Declaration of Judge Abraham

Document Number
182-20230605-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
182-20230605-ORD-01-00-EN
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ABRAHAM
[Translation]
No legal interest on the part of the United States of America — Question of the scope of Article 63, paragraph 2, of the Statute — Binding effect on intervening States may not go beyond that on the parties to the case — Principle of res judicata (Article 59 of the Statute) — Interpretation as an element of the reasoning to be distinguished from instances where interpretation is the subject of the dispute — Article 63, paragraph 2, has full effect only in the latter case — Unlikely that the construction of the Convention which the Court will give in the present case will be binding on the intervening States.
1. By this Order, the Court denies the United States the right to intervene under Article 63 of the Statute at the present stage of the proceedings, concerning solely the consideration of Russia’s preliminary objections to the Application of Ukraine. That is because the United States, when becoming a State party to the Genocide Convention, entered a reservation excluding it from the effect of the compromissory clause in Article IX, and thus has no legal interest in the construction of that provision, which the Court is called upon to give for the purpose of its consideration of the preliminary objections.
I agree with this.
2. In passing, however, the Court touches on — without resolving — a delicate legal issue in the reasoning of its Order, namely the meaning and scope of Article 63, paragraph 2, of the Statute, which stipulates that if a State uses its right to intervene in a case where the construction of a multilateral convention to which it is party is in question, “the construction given by the judgment will be equally binding upon it”.
I should like to present a few brief reflections on the meaning of this provision, which to my mind is anything but clear, and on the effects that it is likely to produce in the context of these proceedings.
3. The construction of a treaty “given by the judgment” — leaving aside for now the question of whether this phrase relates only to the operative clause or extends to the reasoning of the judgment — cannot have binding effect upon an intervening State unless and in so far as it produces such an effect upon the parties to the case themselves. That must be the starting-point for any reflection on the meaning and scope of Article 63, paragraph 2.
Indeed, any interpretation of this provision that would result in an obligation being placed on the intervening State (in relation to the construction of the treaty at issue) which extends beyond those imposed on the parties to the case would encounter two insurmountable objections. First, it would lead to a “manifestly absurd or unreasonable” outcome, to paraphrase the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It is very hard to see why a judgment would produce, in any respect at all, and especially as regards the construction of a rule of law, a legally binding effect that is more extensive for an intervening State than for a party to the case. Second, the very text of this provision prevents it from being construed as imposing on the intervening State an obligation which is not imposed upon the parties. By providing that “the construction . . . will be equally binding upon [the intervening State]”, Article 63, paragraph 2, postulates that the construction in question (as “given by the judgment”) is also and in the first instance binding on the parties to the case.
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4. This therefore brings us to the question of whether, and in what instances, the construction of a multilateral convention given by the Court in a judgment produces legally binding effects upon the parties to the case, regardless of whether any third State intervenes. Only where that question can be answered in the affirmative will the binding effect referred to in Article 63, paragraph 2, be produced.
5. The question of the binding nature, for the parties, of the construction of a treaty — or of any other rule of law — which the Court gives in a judgment is not always easy to resolve in each specific case. But the principles which must guide the answer are firmly established, in my view, and allow a definite conclusion to be reached in most instances.
6. In the first place, the answer to the question we are posing is not to be found in Article 63, paragraph 2, itself. The object of that provision is not to define or modify the binding nature of a construction in respect of the parties to the case. It postulates that such binding force exists, at least in some instances, but does not create it.
7. The answer is rather to be found in the general principles of law, in particular that of res judicata. This principle is expressed (“reflected”, as the Court put it in 2016) in particular in Article 59 of the Statute, which provides that “[t]he decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case”. As the Court wrote in its 2016 Judgment on the preliminary objections in the case concerning the Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia):
“The decision of the Court is contained in the operative clause of the judgment. However, in order to ascertain what is covered by res judicata, it may be necessary to determine the meaning of the operative clause by reference to the reasoning set out in the judgment in question.” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 126, para. 61.)
