International Court of Justice
Application Instituting Proceedings
In the case concerning the violation of Iran's immunities
(Islamic Republic of Iran v. Canada)
27 June 2023
IN THE NAME OF GOD
1. On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter "Iran"), and in accordance with
Articles 36 (2) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (hereinafter the
"ICJ", or the "Court") and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I respectfully submit this
Application instituting proceedings against Canada, in the matter of the violations of Iran's
immunities (hereinafter the "Application").
I. Subject of the Dispute
2. The dispute arises from a series oflegislative, executive, and judicial measures adopted
by Canada against Iran and its property since 2012 in violation oflran's jurisdictional immunity
and immunity from measures of constraint under customary international law.
3. Iran has repeatedly protested, including through diplomatie channels, to Canada for the
violation of its international obligations and has requested Canada to cease its wrongful acts
and to make full reparation for the injuries caused, but to no avail.
4. Under the circumstances, Iran has no alternative but to avail itself of its right to institute
proceedings before this Court.
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
5. The Court has jurisdiction over the above-mentioned dispute and to rule on Iran's
claims. Both Iran and Canada have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court on
26 June 2023 and 10 May 1994, respectively.
III. The Facts
6. Canada has adopted and implemented a series of legislative, executive, and judicial
measures against Iran and its property in breach of its international obligations. These measures
have abrogated the immunities to which Iran is entitled, both with respect to jurisdictional
immunity and immunity from measures of constraint.
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(]) Legislative and Executive Acts against Iran
7. Canada adopted the State Immunity Act in 1985 (hereinafter the " SIA'').
8. On March 13, 2012, Canada amended section 6 of the SIA to remove retroactively as
from 1 January 1985, the immunity from the jurisdiction of a foreign State listed by Canada as
supporter of terrorism, in proceedings against this State for alleged support of terrorism. The
amendments, now section 6.1 (1) of the SIA, provide that:
"A foreign state that is set out on the list referred to in subsection (2) is
not immune from the jurisdiction of a court in proceedings against it for
its support ofterrorism on or after January 1, 1985."
9. Section 6.1 (2) of the SIA reads:
"The Governor in Council may, by order, establish a list on which the
Governor in Council may, at any time, set out the name of a foreign state
if, on the recommendation of the Minis ter of Foreign Aff airs made after
consulting with the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency
Preparedness, the Governor in Council is satisfied that there are
reasonable grounds to believe that the foreign state supported or supports
terrorism."
10. In addition, section 12 (l)(d) of the SIA removed the immunity from enforcement of
the property of a foreign State where:
"the foreign state is set out on the list referred to in subsection 6.1 (2) and
the attachment or execution relates to a judgement rendered in an action
brought against it for its support of terrorism or its terrorist activity and to
property other than property that has cultural or historical value".
11. At the same time, Canada also enacted another law titled Justice for Victims of
Terrorism Act (hereinafter the "NTA") which establishes a cause of action allowing plaintiffs
to sue alleged perpetrators of terrorism and their supporters. It pro vides in section 4 ( 1) that:
"Any person that has suffered loss or damage in or outside Canada on or
after January 1, 1985 as a result of an act or omission that is, or had it been
committed in Canada would be, punishable under Part 11.1 of the Criminal
Code, may, in any court of competent jurisdiction, bring an action to
recover an amount equal to the loss or damage proved to have been
suffered by the person and obtain any additional amount that the court may
allow from any of the following:
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(a) any listed entity, or foreign state whose immunity is lifted under
section 6.1 of the State lmmunity Act, or other person that committed the
act or omission that resulted in loss or damage; or
(b) a foreign state whose immunity is lifted under section 6.1 of the
State lmmunity Act, or listed entity or other person that- for the benefit
of or otherwise in relation to the listed entity referred to in paragraph (a)committed
an act or omission that is, or had it been committed in Canada
would be, punishable under any of section 83.02 to 83.04 and 83.18 to
83.23 of the Criminal Code."
12. In addition to introducing the cause of action against a foreign State listed as supporter
of terrorism, section 4 (5) of the JVTA mandates all competent Canadian courts to recognize,
and therefore authorize enforcement of, any foreign judgements in favour of a person that has
suffered loss or damage as a consequence of a "terrorist act", against a foreign state whose
immunity had been lifted pursuant to section 6.1 (2) of the SIA.
13. On 7 September 2012, six months after enactment of the SIA and JVTA, the
Government of Canada severed diplomatie relations with Iran, closed its embassy in Tehran,
and expelled Iranian diplomats from Canada. At the same time, it listed Iran as a supporter of
terrorism pursuant to section 6.1 of the SIA.1
(2) Litigation, Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments against Iran
14. Following the enactment of the legislative and executive acts referred to above, a series
of claims and enforcement proceedings have been adjudicated or are underway against Iran in
Canada. As of the date of this Application, Canadian courts have recognized, pursuant to
section 4 (5) of the JVTA, several default judgments issued by US courts against Iran under
section 1605 (a)(7) of the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.2
2
Govemment of Canada, "Canada Lists Both Iran and Syria as State Supporters of Terrorism", 7 Sep.
2012, <https:/ /www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2012/09/canada-l ists-both-iran-syria-state-supportersterrorism.
html>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
See for example: Tracy/Ciccipio v. Government of I.R. Iran (Nova Scotia), 26 Sep. 2012; Bennett v.
Govemment ofl.R. Iran, Case No. CV-12-463434 (Ontario), 5 Nov. 2012; T. Reed v. Govemment of
I.R. Iran, Case No. Hfx No. 422558 (Nova Scotia), 11 July 2011; C. Higgins v. Iranian Revolutionary
Guard Corps, Case No. CV-14-499468 (Ontario), 3 Oct. 2014; C.P. Rolland v. Government ofl.R. Iran,
Case No. CV-14-497414 (Ontario), 3 Oct. 2014; Marthaler et al. v. Government of I.R. Iran, Case No.
CV-13-493290 (Ontario), 3 Oct. 2014; F. Havlish v. Government ofl.R. Iran, et al., Case No. S-168272
(British Columbia), 17 Oct. 2017; F. Havlish v. Government ofl.R. Iran, et al., Case No. 476594 (Nova
Scotia), 27 Jul. 2018; F. Havlish v. Government of l.R. Iran, et al., Case No. CV-17-584851 (Ontario),
14 Jun.2018; F. Havlish v. Government ofl.R. Iran, et al., Case No. 180313913 (Alberta), 22 Mar. 2019;
Jacob, Rose, Steen and Fisher v. Government ofl.R. Iran, Case No. CV-10405814 (Ontario), 29 Jun.
