it was ratified. This point was addressed also in the public
sitting on 9 June 1988 (supra, p. 88).

2. Article XXXll of the Puct of Bugoth

C)fie"rini.The iin.1cni~mcc ~,i,\rtlclc XXXII rc;~J.: "The (:ourt >h.illh.iw
conipulri9r) ]urisJi:ii~)iin accorJaiicc uiih I\rti:lc?h. par3erapli 1. ,>tlic raid
Si;iiutc." I nould like ICI knoiv hoiv the I'.irtie\ iiiiernr:t [hi\ tcxi. hc;iriiic in
mind al the same lime how il is dralted in French aniin the other langua&s.

REPLI

The reply to this point was made in the public sitting held on 15June 1988
(supra, pp. 209-212).

3. Contadora and Esquipulas II Process

First Question: Has the Contadora process been definitely abandoned? 1sit
merely suspended? 1sit continuing in any form?

REPLI

The Contadora process has not been abandoned or suspended at any
moment. When the Esquipulas 11Agreement was signed by the CentralAmeri-
can nations. the Grouo of Contadora toeether with the Grouo of Sunnort of
(:ontaJura rciiia~ncJ in cxi~tciicc .,[id 11srcIatioii\\\il1thc (.cr~tiaI ,\nwri:.in

pr..icc pri,c~.Jurc\\:a\rcco$ni/cJ in thc .r.iineli~quip.~l;i>II i\~rc.cinc.hy $IV-
iiigtlic(:oiit.iJors <ir,iup ry~ciiii: rr~li,iii~il~iliiic~. CORRESPONDENCE 379

The permanence of the Contadora process has bccn ratified in the meeting
held in Tlateloco, Mexico, by the countries members of the Contadora Group
and the Group of Support. When this meeting ended on 27 June 1988, the
members made public a statement which is attached to this answer.

On the other hand, it must be pointed out that the faculties of mediation of
Contadora in the region rcst on the political will of the five Central American
nations. When this willis lacking, even ilit be in one of the countries, the work
ofContadora is hindered - if not frustrated- as was the case cited by Nicara-
gua atthe public sitting held on 9June 1988(supra,pp. 73-74) and in the public
hearing on 15June 1988(supra,pp. 177-178).

Second Qiiestion: What role did the Contadora Group play and what role
does it still play in the implementation of the Guatemala Declaration (Esqui-
pulas II)?
REPLY

In the Guatemala Declaration, the Group of Contadora was given two main
functions:

1. The first one is contained in point 7 of the Guatemala Agreement and it
refers to the continuation of "negotiations in matters of security, verification,
control and limitation of armaments".
2. The second role that the Guatemala Agreement gave to Contadora is in
point 10of the Accord in which the Commission of Verification was created. In
accordance with the Agreement, this Commission would be composed of the
Contadora Group and the Support Group together with the Secretary-Gencral

of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the OAS. The way this sec-
ond role of Contadora was frustrated by Honduras was recounted atthe public
sittings (suprrr,pp. 73-74 and 177-178).
Finally, it must be said that the recent Statement of the Contadora Group
and the Contadora Support Group, annexed hereto, indicates precisely what
the Group itself thinks its role to bel.

ThirilQiiesrion:According to the 7th paragraph of the declaration adopted
on 16January 1988bythe five Presidents of Central Amenca at SanJosé an

"Executive Committee. made up of the Ministers of External Relations
of the Central American States. is to exercise the ~rinci~al function of

The SanJosé declaration adds that to that effect, it will promote the co-op-
cration of certain outside bodies. Lastly, the same Commiitee will be respon-
sible for examinine the eeneral reDort of the International Verification and

operation has been sought and obtained, and, more generally, what progress
has the Executive Committee made in its work?

'In pasring.noticeshauld betaken thatthisstatement ofContadora - vrry complete
in itssubject-matter- does not mention or evrn hint at anyrecommendation on the
present case. Itmust be recalled thatHonduras has suggestedthat the withdrawal of
these procedures was part of the Esquipulas Agreement.Also, and quite ohviously,
Contadoradoesno1cansidertheseprocedures incompatible with ilcontinuedexistence
and role.380 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

REPLY

Duriri,: thr'I'ifih \lcciind 6,itlic Ilhesutiic C<,mmiit~.c.hcIJ III(;u3tr'niaIb
on 7 ,\pril I'J8S. II ii;ii:igrcc.J rhat ;,fornial pctiiion <hi,uld hc ;iJJrc\\cJ 10
th: Scîr~.i.irv-(ieiicrd <IIthe I'niitil S;iti<rii\II<>rdîrto rcuuest the "cull.ihai-
ration of ai auxiliary technical group comprised of speCializcd personnel
from the Governments of Canada, Spain and the Federal Republic of
Germany". This group would integrate the mechanism of verification,
control and follow up. This formal petition was to be made in writing by

means of a letter signed by the five Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Central
America.
Nonetheless, Honduras refused to sign that letter in both the meeting in
Guatemala and the following meeting held in Honduras on 22 June 1988.
The result has been that up to the moment no formal request has been
made in order to obtain the external CO-operationfor the Esquipulas pro-

cedure.
The Honduran refusal to sign the request to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations - on both occasions - has been attempted to be justified by
saying that if Nicaragua did not withdraw the present case against Honduras
before this Court, it was not possible to proceed. This position was upheld by
the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Honduras in the meeting held in Teguci-
ealna. notwithstandine the fact that the President of Honduras himself. at a
u . ~ ~
nicetinl: ivith ihc Fhccutivc (:oiiiniittr'c, ,aiJ th.11ihc c.i~ hcforc the (:duri \r.d>
;ihil;iter.il rn.it1c.rtli\%as niit rcldied ICIthc F\quipul;i> pr<~ccJurr';tnJ rh:ithc
\%asinstructing hi. hIini\lcr Fore1211Ait:~irs -!hi, W:I\ ~IJ in fronf oi the
oihcr hlini.ic,rs of I-orïi~n ~\fl;iir\uf C~.iiir;il,\mr,ric.i - ti> Jisarsiiii.itc ilic
cühc hciurr I~L. Court ironi the prsccss iifnr'quii;iii<in..lhe Prc\iJsnt ut I-I.)ii-
dur:îr :il,o haid that the documrni hc h.,J ieiirJ uith the I'r:\idr.ni i~fNic:ir:a-

gua agreeing to a postponement of the o;al hearings, had no bearing with
Esquipulas Il.
In any case Honduras continued to refuse to sign any petition to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations. Therefore, up to the moment, the Execu-
tive Committee is de facto not in operation.

STATEMENTBY THE CONTADORA GROUP
AND CONTADORA SUPPORT GROUP

Tlatelolco, d.f.,

Mexico.

27 June 1988.

(Translation)

The foreign ministers of Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela who
constitute the Contadora Group-and the foreign ministers of Argentina,
Peru, Uruguay and Brazil who compose the Contadora Support Group-
meeting in Mexico City today, expresscd concern regarding the impasse in the
peace process and sharpened tensions in Central America. They pointed out
that this concern arises from fraternal solidarity with the Central American CORRESPONDENCE 381

peoples, as well as the possible adverse effects on legitimate national interests
of their countries.

Esa. .ulas II o~ened an era of sienificant advances in the Central American
cri\i.. Ur.g.itii.r.siSn5noir.suri,i.ing;h~iuld mbr:.illi>\isto shscurc th;i1,121
The rc;ility i>th;it ihr. p.i,t )c:lr. ,incc rlie ]>encc.i\id,rri2ncd bv thc Ccn-
tr.11.Anicric:innrr,.idcnt.hdh riroicrithai nc-i,ii;xtiuiiinni>iftircc.or tlircdtii
force is the oniy road to peace.
The ministers stressed the importance of establishing a mechanism to verify
compliance with security accords, in keeping with agreements made in
the Vth Meeting of the Executive Commission held in Guatemala City on
7 April 1988. There, the Central American foreign ministers stated iheir
desire to request assistance £rom three extra-regional governments to carry
out the task of verification. with suD..rt from the United Nations and other
specialized organizations.
The freezing of talks on implementing the Sapoa Accords has added a new
element of tension not onlv for Nicaraeua. but for the entire re-ion.
In general, the impleméntation of Ge of the most important commitments
of Esquipulas II, the national political dialogue for reconciliation and peace,
was interrupted in the maioritv of countries shortlv after itsstart, and there are
no clear indications of auick rënewal
The foreign ministeri repeated the urgency of implementing the agreement
contained in numeral (7) of the Guatemala Procedure. This was an aaree-
ment to continue negotiation of security issues pending from the peace-pro-
nosal.
On other matters, political instability and a sharp economic crisis has
arrravated the alreadv dramatic situation of thousands of Central American
rëfueees and oersons~disolaced bv the war. Meanwhile. actions and mecha-
nismi established to prote'ct them~have liad liltle rffect.
In this situation, governments that are members of the Contadora Group
and Contadora ~u~iort Group, urgently cal1on the governments of Central

American countriesto establish a political dialogue for peace, suspend al1form
of support to irregular forces. not allow use of their territory for threats
or attacks against neighbouring countries, and form appropriate verification
mechanisms in keeping with the accords signed on 7 August.
In addition, the foreign ministers repeated their cal1to governments with an
interest in or ties to the region to contribute to the pressing cause of peace. To-
day, it is obvious that the;se of force, support foi confro~tation, a climate of
threats of military intervention in the region, and the arms race only hamper the
logic of ncgotiation and the effort for péace.
They stated their willingness to broaden, as much as possible, CO-operation
of each one of their countries with Central America. They also stated their
desire to CO-ordinateaction within the framework of the special plan for eco-
nomic CO-operation with the region, recently approved by the General As-
sembly of the United Nations. The ministers said they would support projects
carried out by the Action Committee in Support of Economic and Social
Development of Central America (CADESCA), a Committee of the Latin
American Economic System (SELA). They renewed their invitation to the
international community to deepen its assistance in Central American eco-
nomic and social development.
Finally, they reaffirmed their ongoing willingness ta support and contribute
to the Central American peace process and they called on the five Govern-
ments of the region to give peace efforts undertaken in Esquipulas II another
push.382 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACI'IONS

98. L'AGENTDU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

La Haye, le II juillet 1988.

J'ai l'honneur de vous accuser réceptionde votre aimable note 79764en date
du 7 iuillet 1988 relative au délai fixévar le Vice-président de la Cour et

prr'\idcni cil ~rcrcicr.puurIksrr:ponses aux qur.*tion\ pi~\ic\ p:i\!hl. les)iigss
lors des plüidoiric. Lins I';ifl;~idci A~.ut,ti>rrrr~r;r,\fro~lr<rhIVrrrotrsiro~rt<i.
. .
tant do& que la traduction en français des d&uments qui accom-
pagnent les réponses est effectuée en France et que les journées des 14et 15
sont fériées dansce pays. je demande respectueusemeni de bien vouloir rap-
porter le délaipour la présentation des réponsesau mercredi 20juillet.

99. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

II July 1988.

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellcncy's lcttcr of
11July 1988requesting an extension of time-limit tu 20 July 1988for the provi-
sion of written replies to judges' questions in the case concerning Border
and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragr,<rv. Ilrmdirrus) (Jurisdiction and
Admissibility). A copy of that letter has been transmittcd tu the Agcnt
of Nicaragua whose views were sought by telephone. It hzts not yet heen
possible, however. to make contact with His Excellcncy.

That heing so, and bearing in mind the proximity of the original timc-limit,
I am to inform you that the Vice-President of the Court acccdcs Io yoiir request
and extends the time-limits for both parties to 20 July 1988.The Agcni of
Nicaragua will be informe* accordingly.

100. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OFNICARAGUA

1I July 1988.

1have the honour to send Your Excellencv herewith a letter of todav's date
whirh I h:gi,c,cccivcd Irtim 111sAScnl <ifIlondur.<\ in thc c;isr.conccriii~//or-
11c.rtrd I'r~,,i<h<>r,l,\errr>/ <.rroti\(.V~<.~,OK ,II/~»!dur(r~and in which Hi*
Excellency requests an extension of time-liÏmitfor the provision of replies tu
questions put by judges at the hearing on the questions of jurisdiciion and ad-
missibility.
On receipt of the enclosed letter 1 immediately sought the views of
your Government but 1was unfortunately unable io make appropriate coniaci.
Tbat being su. and bearing in mind the proximity of the original lime-limit.

the Vice-President of the Court. Acting President, bas accedcd to the
Honduran request and extended the time-limit for both Parties tu 20 July 1988. CORRESPONDENCE 383

101. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRARTO THE AGEhT OF NICARAGUA

14July 1988.

1acknowledge receipt of the letter dated 8 July 1988by whichYour Excel-

lency hastransmitted the written answers of your Government to questions put
hy Members of the Court al the hearing on questions of jurisdiction and admis-
sibility in the case concerningBor~leruri<lï'runsborderArmer1Aciions (Nicuru-
giiirv.Hondiirusj.
A copy of the lettcr and ils attachmcnts will be duly communicatcd to the
Agent of Honduras.
1note with sympathy the difficulty encountered by your Government in pre-
paring some of its replies owing to the situation of Professor Chayes. whose
recovery. 1trust, will be rapid and completc. Allow me, meanwhile. to point

out that the opportunity which will be afforded your Government in accord-
ance with Article 72 of the Rules of Court will enable it further to
distinguisb its views.
1enclose a copyof a letter which 1am sendingatthe rame time to the Agent of
Honduras.

102. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRART0 THE AGENT OF HONDURAS

14July 1988.

1have the honour to scnd Yoiir Exccllcncy herewith acopy of a lctter diited
8 Julv 1988which 1received vesterday :ifternoon [rom theAgentof Nicaragua in

the cise concernine Bordernnd ~r~in:~horde Arrtned ~crions~f~icnrriairu.l~on-
drrrux);the letter ;as accompanied by the written answers'to whizh it refers,
and of which you will of course receive a copy as soon as 1am in a position to
provide the Agent of Nicaragua with the texi of your Govemment's replies.
1enclose further a copy of a letter which 1am sending at the same lime to the
Agent of Nicaragua.

103. THE DEPUTY-REGIS'TRART0 THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

14July 1988.

1acknowledee receiot of the letter of 8 Julv 1988whcreby Your Excellencv
has advised theU~egistryof your absence from.~he Hague foi a period of aboit
one month and of the possibility of your heing contacted through your Em-

bassy staff.
I wish further to advert to vour other lettcr of the same date. bv which vou
ir;in\iiiitlcil ihc \\.riilen :inil1)OurC;<,vcriiiiicntIo<III~~IICII\u1hy \1ciii-
hcr5 i~fthc ('ouri at ihc Iiciirin<<inqucstioii, ul ~uri~diirioii.tnJ :~Jini,~iinlity
the case concernine Border ind ~r~irishorder~rmed Aclions (Nicurupiru v.
Ho,i~lirrus).An ac&owledgment of this letter has already beenaddreskd to
you. Perusal of the written answers supplied reveals, however, that they do not
include any formal reply to the question put by the President of the Court. in
his capacity as an individual judge. nt the hearing of 13 June 1988 (siipril.
p. 140).1take it that the Government of Nicaragua has nothing to add to the384 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

rcply gitcn Ii? Your E~cel1r.n~~ai the sanie sittii(<,<pro p. 141) cvcn ihoush
iiw:i~thcn dcscribcd as "3 parii:ll answer". andiiu,a,furihcr stated ai ihe<II-
ting i~i14Junr. 1988that ihc question< put w<~ulrh lc :lnsu,crcd in writing

104. THE AGENT OF HONDURAS TO THE REGISTRAR

The Hague, 19July 1988.

1 have the honour to submit you herewith, in the delay fixed by the Court,
the answers of the Republic of Honduras ta the questions posed by Judges Ni,
Shahabuddeen, and Guillaume during the oral hearing in the case concerning
the Border and Transborder Armed Acfions (Nicaragira v.Hondirras) (Jirris-
dicrion and Admissibiliry). We arc presenting 25 copies, of which two ori-
ginals signed by me. You will also find enclosed a list of the documents
annexed, relating to Judge Guillaume's first and third question.
-

ANSWERSOF HONDURAS TO QUESTIONS POSED BYJUDCES, 18 JULY 1988

During the oral pleadings in the case concerning the Border anil Trans-
border Armed Acrions (Nicaragua v. Hondiiras) (Jurisdicrion onrl Admissibi-
liry) three distinguished judges posed questions ta the Governments ol Hondu-
ras and Nicaragua, that is to say on 7 June 1988, Judge Ni and Judge
Shahabuddeen (supra, pp. 70ff.) and on 10June 1988Judge Guillaume (silpra,
pp. 137ff.).
The present document contains the answer of the Governmeni of Honduras
to those questions.

ANSWERTO QUESTION POSED BYJUDGE NI '
Judge Ni's question is as follows:

"Whether any step or sieps have been taken as a matter of recorded
fact within the framework of the Contadora Process towards the solution
of the border disputes beiween Honduras and Nicaragua. This is the
question."

Honduras' answer is yes, either if one takes special regard to the alleged
facts put fonvard by Nicaragua in its Application, or if one considers the differ-
ences between Nicaragua and Honduras as being part, by the express consent
of both countries, of a wider sel of controversies between the Central Ameri-
can governments that il has been agreed should be resolved through the
Contadora and Esquipulas processes.
Several stem have evidentlv been taken in these orocesses to resolve the
claims of ~onhuras and ~icaragua against each other,and this assertion is sup-
ported by the following documents:

1. In the Informaiive Bullerinof the Conradora Groi~pof 21 April 1983, -
Annex 11, Memorial of Honduras -, that is after the initiation of consulta-
tions between the Contadora Group and the Central American governments.

'See alsop.70. supra.[Noi e .ihe Kegirrry.j CORRESPONDENCE 385

but before the formal acceptance of this multilateral procedure by Nicaragua,
one can read in the fifth paragraph the following:

"Among the matters which in the opinion of the Ministers of
Contadora require principal attention there must be mentioned: ... the
arms traffic.the oresence of militarv advisers and other fonns of foreinn
military assistan&, the actions intended ro destahilize the internal orderOf
orher States,the threats and verhal attack.~,the helligerenr incidents, and
the horder tensions. . ."(Emphasis added.)

And in the seventh paragraph, the following:
"an agreement inprinciple wasohtained on theprocedures of consultation
andnegotiation which willhave to be followed in the near future in such a
way thai they will take in10 account the varying nature of the subjects,

whether theybeof regional scopeor of a bilateral character...".(Emphasis
added.)
2. In the "Cancun Declaration on peacc in Central America" of 17 July
1983 - Aunex 13 of the Memorial of Honduras - paragraph 10; the Presi-

dents of Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela
"agreed on the general lines of a programme to be proposed to the coun-
tries of Central America which requires, in addition to strict compliance
with the essential principles governing international relations. the con-
clusions of agreements and political commitments that will lead, region-

wide, to effective control of the arms race, the elimination of foreign ad-
visers, the creation of demilitarizedzones,theprohibition of the useof the
territory of some States for the development of political or military
destahilization actiorrs in other States,the eradic<rtionof transit of and traf-
fic in arms as well as theprohihition of other forms of aggression or inler-
ference in the internal affairs of any country in the areu". (Emphasis
added.)

3. Nicaragua, in the speech about the Contadora negotiations made by
Commander Daniel Ortega. on 19July 1983, - Annex 14 of the Memorial of
Honduras - declares:
"The Government or Nicaragua . . accept that the beginning of the

negotiation process promoted by the Contadora Group be of a multila-
teral character ... the Sandinista National Liberation Front proposes
that discussions begin immediatcly on the following basic points:
(1) An Agreement toput un end to any belligerenr sitrration prevailing,by
means of the immediate signature of a Non-Aggression pact between
Nicaragua and Honduras.
(2) Absolute cessation of [rny siipply of weapons by any country to the
forces in conflicr in El Salvadorso that the nation can solve ils prob-

lems without external interference.
(3) Absolute cessation of nny military sirpport in the form of supply of
weapons, training, rrrilizatiorl of ferritory to larrnch attacks or any
other fornr of aggression hy the force .^posing any of the Central
American Governments.
. .."(Emphasis added.)

4. In the Press Release of Contadora and Central America of 30 July
1983 - Annex 15 of the Memorial of Honduras-, when the negotiations386 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

startcd and the Ministers considered that it was necessary to establish the basis

for agreements, at the end of paragraph 3 we can read the following:
"the Ministers of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras on
the one hand, and the Minister of Nicaragua on the other hand, formu-
lated concrete contribirtions on the criteria and new points of the coun-
tries with respect Io the characteristics, contents and scope which such
agreements should have. . .".(Emphasisadded.)

5. In the "Document of Objectives" agreed by the five Central American
Governments on 9 September 1983 within the Contadora negotiations-
Annex 16 of the Memorial of Honduras - we find, among others, these
objectives:
"To establish interna1 control machinerv to mevent the traffic in arms

outside it, intended for persons, organizations or groups seeking to
destabilize the Governments of Central American countries and to
refuse to provide them with or permit them to receive miliiary or
logistical support;
To refrain from inciting or supporting acts of terrorism, subversion or
sabotage in the countries in the area;
To establish and co-ordinate direct communication systems with a
view to preventing or, where appropriate, settling incidents between
States of the region."

6. In the "Measure to fulfil the commitments entered into in the Document
of Objectives" of 8January 1984 - Annex 17of the Memorial of Honduras -
different s~ecificmeasures were ado~ted and a machinerv established in oara.
graph II 16 monitor the progress mahe in carrying out thésemeasures.
In paragraph III the Ministers agreed:
"To establish in the framework of the Contadora Group, three work-

ing Commissions for the purpose of concerning sccurity and political
matters, as well as economic and social questions and of making propos-
ais for venfying and supervising the implementation of the measures
agreed upon."
The Working Commission on Security Matters who held continuous meet-
ings from January to April 1984, had as representatives from Honduras:

Colonel Omar Zelava. Director of the Suoerior School for the General Staff.
Colonel ~ilfredo sinchez, then member'of the General Staff; in 1988Minis-
ter of Defence.
Ambassador Marin Carias. Adviser al the Ministry of Foreign Relations.

The representatives (rom Nicaragua were:
Commander Julio Ramos. Head of Militarv Intellieence
Captain Ricardo ~heeloc'k, Adviser to thé~inistt?r of Defence.
MI. Augusto Zamora, Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Relations.

The other participants had representations of a similar level. The negotia-
lions were clearly engaged by officiais with responsibilities in the fields of
defence and foreign affairs.
7. In the Press Release of Contadora and Central America of 1May 1984 -
Annex 18of the Memorial of Honduras - after taking note with satisfaction of388 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

urgent problems facing the rirea with respect ta peace and regional
development and for seekingappropriaresolutionsto thoseproblems."
(Emphasis added.)

10. Accordingly, and after having given due consideration to President Arias'
Plan, the five Presidents approved the Esquipulas II Procedure, that with regard
to claims of Nicara~ua arainst Honduras jarid other countries). as well as daims
and positions of ~GnduGs with regard to the problems raised by the Nicaragua"
situation, contains, in particular thefollowing items:

"1.(c) National Reconciliation Commission,

To verify fulfilment of the commitments with regard to amnesty, a
cease-fire, democratization and free elections entered into by the five
Central American Governments in signing this document, a National
Re~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~sion shal~ ~ ~set uo in each countrv. resoonsih.e
for verifying genuine implementation of the process of national recon-
ciliation and also unrestricted respect for al1the civil and political rights
of Central American citizens guaianteed in this document:

2. Appeal for an end to hostilities.

The Governments make an urgent appeal that, in those States of the
region where irregular or insurgent groups are currently active, agree-
ment be reached to end hostilities. The Governments of those States
undertake to take al1necessary steps, in accordance with the constitution,
Io hring about a genuine cease-fire.

...
5. Termination of aid for irregular forces and insurrectionist move-

ments.
The Govcrnments of the five Central American States shall request
Governments of the region and Governments from outside the region

which are providing either overt or covert military logistical, financial or
propaganda support, in the form of men, weapons, munitions and equip-
ment, to irregular forces or insurrectionist movements to terminate
such aid; this is vital if a stable and lasting peace is to be attained in the
region.

6. Non-use of territory to attack other States.
The five countries signing this document reiterate their commitment
to prevent the use of their own territory by persons, organizations or
groups seeking to destabilize the Governments of Central American

countries and to refuse to provide them with or allow them to receive
military and logistical support.
7. Negotiations on security, verification and the control and limitation
of weapons.

The Governments of the five Central American States, with the
Contadora Group acting as mediator, shall continue negotiating on the
points outstanding in the draft Contadora Act on Peace and Co-operation

in Central Amenca with regard to security, venfication and control.
These negotiations shall also cover measures for disarming irregular
forces prepared to avail themselves of amnesty decrees."390 BORDERAND TRANSBORDERARMED ACTIONS

revoke would have to arise from an undertaking towards a third Party. There
is no such obligation contained in the Statute (vis-à-vis the Court). The idea
that "good faith" might provide the obligation is illusory, for good faith presup-

poses there is an existing obligation to be performed in good faiih. Nor can dif-
ferent, unilateral declarations be assimilated to a Treaty, so as Io provide this
obligation. Because, in practice. States reserve freedom to change or terminate
declarations a1 will. so that one could never specify what content such a
"treaty" possessed.

Judge Shahabuddeen's Fourth Question is this:

"11seems(rom the Nicaraguan Counter-Memorial (1).al page 303-304,
that the 1974 Honduran protest characterizcd El Salvador's notice
of immediate termination as'completely lacking in validity'. Wis Honduras,
bv this lan.uas.. takine.-nv ..sition asto whether El Salvador's notice of
tcriiiiii:aiiou,;iur a,:is nui i\,hully hadIIII:aw.;and.currzrpondingly. ;i,Io
tih~thcr ihr. noiicc couldor could nui hcîi>nic <ipcr:iiirc df1r.rihc p:iss.igc

of reasonable tirne?'

Honduras' answer to this question has been given in Professor Bowctt's
pleading. Monday afternoon. 10June (siiprn, pp. 149-154), concerning the par-
ticular circumstances of El Salvador-Honduras relations in 1970.He explained
that Honduras then believed that El Salvador hadgiven special assurancesthat

recourse to the I.C.J. would be available, and thus the modification of its
declaration was a breach of these assurances. Moreover. eiven the absence of
prt>tc>th!. ;in! uihcr St.iic. I-li~nilur.i>thcn dcci,lcil;ihc;,n hc..hi~un h! suhsr-
4.icni ;,CL;01 Ilotidur;~\,1,)~tc:cpt ihc \:l.~.l~t,oi El S.ilv:i~lc~r'~~iioJ~li~:~ii0n
the 5alv4Jori.~n cIccl;irai~o~it.St<,>rg tttml. l lï-1 l0.1
It should be noted, on the'other h;ind: that it wa; never Honduras' opinion

that the notice of modification of El Salvador's declaration did no1 hecome
operative until "after the passageof a reasonable time".
In relation 10filine. modificationor termination of declarations. the oocrative
d:iic i, ihc date on \\hich ihc St.iic cvproics its \\IIIio hc h,,unJ. or nitt ICIhc
hound. a* ihc ~.;i,cniay hc Il Joc, no1iiiaiicr. thcrcli,rc. h<iwlong ihc Sccreiary-

<;rncr.~l t;~kc\lu 1r:iiismii the filiiig. iiioJific:iti~in ur tcrniiiiati<in> i~ldcclarati<rn~
icSi;iics uhicli arc 1':iriics io the Staiuic ui ihc (:ourt.
Judsc Sh.ih:ihuddcr.n's Filih Question 1,.

"1 undcrtinnd Ilonduras id hc suhniiiiin- iliai a con.cn,uiil rclation-
\hip conics inti, chisiencc uiidcr Ariiclc 3h. ~i.ir:i~r:g~2. (il the S1:tiiiie
oniv on the filing of the aonlication. 1stheri anv-mirit in the view that

an application icbrought ha the basis of conse&ual relationship? If so,
can the application both bring the relationship into existence and be
based on k?"

Honduras' answer is no. As thc las1 sentence rightly implics, thcrc is an
essential contradiction in regarding the application as both creziting and
deriving from a consensuzil relationship. The best analogy is to regard thç

unilateral declaration as an "offer", or an "invitation to treat" which per se
creates no legal obligation and can bewithdrawn or modified at any time prior
to "acceptance". But once another State "accepts" the offer of jurisdiction, by
filing an application, the conscnsual relationship is established. Bath parties
are bound to the Court's jurisdiction in the terms of their declarations on the

date of filing. This. in the view of Honduras. is essentially the Nottcbohm
principle. CORRESPONDENCE 391

REPONSE AUX TROIS QUESTIONS POSÉES PAR M. GUILLAUME'

La première question concerne I'article XXXI du Pacte de Bogota:

aa) Lors de la signature, de la ratification ou de l'entréeen vigueur du
pacte de Bogoti ou de l'adhésion à ce pacte:
les Etats contractants qui avaient souscrit auparavant à la décla-
ration de juridiction obligatoire de I'article 36 du Statut de la
Cour (avec ou sans réserve) ont-ils notifiécette déclaration à l'Union
p~~!i;~n~Zric:~ ,11~:,I'Org~~n~s~ti, ~c,~Lt:lh aniZr~,.:jin,'!

-Ici. Ct;its ci,iiirxi:iiii> qii. n';iv:p.,,iwiu\:rita.qnrù\aiit :ila di-
cl:~r:ili,mticiuridi~ti~mohI~c.~toir~ dc l'.lrtclc3h &IIIS1.1tuiJc 1.1
Cour ont-ils iait une déclara'iionspéciale pour l'application de I'ar-
ticle XXXI du pactc dc Bogoti?
h) Lorsque certains Etats parties au pactc de Bogoti ont retiré leur
acceptation de la déclaration de juridiction obligatoire de l'article 36

du Statut, ont-ils notifié ce retraàtl'organisation des Etats américains?
Ont-ils préciséalors quelle serait leur situation au regard de I'ar-
ticle XXXI?
c) Le retrait d'El Salvador du pacte de Bogoti a-t-il été accompagné
d'une déclaration concernant I'article XXXI?
(1) Les notifications opérécspar les Etats à ces divers titres ont-ellcs
éténotifiéespar I'OEA aux Etats parties? Ont-elles appelé des réactions
(accusésde réception, acquiescements, protestations)?»

La réponse à la première question posée par M. Guillaume relativement à la
pratique des Etats parties à l'égardde I'article XXXI du pacte de Bogota a déjà
été abordée dans la plaidoirie du professeur P.-M. Dupuy, lors de la séance du
13juin 1988(ci-dessus,notamment pp. 167-168).Les informations reçues eritre-
temps de l'Organisation des Etats américains (OEA) permettent toutefois

d'apporter les précisionssuivantes:
LI)Les Etats contractants qui avaient souscrit une déclaration d'acceptation
de la juridiction de la Cour conformément à I'article 36,paragraphe 2, de son
Statut antérieurement àI'entrée en vigueurdu pacte dc Bogoti n'ont pas jugé
nécessairede notifier cette déclaration à l'Union panaméricaine ou àI'Organi-

sation des -~ats~américains.
Cette attitude se comprend sanspeine, si l'on considère le systèmede publi-
cation officielle, très largement diffusée,des déclarations optionnellcs assuré
Darle Greffe au moven fes Annuaires de la Cour internationalede Justice. Les
~tats parties au Pacte de Bogoti sont alors implicitement partis de la
présomption d'après laquelleces déclarations antérieures étaient bien connues
du service juridique de I'OEA.
Ceux d'entre eux qui n'avaient pas fait de déclaration selon I'article 36,
paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour antérieurement à I'entréeen vigueur du
pacte et qui ont, postérieurement celle-cil formulé une déclaration ne sont

qu'au nombre de deux. L'un est le Costa Rica, en 1973.L'autre est précisément
le Honduras, quand il renouvela sa déclaration de 1948 une premiEre fois, en
1954et, une seconde fois. en 1960.
Aucun de ces deux Etats n'a lorsconsidérénécessairede notifier le texte de
sa déclaration au secrétariat de I'OEA, parce que ce texte, ne comportant
aucune réserve à la juridiction de la Cour, ne différait substantiellement en

'Voir aussici-dessus, p. 137-13[Note duGreffe./ CORRESPONDENCE 393

Brésil vis-à-visdes autres parties au pacte. IIn'y avait donc pas lieu d'en aviser
I'OEA.
c) La dénonciation du pacte de Bogota par El Salvador n'a pas été

accompagnée d'une déclaration spécifique relative à I'article XXXI. Quoique
la présence de cette disposition dans le traité en cause ait étécertainement
déterminante pour la décisiond'El Salvador de le dénoncer (puisqu'il craignait
alors de se voir attrait devant la Cour par le Honduras à propos du différend
frontalier oui I'oooosaitàcet Etat) El Salvador a référénotifier sa décisionen
se référant'ausisième généralétibli par le pacte, dont il a estiméqu'il n'avait
pas donnéles résultatsque l'on pouvait en escompter.

En conclusion, sur la pratique des Etats membres relativement au pacte de
Bogota, on constatera qu'elle ne contredit en rien le tableau des diverses
possibilitésoffertes aux parties l'égardde I'articleXXXI du pacte. en liaison
avec I'article 32, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour, bien au contraire (voir
plaidoirie du 13juin 1988,ci-dessus p. 167).
Précisons de plus qu'en ce qui concerne les Etats ayant déjà émis une
déclaration de reconnaissance sur la base de I'article 36, paragraphe 2, ils
n'avaient évidemment pas à aviser individuellement le Greffe de la Cour de
l'entréeen vigueur du pacte, avec son article XXXI, puisque cette notification

avait étéfaite directement par les services de I'OEA au Greffe. On ne saurait
donc déduire de cette absence de notification individuelle la preuve d'une
autonomie des deux systèmes de reconnaissance de juridiction, l'un par rap-
r - ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(1) La notification opéréepar la République du Honduras au secrétariat
a6néralde I'OEA du nouveau texte de sa déclaration de reconnaissance de la
bridiction de la Cour a, comme on sait, étéensuite diffusée par cette organi-
sation auprès de tous les Etats parties. Deux d'entre eux ont réagi par un
accuséde réception exempt de toute protestation: le Nicaragua, par note en
date du 30 juin 1986,et la Colombie, par note du 14juillet 1986(voir ci-après,

annexe 1 d)).
La deuxième question de M. Guillaume est relative à I'article XXXIl du
Pacte de Bogoti:

e La dernière phrase de I'article 32 dispose que: <La compétence
de la Cour restera obligatoire, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut.. Quel sens les Parties donnent-elles à ce texte, dans
les diverses langues du pacte?.

La question posée par M. Guillaume relativement aux différences de
traduction de la dernière phrase de l'article XXXII du pacte de Bogota et aux
enseignements qu'il conviendrait éventuellement d'en tirer pour I'interpréta-
tion de cette disposition appelle, de la part du Gouvernement du Honduras, les
observations suivantes.
Ces différences illustrent une nouvelle fois les insuffisances ou imperfec-
tions de la traduction, en particulier vers le français. On en a rencontréd'autres

manifestations avec I'article II du pacte. Le mémoire du Honduras a également
appelé l'attention sur le cas du texte de I'article XXXV. Le Honduras s'en
tient, quant àlui, ainsi qu'il l'a fàipropos de I'article II, aux textes espagnol
et anglais, qui ont étéles langues de travail des conférencespréparatoires et,
notamment, de celle de Bogota.
En espagnol, le texte ala jurisdiccion de la Corte quedara obligatoriamente
abierta conforme al inciso 1' del Articulo 36 des mismo Estatutox peut se
traduire par «la juridiction de la Cour sera établie obligatoirement394 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

....ormément. etc.». C'est d'ailleurs exactement le sens oue l'on rçirouve dans
le texte anglais: -The Court shall have compulsory jurisdiction in accordance
with .n. Le texte officiel francais se contente donc d'une traduction littérale,
qui risque effectivement, apparemment sans que les traducteurs s'en soient
rendu compte, d'induire un sens dévié.par l'emploi servile du verbe rester.

Cependant, ainsi que le démontrent les travaux préparatoires et le contexte
généraldu chapitre IV, il n'y a lieu de tirer de cette traduction malhabile
aucune conséquence de droit.
La tr~>isi?iiicquc,ti~Jc hl. C;uillauriicrclali\ciiicnt du proCCnu<<l<:asni;i-
Ji,r;iriJ't quipul;i\ II coniporis trui\ point>.

<<a) Le processus de Contadora est-il définitivement abandonné?
Est-il simplement suspendu? Se poursuit-il sous une forme ou sous une
autre?.