It follows that when the Court, in order to settle a dispute concerning a particular situation (for instance, whether the respondent has disregarded certain treaty obligations by acting in a certain way in certain circumstances), interprets the treaty provision containing the obligation at issue in the reasoning of its judgment, that construction is not in itself binding for the parties to the case. It is only one element of the reasoning which, combined with others, leads the Court to adopt the operative clause which contains its decision, i.e. its ruling on the parties’ submissions. It is that operative clause which possesses the force of res judicata.
8. This of course does not mean that the Court’s construction of the treaty in the reasoning of its judgment is unimportant, for two main reasons. First, because it may be necessary to refer to the reasoning in order to clarify the scope of the operative clause, as the Court rightly pointed out in 2016. Second, and above all, because the construction of the treaty, once adopted by the Court in a case, will become part of its jurisprudence, and will therefore possess the specific authority that attaches to such jurisprudence. But the authority of jurisprudence must in no way be confused with that of res judicata: they are radically different in nature. The Court’s jurisprudence draws its authority from the simple fact that, once established, it can be assumed that it will be applied in subsequent cases, between the same parties or other parties — without distinction — unless the Court decides to modify it, which it will do only if it sees compelling reasons for doing so, as it has said on numerous occasions. A State is never precluded from presenting to the Court an argument that runs counter to its jurisprudence as regards the construction of a convention (though I can hardly recommend it). It is not the binding nature of the interpretation previously given in a judgment of the Court which
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prevents the parties to a case from arguing for a different construction (because such binding force does not exist, subject to what I shall say in a moment); it is the prudence of wise counsel. This is just as true for the States that were parties to the case in which the Court handed down its judgment containing the interpretation at issue as it is for third States. It is in the interest of all States to align their arguments with the Court’s jurisprudence; none are obliged to do so.
9. What I have said in the paragraphs above applies to a scenario where the Court interprets a treaty incidentally, in the reasoning of a judgment, in order to arrive at an operative clause which rules on the submissions concerning a particular situation (that situation forming the subject of the dispute before the Court). But it does not apply in a different scenario: and one that is perfectly likely to occur, where the construction of a treaty is itself the subject of the dispute brought before the Court. In such a case, since the Court is being asked to resolve directly a difference of interpretation between the parties, the construction given will normally form part of the judgment’s operative clause, and will acquire not only, for everyone, the authority of jurisprudence, but also, for the parties to the case, that of res judicata. This is where Article 63, paragraph 2, comes into play: if the interpreted treaty obliges States other than the parties to the case, and if one of those other States has exercised its right to intervene, the construction contained in the judgment, which is binding on the parties, will also be binding on the intervening State.
10. To summarize, the rule set forth in Article 63, paragraph 2, produces its full effects in instances where the subject of the case before the Court is itself the construction of a multilateral treaty (and only in those instances).
11. Such a conclusion is unsurprising if one considers the historical circumstances in which the provision at issue was conceived.
Its origin lies in Article 84 of the Hague Convention of 18 October 1907 on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, itself reproduced from Article 56 of the Convention of 28 July 1899. The text has remained almost unchanged, and was included in Article 63 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and then in Article 63 of the Statute of the present Court.
The context of its origin is helpful for a better understanding of the thinking behind it. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, the purpose of inter-State arbitration in a significant number of cases was to have the arbitrator settle disputes over the construction of a treaty, so that it was not uncommon for the construction in question to be the very subject of the award and to appear in its operative clause. A few examples of such cases can still be found in the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court: for instance, in the case concerning Interpretation of paragraph 4 of the Annex following Article 179 of the Treaty of Neuilly, the operative part of the Judgment of 12 September 1924 presents the construction of the provision at issue which the Court considers to be correct. Cases such as this were often — though not necessarily — brought before an arbitral tribunal or the Court by means of a special agreement. The question of construction could just as well concern a bilateral agreement as a multilateral treaty (as in the aforementioned Treaty of Neuilly case). Further, it is clear that an arbitral tribunal offers less assurance than a permanent court in terms of the coherence and consistency of the jurisprudence: it is therefore understandable that, in a context where arbitration was the only means of achieving the binding settlement of disputes, those who initially designed the mechanism for intervention in cases involving the construction of a multilateral treaty were particularly anxious to avoid the serious risk of a lack of unity in the interpretation of such a treaty, resulting from possible contradictions between arbitral awards, combined with the relative effect of each of them. All of this explains the idea of making the construction given in the award or judgment — which in cases where that is itself the subject, is undoubtedly binding on both parties to the proceedings — equally binding upon the intervening States. Hence the construction given by the arbitral or judicial body, in a sense incorporated into the
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treaty it has interpreted, will be imposed if not on all the parties to it, then at least on as many of them as possible.