2019; Marthaler, Higgins v Government of I.R. Iran, Case No. CV-15-10840-00CL (Ontario); Leibovitch
v. Govemment of I.R. Iran, et al., Case No. CV-16-549859 (Ontario); S. Wise v. Govemment of I.R.
Iran, et al., Case No. Sl37186 (British Columbia).
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15. Also, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, in Estate of Maria Bennett et al v. Iran,
granted a Mareva injunction, that is, a pre-judgment measure of constraint, against Iran's
property in Canada, in particular against three real property, during the proceedings
commenced to obtain recognition of a US district court's judgment.3 This Mareva injunction
also applied to Iranian funds held in two bank accounts. 4 A subsequent order reduced the scope
of the Mareva injunction to two real property. 5
16. Apart from recognition of US default judgments, in at least one case, i.e., Tracy et al.
v. Iran, File No. 14-10-10403-00CL, Canadian courts have also enforced several US judgments
against property of Iran. The case involved five consolidated actions for the recognition and
enforcement of US judgments in which judgment holders had attached Iranian property in
Ontario in aid of execution of the judgments.6 Two other plaintiffs were also trying to seize the
same Iranian property, but the Tracy plaintiffs reached an agreement with them to stay their
actions in return for receiving a portion oflranian property.7
17. Upon service of the judicial papers, Iran appeared in the proceedings and inter alia
invoked its sovereign immunity from jurisdiction of Canadian courts and immunity of its
property from attachment and execution under international law. However, the courts in all
instances rejected Iran's defences, recognized the US judgments pursuant to the JVTA and
ordered the turnover of the property to judgment holders.8 The property comprised of two real
estates in Ottawa and Toronto together with the funds held in two bank accounts in the name
of the Iranian embassy in Canada.9 The value of the property was over CAD 30 million.
4
6
9
Bennett Estate v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2012 ONSC 5886 (CanLII), <https://canlii.ca/t/ftjll>,
retrieved on 2023-06-27.
Estate of Maria Bennett v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONSC 5662 (CanLII),
<https://canlii.ca/t/g0kbl>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
Estate of Maria Bennett v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONSC 6832 (CanLII),
<https://canlii.ca/t/glgrc>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
Tracy v The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2016 ONSC 3759 (CanLII),
<https://canlii.ca/t/gslrl>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
Edward Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2014 ONSC 1696 (CanLII),
<https://canlii.ca/t/g66vl>, retrieved on 2023-06-27, para. 7. The plaintiffs were, Sherry Wise who had
filed an action against Iran for alleged in jury in Palestine under the JVT A, and Tarek Reed whose US
judgment had been recognized in Nova Scotia on 22 March 2013.
Tracy v The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2016 ONSC 3759 (CanLII),
<https://canlii.ca/t/gslrl>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
See: Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Receiver's Certificate acknowledging that the proceeds of the
assets were distributed to judgements creditors dated 7 Aug. 2019, available at:
<https :/ /www.albertgelman.com/wp-content/up loads/2019/08/Receivers-Certificate-dated-August-7-
2019-TRACY. pdf>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
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18. In addition to recognition and enforcement of US judgments, Canadian courts have also
exercised jurisdiction over claims against Iran in relation to the tragic incident of Ukraine
International Airlines Flight PS 752.
19. For example, in Mehrzad Zarei, et al. v. Iran, et al. (No. CV-20-635078), Zarei and five
other plaintiffs as persona! or estate representatives of six deceased in the incident and as their
surviving family members filed a statement of claim against Iran under the SIA and the JVTA
as amended in 2012.
20. In a default judgment dated 20 May 2021, the Ontario court held that the plaintiffs have
established that the incident was a "terrorist activity" under the SIA, the JVTA and the
provisions of the Criminal Code. 10 In a subsequent judgment dated 31 December 2021, the
court awarded plaintiffs CAD 7 million as compensation, CAD l 00 million as punitive
damages and CAD 94,947.28 for their costs. 11
IV. The Law
21. Iran, as a sovereign State, is entitled to sovereign immunities from jurisdiction and from
enforcement under customary international law. The principle of sovereign immunity, which
derives from the fondamental principle of sovereign equality, prohibits private parties from
suing another State before the courts of the forum State and from seizing its property.
22. Under customary international law there is no so-called "terrorist exception" allowing
a State to subject another State to its jurisdiction where the latter is accused of being involved
in a terrorist act. The International Court of Justice already established clearly that there is no
limitation upon jurisdictional immunities in the context of cases before domestic courts
concerning alleged serious violations of human rights or norms of a jus cogens character under
customary international law.12
23. It follows that Canada is obliged to respect the jurisdictional immunity which Iran
enjoys under international law and cannot allow civil claims to be brought against it in
Canadian courts seeking reparation for alleged support to, or acts of, terrorism, nor can it allow
its jurisdictions to recognize in Canada foreign judgments rendered against Iran in so-called
"terrorist cases". Further, Canada has no right under international law to take measures of
constraint against lran's property, neither for enforcing Canadian judgments nor for enforcing
foreign judgments.
10 Zarei v Iran, 2021 ONSC 3377 (CanLII), <https://canlii.ca/t/jg0tx>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.
11 Ibid., para. 53. There are at least two other similar actions pending against Iran in Canada: Smith et al.
v. 1. R. oflran and Arsalani v. 1. R. oflran, which is a "class action" lawsuit. Arsalani v. Islamic Republic oflran.
12 See Jurisdictional lmmunities of the State (Germany v. Jtaly: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2012, p. 99, p. 139, para. 91.
5
V. The Claims of Iran
24. As will be more fully developed in a subsequent stage of the proceedings:
(i) Canada is bound to abide by the rules of customary international law regarding
the sovereign immunity of Iran, both jurisdictional and from enforcement;
(ii) there is no justification, in international law, for disregarding the jurisdictional
immunity and immunity from enforcement of Iran; and
(iii) the actions carried out by Canada against Iran as summarily described above are
flagrant violations of general principles and rules of international law of State
immunity including the principle of sovereign equality (i.e., par in parem non
habet imperium).