La réponse du Honduras est la suivante:
Le processus de Contadora n'a pas étéabandonné. Après que les quatre
pays non centre-américains membres de Contadora aient présenté la version

finale de l'acte, en juin 1986 (voir note de remise. en annexe 27 du mémoire
du Honduras, 1). les ministres des relations extérieures de Colombie, du
Mexique, du Panama et du Venezuela, conjointement aux membres
du groupe de soutien. MM. les ministres de relations extérieures de
l'Argentine, du Brésil, du Perou et de l'Uruguay, engagèrent, à l'automne
1986, des consultations avec les ministres des pays d'Amérique centrale, en
particulier à l'occasion de la quarante et unième assemblée généraledes
Nations Unies et de la sei'ième assembléegénéraledel'Organisation des Etats
américains.
Puis, en compagnie des secrétaires générauxdes Nations Unies et de I'OEA,
ils visitèrent lesapitales de l'Amériquecentrale, en janvier 1987(1,annexe 33
du mémoire du Honduras).

Le 13avril 1987,les huit pays adoptèrent la «Déclaration de Buenos Aires,,
(annexe 3 a) 1 de la présente réponse), dans laquelle ils déclarent notam-
ment:
-au paragraphe 4. que:

<<ilssoulignent l'importance de la proposition du président Arias, qui
s'inscrit dans la volontéde réactiver le processus négociateur de Conta-
dora ...;,

-au paragraphe 5:
<<queles groupes de Contadora et de soutien manifestent leurs disposi-
tions à collaborer activement au succès de la réunion d'Esquipuliis, au

moyen d'un processus d'inlormation et de consultations ..x
Après une réunion de deux jours (voir note annexe à l'intervention de
I'agent du Honduras, lors de l'audience orale du 13juin 1988),les ministres des
relations extérieures de l'Amérique centrale et Contadora indiquèrent à

Tegucigalpa (Honduras), le 1" août 1987,dans un communiqué commun (an-
nexe 3 a) 2 de la présente réponse), ce qui suit:
-au paragraphe 4:

<<onmit en évidenceque le .plan Arias. et l'<<actede Contadora pour
la paix et la coopération en Amérique centralen ne sont pas des instru- CORRESPONDENCE 395

ments exclusifs l'un de l'autre, mais, plutôt, complémentaires. En fit,
les ministresdes relations extérieures s'accordèreà ntdire que le .plan
Arias» estiin précieux instrumens tusceptiblede contribuerp<irticiilière-
mentà résoitdreIe.sprohl+meslesplusgraves dela zone centre-américaine.
Ils réaffirmèrent également l'importance qu'ils attribuent à l'acte de
Contadora, cn tant que fruit d'une négociation conjointe, en le
considérant comme un instrument global contenant un système inté-

gral..» (les italiques sont de nous.)
-Au paragraphe 11:

*Les ministres des relations extérieures centre-américains adressèrent
aux ministres des relations extérieures du-,rouoe de Contadora une inci-
ration en vue d'une nouvelle réunion de consultation, postérieure au
sommet de Guatemala, en vue de s'engager plus avant dans le processus
-.
de pacification ...»
Le sommet qui s'est tenu le7 août 1987à Guatemala a adopté la <<Procédure
en vue de l'instauration d'une ~aix ferme et durable en Amériaue ccntralcn,

dans Iaquclle des compétencés spécifiques sont conférées a" groupe de
Contadora.

nb) Quel rôle le groupe de Contadora a-t-il joué et joue-t-il dans
l'application de la déclaration de Guatemala (Esquipulas II)?»

Le groupe de Contadora et le groupe de soutien sont inclus dans la
procédure d'Esquipulas, tant au niveau politique des réunions des ministres
des relations extérieures que dans l'application spécifiquede certains accords
concernant la sécurité qui,outre les manŒuvres mililaires, comprend: A) la
négociation sur la limitation et la réduction des armements, effectifs et instal-
lalions militaires- négociation pendante depuis 1986, mais qui constitue
une partie essentielle du projet final de l'acte - et B) questions du contrôle

ct du suivi des engagements assumés par les gouvernements d'Amérique
centrale.
A) En ce aui concerne les n6eociütions relatives aux armements. effectifs et

invoqirer lesdécretsd'omni.sties ((es italiquessont de nous.)
En second lieu, que la première réunion de l'Amérique centrale et du
groupe de Contadora en vue de la mise en Œuvre du numéro7,se tint à Caracas
(Venezuela) le 10 décembrc 1987, selon les minutes du document ci-joint (an-
nexe 3 b) 1de la présente réponse).
Les antécédentsaux négociations pendantes relatives aux engagements en
matière dc réduction d'armements et d'effectifs militaires peuvent être
consultésdans les documents suivants, datant de
1986:
- proposition du Costa Rica et du Guatemala, en date du 27 mai 1986,rela-
tives auxecommitments with regard to military manŒuvres and to arma-

ments and troop strengih,, (Nations Unies, doc. Al401420-S/18107) (an-
nexe 3 b) 2 de la présente réponse).
- texte des <<Commitmentswith reeard to armaments and trooo streneth in396 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

H) En ce clu~concerne le, qucbtic>n,de ioniri~le el de suivi. Is premiere ob-
\cr\,:ition e\i quc les ionciion\ Jc conir6le que. en ma1ii.r~ poliiique. Ic prujct
d'rictc iinal de IYJ6 coniiiiii ;i un cumii; !id /roc en \ue de I't2v:~lu:iii~,nci du
suivi des eneaeements en matière oolitiaue. de réfueiéset de d~o~acés.ont été
- . , " :'Y
en grande partie transféréesaux «commissions nationales de réconciliation».
Attendu que le comité prévu dans I'acte ne prendra sesfonctions qu'à l'entrée
en vigueu; de ce dernie; et que les présidents considèrent que la r&conciliation
et la démocratisation sont des tâches urgentes en vue de la pacification de
l'Amérique centrale, les commissions assument, dans chaque pays, des com-

pétencesde contrôle liées aux engagements d'Esquipulas IIsur I'amnistie, le
cessez-le-feu, la démocratisation, les élections libres et le strict respect des
droits civils et politiques des Centre-Américains (Esquipulas, no 1, a)).
La seconde observation est qu'Esquipulas II a instauré, au no 10, une
ecommission internationale de contrôle et de suivi. (CIVS1 comoosée des

niiiiislres des rclaiions cxiérieurcs dc I'AmCriquc ccniriilc. du ;ruupc iIc
Coni:dor;i. du groupe de suuiicn ci ilcs scir2iaircs génr'rziuvJus .l;iiionb linles
ci de I'OEA Le rapport de cctie cùiiiniission. le 13janvier 1988.lui iin;il!,r' par
le, cinq prCridcnis des K;publiquc\ d',\mL:rique centrnle lors Je lcur rr'union
du Ih laiirier. dan I:iquelle ils dCcid2reni Je ccnir,tliser .cs iunctiun, CIL.

néeociation et de contrôie dans la commission exécutive des ministres des rela-
ti&s extérieures d'Amérique centrale, qui sera secondée dans ses travaux
par des mécanismes intégrésp-r le ~iais du secrétaire géneral des Nations
Unies.
Les principaux documents en la matière sont les suivants:

- niécnni<inc Je Id <.vcriii:niioii niid :cinir<il coniniiiqioii tor hccuriiy
iii;iiicrs,,. du projet J'acic de CiiniiiJi,r;Jc scpicmbrc 1985.qui regroupe

des i~h\c.ri,;iiiuns Ju Cu\i;~Kit;,.d'El S.ilv:tdor. du Gu~tcm;ila et du Ilon-
duras relatives à la définition des fonctions d'un *International corps of
inspectorsn (Nations Unies, doc. Al401737-Sl17549) (annexe 3 b) 4 de la
présente réponse).
Ce mécanismese maintient dans la version finale de l'acte de Contadora
du 26juin 1986.mais n'est pas totalement acceptépar le Nicaragua;

- <<statuteof the verification and control mechanism for security matiers»
présentépar les gouvernements du Honduras, du Cosia Rica et d'El Sal-
vador, en février et mars 1985 (Nations Unies, doc. Al391889-Sl17104)
(annexe 3 h) 5 de la présente réponse).
II n'a pas étéaccepté à cause de l'opposition du Nicaragua et est

tributaire des négociations;
- communiqué du 22 août 1987 des ministres des relations extérieures de
Contadora, du groupe de soutien de l'Amérique centrale, avec les secré-
taires générauxdes Nations Unies et de I'OEA (annexe 3 b) 6 de la pré-
sente rCponse).

On y annonce la constitution de la ClVS et on y progra~ ~ de. réu-
nions:
- communiqué du 7 novembre 1987sur la seconde réunion de la ClVS (an-
nexe 3 b) 7 de la présente réponse);
- communiqué de décembre 1987de la ClVS (annexe 3 b) 8 de la présente

réponse);
- rapport final de la ClVS en date du 13 janvier 1988 (annexe 3 b) 9 de la
présenie réponse).

ec) Selon le septième alinéa de la déclaration adoptée le 16 janvier
1988 par les cinq présidents des Républiques de ['Amérique centrale à CORRESPONDENCE 397

San José de Costa Rica. une «commission exécutive. formée oar les

ration,,. Cette commission exécutive recherchera à cette fin certaines
coopérations extérieures. Cette mgme commission doit examiner le rap-
port généralde la commission internationale de vérification et de suivi
nrésenté à San José.

lions extérieures ont étécherchéeset obtenues?,,
La commission exécutive constituée des cinq ministres des relations exté-

rieures de l'Amérique centrale commença ses travaux les 19 et 20 août 1987
(annexes 3 c) 1 et 2'de la orésente réoonse)
Lors de la seconde réunion,qui s'est tenue àManagua les 17et 18septembre
1987 (annexe 3 c) 3 de la rése ent éDonse),la Commission a constaté avec
satisfàction l'installation dé la commfssion 'internationale de contrôle et de
suivi (CIVS), la création de commissions nationales de réconciliation et la
raoide réactivation des négociations sur la limitation des armements, effectifs
et'installations militaires Guoiaue cette réactivation se soit oroduite. de fait,
,-.7- .~~ -...~~~.~,~
La troisième réunion,les 27 et 28octobre, passa en revue les progrès réalisés
et tint un imoortant débat sur la simultanéitéde I'accomolissement des engage-
ments contractés (annexe 3 c) 4 de la présente réponse$ - -

Après le sommet présidentiel du 16 janvier 1988, la commission tint sa
quatrième réunion à San Salvador, les 16 et 17 février 1988 (annexe 3 c) 6),
dont il convient de souligner que, dans l'exercice de sa fonction principale de
contrôle, d'importantes décisions frirent irnanimementadoptées sur:
- la démocratisation et son contrôle (par. 3 et 4);

- aboutir, lors de laprochaine réuniun à des accord.$sur la déterminationdes
modalitks, ainsi que des pays et organismes internationaux qui partici-
peront au contrôle spécifiqi&e des engagements sur la cessation de l'aide
a,,ortée aux eL,uoe. irréeuliersou aux forces insurrectionnelles et lenon-
ustqc Ju tcrrituirc pour iapcncr ,l':,~itrchFt:it\ (p.11 5).
- iiiclurc3 I'tirJrc Ju Iiour13 Iorop<iriti<uiu IliinJur:~r Jc\,:int II cl.\-sep-
ii2mc ,\s\~.mhlr'c i?;.nir:ilr.de 1'01:tri.ir7) pr<iiiaisiti<uui iut i.>iriti
l'intervention du ;eprésentant du ~iiduras, ie f3 juin, ei qui &ut un
accueil favorable du président du Nicaragua. (Voir annexe 3 c) 5 de la
rése enteréoonse: article du iournal El Pais, de Madrid. mêmesi le
président 0;tega donne certaines interprétations des faits étrangères à la

proposition et attribue au Honduras d'autres propositions qui n'ont pas
étéformulées);
- adresser une véhémente exhortation aux mouvements insurrection-
nels (d'El Salvador, du Guatemala et du Nicaragua) afin qu'ils se préva-
lent de l'amnistie et s'intèg-ent au dialogue et à la vie démocratique
(par. 11).

Lors de la cinquième réunion,qui s'est tenue en deux parties, les 23-24mars
et le 7 avril, les ministres des relations extérieures ont poussé plus avant le
processus négociateur avec des décisions qui cependait, à cause de I'obs-
truction du Nicaragua, n'ont pas encore pu êtreratifiées(voir annexe 3 c) 7 de
la présente réponse).398 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

IIfaut ra.o,ler aue l'armée o. .laire sandiniste a. à la veille d'une réunion
avec les dirigeants de la <<contra>,l,ancé,en mars 1988,une offensive militaire
d'envergure contre les insurgés,opérations militaires qui amenirent l'armée
sandiniste à envahir le territGre hondurien. et le Gouvernement du Honduras
à exercer son droit inhérent de légitimedéfense (voirdocumentation liée à la

demande du Nicaragua de mesures provisionnelles de protection, et à son
retrait dossier devant la CIJ, mars-avril 1988).
D'autre part, il faut constater de nouveau que, avec la signature de l'accord
de Sapo.5,en date du 23 mars 1988,fut conclu le premier accord de cessation
des hostilités dans l'Amérique centrale et se sont ouvertes des possibilités
sérieuses de démocratisation et de réconciliation au Nicaraeua. maleré les

Finalement. en ce qui concerne la coo~érationextérieure aux mécanismesde

.xiitr~~l?.le (i~ou~cr~teni:~ttu H,)n,lur.t\ rappcll~. IV.I~cunic.nt, Ln dai~ ,IJ
?i ni:li l')Sr;.prir:ntr' cuninic :InnLwiiI'intcr\enti.~n Jc I.igcnt du Iloiidura*
Ic 13juin. p:arIequcl IL.gouvr.rii~.tiienI\du ('ari3d.i.de13K:puhliquc Ir'dr'r.tlr,
d'Allcniagnc cl JI 1'1s-p,iqne dr'cl:ircnt2irc Ji\p,~>c',il .i\\i\Ir.p:t\h writrc-
:xm;ric:~in>d:an, IV,~,IIIC~I,,Idc .uritri~lci rC:~.ptiotLI< I'.~ir~t:~ti~cmn~llc
en ce sens de la part des cinq pays.
Or, malheureusement, cette invitation, dont le texte lut présenté à la
sixième réunion de la commission exécutive, qui s'est tenue à Tegucigalpa
(Honduras). les 21 et 22juin 1988(voir annexe 3 c) 10de la présente réponse,

ne out êtreadootée et envovée à cette occasion au Secrétaireeénéraldes Na-
IIO~ L'nies.ilii'f;iJL.I:Ip<;litiquedu Uir..ir.isu:a:ont!nu:ini ~ih~tiiiciii;icil
sut~~>rJo~titcl'rad~~pttc,;~l':,c:cpt;ttiun. Jc. ICIp;~rtdti Hun.Itir.~\cl Jch .~iitrc,
participants, de nouvelles exigences, clauses et mesures uniauement favorables
au ~icaragua, sans contreparties qui prendraient dûment en compte les
intéretslégitimesde sécuritédes autres pays participant à la négociation.

(Signed) Mario CAR~AS,
Agent of the Rcpublic of Honduras.

List of DocirmeritsAppended 10Honduran Answersta theFirst and Ttrird
QuestionsPosed by Jiidge Gi~illairme

1 d) Article XXXl of Pactof Bogutu
1. Accuséde réception de la lettre du secrétaire généralde I'OEA en

date du 30juin 1986par le Nicaragua en date du 7juillet 1986.
Accuséde réception de la lettre du secrétaire généralde I'OEA en
date du 30juin 1986par la Colombie en date du 14juillet 1986.
2. Note No. 218 DSM from Mr. Carlos Lope/. Contreras, Minister of
Foreign Affairs of Honduras dated 15 June 1987 to the General
Secretary of OAS.

3 a) Participationof Contadorain EsqriiprilasII
1. 13.04.87 Déclaration de Buenos Aires.
2. 01.08.87 Communiqué commun de la réunion des ministres des rela-

tions extérieures. CORRESPONDENCE 399

3 b) Numéro7- Esqrripirlas II

1. 10.12.87 Minutcs de la premières réunion du groupe centre-
américainet Contadora pour la mise en ccuvrede la procé-
dure de Guatemala.
2. 28.05.86 Joint proposal of Costa Rica and Guatemala
3. 02.07.86 Act of Contadora. Commitrnents with regard to armaments
and troop strength

Verificarionand securiry
4. 09.10.85 Act of Contadora. Verification and control commission for
security matters.
5. 16.04.85 Statute of the verification and control mechanism for secu-

rity matters under the Contadora Act of Peace and co-ope-
ration in Central America.
6. 22.08.87 Communiaué relatif à la constitution de la commission

8. 04.12.87 Communiqué dc presse de la commission internaionale de
contrôle et de suivi.suiàesa quatrième réunion,New York.
9. 20.01.88 Rapport final de la commission internationale de contrôle et
de suivi sur les progrès réalisésdans l'exécutiondes accords
de la procédureen vue de parvenir à une paix ferme et dura-

ble en Amérique centrale.
3 c) ExecirtiveCommission

Constitution et installatio- Communiqué conjoint
Première réunion.
Deuxième réunion.
Troisième réunion.
Interview du président Daniel Ortega, El Pais.
Quatrième réunion.
Cinquième réunion.
Dialogue entre le gouvernement sandiniste et la <<contra»El
Pais.

Dialogue entre le gouvernement sandiniste et la «contra>,El
~.~.<..
10. 21.06.88 Projet de note au groupe technique auxiliaire préparé parles
ministres des relationextérieures d'Amériquecentrale.

Annexe 1 d) 1
Missionpermanentedu Nicaragira devantl'Organisation
desErarsaméricains, Washingron ,.C.

S. Exc. Monsieur Joao Baena Soares,
Secrétaire général de l'organisation des Etats américains,
Washington, D.C.

No839186MPNIOEA 7 juillet 1986.
Excellence,

J'ai l'honneur de m'adresser à Votre Excellence pour accuser réception de BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS
400

sa lettre du 30 juin dernier. par laquelle elle m'a fait parvenir une copie du
communiqué noDSM-206186,en date du 26 mai 1986.que lui a addressé Son
Excellence Monsieur le ministre des relations extérieures de la République du
Honduras, conjointement à la déclaration du Gouvernement hondurien rela-
tive aux modifications apportées à l'acceptation de la juridiction de la Court
internationale de Justice.
En la remerciant de cette transmission, je profite de l'opportunité pour
renouveler à Votre Excellence les marques de considération et d'estime les
plus profondes.

(Signe!)Edgard PARRALES,
ambassadeur.

[Texte e.sp<~gnoIlOIIreprodriitl

Annexe 1 d) 2

Mission permanentede Culornbie.devant l'Organisation
des Elorsar~iéric<iinW.s,ashington
S. Exc. Monsieur Joao Baena Soares,

Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Etats américains,
Washington, D.C.

W 471 14 juillet 1986.

Monsieur le Secrétaire général,

J'ai le plaisir de m'adressàrVotre Excellence pour lui accuser réception de
sa lettre du 30juin dernier par laquelle elle a bien voulu me faire parvenir une
copie de la déclaration du Gouvernemcnt hondurien relative aux modifications
apportées àl'acceptation, de la part du Honduras, de la juridiction de la Cour
internationale de Justice sur l'article XXXl du traité américainde solutions~-
pacifiques.
Je renouvelle à Votre Excellence l'assurance de mes considérations distin-
guées.
(Signé)Francisco POSADA DE LA PENA,

ambassadeur.

[Texte espagnol non reprodrtitl

Annexe 1 d) 3

Ministry of ForeignAffairs of Hond[iras
Note 218-DSM

Tegucigalpa, D.C
June 15,1987.

Mr. Secretary General:

1 have the honour to address your Excellency with reference to the note
addressed to you under date of May 15, 1987. by the Minister of Foreign CORRESPONDENCE 401

Affairs of Nicaragua with respect to the communication from this Secretariat
advising you of the amendments that the Government of Honduras has made
to its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in
view of the fact that the terms of that amendatory declaration are equally
a..licable to Article XXXI of the Americdn Treatv on Pacific Settlement
l ,.ons~d:r it~rrcIcv.tri1%)rcfcr 1,)the pc>~t~ ct)twci,: tt)rlti h! thc Ki~:ir;,-
,!u.inForcien Olfic~. :i\car .iller ihr C;cncr.il Sr.crctjri.ii ~~~~rnniuiiic.1ti.JII
the amendments introduced to the accentance of the iurisdiction of the Inter-

national Court of Justice by the ~e~ublk of ond durai.
Suffice it to say that in the intervening period Nicaragua instituted pro-
ceedings against Honduras in the International Court of Justice and my coun-
try has already communicated its memorial alleging lack of jurisdiction of
the Court on the grounds, inter alia, that the declaration to which Article 36,
No. 2, of the Statute of the Court refers is the source of the Court's jurisdiction
and any modification made to it equally modifies the scope of provi-
sions contained in other instruments, as is the case with Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogota, which in addition to exprcssly citing Article 36, No. 2, of the
Statute of the Court, and of basing itself on that provision, is in al1pertinent
respects a faithful copy of that provision. It is worth mentioning that at the

present stage of the litigation, and pursuant to Article 36, No. 6, of the Statute
of the Court, the authority to decide on its own jurisdiction resides exclusively
in the Court.
I .hould hc \c,r!$r.lt:iulif Fuccllcnc\ \i.rulJ tirr;ingLfi,r111sIr~h\ifthi,
iiotc lu bc circul.itcd inth: mr,mhcr >t.îtc\ oi Ihc Or~aiii/.ition
Accept, Mr. Secretary General, the renewed assurance of my highest con-
sideration.

Carlos L~PEZCONTRERAS,

Secretary.

His Excellency Joao Clemente Baena Soares,
Secretary General of the Organization of American States,
~ashington, D.C.

[Spanish rextnot reprodlrced]

Annexe 3 a) 1

Déclararionde Buenos Aires

Les ministres des relations extérieures de Contadora et du groupe de
soutien d6clarent:

1. Que la crise centre-américaine est un conflit duni les répercussions
affectent l'ensemble de la région, ainsiqua la sécurité,la stabilitéet la coexis-
tence de nos pays et de nos peuples.
2. Qu'ils considèrent comme une préoccupation extrêmela stagnation du
processus négociateur tendant àla signature de l'acte de Contadora en vue de
la paix et de la coopération en Amérique centrale, à partir de juin 1986,date à
laquelle le groupe de Contadora remit le projet correspondant, et rappellent en

outre l'engagement des Secrétaires gknéraux des Nations Unies et de L'Or-402 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

ganisation des Etats américains de collaborer à l'application des mécanismes
de vérificationet de contrôle prévus dans I'acte de paix.
3. Que leur engagement à Œuvrer pour la paix se voit renforcépar des faits
tels que la réuniondes cinq présidents centre-américains à Esquipulas (Guate-

mala), au mois de juin prochain.
4. Qu'ils soulignent également l'importance de la proposition du président
Arias qui s'inscrit dans une volonté de réactiver le processus négociateur de
('onisii,r:i. :iin\i qiic l'c~priniz 1.1Iklirc que Ic ~;ouvk;nLmcnt du ('os1.1l<liti
r r par IL,iruchemtnt ,Ir.%onniinistrr. Jcs r~l:iti~~r\ir'ririirc.; au\
rroupïs Jc ('.,nt.iili>ct Jr. siiuiicn. cii d.tte h ia\,rilcrn~cr.Ictirc~.lotit l'un
des Paragraphes stipule:

De cefait, le Costa Rica souhaite exprimer àMessieurs les ministres
des relations extérieures des groupes de Contadora et de soutien, ainsi
qu'il l'a déjà fait en plusieurs occasions, que cette proposition se situe

tout à fait dans le cadredes efforts négociateursglobaux de Contadora et
que l'un de ses principaux objectifs est précisémentde créer - dans de
brefs délais qu'il faut tenter de fixer-une série de conditions qui
permettent de renouer la négociation de I'acte et de lui donner un terine
heureux, dans un contexte de démocratie, de paix, de liberté et de
sécurité danschacun des Etats centre-américains.
A cet égard, le Gouvernement du Costa Rica tient à signaler que la
réuniondes orésidents, à Esquipulas, favorisera un accord entre les cinq

pays, conjointement à la signatire de la proposition, ou en tant que partie
de celle-ci, en vue de réamorcer la négociation de I'acte, comme
conséquence naturelle dc l'exécutiondu plan costaricain. r

5.Que les groupes de Contadora et de soutien manifestent leurs dispositions
à collaborer activement au succèsde la réunion d'Esquipulas, au moyen d'un
processus d'information et de consultations pour lequèl ils ont convenu de
s'adresser au Gouvernement du Guatemala aux fins d'analyser lesmécanismes
adaptés à cet effet.
6. Que, convaincus que c'est pour tous une obligation morale que de
contribuer à la création d'un climat propice au dialogue entre les Centre-

Américains et qu'il est nécessaire d'éviterque le temps qui nous sépare du
sommet d'Esa.io.las nuisse donner lieu à des circonstances susce~tibles de
ternir cc iliniiii. ils cxl;urient le, p:i!\ dirc:ir.n,iuiiriJire~r:mcni 'inipli~luis
d;rn, Ikcaiiflit CI\'.ih,tr.nir ,Ir.ruuitiuia:iii,iJc I<)~L LI. d'~~il~n~idaiit~ii
kcptihlc d';tifc.lcr ILr;\ult:îtr de 1.1pruchainc r<'.uiiii,iJi'T.quipul;i\
7. tniin. II,ci>ni.icniicniJr' sc riuiiir. c)uirc Icbr~n;c,ntrcs ;CIII\C:~U\CUY
iriiti~tii~u\diir~.:ipri., la rzunion J'tsquipul;is p<,iicii:iii.ilyrcr le\ rC\uli.ii.
et examiner les formes de coopération qui faciliteront la mise en Œuvre des ac-
cords adoptésau sommet desprésidenk centre-américains, en vue de renouer

les négociations de l'acte de Contadora.

Buenos Aires (Argentine), le 13 avril 1987.

Source: Mémoiredu ministère des relations extérieures du Honduras, 1987.

[Texte espagnolnon reproduit]
- CORRESPONDENCE 403

Annexe 3 a) 2

Communiquécommrrn de la rérrniondes miriistres des relations extérieure.^ de.7
pays centre-uméricainset dii groirpe de Contadoru
Réunis enla ville de Tegucigalpa (République du Honduras), les 31juillet et
1" août 1987,les ministres des relations extérieures des pays cenlre-américains,

Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto (Costa Rica), Ricardo Acevedo Peralta (El Salvador),
Mario Quinonez Amézquita (Guatemala), Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann (Nica-
ragua) et Carlos Lopez Contreras (Honduras) et les ministres des relations
extérieures du erouoe de Contadora. lulio Londono Paredes (Colombie).

américaine telle au'elle se orésenteauiourd'hui. dans le but de trouver des solu-

réaffirmèrent qu'ilÏincombe fondamentalement aux Centre-Américains de
rechercher et de trouver ces solutions. Ils réaffirmèrent également I'impor-

tance de la contribution des pays du groupe de Contadora et du groupe de
soutien. en signalant que la crise centre-américaine intéresse et affecte I'en-
semble de la région
C'est dans cet esprit qu'ils analysèrent attentivement le <<planArias a, ses
implications et ses conséquences. Après un échange d'opinions fructueux, on
parvint à la conclusion selon laquelle la crisc centre-américaine est le fruit de
tous les problèmes et situations relevant de la sphèrenationale, ainsi que de ceux
à caractère international et, par conséquent,leur extension la rend plus grave de
iour en iour et il est imoératifde déolovcrles efforts les olus erands oour revenir
&idement à une situa'tionnormal; dans l'espace centré-amkcain:
En ce sens, on mit en évidenceque le «plan Arias,, et «I'açlc de Contadora

pour la paix et la coopération en Amérique centrale» ne sont pas des instru-
ments exclusifs l'un de l'autre, mais plutôt complémentaires. En effet. les
ministres des relations extérieures s'accordèrent à dire que le <<planAriash est
un précieux instrument susceptible de contribuer particulièrement à résoudre
les oroblèmes les o,us .,aves de la zone centre-ambricaine. Ils réaffirmèrent
C+iIcriicnt 1'1niporr;~riccu 11,,it~rrt~~~ntI'JCIC,le C<!nt;~Jor.icri t:mt quI~UBI
il'unc ri<q<i:i~~i,iii~.iml<linL.n le ioii\iJ;r.intC~JIIIII~C iiri~lrumcnl gl ilinl
contenant un svstème intéeral
Lcs ministrrs des relacons ext6ricures d'El Salvador, du Nicaragua, du
Guatemala et du Honduras formulèrentdes observations et des commentaires
concernant le plan Arias: ils tendirent à ~réciserdes concepts et à déterminer

Jcs ~)r~~Cclurr. I.I%i111J,r.lui;oiiic,rcr Jjtant;~?~ Jc p<~rrl\12,\ ici igilrd. IL,
G<iu\~rnc'mcnrJu Il.>ridur:isprr'scrii;iun iI~i:uniciit tciiJ.tnt i h;irni.,ni\~.r IL.\
JI~IIIUII JI ln I V cc LI ' I I cl de l n Je .itllri I c
ministre des relations extérieures du Costa Rica manifesta sa satisfaction quant
à toutes Ifs observations faites et se proposa de les étudier attentivement, en
envisageant de les adopter.
A la lumière des événements,les ministres des relations extérieures centre-
américain$ décidèrent de solliciter la précieuse coopération du groupe de
Contadora pour fixer les textes dans un document servant de base à la
poursuite de la négociation lors de la réunion des ministres des relations
extérieurcs centre-américains, A Guatemala. Une fois encore, le groupe de

Contadora souligna sa volonté de contribuer à la solution de la crise centre-
américaine, geste dont les ministres de rçlations extérieures de l'Amérique
centrale lui surent gré. Ils rcconnurent les courageux efforts dCployéspar les gouvcrncments de la
zone, en étroite collaboration avec les services du Haut Commissariat des
Nations Unies pour les réfugiés(ACNUR). en vue d'une solution au pro-
blème posépar les milliers de réfugiés.A cet égard, ils prirent acte, avec
satisfaction, du raooort des ministres des relations extérieures du Nicaraeua et
du Hondures, relatif a la mise en ceuvre d'un processus de rapatriement iolon-
taire des réfugiésnicaraguayens ainsi que d'actions qui seront menées, dans
ce domaine entre le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua.
Les ministres des relations extkrieures du Honduras et d'El Salvador ren-
dirent également compte des efforts entrepris en vue de résoudre la problé-
matique des réfugiés salvadoriens au Honduras et pour impulser des pro-
grammes de rapatriement volontaire. Ils annoncèrent la tenue, à San Salvador,

à la fin de ce mois. d'une réunion de la commission tripartite qu'ils forment
avec I'ACNUR.
Ils donnèrent éaalement leur appui à la tenue d'une conférence réaionale
hur les réfugiks ccT~tre-amériiains'quUiloi cnvisag? d'organiser 1'3nn;c pro-
chaine sou\ le\ usp pic ese I'ACNUK
Messieurs les ministres exprimèrent leur satisfaction pour la présence à
cette réunion de MM. Harrv Belevan et Ricardo Tichauer. reorésentants
respectifs des secrétaires de l'Organisation des ~tat; américains et
des Nations Unies, dont la présence constituait une réaffirmation du soutien
a..orté aux actions en faveur de la oaix dans l'isthme centre-américain
Les ministres des relations extérieures centre-américains adressèrent aux
ministres des relations extérieures du groupe de Contadora une incitation en
vue d'une nouvelle réunion de consulïation. postérieure au sommet de Gua-
temala, en vue de s'engager plus avant dans 1; processus de pacification.
A cet effet, il fut convenu que les résultats du sommet présidentiel seraient
transmis officiellement et immédiatement aux oavs du erouoe de Contadora
. . -.
et du groupe de soutien.
Les ministres des relations extérieures des quatre pays centre-américains
et ceux du groupe de Contradora font étatde leur reconnaissance à l'égarddu
Gouvernement du Honduras pour l'organisation d'une réunion qu'ils jugent
hautement prkcieuse. Ils exprimèrent également leur gratitude pour la cordiale
hospitalitédu peuple hondurien.
Tegicugalpa, le 1" août 1987.

Source: Mémoire du ministere des relations extérieuresdu Honduras, 1987.

[Texte espagnolnon reproduit1

Annexe3 b) 1

Mirriirede la premièreréuniondii groupecentre-américain
et Contadorapour la miseen mwre de la procédurede Guatemala

En exécution du mandat figurant au numéro 7 de la <<procédurepour
instaurer une oaix ferme et durable en Amérique centralen. s'est tenue à Ca-
racas. le 10 dkmbre ~e-cette année..une~ ~uniondes reore.ent~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~u-
\ernemcnis des pnvs ceiitrc-aiiiericainz. :~\,ecI:ip~irii~.ipaiiundu groupe dc
Contadora dans I'cxcrcicc de \a fonction médi3irice (annexe II
Les membres de la réunion disposaient d'un document contenant les anté-
cédentsgénérauxet des suggestions sur l'organisation et la méthode de travail. CORRESPONDENCE

Les membres de la réunion adoptèrent l'ordre du jour suivant:
1) préciser les thèmes de référencedes négociations;
2) organisation des travaux futurs;
3) date et siègede la prochaine rencontre.

A l'issue des délibérations,les représentants des pays centre-américains et
du groupe de Contadora décidèrent ce qui suit, en ce qui concerne les points
de l'ordre du jour:

1. Préciserles thèmesde référencedes nérociat-ons
En ce qui concerne ce point, il y eut unanimité pourdéciderque les matières
qui feraient l'objet d'un examen de la part de cette commission seraient énu-
mérées ci-après:

aj engagements en matière d'armements et d'effectifs militaires (acte,chap. III,
sect. 2);
b) enea-emunts en matière de manŒuvres militaires (acte. chao. III. sect. 1):
c) affaires à caractère procédural et opérationnel, relatives au règlement ou
au statut de la commission de vérification et de contrôle en matière de
sécurité (acte. oartie 11.2 B. el):
d) mesures en vue du désarmement des forces irrégulières qui seraient
disposées à invoquer les décretsd'amnistie.

En ce qui concerne les letters nj et bj, il fut convenu que, à la lumière de
l'évolution survenue au cours des dix-huit derniers mois, les pays centre-
américains oourraient élaborer de nouveaux documents et adaoter. s'ils le
ju~siii iiiils.Ic.3propa\itii>ii\ J2l;i pr2\r.iii2~>,\ <ci L:pirJ. IIIUI lail ~I~IIIIUII
Jc\ Jocuniznls qu':l\.;aicni1ir;scnlr'i Ics ilr:l2g;iiii1ii*du IlonJiir:i\. Ju Nic.irii-
gii:~ci de I:iIirolii?iiliaii iunjolnlc du ('o5l.i Kic:iclilu G~:ticiiial3.
c1ile111c
Pour cc,qui cun&.riic I;Ictir~,,Il.IL,,lL:I~hCraI~onJs2tyqcrcni
wr le f,t11qu'il it11iJr~i1;i1hc>rdcr~c 1112nieen d2i.iil. Ior5J uric proch.dlnc cn"';i-
cion.du f.iiJe SA rcI<iI~un:,\cc le pr~cc\>u~~in21iil.le rcci~ni~l~dl~l)~n:IIIUI~;I~C.
2. Organisation des travaux futurs

11fut convenu que les prochaines réunions seraient convoquées au moyen
de consultation entre les Davs.c.ntre-américains et le grouoe d..Con.adora.
2i.inr cniriidu quc <cJ~.rnicr r.hrrccr3 II ii~or~linilllllnJC Indiic riunion II fut
2g.ilcrnc.ni dr'ciJC (lu' pourr:iicnt \c ci?iirliiiicr Id.:groLpr.\ JL ~r:iv:i~lqiil
seraient nécessaires,en fonction de la nature des sujets.
11fut convenu de oorte. à l'attention des ~ouvernements au'il convenait
que leurs représentants aient un niveau hiérarchique approprié avec, de pré-
férence, rang de vice-ministre et que, dans la composition des délégations,on
tienne compte de la possibilitéde former lesdits groupes de travail.

3. Date et siègede la prochaine rencontre

En ce qui concerne le siègedes futures réunions,il fut convenu que celles-cise
tiendraient dans lespays du groupe de Contadora. A cet égard,le Panama proposa
d'êtrele siège de la prochaine réunion qui, en principe, se tiendra la première
semaine de février1988,moyennant confirmation par voie de consultation.