12. The present inter-State dispute is of a quite different nature from that of the cases brought before the dispute resolution bodies more than a century ago.
This is largely due to the fact that the object of multilateral treaties has changed. They tend less and less to resolve particular situations directly, but are aimed far more often at setting forth abstract and general rules which may be applied to any number of subsequent concrete situations. The Genocide Convention is an example of this.
Consequently, while they have not necessarily disappeared, cases in which the courts are asked to interpret a treaty directly have become rare. Most often, the Court is led to interpret multilateral treaties which can (more or less) be characterized as “legislative” in an incidental manner, in the reasoning of its judgment, so as to arrive at a decision on a particular situation which is set forth in the operative clause. In such a case, Article 59 of the Statute prevents the construction from creating binding force in itself.
13. I admit that it may not always be obvious which of the two instances described above we are dealing with. In particular, I am not sure that the criterion should necessarily and exclusively be whether the construction is set out only in the reasoning, or also included in the operative part — since a purely formal criterion is rarely infallible. But we know that in distinguishing between legal categories, there are nearly always “grey areas” or doubtful cases: however, this does not justify setting aside the most firmly established of principles, such as that whereby a judgment is only binding “in respect of that particular case”.
14. Let us return to the case at hand. The United States, seeking to respond to Russia’s objection based on its reservation to Article IX of the Convention, declared that if it were allowed to intervene, it would in any event be bound by the Court’s interpretation of the Convention, pursuant to Article 63, paragraph 2.
The Court replies (in paragraph 95 of its Order) that in making this declaration, the United States “cannot overcome the fact that it has entered a reservation to Article IX of the Convention, which is thus not binding upon it”. That is correct. It could have added that an interpretation cannot bind a State if it concerns a provision which does not itself bind the State in question. Lastly, in my view, it might also have added — though it was certainly not obliged to do so — that owing to the nature of the case brought before the Court, it is highly unlikely that the construction it will give of the Genocide Convention in the reasoning of its judgment on the preliminary objections and, should the case go to the merits, of its judgment thereon, will possess the binding force referred to in Article 63, paragraph 2, in respect of any of the intervening States.
(Signed) Ronny ABRAHAM.
___________

Bilingual Content

385
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE ABRAHAM
Absence d’intérêt juridique du chef des États-Unis d’Amérique — Question
de la portée du paragraphe 2 de l’article 63 du Statut — Effet obligatoire
pour les intervenants ne pouvant aller au-delà de l’effet obligatoire pour les
parties à l’instance — Principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée (article 59 du
Statut) — Cas de l’interprétation en tant qu’élément du raisonnement à
distinguer du cas où le point d’interprétation constitue l’objet du différend
— Paragraphe 2 de l’article 63 ne produisant ses pleins effets que dans ce
dernier cas — Caractère douteux de la force obligatoire pour les intervenants
de l’interprétation de la convention que la Cour sera amenée à retenir
dans la présente instance.
1. Par la présente ordonnance, la Cour dénie aux États-Unis le droit d’intervenir
dans la procédure, au titre de l’article 63 du Statut, au stade actuel,
lequel concerne exclusivement l’examen des exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par la Russie à l’encontre de la requête de l’Ukraine. La raison en est
que les États-Unis ayant formulé, lorsqu’ils sont devenus État partie à la
convention sur le génocide, une réserve visant à exclure l’effet à leur égard
de la clause compromissoire de l’article IX de la convention, ils n’ont aucun
intérêt juridique dans l’interprétation de cette disposition, qui est celle que la
Cour est appelée à interpréter pour les besoins de l’examen des exceptions
préliminaires.
Je suis d’accord.
2. Mais, au passage, la Cour effleure  sans la trancher  dans la motivation
de son ordonnance une question de droit délicate, qui est celle du
sens et de la portée du paragraphe 2 de l’article 63 du Statut, aux termes
duquel si un État exerce son droit d’intervenir dans une affaire qui met
en cause l’interprétation d’une convention multilatérale à laquelle il est
partie, « l’interprétation contenue dans la sentence est également obligatoire
à son égard ».