25. Through the measures outlined above, Canada has violated and continues to violate its
obligations vis-à-vis Iran by:
- Removing Iran's jurisdictional immunity and immunity from enforcement by
adopting sections 6.1 and 12 (l)(d) of the SIA, and enlisting Iran pursuantto section
6.1 of the SIA as so-called supporter of terrorism;
- Enacting section 4 (1) of the NTA, and enlisting Iran pursuant to section 6.1 of the
SIA as so-called supporter of terrorism, thereby allowing private persons to file
claims against Iran for damages resulting from alleged support of terrorism;
- Authorizing recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments against Iran by
enacting section 4 ( 5) of the JVTA and enlisting Iran pursuant to section 6.1 of the
SIA as so-called supporter of terrorism;
- Enlisting Iran pursuant to section 6.1 of SIA as supporter of terrorism; and
- Authorizing, under section 12 (l)(d) of the SIA, attachment, and execution of
judgments against Iran's property protected under customary international law.
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VI. Judgment Requested
26. On the basis of the foregoing, and while reserving the right to supplement, amend or
modify the present Application in the course of further proceedings in the case, Iran
respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that by failing to respect the immunities
of Iran and its property, Canada has violated its international obligations toward Iran, and in
particular:
(a) That by allowing claims to be brought against Iran for alleged support of
terrorism, Canada has committed and continues to commit violations of its
obligations to respect Iran's jurisdictional immunity under customary
international law;
(b) That by recognizing or enforcing in Canada foreign judgments rendered against
Iran for alleged support of terrorism, it has committed and continues to commit
violations of Iran's jurisdictional and enforcement immunities under customary
international law;
(c) That by allowing and adopting pre-judgments and post-judgements measures of
constraint against property of Iran, Canada has failed to respect Iran's immunity
from enforcement under customary international law;
( d) That Canada shall ensure that no steps shall be taken based on the legislative,
executive, and judicial acts at issue in this case which are, to the extent determined
by the Court, inconsistent with the obligations of Canada toward Iran under
customary international law and shall give guarantees of non-repetition;
( e) That Canada shall, by means of its own choosing, take all necessary steps to
ensure that all judicial decisions rendered by its courts in violation of Iran's
immunity become unenforceable and ineffective;
(f) That Canada is under an obligation to make full reparation including
compensation to Iran for the violation of its international obligations in a form
and amount to be determined by the Court at a subsequent stage of the
proceedings. In this respect, Iran reserves the right to introduce and present to the
Court in due course the reparation owed by Canada; and,
(g) Any other remedy that the Court may deem appropriate.
27. For the purposes of Article 31 (3) of the Statute and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of Court,
Iran declares its intention to exercise the right to designate ajudge ad hoc.
The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has designated the undersigned as its Agent
for the purposes of these proceedings. All communications relating to this case should be sent
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to the Agent Bureau of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, De Werf 15, 4th Floor,
2544 EH, The Hague.
The Hague, 27 June 2023
Tavakol Habibzadeh c///~ i
~ /. J
Agent o -e Govè--......... ~
Republic of Iran
8
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 27 June 2023
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS
OF STATE IMMUNITIES
(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN v. CANADA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 27 juin 2023
VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES
DES IMMUNITÉS DE L’ÉTAT
(RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN c. CANADA)
2
2023
General List
No. 189
I. THE AGENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
27 June 2023.
On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and in accordance with Articles 36 (2) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the Court, and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to notify the Court that the Islamic Republic of Iran is hereby presenting an Application concerning the violations by Canada of Iran’s jurisdictional immunity and immunity from measures of constraint under customary international law.
As indicated in the Application, in accordance with Article 40 of the Rules of Court, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran informs the Court that it
has appointed the undersigned as its Agent for this proceeding and the address for service to the Agent is the Agent Bureau of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, De Werf 15, 4th Floor, 2544 EH, The Hague.
(Signed) Tavakol Habibzadeh.
___________
3
2023
Rôle général
no 189
I. L’AGENT DU GOUVERNEMENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 27 juin 2023.
Au nom de la République islamique d’Iran, et conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, ainsi qu’à l’article 38 de son Règlement, j’ai l’honneur de faire connaître à la Cour que la République
islamique d’Iran soumet par la présente une requête concernant des violations par le Canada de l’immunité de juridiction et de l’immunité à l’égard des mesures de contrainte dont jouit l’Iran en droit international coutumier.
Ainsi qu’il est indiqué dans la requête, et conformément à l’article 40 du Règlement, le Gouvernement de la République islamique d’Iran informe la Cour qu’il a désigné le soussigné comme agent aux fins de la présente instance et que celui-ci a élu domicile au bureau de l’agent à l’ambassade de la République islamique d’Iran, De Werf 15,
4e étage, 2544 EH, La Haye.
(Signé) Tavakol Habibzadeh.
___________
4
II. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
in the name of god
1. On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter “Iran”), and in accordance with Articles 36 (2) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (hereinafter the “ICJ”, or the “Court”) and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I respectfully submit this Application instituting proceedings against Canada, in the matter of the violations of Iran’s immunities (hereinafter the “Application”).
I. Subject of the Dispute
2. The dispute arises from a series of legislative, executive and judicial measures adopted by Canada against Iran and its property since 2012 in violation of Iran’s jurisdictional immunity and immunity from measures of constraint under customary international law.
3. Iran has repeatedly protested, including through diplomatic channels, to Canada for the violation of its international obligations and has requested Canada to cease its wrongful acts and to make full reparation for the injuries caused, but to no avail.
4. Under the circumstances, Iran has no alternative but to avail itself of its right to institute proceedings before this Court.
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
5. The Court has jurisdiction over the above-mentioned dispute and to rule on Iran’s claims. Both Iran and Canada have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court on 26 June 2023 and 10 May 1994, respectively.
III. The Facts
6. Canada has adopted and implemented a series of legislative, executive and judicial measures against Iran and its property in breach of its international obligations. These measures have abrogated the immunities to which Iran is entitled, both with respect to jurisdictional immunity and immunity from measures of constraint.
(1) Legislative and Executive Acts against Iran
7. Canada adopted the State Immunity Act in 1985 (hereinafter the “SIA”).
8. On 13 March 2012, Canada amended section 6 of the SIA to remove retroactively as from 1 January 1985, the immunity from the jurisdiction of a foreign State listed
by Canada as supporter of terrorism, in proceedings against this State for alleged support of terrorism. The amendments, now section 6.1 (1) of the SIA, provide that:
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II. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
au nom de dieu
1. Au nom de la République islamique d’Iran (ci-après l’« Iran »), et conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice (ci-après la « Cour ») ainsi qu’à l’article 38 de son Règlement, j’ai l’honneur de soumettre la présente requête introductive d’instance contre le Canada concernant des violations des immunités de l’Iran (ci-après la « requête »).