Caracas, le 10 décembre 1987.
Source: Mémoire du ministère des relations extérieures du Honduras, 1987.

[Texte espagnol non repruduit]406 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Annexe 3 b) 2

Letrer dared 27 May 1986from the Chargéd'affaires a.i. of the Permanent
Mission of Honduras IOthe United Nations addressed tu the Secretary-General

1 have the honour to transmit herewith the joint proposal of Costa Rica
and Guatemala, to which El Salvador and Honduras have adhered (see an-
nex), and to request you to arrange for ils distribution as an official document
of the fortieth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 21, and of

the Security Council.
At the same time, 1should like tu inform you that this proposal has already
been communicated tu thc Organization of American States.

(Signed) Hector ZELAYACOLMANN,
Chargé d'affaires a.i.

ANNEX

JOINT PROPOSAL OF COSTA RICA AND GUATEMALA

Concernine the militarv manŒuvres. armaments and trooo streneth covered
by Chapter lïl: "~ommi<ments with regard to security maiters" zf the Con-
tadora Act on Peace and Co-operation in Central America, the delegalions of
Costa Rica and Guatemala arëaware that our neeotiations must enter a more
constructive phase in order for the cornmitmen& agreed tu by our Foreign

Ministers al their latest meeting in Panama on 6 and 7 April 1986to be fulfilled.
Since extremely divergent proposais exist which impede the achievement of
the eoals set for the sienine of the Contadora Act on Peace and Co-ooeration in
central America on <.lu; of this year, we have analysed thcse pr~posals and
their consequences exhaustively, in the conciliatory spirit which guides us in
these neeotiations. and. in our desire to co-ooeratein ihe search fUra consen-
.LI,,<dut~un. $\'WI~I t~ cammcn! :I,Iullun~ on Itic 11oi11~i :ugrccmdnl ~)n:I\-
pcct. \]ta1 lu :~clllc\,pciaic in lhc rryi,>iic~oiitliinithc Jiifcrc.ni pr.,p,lr.ils
. . . ~
(1) Both proposals recognize the need Io impose limits on militas.
development.
(2) Both proposals recognize the need tu create conditions for a cli-
mate of confidence among the States of Central America.
(3) The proposals also agree that the security element is a fundamental
factor for the overall development of each country and the general
welfare of the oeo~les of Central America.

(4) Similarly, the 'pr~posals reflect the political will tu conclude the
negotiating process by signing the Act on the agreed date.
In view of the above and of the fact that al1 the States represented by us
agree that a comprehensive, simultaneous and verifiable settlement is essen-

tial tu ensuring genuine compliance with the commitments into which they
will enter, we present the following proposal:

Chapter III Conlmitments with Regard io Security Matters
In conformity with their obligations under international law and in accord-
ance with the objective of laying the foundations for effective and lasting
peace, the Parties assume commitments with regard to security matters rela- CORRESPONDENCE 407

ting to the regulation of military manŒuvres. the cessation of the arms build-up,
the dismantline of foreien militarv bases, schools or other installations,
the withdrawalOf foreignmilitary advisers and othcr foreign elements parti-
cipating in military or security activities, the prohibition of the traffic in arms,
the cesiation of suo~ort for irregular forces, the denial of encouragement or
support for acts ofièrrorism, subversion or sabotage and the establkhment of
a regional system of direct communication.
To that end, the Parties undertake to take specific action in accordance
with the following:

Secrion 1.Commirmentswith Regardto Military Maneuvres

16. To comply with the following provisions as regards the holding of
national military manŒuvres:
(a) When national military manŒuvres are held in areas less than 10 kilo-
metres from the territory of another State and when the number of troops
exceeds 1,000, the appropriate prior notification to the other States Parties
and the Verification and Control Commission, mentioned in part 11of this
Act, shall be made at least 30 days beforehand.
(6) The notification shall contain the following information:

1. Name;
2. Purpose;
3. Participating troops, units and forces;
4. Area where the manŒuvre is scheduled;
5. Programme and timetable;
6. Equipment and weapons to be used.

(c) Invitations shall be issued ta observers from neighbouring States Parties.
17. To comply with the following provisions as regards the holding of
international military manŒuvres:

1. Not to hold the manceuvre within an area of 5 kilometres measured
from the border, except with the consent of the adjoining country.
2. When the manŒuvre is held in au area within 30 kilometres
measured from the border, notification to the Verification and Con-
trol Commission and neighbouring States Parties shall be given at
least 30 days beforehand, specifying:

(a) Name;
lb) Puroose:
;<, l>:iriiciIniirie Sisic%.
(d, l1;8riic~p;~tir~,c,p\unIl, diid i~~r:e>.
, Arc;, u hdrc ihc rn;inicu\rr1.schcdulcd:
If) Programme and timetable;
(g) Equipment and weapons to be used.
3. Thc total number of combat troops in the manŒuvre in the area estab-
lished in paragraph 2 above shall not exceed 5.000 combatants.
4. The number of foreign combat troops participating in the manŒuvre

shall not exceed the number of national combat trooos.
5. The zones in which artillery weapons are positioned ;hall bc at such a
distance that their maximum range is, in al1directions, within the terri-
tom of the State in which the maiŒuvre is being held.
6. hé duration of each manmuvre shall no1exceed 30 days408 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

7. The total duration of manŒuvres shall not exceed 60 days a year.
8. The States in whose territory the manŒuvre is being held shall invite
the other States Parties to send observers.

Section2. Commitmentswirh RegardroArmaments andTroop Srrength

18. To hait the arms race in al1 its forms, imposing maximum limits on
weapons and the number of troops under arms with a view to their control and
reduction in order to establish a reasonable balance of forces in the region.
19. On the basis of the foregoing, the Parties agree:

(a) To submit simultaneously to the Verification and Control Commission
their respective current inventories of weapons, military installations and
troops under arms within 15days of the entry into force of this Act.
(b) To regulate the maximum limit on military forces at the equivalent of
100,000units of value in accordance with the basic chart for determining fac-
tors for establishing maximum limits for military development, which forms
an integral part of this Act.

To that end, the following proportions and timetables are established:

1. Thirty days after the entry into force of the Act, no State Party shall
have military resources exceeding the equivalent of 135,000units of
value.
2. Sixty days after the entry into force of the Act, no State Party shall
have military resources exceeding the equivalent of 115,000units of
value.
3. Ninety days after the entry into force of the Act, no State Party shall
have military resources exceeding -he equivalent of 100,000 units of
value.

(ci Not to increase their existine militarv eaui~ment and forces after the
dat'eof entry into force of the AC; They may,'hLwever, replenish supplies,
acquire ammunition and spare parts and mobilize reinforcements in order to
keep existing equipment in operation and maintain current personnel levels,
provided that the maximum limits agreed to in (b)above are not exceeded.

20. Not to introduce new weapons systems that alter the quality or quantity
of current inventories of war matériel.
21. Not to introduce, possess or use lethal chemical weapons or biological,
radiological or other weapons which may be deemed to be excessivelyinjurious
or to have indiscriminate effects.
22. To initiate constitutional procedures so as to be in a position to sign,
ratify or accede to treaties and other international agreements on disarma-
ment, if they have not already done so.

Annexe 3 b) 3

Reporrof the Secretnry-General

1. This report is submitted in accordance with Security Council resolutions
530 (1983) of 19 May 1983and 562 (1985) of 10 May 1985 and with General
OAssemblyresolution 3914of 26 October 1984.
.. . CORRESPONDENCE 409

Secrion 2. ConimirmenrswirliRegard IO Armamenrs and Troop Slrrngitr

18. To halt the arms race in al1 its forms and begin immediately
negotiations permitting the establishment of maximum limits for
armaments and the number of troops under arms, as well as their
control and rcduction, with the object of estahlishing a reasonable
balance of forces in the area.
19. On the basis of thc forcgoing, the Parties agree on the following
implementation stages:

FlRSTSTAGE:

(a) The Partics undcrtake not to acquire,after the entry in10force
of the Act. anv,more~ ~litarv matériel.with the exceotion of
replenishment supplies, ammunition and spare parts neede?
to keeo existine m~riérieiln operation, and no110increase their
militah force< pending the- establishment of the maximum
limits for military development within the lime-limit stipu-
lated for the second stage.
Ibl The Parties undertake to suhmit simultaneouslv 10the Verifica-

iitin.id (:ontrol C<imniistiun iheir rc,pcitii,c iurrcnt ini,en-
torics oi \rc:lp<in,. niilitliry installati~~iisand troops undcr :mis
aithin 15dan of ihe cntrv into f<ircc ol [hi>,\ci.
The inventories shall be prepared in accordance with the
definitions and basic criteria in the Annex to this Act.
(c) Within 60 days of the cntry into force of this Act, the Verifica-
lion and Control Commission shall conclude the technical
studiesand shall suggest to theStates Parties,without prejudice
to any negotiations which theyhave agreed to initiate, the maxi-
mum limits for their military development, in accordance with
the basic critcria laid down in paragraph 20of this section and in
accordance with the respective timetahles for reduction and dis-
mantling.

SECONDSTAGE:

After a period of 60 days from the entry into force of this Act, the
Parties shallestahlish within the following 30 days:

(a) Maximum limits for the types of weapons classified in the annex 10
this Act, as well as timetables for their reduction.
(b) Maximum limits for troops and military installations which each
Party may have, as well as timetables for their reduction or dismant-
ling.
(c) If the Parties do not reach agreement on the above-mentioned
maximum limits and timetables within such period, those suggested
by the Verification and Control Commission in its technical studies
shall apply provisionally, with the prior consent of the Parties. The

Parties shall set bv mutual aereement a new lime-limit for the nego-.
ii:ition 2nd r.stahl;.hniciit oiïhe ;ihovr-meni1onr.d Iiniits.
Shuuld ihc I3;iriicsfail to rc;ich ;xgrecmtni un m;i~imurn limits.
ihcv >hl1 su\ocnd cxccution olthe commitments wth rc~ard Io in-
ternational m'ilitarymanacuvres. foreign military bases arÏd installa-
tions and foreign military advisers for which time-limits have heen
set in the Act. except in cases where the Parties agree otherwise.410 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

The maximum limits referred to in subparagraphs (a). (b) and cc)
and the timetables shall be regarded as an integral part of this Act
and shall have the same leeallv bindine force [rom the dav follow-
in-. cxpiry of ihc 30 days rsï.ihiirhcd iithc >ec,ind st:ige(8; thc d;iy

fulluuing ilicir csixhlishmeni hy ;agrccmr.ni :<mongthc hrtiei.
I.'nlc\; ihc I1;#rticscigrce <iihcrnisc. unJc,r \uhp:ir;igr;iphici the
m:auimuni :igrccd Iiinii* *h;ill hc rc;l:h~.il Id0 d:i!s ctficr ilie cntry inic
I'orcc of ihi,\CI tir in;Ip:riiiJc~t.~lil~shcdt>!thc I'.iriie~.

20. ln g~rdcrto ..IIIJ! lhc rcquirciiic,1lt>oi [IL.:~C~.i,thilii), .<<ur11! ~IIIJ
cc<in<iniic;inJ \iiiia1 dcvcli~prncnt i,i th^.c~)uniricOI the rcxion snJ
in order to establish maximum limits for the military deveÏopment

of the Central American States and to control and reducc their
military levels, the Parties will agree on a table of values that will
consider the following basic criteria and in which al1 armaments
will be subject to control and reduction:

(1) Secunty needs and dcfence capacity of each Central American
State;
(2) Size of its territory and population;
(3) Length and characieristics of ils borders:

(4) Military spending in relation to grossdomestic product (GDP);
(5) Military budget in relation 10 public spending and other social
indicaiors;
(6) Military technology, relative combat capability, troops, quality
and quantity of installations and military resources;

(7) Armaments subject to control; armaments subject to rcduction;
(8) Foreign military presence and foreign advisers in each Central
American Staie.

21. Not to introduce new weapons systems that alter the quality or
quantity of current inventories of war matériel.
22. Not to introduce, possessor use lethal chernical weapons or biolo-
gical. radiological or other weapons which may be deemed to be
excessivelv iniurious or to have indiscriminate effects.
23. Nol to p&mii the transit through, stationing, or mobilization in, or

any other form of utilization of their territories by foreign armed
forces whose actions could mean a threat to the independence,
sovereientv and territorial inteeritv of anv Central American Siate.
24. To inilraté con$litutional pro&d;res so'as 10 be in a position to
sign, ratify or accede to treaties and other international agreements

on disarmament, if they have not already done so

Annexe 3 b) 4

Report of the Secretary-General

1. This report is submittcd in accordance with Security Council resolulions
530 (1983) of 19 May 1983and 562 (1985) of 10May 1985.

B. Verification and Conrrol Commission for Secitrity Mlif1er.s

(a) Composition

The Commission shall he composed of CORRESPONDENCE 411

- Four Commissioners, representing four States of rccog-
nized imnartialitv havine a eenuine interest in contributine
to the sdution of the Central American crisis, proposed bÿ
the Contadora Group and accepted by the Parties.

A Latin American ~xecutive Secret-arv. vrouosed bv the
Contadora Group and accepted by &;min agreement
by the Parties, who shall be responsible for the ongoing
operation of the Commission.

(h) Functions

For the performance of its functions, the Commission shall
have an International Corps of Inspectors, provided by the
member States of the Commission and CO-ordinated by a
Director of Operations.

The functions of the International Corps of lnspectors shall be
established in the rules of procedure of the Commission.
- For the purpose of collaborating in the performance of the

functions of the Commission, the latter shall have an Advi-
sory Body consisting of one representative of each Central
American State.
- 'ltic(;>iiiriil>\i<in.iy iii\ii.i rdprc%c.ni.iiii<.,fihc Sr.crc,-
t.ir!.-Gc.ncr:i~llh~ U~IIC,~ S:llic~n,iinJilr~prc~~!ntati\~ c11
L. .~~rct:arv(itncral ~>ftlic Oruni/.~t16111oi ,\mcr~c:kn
States to nariicinate in its meetingcas observers.
The Co&issi& may establish auxiliary bodies and seek
thc assistancc and collaboration of anv Mixed Commis-
sions that may exist.

(c) Functions of the Commission

The function of the Conimission shall be to ensure com-
pliance with the çommitments assumed concerning to security
matters. To that end it shall:
- Vcrify that the commitments concerning military man-

Œuvres provided for in this Act are complied with.
- Ascertain that no more military marériel is acquired and
that military forces are not increased, in accordance with
the provisions of paragraph 19 (a) of Chapter III of this
Act.
- Ascertain that the Parties comply fully with the maximum
limits established previously for the various categories of
armaments, military installations and troops under arms
and with the reduction timetables agreed upon.
- Ascertain that the munitions, spare parts and replacement

equipment acquired are compatible with the inventories
and registers established previously, and with the limits
agreed upon.
- Verify that no new wcapons arc introduced which qualita-
tively or quantitatively alter current inventories, and that
weapons prohibited in this Act are neither introduced nor
used.412 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

- Establish a register of al1commercial transfers of weapons
carried out by the Parties, including donations and other

transfers carried out within the framework of military as-
sistance agreements with other governments.
- Receive the list of foreign military hases, schools and in-
stallations and verify their dismantlement, in accordance
with the orovisions of this Act.
- KL.CC~V thLe. cenwl <II forciun milil:iry .idvi\cr\ ;in4 \crily
r11.~thr! arc.uithdr:ii\,n aiihin ihe :ai(rec.rlperiod oi iime
- Verif\ c<onipli;tnci iiiihihi, ,\CI in rc..i>c:tof tr31ii;.n :!rm\
and consider any reports of non-6ompliance. For that

purpose the following criteria shall be taken into account:
(1) Origin of the arms traffic: port or airport of emharka-
lion of the weapons, munitions, equipment or other

military supplies intended for the Central Arnerican
region.
(2) Personnel involved: Dersons. erouDs or organizations
participating in the &rganiratZn and cond;ct of the
traffic in arms, including the participation of -overn-
ments or their representitives..
(3) Type of weapon, munitions, equipment or other mili-
tas. supplies; category and calibre of weapons; country
in which they were manufactured; country of origin; and

the quantities of each type of weapon, munitions, equip-
ment or other military supplies.
(4) Extraregional means of transport: land, maritime or
air transoort. includine nationalitv.
(5) ~xtraregional transpGt routes: 'indicatiq the traffic
routes used, including .tops .r intermediate destina-
lions.
(6) Places where weapons, munitions, equipment and
other military supplies are stored.
(7) fntraregional traffic areas and routes: description of the

areas and routes; participation of governmental or
other sectors in the conduct of the traffic in arrns; fre-
quency of use of these areas and routes.
(8) Intrareeional means of transvort: determination of the
meansof transport used; oknership of these means;
facilities provided by governments, governmental
and other sectors; andother means of delivery.
(9) Receivin~ unit or units for which the arms are des- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
tined: determination of the persons, groups or organi-

zations to whom the arms traffic is destined.
- Verify cornpliance with this Act with regard to irregular
forces and the non-use of their own territory in destahil-

izing actions against another State, and consider any report
in that connection.
To that purpose, the following criteria should he taken
into account:

(1) Installations, means, bases, camps or logistic and opera-
tional support facilities for irregular forces. including CORRESPONDENCE 413

command centres, radiocommunications centres and
~ ~ ~ transmitters.
(2) Determination of propaganda activities or political,
material, economic or military support for actions

directed against any State of the region.
(3) Identification of persons, groups and governmental
sectors involved in such actions.

Verify compliance with the commitments concerning ter-
rorism, subversion and sabotage contained in this Act.

(d) Rules and procedures
- The Commission shall receive any duly substantiated
renort concernine violations of the security commitments

asiumed under th'isAct, shall communicate it to the Parties
involved and shall initiate such investigations as il deems
appropriate.
- It shall also be empowered to carry out, on its own initia-
tive the investigations it deems appropriate.
- The Commission shall carry out its investigations by mak-
ing on-site inspections, gathering testimony and using any
other procedure which il deems necessary for the per-

formance of ils functions.
- In the event of anv revorts of violations or of non-comvli-
ance with the sec~rity'commitments of this Act, the Ccirn-
mission shall prepare a report containing recommenda-
tions addressed to~theParties involved.
- The Commission shall be accorded every facility and
prompt and full co-operation by the Parties for the appro-
priate performance of its functions. It shall also ensure the

confidentiality of al1 information elicited or received in
the course of ils investigations.
- The Commission shall transmit its reports and recommen-
dations to the States Parties and to the governments of the
Contadora Group on a confidential basis. It may make
them public when it considers that that would contribute
to full com~liance with the commitments contained in the
Act.
- Alter the Commission is estahlished, it shall draw up ils own

rules of procedure in consultation with thc States Parties.
Duration of the mandate of the Commissioners
(e)
- The representatives of the member States of the Commis-
sion shall have an initial mandate of two years, extendable

by common agreement among the parties, and the States
participating in the Commission.

(f) Establishment
The Commission shall be established at the time when the
Act is signed.414 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

Lerrerdnred15April 1985from rhePermanentRepresenrativeof Horrrliirus
ro rhe UniredNationsaddressedto rlieSecreiary-Ge11er0o1f rhe
Unifed Narions

1have the honour to transmit hrrewith the document entitled "Statute of
the Verification and Control Mcchanism for Security Matters" which was
drawn up by the rcpresentatives of the Governments of Honduras. Cosla Rica
and El Salvador during meetings held in San José, Costa Rica, and in
Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in February and March respectively.
The purpose of the document is to ensure faithful compliance with thc
commitments and obligations with respect to security matters which the five
Central American Governments have agreed upon as part of thc provisions
of what is to become the final text of the Contadora Act on Peace and Co-
operation in Ccnlral America, and which further develop the earlier com-
ments of Honduras. Costa Rica and El Salvador which were circulated by the
United Nations as document Al3Yl630,dated 2 November 1984.
On 15March of this yesr, the Foreign Ministers of Honduras, Costa Rica

and El Salvador presentcd the text of the Statute to their counterparts in the
Contadora Group at a meeting of the nine Ministers for Foreign Affairs in
Brasilia. Various ideas contained in the document were adopted at the recent
meeting of plenipotentiaries in Panama (on 11 and 12April), and since the
document is now under discussion ai the technical level, il was felt that il
might be useful for il to be circulated as a further proposal aimed at ensuring
an effective and lasting peace in Central America.
1 should be gratcful if you would arrange for the annexed documcnt, the
contents of which have already bçen brought to the attention of the Organiza-
lion of American States (OAS),to be circulated as a document of the General
Assembly, under agenda item 25,and of the Security Council.

(Signed) H. Roberto HERRERACACERES

Ambassador.
Permanent Representative.

Sralritof rhe Verificntionand Control Mechanismfor Sec~~rirM y alters
irnderdie Conto~loraAcr on Peaceand Co-operation in CenrralAmerica

CON'I'ENTS

Page
Chapter 1. Definilions .................. 415

Solc Section .................... 415
Chapter II.Purposes and Structure ............. 416
Chapter 111.Permanent Commission ............ 417

Section 1.Membership of the Permanent Commission . 417
Section II. Executive Secretary .............. 417 CORRESPONDENCE 415

Chapter IV .Intcrnational Corps of Inspectors ......... 418
Section 1.Director of Operations ............. 418
Section 11.Responsibility of the International Corpsof lnspectors . . 419
Section 111.Organization of the International Corps of Inspectors . . 420
Section IV . Reports ................. 420

Chapter V .Arrangement for Liaison ............. 421
Chapter VI .Financing. Administration and Facilities ....... 421

Chapter VI1 .Obligations of Mcmbers of the Mechanism in the
Receiving State ................... 422
Section 1.Compliance with the law ............ 422
Section II.Maintenance of order and discipline ........ 422
Section II1.Idcntification. entry and departure ........ 422
Section IV .Appearance. markings and registration of vehicles.
vessels and aircraft;operating licences .......... 423
Section V .Insurance of vehicles. vessels and aircraft ...... 423
Section VI . Deceased members ............. 423

Measures concerning personal belongings .......... 423
Chapter VI11. Privileges and Immunities ........... 423

Section 1.Immunity from criminal. civil and administrative legal
process ..................... 423
Section 111.Privileees and immunities of the Mechanism ... 424
Section IV . ust to mndstax provisions ........... 425

Chaptcr IX .Special Facilities ............... 425
Section 1.Currency of the receiving State .......... 425
Section II.Communications and postal services ........ 425
Section Ill.Use of lines of communication .......... 426
Section IV .Water. electricity and other public services...... 426
Section V . Supplies .................. 426

Chapter X .Settlement of Claims .............. 427
Chapter XI .Settlement of Disputes ............. 427

Chapter XII .Final Provisions ............... 428
Section I. Supplementary agreements ........... 425
Section II.Entry into force ............... 428

Chapter 1.DEFINITIONS

SoleSection

Sole paragraph
As used in this Statute. the terms listed below shall be defined as follows:

"The Act":
The Contadora Act on Peace and Co-operation in Central America . BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS
416

"Governmental authorities":
Any civilian and military authorities assigned functions relating to the
Mechanism in accordance with the provisions of this Statute.

"National contingents":
Personnel of the same nationality provided by the Participating States for
the International Corps of Inspectors.

"The Convention":
7he Convention on the Privileges and lmmunities of the United Nations of
13February 1946.

"The Corps":
The International Corps of Inspectors.

"Central American States or Parties":
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.

"State Party or Party":
Any of the Central American States which are signatories of the Act.

"Participating State":
St;aic.sp;irticipliting in the SIcrh:ini\m rihich :ire n~.ithcrCcntr.11Anicrican
Si;iics nor niciiil><ifthc C<ini;iJ~ir:tGroup.

"Receiving SPates":
A State in which members of the Mechanism have functions to perform

"Contadora Group":
Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela.

"The Board":
The Claims Board for the settlement of claims of a private law character.

"The Mechanism":
The Verification and Control Mechanism for Security Matters, comprising
the Permanent Commission and the International Corps of Inspectors.

"Members of the Mechanism":
The members of the Permanent Commission, the Executive Secretary, the
Director of Operations, the staff of the Permanent Commission and of

the International Corps of Inspectors, and any person not a resident of
the receiving State employed by the Mechanism or assigned to it, and
spouses and dependent family members of such persons.
"Resident of the receiving State":

(a)A person possessing the nationality of the receiving State;
(b) A person residing in the receiving State; and
(c) A person present in the territory of the receiving State who is not a
member of the Mechanism.

Chapter 11. PURPOSES AND STRUCTURE

1. In accordance with Part 11.2of the Contadora Act on Peace and Co-
operation in Central America, a Verification and Control Mechanism for CORRESPONDENCE 417

Security Matters shall he established for the purpose of monitoring and ensuring
faithful comuliance with the commitments and oblie-tions set forthin the Act.
2. The ~echanism shall be composed of:
(a) The Permanent Commission; and
(b) The International Corps of Inspectors.

Chapter III. PERMANENT COMMISSION

Section1. Membership of the Permrrnent Commission

1. The Permanent Commission shall be made up of representatives of the
five Central American States and representatives of four States which have
not participated in the Contadora negotiating process who are of recognized
impartiality and have the technical and financial capacity and the political
will to CO-operate for peace in Central America.
The participating Statcs in the Permanent Commission shall be proposed
by the Contadora Group and accepted by consensus hy the Central American
countries before the cntry into force of the Act.
The Participating States shall serve for renewable two-year terms.
Should a vacancy arise as a result of the definitive absence of an individual
appointed to the Permanent Commission by a State Party or a Participating
State, it shall befilled in accordance with the same proccdure as for initial
appointments al least three months before the vacancy arises.
2. The Permanent Commission shall hegin to function on the date on which
the Act enters into force.
3. Once duly constituted, the Permanent Commission shall, at its first ses-
sion, appoint an Executive Secretary, from among the representatives of the
four Participating States, who shall be responsible for the permanent func-
tioning of the Permanent Commission.
4. The decisions of the Permanent Commission shall be taken by simple

majority.
5. The Permanent Commission shall have such functions as are assigned
Io il in the Act and as are provided for in this Statute or any supplementary
agreement between the Central American States.
6. The headquarters of the Permanent Commission shall be at . ..
Section II. Executive Secretary

1. The Permanent Commission shall appoint from among the members of
the Participating States an Executive Secretary for a two-year term of office;
on the expiry of that term he shall be replaced by another member repre-
senting a Participating State in the Permanent Commission of a nationality
different from his own and that of the Director of Operations.
In the absence of the Executive Secretary, the Permanent Commission
may appoint one of ils members other than the Director of Operations to
carry out the functions of the Executive Secretary on a temporary basis.
2. The Executive Secretary shall direct the Permanent Commission in the
performance of its functions with respect to monitoring, conciliation, infor-
mation and administration. The Executive Secretary shall have the power
and authoritv to act on behalf of the Permanent Commission. to reriresent il

granting pri;ileges and immunities ti the Permanent Commission418 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

The Central Office of the Executive Secretary shall be situated at the
headquarters of the Permanent Commission. The Executive Secretarv shall
~<II~L~;J .a .I[e.~Jqu.iridr\' ,\grc~iiicni \rith ihr. Ci~~ir.rriiiir.1111the ~;~ubli:
ui. ..\\hich >hall pr,>v~J:ior the ~>rlvilc&c.\inil immiiniiic. 01 llic Prrtii:incnt
C'c~rrirri~\~,m,inJ II> .i.iffIII~IUJIII~ lni~r1t.1i1c~11 (:.II?S oi lnv>t,c.ic~r> ii
keeping with its status of an international body.

3. In addition to recruiting staff directly, the Executive Secretary shall
request Participating States which are members of the Permanent Commis-
sion to provide staff needed for the performance of functions assigned to the
C-m~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
The Executive Secretary shall also, at the request of the Director of Opera-
tions, ask those countries to orovide qualified personnel for the oerformance of

the functions assiened to thélnternaiional Coros of ~nsoectors: In both cases.
ilic Exr.cutii.c.~~.;;cli#r\.,h:jllsccur-. 3 ii)riiri11111~~ih:tl'thc pcrv)niieI (\III n~it
hc \iiihJrj\iii iriiiii ('ciiir;il ,\mcric:g iiithuul :~Jcuuiic prhr ni,ti:r'.
4. The Executive Secretary may recruit loraliy su<h staff as may be re-
quired. At the request of the Executive Secretary, the authorities of the re-
ceiving State shall provide assistance in rccruiting such staff. The terms and

conditions of employment for locally recruited staff shall be determined hy the
Executive Secretary and shall be governed by the labour legislation of the
receiving State.
5. The Executive Secretary shall report to the Permanent Commission on
his activities from time to time or whenever requested to do so. He may also
raise with one or more of the Parties, as the case may be, any matter relating
to the functioning of the Permanent Commission. With that end in view, each

Party shall designate high-ranking officials to ensure liaison with the Execu-
tive Secretary.
When one of the Parties or the Executive Secretary requests a meeting of
the Permanent Commission, the meeting shall be held within 48 hours at a
venue to be detcrmincd by the Executive Secretary.

Chapter IV. INTERNATIONAL CORPS OF INSPECTORS

Section I. Director of Operations

1. The Permanent Commission shall designate by consensus from among

the members of the Participating States a Director of Operations, who shall
be of a nationality different from that of the Executive Secretary and shall be
responsible for planning and directing the activities of the International
Corps of Inspectors. The term of office of the Director of Operations shall be
two vears. on the ex~irv of which he shall he revlaced bv one of the members
of the P~rticip:~iing~t.,tc<of ihc l"~rniaii~ni ('a;iiirii~~\i,6,t;i n.ilit)~i~il~.lit-
icreni frijni hi\,)\in .iniliriiiithai of ililh;cuii\c Sr.cr~.i;ir\

2. 'l'lit Dirccitir ,IIOncr.iiic~n> >hs~llh:,!: luIl auilioriii cncr the vcrif!c,i-
lion and control activities of the International Corps of inspectors, to which
end he shall issue the Standing Procedural Regulations in accordance with
the general guidelines laid down by the Permanent Commission. He shall
establish a chain of command linked to the heads of the national contingents
provided by the Participating States members of the Permanent Commission

and of the International Corps of Inspectors. The Director of Operations
shall have authority, exercised through the established chain of command,
over the members of the assigned contingents. CORRESPONDEKCE 419

3. The Director of Operations shall bear overall responsibility for the con-
duct of the personnel under his authority. The heads of the national contin-
-ents of wGch the International corus-of Ins~eciors is made u~ shall be
rcsponsible for disciplinary measures in their respective national contingents.
The Director of Operations may, upon authorization by the Permanent
Commission. order the heads of -the national contineentsto withdraw anv
membcr of Cheircontingent from the International ~0;~s of Inspectors, with-
out prejudice to the disciplinary measures that may be taken by thc national
contingent.
4. The seat of the Office of the Director of Operations shall be the same as
that of the Executive Secretary.

Section II. Responsibilir), of fhe Internirfional Corps of Inspecfors
1. The lnternational Corps of lnspectors shall be made up of the national
contingents provided by the Participating Stales memhers of the Permanent
Commission proposed by the Contadora Group and accepted by the Parties
by consensus. The Corps shall also have the necessary administrative person-

nel, which slrall bc provided by the Permanent Commission.
The Corps shall be under the direct authority and responsibility of the
Director of Operations. Each contingent shall be headed by a person of ifs
own nationality.
2. The Corps shall perform the functions and duties specified in the Act
and in the present Statute.
3. The Corps shall monitor the performance of the commitments and obli-
gations in respect of security mattcrs provided for in the Act, and shall do
its utmost, within its sphere of competence. to investigate exhaustively any
alleged violation of its terms.
4. To ensure the effective discharge of its verification and control duties,
the Corps may, as it deems appropriate. establish, direct and operate check-
points, patrols and observation posts along the international frontiers and
within the territory of thc Parties, as well as any other mechanism necessary
for the discharge of ils duties.
5. The corps shall verify and control periodically, in conformity with the
guidelines laid down by the Permanent Commission, strict compliance with
the ceilings for arms and troop strength established in the Act andits annexes.
This activity shall be carried out once a month unless otherwise decided by
the Parties.

6. Without prejudice to ils other verification and control functions, the
Corps shall carry out additional verification operations within 48 hours fol-
lowing receipt of a request from any of the Parties.
7. In carrying out verification and control activities in the territory of one
of the Parties. the Corps may or may not. as it deems appropriate for the
effective discharge of its funetions, give prior notification to the Party in
whose territory the investigation is to be conducted.
8. When the Director of Operations ascertains the existence of a viola-
tion, hc shall immediately inform the Permanent Commission in order that it
may take the relevant measures so that, within 48 hours from the lime of offi-
cial notification, the Party or Parties responsible rectify the violation.
The Partv or Parties res~onsible shall notifv the Permanent Commission
01 ilic inv.,s"rc\ 1,tkcn..mJih: ~a>nim~.\i.~i>ih:illorJcr 11,::tJJ~t~un:~l ii\,c.li-
g;iiiOniIh thc Curp, nccc\\.ir! l,soniiriiilhc clfc~livcnc~~ <iitlic riiriisurcc in420 BORDERANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACïIONS

9. The Corps. through the Director of Operations. shall inform the Per-
manent Commission of al1 actions taken by individuals or groups of private
citizens in violation of the provisions of the Act, in order that the Permanent
Commission may notify the authorities of the Party concerned and monitor
the measures tu be taken by the appropriate authorities tu rectify the actions
thus notified. Likewise, the Permanent Commission may request any other in-
formation from the Party concerned with respect to the incident, or specifi-
cally on the measures taken tu put an end to the reported actions and punish
thc individuals or groups responsible.
10. For the performance of its functions, the Corps shall enjoy freedom of
movcment in and access tu the territory of the Parties, and to this end ils
members may freely cross international frontiers subject to no requirement
other than the submission of appropriatc identification.

II. Support flights by the Corps shall conform tu the rules and proce-
dures governing local or international flights, as the case may be. The Parties
undertake tu grant without delay overflight and landing permits where appro-
oriate.
12. In order tu ensure air safety, the air traffic control authorities shall be
notified in a timely manner of verification and control flights made by aircraft
of the Corps within the territory of any of the Parties.
13. Notification of verification and control flights made by the Corps
across international frontiers shall be communicatcd tu the air traffic control
authorities of each of the Parties concerned as deemed appropriate for the
effective discharge of their functions.

Secriori111.Orgnnizatiorzof the Inrern<rtionalCorpsof lnspecrors
1.The International Corps of lnspectors shall have a suitable organization
for carrying out ils functions and shall be provided with the necessary offices,
togethe; with the required administrative and operational staff.

2. With the prior authorization of the Permanent Commission upon the
rcquest of the Director of Operations, the personnel of the Corps shall be
provided with arms and equipment suitablc for its peace-keeping mission.
3. The personnel assigned to the officesof the Corps shall include, interaiin,
staff from each of the Participating States. members of the Permanent Com-
mission, and the lnternational Corps of Inspectors. The staff shall be organized
by the Director of Operations, who shall fiIlposts in such a way as to ensure
their appropriate distribution among the nationals of the Participating States.

SecrionIV. Reporrs

1. The International Corps of Inspectors shall submit its reports to the
Permanent Commission through the Director of Operations no later than
24 hours after the completion of a verification and control mission or after
the confirmation of a violation.

The Corps shall submit, through the Director of Operations. a monthly
report tu the Permanent Commission giving a summary of its activities and
the conclusions which it has reached on the basis of the operations of the
check-points, observation posts and patrols, or other means of verification
and control used.
2. The Dircctor of Operations, u,ith thc approval of the Permanent Com-
mission. shall determine the format, requirements and terms of reference for
the reports. CORRESPONDENCE 421

3. The reports of the Permanent Commission to the Parties shall be trans-
mitted promptly through the national liaison offices of the Corps in the five

Central American countries.

Chapter V. ARRANGEMENT FOR LIAISON
1. A permanent arrangement for liaison between the Parties and the Veri-

fication and Control Mechanism shall be established as a means of promoting
the effective implementation of the provisions of the Act with regard to secu-
rity matters.
2. Each Party shall set up in ils own capital a liaison office under the direc-
tion of a high-ranking national official, which shall be staffed by ils own
nationals and have direct access to the authorities responsible for national
security and defence. Direct telephone links shall be set up between the
national liaison offices, the headquarters of the Permanent Commission. and

the offices of the Corps. Any other necessary means of communication shall
also be set up.
3. Joint meetings of the National Heads of the five liaison offices, which
shall be presided over by the Director of Operations, shall be held at least
once a month.
Any Party or the Director of Operations may request a special meeting,
which shall be held within a period of 24 hours after the request has been
made.