Je voudrais, ci-après, présenter brièvement quelques réflexions sur le sens
de cette disposition, qui à mes yeux est tout sauf claire, et sur les effets
qu’elle est susceptible de produire dans le contexte de la présente
procédure.
3. L’interprétation d’un traité « contenue dans la sentence »  réservons
pour le moment la question de savoir si cette formule vise seulement le
dispositif ou également les motifs de l’arrêt  ne peut produire d’effet obligatoire
à l’égard de l’intervenant que si et dans la mesure où elle produit un
tel effet à l’égard des parties à l’instance elles-mêmes. Tel doit être le point
385
DECLARATION OF JUDGE ABRAHAM
[Translation]
No legal interest on the part of the United States of America — Question
of the scope of Article 63, paragraph 2, of the Statute — Binding effect on
intervening States may not go beyond that of the parties to the case —
Principle of res judicata (Article 59 of the Statute) — Interpretation as an
element of the reasoning to be distinguished from instances where
interpretation is the subject of the dispute — Article 63, paragraph 2, has
full effect only in the latter case — Unlikely that the construction of the
Convention which the Court will give in the present case will be binding on
the intervening States.
1. By this Order, the Court denies the United States the right to intervene
under Article 63 of the Statute at the present stage of the proceedings,
concerning solely the consideration of Russia’s preliminary objections to the
Application of Ukraine. That is because the United States, when becoming a
State party to the Genocide Convention, entered a reservation excluding it
from the effect of the compromissory clause in Article IX, and thus has no
legal interest in the construction of that provision, which the Court is called
upon to give for the purpose of its consideration of the preliminary objec-
tions.
I agree with this.
2. In passing, however, the Court touches on — without resolving — a
delicate legal issue in the reasoning of its Order, namely the meaning and
scope of Article 63, paragraph 2, of the Statute, which stipulates that if a
State uses its right to intervene in a case where the construction of a multilateral
convention to which it is party is in question, “the construction given
by the judgment will be equally binding upon it”.
I should like to present a few brief reflections on the meaning of this provision,
which to my mind is anything but clear, and on the effects that it is
likely to produce in the context of these proceedings.
3. The construction of a treaty “given by the judgment” — leaving aside
for now the question of whether this phrase relates only to the operative
clause or extends to the reasoning of the judgment — cannot have binding
effect upon an intervening State unless and in so far as it produces such an
effect upon the parties to the case themselves. That must be the starting386
allégations de genocide (décl. abraham)
de départ de toute réflexion sur le sens et la portée du paragraphe 2 de
l’article 63.
En effet, toute interprétation de cette disposition qui aboutirait à faire
peser sur l’intervenant une obligation (en ce qui concerne l’interprétation du
traité en cause) allant au-delà de celles qui s’imposent aux parties à l’instance
se heurterait à deux objections insurmontables. D’abord, elle conduirait
à un résultat « manifestement absurde ou déraisonnable », pour paraphraser
la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités. On ne voit vraiment pas
pourquoi un arrêt produirait, sous un rapport quelconque, et surtout celui de
l’interprétation de la règle de droit, un effet juridiquement contraignant plus
étendu à l’égard d’un intervenant qu’à l’égard d’une partie à l’instance.
Ensuite, la lettre même de la disposition qui nous occupe interdit de la
comprendre comme faisant peser sur l’intervenant une obligation qui ne
s’imposerait pas aux parties. En disposant que « l’interprétation … est également
obligatoire à [l’]égard [de l’intervenant] », le paragraphe 2 de l’article 63
postule que l’interprétation dont il s’agit (celle qui est « contenue dans la
sentence ») est aussi et d’abord obligatoire pour les parties à l’instance.
4. L’on se trouve donc renvoyé à la question de savoir si, et dans quels cas,
l’interprétation d’une convention multilatérale retenue par la Cour dans un
arrêt produit des effets juridiquement contraignants à l’égard des parties à
l’instance, abstraction faite de l’éventuelle intervention d’un État tiers. C’est
seulement dans la mesure où la réponse à la question qui précède est affirmative,
et dans les cas où elle l’est, que l’effet obligatoire prévu au paragraphe 2
de l’article 63 pourra se produire.