I. Objet du différend
2. Le différend découle de l’adoption par le Canada, depuis 2012, d’une série de mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires qui visent l’Iran et ses biens en violation de l’immunité de juridiction et de l’immunité à l’égard des mesures de contrainte dont celui-ci jouit en droit international coutumier.
3. L’Iran a maintes fois fait savoir au Canada, notamment par la voie diplomatique, qu’il protestait contre le manquement par celui-ci aux obligations internationales qui lui incombent et l’a prié, en vain, de mettre fin à ses actes illicites et de réparer intégralement le préjudice causé.
4. Dans ces circonstances, l’Iran n’a pas d’autre choix que de se prévaloir de son droit d’introduire une instance devant la Cour.
II. Compétence de la Cour
5. La Cour a compétence pour connaître du différend susmentionné et pour se
prononcer sur les demandes de l’Iran. L’Iran et le Canada ont tous deux accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, le 26 juin 2023 et le 10 mai 1994 respectivement.
III. Exposé des faits
6. Le Canada a adopté et mis en oeuvre une série de mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires contre l’Iran et ses biens, au mépris des obligations internationales qui lui incombent. Ces mesures ont privé l’Iran des immunités auxquelles il a droit, pour ce qui est tant de l’immunité de juridiction que de l’immunité à l’égard des mesures de contrainte.
1) Actes législatifs et administratifs visant l’Iran
7. Le Canada a adopté en 1985 la loi sur l’immunité des États (ci-après la « loi d’immunité »).
8. Le 13 mars 2012, le Canada a modifié l’article 6 de la loi d’immunité afin de
supprimer, de manière rétroactive à compter du 1er janvier 1985, l’immunité de juridiction de tout État étranger inscrit sur la liste des États dont le Canada considère qu’ils soutiennent le terrorisme, dans toute action intentée contre cet État pour soutien
6
“A foreign state that is set out on the list referred to in subsection (2) is not immune from the jurisdiction of a court in proceedings against it for its support of terrorism on or after January 1, 1985.”
9. Section 6.1 (2) of the SIA reads:
“The Governor in Council may, by order, establish a list on which the Governor in Council may, at any time, set out the name of a foreign state if, on the recommendation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs made after consulting with the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, the Governor in Council is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the foreign state supported or supports terrorism.”
10. In addition, section 12 (1) (d) of the SIA removed the immunity from enforcement of the property of a foreign State where:
“the foreign state is set out on the list referred to in subsection 6.1 (2) and the attachment or execution relates to a judgment rendered in an action brought against it for its support of terrorism or its terrorist activity and to property other than property that has cultural or historical value”.
11. At the same time, Canada also enacted another law titled Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act (hereinafter the “JVTA”) which establishes a cause of action allowing plaintiffs to sue alleged perpetrators of terrorism and their supporters. It provides in section 4 (1) that:
“Any person that has suffered loss or damage in or outside Canada on or after January 1, 1985 as a result of an act or omission that is, or had it been committed in Canada would be, punishable under Part II.1 of the Criminal Code, may, in
any court of competent jurisdiction, bring an action to recover an amount equal to the loss or damage proved to have been suffered by the person and obtain any additional amount that the court may allow from any of the following:
(a) any listed entity, or foreign state whose immunity is lifted under section 6.1 of the State Immunity Act, or other person that committed the act or omission that resulted in loss or damage; or
(b) a foreign state whose immunity is lifted under section 6.1 of the State Immunity Act, or listed entity or other person that for the benefit of or otherwise in relation to the listed entity referred to in paragraph (a) committed an act or omission that is, or had it been committed in Canada would be, punishable under any of section 83.02 to 83.04 and 83.18 to 83.23 of the Criminal Code.”
12. In addition to introducing the cause of action against a foreign State listed as supporter of terrorism, section 4 (5) of the JVTA mandates all competent Canadian courts to recognize, and therefore authorize enforcement of, any foreign judgments in favour of a person that has suffered loss or damage as a consequence of a “terrorist act”, against a foreign State whose immunity had been lifted pursuant to section 6.1 (2) of the SIA.
13. On 7 September 2012, six months after enactment of the SIA and JVTA, the Government of Canada severed diplomatic relations with Iran, closed its embassy in
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présumé au terrorisme. Le paragraphe 1 de ce qui est devenu l’article 6.1 de la loi
d’immunité telle que modifiée dispose ce qui suit : « L’État étranger inscrit sur la liste visée au paragraphe (2) ne bénéficie pas de l’immunité de juridiction dans les actions intentées contre lui pour avoir soutenu le terrorisme le 1er janvier 1985 ou après cette date. »
9. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 6.1 se lit comme suit :
« Le gouverneur en conseil peut, par décret, établir une liste sur laquelle il
peut, dès lors et par la suite, inscrire tout État étranger s’il est convaincu, sur la recommandation du ministre des Affaires étrangères faite après consultation du ministre de la Sécurité publique et de la Protection civile, qu’il existe des motifs raisonnables de croire que cet État soutient ou a soutenu le terrorisme. »
10. En outre, l’alinéa d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 12 de la loi d’immunité a supprimé l’immunité relative à l’insaisissabilité des biens d’un État étranger lorsque
« la saisie ou l’exécution a trait à un bien autre qu’un bien ayant une valeur
culturelle ou historique et à un jugement rendu dans le cadre d’une action intentée contre l’État pour avoir soutenu le terrorisme ou pour s’être livré à une activité terroriste, si celui-ci est inscrit sur la liste visée au paragraphe 6.1 (2) ».