The first monthly meeting shall be held in ... no later than two weeks after
the International Corps of lnspectors has assumed its duties. Subsequent
meetings shall be held in turn in the capitals of the Parties on the basis of
alphabetical order, unless the Parties decide othenvise.
On its own initiative or at the request of any Party, the Permanent Com-
mission shall use its good offices in order to resolve any issue which has not
been settled through the arrangement for liaison and which hampers or pre-
vents the effective implementation of the provisions of the Act.

Chapter VI. FINANCING A,DMINISTRATION AND FACILITIES
1. The Mechanism shall be financed by contributions from the Parties and
other States. international oreanizations. individuals and wrivate institutions.

The contrib"tions shall be us2 to establish a Central ~meiica Peace Fund, to
be administered by the Executive Secretary, who shall be authorized to solicit
and receive contr~butions.
2. The budget for each financial period shall be drawn up by the Executive
Secretary and approved by the Permanent Commission. The financial period
shall be deterinined by the Executive Secretary after consulting the Perma-
nent Commission.
3. The Executive Secretary shall draw up the necessary administrative and

financial regulations and submit them for the approval of the Permanent

I'hc iin;incial rcgul.ilii>n\ >linIliiiclii;ipr<Diisi<in18)cn>urc ih.11 ;xpcri<ldic
iiidcpcnclcnt :,nd ~iri>icr\ion:il.iuJit ir;~~n.lu~~t~ .inJ iIi;itthc .iudii rcpcirii\
ir.in\mittcJ 10 th^. I'c~rmitiicntC,irnmi~~i~ii.itnd ih~,c~intriliut~~rit ihc huJwt.
4. At ~~ ~ ~ ~~,t of the Executive Secretam. each Partv shall ~rovide inits
tcrriti,ry tlic n:ccs\ ftciliii~~i,irihc priilic'rlun~.ti.>ninpui the \Ic;h.iniriii
Tlic P:irii~~\h.illno1 IV com~eii~at~Jfur th2 UIC 01 i2<ruunJ\.huildingc or ian?
other tvoe of movable or immovable wrowertv ~laced al the disuosd of the
. . ,.
~echaiism according ta agreement.422 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARhlED ACTIONS

Chapter VII. OBLIGATiONS OF MEMBERS OF THE MECHANISM
IN THE RECElVlNG STATE

Section 1. Cornpliance with the Law

1. The members of the Mechanism shall respect the laws and regulations

of the receiving State. They shall refrain from any activity which is not in
keeping with the international nature of their function. The Executive Secre-
tary shall adopt al1 appropriate measures to ensure compliance with these
obligations.

2. In carrying out their obligations and for the purposes of this Chapter,
the members of the Mechanism shall receive their instructions solely from
the Executive Secretan. and the authorities in the chain of command estah-
lished by the ~xecutive~ecretar~.
3. The members of the Mechanism shall exercise maximum discretion

with reeard to al1 matters related to their functions: thev shall not disclose
any infGmation of which they have knowledge hy virtue if their duties in the
Mechanism, unless they have been authorized todo so in the performance of
their functions by the Permanent Commission, the Executive Secretary, or
the Director of Operations. as the case may be. This obligation shall not cease

upon the termination of their duties with the Mechanism.

Section II. Maintenance of Order and Discipline

1. The Executive Secretary shall take appropriate action to ensure the
maintenance of discipline and order and guarantee the security of the mem-
-~rs oi the ~e~h-~~~~~~~~e Executive Secretarv. in coniunction with the
Director of Operations, may order the stationing of security guards on the

'remises and in the areas where the Mechanism is carryiny out ils activities.
2. The security guards shall promptly hand over to ihecompetent national
authorities of the receiving State any individual who is not a member of the
Mechanism and has been detained or temporarily placed in their custody.
3. The competent national authorities of the receiving State shall promptly

hand over to the Permanent Commission any member of the Mechanism who
has been detained or temporarily placed in their custody.
4. The authorities of the receiving State and the Permanent Commission
shall duly co-operate rvith each otheFin disciplinary and criminal cases when

necessary in order to facilitate the implementation of the provisions set forth
in this Statute.

Section III Identification, Entry and Departiire

1. The Executive Secretary shall notify the receiving State of the names,
-~ties and s~ ~d~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~of initial arriva1and final deoarturc of the members
of the Mechanism.
The Executive Secretary shall issue members of the Mechanism with iden-

tity cards, presentation of which will enahle them to enter or leave the receiv-
ing State.
Members of the Mechanism shall be exempt from customs inspection and
from al1restrictions on enterinu or leavina the territorv of the receivina State.
Members of thc Mechanism shall also no? be subject io the rcsidence;egula-

lions of the receiving State and shall not acquire permanent residence or
domicile rights during tbeir stay there.
2. Members of the Mechanism shall at al1limes carry the personal identity
card issued by the Executive Secretary. CORRESPONDENCE 423

Members of the Mechanism must present their identity card if requested
to do so by a competent authority of the receiving State, but it may not be
taken from them.
3. If a member of the Mechanism terminales his service with it and is not
repatriated, the Executive Secretary shall immediately inform the authorities
of the receiving State and shall provide the latter with any information it may
request.

1. When on duty, membcrs of the Mechanism shall Wear the identity
badges issued by the Executive Secretary.
Official vehicles, vessels and aircraft shall be of the colour determined by
the Executive Secretary and shall carry special identity and registration

numbers which the Executive Secretarv shall notifv to the authorities of
the receiving State.
These vehicles, vessels and aircraft shall be entered in a spccial register by
the receiving State.
2. The authorities of the receiving State shall, upon presentation, accept
as valid permits or licences issued by thc Executive Secretary for official
vehicles, vessels and aircraft.

Section V. Insuranceof Vehicles,Vesselsand Aircrafl

Sole paragraph

The Executive Secretary shall arrange for al1 vehicles belonging to the
Mechanism to be covered at least by third-party insurance.

Section VI. Deceased Members
Measures concrrning Persona1Belongings

Sole paragraph

The Executive Secretary shall make the necessary arrangements in respect
of the body of a member of the Mechanism who dies in the territory of the
receiving State. The expenses involved shall be borne by the Mechanism.
The Executive Secretary shall refer any claims received in respect of debts
contracted by the deceased person in the territory of the receiving State to the
appropriate channels.

Chapter VIII. PRIVlLEGES AND IMMUNlTlES

Section 1. Immi~nityfrom Criminal, Civil and Administrative Legal Procrss
1. Irnrnunit!. iroin criiiiin~ldi il.incl;itlrnini\tr.itiic Icg'iI~rdc~)iiilL.L.<Ir-
dcd uiidcr ihi,Si.iiuic io iiiciiihcrùi ihc \lc~h:~ni~m. in rcqicst 01 thtir uifi-

cial functions but not their personal activitics.
2. The Executive Secretary, in consultation with the State Party or partici-
pating State concerned, as the case may be, may waive immunity from legal
orocess (oenal. civil and administrative) in respcct of members of the Mecha-
hm. T& ~xécutive Secretary shall "otify such waiver of immunity from
le~alprocess to the Permanent Commission, in accordance with the procedure
estabrished in this paragraph424 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

3. Waiver must always be express.
4. The initiation of legal proceedings by a member of the Mechanism shall
preclude him from invoking immunity from legal process in respect of any

counier-claim directly linked with the principal claim.
5. Waiver of immunity from legal process in respect of civil or administra-
tive oroceedines shall not be held to imolv waiver of immunitv in resoeci of
the ~xecution Of the judgment, for ~hich'a'se~arate waiver sholi be necessary.
6. In cases where the Executive Secretary or the Permanent Commission, as
the case mav be. does not waive the immunitv of members of the Mechanism.
an effort mis1 be made to find a just and equitable solution of the matter.

7. No judgment may be executed in respect of members of the Mecha-
nism. except as provided in section , paragraph , of ihis Statute and
provided that there is no infringement of the inviolability of the person or
residence of the member concerned.
8. Mcrnben of the Mechanism shall not be compelled to give evidence.
9. The Executive Secretary shall. at the request of the receiving State,
arrange for any member of the Mechanism who breaks the laws Io leave the
terriiory of that State.
10. Unless the Executive Secretary waives immunity from legal process,

members of the Mechanism shall be subject solely to the jurisdiction of their
respective Siaies in respect of any offence committed in the receiving State.
11. The members of the Mechanism shall enjoy immunitg from civil and
administrative legal process, except in the cases referred to in paragraphs 1
(a), 1 (b) and I (c)of Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations of 18April 1961.
12. Disputes between a member of the Mechanism in the exercise of his
official functions and a resident of the receiving State and any other disputes

shall be settled in accordance with the procedure provided in Chapter ,
section .of this Statute.
13 In thc eten1 of court procccdinqj ;ig3insi a nieniber of ihc Slcch:ini\m.
the El;cruiii,c Secrcinry ihnll. tlirou~li tlic approprixie diplomatie ch:~nncl,
and a1 ihc rcqucst oia court in the reccivinr! St.itc. ccriifv \$h;thcr or nul Ilic
proceedings Ge connected with the membeps official fuictions

SectionII. Premises of the Mechanism

Sole yaragraph

The premises officially used by the Mechanism shall be inviolable and sub-
ject 10 the aufhority and control of the Executive Secretary, who, with prior
authorization by the Permanent Commission, may allow the Autborities of
the receiving State access to such premises.

SectionIll. Privileges andImmunities ofrheMechanism
1. The Mechanism shall enjoy the privileges and immunities conferred by

Article II of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations of 13February 1946, hereinafter referred to as "the Convention".
The provisions of Article II shall also apply to the property, fnnds and assets of
Participating States used in the receiving State in connection with the acti-
vities of the Me~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2. The importation, free of duty, of the property of the Mechanism shall be
expedited with the least oossible delay, and shall be arraneed by the Executive
Sekretary, through the appropriate d@lomatic channel ofïhe réceivingSiate. CORRESPONDENCE 425

3. The Executive Secretary shall adopt al1 necessary measures to avoid
any abuse of such fiscal privileges and the sale of such property without the
exoress authorization of the receivinn State.
'4. The nine representatives of thé~tates members of the Permanent Com-
mission shall be granted, together with their spouses and dependent fümily
members. the same privileges and immunities accorded ta diplomatic agents
under international law.

Secrion IV. Ctr,srr>r.sncl Tax Provisions

1. The receiving State shall exempt members of the Mechanism from the
payment of taxes on the salaries and emoluments which they receive from
their national governments or the Mechanism. They shall also be exempt
from the payment of any other taxes or duties in accordance with the provi-
sions of Article 37 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
2. The members of the Mechanism shall have the right to imporl, free of
duty, their personal effects upon taking up their posts, in accordance with

relevant international custom and practice.
3. The members of the Mechanism, with respect to their personal property
which is not essential ta the discharge of their functions shall be subject to the
customs and foreign exchange laws and regulations of the receiving State.
4. Uoon termination of their servicc with the Mechanism. members mav.
n<~tuiihsi;inrlingrhr.f8,rcign c~ch:gngercgul;ition\<ifihc rr,cciving Statc. inke
wirh ihcni illoir iunJs xhich thc Ex~cuii\e Sccrciiirv certifie'.;a\h:iiing hcen
obtained in the form of emoluments from their resoective national g;vern-
ments or from the Mechanism and which the member in question bis con-
verted into iiational currency al the Central Bank of the receiving state.
5. In order to ensure com~liance bv members of the Mechanism with the
customs and tax laws and règulation< of the receiving State, the Executive
Secretary shall CO-operatewith the customs and tax authorities of the receiv-
ing State, in accordance with this Statute and any other relevant supplemen-
tary agreement.

Chapter IX. SPEClAL FAClLlTlES

Secrion 1.C~rrrencyof rhe ReceivingStore

Sole paragraph

If the Executive Secretary so requests, the relevant authorities of the receiv-
ing State shall make available, subiect to repayment in another mutually ac-
ccitable currencv. currencv of the receivine State reauired for the- use
of'the ~&hanis&; including for the acquisiti& of prope;ty for members of
the Mechanism, at the rate of cxchange officially recognized by the receiving
State.

Section II. Communications und Postal Services

1. The Mechanism shall have the right to use the communications services
provided for in Article III of the Convention.
2. The Mechanism shall be empowered to establish and operate the com-
munications systems necessary for the performance of its functions, subject
to the provisions of Article 35 of the Torremolinos International Telecom-
munications Convention of 25October 1973 on harmful interference. The426 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

frequencies on which any station of this type may be operated shall be duly
authorized by the competent authorities of the receiving State.
The Mcchanism and the authorities of the receiving State shall hold such
consultations as may be necessary with a view Io avoiding harmful interference.
3. The Mechanism shall have the right to priority with regard to telegrams
and telephone calls addressed to governments, its offices or those of the
International Corps of Inspectors, in accordance with the rights accorded to
the United Nations under Article 39 and Annex 3 lo the Convention men-
tiotted in the preceding paragraph and in Article 5, paragraph 10, of the tele-

graphic regulations annexed thereto.
4. The Mcchanism shall also have the right to unrestricted communica-
tions by radio, telephone, telegraph or any other means and to establish the
services necessary for the maintenance of such communications among and
between its staff and its m remis es i.cludine the establishment of fixed and
mobile radio transmitting'and receiving stat&s.
5. The receiving State shall recognize the right of the Mechanism Io con-
clude agreements Tor the handling and transport of private correspondence
addressed to or sent by its members. The receiving State shall be informed of

such agreementsbefore they are implemented.
6. When the postal agreements applicable to the private correspondence
of the members of the Mechanism cover ooerations involvine the transfer of
nioncy or the 1r:~nhpor tilp;,ck.ip:siirp;irscls diil<~tilic rcccii ing Sl.itc. the cum-
pc'tc'ii.IL~~<)~IIIC\<IIth< I.lltcr :~ndilic ksc:iiti\i Sccrci~r! ~li.~l:igrsc ,,ilthe
c,,n.liiiun\ in uhizh suc11iil>crItiuiis \li.ilhc c.irricJ out in th^.rccrivin~ 51:iie
7. 'l'liecorrc\ponJcn:c <ii the \lcch;aiii\ni ili;illhc iniiolahle aiid sh311 IIOI
hc \uhj~,ci 181ini:ricrc'ncc ur .ciis,>rrhip h! ths rccciviiig Si.~tr..

Section III. Useof Lines of Communication
Sole paragraph

\Vlir'n 1112hl~~ihnnisiii u,r\ r,isd\ .inJ highrr:iy, hriJgcs port 1;i~iliIir'~a.ir.
pl il ril. t hl I I h uhjcci 1.1thc p,i\nicni ul icc.;. t<illriir 1.ix~s.
cxcepi i8,rthe p;,\mcnt* .lirr.:ilyrc'l.itcIO sc'rticcs rcque*tcrl ;in4 rccciicJ

Section IV. Water, Electricity and Other Public Services

1. The Mechanism shall have the right to the use of water, electricity and
other public services at tariffs equal to those set for diplomats resident in the
receiving State.
2. At the request of the Executive Secretary, the authorities of the receiv-

ing State shall assist the Mechanism in obtaining water, electricity and other
public services required and, in the event of an interruption or threat of inter-
ruption of any service, shall accord to the needs of the Mechanism the same
priority as that given to essential government services.

SecrionV. S~ipplies

Sole paragraph

At the rcquest of the Executive Secretary, the authorities of the receiving
State shall assist the Mechanism in ohtaining from local sources the equipment,
supplies and other goods and services required for its operation. The members

of the Mechanism shall purchase locally, on the terms prevailing in the market,
the articles necessary for their consumption and the services they need. CORRESPONDENCE 427

Chaptcr X. SETTLEMENTOF CLAIMS
1. Claims of a private law character shall be settled in accordance with the
following provisions:

(a) The Executive Secretary shall be obliged to set forth in the relevant
contract the necessary arrangements for the settlement of claims arising out
of contracts or other claims of a private law character which are not covered
by subparagraph (b)below;
(b) A Permanent Claims Board shall be established to settle the following
claims:

(i) Claims for whose settlement no contractual procedure has been
established in accordance with paragraph (a) above;
(ii) Claims brought by a resident of the receiving State against the
Mechanism or a member thereof concerning any injury allegedly
sustained as the result of an action or omission by such members
of the Mcchanism in connection with their official functions;
(iii) Claims brought by a receiving State against a member of the
Mechanism;
(iv) Claims brought by the Mechanism against a receiving State or vice
versa:
(v) ~abolr claims resulting from a work contract or work relationship
brought by local staff recruited by the Mechanism.

2. The Board shall consist of a renresentative of the Parties. chosen bv
agreement between thçm, a representative of the Mechanism. and a Chair-
man who shall be appointed by agreement by the two representatives.
If the Parties and the Mechanism cannot reach agreement with reeard to
the appointment of the Chairman, they shall select oie from the panerof the
Permanent Court of Arbitration.
3. Any vacancy in the Board shall be filled within 30 days by the proccdure

established in this section for the original appointment.
4. Two members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the perfor-
mance of its functions and a vote in favour by two members shall be sufficient
for al1deliberations and decisions of the Board.
5. The decision taken by the Board shall be binding and shall not be sub-
ject to appeal or to any other rcmcdy.
The ~arties shall recoenize the bindinr character of the decision taken in

down by one of their national courts

Chapter XI. SETTLEMENTOF DISPUTES

1. In accordance with Part III, paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, of the Act, the
machinery for the settlement of disputes arising from the application or
interpretation of the Act with regard to security shall function through:
(a) The Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairsof Central America;

(b) The Joint Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Central
America and the Contadora Group.
2. The Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Central America
shallmeet at the request of any of the Parties or be convened by the Execu-
tive Secretary within a period of 72 hours from the lime of the notice of con-428 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

vocation, for the purpose of considering and taking a decision by consensus
on any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Act which
the permanent commission has been unable to seitie
3. The Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs shall take a decision
on the specific situation brought to its attention, at the meeting convened for
that purpose. without suspending the meeting or postponing the decision on
the dispute.
4. The Joint Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Central
America and the Contadora Group shall meet al the request of any of the
Central American States. within a period of 72 hours from the time of notice
of convocation, for the purpose of conddering the dispute concerning the
interpretation or application of the Act which the Meeting of the Ministers

for Forei-n Affairs of Central Amenca bas been unable to settle.
5. AI the Ji)inihlectinç. the (:ont;i<lur;iC;ri)up sh:tll uhe ils ssod oflice, tu
enahlc tlic (:c'ntr:ilAnicricnn St;ites to ïdopt a drcisiun on the dipute hy ~.iiii-
scnsu, In ;in\.e\cnt. 31 the Joint lectine. the ('entra1 Anicricnn St31esrh:lll
take a decision at the meeting convened for that purpose. without suspending
the meeting or postponing the decision on the dispute.
6. If nodecisionputting an end to the dispute 1staken al the Joint Meeting,
that venue shall be considered exhausted and the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of the States of the Contadora Group may suggest to the Central Amencan
States the use of another peaceful means of settlement of the dispute. in
accordance with Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) and
Article 24 of the Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS).
7. The Meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Central America can
be hcld if three of ils members are oresent. The Joint Meetine of the Ministers
for Foreign ,\ffairi of Ccntr;ll r\mcric:i and thc (:oiitador;i Ciruup(;inhe held

iffitc of ils membcr\. :il leas1thrc: of whom i!rcCentrill 1\mcrii3ns. arc prcxnt.

Chapter XII. FINAL PROVISIONS
Secriori 1.Supplementary Agreemenls

Sole paragraph

The Executive Secretaryand the authorities designated by the receiving State
may conclude supplementary agreements for the implementdtion of this Statute.

Seclion II. Enrry inro Force
Sole paragraph

This Statute shall enter into force in the same way and on the same date as
the other provisions of the Act and shall remain in forceso long as the Act is in
force. Nevertheless, the provisions of paragraphs 1,2,3, 4 and 5 of Chapter X,
on the settlement of claims, shall remain in force until al1 the claims arising
before the date of termination of this Statute and filed prior to or during the
three months followingthe date of termination of this Statute have been settled.

Done in the city of ,Republic of on 19 .
For Costa Rica For El Salvador

For Guatemala For Honduras

For Nicaragua CORRESPONDENCE

Annexe 3 b) 6
Communiqué

Les ministres des relations extérieures dc la Colombie. du Mexiaue. du

taire généralde l'organisation des Etats américains et le représentant per-
sonnel du Secrétaire généraldes Nations Unies se sont réunis en la ville Je
Caracas. le 22 août 1987, dans le but d'évaluer les progrès réalisésdans les
actions en faveur de la paix en Amérique centrale.
Les ministres des relations extérieures des pays centre-américains ren-

dirent comr>te des résultats de la réunion des présidents centre-américains

en Amérique central&>. Ils annoncèrent également que, conformément à la
orocédure.de Guatemala. ils s'étaient constitués.au cours de la réunion de
San Salvador. les 19 et 20 août, en commission exécutive pour réglementer,
impulser et rendre viable l'exécutionde cette procédure.
.Les ministres des relations extérieures du groupe de Contadora et du
groupe de soutien, de mêmeque le Secretaire généralde l'organisation des
Etats américains et le représentant personnel du Secrétaire généralde
I'ornanisation des Nations Unies réaffirmèrent leur profonde satisfaction
pou;l'accord réalisé, fruitde la volonté politique des centre-
américains de résoudre leurs différends par la voie du dialogue et dans le
respect des intérêtslégitimesde tous les Etats.

En cette occasion, les ministres des relations extérieures, le Secrétaire
généralde l'organisation des Etats américains et le représentant personnel
du Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies analysèrent les
acquis de la <<procéduredu Guatemala., dans les aspects requérant la partici-
pation du groupe de Contadora, du groupe de soutien et des secrétaires
générauxde l'organisation des Etats américains et des Nations Unies. A
l'issue de la réunion. ils décidèrentde:
1. Constituer la commission internationale de contrôle et de suivi envi-

sagéeau numéro 10, lettre A, de la «procédure de Guatemala». Ils signèrent,
à cet effet, l'Acte d'installation correspondant.
2. Convoquer une réunion de représentants ad hoc qui se tiendra à
Managua, les 7 et 18 septembre, aux finsd'établir les modalitésd'exercice des
fonctions de contrôle et de suivi des engagements figurant dans la «procédure
de Guatemala,,.
3. Réunir périodiquement la commission et accepter l'invitation du Secré-
taire des Nations Unies pour organiser en décembre prochain, à New York,
une réunion destinée à analyser les progrès réalisésdans l'application des
engagements assumés dans la «procédure de Guatemala,,.

Pour leur part, les gouvernements faisant partie de la commission interna-
tionale de contrôle et de suivi solliciteront en temps opportun la contribution
des Nations Unies etde l'organisation des Etats américainsà la «procédure de
Guatemala».
Les ministres des relations extérieures des groupes de Contadora et de
soutien jugèrent nécessaire que les importantes décisionspolitiques adoptées
se voient accompagnées d'une amélioration de la situation économique et
sociale des pays de l'Amérique centrale.430 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

En ce sens, ils décidèrent d'entreprendre dès maintenant les démarches
nécessaires pour mettre en Œuvre un programme international d'urgence de
coo~ération~techniaueet économiaue desti'néaux cinq oavs..e,la récion.A cet
effei, ils engageroni à brève échéa8celes actions qui s'imposent sa mise
en ceuvre, y compris les démarches correspondantes auprès de la communauté
internationale.
Les ministres des relations extérieures du groupe de Contadora, du groupe
de soutien et de l'Amérique centrale, ainsi que le Secrétaire généralde
I'OEA et le représentant personnel du Secrétaire généraldes Nations Unies
exprimèrent leur gratitude pour les marques d'attention reçues durant leur
séjour au Venezuela qui ont contribué de façon significative au succès de la
réunion.

Caracas, le 22 août 1987.

Source: Mémoire du ministère des relations extérieures du Honduras, 1987.

[Texte espagnol non reproduirl

Commirniqiréconjoint de luseconrie réidnion
de la CIVS, 7novembre 1987

La commission internationale de contrôle et de suivi de la procédure en
vue de l'instauration d'une paix ferme et durable en Amérique centrale, com-
posée des ministres des relations extérieures dc l'Argentine, du Brésil,de la
Colombie, du Costa Rica, d'El Salvador, du Guatemala, du Honduras, du
Mexique, du Nicaragua, du Panama, du Pérou, de l'Uruguay et du Venezuela,
et des secrétaires générauxde l'ONU et de I'OEA, s'est réunie le 7 no-
vembre 1987 au siègede I'OEA.
La Commission a procédé à une première évaluation du niveau d'avance-
ment des encagements assumés Dar les cina gouvernements centre-améri-
cains le 7 aoat-1987, à Guatemala, et a exPr;& sa reconnaissance pour les

diverses mesures adoptées par chacun des gouvernements de la région. Elle
releva oarticulièrement celks relatives aux ënea..m.nts aui entrèrent simul-
i:iiiCniciiCI)\iqu~ur IC5 novcrnhr~..qu:~Irc-\.~n~l-d~phwrs 3pli.s lislgn<,Iurc
dr. I'ai~~i~iElle III~\piii;ilcni~.ni cri rL.ic.3rncburc., ,uiv.tnic\.
1. Com~osition et installation des commissions nationales de réconcilia-

tion charg& de vérifier le respect des engagements en matière d'amnistie,
de cessez-le-feu, de démocratisation et d'élections libres dans les cinq pays,
ainsi que la création de commissions cl sous-commissions complémen~ai~es
au El Salvador et au Nicaragua.
2. Etablissement du dialogue avec l'opposition politique interne au El Sal-
vador et au Nicaragua.
3. Adoption de décrets d'amnistie au El Salvador et au Guatemala et de
grâce au Nicaragua.
Présentation, au Nicaragua du projet de loi d'amnistie dont l'application est
soumise à la vérification,de la part de la CIVS, du respect simultané des en- CORRESPONDENCE 431

gagements relatifs au non-usage du territoire d'un Etat pour agresser d'autres
Etats et de la cessation dc l'aide externe aux forces irrégulières.
4. Mesures en vue de la négociation du cessez-lc-feu par la voie du dia-
logue direct avec l'opposition arméeau El Salvador; déclarations unilatérales
de cessez-le-feu au El Salvador et au Nicaragua; et actions visant à négocier
le cessez-le-feu par le truchement d'un intermédiaire au Nicaragua.
5. Au Nicaragua, levée de la censure préalable et réouverture du quoti-
dien La Prensa et de Radio Catolica; suspension de l'interdiction d'entrer au
pays visant certains prêtres de l'églisecatholique; et présentation du projet

de loi visant à la suspension de l'état d'urgence, soumis à la vérification, de la
part de la CIVS, du respect simultané des engagements relatifs au non-usage
du territoire d'un Etat pour agresser d'autres Etats et de la cessation de l'aide
externe aux forces irrégulières.
6. Signature du trait6 constitutif du Parlement centre-américain et d'autres
instances politiques, par les présidents des cinq Etats et présentation dudit
traité aux organismes législatifscorrespondants.
7. Promotion du processus de rapatriement volontaire de réfugiés enAmé-
rique centrale, avec l'appui du Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour
les réfugiées(ACNUR) et adoption de nouvelles mesures de coopération
régionale en la matière.
8. Aooel lancé Dar les eouvernements du Costa Rica. d'El Salvador. du
..
Guatemala et du Nicaragua: demandant que cesse le soutien externe apporté
aux forces irrégulières et aux mouvements insurrectionnels opérant dans la
région. De même, exhortation adressée auxdits mouvements ou forces,
demandant qu'elles s'abstiennent de recevoir une telle aide.
9. Déclarations des cinq gouvernements centre-américains par lesquelles
ils réaffirment leur engagement à empêcherl'usage de leur propre territoire
oour aeuesser d'autres Etats.
10. Installation et fonctionnement de la commission exécutive composée
des cinq ministres des relations extérieures centre-américains et qui s'est
réunie Üériodiauement
11. installation et fonctionnement de la CIVS et envoi en Amérique cen-
trale d'une mission technique préliminaire ONUiOEA chargée d'évaluer sur
le terrain la nécessitéd'une inseection insitu

I?. Dicl3r.itioiiJc wulien ;i I;CI\'S d~ I,ip.irt~lcrciiiq piiu\criiciiiciil*
~cntrc-;iniiric.iins21 ratiiis.îti~~iiJ,.,rl;:i\iiin iIc p~.rm~ltr~Ic <,>ntrhlc rtt
siticonvenu en commission exécutive lors de la troisième réunion.
13. Décision de convoquer une réunion pour que les gouvernements
centre-américains renouent avec la participation du groupe de Contadora dans
l'exercice de sa fonction médiatrice, la négociation portant sur les affaires
pendantes de l'Acte de Contadora en matière de sécurité,de vérificationet de
contrôle.
14. Conccrtation entre les ministres des relations extérieures et les mi-
nistres responsables de l'intégration économique,pour promouvoir le déve-
loppement économique et social intégréde la région, avecle concours de la
coopération internationale,dans le cadre de la procédurç de Guatemala.

La CIVS orit acte du raooort de la mission techniaue Dr6iiminaire ONU/
OEA qui s'&t déplacéeen'Âmérique centrale du 21 au i7octobre, dans le
but de déterminer la nécessitéd'une inspection in situen matière de sécurité.
En ex~rimant ses remerciements oour le ramort fourni, la commission
décidade'proroger le mandat de la mission, afin'qu'elle complète la détermi-
nation desdites nécessitéset approfondisse l'examen des questions pertinentes.432 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

La mission présentera ses suggestions avant le 20 novembre.
La Commission décida que les représentants ad hoc se réuniraient en la
ville de New York les 2 et 3 décembre, dans le but de préparer la réunion de
la commission elle-mêmele 4 du mêmemois.
La Commission décidade solliciter auorès des gouvernements centre-amé-
ricains la présentation, avant le 20 novembre, de rapports permettantd'analy-
ser les progrès réalisésdans I'exécutiondes accords figurantdans la procédure
de Guatemala. De même.elle décidad'inviter les orésidents des commissions
nationales de réconciliationàparticiper àladite rencontre.
Les ministres des relations extérieures et le Secrétaire généraldes Nations
Unies exprimèrent leurs remerciements pour l'attention et la courtoisie dont
ont fait preuve le secrétaire généralde I'OEA et le personnel de I'Organi-
sation.

[Texte espagnol non repruduit]

Annexe 3 b) 8
Communiquéde presse de la commission internotionale

de contrôle erde suivi. New York. l4 décembre1987
La commission internationale de contrôle et de suivi de la procédure de
Guatemala a tenu sa quatrième réunion, le 4 décembre 1987 au Siègedes Na-
tions Unies. Cette réunion a eu lieu cent vingt jours après la signature de la
procédure. dans le but prévu d'analyser les progrès réalisésdans l'exécution
des accords qu'elle contient. Les représentants ad hoc des membres titulaires
de la ClVS s'étaient réunisles 2 et 3 décembre.

Dans le cadre de l'examen des importants progrès réalisésdans I'exé-
cution de la urocédure de Guatemala. les membres de la CIVS ont rencontré
les présidenCsdes commissions nationales de réconciliation ou les membres
de la CNR qui ont pu assister à la réunion en se rendantà l'invitation qui leur
avait étéenvoyée.
La CIVS a examiné le second raooort de la mission techniaue oréliminaire
ONUIOEA relatif à I'inspection in Situ du respect des engagemknts en ma-
tière de sécurité,dont les conclusions donneront lieuà examen de la part des
membres de la CIVS.
Aux fins d'établir le rapport que les cinq présidents centre-américains
auront à examiner lors de leur réunion du 15 janvier prochain, la CIVS prit
les disoositions nécessairesàsa oréoaration. v comuris le format aue celui-ci
adoptérait, et les apports additi6nnéls par l~sguels tes gouvernem~nts centre-
américains devraient apporter leur contribution. A cette fin, la CIVS décida

que les représentants id hoc effectueraient une mission du 4 au 10 janvier
dans les cina,.avs centre-américains. dans lesauels ils auraient des entretiens
et solliciteraient des informations en vue de la rédaction finaàePanama, du
rapport de la CIVS à l'intention des présidents centre-américains.

Minute de la quatrièmeréunionde la commission internationale
de contrôle el de suivi de laprocédurede Guatemala,
qui s'est tenue,New York, le 4 décembre1987
1. Introduction

La commission internationale de contrôle et de suivi a tenu sa quatrième
réunionle 4 décembre 1987au Siègedes Nations Unies. CORRESPONDENCE 433

II. Cof~siilrariodescon~n~issionnsarionnlesde réconciliarion

1. Au premier point de l'ordre du jour, les titulaires de la ClVS écoutèrent
la présentation des rapports des représentants des commissions nationales de
réconciliation du: Costa Rica, El Salvador. Guatemala et Nicaragua. Le se-

crétaire généraldonna lecture d'un télégrammepar lequel le représentant de
la CNR du Honduras. qui devait participer à la réunion, indiquait ne pouvoir
le faire et proposait de soumettre un rapport écrit.
2. La commission décidade demander aux CNR, qui ne l'auraient pas fait,
d'envoyer leurs rapports aux membres de la ClVS au plus tard le 20 dé-
cembre, afin de contribuer à l'élaboration du rapport final à I'intention des
présidents centre-américains.

111.Co~~rrUld eesengager~rerird.~ la procédrrrede Giiaremala

1. La CIVS. après avoir examiné le second rapport de la mission tech-
nique préliminaire ONUIOEA, estima que, ainsi qu'il ressortait des conclu-
sions de ce dernier, il existait des difficultés politiques de fond qui em-
pcchaient, pour le moment, le contrôle ~Isirrdu respect des engagements en
matière de sécurité.prévupar la procédure de Guatemala.

2. La CIVS décida que les représentants irdhoc effectueraient une mission
du 4 au 10janvier 1988 dans chacun des pays centre-américains, au cours de
laquelle ils auraient des entretiens et solliciteraient des informations en vue
de la rédaction finale du rapport de la ClVS à l'intention des présidents
centre-américains. Elle accepta l'offre généreuse du gouvernement du Panama
de mettre àla disposition de la mission des moyens logistiques et de transport
aérien oour la réalisation de ladite mission qui s'achèverait en la ville de

vier 1988 énla ville de ~aAama.'

IV. Prépararioreiropprobariondii rapportrieIfrCIVS a I'inrenriondesprésidents
1. La réunion approuva le format que la CIVS devrait soumettre aux cinq

r~~~~~ents~centre-américains. fieurant au document IV.CIVS/2IRev.l. II fut
décidéde solliciter auprès désSecrétairesgénérauxdes Nations Unies et de
I'OEA la préparation d'un brouillon de rapport qui serait envoyé dèsque pos-
sible aux'ministres des relations extérieuies des eouvernements des Ètats
membres et, en tout étatde cause, avant le 4janvierrafin de faciliterl'élabora-
tion du rapport à l'intention des présidents. et également la tâche des repré-
sentants adhoc dans les entretiens qu'ils auront au cours de leur mission.
2. En ce qui concerne la rédaction des conclusions du rapport, on décida
que, lorsqu'il s'agira d'élziborcr dcs conclusions concernant chaque pays

centre-américain, son représentant pourra, s'il n'est pas d'accord avec ccllcs-
ci, faire étatde sa position.

V. Modèle pour les fiiriirs rapporrs des goirvernemenrscenrre-afnéricoirrr si
I'inrenrionde la CIVS
La commission approuva le modèle des rapports périodiques des gouver-

nements de l'Amérique centrale à l'intention de la CIVS, relatifs au respect
de leurs engagements contenus dans la procédure de Guatemala. modèle
recommandé par les représentants ad Iioc et figurant dans le document
IV.CIVS13/Rev.2.434 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

VI. Autres affaire.^

1. La CIVS demanda aux cinq gouvernements centre-américains de faire
parvenir aux membres de la commission la documentation de büse suscep-
tible de faciliter la tache de contràle de la CIVS, y compris les textes des
constitutions nationales, la législationpénale et tout autre mgtériau législatif
qui pourrait êtrepertinent. Cette remise de documents devrait s'effectuer, si
possible, avant le 10décembre 1987.

2. La ClVS souligna l'importance de la réunion des représentants des
gouvernements centre-américains qui, avec la participation du groupe de
Contadora, aura lieu au cours de la sçmainc suivante en la ville de Caracas.
dans le but de poursuivre les négociations prévuesau numéro 7 de la procé-
dure de Guatemala et portant sur les points en instancc d'accord en matière
de sécurité,de vérification et de contrôle et figurant au projet d'«Acte de
Coniadora pour Iü paix et la coopération en Amériquecentrale».