11. Parallèlement, le Canada a aussi adopté la loi sur la justice pour les victimes d’actes de terrorisme (ci-après la « loi pour les victimes de terrorisme »), qui établit une cause d’action permettant aux demandeurs d’engager des poursuites contre les auteurs présumés d’actes de terrorisme et ceux qui les soutiennent. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de cette loi dispose ce qui suit :
« Toute personne qui, le 1er janvier 1985 ou après cette date, a subi au Canada ou à l’étranger des pertes ou des dommages par suite de tout acte ou omission qui est sanctionné par la partie II.1 du Code criminel ou le serait s’il avait été commis au Canada peut, devant tout tribunal compétent, intenter une action contre les personnes ou États étrangers ci-après en vue du recouvrement d’une somme égale au montant des pertes ou des dommages constatés ainsi que de l’attribution de toute somme supplémentaire que le tribunal peut fixer :
a) l’État étranger — dont l’immunité de juridiction est levée par application de l’article 6.1 de la Loi sur l’immunité des États — ou toute entité inscrite ou autre personne ayant commis l’acte ou l’omission en cause ;
b) l’État étranger — dont l’immunité de juridiction est levée par application de l’article 6.1 de la Loi sur l’immunité des États — ou toute entité inscrite ou autre personne qui, au profit ou au regard de l’entité inscrite ayant commis l’acte ou l’omission en cause, a commis tout acte ou omission qui est sanctionné par l’un des articles 83.02 à 83.04 et 83.18 à 83.23 du Code criminel ou le serait s’il avait été commis au Canada. »
12. Outre l’introduction de la cause d’action contre un État étranger inscrit sur
la liste des États soutenant le terrorisme, le paragraphe 5 de l’article 4 de la loi pour
les victimes de terrorisme commande à tous les tribunaux canadiens compétents de reconnaître tout jugement d’une juridiction étrangère rendu en faveur d’une personne ayant subi des pertes ou des dommages par suite d’un « acte de terrorisme », et
donc d’autoriser l’exécution dudit jugement contre tout État étranger dont l’immunité a été levée par suite de l’application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 6.1 de la loi d’immunité.
13. Le 7 septembre 2012, six mois après l’adoption de la loi d’immunité et de la
loi pour les victimes de terrorisme, le Gouvernement canadien a rompu ses relations
8
Tehran, and expelled Iranian diplomats from Canada. At the same time, it listed Iran as a supporter of terrorism pursuant to section 6.1 of the SIA1.
(2) Litigation, Recognition and Enforcement
of Judgments against Iran
14. Following the enactment of the legislative and executive acts referred to above, a series of claims and enforcement proceedings have been adjudicated or are underway against Iran in Canada. As of the date of this Application, Canadian courts have recognized, pursuant to section 4 (5) of the JVTA, several default judgments issued
by US courts against Iran under section 1605 (a) (7) of the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act2.
15. Also, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, in Estate of Marla Bennett v. Iran, granted a Mareva injunction, that is, a pre-judgment measure of constraint, against Iran’s property in Canada, in particular against three real property, during
the proceedings commenced to obtain recognition of a US district court’s judgment3. This Mareva injunction also applied to Iranian funds held in two bank accounts4. A subsequent order reduced the scope of the Mareva injunction to two real properties5.
16. Apart from recognition of US default judgments, in at least one case, i.e.,
Tracy et al. v. Iran, File No. 14-10-10403-00CL, Canadian courts have also enforced several US judgments against property of Iran. The case involved five consolidated actions for the recognition and enforcement of US judgments in which judgment
holders had attached Iranian property in Ontario in aid of execution of the
1 Government of Canada, “Canada Lists Both Iran and Syria as State Supporters of Terrorism”, 7 September 2012, https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2012/09/canada-lists-both-iran-syria-state-supporters-terrorism.html, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
2 See for example: Tracy/Ciccipio v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran (Nova Scotia), 26 September 2012; Bennett v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-12-463434 (Ontario), 5 November 2012; T. Reed v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. Hfx No. 422558 (Nova Scotia), 11 July 2011; C. Higgins v. Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps,
Case No. CV-14-499468 (Ontario), 3 October 2014; C. P. Holland v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-14-497414 (Ontario), 3 October 2014; Marthaler et al. v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-13-493290 (Ontario), 3 October 2014; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. S-168272 (British Columbia), 17 October 2017; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al.,
Case No. 476594 (Nova Scotia), 27 July 2018; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic
of Iran, et al., Case No. CV-17-584851 (Ontario), 14 June 2018; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. 180313913 (Alberta), 22 March 2019; Jacob, Rose, Steen and Fisher v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-10405814 (Ontario), 29 June 2019; Marthaler, Higgins v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-15-10840-00CL (Ontario); Leibovitch v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al.,
Case No. CV-16-549859 (Ontario); S. Wise v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. S137186 (British Columbia).
3 Bennett Estate v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2012 ONSC 5886 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/ftj1l, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
4 Estate of Marla Bennett v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONSC 5662 (CanLII),
https://canlii.ca/t/g0kbl, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
5 Estate of Marla Bennett v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONSC 6832 (CanLII),
https://canlii.ca/t/g1qrc, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
9
diplomatiques avec l’Iran, fermé son ambassade à Téhéran et expulsé du Canada les diplomates iraniens. Il a également, en vertu de l’article 6.1 de la loi d’immunité, inscrit l’Iran sur sa liste des États qui soutiennent le terrorisme1.
2) Poursuites contre l’Iran et reconnaissance et exécution
de jugements prononcés contre lui
14. À la suite des actes législatifs et administratifs susmentionnés, une série d’actions civiles et de demandes d’exécution ont été engagées contre l’Iran au Canada et ont abouti à une décision ou sont en cours d’examen. À la date de la présente requête, les juridictions canadiennes ont reconnu, en application du paragraphe 5 de l’article 4 de
la loi pour les victimes de terrorisme, plusieurs jugements prononcés par défaut contre l’Iran par des juridictions américaines en vertu de l’alinéa 7 du paragraphe a) de
l’article 1605 de la loi américaine sur l’immunité des États étrangers2.
15. De plus, dans l’affaire Estate of Marla Bennett v. Iran, concernant une procédure engagée pour obtenir la reconnaissance d’une décision rendue par un
tribunal de district américain, la cour supérieure de justice de l’Ontario a accordé une injonction Mareva, à savoir une mesure de contrainte prise dans l’attente de jugement, contre des biens de l’Iran au Canada, notamment trois biens immobiliers3. L’injonction Mareva s’appliquait également à des fonds iraniens déposés sur deux comptes bancaires4. Par une ordonnance ultérieure, son champ d’application a été limité à deux biens immobiliers5.
16. En dehors de la reconnaissance de jugements américains rendus par défaut, dans au moins une affaire, Tracy et al. v. Iran (dossier no 14-10-10403-00CL), des juridictions canadiennes ont également fait exécuter plusieurs jugements américains sur des biens appartenant à l’Iran. L’affaire concernait cinq actions en reconnaissance et en exécution de jugements américains qui avaient été fusionnées, dans lesquelles les demandeurs
1 Gouvernement du Canada, « Le Canada inscrit l’Iran et la Syrie sur la liste des États qui soutiennent le terrorisme », 7 septembre 2012, https://www.canada.ca/fr/nouvelles/archive/
2012/09/canada-inscrit-iran-syrie-liste-etats-soutiennent-terrorisme.html, dernière consultation le 27 juin 2023.