[Texte espagnolnon reprodirit]

Annexe3 b) 9

a unepaix fernle et diirable en ~n~iri~necentrale
1. La commission internationale de contrôle et dc suivi de la procédure de

Guatemala a recueilli I'asoiration manifeste des oeu~.es ,entre-américains à la
II.~I~lcur ..luh;iiipr<lIc>n,,lIL\uir \'iii~t;~urciiruIrsllr~:li~;iiii,c pc.rir.cti<~n-
ncr. des r<.c~tnc\~CIII~~:~,~~I~U ~?Iir.~li~l:cl p~riicip,~ii~~CIUI.outre uu'iI\
émanentdëla volontélibrement eiorimée Darles urnes: earaniissent effeciive-
ment la pleine jouissance des droits de l'homme, le dzveloppement écono-
mique et le dépassement de structures sociales iniques et anachroniques, ainsi
aue le droit légitime de décider de leur oroore destinée. affranchie des

ingérencesétrangères.Le désirardent des pe'upicsde l3~méhquecentrale de
parvenir à la paix et à la démocratisation politique, économique et sociale se
;oit entravé par une lutte géopolitique qui ne~les concerne'pas et par des
intérêtshéeéuoniauesindifférentset étraneers u à leurs as,ira~ ~ns Iéeitimes.
2. Dans l'espoir de contribuer à satisfaire ces légitimes aspirations, qui
sont le fondement sous-iacent des engagements d'Esquipulas II, la CIVS

souhaite donner les oréciiions suivantçse~ cc aui conceini le resoect. Darles

durable dans la région.
3. Les cinq pays centre-américains, en dépitde certaines réservesinitiales,
se sont acquittés de l'engagement, figurant dans la procédure, de créer dcs
commissions nationales de réconciliation.

4. 11n', a o.s eu uniformité d'interorétation dans les cina oavL. ni,s.r les
critères à adopter pour composer les CNR, ni en ce qui concerne la prise de
décision enleur sein. II conviendrait que les difficultésapparu~s fussent sur-
montées.
5. Dans l'esprit de réconciliation qui sous-tend la procédure, il est
souhaitable que, dans les pays <<oùse sont produites de profondes divisions
dans la société., soiçnt incluses parmi les membres de la CNR des person- CORRESPONDENCE 435

nalités renrésentant des oartis nolitiaues ou des er-.nements proches des
forces irrégulièresou mo;vements insurrectionnels, dans le but de renforcer
sa mission réconciliatrice, comme c'est lecas au Nicaragua et comme ce fut le
cas au El Salvador.
6. En effet. dans le cas d'El Salvador l'intégration originale reflétait les
critères ébauchésau paragraphe précédent,mais le retrait de la CNR des
deux représentants de partis politiques d'opposition a créé une situation
imprévue qui la perturbe.
7. En ce qui concerne I'engagemcnt d'entamer le dialogue avec tous Ics
groupes d'opposition politique internc ct avcc ceux qui se sont prévalus de
I'amnistie. la CIVS constata uue. au Nicaragu-. où il s'était enga- - le dia-
I,?fuc >c trouve actucllcmcnt \uapcnJu ilu f;iit du rctr:jit or..; p;irtis il'oppo-
,iiicinI>:in,Ir.L.:Id'El S:~li,;idiIiCIVS n coitri312 que II.p~uvcrnemcnt :I
dialogué avec de larges secteurs de I'opposition politique. mais que certains
-'- ~ ~ ~ ~ -considèrent nue le eouvernement a donné nriorité au dialoeue -
avec l'opposition armée. Au Honduras et au Costa Rica. selon des informa-
tions fournies par le gouvernement. pour le premier. et par des groupes d'op-
position pour ie second. le dialogue'intcrne;e manifeste par l'exercice d'une
stricte liberté d'expression au travers des institutions politiquedesdits pays.
qui culmine dans des consultations électorales. D'autre part, en ce qui con-
cerne le dialo-ue avec I'o..osition nolitiuuc. la CIVS est convaincue uu'il est
nécessairede poursuivre et d'intensifier les efforts de réconciliation nationale.
8, El Salvador, le Guatemala, le Honduras et le Nicaragua ont adopté des
décrets d'amnistie. en dénit des rCserves émises Dar le Honduras sur le fit
que l'engagement lui soit ipplicable.
Dans le cas du Costa Rica, la ClVS ne juge pas nécessaire l'adoption d'un
décrçt d'amnistie. Cependant, attendu que certains étrangers détenus au
Costa Rica pourraiçnt bénéficierde I'amnistie décrétéepar leur pays d'ori-
gine, la CIVS recommande audit gouvernement d'étudier ces cas afin qu'ils
puissent obtenir leur liberté.
9. Pour ce qui est du contenu et de la portée des décrets d'amnistie. on a
noté. dans certains cas. des appréciations critiques. Dans le cas spécifique
d'El Salvador. où a étédécrétéeune amnistie générale.fondéesur la thèse du
pardon et de I'oubli. la ClVS a pris actc de ce que le décret d'amnistie a
bénéficiéaux prisonniers politiques, mais qu'il n'accordait qu'un délai de
quinze jours aux rebelles arméspour s'en prévaloir.
10. Dans le cas du Nicaragua, bien que le gouvernement de ce pays ait

adopté, pour les rebelles armés, un décret d'amnistie qui demeure en vigueur
et ait édicté une grâce. l'entréeen vigueur du décret d'amnistie en faveurdes
prisonniers a étésubordonné à l'attestation par la ClVS du respect de la ces-
sation dc l'aide aux forces irrégulièresde la part des Etats de la région et
extra-régionaux. ainsi que du non-usage du territoirc pour déstabiliserle Nica-
ragua. Cette allégation du principe de la simultanéité des engagements
reflète l'un des problèmes structuraux de l'application de la procédure, pro-
blèmesqui sont matière à des réflexionsplus poussées.
11. En ce qui concerne la sphère d'application de I'amnistie, la ClVS a
enregistré des témoignagesselon lesquels, dans différentspays et à des degrés
divers. on a systématiquement pratiqué. durant les gouvernements précédents,
l'élimination physique des membres de groupes irréguliers, ou de forces
insurrectionnelles. capturés.à savoir ceux qui auraient pu se prévaloir des
récentsdécrets adoptéspar les gouvernements actuels.
12. 11faut se rappeler que le but de I'amnistie est d'ouvrir des espaces
politiques dans certains pays en vue du retour à la vie démocratique des436 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

groupes d'opposition, notamment des rebelles armés. II est donc prématuré
d'émettre un jugement définitifsur l'efficacitédes décrets d'amnistie comme
instrument de réconciliation nationale.
13. Le numéro 3 de la procédure de Guatemala prescrit un vaste schéma

de démocratisation, difficile à atteindre dans un bref délaide cinq mois, dans
une régioncaractérisée parune histoire troublée.
14. Il est juste de reconnaître la stabilité et le haut degré de dévelop-
pement des institutions démocratiques au Costa Rica.
15. Dans le cas du Nicaragua, la CIVS a pu constater que, en dépit de la
gravité du harcèlement militaire que subit le pays, des actions concrètes ont
étémenéesen vue de la mise en aeuvre d'un processus démocratique. Cepen-
dant, certains porte-parole de partis d'opposition et d'organismes non gou-
vernementaux ont émis des opinions sclon lesquelles il serait nécessaire de
procéder à une différenciation plus nette entre les institutions étatiques et
partisanes et l'établissement de garanties plus larges pour l'exercice des

droits civils et poliiiques.
16. Selon la grande majorité des sources d'information consultées, l'inten-
tion des chefs d'Etat centre-américains de favoriser la participation effective
des divers courants d'opinion à la vie démocratique et de veiller à la protec-
tion des droits de l'homme se voit limitée,dans certains pays, par des abus de
pouvoir des forces de sécuritéet par l'action de groupes paramilitaires. La
CIVS a reçu des plaintes pour violations des droits de I'homme commises par
les forces irrégulières ou les mouvements insurrectionnels.
17. La CIVS a constaté qu'il n'existe pas d'état d'exception, de siège ou
d'urgcncc au Costa Rica. au El Salvador, au Guatemala ct au Honduras. La

commission a appris qu'il existe, en El Salvador, un décret-loiqui permet aux
autorités d'arrêter une personne pour plus de soixante-douze heures. Au
Nicaragua. la levéede I'état d'urgence estsubordonnée à l'attestation oar la

pour déstabiliserle Nicaragua. ce gouvernement a indiqué en pratique,
l'état d'urgence est appliquéavec souplesse. Dans plus d'un pays, le caractère
inopérant. en pralique, du recours en protection ou en hnbenscorpus fait qu'il
se produit fréquemment des détentions pour des périodes plus longues et
dans des conditions moins favorables oue celles orévuesoar la loi.
18. La CIVS a suivi avec satisfactih les , ~ ~ ~ ~
en vue de I'établisse-
ment du Parlement centre-américain dans Ics cinq pays. La création de cette
imuortante institution reurésentera une avancée sibn~fi-ativedans le Droces-
huh Ji dCniosr:itisnti~~iiet rc.ii1orcr.r.î1'iiiiCgrntiii~~liti~ur6.~t~i1~~1111 ci uc
S<ICI:IIcn.ircIc.\pli! Jc I,IrL:si<)n
1.1 \1:1IcrCIL,?clloris r:.~It>&,I':il~~cticJc n<co:1:111,m d'un ;c.;sc~~-lc.icu.
dans les dans lesquels opèrcnt des forces ?rréguli?rcs ou des mouve-
ments insurrectionnels, et l'intensification des actions militaires. avec les
pertes humaines et matérielles qu'elles entraînent, et ce après la signature
d'Esquipulas II, constituent de sérieuxmotifs de préoccupation.
20. Les appels aux forces irrégulières ou aux mouvements insurrec-
tionnels en vue d'arrêterun cesscz-le-feu, ou, le cas échéant, dese prévaloir

dc l'amnistie et s'intérrer aux Drocessus uoiitiques dans leur oavs .es.ectif.
mnvi qtic I'cnv~,:+c l:~prc,.2du~c .lc C;II;I~C~I~II:n'<,nip.45 CU LI: ~UIIC; POSI-
II\C. cil FI S,iI\.idor. .lu OU,IIC~.I~,cAU tiic,~r,igii,~
21. I:n dzpir Jc I'c\hort3113rtJcs prisideni; ccnirc-~niiric~in\. Ir.Etni<-
L'ni3pour~uivr~ni1.1p<ilitiquccl 1.4pr:aliquc dc I';i\~i~t.inccniili1:iircen p:irti-
c~licr..lus i'tircc, irrL:~uI12rc\qui <~p;rcntcc>ntrcIrC;<,u\crncmcni du Nic.ir:a- CORRESPONDENCE 437

gua. La cessation définitive de ladite assistance continue à constituer une
condition indispensablc au succcs des efforts de paix et de la procédure dans
son ensemble.
De mème, on a enregistré une plainte du Gouvernement d'El Salvador
selon laquelle le Nicaragua accorde secrètement une aide aux forces insurgées
dans son pays et la suspension de cette aide est une condition indispensable
au succès des efforts de paix de la procédure dans son ensemble. La CIVS
a re$u la dénégation du Gouvernement du Nicaragua en ce qui concerne cette

plainte.
22. En ce qui concerne l'engagement de ne pas utiliser le territoire d'un
Etat pour en agresser un autrc, la CIVS a recueilli des plaintes émanant de
certains gouvernements de la régionet le témoignage de sources non gouver-
nementales sur l'aide apportée à des forces irrégulières ou des mouvements
insurrectionnels par d'autres gouvernements centre-américains, ainsi que sur
l'utilisation de territoires de certains Etats pour en agresser d'autres. On a

enregistré des plaintes en ce sens d'El Salvador contre le Nicaragua, et du
Nicaragua contre le Honduras, El Salvador et le Costa Rica. Les gouver-
nements respectifs déclarèrent qu'ils ne pouvaient accepter de telles plaintes
tant qu'on ne connaissait ni leur solidité ni les arguments sur lesquelles elles
se fondent et exprimèrent leur volonté d'autoriser mème une inspection
inconditionnelle sur leur territoire. La CIVS doit signaler que l'utilisation du
territoire d'Etats de la réeion nnur en aeresser d'autres. avec ou sans le ~ ~
Consentement du gouvernement dont le territoire serait compromis, facilite

l'action desdites forces ou mouvements et entrave la recherche de la paix. La
CIVS n'est pas encore en mesure de vérifier les faitssusdits, car ellen'a pas
pu, à ce jour, installer des mécanismes d'inspection in situ.
23. En ce qui concerne l'exécutiondu mandat figurant au numéro 7 de la
procédure de Guatemala, la CIVS a pris acte avec satisfaction de la rguriion
qui s'est tenue à Caracas le 10 décembre 1987, en application d'une décision
de la commission exécutive réunie à San José les 27 et 28 octobre 1987,dans

le but de poursuivre les négociations sur les aspects en instance d'accord, en
matière de sécurité.de vérification et de contrôle. de l'acte de Contadora et
le désarmement dei forces irrégulières qui seraient disposées à se prévaloir
des décrets d'amnistie. La rencontre a eu lieu avec la participation des cinq
pays ccntre-américains et du groupe de Contadora dans l'exercice de sa fun&
tion médiatr~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Les résultats des délibérationspermirent de préciser lesdomaines de réfé-
rence des futures négociations, à savoir:

Engagements en matière d'armement, d'elfectifs militaires et de ma-
nŒuvres militaires: affaires à caractère orocédurdl et opérationnel sur le
règlement ou le statut de la commission dévérificationet de suivi en matière

de sécurité:et mesures en vue du désarmement des forces irrégulières.
On fixa des orévisions oour I'oreanisation des futurs travaux et réunions
qui ,iurioniIicu J.,I~\CI<.: du gr<;~pc . L,('<>ttl:~J.>L.I ;#\cc1.1c<)<~rdllldl~;>n
CILC, L,U.Y-LI..I.pr<,,.tta~~~r.uni!,n <L iic,ndr.i:t I':III;~II:Iur.znt 1.1pr~,mt:rc,
,ciii.iinrJc icvricr l9h.ICI I:I< ol,>nihl~.pri.pih.iJ'ctrc II.\i?rc <ILI.:Irrnciinirc
suivante.

24. En matière de réfueiés".a CIVS a noté avec satisfaction que l'on a
enregistré des progrès. tant dans la création de mécanismes institutionnels
que dans des aspects concrets tels que la protection, l'assistance et le
rapatriement volontaire, qui constituent des avancées manifestes dans la re-
cherche de solutions humanitaires aux problèmes de la région. En ce sens, la438 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDA~IONS

tenue. au cours de cette année. d'une conférenceinternationale sur les réiu-
giéscentre-américains. sous les auspices des gouvernements des pays de la
zone et avec la collaboration du Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour
les réfugiés,serait une contribution significative aux efforts de paix. La situa-
tion des déplacésdemeure un grand problème à caractère humanitaire. dont

la solution exige des efforts complémentaires urgents. La réalisation des
objectifs d'Esquipulas II contribuera notablement à la solution définitive du
'roblème des réfueiéset des déolacés.
25. L'objectif gobal quc rcifcrmc Esquipulas II. et consistant à parvcnir
à In paix par la cessation des hostilités,l'amnistie, la déiiiocriiti~~tion,la ces-
sation de l'aide cn faveur des forces irrégulières ct des mouvements

insurrectionnels et le non-usage du territoire pour agresser d'autrcs Etats. n'a
pas étéatteint à ce jour. Le fait de ne pas avoir encore atteint cet objectif
n'enlève rien à la validité de la procédure de Guatemala. bien qu'il soit
imoératif de manifester une volonté oolitiaue De.man.nte dans la recherche
de formules visant à surmonter les obstacles.
26. A l'examen des progrès réalisésdans l'application de la procédure en
vue d'instaurer une oaix ferme et durable en Amérique centraie. orocédure

,i+néei (iu3tcm.il:i 17 doùt 1Y;il.il ot fundnnient3l de çc r;ippelcr'que. nimi
que l'indique <LIdc'noiiiin:ition. elle constitue un priyr;ininic daiti<ins I:iisnni
partie d'un processus. C'est pourquoi cent cinquante jours après la signature
de l'accord, il serait aussi contraireà la véritéde déclarer qu'iln'y a pas eu de
pas en avant que d'en proclamer le succès.
27. Il convient de rappeler que, de mêmeque la détérioration intervenue

dans la structure politique, économique et sociale centre-américaine ne s'cst
pas produite subitement. on ne pcut pas, non plus, parvenir à la paix dans la
région, de façon immédiate. Lcs facteurs en jeu sont, par nature, complexes
et agissent à différents niveaux simultanément. Plusieurs des acteurs en
prcscncc rur 1:%;?ne;~.nire-niiii.ric:ainc nL.\un1 pnh pmie J.in> I';iccordsidni.
pr le\ principaux intércd!\ que runt 1c.sclieh d'Ei;it de I:irr'sion. 1:cnjcu est

ion.id;r;ihlc. c:jril r':i~it Jr. iiictlre cil nratiuuc un ;iccortl iiitCer:~l.uni\er-
sellement satisfaisant, ;imullanément eiécutoire et contrôlable.~et que. en
outre. il engage ceux qui sont partie dans le conflit sans êtresignataires dudit
accord. Il nous appartient donc. à ce niveau. non pas de déclarer le succèsou
l'échec d'un processus qui esten marche, mais d'évaluer les progrès réalisés,
d'identifier les tâches restant à accomplir et de suggérer les voies permettant

de les poursuivre.
28. C'est pourquoi. la CIVS estime nécessaire. après avoir fait référence
aux thèmes spécifiquesde son mandat. de faire deux considérations de carac-
tère général,non seulement parce qu'elles touchent au problème plus large
de l'application de la procédure dans son ensemble, de la part des signa-
taires, mais aussi parce que la CIVS juge utile de faire une contribution en cc

sens.
29. 11convient de souligner l'inquiétude manifestée par plusieurs membres
non centre-américains de la CiVS en ce oui concerne les modalités de oar-
tiiip,ition i1i.s p;iys ccnirc~iinii.ricn~~~~lu. \Schi.s JI soi1ir5lc. cn i;,nl q~e
p;~riiedanr Ir.conflit. I.cj prC~iJcni, piurrnicnt rxdminer cc ,ii,et lors de leur
~rucli;iiiie rcunion. .ifin d'c'tnhlir une disliiictioii riratiuut entre1.1r>.irticip:i-
ii~~ des membres non centr~~américains de la~C~ ~~ei celle des ccntr~-~--~

ricains, pour ce qui est du contrôle proprement dit. Cela ne nécessiterait pas.
en principe. de modifier la lettre de la procédure. Ce suiet est éealernent liéà
un a~tre'~roblème que l'on a pu eflleirer au cours decréunio; de la CIVS.
celui de l'absence d'un cadre plus efficace pour la prise de décisions. CORRESPONDENCE 439

30. L'une des oremières considérations faites Dar la CIVS fut la nécessité
d'instaurer des m'odalitéspratiques de contrôle ies accords figurant dans la
procédure de Guatemala. Pour le contrôle des engagements contractés en
matière de sécurité. à savoir: le cessez-le-feu. la non~utilisation des territoires
pour agresser d'autres Etats et la cessation de l'aide apportée aux forces irrk-
.gulièreset aux mouvements insurrcclionnelles. la nécessitéd'une inspection
in sirir est une condition sine airrnon du contrôle, si l'on veut que celui-ci
roi1 cnipr~ini J'iil~jccti\~it.'iiid2licndun:c ct J'cffisi.'iti. 'l<>uiIr. niciiihrc~

ilc1;iCIVS ;ics:ptciit zcr prr:nii%c\ Je h:i,c;t pcr\i)nnc. nc .li.;cutc I:In&cc.\sitC
uuc \<,IJùm~.nt 2i:ihli ce micaniinic 31iiique r>ui,rcni J;liutc.r Ic.contri~lcet
l-.suivi
31. En ce sens. les ministres des relations extérieures, membres de la
CIVS, s'accordèrent à attirer l'attention de MM. les chefs d'Ela1 centre-am&-
ricains sur le fait qu'il convenait de solliciter, auprès des secrétaires généraux
des Nations Unies et de l'Organisation des Etats Américains, l'envoi urgent
d'une mission technique dans la région. dans le but de mettre la dernière
main aux détails de mise en place. dans les cinq pays centre-américains.
d'unités mobiles dotées des caractéristiques ébauchées dansle second rap-
port de la mission.
32. En ce qui concerne les engagements en matière de démocratisation -
comportant. entre autres, le respect des droits de l'homme ainsi que l'élection
libre des autorités nationales et du Parlement centre-américain-, de
réfugiéset de déplacés,la CIVS a considkré que sa tâche de contrôle el de
suivi oourrait êtresoutenue Dar l'action d'oreanisations internationales.
33: La CIVS estime pe;tinent d'observcr qu'il existe d'autres facteurs
d'ordre structurel qui pourraient affecter l'application de la procédure dans
son ensemble. Ces facteurs sont exoosésci-au&
34 Lsnaturc de. :icc<irJ\ ~'~~~uipul;i\ li con,istc. plus qu'cn unc aihlig;i-
ii<,ijiridiquc furniclle. :n un cnpiseiii~nt politique qui Ics wu%-1-ndet Jaiir
Ic init iiidiscutnhlr. qu'il5 h&nCficicnid'uii laryc soutien populairc ci d'un
appui inierna1ion:il uiiniiiriic. Cipcnd:ini1:iprocr:Jurc pdurrjit Clrc c<)inplr:-
tCcp;ir Je, r:lCmc.ni\f;icilii:inis:i mihc cri mu\'rc. tels qu'un pliin d'e~r'cuiionci
un calendrier d'accomplissement des engagements.
-~.1~ ~~-or. .ue de notoriété oubliuue aue.l'élé.entuui oermil i la . .
procédure de Guatemala d'êtreadoptée fut le fait que s'aplanirent entre les
oarties les différends relatifs à la séquence d'accom~lissement des différents
éneaeements. lorsau'il fut décidC aue ceux-ci s'accomoliraient simultané-
men: La commun'auté internationaie accueillit avec airniration cette for-
mule qui tranchait des différends apparemment irréconciliables, relatifs au
oroblèke central de la a ré séanceentie la oacification et la démocratisation.
' 36. Les divergences'd'opinion, portani précisément sur la séquence des
opérations, ont fait apparaître la réalit6 sclon laquelle I'accomplissemeni
simultané, s'il n'est pas articulé au-delà du cadre généralprévu dans Esqui-
oulas II. oeut difficilement se concrétiser. Cela est un oroblème urgent et de
fond qui, malgré lesefforts accomplis. n'est pas encore résolu.
37. L'esquisse d'un plan chronologiqucnient ordonné, en vue de l'ex&-
cution de la procédure, Suppose une négbciation. Cette tâche aussi complexe
qu'inéluctable pourrait trouver une impulsion décisive dans l'opportunité
qu'offre la réunion des présidents à San José.

[Tare espagnol non reprodi~ir]440 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTlONS

Mini.srèredes relulions exrérieiires

Rérrnionde minisrres des relutions exrérieriresde 1'Amériqiiecenrriile
Commission exécritive

Esqiripirlas II

Snn Sfilvodor, 19-20uoli11987

Cot~~r~iiiniqiréconjoint
Les ministres des relations extérieures du Costa Rica, du Guatemala, du

Honduras. du Nicaragua et d'El Salvador, réunis en la ville de San Miguel
(République d'El Salvador), en vue de donner suite à l'engagement figurant
au numéro 11 de l'accord des orésidents centre-américains intitulé -Procé-
dure pour instaurer une paix'ferme et durable en Amérique centrale.,
conclurent. dans un climat de cordialité et de franchise, les accords suivants:

Premièrement: Les ministres des relations extérieures se constituèrent en
commission exécutive et signèrent l'acte d'installation correspondant.
Deuxièmement: A chaque réunion de la commission, ie pays d'accueil

assumerala présidencepro rempore et organisera et fournira le secrétariat.
La prochaine réunion de la commission exécutive aura licu en la ville de
Managua (Nicaragua) dans les trente prochains jours. Les sièges desréunions
subséquentesseront fixés dans un strict ordre alphabétique, règlç qui sera
observée dans lesautres activités de la commission exécutive.

Troisièmement: Ils adressèrent une lettre aux secrétaires générauxdes
Nations Unies et de l'Organisation des Etats américains ainsi qu'aux mi-
nistres des relations extérieures du groupe de Contadora et du groupe de
soutien' en les invitant à participer à la commission internationale de con-
trôle et de suivi. De même.ils les orièrent de la facon la ~lus cordiale à

pruc2di.r ;iI'iiist;ill:iiiormrlle de I.idiic commi$,iun 3u coiirs de la rr'unii~n
conlointc qui >ciicndr:~ il CarcicasIc 22 aoUt [ir<,ih.iiii.
ils s2adÏessèrentégalement aux pays membres des Communautés euro-
péennesen sollicitanïleur pré~ieuxc~ncours afin d'obtenir un soutien inté-
gral et extraordinaire permettant d'améliorer la qualité de la vie des peuples
~ ~
Eentre-américains.
Quatrièmement: Outre les commissions qui ont étéorganisées,la commis-
sion exécutive pourra créer toutes les commissions spécifiques qui seront
nécessairesà la réalisation de sesobjectifs.
Cinauièmement: Aux fins de tenir I'eneaeement fieurant au numéro 7 du
rl,icumcni .id<~ptr'I<lr\ du soninici Jc Ciu.itc.nisl.il.J;cidi.reiiirlc rciicontrcr.

dn icmpj uiilc. Ic *roupc de C~ini:irlor;i. .ilin clc pour,uivrc les nig6ici:ition\
.;Ur les ia>iiit\ cri in\t:incc J':iccurd. en ni,~tiCrc.de qi-curidc. v>ri(i?,iiion et
de conthle, figurant au projet d'acte de Contadora pour la paix et la coopé-
ration en Amérique centrale.
Sixièmemçnt: Les ministres des relations extérieures centre-aiiiéricains

recurent une oronosition orésentéeoar le Gouvernement d'El Salvador et
contenant des'rèiles de bise en vue'de l'exécution des accords, proposition
qui sera étudiéepar chacun des ministres des relations extérieures et discutée
(ors de la orochaine réunion.
Scpii?mc.incni I.es ~iiinistrcr des rclati#~n. crtr'ricurc~ du Cosin Rica. du
C;uniem;il:i. du llondurns si rlu Nic;ir:l~u:~ adrciii.rcnt leurs rcnicriicmcnis

au pcuplc et :lu C>i~ui,erncnienid'LI Salvador ci \pCcialemcnt M. Ic niiiiistrc CORRESPONDENCE 441

des relations extérieures, Ricardo Acevedo Peralta, pour l'hospitalité et les
marques d'attention reçues durant leur séjour en El Salvador et qui ont
contribué de façon significative au succèsde la réunion.

San Salvador, le20 août 1987.
Direction généralede la culture et de la communication.

[Te-rreespagnolnon reproduit]

Annexe3 c) 2
Réirnionde mini.stresdesrelations extérieures'Amériquecentrale

Premièrerdilnion de la commi.ssionexécrrtive
Esquipul<rsII

San Salvador,19-20août 1987
Acte d'installarionde la cornmissione.récirtive

Les ministres des relations extérieures des Ré~ubliuues du Costa Rica.
d'El Salvador, du Guatemala, du Honduras et du Gcarapua, réunisen la ville
de San Salvador (République d'El Salvador) les 19 et 20 août 1987. afin
de donner suite aux itioulations du numéro 11 du document .<Procédure
pour instaurer une paix ferme et durable en Amérique centrale,,, signépar
les présidents des pays centrc-américains lors du sommet de Guatemala le
7 août 1987,décidè~entde:

1. S'installer en qualitéde commission exécutive.
2. Entre~rendre l'exercice des attributions et responsabilités fixéesau pre-
mier du numéro 11dudit document. quiktipule:
<<Dansun délaide quinze jours à compter de la signature du présent
document. les ministres des relations extérieures d'Amériquecentrale se

qu'organiser les commissions de travail afin que,artir de cette date, se
déclenchent les processus visantà l'exécution, dansles délais impartis,
des engagements contractés ct ce par voie de consultations, démarches et
autres mécanismes qu.ilsi.-eront nécessaires.,,
3. En foi de quoi, ont signéle présent acte d'installation, en la ville de San
Salvador (République d'El Salviidor), le 20 août 1987:

Ricardo ACEVEDOPERALTA, Carlos LOPÉZ CONTRERAS,

ministre des relations extérieuresministre des relations extérieures
d'El Salvador; du Honduras;

Miguel d'EsCOT0BROCKMANN, Rodrigo MADRIGALNIETO,
ministre des relations extérieuresministre des relations extérieures
du Nicaragua; et des cultes du Costa Rica;

Alfonso CABRERA HIDALGO,
ministre des relations extérieures
du Guatemala.

Fexte espagnolnon reproduit]442 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Annexe 3 c) 3

Direction de i'infirmarion el de Inpresse

Ministèredes relnlionse.rrérieiires

Deiixiémerérinion de la commission exéciirive
de.5accords dd'EsquipiilusIl

Commirniqiiéconjoinr

La seconde réunion de la commission exécutivcs'est tenuc en la ville de
Managua, République du Nicaragua, les 17 et 18 septemhre 1987, dans
un climat de cordialité el de franchise: la commission exécutive a pour-
suivi ses travaux conformément au premier paragraphe du numéro 11 de
la *Procédure pour instaurer une paix ferme et durable en Amérique cen-
trale,,.
Pendant la réunion. les ministres de la commission exécutiveont exprimé
leur profonde satisfaction devant les actions qui ont étéentreprises pour la

mise en Œuvre de la <<procédurede Guatemalaa et l'appui que resoit ledit
document de la part de la communauté internationale. Ils soulignèrent
notamment comme des faits de grande importance l'installation ilCaracas
(Venezuela) de la commission internationale de contrôle et de suivi el la
constitution des commissions nationales de réconciliation respectives dans
les Réoubliaues d'El Salvador. ,u Guatemala et du Nicaraeua.
La Commission exCcutive a procédé à un large et frugtueux échange de
points de vue avec les représentants ad hoc de la CIVS. concernant les moda-
iitésd'exercice des (onctions de contrôle et de suivi des eneaeements fieurant
dans la «Procédure pour instaurer une paix ferme et du&% en ~mzri~ue
centrale,,. A l'issue de cette rencontre. il fut possible de déterminer un champ

de convere"nccs sur ce suiet,
La commission exécutive décida que chaque pays constituerait, s'il y a
lieu, les commissions de nature interne q~'il ~.gera nécessaire pour mettre en
Œuvreles accords d'Esquipulas II.
La commission exécutivc décida égalementde créerdes sous-commissions
de travail dans les zones de réfugiéset de déplacés,de simultanéitéet
de rédaction des textes. Elle décida également de réactiver la commission
qui poursuivra Ics négociations sur les affaires de sécurité,de vérification
et de contrôlç, en instance d'accord et figurant au projct d'acte dc Conta-
dora.
La commission çxécutivc décida éealement d'élaborer des sueeestions à
l'intention des ministres responsables de l'intégration économiquecentre-

américaine, afin qu'ils négocientdes accords régionaux permettant d'acck-
Iérerle dévelo~pement économique et social de ia zone et d'engendrer une
coooération iniérnationale.
Les ministres examinèrent longuement et adoptèrent un document com-
portant les fonctions qui leur incombent en qualité de commission exécu-
tive.
II fut finalement décidé que la prochaine réunion de la. commission
exécutive setiendrait en la ville de San José (Costa Rica) les 27 et 28 octobre
1987.
Les ministres des relations extérieures du Costa Rica, d'El Salvador, du
Guatemala, du Honduras témoignèrent leur gratitude au peuple et au CORRESPONDENCE 443

Gouvernement du Nicaragua pour leur cordiale hospitalité et les marques
d'attention qu'ils ont reques pendant leur sejour àManagua.

Managua, le 18septembre 1987

Eugenico CASTROCLARAMUNT.

Directeur de l'information
et de la presse.

[Texte espngnulnon reproduir]

Annexe3 c)4

Troisièmerélrnionde la commissionexécurive
27-28 ocfobre 1987

Résuméde presse nu158-87.
Direction de l'informationet de la presse
29 octobre.

San JOSE-Amérique centrale-politique

Déclaration conjointe des ministres des relations extérieures centre-amé-
ricains.

San José, 28 octobre. - Les ministres des relations extérieures centre-
américains: Ricardo Acevedo (El Salvador), Miguel d'Escoto (Nicaragua).
Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto (Costa Rica), Carlos Lapez Contreras (Honduras)
et Adolfo Cabrera (Guatemala) ont prononcé la déclaration suivante à l'issue
de leur réunion de deux jours à San José,réunion destinée à *évaluer Esqui-
pulas II», document signépar les cinq présidents de la région,le 7 août 1987.
Les cinq ministres des relations extéricurcs forment la «commission
exécutive,>d'Esquipulas 11.

Le libellé enest le suivant:
«La commission exécutive de la uProcédure pour instaurer une paix
ferme et durable en Amérique centralen,,en application des obligations

que lui assigne le paragraphe premier du numéro 10 dudit instrument et
dans I'exercice des fonctions ..orouvées lors de sa réunion de Manaeuu.
les 17 et 18 septembre 1987, a tenu sa troisième réunionde travail en la
ville de San José,Républiquedu Costa Rica, les 27 et 28 octobre 19S7.n

Les membres de la commission exécutive fournirent des informations
étendues et détaillées sur l'avancement dc ~ ~ ~~ ~en Œuvre. dans leur oavs
respectif, des engagements figurant dans l'accord d'Esquipulas II, prheht
acte avec satisfaction des progrès réalisés.échangèrent leurs points de vue à
ce suiet et fircnt étatde lanécessitéde noursuivr~le orocessui.
L; commission exécutive prit connaissance du dOcument préparépar la
sous-commission de simultanéité,réunie en la ville de Guatemala le 16 oc-
tobre 1987,en débattit, l'adopta et fixa le 5 novembre comme date a laquelle
entreront en vigueur simultanément, de fason publique, les engagements444 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

d'amnistie. de cessez-le-feu. de démocratisation, de cessation de i'aide amor-
tée aux forces irrégulikres ou aux mouvements insurrectionnels et de'ion-
usage du territoire pour agresser d'autres Etats.
En conséquence, les pays de l'Amérique centrale, en accord avec le nu-
méro 10 de la <<orocédurede Guatemala,, et oour uuc la commission inter-
nationale de coArôle et de suivi puisse émettie desarapports dans les délais
imvartis, ratifient sa dCcision afin quà,.artir de ce moment. vuisse s'effec-
tu& le contrôle in sirircorrespondant.
La commission dCcida de créer une sous-commission économico-sociale
chargée de lui proposer les suggestions qu'elle devra formulcr aux ministres

resr)onsables de I'intéeration économique centre-aniéricaine. conformément
au; décisionsadoptfe;à la réunion de Managua, Nicaragua, ies 17et 18 sep-
tembre; cette sous-commission servira de liaison entre la commission exécu-
tive et lesdits ministres.
La commission exécutive décida que la sous-commission de sécuritése
réunira dans les prochains quarante-cinq jours. en la ville que laditemmis-
sio* déterminera d'un commun accord, avec la participation du groupe de
Cootadora dans l'exercice de sa fonction médiatrice. dans le but de oour-
suivre les négociations sur les points en instance d'accord, en matièresécu-
rité,de vérificationet de contrôle. figurant dans le proiet d'acte de Contadora.
Les membres de la commission exécutive mirent connaissance d'un vroiet
de texte visant à solliciter la cessation de l';ide apportée aux forces iirégu-
lières ou aux mouvements insurrectionnels, conformément àce que prévoitle

numéro 5 du document d'Esquipulas II, qui pourrait servir de modèle à la
requêtequi doit êtreprésentée individuellement par chacun des pays centre-
américains.dans le délaiimparti.
La commission décida également de proposer aux présidents centre-
américains de tenir leur prochaine réunion, àpartir du 15 janvier 1988.en la
ville de San José,Costa Rica.
On résolutde tenir la prochaine réunion de la commission exécutiveen la
ville de San Salvador.à une date qui sera déterminée d'un commun accord.

Fait àSan José,le 28 octobre 1987

Direction de l'information et de la oresse.
Sélectiondes informations par:
Eugenio Castro C., directeur.

[Texte rspugnol non reprodi~ir]

E/ Pais. mardi 17novembre 1987.
Le leudersrindinisreqiialifie de xrrts inréressnnten
laproposition hondirrierine

«LE HONDURAS PROPOSEAU NICARAGUA DE FIXER
UNE «LIGNE DE SÉCURITÉ~ FRONTALI?~RE*, DIT ORTEGA

WashingtonISan Salvador.