2 Voir par exemple : Tracy/Ciccipio v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran (Nova Scotia), 26 septembre 2012 ; Bennett v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-12-463434 (Ontario), 5 novembre 2012 ; T. Reed v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. Hfx No. 422558 (Nova Scotia), 11 juillet 2011 ; C. Higgins v. Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, Case No. CV-14-499468 (Ontario), 3 octobre 2014 ; C. P. Holland v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-14-497414 (Ontario), 3 octobre 2014 ; Marthaler et al. v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-13-493290 (Ontario), 3 octobre 2014 ;
F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. S-168272 (British Columbia), 17 octobre 2017 ; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al.,
Case No. 476594 (Nova Scotia), 27 juillet 2018 ; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. CV-17-584851 (Ontario), 14 juin 2018 ; F. Havlish v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. 180313913 (Alberta), 22 mars 2019 ; Jacob, Rose, Steen and Fisher v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-10405814 (Ontario), 29 juin 2019 ; Marthaler, Higgins v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, Case No. CV-15-10840-00CL (Ontario) ; Leibovitch v. Government of Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Case No. CV-16-549859 (Ontario) ; S. Wise v. Government of Islamic Republic of. Iran, et al., Case No. Sl37186 (British Columbia).
3 Bennett Estate v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2012 ONSC 5886 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/ftj1l,
consulté le 27 juin 2023.
4 Estate of Marla Bennett v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONSC 5662 (CanLII),
https://canlii.ca/t/g0kbl, consulté le 27 juin 2023.
5 Estate of Marla Bennett v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013 ONSC 6832 (CanLII),
https://canlii.ca/t/g1qrc, consulté le 27 juin 2023.
10
judgments6. Two other plaintiffs were also trying to seize the same Iranian property, but the Tracy plaintiffs reached an agreement with them to stay their actions in return for receiving a portion of Iranian property7.
17. Upon service of the judicial papers, Iran appeared in the proceedings and inter alia invoked its sovereign immunity from jurisdiction of Canadian courts and immunity of its property from attachment and execution under international law. However, the courts in all instances rejected Iran’s defences, recognized the US judgments
pursuant to the JVTA and ordered the turnover of the property to judgment holders8. The property comprised of two real estates in Ottawa and Toronto together with the funds held in two bank accounts in the name of the Iranian embassy in Canada9. The value of the property was over CAD 30 million.
18. In addition to recognition and enforcement of US judgments, Canadian courts have also exercised jurisdiction over claims against Iran in relation to the tragic incident of Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS 752.
19. For example, in Mehrzad Zarei et al. v. Iran et al. (No. CV-20-635078), Zarei and five other plaintiffs as personal or estate representatives of six deceased in the incident and as their surviving family members filed a statement of claim against Iran under the SIA and the JVTA as amended in 2012.
20. In a default judgment dated 20 May 2021, the Ontario court held that the plaintiffs have established that the incident was a “terrorist activity” under the SIA, the JVTA and the provisions of the Criminal Code10. In a subsequent judgment dated 31 December 2021, the court awarded plaintiffs CAD 7 million as compensation, CAD 100 million as punitive damages and CAD 94,947.28 for their costs11.
IV. The Law
21. Iran, as a sovereign State, is entitled to sovereign immunities from jurisdiction and from enforcement under customary international law. The principle of sovereign immunity, which derives from the fundamental principle of sovereign equality,
prohibits private parties from suing another State before the courts of the forum State and from seizing its property.
6 Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2016 ONSC 3759 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/gs1r1, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
7 Edward Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2014 ONSC 1696 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/g66v1, retrieved on 27 June 2023, para. 7. The plaintiffs were Sherry Wise, who had filed an action against Iran for alleged injury in Palestine under the JVTA, and Tarek Reed, whose US judgment had been recognized in Nova Scotia on 22 March 2013.
8 Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2016 ONSC 3759 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/gs1r1, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
9 See Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Receiver’s Certificate acknowledging that the proceeds of the assets were distributed to judgment creditors dated 7 August 2019, available at:
https://www.albertgelman.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Receivers-Certificate-dated-August-7-2019-TRACY.pdf, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
10 Zarei v. Iran, 2021 ONSC 3377 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/jg0tx, retrieved on 27 June 2023.
11 Ibid., para. 53. There are at least two other similar actions pending against Iran in Canada: Smith et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Arsalani v. Islamic Republic of Iran, which is a “class action” lawsuit.
11
requéraient la saisie de biens iraniens en Ontario aux fins de garantir l’exécution des décisions concernées6. Deux autres demandeurs essayaient également de faire saisir les mêmes biens iraniens, mais par suite d’un accord avec les demandeurs de l’affaire Tracy, ils ont suspendu leurs actions en échange d’une partie des biens en question7.
17. Après avoir reçu copie du dossier de l’affaire, l’Iran a comparu en justice et a invoqué, entre autres choses, son immunité souveraine de juridiction devant les tribunaux canadiens et l’immunité relative à l’insaisissabilité de ses biens, dont il jouit en droit international. Cependant, les tribunaux canadiens ont rejeté les moyens de défense de l’Iran dans toutes les instances, reconnu les jugements américains en application de la loi pour les victimes de terrorisme et ordonné la remise des biens saisis aux bénéficiaires desdits jugements8. Ces biens comprenaient deux biens immobiliers à Ottawa et Toronto, ainsi que les fonds déposés sur deux comptes bancaires au nom de l’ambassade d’Iran au Canada9. Leur valeur était supérieure à 30 millions de dollars canadiens.
18. Outre la reconnaissance et l’exécution de jugements américains, les tribunaux canadiens se sont également déclarés compétents pour connaître de plaintes visant l’Iran au sujet de la tragédie du vol PS 752 de la compagnie Ukraine International Airlines.
19. Ainsi, dans l’affaire Mehrzad Zarei et al. v. Iran et al. (no CV-20-635078), M. Zarei et cinq autres demandeurs, agissant à titre personnel ou en qualité d’exécuteurs testamentaires ainsi qu’en qualité de proches survivants de six personnes décédées dans l’accident, ont déposé une plainte contre l’Iran sur le fondement de la loi d’immunité et de la loi pour les victimes de terrorisme, dans leur version de 2012.
20. Dans un jugement par défaut du 20 mai 2021, la cour supérieure de justice de l’Ontario a conclu que les demandeurs avaient établi que la destruction de l’avion constituait une « activité terroriste » au sens de la loi d’immunité, de la loi pour les
victimes de terrorisme et des dispositions du code pénal10. Dans un arrêt ultérieur, le 31 décembre 2021, la cour a accordé aux demandeurs 7 millions de dollars canadiens à titre d’indemnisation, 100 millions de dollars canadiens à titre de dommages-intérêts punitifs et 94 947,28 dollars canadiens pour leurs frais de procédure11.
IV. Exposé du droit
21. En tant qu’État souverain, l’Iran a droit aux immunités souveraines de juridiction et d’exécution reconnues en droit international coutumier. Le principe de l’immunité souveraine, qui découle du principe fondamental de l’égalité souveraine, interdit à
des personnes privées de poursuivre un État devant les juridictions compétentes d’un autre État et de saisir ses biens.
6 Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2016 ONSC 3759 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/gs1r1, consulté le 27 juin 2023.
7 Edward Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2014 ONSC 1696 (CanLII), par. 7, https://canlii.ca/t/g66v1, consulté le 27 juin 2023. Les demandeurs étaient Sherry Wise, qui avait engagé, en application de la loi pour les victimes d’actes de terrorisme, une action contre l’Iran pour des blessures qu’elle disait avoir subies en Palestine, et Tarek Reed, dont le jugement rendu en sa faveur aux États-Unis avait été reconnu en Nouvelle-Écosse le 22 mars 2013.
8 Tracy v. The Iranian Ministry of Information and Security, 2016 ONSC 3759 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/gs1r1, consulté le 27 juin 2023.
9 Voir Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Receiver’s Certificate acknowledging that the proceeds of the assets were distributed to judgment creditors dated 7 August 2019, accessible
à l’adresse suivante : https://www.albertgelman.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Receivers-Certificate-dated-August-7-2019-TRACY.pdf, consulté le 27 juin 2023.
10 Zarei v. Iran, 2021 ONSC 3377 (CanLII), https://canlii.ca/t/jg0tx, consulté le 27 juin 2023.
11 Ibid., par. 53. Au moins deux procédures identiques sont en cours contre l’Iran au Canada : Smith et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran et Arsalani v. Islamic Republic of Iran, qui est une « action collective ».
12
22. Under customary international law there is no so-called “terrorist exception” allowing a State to subject another State to its jurisdiction where the latter is
accused of being involved in a terrorist act. The International Court of Justice already
established clearly that there is no limitation upon jurisdictional immunities in the
context of cases before domestic courts concerning alleged serious violations of human rights or norms of a jus cogens character under customary international law12.
23. It follows that Canada is obliged to respect the jurisdictional immunity which Iran enjoys under international law and cannot allow civil claims to be brought
against it in Canadian courts seeking reparation for alleged support to, or acts of, terrorism, nor can it allow its jurisdictions to recognize in Canada foreign judgments rendered against Iran in so-called “terrorist cases”. Further, Canada has no right under international law to take measures of constraint against Iran’s property, neither for enforcing Canadian judgments nor for enforcing foreign judgments.
V. The Claims of Iran
24. As will be more fully developed in a subsequent stage of the proceedings:
(i) Canada is bound to abide by the rules of customary international law regarding the sovereign immunity of Iran, both jurisdictional and from enforcement;
(ii) there is no justification, in international law, for disregarding the jurisdictional immunity and immunity from enforcement of Iran; and
(iii) the actions carried out by Canada against Iran as summarily described above are flagrant violations of general principles and rules of international law of State immunity including the principle of sovereign equality (i.e., par in parem non habet imperium).
25. Through the measures outlined above, Canada has violated and continues to violate its obligations vis-à-vis Iran by:
—
Removing Iran’s jurisdictional immunity and immunity from enforcement by adopting sections 6.1 and 12 (1) (d) of the SIA, and enlisting Iran pursuant to
section 6.1 of the SIA as so-called supporter of terrorism;
—
Enacting section 4 (1) of the JVTA, and enlisting Iran pursuant to section 6.1 of the SIA as so-called supporter of terrorism, thereby allowing private persons to file claims against Iran for damages resulting from alleged support of terrorism;
—
Authorizing recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments against Iran by enacting section 4 (5) of the JVTA and enlisting Iran pursuant to section 6.1 of the SIA as so-called supporter of terrorism;
—
Enlisting Iran pursuant to section 6.1 of SIA as supporter of terrorism; and
—
Authorizing, under section 12 (1) (d) of the SIA, attachment, and execution of judgments against Iran’s property protected under customary international law.
12 See Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 139, para. 91.
13
22. En droit international coutumier, il n’existe pas de prétendue « exception pour terrorisme » permettant à un État de soumettre à sa juridiction un autre État qui serait accusé de se livrer à des activités terroristes. La Cour internationale de Justice a déjà clairement établi qu’il n’existe pas, en droit international coutumier, de limite aux immunités juridictionnelles dans les affaires portées devant des juridictions nationales à raison de graves violations alléguées des droits de l’homme ou de normes de jus cogens12.
23. Il s’ensuit que le Canada est tenu de respecter l’immunité juridictionnelle dont jouit l’Iran en droit international et qu’il ne peut autoriser que des actions civiles soient engagées contre l’Iran devant ses tribunaux aux fins d’obtenir réparation à raison du prétendu soutien de l’Iran au terrorisme ou de sa prétendue implication dans des actes de terrorisme, et que le Canada ne peut pas non plus autoriser ses tribunaux à reconnaître sur son territoire des jugements de juridictions étrangères rendus contre l’Iran dans des affaires dites « de terrorisme ». De surcroît, le Canada n’a pas, en droit international, le droit de prendre des mesures de contrainte sur des biens appartenant à l’Iran, que ce soit pour l’exécution de jugements de tribunaux canadiens ou pour l’exécution de jugements de juridictions étrangères.
V. Demandes de l’Iran
24. Ainsi que cela sera exposé plus avant à un stade ultérieur de la procédure :
i) le Canada est tenu de respecter les règles de droit international coutumier en ce qui concerne l’immunité souveraine de l’Iran, tant de juridiction que d’exécution ;
ii) il n’existe aucune justification, en droit international, pour écarter l’immunité de juridiction et l’immunité d’exécution de l’Iran ;
iii) les mesures prises par le Canada contre l’Iran, telles que sommairement décrites ci-dessus, constituent des violations flagrantes de principes généraux et de règles de droit international relatifs à l’immunité de l’État et notamment du principe de l’égalité souveraine (par in parem non habet imperium).