Le président nicaraguayen, Daniel Ortega, a révCICque le Honduras a CORRESPONDENCE 445

proposé à son pays de démanteler les campements de la <<contra>s>itués sur
son territoire, en échange de ce que I'arniéesandiniste n'effectuerait pas de
nouvelles incursions contre les rebelles sur le territoire voisin. Sin Üarve-
nait à un accord, les deux nations établiraient également une cligne de sécu-
rité» sur la frontière, déclara Ortega lors d'une interview publiée par I'heb-
domadaire nord-américain Newsweek.
Selon Ortega, la proposition du Honduras consiste dans le retrait de toute
présence militaire nord-américaine, le démantèlement des bases de la
<<contra>s,ur son territoire et le désarmement des rebelles. En échange, le

Nicaragua devrait s'engager à suspendre ses incursions militaires en territoire
hondurien à l'encontre de groupes rebelles, reculer son artillerie louàdune
certaine distance de la frontière et établir des régulations au niveau de
l'armement.
La proposition, qualifiée de *très intéressanten par Ortega, inclut égale-
ment la création d'une <ligne de sécurité>>le long de la frontière, avec la
présence de représentants de pays tiers. De mème, Ortega a déclaréque le
Honduras se proposait comme siègepour un éventuel dialogue direct entre le
gouvernement de Managua et l'administration des Etats-Unis.
Selon des sources diplomatiques et politiques citées hier par The New
York Times, l'aide nord-américaine à la acontrar, qui transite par le Hondu-
ras, pourrait êtresuspendue de faqon draconienne à partir de l'année pro-
chaine. S'il eii était ainsi, affirment ces sources, la présence de la «contra»au

Honduras serait «économiquement insupportable» pour le président José
Azcona.
Le Honduras, qui ne reconnaît pas officiellement la présence des cam-
penients de ncontrasn sur son territoire, recevra prochainement la visite de la
commission internationale de contrôle dcs accords d'Esquipulas 11 afin de
vérifierque ce pays n'apporte pas son appui aux.rebelles antisandinistes.
Entre-temps, on attend avec une certaine préoccupation, en El Salvador,
le retour au pays des dirigeants du Front démocratique révolutionnaire
(FDR), Guillermo Ungo et Rubén Zamora, car on craint qu'il n'y ait pas de
mesures de sécurité suffisantes pour leur vie, sécurité que personne ne
semble pouvoir garantir, déclare JoséComas.
Il y a une semaine, on découvrit, en El Salvador, les cadavres de deux
hommes qui avaient étésauvagenient torturés. Sur la peau des victimes, leurs

assassins avaient écrit en lettres rouges Ics caractères FDR. Le message ne
oeut étre olus clair nour les dirieeants de FDR. front oolitiaue allié à la
guérilladu'~ront Err;bundo ~artrde libération (FMLN). '
A Managua, Rubén Zamora, vice-président du FDR, a affirméqu'il avait
parfaitemeit entendu le message desescadrons de la mort, malgré quoi il se
déclara convaincu que «l'heure de poursuivre la lutte politique à l'intérieur
du pays était arrivée».
D'autre part, un rapport des commissions de contrôle des armes et de la
politique extérieuie du Congrès nord-américain, qui sera présenté offi-
ciellement aujourd'hui, affirme que les trois quarts des429 millions de dol-
lars (environ 50000 millions de pesetas) remis par les Etats-Unis au El Salva-
dor pour <<lastabilisation, la restauration et l'aide humanitairen ont étéutili-
séspour financer la guerre contre les rebelles.

[Texic erpugnolnon reproduit]446 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDAIXIONS

Annexe 3 c) 6

Ambassade du Honduras,
La Haye.

Commiiniquédepresse n"012-88

La direction de l'information et de la Dresse du ministère des relations

Lors de cette réuni&, les ministres des relations extérieures d'Amérique
centrale désignèrent le ministre des relations extérieures du Honduras,
McCarlos Lope2 Contreras, comme leur porte-parole lors de la réunion qui se
tiendra prochainement 2 Hambourg (RFA), avec la Communauté économique
européenne.

La déclaration conjointe signéeà San Salvador dit textuellement:
<<Lacommission exécutive composée des ministres des relations
extérieures du Costa Rica, d'El Salvador, du Guatemala, du Honduras
et du Nicaragua s'est réunie en la ville de San Salvador le 17 février
1988, dans le but d'exercer les mandats figurant dans la procédure de
Guatemala et dans la déclaration des présidents centre-américains,
signéeà Alajuela, Costa Rica, le 16janvier 1988..

A l'issue de leurs délibérations, qui se sont dérouléesdans un climat de
grande cordialité, la commission exécutive décidade:

1.~l~su~llcrla ioil,'li,m princ~p~l',d~.v~rliic;~,~,c~oiilr<dlc $UI\I,lc
!LIU> Ici ciis:s:~mcni, Iigur3iii J;,n\ 1.1pruc6durc dc <;u:iir~m;#ii dsrih l:<
déclaration signée à Alajuela.
2. Promouvoir la coopération des Etats régionaux ou extra-régionaux et
des organismes à l'impartialité et aux capacités techniques attestées, qui
auraient manifestg leur désirde collaborer au processus de paix en Amérique
centrale.
3. Réaffirmer l'engagement à la démocratisation et l'importance que revêt
le contrôle en la matière, afin d'atteindre les objectifs figurant dans la
déclaration d'Alaiuelal.

4 L>c.iii:iiiJ.IUY;oniiiiis>ioii\ ii.aii~~Ir ri.c~oii:ili.iii<~Jnc prir~,:icr.
I',oc~i~i~i.le 1.1prci:h.iiric rcuniJcn1.1coniiiii>,t\,n c.;i.~uii\c. der r.ippi>rt,
sur la mise en Œuv des engagements qu'il Icur incombe de constater
conformément à la procédure de Guatemala et à la déclaration d'Alajuela
des présidents des pays centre-américains.
5. Communiquer leur décision de parvenir, au cours de la prochaine
réunion de la commission exécutive à Guatemala. à des accords liés à la

cessaiion de l'aide aux erouoes irréguliers où aux forces i'nsurrectionnelles et
au non-usage du territoze pbur agrGser d'autres Etats.
6. Inclure, à i'ordre du jour de la prochaine réunion de la commission
exécutive à Guatemala, les propositions présentées par le Nicaragua, qui

'Appelée égalementaDéclarationde San Josédu 16 janvier 1988>, ations Unies,
doc. Al4Zl911-Sl19447. CORRESPONDENCE 447

comportent: un tableau synoptique des engagements d'Esquipulas II ct des
propositions d'officialisation de celui-ci par la commission exécutive. un

document de réflexionsur le rapport de la ClVS et une proposition visant à
une nouvelle organisation des tâches de contrôle et de suivi ainsi qu'une
proposition de protocole sur la vérificationiti sirii.
7. Inclure également à l'ordre du jour de ladite réunion la proposition
présentéepar le Honduras à la dix-septième sessionde l'Assembléegénérale
de l'organisation des Etats américains'.
8. Convoquer la commission de sécurité pour que.au plus tard le 15mars.
elle poursuive les négociations renouées à Caracas. Venezuela. le
IO dé-
cembre 1987.comformément au numéro7 de la procédurede Guatemala.
9. Agréer largement le soutien apport6 par la Communauté européenne au
processus de paix en Amérique centrale et souligner l'importance qu'elle
accorde au renforcement de proccssus démocratique et pluralistes en Amé-
rique centrale ainsi qu'à la coopération, avec les pays centre-américains, aux
e~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~c la oaix.
10. Considérer comme agréésles projets de communiqués communs en

matière politique et économique préparésvar Ics commissions techniqucs
respectivès, en vuc de Ics présenier 'à la communauté économique euro-
péenne,au cours de la prochaine rtunion qui doit se tenir en la ville de Ham-
bourg, du 29 février au 1" mars 1988, attendu que ces projets considèrent
les cspaces fondamentaux de coopération de l'Europe communautaire, en vue
de la consolidation de la paix. la stabilité, le renforcement du droit interna-
tional, les principes démocratiques. les droits de l'homme, la justice sociale
et le développement intégralde la région.

11. Adresser aux forces irrégulières ouaux mouvements insurrectionnels
une véhémente exhortation à se prévaloir de l'amnistie età s'intégrerau dia-
logue et à la vie démocratique, p.?rles mécanismes déjàengagés.
12. Remercier le o. .le et le e-uvernement d'El Salvador oour I'hosoita-
lité et les facilitésaccordées pendant leur séjourdans ce pays. qui ont con-
tribuéde façon significative au succèsde la réunion.

San Salvador, le 17février1988.

Tegucigalpa, le 18février1988.

Direction de l'information et de la presse.
Ministkre des relations extérieures, République du Honduras.

Lerrre doréedrr II irvril 1988. udre,sséai< Secrélairegénéral parIrr rrpré-
sentanls dir Cr,slir Rica, [/'El Srilvrrdor,drr Guatemala, dii Hondrrras er [lir
Nicarngriaoffpris <le/'OrganisaliondesNations Unies

Nous avons l'honneur de vous faire tenir ci-joint le texte de l'accord
adopté à Guatemala. le 7 avril 1988, à l'occasion de la cinquième rCunion de
la commission exécutive créée en vertu des accords d'Esquipulas II et

Distribuée comme annexe à I'iniervrntiode l'agent.lorsde l'audience oraldu
13juin 1988(voirsitpru.p.140-141).448 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

composée des ministres des relations extérieures du Costa Rica, d'El Salva-
dor. du Guatemala, du Honduras et du Nicaragua.
Nous vous serions obligés de bien vouloir faire distribuer le texte de la
présente lettre et de son annexe comme document officiel de l'Assemblée
générale à sa quarante-deuxième session, au titre du point 34 de l'ordre du
jour. et du Conseil de sécurité.

L'ambassadeur.
représentant permanent du Costa Rica,

(Signé) Carlos JoséGUTIERREZ.

L'ambassadeur,
représentant permanent d'El Salvador,
(Signé)Roberto MEZA.

L'ambassadeur,

représentant permanent du Guatemala,
(Signé) Fernando ANDRADE-DIAZ-DURAN.

L'ambassadeur,
représcntant permanent du Honduras,

(Signé) Jorge RamOn HERNANDEZ ALCEKRO.

L'ambassadeur,
chargéd'affaires par intérim du Nicaragua,
(Signé)Julio ICAZAGALLARD.

Annexe

Accord adoptépar la commissione.xécirtivcerééeen vertirdesaccords
d'EsqiripuluII,ùsacinqiii2meréunion,teniieù Gzratemulule 7 avri1988
La commission exécutive, composée desministres des relations extérieures
du Costa Rica, d'El Salvador, du Guatemala, du Honduras et du Nicara-
gua, s'est réunieà Guatemala. les 23 et 24 mars et le 7 avril 1988, afin

d'examiner la situation dans la région et de déterminer les mesures qu'elle
devrait appliquer ou recommander pour faire en sorte que les engagements
contenus dans le processus de Guatemala et dans la déclaration commune
dcs présidents des Etats d'Amérique centrale, adoptéeà Alajuela le 16jan-
vier 1988.continuent d'êtreexécutés.
A l'issue de ses travaux, la commission exécutive estconvenue:
1. De créer, conformément aux dispositions du processus à suivre pour
instaurer une paix stable et durable en Amérique centrdlt: et de la dicla-
ration commune des présidents des Etats d'Amérique centrale, le méca-

nisme de vérification de contrôle et de suivi du respect des engagements
souscrits au titre de ces accords;
Les commissions nationales de réconciliation vérifieront que ces engage-
ments sont respectés dans les domaines de compétence qui leur ont été
assignés en vertu du processus de Guatemala et de la déclaration
d'Alajuela, que ce soit par des inspections sur place ou par tout autre
moyen qu'elles jugeront utile et nécessaire. Les commissions nationales de CORRESPONDENCE 449

réconciliation rendront compte chaque mois de leurs travaux aux
gouvernements des Etats d'Amérique centrale. qui les examineront au sein de

la commission exécutive;
S'agissant des engagements en matière de sécurité,la commission cxécutive
sollicitera, par l'intermédiaire du Secrétaire généralde l'organisation dcs Na-
tions Unies, l'aide d'un groupe technique d'appui, composé d'experts
gouvernementaux du Canada. de I'Esoagne et de la Réoubliaue fédérale
d3~llemagne, pays qui ont cxpriniéIc disir de collaborer a~'~rocêssusde paix
en Amérique centrale, afin de mettre cn place les mécanismesde vérification,
de contrôle et de suivi;
Lorsau'il aura étécréé à la demande de la commission exécutive. le erOUDC

tcchniq;e d'appui arrêterases méthodes de travail, qu'il communique p&^r
examen à la commission exécutive. En s'acquittant de sa tâche, le groupe
restera en contact direct avec les autorités désienéesvar les eouvernëments
respectifs de la région. II rendra compte chaq;e mois des r&ultats de ses
travaux 3 la commission exécutive, qui les examinera et. le cas échéant.
vrésentera des observations àlcur suiei:
1.a commih~ii>ncuCcuti\,eJC~.idcL:g:ilrniciit.au noni des goii\.eriiciiir'ntr qui
I:,ioniposeni. de c<onclure~n tr;iiiéd';imitil:cl JCio<>p;1riitionrCtj<,n:iIc.liquel
Jc\,r;i Ctrcsirnr: lurs I;siriinic. réuniond~.1;)c<>ninii>~i>~i C~UIIVqC.i da111
se tenir en mai prochain dans la République du Honduras: il y sera stipulé,

entre autres principes fondamentaux, que les parties prennent l'engagement
ferme et irrévocable de toujours recourir aux procédures de règlement
pacifique des différends, et de s'abstenir d'employer la force ou tout nuire
moyen de coercition, afin de garantir ainsi dans les meilleures conditions
possiblcs la coexistence entre leurs peuples.
A cet effet, les ministres dcs relations extérieures s'engagent à désigner,
dans les huit joursà venir, les fonctionnaires de leurs pays qui participeront au
groupe technique chargé de négocier lestermes du traité en question;
Comote tenu des accords adootfs à la orésente réunion. auxauels les

aue lorsaue les obiectifs fixés vour la sixième réunion de la Commission
éxécutiveau ond dira auront éi~atteints. ledit processus aura étérenforcé.
les mesures viséesétantde nature contribuer sensiblement àla restauration
de la confiance entre les pays de la région.et qu'en conséquence il s'engage à
informer la Cour internationale de Justice ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~r le Gouverne~~ ~ ~ ~
~icaragua de l'action intentée le 8 juillet 1986 conire le Gouvernement du
Honduras,et ce au plus tard le iour oùSCtiendra la sixièmeréunionde la com-

mission cxtcutive, prévuepourle mois de mai prochain dans la République du
Honduras:
2. De lancer un appel pressant aux forces armées irrégulières çt aux
mouvements insurrectionnels ociur que leurs membres se vrévarcnt sbrieuse-
ment. en utilisant les mécanismesdei21mis en place dans ~e'cadredu processus
de Guatemala, à conclure un cessez-le-feu, afin de participer aux processus
démocratiques, authentiques cl pluralistes. étant entendu que leur seront
plcinement garantis le droit à la vie et la liberté sous toutes ses formes- y
compris l'entière jouissance de leurs droits civils et politiques;
3. De demander à nouveau de la façon la plus énergique aux gouver-

nements des oavs de la région et extérieurs à la ré-.on oui accorderaient.
ouvertement 6u.secrètement. une aide ou un soutien quelconque aux groupes
d'insurgés ouaux forces irrégulières d'y mettre immédiatement fin, une telle450 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

mesure étantindispensable à l'instauration d'une paix stableet durable dans la
réeion.N'est pas viséepar la présente disposition l'aide humanitaire envisagée
dans les accoÏds d'~saui~ulaS II:
4. De souligner Ge' la prébccupation constante des pays d'Amérique
centrale a étéd'obtenir, dans des conditions appropriées, des ressources suffi-
santes pour assurer leur développement integral; en tant que contribution
effective à l'instauration de la paix et au renforcement de la démocratisation
de leurs peuples;

Ces pays se félicitentdonc que le Secrétariat généralde l'Organisation des
Nations Unies ait présentéles bases d'un <<planspécialde coopération pour
l'Amérique centralen, comme suite au paragraphe 6 de la résolution 4211de
l'Assemblée généraledes Nations Unies:
De demander en conséquence que I'on étudieimmédiatement ce plan, afin
de trouver les sources financières indispensables pour concrétiser les principes
énoncés dans ladite résolution. L'approbation de ce plan sera un facteur
déterminant de développement et de paix dans les cinq pays d'Amérique
~ ~~r~ ~:
.
La Commission considère en outre qu'il estparticulièrement important que
ces pays participent pleinement et directement à l'établissement des priorités
et à'l'éxécution~m~md ku plan;
5. D'exprimer à nouveau sa profonde préoccupation devant le nombre
important de rélugiéset de personnes déplacéesdans la région, du fait de la
situation que connaît I'Amériaue centrale. et. conformément à la recomman-
J.itic>nJu ;cius-ct>niitr'de, r,:iugiis ct dr.\ Iicrwiniir.\J<:p..Jr. c<,nii>iliiir
hrcf J~.l.iune,ciinicr:nx iiiir.rn.ition:ilc ,ur Icr wluii<inscn i;iJcsur<'lupi;.>
d2Amériaue centrale. avec le concours du HCR. et d'inviter les autres Üavs

touchés directementpar ce problème à appuyer sans réserve cette convo-
cation;
6. Que toutes les dispositions figurant dans la présente déclaration com-
mune seront confirmées lors de la prochaine réunion qui se tiendra dans la
République du Honduras, étant donné que des consultations devront Etrc
menéesavec les pays invitéset que les mécanismesde vérificationdevront être
mis en place ;
7. De remercier le peuple et le Gouvernement du Guatemala de leur

hospitalité fraternelle et du concours qu'ils ont apporté aux membres de la
commission exécutive et à ses délégations pendant leur séjourau Guatemala,
ce qui a beaucoup contribué au succèsde la réunion.

El Paisv, endredi 10juin 1988.

SANDlNtSTES ET «CONTRA »SUR LE POlNT DE SIGNER
À MANAGUA UN ACCORD DE PAIX
Antonio Cano, envoyéspécial(Managua).

I~~ii2t.xitn:gu;i>. di;cutc'et prii pour que.3 13dcriii2rr Iicurr.dc 1:\i>irCc.
d'liicr. lc Ci~~u\~~r~ic~i~dciittii;~ar,,<u,~et 1.1U~~1~1,icic,,r,ig1:~\cnnc (UN)
signent un accord pour mettre fin à une guerre qui dure depuis sept ans. Lcs
deux oarties s'accordaient à dire. hier. avant le dernier iour des conversations.
que la signature ne dépendait que d'un acte de volonté politique. Dans les

dernières heures. il s'est ari du calendrier de remise des armes de la «contra.
que I'on pourrait complétër cette année. COKKESPONDENCE 451

Le ministre de la défense nicaraguayen. Humberto Ortega. déclara au
début de la dernière réunion que. -bien qu'il subsiste encore des tensions
obstructionnistes au sein et à l'extérieur de la réunion. le gouvernement
tcntera aujourd'hui mêmedc parvenir à la signature d'un accord définitif ou.
pour le moins, de différentsaccords minimaux,,. La nuit précédente,le portc-
oarole de la <<contra».Bosco Matamoros. dCclaraau'il v avait eu rune discus-

-
des ri.sultats,>.
Lc gouvernement arriva h I;dernikrc réunion avec un calendrier précisde
désarmement, regroupant une grande partie des exigences de la #contra». La
première est que. en cas de signature d'un accord, 200 ex-gardcs somozistcs
seront mis en liberté àpartir d'aujourd'hui même.et dans un délaide dixjours.

/'/III.s~,i.isr I'IICCII~~I

Les phases du programnie, selon ce qu'a explique Ortega. sont les suivantes:
- Le 16juin. l'arméese retire des sept zones destinées à L'emplacementdes
forces de la RN.
- Le 5 iuillet. la -contra>>entredans ces zones.
~ ~
- Le 12juillci. une ccininiis.;i<inde coniri,le comp<i>icdu wcrr:i.iirc 3Cnr'r:il
de l'OE,\. Jo:i\> B,tcn,i So:~rc\,ci p:orI';~r~hcv2qiictic Jl~~naxi~t~ X,li~ucl
0h;iiiilo v Ilr:ivi~J.,ii;iiiolcr uuc ioui~,rIL,,fiir.v* dc I:iRS >ainidtin* Ic.\
zones de cessez-lc-feu.
- Ce mêmejour commence la fourniturc d'unc aide humanitaire à la <con-
tra,,. nar l'intermédiaire de la Fondation oanaméricaine oour le
-- -~-
- Le 12 également, commence le dial<igue national pour les réformes

politiques avec la vartici~ation de huit rc~résentantsde la RN.
- A cetic meme daté,sontmis cn IibcrtCciiquante pour cent des prisonniers
de la <<contra,> et quatre cents autres ex-gardes somozistes, ce qui équi-
vaudrait, selon Ortega. à mille deux cents prisonniers.
- Soixantejours après le débutdu dialogue national. doivent êtreappliquées
Ics réformes démocratiques négociéeset commence le désarmement de la
<<contra>e> t sa réintégrationdans lavie nationale.
- Le 28 septembre. prcnd fin le dCsarmïment de quatre des sept zones de
cessez-le-feu.

- Le mêmejour. sont libérésles cinquante pour cent restant dc prisonniers
de la <<contra,,et le reste des ex-gardes somozistes.
- Lc 10octobre. ultime Ctapc de l'accord. s'achèvele désarmement des trois
zones de cessez-le-feu restantes.

Ouelaues heures avant ce uui o~)urr;iitêtreun moment historioue dans ce

nuit, ouc cela pourrait se vroduirc. ni les rir.Dar.tifsdu front sandiniste Dour
c\pliquer a SA h*\e ILntiuvcllc situalton IIIles d6111~rchce $ntr?prt\c\ {?;Irle,
dirige:ini. d: I:i..ri>nir:i.. :iuprk der p:irtir p<~litiqueslignux Ilicn. .;;lui
I'incrr'duliir'r;itii~nnr.llequ;I'lu ninl;iticccnicr tiuc cc qui .i COUIC lnlldl, \:tn-!
puisse se résoudre de faion apparemment aussi Simple:

[Trxrr e.~p~igt~ nu/n reprudirir]452 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

Annexe3 c)9

El Pais,samedi F'juin 1988.

Le gouvernementet In Résistance nicaragiinyenne
nese sontpasnon pins misd'accordsuruneprochnine réunion

LES EXIGENCES DE LA «CONTRA» FONT AVORTER
LA PAIX AU NICARAGUA

Antonio Cano, envoyé spécial(Managua).
La demande de la <<contra*d'une libération immédiate de tous les pri-
sonniers politiques, ajoutéeà d'autres exigences excédant les clauses négo-

ciées à ce jour entre le gouvernement sandiniste et la Résistance nicaragua-
yenne (RN), a fait avorter, jeudià la dernière heure, un accord de cessez-le-
feu définitifau Nicaragua, alors que celui-ci paraissait plus proche que jamais.
<<Nouscontinuerons à défendre la bannière de la paix sur le champ de
bataille,,, affirmait le ministre nicaraguayen de la défense, le généralHum-
berto Ortega, après que la délégationde la RN eut rejeté une proposition de
calendrier englobant une grande partie des positions soutenues jusqu'à
aujourd'hui par les rebelles.
La RN a annoncé avec aconsternationn l'impossibilitéd'obtenir un accord,
mais a assuré que ses troupes ne reprendraient pas les opérations militaires

offensives.
Les deux délégationsne parvinrent même pas à se mettre d'accord sur la
convocation d'une prochaine réunion, qui demeure en suspens. L'un des
observateurs de ces conversations. le secrétaire généralde l'organisation des
Etats américains (OEA), Joao Baena Soares, déclara qu'il ne pouvait se
montrer optimiste, mais qu'il avait bon espoir que le processus de négociation
ne s'interromprait pas.
Le dirigeant social-démocrate allemand, Hans Joergen Wischewski, qui
participe en qualité d'assesseur de la délégationdu gouvernement de Mana-
gua, indiqua que jamais, malgré sa grande expérience des négociations-il
prit part, entre autres,aux conversations entre le Gouvernement français et le

Front de libération national algérien-il n'avait rencontré des gens moins
sérieuxque la <<contra».

Réaction de laMairon Blariche

<*LaMaison Blanche a, hier, rendu responsable le gouvernement sandiniste
de l'échec des conversations de paix et a indiqué qu'une nouvelle aide
militaire à la <<contra,, continuaità constituer une possibilitéa, informe
l'agence Reuter.
Lorsque ont échouéles négociations de paix, tous les points nécessairesà
un accord avaient déjà éténégociés.Le gouvernement sandiniste avait déjà
acceptéles conditions exigéespour que soit instauré au Nicaragua un régime
démocratique. II y avait déjà surla table un calendrier dans lequel la <<contra,,

n'avait qu'à déposerles armesaprès que les prisonniers eurent étélibéréset les
réformes politiques négociéeset fixées.II ne manquait plus qu'à apposer la
signature sur un papier, lorsque les représentants de la RN brandirent une
nouvelle proposition dont la substance est la réalisation d'une amnistie
généraleen cinq jours, l'ouverture de chaînes privéesde télévision,la suspen-
sion du recrutement militaire et l'approvisionnement immédiat des forces de
la «contra». CORRESPONDENCE 453

Cette proposition inclut des demandes telles que l'autorisation d'ouverture
de bureaux de la RN, dans un délai de dix jours; l'application de mesures
garantissant l'exclusion de l'arméede la vie politique, dans un délaide trente
jours; la réformede la loi des partis politiques, dans un délaide quarante jours;
la .~omuleation d'une nouvelle loi élec~ ~ ~ ~ ~ns le mêmedélai:la démission
Je ioui le5m:igi>ir.it\ Je 1.1 (:OUI suprcmc. d~ns uiiJi.l;gJc ciiiquantc jours. 1;g
rc,tiiutic~iidc pruprii.t:, :iux mc~iil~r~ ic l,tl<K. dans le mcm: JCI:ii.et le re-
tour dans leuri foyers de recrues du service militaire, également dans un délai
de cinquante jours.
Parmi les non-sens de cette proposition, on relève particulièrement le fait
que soient accordés des délais aussi courts pour des mesures d'une telle

envergure, tandis que la *contra» prend jusqu'au 31 janvier prochain pour
procéder au désarmement de ses troupes.

Dialoglie nafional
La majorité des demandes de démocratisation avaient déjà étéacceptées
par le gouvernement, mais celui-ci demandait que leur entrée en vigueur se
décide après un dialogue national d'une durée de soixante jours, auquel

participeraient tous les partis légaux et huit représentants de la Résistance
nicaraguayenne.
Pour le eénéralHumberto Ortega. cette nouvelle nrooosition sienifie nune

César acesséde se trouver dans u& ~osithn vacillante uour se ioumettre à
cstic ic.nil.~ncc,.0rtcg.î pr,,fii;gdu ;Iiiii.de tcnai<in >ur:itr'pùr CCII~ ruplurc
in;itlciiduc puiir ;annoncer (lu'Alircdi>C'c'\.ir.i\ait ni:iinrcnu pcnd:int plii,icur.
mois des contacts secrets avec le gouvernement.
Selon le eé-éralOrtega. C..a. a rencontré olusieurs fois l'avocat nord-
aniiri;:iin Pdul Richlrr. qui f.,ipartic dc I;i1Clc't.iitiJu puiiv~.rnciiicnt.pour
prlp:ircr un nccord Jc p~ix D.inl Icidcrni2rc rr'uniun Je Jialoguc qui s'c\t
teniic :i hl.inacua Ic 29 .ivrilIc diriee;int d~.I:i RN ;ieu un< cntrc\u~. sccr?te
avec le généralOrtega lui-même.Lors de ces contacts, César affirma qu'il

comptait sur l'approbation de trois membres du directoire de la RN pour la
signature d'un accord. César a confirmé ces contacts, mais nie qu'ils aient eu
lieu dans le dos du directoire.
[Texre espagnol non reproduit]

Quatrième réuniondes ministres des relarions extérieures
d'Amériquecentrale, le 21juin 1988

Projet de note
[ne fut pas envoyé]
Tegucigalpa, le 21 juin 1988.

Son Excellence
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar,
Secrétaire général des Nations Unies,
New York.

En application des dispositions de la cinquième réunion de la commission
exécutive,qui s'est tenue en la ville de Guatemala, République du Guatemala, CORRESPONDEXCE 455

to the questions put by Members of the Court during the oral proceedings on
questions of jurisdiction and admissibility in the case concerning Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicnr~rgirrvr. Hond~iras).A copy of those answers
will be transmitted10the Agent of Nicaragua.
At the same time, 1transmit 10you herewith a copy of the writien answers of
the Government of Nicaragua. referred to in my lctter of 14 July 1988.The
attention of the Agent of Nicaragua has already heen drawn to the abscnce
from his Governmcni's answcrs of any reference to the question which Presi-
dent Ruda, in his capacity as individual judge, put on 13 June 1988 (siipra,
pp. 140-141). and to which a partial answer was given orally on Nicaragua's

behalf (strpro, p. 141).
The Vice-Presidcni of the Court, Acting President, has fixed 6 p.m. on
Wednesday 27July 1988as the lime-limit for the receipt in the Registry of any
comments which Your Excellency's Government may wish to make, pursuant
10 Article 72 of the Rules of Court.

106. THE DEPU'I'Y-REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

19July 1988.

1 have thc honour 10 transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of the
replies of the Govcrnmeni of Honduras to the questions put by Members of
the Court during the oral proceedings in the case concerning Uor<lerand

Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragira v.Honduras). reccivcd in the Registry
today under cover of a letter [rom the Agent of Honduras. a copy of which 1
enclose.
The Vice-President of the Court, Acting President, has fixcd 6 p.m. on
Wednesday 27July 1988as the time-limit for the receipt in thc Registry of any
comments which Your Excellency's Government may wish to make, pursuant
to Article 72 of the Rules of Court.

107. THE AGENT OF HONDURAS TO THE DEPUTY-REGISTRAR

27 July 1988.

1have the honour to acknowledge reccipt of your letter No. 79803of 19July
1988,by which you transmit io me a copy of the written answers of the Govem-
ment of Nicaragua to the questions posed by Members of the Court, during the
oral proceedings on questions of jurisdiction and admissibiliiy in the case con-
cerning Border and TruftshorilerArnied Actions (Nicaragila v. Hondrrras).
You also inform me Ihai the Vice-President of the Court, Acting President,

has fixed today as thc time-limit for the receipt in the Registry of comments
that we wish to make to ihose answers.
Therefore, and pursuant to Article 72 of the Rules of Court. the Govern-
ment of Honduras prescritsthe following comments to the answcrs of ihe Gov-
ernment of Nicaragua.
In oage two. of the answers to Judee Guillaumc's ihird aucstion. the
Govern<ent of Nicaragua statcs that ond dur ass refused to sig" the lcttcr to
be sent tu the Sccrciary-Gcncral of the United Nations in order to obtain456 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

external co-operation for certain tasks of verification and control of the
Esquipulas II Procedure. and speculates on the facts, giving a distorted
appreciation of the Honduran position on the matter and on the activities of
the Executive Committee.
The following observations should therefore be taken in10 account:

1. The Executive Committee will meet again and will not be inoperative
unless, of course, Nicaragua refuses ta participate in il from now on. Neither is
the Esquipulas II Process, on the other hand, inoperative, since most of the
Agreements therein are being implemented by the Governments and the
National Reconciliation Commissions, as well as through mediation by the
Contadora countries.
2. There is no disagreement between the President of Honduras and ils
Minister of Foreign Relations on foreign policy, and this has bcen expressly
stated by the Office of the President itself. The Nicaraguan Minister of Foreign

Relations attributes to Honduran authorities statcments that have not been
made, and tries to distort the facts for propaganda purposes.
3. The case before the Court is related to the Esquipulas Procedure among
other reasons:
Firstly, because the Agreement by the Presidents of Honduras and Nicara-
gua requesting the postponement of the oral hearings. with the view of a with-

drawal of the Nicaraguan Application, was included in the Esquipulas Declara-
lion transmitted to the United Nations (U.N. document Al421.521).
Secondly, because in the Fifth Meeting of the Executive Commission (U.N.
document Al421948-S 19764, Annex 3 (c) seven of Honduras's answers in
French; also annexed to the Agent of Honduras's intervention during the oral
pleadings. in English), several agreements were adopted in paragraph 1, for
the setting up of a system for the verification, conlrol and follow-up, and the
Minister of Foreign Relations of Nicaragua undertook the commitment, that
later on he has constantly violated, "10 submit to the International Court of
Justice notice that the Government of Nicaragua is withdrawing the Applica-
tion entered aeainst the Government of Honduras on 28Julv 1986.Such notice
will he given l:atcrh.in thcda" <ilthe Sihth Merting of thc Fhccuiivc Coni-
mis,icin. io t;ikc placin thc Rcpublic ufHondurnr on \la? IY8X''.

Thc Sihih \lcciinr iauk o13cc III1'- -iic:iln;i. Hi~ndur;i\.ihc 21Juiic,I'Xh.
but the Government of Nicaragua refusrd IO withdraw the ~~~lication;
refuscd ta sign the letter for the external co-operation;and, as the answer ta
this auestion bv the Government of Honduras States. Nicararua continues
ta présent to iis neighbours conditions and demands that being self-serving
or unrealistic, demonstrate in fact, its non-willingness ta comply with the
Esquipulas Agreements

108. THE DEPUTY-REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

28 July 1988.

1 have the honour to send Your Excellency herewith a copy of a letter 1re-
ceived yesterday from the Agent of Honduras in the case concerning Border
and Transborder Armed Acrionr (Nicarae"a v. Honduras). convevin, tue
comments of his Government on Nicaragua's written answers ta questions putby Members of the Court at the hearing on questions of junsdiction and admis-
sibility in the case concerningBor<lerand TransborderArmed Acrions(Nicara-

gira v.Hondirras)

109. THE PRINCIPAL LEGALSECRETARYOF THE COURT
TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

14 December 1988.

In accordance with Article 58 of the Statute of the Court and Article 94 of

the Rules of Court, 1 have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the
judgment of the Court on questions of admissibility andjurisdiction in the case
concerning Border and TransborderArmed Acrionv (Nicaragiia v.Hondriras)
willbe read in open court at a public Sittingto be held at 10.00am. on Tuesday
20 December 1988.

110. THE REGISTRARTO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
OFTHE UNITEI>NATIONS

20 December 1988.

1have the honour to send vou herewith. oursuant to Article 95. naraera~h 3.
Oi thc Kulc5of C<iurt.3dopiC\<IIthc tcxt I~~iducr.dh! dffscl frim i!.pc\i.riptol
thc JuJgmcnt deliicrcd t<id.i)h) Ihc Court in thc c;isc c<iit:crning R<,r'lt,ro,iil
7'r,,,1>/,or,lt,r,lrm,~<II,,II1\'IL.,",~IX~.II/o,I~/,,~.~,.A.rintcd co.. u,IIIhc
sent to you as soon as available.

La Haye, le 2 février1989.

Le Greffier adjoint de la Cour internationale de Justice a l'honneur de
transmettre sous ce pli un exemplaire de chacune des décisionsci-après:

- arrêtrendu par la Cour le 20 décembre 1988sur les questions de compé-
tente et de recevabilité en l'affairerelative à des Actions annéesfrontu-
lièreset transfronralières(Nicaragirac. Hondirras).
- ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 20 décembre 1988 en l'affaire de
I'ElettronicaSiclila S.p.A. (ELSI) ;
- ordonnance prise le 12 janvier 1989 par le président de la Chambre
constituée pour connaître de l'affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre,

insiclaireermaritime (El Salvador/l~lon<li~rBs/.
D'autres exemplaires de ces décisions seront expédiés parla voie ordi-
naire.

'Acommunication inthesametermswassentIothe Agentof Honduras.
'Une communicationanalogue abtéadresséeauxautresEtats Membres des Nations
Unies etauxEtats non membres desNations Uniesadmis àester devantlaCour.458 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

112. L'AGENT DU HONDURASAU PRESIDENT

La Haye, le 13avril 1989

J'ai l'honneur de me référerà la question que vous m'avez posée lorsde la
réunion tenue hier pour vous informer que, dans l'éventualitéde présentation
de nièces écritesdans la ~rocédureentamée Dar le Ciouvernement du Nicara-
gua, le Honduras entend ;e prévaloir de l'article 80du Règlement et présenter
une demande reconventionnelle lors de la présentation de son contre-
mémoire. Les délaisoour la présentation de ces oièces écrites devraient donc
tenir compte de cette possibilité.