25. Par les mesures brièvement exposées ci-dessus, le Canada a manqué et continue de manquer à ses obligations à l’égard de l’Iran en :
—
levant l’immunité de juridiction et l’immunité d’exécution de l’Iran par l’adoption de l’article 6.1 et de l’alinéa d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 12 de la loi d’immunité, et en inscrivant l’Iran, en vertu dudit article 6.1, sur la liste des États soutenant prétendument le terrorisme ;
—
adoptant le paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de la loi pour les victimes de terrorisme, et en inscrivant l’Iran, en vertu de l’article 6.1 de la loi d’immunité, sur la liste des États soutenant prétendument le terrorisme, permettant ainsi à des personnes privées d’engager des actions contre l’Iran à raison de dommages résultant d’un prétendu soutien au terrorisme ;
—
autorisant la reconnaissance et l’exécution de jugements étrangers contre l’Iran par l’adoption du paragraphe 5 de l’article 4 de la loi pour les victimes de terrorisme et par l’inscription de l’Iran, en vertu de l’article 6.1 de la loi d’immunité, sur la liste des États soutenant prétendument le terrorisme ;
—
inscrivant l’Iran, en vertu de l’article 6.1 de la loi d’immunité, sur la liste des États soutenant le terrorisme ;
—
autorisant, en application de l’alinéa d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 12 de la loi d’immunité, la saisie de biens de l’Iran protégés en vertu du droit international coutumier et l’exécution de jugements sur de tels biens.
12 Voir Immunités juridictionnelles de l’État (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 139, par. 91.
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VI. Judgment Requested
26. On the basis of the foregoing, and while reserving the right to supplement, amend or modify the present Application in the course of further proceedings in the case, Iran respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that by failing to respect the immunities of Iran and its property, Canada has violated its international obligations toward Iran, and in particular:
(a) That by allowing claims to be brought against Iran for alleged support of
terrorism, Canada has committed and continues to commit violations of its obligations to respect Iran’s jurisdictional immunity under customary international law;
(b) That by recognizing or enforcing in Canada foreign judgments rendered against Iran for alleged support of terrorism, it has committed and continues to commit violations of Iran’s jurisdictional and enforcement immunities under customary international law;
(c) That by allowing and adopting pre-judgment and post-judgment measures of
constraint against property of Iran, Canada has failed to respect Iran’s immunity from enforcement under customary international law;
(d) That Canada shall ensure that no steps shall be taken based on the legislative, executive, and judicial acts at issue in this case which are, to the extent determined by the Court, inconsistent with the obligations of Canada toward Iran under customary international law and shall give guarantees of non-repetition;
(e) That Canada shall, by means of its own choosing, take all necessary steps to ensure that all judicial decisions rendered by its courts in violation of Iran’s immunity become unenforceable and ineffective;
(f) That Canada is under an obligation to make full reparation including compensation to Iran for the violation of its international obligations in a form and amount to be determined by the Court at a subsequent stage of the proceedings. In this respect, Iran reserves the right to introduce and present to the Court in due course the reparation owed by Canada; and,
(g) Any other remedy that the Court may deem appropriate.
27. For the purposes of Article 31 (3) of the Statute and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of Court, Iran declares its intention to exercise the right to designate a judge ad hoc.
The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has designated the undersigned as its Agent for the purposes of these proceedings. All communications relating to this case should be sent to the Agent Bureau of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, De Werf 15, 4th Floor, 2544 EH, The Hague.
The Hague, 27 June 2023.
(Signed) Tavakol Habibzadeh,
Agent of the Government
of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
___________
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VI. Décision demandée
26. Sur la base de ce qui précède, et tout en se réservant le droit de compléter ou de modifier la présente requête au cours de la suite de la procédure en l’affaire, l’Iran prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que le Canada, en ne respectant pas les
immunités de l’Iran et de ses biens, a manqué aux obligations internationales qui lui incombent à l’égard de l’Iran, et en particulier :
a) que, en permettant que des actions soient engagées contre l’Iran à raison d’un prétendu soutien au terrorisme, le Canada a manqué et continue de manquer à l’obligation de respecter l’immunité de juridiction de l’Iran qui lui incombe en droit international coutumier ;
b) que, en reconnaissant ou en faisant exécuter au Canada des jugements rendus contre l’Iran par des juridictions étrangères à raison d’un prétendu soutien au terrorisme, le Canada a violé et continue de violer les immunités de juridiction et
d’exécution dont jouit l’Iran en droit international coutumier ;
c) que, en permettant que des mesures de contrainte soient prises à l’égard de biens iraniens avant et après des décisions de justice, le Canada n’a pas respecté l’immunité d’exécution dont jouit l’Iran en droit international coutumier ;
d) que le Canada doit veiller à ce qu’aucune mesure ne soit prise sur la base des actes législatifs, administratifs et judiciaires en cause dans la présente affaire et dont la Cour aura déterminé qu’ils sont incompatibles avec les obligations qui incombent au Canada à l’égard de l’Iran en droit international coutumier, et donner des garanties de non-répétition ;
e) que le Canada doit, par les moyens de son choix, prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour que l’ensemble des décisions de justice rendues par ses juridictions en violation de l’immunité de l’Iran soient rendues inapplicables et privées d’effet ;
f) que le Canada est tenu de réparer intégralement, notamment par voie d’indemni-
sation, le préjudice qu’il a causé à l’Iran en manquant à ses obligations inter-
nationales, selon des modalités et un montant à déterminer par la Cour à un stade ultérieur de la procédure, l’Iran se réservant le droit de produire et de présenter
à la Cour, en temps utile, une évaluation des réparations dues par le Canada ;
g) de prescrire tout autre remède que la Cour jugerait approprié.
27. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 du Règlement de la Cour, l’Iran déclare son intention d’exercer la faculté de désigner un juge ad hoc que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut.
Le Gouvernement de la République islamique d’Iran a désigné le soussigné comme agent aux fins de la présente instance. Toutes les communications ayant trait à l’affaire devront être adressées au bureau de l’agent à l’ambassade de la République islamique d’Iran, De Werf 15, 4e étage, 2544 EH, La Haye.
Fait à La Haye, le 27 juin 2023.
L’agent du Gouvernement
de la République islamique d’Iran,
(Signé) Tavakol Habibzadeh.
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS – IMPRIMÉ AUX PAYS-BAS
Requête introductive d'instance