Cependant, de l'avis du Gouvernement du Honduras, que j'ai eu I'honneur
de vous exorimer hier conformément aux instructions recues, la fixation de ces
délais ne ;'avère oas nécessaire vu les eneaeemcnts nkis var les orésidents
centre-américains 'dans leurdéclaration de; 13-14 février 1489, où ils se sont
accordésde chercher tout spécialement «des solutions négociéesdirectement >>
oour les conflitssureis oar iffet de la crise centre-américai'ne. ainsiQuedans les
u .
nr'gi~ci:iiii~iiq\ui onCU lieu iill2ric.urcm;nt cnlrc Ir.,pi~r~~c~inli.rc~~Ccest 11~1
feront I'<,hjct J'uitr' nouvc'llc Cvaluation I<ir>de 1.4pr<,cli:iinc rr'unioii JI.,
présidents des pays centre-américains qui aura lieu au mois de mai

113. LE GREFFIER À L'AGENTDU HONDURAS

Le 17avril 1989

J'ai l'honneur d'accuser réception de la lettre, en date du 13avril 1989,que
vous avez adresséeau Présidentde la Cour, relative à la question de la fixation

de délaisnor~~~a ~~~r~~~~~~~~ritesur le fond en l'affaire des ~c~ions armées
fronralières er rransfrontalières (Nicarrtgiro c. ~onrlrrras). Sur instructions du
Président. i'ai transmis cooie de la lettre à I'aeent du Nicaragua en l'affaire.
pour son iiformation. '

114. THE RECISTRART0 THE AGENTOF HONDURAS'

21 April 1989.

1have the honour to refer to the meeting hcld on 12 April 1989 between

the President of the Court and the Agents in the case concerning Border
and Transborder Arnted Actions (Nicaragira v. Honduras) and ta Your
Excellency's letter of 13 April 1989 in this connection. By Order' of today's
date, the President has fixcd the following lime-limits for pleadings on
the merits:

'A similarcommunication was sentlu the Agent oï Nicaragua.
'ICI. Xeporr.~1989,p. 6. CORRESPONDENCE 459

19September 1989forthe Memorial of the Republic of Nicaragua;
19February 1990for the Counter-Memorial of the Repuhlic of Honduras.

The sealed copy of the Order for the Government of Honduras is
enclosed.
In fixing these lime-limits, the President look into account the indication of
the Agent of Nicaragua as to the lime required for preparation of the
Memorial. and Your Excellency'sstatement that the Government of Honduras
would contemplate the presentation of a counter-clairn in accordance with
Article R0of the Rules of Court.
The President dcsircs mc to inform you in addition that he has not failed to
take account of the view expresse* by thc Government of Honduras that il is
unnecessary at the present lime to fix these lime-limits, in view of the
developments in Central America referrcd to in your letter. The President
however considers that he is obliged to fix lime-limits for proceedings on the
merits once the Court has made a findingthat it has jurisdiction and that the
application is admissible, and that only the agreement of both Parties that it
would be desirable to dclay fixing such lime-limits might exempt him from
this obligation.Nor should the fixing of lime-limits in a case be seen as in any
way prejudicing the possihility of iiegotiation belween the parties with a view

to amicable settlement of that case (cf. Losi~~gdi Co. case,P.C./. S/eres
A/B, No. 67, p. 24).
1am writing in similar terms to the Agent of Nicaragua.

115. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

le 16mai 1989.

J'ai l'honneur de vous accuser réception de votre aimable communica-
tion 81009en date du 21 avrilà laauelle vous avez ioint l'ordonnance portant
fixations des dates limites pour ia présentation Au mémoire nicaraguayen
et contre-mémoire hondurien dans l'affaire relative à des Actions armées
fronralière~.el rrurrsfrorrrulières(Nicarug[ra c Honrl~rras).ainsi que votre note
81056en datedu 9 mai avecsept copies impriméesde ladite ordonnance.
Le Gouvcrnement du Honduras lient à formuler dfs à présent ses plus
sérieuses réservessur le délaiqui lui a étéimparti pour la réponseau mémoire

du Nicara-ua et la formulation de sa demande reconventionnelle et ceci vu la
coniplexiic'de 1':ifl;iirrel les raisons quic.;pi~\éclors de la rCunioiiavec
M. Ic PrCsidentdc la Cour le 12;avrildernier.

116.THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGlSTRAR

15August 1989.

I have the honour to rcler to the case concerning Border and Trrrnsborder
Armert Actions (Nicorogirr~v. Hon[lirrr~s),in order to inform the Court of the
agreements reached bv the Central American Presidents in Tela. Honduras. on
the 5, 6 and 7th of (Lis month. Some of these agreements are'related tothe
present case and, hencc, a copy of the same is annexed to this letter.460 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED AnIONS

It i.clc;irly \i.iicrliii tlic ici1 of ihc :ggrecmcnr rcl:iiing Io the prcwni c;i\c.
ih:ii Nicaragua hrlscoittmiitcd iticll 10 rcqucstine. .ipnçtpoiicnicnt oi the d;iic

fixcil hv rhe Courr f<,rthe prc~cntation of il\ hlcmoriitl on the hlerits. This
agreement of Nicaragua and Honduras. backed .'morally and politically" by
the Presidents of Guatemala, El Salvador and Costa Rica implies. among
other things, that Nicaragua will request this postponement until the date of

the conclusion of the Joint Plan for the Dernobilization. Rcpatriation or
Relocation of the Nicaraguan Resistance and Their Familics.
According to the agreement, this Plan "should finalize 90 days alter it is
initiated by means of a certification given by the Secretaries General of the
United Nations and of the Organization of Arnerican States. Io the effect ihat

the Plan has been fully irnplemented.
The execution of the Plan will start once the International Support and
Ver.f~cation Comm~s~ion i~ in~lalled. In accordance ~i~ ~our official infor-
iiiation tliç (;>mmi,\ir>n \vil1 hc in\i:iIlcJ un ihc 25th uf ihis munih in Scw
York. Thii i\,ould rne:in thai Oii d;ip Inrcr - thnl 1s.on 23 Novenihcr l9h9 -
the Plan for the Dcmohili/ation. Kcn;iiriaii<inor Kel<iaiii<inof ihe Nic:ir;t~u.in

Resiçlanic ;inJ Thcir Familie>mu4 he ci)ncluJcd.
In :in! c;i.c ihc :igrccmcni cl;:irly indlctilcs 1h;il the instalnicni of the Com.
niission should t3ke place no 1:iterthan 311 Jiiy :,fier the J:iie of II.;sign;iture.
'l'hcrcfurc. ci,cn if the miixiiiiuiiilinic aIl<iltcducrc c~~iiruiiicd.which is no1the
case. - 1h.11 1,.30J:a).*fur the inst.ilmr.ni JI the In1crn;itiun;ilConimisriun ;ind

90 davs thereafter foi the im~lementation of the Plan - this would brina us Io
ne~t ~3 Dece~ ~ ~ ~ ~
If the I1l.in1% hy ih;iiiI:itc Jul! implcnicntcd. ;ilid Ihc Sccrc1;iricsC;cncr;il iii
the Uniiid Nationç and of the Orfiaiii~ati~on oi An1çrii;in Statcs ceriif\ ihni thii

is so, Nicaragua would proceed ;O inform the Court that it would Got go on
with the present proceedings. Nicaragua certainly expects and wishes this to
happen.
But also in compliance wilh its commitmenis statcd abovc, Nicaragua
requests tbat the Court fix a new date for the presentation of its Memorial

on the Merits and proposes that this new date be 8 December 1989.For the
reasons indicated above, Nicaragua considers that this is an adequate date
that amplycovers- and even goes 15days beyond - the lime-limits set by the
agreement.

BilurerulAccord berween Nicurugirrrunri Honditrus'

The President of the Republic of Honduras, Jose Azcona Hoyo and the
President of the Republic of Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega Saavedra;
Acting in their role as chief executive of their respective States and with

the moral and political support of Presidents Vinicio Cerezo of Guate-
mala, Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador and Oscar Arias Sanchez of Costa
Rica ;
lnspired by the noble purpose of maintaining peace, friendship and

' See also No. 117,infro, for a differentEnglishtranslationprovidedbyHonduras. CORRESPONDENCE 461

co-operation between the Republics of Nicaragua and Honduras, countries
united bv strone historical ties of friendshio and brotherhood:
~ee~in~ in kind the commitment ratified in the ~s~ui~ulas Accords of
7 August 1987,oi preventing the use of one's national territory to assault other
States;
Keeping in mind also the Declaration of Costa del Sol of 14 Fehruary
1989, where the Central American Presidents committed themselves to
"prepare in a period of no more than 90 days, a Joint Plan for the Demobili-

zation and Voluntary Repatriation or Relocation in Nicaragua and in Third
Countries of the Members of the Nicaraguan Resistance and Their Families";
31111
hl<itii:itcd h! tlir. witiisl\r:t!rni.iint.iii1pr.nth2 p<inihilit! of rcs.~l\ing
dilisrcnccs thrdiigh pca:clul m:;ln>. includli~!:th< Intcrndt~un.il Court oi
Ju,Iicc Io IL.\<II\c<)ntrovcr\1ch thdl thrcitcn th^ pt:icc :gnJscLurity hciwr.én
States.

HAVE RESOLVED :

To agree to an extrajudicial agreement in relation to the procedure
brought by Nicaragua against Honduras before the International Court
of Justice on 28 July 1986. The aforesaid agreement is based on the fol-

lowing :

(A) On 7 August 1989, a Joint Plan for the Demobilization and
Voluntary Repatriation or Relocation of the Nicaraguan Resistance and
Their Families was agreed upon. The execution of this Plan shall begin
immediately after the establishment of the International Commission
of Support and Verification (CIAV), no later than 6 September,
and shall end 90 days thereafter by means of a certification signed
by the Secretaries Gençral of the United Nations and the Organi-
zation of American States attesting to the complete fulfilment of the
Plan.
(B) The presence of the Contra and their camps in Honduras does not

contribute to the democratic process already underway in Nicaragua.
The President of Honduras commits himself to officially convey, in the
a..roo.iate manner. before the United Nations Securitv Council a
pctiiion h) hi> (i<o~criinicnttu iornl .inil disp:,lti,116~11d~r3 .lci1rltOry
;in1ntcrn.iiion.il I'~.x'cF<)r;cta lnlpcdc Illc urc.of Ilonduriin ttrrit,ir! Iiy
irregular forces.
(C) Once compliance with al1the previous points has been achieved
and certified in the corresponding report by the International Commis-
sion of Support and Verification, in accordance with the Joint Plan for
Dernobilization, Nicaragua will desist from the procedures against Hon-
duras in the International Court of Justice.
The President of Nicaragua, confident that the Government of Hon-
duras will lend its full co-operation in order to comply in good faith with

the Joint Plan for Demobilization, within the established time-period,
commits the Government of Nicaragua to request a delay from the Inter-
national Court of Justice for the presentation of its Memonal until the
date when, in accordance with the Joint Plan, an official report on com-
pliance has been presented.
Upon receiving the officia1report of the International Commission
of Support and Verification on the compliance with this Joint Plan,462 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACïIONS

Nicaragua shall desist from the procedures against Honduras in the
International Court oi Justice.

Given in the City of Tela, Republic of Honduras, on the seventh day of
August nineteen hundred and eighty-nine.

Daniel ORTEGASAAVEDRA JoséAZCONAHOYO,
President of the President of the

Republic of Nicaragua. Republic of Honduras.
(also signed by)

Alfredo CRlSTlANlBURKARD, Vinicio CEREZOAREVALO,

President of the President of the
Republic of El Salvador. Republic of Guatemala.

Oscar ARIASSANCHEZ,
President of the
Republic of Costa Rica.

(Unofjicial rranslarion)

Joinr Plan for the Demohilizarion and Volirnrary Reparriation or Relr,carion in
Nicaraguaand Third Coiinrries of ,lie Membersof theNicaragiran Kesivrf<inctnd
Their Familia, Togerher wilh A.s.si.srancor rhe Demobilizrrrion of Al1 Tho.se

Involved in Armecl Acriviries in rhe Coim1rieofthe Region, when Sircti Persons
Volirnrarily ReqirestThis Assistance
The Presidents of Costa Rica. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nica-
ragua.

Honouring their hisioric pledge to achieve a firm and lasting peace in Cen-
tral America.
Bearing in mind the Guatemala Procedure signed on 7 August 1987and the
Declarations of Alajuela and Costa del Sol,
Considering Resoluiion 637 adopted unanimously by the Security Council
of the United Nations on 27 Julv 1989.
Seeking ta advance the objectives of the Central American Peace Process
and as a steady manifesiation of their commitment Io the full rule of interna-
tional law.
Have agreed to this Joint Plan for the Demobilization and Voluntary Repat-

riation or Relocation of the Memhers of the Nicaraguan Resistance and Their
Families. toeether with assistance for the demobilization of al1 ocrsons in-
volved in aried activities, whcn they may voluntarily request such'assisiance.

Chaprer 1. The DemobiIizuriori and Voiiinrary Reparriarion or Relocarion in
Nicaragiia and Third Corrnrriesof the Members of rhe Nicarripiuin
Resi.slariceand-Their Families

Inrrodiicrion

This chapter is aimed at implementing the agreement hy the Prcsidents
regarding this subjeci, iaking in10accouni,inter alia: CORRESPONDENCE 463

1. The report of the Secretary General of the Organization of American
States.

2. The National Political Agreement hetween the Government of Nicara-
gua and the 21 political parties of the country, where a cal1 is made for the
Central American Presidents to rcach important political agreenients regard-
ing the democratic process so that the Plan for the Demobilization and Vol-
untary Rcpairiation and Rclocation may he approved.
This chapter delines thc mechanisms and methodology for the demobiliza-
tion and voluntary repatriation or relocation of the members of the Nicara-

guan Resistance, together with the material conditions and guarantees that
persons covered shall enjoy under this Plan. This Plan will be implemented in
collaboration with international organizations. The Plan also applies lo the
voluntary repatriation or relocation of the families of the members of the
Nicaraguan Resistance and to Nicaraguan refugees, without prejudice Io
existing accords concerning this matter.
The Government of Nicaragua has demonstrated, in accordance with the

Esquipulas Procedure and the Declaration of Costa del Sol, ils readiness tu
-~~-~~D~en the orocesses~ ~ ~ ~ional reconciliation and democratization. and
therebyencourage a willingncss on the part of the Nicaraguan Resistance to be
re~atriated. For this purpose we have decided to sign the present Plan that will
atiempt tu make repatriation the general rule, wiih relocation in third coun-
tries the exception.
The five Central American Governments renew their pledgc to prcvcnt the

use of their territorv bv .c.sons, oreanizations or -.oups to destabilize other
Si;ites IIIthe rcpioii :iiiJto cc:i\c :XIiIvpc, ,,i .\iio ;irmcd SriIup5.with ihc eh-
ccpti,>ii,>Ihuin.init;iri:in :iiJ1h:ii,cr\cs the purpose< tIi<tthe Yrcs~Jc~it~ hi~ve
oitlined in this Plan.

Mechanism
1. For the execution and fulfilment of this plan an International Commis-
sion of Suooort and Verification will be estahlished, to he known as the CIAV,
..
in uhich the Sccrctÿr"-Gcncr:il of thc IjniicJ 9:ationi ;inJ ihe Sccrciar) Cicn-
criil,ifihc Or~~ni~liiionail,\meric;in Si;iies iviII hcinvilcd io JUIII.The Sccrc-
taries Generaimay participate through their representatives.
2. Within 30 days of the signing of this Accord. the International Commis-
sion of Support and Verification (CIAV) shall be formed. The live Central
American Presidents cal1 upon the Nicaraguan Resistance to accept the
~ ~ ~rricntation of this Plan within Y0 davs from the date of the formzition of
r ~ ~ ~ ~
the CIAV I>iiring ilicsr. 90 da!%tlic Nii;tr~~u~ii(i~~rcriiiiiciit.inJ ihc GIA\'
will m.iint:ainJireci si>ni:ir.i\uiih ihc Nic:ir.i~u;iiiKeiisi:incc IO prunititc iheir
return to the country and integraiion into the political process. Upon com-
pletion. the ClAV will issue a report on compliance with this Plan to be sub-
mitted to the Central American Presidents.
3. The ClAV will be responsible for al1 activities that make possible the
demohilization and voluntary repatriation or relocation, including the recep-

tion in final destinations, and the setting up of repatriates. In addition, the
ClAV will ensure that necessary conditions for the full incorporation in10pub-
lic life are maintained for the repatriates and will undertake the follow-up and
control that these processes require.
4. The ClAV will undertake ils activities with the collaboration ofthe Cen-
tral American Governments and will seek support from . .cialized interna-
iioiial nrg~iii/nti~onswith crpcricnic in the rcxi(in. :inil oihyr.: iIi;iitcnii~iders
ncrcw:ir!. .incl1h:itsh:ill hc <iilici:illyiiii.ith\l lh: C;c~\criiiiienis.464 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

The support of the specialized international organizations shall have
among its objectives to facilitate the execution of the Plan. For this purpose,
the specialized organizations shall collaborate with the CIAV in monitoring
the full exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms of the repatriates, as
well as the monitoring of the efforts to promote their economic well-being.
5. Once established, the CIAV will immediately:

(A) Consult and make the necessary agreements to facilitate the imple-
mentation of this Plan with the authorities of the Government of Nicaragua,
the other Governments of Central America, the Nicaraguan Resistance, and
officials of humanitarian organizations, as the case may require.
(B) Visit the camps of the Nicaraguan Resistance and of the refugees for
the purpose of:

(i)Making known the scope and henefits of this Plan.
(ii) Ascertaining the human and material resources in the camps.
(iii) Organizing the distribution of humanitarian aid.
(C) Assume responsibility, to the extent possible, for the distribution of
foodstuffs, medical attention, clothing and other basic necessities in the
Resistance camps, through the bodies and organizations that are aiding in

this process; and
(D) Make arrangements with third countries to receive and provide the
necessary assistance to those persons who do not wish to be repatriated.
6. The CIAV will provide every Nicaraguan adhering Io this Plan with a
certificate and will implement a voluntary repatriation programme for those
wishing to return Io Nicaragua.
Exit and entry will take place at border posts determined and prepared by

joint agreement of the Governments concerned. At those posts. the Govern-
ment of Nicaragua will, in the presence of CIAV representatives, extend the
necessary documentation to guarantee the full exercise of their civil rights.
At the same time, work will he undertaken on the resettlement in third
countries of those not opting for repatriation under the present Plan. For that
purpose, the Government of Nicaragua will, in CO-operation with the CIAV.
facilitate theissuiug of passports to those who request them.
The five Central American Presidents cal1upon the international commu-
nity to provide financial assistance for the present Demobilization Plan.

7. Once iri~tnllcd.ihe ('II\\'\vilcsi3hlish ihc prioccJurc\ ior rcccpiioii.uri-
dcr ihcIJl;tf<irihc Dcrnohili/:<iion;ind Volunt.ir) Kcp.<iri:tiioorIZc.lo,~.iiinn
Sicsr:irud and I'hird Counirics. of the iirnii. e~tuipm~~n tinclmuililions of ihc
members of the Nicaraeuan Resistance. who will iemain in the custodv of the
(:I,\V pcndin~,;ideci\i<,nhy the fivc I'r~~sidcniricti;irdins th-ir dc.i.n;iii<in.
8 '1he CIf\V aiIl verif! thc Ji,m;iiiili<ifthr :srnp\ Icfthv th^.kicsragu~n

Resistance and refugees.
9. The repatriated persons will, circumstancespermitting, be taken directly
by the CIAV to their place of definitive settlement, which, whenever possible,
will be their place of origin, or to a site chosen by mutual agreement between
the Government of Nicaraeua and the CIAV. Temnorarv residence areas mav
he estahlished in ~icaragua for these purposes. hés kseas will remain under
the control and supervision of the CIAV while defiuitive locations are being
determined CORRESPONDENCE 465

Landwill he alloircd andecoiiomic and technical assistanceuill he provirled
fur rc.pairi;iies uhu u,ish io pursuc iiyro-induniric,. in çunformiiy with the pos-
\iliilitieof the (iotérnmeni of i\'icara~u.i and the cxpcricnce of \rieci:ili/cd
international ae-ncies. .~d in acc~rdanie with the amount of fundi obtained ~ ~~ ~
for this purpose.
10. In collaboration with the Government of Nicaragua, the CIAV will

establish reception centres capable of providing basic servTces,first aid, family
counselling, economic assistance,transportation to settlemenl areas, and other
social services.
11. As an additional measure to provide the necessary guarantees for
repatriates, the ClAV will establish from the outset monitoring offices so that
persons may, where necessary,report any non-compliance with the guarantees

originally offered for their repatriation. These offices will be maintained as
lone-as the CIAV. in consultation with the Central American Governments.
deems necessary.
Staff £rom these offices will periodically visit repatriates to verify compli-
ance and will oreoare reoorts on the im~lementation of this Plan. The reoorts
will he >en1hi th; CI,\V IO thc Ii\,e ~enir:il Americ;in Présideiiis.
12. Sirii:iiii)n\ ni11pri>i.ideJ iur inihir C'h;ipicr u,ill he rcsuli,erl by the CIAV

in consultation with ihe Central American Governments and insiitutions, or
persons concerned.

~e~~resT r his Assistance

Thi\ ih;iptcr is nimcJ 31 :is*i\iine. thr demohili/ationof al1person\ invulseJ
in :irmc.rl :iciiviiie\ in the couniries of the rcgion uhcn ihey \<~luni;irily rcqucbi
,uch :i.,\isiancc The Jemohili,:~ti<in <ifthese persons should hc Jnne in ;iman-

ner consisteni wiih the procedurcs of Esquipulas II and donicsiic legi;lation.
;inJ relevant agcniic\ of the country in qurstion.
In order io 2uir;intce 5uch ;i~sisi;incc. the CI,\V ma\. he olfici.ill\, invilcd hv
the Central ~merican Governments.

Chaprer Ill. Assisrancefor the Volunrary Demobilizarion of rhe Members
of rhe FMLN

As estahlished under the Guatemala Procedure and the Alaiuela and Costa

del Sol De:lar:iiiuns. and in order to help Ihriiig iibriuiiccss;~iiun ,iihc .iriiieJ
i,pcr:iiioiiwlicrcJ h) thc Rcpuhlic <iiEl S~lvador. IIILCi~i\~crnriicniciiC<i>l:i
KIC~.C;uair'niiil;i. Honclur.ij aiid tiic;irigu:rciicr;sie Ihcir firni cun\,ictiuii un
ihc nccd for .IIiiiiiiicdiateanJ cffecii\c ses~~tisii of hostilities in that siricr
cuunir). Con\cqucntly. ihcy emph:itir:illy urp the F;ir.ihund<i hldrii Saii<in:il
L~heration I'roiii (J:.VLS) to ciirrv ou1a cvnsiriiclivr~ ilialogue for th? piirpow

of securine a iust and lasiine neaie. The aforesaid ~overnmenis likew-iseÜree
the Gove:nm>nt of El ~a~Gdor io agree to incorporate the members of tie
FMLN into the normal life of the country, with full guarantees and in the spirit
of numeral 2 of the Guatemala Procedure,
The Government of El Salvador undertakes to ensure unrestricted respect
for ils commitments regarding national reconciliation and to continue streng-

thening the process of plurdist, participatory and representative democra-
tization already under way whereby social justice and full respect for
the human rights and fundamental freedoms of Salvadorians may be pro-
moted.466 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Once the FMLN, as a result of dialogue, has agreed to abandon armed
struggle and to join the democratic and institutional life of the country, steps
willbe taken for the demobilization of the members of the FMLN in accordance
witb procedure established in Chapter 1of this Plan, as applicable and with
such modifications as the case may require, and to facilitate their demobiliza-
lion.

Notwithstanding the aforesaid, members of the FMLN who may at any lime
voluntarily decide to lay down tbeir arms and join in the political and civic life
of El Salvador, shall receive the benefits of this Plan. For this purpose, the
Government of El Salvador will. throueh the CIAV and a~~rooriate national
and international bodies, cal1 on su& persons to avail'ihe~selves of the
henefits herein established, using al1suitable means available.

Agreed and signed in the port city of Tela, Republic of Honduras, on the
seventh day of August nineteen hundred and eighty-nine.

Oscar ARIASSANCHEZ, Alfredo CRISTIANIBURKARD,

President of the President of the
Republic of Costa Rica. Republic of El Salvador.

Vinicio CEREZOARÉVALO, JoséAZCONAH.,
President of the President of the
Republic of Guatemala. Republic of Honduras

Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA.
President of the

Republic of Nicaragua.

(Unofficial lrunslution)

TeluAgreement

The Central American Presidents, meeting in the port city of Tela in the
Republic of Honduras on 5,6 and 7 August 1989,
Takine into consideration and recoenizing the imnortant work undertaken

-considering that. in order to achieve a fiÏm and listing Deace and ensure

implementatitn of the commitments assumed hy the Pregidents in the Dec-
larations of Accords successively made al Alajuela and Costa del Sol, il is
necessary to comply with the steps agreed uponin Esquipulas II.
AGREE:

use of one's national territorv to destabiiize the Governments of ihe Central
Anicricdii ciouiiirie\. In kcepinivithI~L..ih<nc.Ih~y >uhcirihi.l thc Jn;unicrit
coni:iining ihr Ji~iniI1l;infurIli< I>cni<ihilir.itioiiaiid \'<iluritiir! I<~~p:iiri.iii<,n
:inJ Keli,c;jiiu~inStcariîgu3 or TliirJ <.t)uniricoi the hlrmhcr, <,f ih~,Yic:ir:~-
gu311Rc\ist311cc.,rid 'rh~ir F.imilic\. ;andun :~~~i~i~inl~ct.rclhc LIc~~~~I~III/.~II~~II
,ii,111pL.r\on, in\i>li.c.ilin ;irmcil ;iciiIIIthc <,ouiltrie, ,ii thc region. nhen

they voluntarily requçst such assistance CORRESPONDENCE 467

2. To promote direct and mutually agreed resolutions to those disputes that
mav arise between various Central American countries. The Presidents of

3. To ratify the appeal to armed groups in the region that still persist in
the use of force, particularly the FMLN, to abandon such actions. Towards
this end, they have approved Article III on assistance for the Voluntary
Demobilization of the FMLN. In Article III. the FMLN is vehementlv called
upi~iiid pur .,niiiimcJi;iic. :iriJ crixtic.n<lro ho\tilitie~iiiorclcr lu r,ng:iscin
:a ili:~li~&uc.lii..\%il1Ic;iJio ;tcc.\r:iii,in ,oi the .irnicil struggle ~tiiinicir-
riornt!<oiiof rlic mcnihcr, <riilic I.MLN iiiirj rh~. in~tituii~~ii~;ind cl:m<i~.r:,tic
life of the country.
4. The Presidents recognize the efforts of the Government of Guatemala
to strengthen ils process of national reconciliation through extensive and per-
manent dialogue in which the National Reconciliation Commission occupies a

leading role. They likewise express their desire that this dialogue will serve
to consolidate the democratic, pluralist and participatory process and, in
accordance with numeral 1 of the Esaui~uias Procedure and domestic leeis-
lation, reiterate an appeal to armed groups to abandon those activities which
contradict the spirit of this accord and ioin in institutional political life bv
taking part in théprocess of national reconciliation.
5. In light of the fact that Honduras and Nicaragua have arrived at an
agreement which includes the withdrawal by Honduras of ils reservation
reeardine the enactment of the said Plan and the reiteration of the Honduran

necessary measures for establishing the verification mechanism for security
matters.
6. To ratifythe cal1made by the Executive Commission at its Ninth Meet-
ing that the Central American Commission on Environment and Develop-
ment hold its First Meeting in Guatemala City on 30 and 31 August 1989 so
that work be undertaken to prepare the draft convention governing its nature
and functions.
7. To reiterate the importance of the Central American Parliament as a
forum in which the peoples of the area will discuss and formulate recommen-
dations on the political, economic, social and cultural problems of Central
America. It is essential that the treaty estahlishing the Central American Par-

liament should enter into forceas rapidly as possible.
8. To forcefully condemn drug trafficking and abuse. The Central Ameri-
can Presidents commit themselvcs to promulgate laws and adopt drastic
measures to prevent our countries from becoming bases for drug traffickers.
To achieve these goals, regional and international co-operation will be sought,
agreements will be signed with countries affccted by such illicit trafficking,and
steps will be taken to permit effective control of drug trafficking.
9. The Central American Presidents agree to entrust the Executive Com-
mission with the task of discussing and approving the document concerning
political verification, which will be ratified by the Presidents at their next
meeting.

Two years after the signing of the Esquipulas II Peace Plan, the Presidents
of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua reiterate
their resnlve to comply fully with al1the commitments and agreements stipu-
lated in the Guatemala Procedure and the Alajuela and Costa del Sol Dçcla-468 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

rations, particularly those pertaining to the strengthening of the processes of

national reconciliation and the perfecting of the democratic processes, for
which strict compliance with the agreements reached is fundamental.
The CentralAmerican Presidents agree ta meet again before the end of the
year in the Republic of Nicaragua.
The Central American Presidents thank the people and Government of
Honduras, and in particular President JoséAzcona Hoyo, for the hospitality
extended to them.

Tela, Honduras, 7 August 1989

Oscar ARIASSANCHEZ, Alfredo CHRISTIANB I URKARD,
President of the President of the
Republic of Costa Rica. Republic of El Salvador.

JoséAZCONA H.,
Vinicio CEREZOARÉVALO,
President of the President of the
Republic of Guatemala. Republic of Honduras

Daniel ORTEGASAAVEDRA,
President of the

Republic of Nicaragua.

117. THE AGENT OF HONDURAS TOTHE REGISTRAR

16 August 1989

1 have the honour to submit to the consideration of the International
Court of Justice, the Spanish texts' of the Declaration of Central American

Presidents, and the annex documents adopted at the Summit held in Tela,
Honduras, on 5 to 7 August 1989, within the regional peace process estab-
lished by the Esquipulas II Agreemenls.
1 enclose further a non-official translation to English of the second docu-
ment annexed, that refers to the Agreement between the Presidents of Hon-
duras and Nicaragua in relation to the Application filed by Nicaragua before
the International Court of Justice in the case concerning Border and Trans-
border Armed Actions (Nicaraguav. Honduras).

(Non-official translation)

Agreement2

The President of the Republic of Honduras, José Azcona Hoyo, and the
President of the Republic of Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega Saavedra,
- -
As Heads of the Executive Power of their respective States, and with the
moral and political support of the President Marco Vinicio Arévalo of

-- .
'Si,t rcprtiJuiiJi<>F,ngli,hii;in,l;it~oii, lird\iSi:~r*gu.< rcc\O 1lm,\,<pr,z
-\:r.nl<oNo I Ih.,iipr.i1.w4 JlifersnFny1i.h tr.~nrlxidn proiidch! Nl:~r.iai CORRESPONDENCE 469

Guatemala, Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador, and Oscar Arias Sanchez, of
Costa Rica,

lnspired by the noble purpose of maintaining the peace, cordiality and
co-operation amongst the Republics of Nicaragua and Honduras, countries
united by close historical bonds of friendship and fraternity,
Bearing in mind the compromise thar was ratified in the Esquipulas
Agreement of 7 August 1987 not to allow the use of territory to attack other
States,

Recalling also the Costa del Sol Declaration of 14 February 1989 wherein
the Presidents of Central America aereed to ~ ~ ~ ~"elaborate. within a term not
longer than 90 days, a ~"ltilateral Plan for the demobilization, repatriation or
voluntarv relocation in Nicaragua and in third countries of the members of the
~icara~"an resistance and the71families", and,

Always with the will to eventually resort to pacific procedures of settle-
ment of controversies, including the recourse to the International Court of
Justice. tu settle eventual situations or controversies that might threaten the
peace and security between both States,

AGREE TO

Reach an extra-judicial agreement in relation to the Application filed by
Nicaragua in the Registry ol the International Court of Justice on 28 July
1986,instituting proceedings against Honduras. The bases of said agreement
are :

A. Having agreed on a Multilateral Plan for the demobilization, repatria-
tion or voluntary relocation of the Nicaraguan resistance and their families on
7 Aueust 1989..whose execution shouldustart as soon as the International

Secretary General of the Organization of American States placing on record
the total completion of said Plan.

B. Taking into account that the presence of the Contra and their encamp-
ments do not contribute to the dcvelopment of the democratic process,
already in motion in Nicaragua, the President of Honduras pledges to make
official, in a suitable manner, the request of his Government to the Security
Council of the United Nations to form and send to Honduran territory an
International Peace Force to prevent the use of its territory by irregular
forces.
C. Once the aforementioned has been carried out and the CIAV has
filed the corresponding record of completion, in accordance with the Multi-
lateral Plan of Demobilization, Nicaragua will proceed to discontinue the
Application filed against Honduras before the International Court of Jus-

tice.
The President of Nicaragua, confident that the Government of Honduras
will CU-operatefully to the completion of this Multilateral Plan of Demobiliza-
tion, in good faith, within the lime-limit established in the same, expressed that

the Government of Nicaraeua oL~dee. to.,eauest to the International Court of
Juiiic~.:ap,>rtlioii:iiicn,,Iihc.J.itr. lix-by ttic ~'ourl ior tlic prcscni;iii~,n.>iils
hlcnir>ri.t<in III: 3lcrii\,,iihc ;\plili;.itic~unlil th~~d~ic 1li;i:ic.xirJiii$tgthe
hlultil.itcr.il PI:iihc <,iii<i:ilreportof ~.uniplcti<in1, prcicnic.l.470 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMED ACTIONS

Upon receipt by Nicaragua of the Official Report of Completion of
theMultilateral Plan of the CIAV, in the terms agreed on, Nicaragua will pro-
cccd to discontinue the Application filed against Honduras before the Intcr-
national Court of Justice.

Signed in the City of Tela, Republic of Honduras, the seventh of August of
nineteen eighty-nine.

Daniel ORTEGASAAVEDRA, JoséAZCONAHOYO,
President of the Republic President ol thc Rcpublic
of Nicaragua. of Honduras.

118.THE DEPUTY-REGISTRA O THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

16August 1989.

1 have the honour ta acknowledge receipt in facsimile of Your Excellen-
cy's letter of 15 August 1989,with its annexes, and al the same time to trans-
mit to you a copy' of a related letter dated 16 August 1989which hasjust been

received from the Agent of Honduras in the case concerning Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Niciiragrru v. Honduras), together with a copy
of the annexes enclosed therewith.
1also enclose a copy of a letter to the Agent of Honduras from which you
will observe that he has been given until 31 August 1989to express, in accord-
ance with Article 44, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the vicws of his
Government on the suhject of your request for an extension of time-limit.

16 August 1989.

1 have the honour ta transmit to Your Excellency herewith a letter with
annexes' addressed to the Registrar on 15 August 1989by the Agent of Nica-
ragua in the case concerning Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nica-
ragua v. Ifonduras) and received in a facsimile.

You will observe that the letter in question, which concerns the texts
adopted on 7 August 1989 at Tela, contains a request that the time-limit for
the filingof the Memorial be extended [rom 19September 1989ta 8 December
1989. In order that a decision may be taken on this request in accordance
with Article 44, paragraph 3, and Article 48 of the Rules of Court, 1 am to
request you, on the instructions of the Vice-President of the Court, exercising
the functions of President in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 3, of the
Rules, to make known the views of Honduras on the matter as soon as pos-
sible, and al al1events no1later than 31 August 1989.
1have also the honour to acknowledee the receiot al this instant of a letter
of today's date, with annexes, by whicc~our ~xcéllencylikewise submits tu
the consideration of the Court the texts adopted at Tcla. CORRESPONDENCE 471

120. THEAGENTOF HONDURAT SOTHEDEPUTY-REGISTRAR

22 August 1989.

I ~ ~ ~t~e~honour to acknowledee receiot of vour letter 81499of 16Aueust
1989.by which you transmit me alrÏter wiih o in ex senst tothe ~egistra; by
tacsimile on 15thAuaust 1989by the Agent of Nicaragua, in the case concern-
ing Border nrirl ~r<in;borrlerArnied ~c~ons (~icnrngi;n v.Hondtirns).

With regard Io the request of the Govcrnment of Nicaragua, in compliance
with the Tela Agreement of 7 August 1989,between the President of Nicara-
eua and the President of Honduras. that the lime-limit for the filine of the
Mernorial of Nicaragua on the merit; of thzitcase be extended Io 8 ~~ccmbcr
1989,the Government of Honduras welcomes thi? requcst zindhas no obser-
vations to mnke to it.
The Government of Honduras, however, expects that with the fullilment

by the ClAV of the task assigned to il by the Joint Plan for the Voluntary
Demobilization, Repatriation or Relocation in Nicaragua and Third Coun-
tries of Mcmbers of the Nicaraguan Resistance and Their Families, approvcd
by the Presidents of the five Central American countries on 7 August 1989,
and with the co-operation of al1the parties concerned, Nicaragua will ask the
case to be discontinued early in December, thus enabling the Court to niake an

Order directing that the case be removed fromthe list.

121. THEDEPUTY-REGISTRA TROTHEAGENTOFNICARAGUA

22 August 1989.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copyof a
letter of today's date in which the Agent of Honduras in the case concerning

Rurrler lit11Trit~~shorrllArrmed Actions (h'icaragirnv. Hon(lirras)States inter-
alia that his Government has no observations to make upon your rcquest
for an extension of the time-limit fixed for the filing of the Memorial on the
merits.
You will bc informed in due course of the decision which is teken in
accordancc with Article 44, paragraph 3, of the Rules ofCourt.

122.'THE DEPUTY-REGISTRA TO THEAGENT OF HONDUKAS

22 August 1989.

1have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency'sletler of to-
day's date concerning the request by the Agent of Nicaragua for an exten-
sion~ ~ ~ ~ time-limit fixed for the filine of the Memorial on the merits in the
case concerning Border and ~rn~i&bor&rArn~edActions (Nicnrr~giri ~. Hon-

diiras) and take note that your Government has no observations to make
uponthat request.
You will be informed in due course of the decision which is taken in
accordance with Article 44, paragraph 3. of the Rules of Court.472 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDER ARMEDACïIONS

123.THE REGlSTRARTO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

31 August 1989

1have the honour to refer to Your Excellency'sletter of 15August 1989and
to inform you that the President of the Court has, hy an Order2 of today's date,
acceded to the request in that letter foran extension Io 8 December 1989of the
time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua on the merits in the case
concerning Border and TransborderArmed Acrions(Nicaragrra v.Hondirras).
The question of extension of the lime-lirnit for the filing of the Counter-

Memorial of Honduras has been reserved for further decision.
'The sealed copy of the Order for the Government of Nicaragua will be
transmitted to you shortly.

Le 8 décembre 1989

J'ai I'honneur d'accuser réception du mémoire sur le fond que votre
-ouvernement a déoosé ce iour au Greffe de la Cour en l'affaire des Acrions
arméesfronlulièreset transfrontalières(Nicaragua c. Nondiiras).
Ce mémoire, en deux volumes, qui était accompagné de dix volumes
d'annexes. ainsi que d'une carte et de~quatre ouvrages, déposés pourconsul-
tation àla bibliothèque de la Cour, a étéprésentédans le délaifixéà cet effet
par I'ordonnance du Président de la Cour en date du 31 août 1989.

125. LE GREFFIER À L'AGENTDU HONDURAS

Le 8 décembre 1989

Me référant à l'affaire desAcrions arméesfronralièreser rransfrontalières
(Nicaragirlc.Hutrdirras),j'ai l'honneur de vous faire tenir ci-joint une copie
certifiéeconforme du mémoire surle fond déooséce iour au Greffede la Cour
par la République duNicaragua dans le déla;fixé à cet effet par l'ordonnance
du Présidentde la Cour en date du 31 août 1989.
Vous voudre7.bien éealement trouver ci-ioint dix volumes d'annexes audit
mémoire, ainsi que la Copie d'une lettre par laquelle l'agent du Nicaragua

en l'affaire a procédéaux certifications requises aux articles 50 et 51 du
Rbglement de la Cour.
l'ai en outre I'honneur de porter àvotre connaissance, en relation avec la
liste d'annexes qui est reproduite au début du second volume du mémoire,
qu'une carte et quatre ouvrages ont étédéposéspour consultation à la
bibliothèque de la Cour.

126.THE AGENI OF NICARAGUA TO THE REGISTRAR

13Decemher 1989.

Inmy s:sp:icitn> Agcni for the IZcpuhlicof Sic;irngua in the case concern-
iiifjorrltv 'i>l<l7i~itrrhor~rnzt,<Anri,t~c(i\'ii.oriig\,iIlo,iilt~ro.1 wihh

A similacommunication war sentIothe Agentof Honduras
I.C.JRepori.1989.p.123. CORRESPONDENCE 473

to inform the Court of the Agreement reached by the Presidents of the Cen-
tral American Republics on 12 December 1989 in San Isidro de Coronado,
Costa Rica. Attached is the text of this Agreement in its original Spanish ver-
sion titled "Drclaraci6nde San Isidro de Coronado"' together with an English
translation.

1draw the attention of the Court to paragraph 13 of the Declaration. that
instructs the Agents of both Parties to this case with the duty of communi-
cating immediately this document to the Court and

"to request the postponement of the date for the fixing of the time-
table for the presentation of the Honduran counter-memorial until
lune 11, 1990".

Since 1 had communicated orally the ahove-mentioned paragraph to the
President of the Court at the meeting held yesterday in his office in the pre-
sence of the Agent of the Republic of Honduras, 1now do so in writing and,
with the object of implementing fully the instructions of the "Declaration of
San Isidro de Coronado", request the postponement indicated in the above

quote from the "Declaration", and that the Court take notice of the rest of the
pertinent text.

(Unofficial rrarrslaliori)

Declaration ofSan Isidro de Coronado

The Presidents of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and
Nicaragua, gathered in special session in San lsidro de Coronado, Costa Rica,
on 10,11 and 12 Decemher 1989.for the purpose of examining the precarious
situation of Central America that is seriously affecting the peace process,

ratifie* the agreement contained in the preamble ta the Procedures for
Establishing a Firm and Lasting Peace in Central America (Esquipulas II),
especially those points which addressthe historic objective of shaping a peace-
ful future for Central America, eradicating war and making dialogue prevail
over violence and reason over rancour. In keeping with these objectives, they

agreed to the following:
1. To ratify their strongest condemnation of the armed actions and terror-
ism that irregular forces are carrying out in the region and to reaffirm their

profound conviction that it is imperative to make the peoples of the region
recognize that the use of force and terror to achieve political purposes and
objectives must be abandoned.
2. The Presidents of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua
exoress their firm su~~ort for the President of El Salvador. Mr. Alfredo
Cri\ti:iiii.:inil hi< Ci~>i.crniiicni. ;i- .iIai\31 iii.iii~ic~t.itionor thcir iinw;i\criiii:

policy t,c support -o\,criiiiicnts th;,! :ire tlic [rr<i~luc tif dcniii:riiiic. plur:iliiic
and participaiory processes.
3. Thc~ ~ ~i~ents of Guatema~~.~ ~nduras. Nicaraeua and Costa-Rica SUD-
port ihc <;o\criimcnt tifEl Sil\;id<ir in it\ru.t;iincJ ohlectivc oi iinding .i\cilu-
iii~iiicithe S.il\3d,lr:in ~~~ntlicttlirough pc:icciul aiid <Iciiio~.r.<iincic.tii5.;inil in
thij SCIIS~ rL.nc\\I11c1 rYh~>rt,tti<~itlitlic t'h1l.F.for an inim~,li.itc.<nJciiïcliic

cessation of hostilities in that sister State and to reincorporate itself in the pro-
cers of dialogue which has already been initiated. At the same time, the Presi-
dents demand that the FMLN publicly renounce any type of violent action that

'Not reproduced474 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

~lirc.'tl!or ~nJircctIy:<ffc;t$thc;I\I~IIII1~~q~u1~11 1h~c1l~<ct'rc>~dcnt\d~ci~l~~l
ta!Jirc,<tl\rc.luc\t tl~cSccrct.~~-Gcnc~~l01the UtlitcJ ti.~tion$. hv e\crting 111,
greatest possible personal influence, to undertake whatever meaiures may be
necessary to re-initiale dialogue between the Governmcnt of El Salvador and the
FMLN, and thereby contribute to its successful development.
4. The Presidents point out thal in accordance with the Declarations of
Al:~~uela .'cht;~Jcl SND :iInd 1~1.IIIC1jrcwi\iam\cc111t;11n: II ('l~;~ptcr\1;~ncIIll

,>i111~ i8ini pl.in Nordcni~ihili/.ition iorm an indiii>ihlc \ih<,lc 'l'lie! thcrcl>?
rrquc,>t thc Iiitcrn.~tiun;~lC~~ntnii.r.;ioii Support ;inJ Vr,riii:.îti<in tCI.\\')IL,
I~IIIII~ in~n~d~tel thc ncccc\;ir! I~pr th^. Jemohil~zilt~on 01 thc
l-'tr:~h~~ncIha1:trti 1;ront i<,r.S:,t~~>1t.lihratt~r1 (r\ll.V). tn ,~~~~~~~r,Jw ~ttt~h:e
pru~.c~Iurc> cst~l~li\h~~idn thc :~ii~reni~~ritionr.rll.Jin
5. The Presidents give their support to the Nicaraguan Government of
President Daniel Ortega so that upon the signing of this Accord, the funds
approved for the Nicaraguan Resistance he delivered to the CIAV for the
purpose of implementing the process of demobilization and voluntary repa-
triation or relocation in Nicaragua or third countries of members of the Nica-

raguan Resistance and their families.
The Presidents cal1upon the Nicaraguan Resistance to cease any kind of
action against the electoral process or the civilian population. so that said
process can develop in a climate of normalcy in accordance with the Esqui-
pulas II Accord.
6. Initiating the processes of demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance and
the FMLN constitutes a fundamental factor in overcoming the crisis that affects
the peace process. Therefore, ONUCA should accelerate its activities in order to
avoid the supplyingof arms to the FMLN and the Nicaraguan Resistance.
7. The Government of Nicaragua repeats its offer to the Nicaraguan
Resistance, made in Washington, D.C., United States of America, to under-
take the appropriate measures so that those persans who repatriate belore

5 February 1990, may register in order to exercise the right to vote in the
general elections to be held on 25 February of that year.
The Government of Nicaragua willproceed immediately upon the signing of
this Accord to make the appropriate contacts with the ONUCA and the CIAV
in order to begin the process of demobilization of forces of the Nicaraguan
Resistance in Honduras, in accordance with procedures established in the Tela
,\:corJ.
X. 'lhr' I'r~.\irl~nt*rr:~tiiriiithc iinp<irt.l01cintcrnatii>n.ilco-i>p~rati,>3s 3
p:~r:~llclnd ~nJ~y~cn~.ihlcclcmcnt fa9rth= ~x~1111c cf:i~olrts tu Ihrgc:~c lu the
Ïegion, and they cal1upon the international community to increaie its support.
They manifest the region's willingness to continue its joint work in this sphere,

convinced that economic and social development is a constant factor in efforts
to achieve peace. They expressed their gratitude for the progress that has
been achieved under the Special Plan of Co-operation for Central Amçrica
approved by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for this
purpose. They also expresscd gratitude to the European Economic Community
for ils support in international co-operation since the Luxembourg Accords.
9. The Central American Presidents. in accordance with the Esauinulas ~~.~
Accords, reaffirm their commitment ta fully respect human rights, including
civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights established in their respec-
tive Constitutions and signed and ratified in international accords.
10. The Presidents agree to request the Secretary-General of the United
Nations to estahlish the necessary ties to involve more directly in the peace

process those States with interests in the region, within the framework of the CORRESPONDENCE 475

Esquipulas 11Accords and subsequent declarations. They also request that the
mandate of the ONUCA be extended tu include verification of the processes of
cessation of hostilities and demobilization of irregular forces that may be

agreed upon in the region.
11. In view of recent events. the Presidents confirm that the comolete de-
pl,~!.mcnt i~ith? iiicchanism i~ithe (iroup of hlilii.ir). Oh\cri'crrifihc I:iiitcJ
ti:iti~n> 1\71(:cnir:il ,\mcric.t (OKUCp\l 1. oi tlie utntu~i urgeri;\ tor the
iuliiliiicniibfthc c.,riiriiitni:nt\ ~<,nt;iiIIISuitiher\ 5.inJ 1)oi ilic i-siiuiriul.i\
II Accords. For that reason, they decided also to ask the secretary-Seneral
of the United Nations to adopt the appropriate measures to accelerate the
functioning of the ONUCA, and that ONUCA keep the Central American
Presidents informed.

12. The Presidcnts of Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica, based on the
commitment tu seek negotiated solutions tu overcome conflicts arising from
the Central American crisis. exhort the Presidents of El Salvador and Nica-
ragua su that through negotiation and dialogue they put an end to the con-
straints that have arisen between their Governments and continue their dip-
lomatic and consular relations.
13. In regards tu the case brought by the Government of Nicaragua against
the Government of Honduras before the International Court of Justice under
the title "Border and Transbordcr Armed Actions" -the Presidents of those
Countries aeree tu establish a commission with bilateral reuresentation to

seck. uithiii .pcri,i,lof six m%iiith<irmi (hi\ J.<tc..cncklri]udi.i;tl ~citleiiic01
th^.iiiorcnicnli<mcd c:,\:.ln orJer 16,~icilitate the nc!rk %!itlic c~~~ttniis~i~~n.
thev also aeree tu instruct their resnective agedts in said case to communicate
iniiiie,li;itcly. cithcr s~~p:lr;~!.IrJOIIIII\.tlic prcxnt .igrec'nlcnitu ihc Court in
order 1,)rcqu~.i the po~tlmncniciti <>fthe J:ite for ihc tixitig of tlic timc-i:~hIc
iiir ihc urc\~.iit.itii<iithe If.,iiJur:in C'i,unir.r-S.lciiior~iintil II .luiicI')'NI
This communication willgive the agreement full and immediate effect between
the high litigants.
Likewise, in case that an extrajudicial settlement bas no1 been reached by

the date indicated, it is agreed that the agents of either of the countries may
request of the Court that the Government of Honduras be granted six months
to present the aforementioned Counter-Memorial.
The Central American Presidents cnprcss their gratitude ta the people and
Government of Costa Rica for their hospitality. and to al1the men and women
whose work contributed tu the results obtained at this meeting. In vir-
tue of what has been aereed uuon and confident of ils fulfilment,the Central
American Presidents agree tu meet during the first three months of the year
1990, in the regular meeting tu be held in the city of Managua, Nicaragua.

San lsidro de Coronado, 12 December 1989

Oscar ARIASSANCHEZ, Alfredo CRISTIANIBURKARD.
President of the President of the
Republic of Costa Rica. Republic of El Salvador.

Vinicio CEREZOARÉVALO, JoséAZCONAHOYO,
President of the President of the
Republic of Guatemala. Republic of Honduras.

Daniel ORTEGA SAAVEDRA,

President ol the
Republic of Nicaragua.476 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

U7. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OFHONDURAS

13December 1989.

1have the honour to transmit tu Your Excellency herewith a copy of a letter,
dated 13December 1989and received in the Reeist.v la.e this afternoon. from
ihc Ag~.nl oiSic:,rdgu3 inthc 23,~ ciinccrnin,: X<.nlc,r,I>I<I/'r,i,~\h,,riL,rAr!~~<,il
A~.IIO!Ii\.\'~<.c~ruvtollot~d~~r~~:id.;Itop, oi tl~cJc>cun~cni~rcicrrc~l10 un,
and enclosed with. that letter.

128. L'AGENT DU HONDURASAU GREFFIER

La Haye, le 13décembre 1989.

J'ai l'honneur de me référer à l'entretien tenu hier par le Président de la
Cour internationale de Justice avec M. I'aeent du Nicaraeua et avec moi-

Nicaragua et du ond duras o cnnclu le-12 décembre unaccord d'entrée en
vigueur immédiate au sujet de la demande du Nicaragua dans le cadre de la
réunion tenue au Costa Rica par les présidents de l'Amérique centrale.
Cet accord figure au paragraphe 13 de la «Declaracion de San Isidro de
Coronador signéepar les présidents du Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,

Honduras et Nicaragua dont vous trouverez le texte en espagnol' joint àcette
lettre pour que la Cour puisse en prendre connaissance; et pour qu'elle
prenne la décisionde surseoir jusqu'au 11 juin 1990 la fixation éventuelle du
délaipour la présentation du contre-mémoire du Honduras pour le cas où on
ne serait pas arrivé auparavant à un arrangement extrajudiciaire sur les
différends existants.

129. THE REGISTRARTO THE AGENT OF HONDURAS2

15 December 1989.

1 have the honour to refer to Your Excellency's letter of 13December 1989

and transmit to Your Excellency herewith a plain copy of an Order made by
the Court on 14December 1989,whereby the Court decided that the time-limit
for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Honduras on the merits in the case
concerning Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Hondrrras)
was extended from 19 February 1990 tu a date tu be fixed by an Order tu be
made after 11June 1990.
The sealed copy of the Order for the Government of Honduras will he
transmitted to you shortly.

'Non reproduiti: pour une traduction en anglais fournie par le Nicaragua. voir ci-
dcssus n"126.
A similar communication was sentathe Agent ofNicaragua. CORRESPONDENCE 477

130. L'AGENT DU HONDURAS AU GREFFIER

La Haye, le 3janvier 1990.

J'ai l'honneur de porterà votre connaissance que, ma mission aux Pays-Bas
étant terminée. je quitterai La Haye très prochainement. En mêmetemps

prend Sinaussi ma mission en tant qu'agent du Gouvernement du Honduras
dans l'affaire relativeà des Actions arméesfrontalièreset tran.sfrontalières
(Nicaragirac. Honduras) pendante devant la cour internationale.de Justice.
S. Exc. l'ambassadeur Jorge Ramon Hernandez Alcerro continue comme
coagent dans cette affaire jusqu'à lanomination de mon successeur.
Je tiensà remercier Monsieur le Greffier de son appréciable collaboration
qui a rendu possible l'accomplissement de ma tâche et je saisis cette occasion
pour lui renouveler l'expression de ma haute considération.

131. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA'

12June 1990.

1 have the honour to refer to the Order made by the Court on 14December
1989 in the case concerning Border and Transborder Armed Acrio~is(Nicara-
gua v. Hondi~ras),by which it decided that the time-limit for the filing by the
Republic of Honduras of the Counter-Memorial on the merits in that
case was extended to a date to be fixed by an Order to be made after 11 June
1990.
The date referred to having now passed, the President of the Court consi-
ders that he should, in the interests of the orderly administration of the Court's
judicial work, ascertain from the Agents of the Parties their views on the
further procedure. For this purpose, and pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules

of Court, he requests the Agents to attend a meeting in his office at 11.30a.m.
onMonday25June 1990.

1have the honour to inform Your Excellency, with reference to mg letter of
12 June 1990, that the Agent of Nicaragua in the case concerning Border

and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) has informed the
President that he will unfortunately he unable to attend the meeting sche-
duled for 11.30 =.m. on Monday 25 June 1990.The President therefore pro-
poses to hold the meeting at 10.00a.m. on Friday 22 June 1990,and trusts that
you will be able to be present.

'A communication in the same termwas sentto the Agentof Honduras
A similarcommunication wassentto theAgent of Nicaragua.478 BORDERANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

133. THEAMDASSADOO RF HONDURAS IN THE NETHERLANDS TO THE
REGISTRAR

1 have the honour to transmit you herewith a letter dated 20 June 1990
which 1 received today from the Minister of Foreign Relations of Honduras,
Dr. Mario Carias Zapata, that reads, translated to English, as follows:

"Tegucigalpa, 20 June 1990.
Sir,

1 have the honour to refer to a request forwarded to the Agents of Nica-
raeua and Honduras in the case concernine Border and TransborderArmed
~zions (Nicaragua v. Hondrrras) to attend :meeting with the President of the
Court on 22 June, pursuant to the Order made by the Court on 14 Decem-
ber 1989.
To this respect 1 transmit to this Honourable Court herewith, the texts of

paragraphs 3,5,7, 11and 12 of the Declaration of Antigua signed on 17June
bv the Presidents of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala. Honduras and
Nicaragua; and by the President of Panama, as observer, which are of special
relevance to this case.
At the same time 1 wish to inform you that on the occasion of this Presi-
dential Meetine. Mrs. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. President of Nicaraeua.
coii\c!cd 16,51r. R.,i.,~.lI.ci,n;irJ<i C:allcj:i.. I7rc<,fH~~n.liir:a.h;iiIicr
(.;o\r.rnm:nt is rr.qur,iin& the Court. thnjugh thcir Agsiitiithis c3.c.th;itri<>
J.tir lx. fi.\~lor iliz frli~ii>i 111('i>~nl~.r-hlcmorid iiiH<in<lur.i>r.r~.ur.,l
-
which has our acceptance.
Under these circumstances, 1 must excuse the Co-Agent of Honduras,
Ambassador Jorge Ramon Hernandez Alcerro, from attending the meeting
convoked by the President, as this meeting does not seem to be necessary. On
the other hand, 1request you to take due note that if the meeting is held, my
Government will he represented hy MI. Ramon Valladares Soto, Amhassa-
dor of Honduras in the Netherlands.

Please accept the assurances of my highest consideration

Mario CARfASZAPATA,
Minister of Foreign Relations."

(Si~ned) Ramon VALLADARES SOTO.

134. LE MINISTRE DES RELATIONS EXT~RIEURES DU HONDURAS
AU GREFFIER

Tegucigalpa, D.C., 20 de junio de 1990.

Tengo el honor de referirme a la convocatoria para que el dia 22 de junio
se reunan con el Senor Presidente de la Corte, los Agentes de Nicaragua y
Honduras en el caso "Acciones Armadas Fronterizas y Transfronterizas"

(Nicaragua vs. Honduras), en atencion a la Providencia de la Corte de 14 de
diciembre de 1989. CORRESPONDENCE 479

A este resoecto. me oermito comunicar a la Honorablc Corte los textos
adjuntos de 18spdrrafos 2,5,7, 11 y 12de la Derilaracion de Antigua. suscrita el
17de junio, por los Presidentes de Costa Rica. El Salvador, Guatemala, Hon-
duras-y Nicaragua; asi como por el Presidente de Panarnd, como obser-
vador. y los cuales tienen particular relevancia en el caso que nos ocupa.

lgualmente hacer de su atento conocimiento que, en ocasion de la Reu-
ni6n Cumbre, la sefiora Violcta Barrios de Chamorro, Presidente de Nicara-
eua. comunic6 al Licenciado Rafael Leonardo Calleias. Presidente de Hon-
&ras, que su Gobicrno a iravésdel Agentc cn el cas;, solicita a la Cortc que
no fiie plazo para la presentacion de la Contra Memoria de Honduras, pedido
que cuéntacon nuesira aceptacion.
En estas circunstancias. debo excusar al sefior Co-Agente de Honduras,
Embajador Jorge Ramon Hernindez Alcerro, por no asistir a la reunion
convocada oor el sefior Presidente. que no oarece ser ya necesaria. De otra
parte, si lamisma se celebra. le rueg; tomar'debida nota que mi Gobierno se
haria representar en la misma por el Abogado Ramon Valladares h., Embaja-
dor de Honduras en Holanda.

(Signed) Mario CAR~ASZAPATA,

Ministro de Relacioncs Exteriores.

(Unofficial franslarion)

Declarariorlof Anrigua
17Jirne 1990
"3. The Presidents of Guatemala' El Salvador and Costa Rica within the

soirit of the Esouioulas II Aerecments and bearine in mind the Aercements of
'I'cliiand San I;I&O Je ~or;>nndo rcgardiiig thî ;\pplic:i~ion 111<i1eforc the
Iiiicrnnti~innlCi,url iii Juslicc hv Nicara#u:i .ig;iin\l ll<indur;ison 28 IYKY.
undcr lhr.n;inic "BorJcr and Tr:tnsh<irJcr t\rnir.J Actiiiii~": urge lhc Guverii.
nient\ ,ifNic;ir:~gu;;iiid tlonJura 1%)1niegr:iic th? Commis,ioit ilin1will pur-
suc an cxtra-ludic~nl ~citlcmr.nl (or siid disl>utc. hopingII 1%rciicha prmiipt
solution."
* * *

"5. The Presidents oi Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica
praise the President of Nicaragua, Mrs. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, with en-
thusiasm and crue satisfaction for her participation in the Vlllth Presidential
Meeting, and are truly convinced that ber presence will encourage our efforts
to continue in the path that conducts 10 the establishment of pcace, democracy

and economic and social development in the area; and grant their total support
and recognition Io the iask ihai she has undertaken 10recovcr Nicaragua, and
especially for the transccndenial achievements in demobilizing the Nicaraguan
Resistance, and in producing a schcdulc for the substantial reduciion of the
armed forces of her country, al1 of this within the spirit of the Esquipulas
Agreements."
***

"7. The Presidents of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua
express, at the samc lime, their iruï satisfaction and support to the policy of
President Mr. Rafael Leonardo Callejas and the Government of Honduras, not480 BORDER ANDTRANSBORDERARMEDACTIONS

to allow the use of their territory by irregular forces and their full co-oper-
ation to the fulfilment of the Joint Plan for the Demohilization, Repatriation

or Voluntary Resettlement in Nicaragua and Third Countries of the Members
of the Nicaraguan Resistance and Their Families, under the control of the
CIAVIONUCA."
* **

"Il. Excel the latest achievements reached by the Government of Nicara-
gua and the Nicaraguan Resistance, on the execution of the 'Declaration of
Managua' of 4 May 1990, and ils Protocol of the 30th of the same month,
eiven that the voluntarv disarmament of more than 14.900irreeulars. accord-

Fngto the report rendéred by ONUCA and CIAV, have practLally achieved
the completion of the process of demobilization, constitutina a sub-tantial
contribuiion io the peacéof Central America."
* * *

"12. Acknowledge and thank the contribution and efforts of ONUCA and
CIAV in favour of peace in Central America."

[Spanishtextno1reproduced]

The Hague, 26 June 1990.

1 have the honour to refer to the time-limit to be fixed for the filing by
the Republic of Honduras of the Counter-Memorial on the merits in the
case concerning Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v. Hon-

duras).
In the Order of 14Decemher 1989,the Court decided:
"that the tirne-limit for the filing by the Republic of Honduras of a
Counter-Memorial on the merits is extended from 19February 1990to a

date to be fixed by an order to be made after 11 June 1990".
This decision was taken in view of the agreement to this effect reached by
the Parties in San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica, on 12December 1989(Dec-
laration of San lsidro de Coronado) and which was communicated to the

Court. The Court rightly interpreted that the pertinent part of the agreement
further provided
"that if no extra-judicial settlement of the dispute has been reached by
that date, either party may request that Honduras be granted six months
for the filing of ils Counter-Mernorial".

On 17 June 1990 the Central American Presidents issued a Declaration in
Antigua, Guatemala (Declaration of Antigua). In paragraph 3 of this Declara-
tion. the Presidents of Guatemala. El Salvador and Costa Ric-~~re~d the .
Gi,i,crnmcnis <ifNir.;ir.ipu~and IIciiiJurds io inteqratc thr C'oiiiiiiis,iÜnpru-

\idcd for in p;ir;igraph 13of the 1)ccl:iraiion ol Sari IhiJro iriordsr to puriuc
an r..rira-iudici315crtlcnir.nt01 the dis~iiir. u,hi~.I\rhc ,uhicct of thc c.i\r.iii
referencé.
Even though no extra-judicial settlement of the dispute has been reached CORRESPONDENCE 481

within the lime period provided for in the Declaration of San lsidro de

Coronado, in the spirit of the Declaration of Antigua, 1 have been instructed
not to request at present that the Court fix a time-limit for the filing of the
Counter-Meniorial of the Republic of Honduras. Furthermore, Nicaragua
wishes the Court to know that it will not exercise ils right- provided for in
the Declaration of San lsidro de Coronado- to request that this time-limit
be fixed ai least until before the beginning of next year in the hope that
the coming months will be fruitfully used in the spirit of the Declaration of
Antigua.

136. TllE MlNlSTER FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONSOF 11ONDURASTO TIIE
PRESIDENTOF THE COURT

Tegucigalpa, 7 November 1990.

1have the honour 10 inform you that in accordance with the Procedure of
Esquipulas, in the last meeting of the Executive Commission of Ministcrs of
Foreign Affairs of Central America, held in this city on October 29 and 30, a

final Document of Conclusions was agreed upon, which in ils number four
States:
"The Executive Commission welcomed with approval. that the Gov-
ernments of Honduras and Nicaragua, within the spirit of the Agree-

ments of Esquipulas II and having in mind the Agreements of Tela
and San lsidro de Coronado, have proceeded to integrate the Bipartite
Commission which will search for an extrajudicial solution conducive
to the definite withdrawal of the action, brought by Nicaragua against
Honduras, in the lnternational Court of Justice, the 28 of July 1989.At
the same time, the Commission noted the intention of both Govern-
ments to inform the International Court of Justice of this decision and

to celebrate, in Tegucigalpa, the first reunion of the Bipartite Commis-
sion in mid-November of the present year."
1will greatly appreciate your taking notice of this conclusion.

137. THE REGISTRARTO THE AMBASSADOR OF HONDURAS TO THE

NETHERLANDS

13 November 1990.

1 have the honour to acknowledge receipt of Your Excellency's letter of
12November 1~90~ ~ ~ ~sed to the President of the Court. transcribine and
encloiing a copy of a letterl to the President from His ~xcéllenc~Dr. Mario
Carias Zapata, Minister of Foreign Relations of Honduras, received fromHon-

duras bv facsimile. Since this coÏnmunication refers to neeotiations for a oos-
sible diicontinuance of the proceedings in the case concerning ~order'and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragita v. Hondrrras), 1 am transmitting a
copy of il to the Agent of Nicaragua ii that case482 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER ARMEDACTIONS

138. THE CO-AGENTOF HONDURASTO THE PRESIDENTOF THE COURT

Tegucigalpa, 7 Novemher 1990.

1 have the honour to inform you that as of Septemher the 4th. in accord-
ance with the Procedure of Esquipulas. ils suhsequent agreements, specially
those of Tela and Monteliniar, the Government of Honduras has appointed
Messrs. Guillerrno Pfrez Cadalso Arias and Julio Rendon Barnica as ils
representatives to the Bilateral Commission established by the Presidents of
Honduras and Nicaragua in San lsidro Coronado, Costa Rica, on December

12th, 1989.
Such Commission. has been eiv.: the resoonsibilitv to obtain an extraiudi-
ci;il ,olution. conduci\.1iith< dcfinitiic withdrau:i~ uf ihc .ictitilir<iuSl;thy
SIC~~J~Ua ~gI;iinsi lionJura\iiiIlic Inlc.rn.liii,('iurt oiJusticc'IHord<~iri~ral
~ransb>rrle;Ar~~ter/Acrions).
Thc Governments of Honduras and Nicaragua have agreed to commu-
nicate the Court ihe appointment of their representatives and Io hold the
Commission's first meeting during the second half of the current month of
November.

(Signer0 Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ ALCERRO.

139. THE REGlSTRAKTO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

11May 1992.

1 have the honour io acknowledge receipt of a letter dated II May 1992
wherehy the Government of Nicaragua has informed the Court of ils decision
to renounce al1 further right of action hased on the case concerning Border
and Traiishor~lerArrned Acrions (Nicaragirriv. Hondiiras) and stated ils wish

not to go on wiih the proceedings.
1take note further that in this letter you have requested that an Order be
made by the Court recording the discontinuance of the proceedings and
directine the removal of the case frorn the list.
1shai not fail to inform you in due lime of such action as may consequenlly
he takcn in accordance with Article 89 of the Rules of Court.

140. THE REGlS'l'RARTO THE CO-AGENTOF HONDURAS

12May 1992.

1have the honour to transmit to you herewith a copy of a letter of II May
1992from the Agent of Nicaragua in the case concerning Border a11<T 1rarishor-
der Armeil Acrioris(Nicaraaira v. Hondiiras). hv which the Aeent states the in-
ieniion ,iiihc Cio\c'rnmeni <ifNicnrxgua no1 Io gu on wiih the praicccrliiigi.
and requc',i, ih:it;inOrder I)cniadc'uffi~i~illvrc~ordinl: ilic discontinu;inc.c<II
the proceedings. and directing the removal of the case ïrom the list.
In accordance with Article 89. paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Rules of Court, CORRESPONDENCE 483

the President of the Court has fixed 25 May 1992 as the time-limit within
which Honduras may state whether il opposes the discontinuance of the pro-
ceedings.

141. THE REGISTRAR TO THE AGENT OF NICARAGUA

18May 1992.

1 have the honour to transmit to Your Excellency herewith a copy of a let-

ter, dated 15 May 1992 and received today in the Registry, hy which the
Chargé d'Affaires a.i of the Embassy of Honduras in The Hague transmitted
a copy of a letter dated 14 May 1992sent by telefax by the Co-Agent of Hon-
duras in the case concernine Border und Trunsborder Armed Actions (Nica-
r(iq!tit,~I~~~II/II~L I.U)^31k dtt.~cheJ,~, iiif<irmingrncih:lI Ihc ~i<ivcr"mcnl
,II Il,iit,iurIII.~,~~ rohlcctii~n io thL.ili~cuniinu;iiicc~ul ihc pro~ccJi.ig\.hl.
Nicaragua.
In view of the absence of objection by Honduras. the Court shall make an
Order officially recording the discontinuance of the proceedings and directing
the removal of the case from the list, in accordance with Article 89, para-

graph 2, of the Rules of Court.

27 May 1992

1 have the honour to inform Your Excellency that hy an Order3 of today's
date the Court has placed on record the discontinuance by the Republic of
Nicaragua of the proceedings in the case concerning Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Hondurus), and ha?.directed the removal of tbat
case from the list, pursuant to Article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court.
1now have the honour to transmit to you herewith the official sealed copy of
the Order destined for the Government of Nicaragua and a plain copy of this
Order, for your convenience.

Printed copies of the Order will be despatched to you shortly.

143. 1.E GREFFIER AU MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES
D'AFGHANISTAN*

11septembre 1992

Le Greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice a l'honneur de trans-
mettre sous pli séparéun exemplaire de chacune des décisionsci-après:

'Nol reoroduced
'A comkunicationinthe samr lrrrnnwas senttothe Ag-nt of Honduras.
'ICJ. Reports1992,p. 222.
'Une communicationanalogueaété adresséeaux autres EtatsMembres des Nations
Unies etaux Etatsnon membresder Nations Unies admisà esterdevant la Cour. - arrêt rendu par la Cour le 12 novembre 1991 en I'affaire relative à la
Sentence arbitraledri31jirillel 1989(Giiinée-Bissuiic. Sénégal;)
- ordonnance prise par le Président de la Cour le 18 décembre 1991 en
I'affaire de l'Incident aériendit 3 juillet 1988 (République islamiqire d'Iran
c. Etats-Unis d'Amériqire) ;

- ordonnance rendue oar la Cour le 14 avril 1992 en I'affaire relative à
des Qirestions d'interprétnfionet d'applirafion de la convention de Montréal
de 1971 résultantde l'incident aériende Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne
c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique) ;
- ordonnance rendue Dar la Cour le 14 avril 1992 en l'affaire relative à
des Qirestions d'interprétaiionel d'application de lu convention de Montréal
de 1971résitltantde l'incidentaériende Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne
c. Royaume-Uni) ;
- ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 14 avril 1992 en l'affaire du
Différendterritorial (Jamahiriyaarabe libyenne/Tchad);
- ordonnance rendue Darla Cour le 27 mai 1992en I'affaire relative àdes

. .
Unis d'Amérique);
- ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 19 juin 1992 en I'affaire relative au
Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie) ;
- ordonnance rendue oar la Cour le 19iuin 1992en I'affaire relative à des
Questions d'interprétation'etd'applicationke la convention de Monrréalde
1971 résultantde I'incidenr aériende Lockerbie (Jamuhiriya arabe libyenne
c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique) ;
- ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 19 juin 1992 en I'affaire relative à

des Questions d'interprétationet d'applicationde la convention de Montréalde
1971 résultantde l'incident aériende Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne
c. Royaume Uni) :
- ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 26 juin 1992 en I'affaire de la
Délimitation maritime et des qitestions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn
(Qatarc. Bahreïn) ;
- arrêtrendu par la Cour le 26 juin 1992en I'affaire de Certaines terres à
phosphates à Naiiru (Nauru c. Australie);
- ordonnance prise par le Président de la Cour le 29juin 1992en I'affaire
de Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie).

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