5. La question du caractère obligatoire, à l’égard des parties, de l’interprétation
d’un traité  ou de toute autre règle de droit  que la Cour adopte
dans un arrêt n’est pas toujours facile à résoudre dans chaque cas particulier.
Mais les principes qui doivent guider la réponse sont à mon avis solidement
établis et permettent d’aboutir à une conclusion certaine dans la plupart
des cas.
6. Remarquons au préalable que la réponse à la question que nous nous
posons n’est pas à rechercher dans le paragraphe 2 de l’article 63 lui-même.
Ce n’est pas l’objet de cette disposition que de définir ou de modifier le caractère
obligatoire d’une interprétation à l’égard des parties à l’instance. Elle
postule qu’un tel caractère obligatoire existe, au moins dans certains cas,
mais elle ne le crée pas.
7. La réponse est plutôt à rechercher dans les principes généraux de droit,
et notamment le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Ce principe est
exprimé (« reflété », a écrit la Cour en 2016) en particulier à l’article 59 du
Statut, qui dispose que « [l]a décision de la Cour n’est obligatoire que pour
les parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été décidé ». Comme l’a écrit la Cour
dans son arrêt de 2016 statuant sur les exceptions préliminaires dans l’affaire
de la Question de la délimitation du plateau continental entre le Nicaragua
et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
(Nicaragua c. Colombie),
allegations of genocide (decl. abraham) 386
point for any reflection on the meaning and scope of Article 63, para-
graph 2.
Indeed, any interpretation of this provision that would result in an obligation
being placed on the intervening State (in relation to the construction of
the treaty at issue) which extends beyond those imposed on the parties to the
case would encounter two insurmountable objections. First, it would lead to
a “manifestly absurd or unreasonable” outcome, to paraphrase the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties. It is very hard to see why a judgment
would produce, in any respect at all, and especially as regards the construction
of a rule of law, a legally binding effect that is more extensive for an
intervening State than for a party to the case. Second, the very text of this
provision prevents it from being construed as imposing on the intervening
State an obligation which is not imposed upon the parties. By providing that
“the construction . . . will be equally binding upon [the intervening State]”,
Article 63, paragraph 2, postulates that the construction in question (as
“given by the judgment”) is also and in the first instance binding on the
parties to the case.
4. This therefore brings us to the question of whether, and in what
instances, the construction of a multilateral convention given by the Court in
a judgment produces legally binding effects upon the parties to the case,
regardless of whether any third State intervenes. Only where that question
can be answered in the affirmative will the binding effect referred to in
Article 63, paragraph 2, be produced.
5. The question of the binding nature, for the parties, of the construction
of a treaty — or of any other rule of law — which the Court gives in a judgment
is not always easy to resolve in each specific case. But the principles
which must guide the answer are firmly established, in my view, and allow a
definite conclusion to be reached in most instances.
6. In the first place, the answer to the question we are posing is not to be
found in Article 63, paragraph 2, itself. The object of that provision is not to
define or modify the binding nature of a construction in respect of the parties
to the case. It postulates that such binding force exists, at least in some
instances, but does not create it.
7. The answer is rather to be found in the general principles of law, in
particular that of res judicata. This principle is expressed (“reflected”, as the
Court put it in 2016) in particular in Article 59 of the Statute, which provides
that “[t]he decision of the Court has no binding force except between the
parties and in respect of that particular case”. As the Court wrote in its 2016
Judgment on the preliminary objections in the case concerning the Question
of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and
Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua
v. Colombia):
387 allégations de genocide (décl. abraham)
« [l]a décision de la Cour est contenue dans le dispositif de l’arrêt.
Cependant, afin de préciser ce qui est couvert par l’autorité de la chose
jugée, il peut s’avérer nécessaire de déterminer le sens du dispositif
par référence aux motifs de l’arrêt en question. » (Exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 126, par. 61.)
Il en résulte que lorsque la Cour, pour trancher un différend relatif à une
situation particulière (par exemple la question de savoir si le défendeur a
méconnu telle de ses obligations conventionnelles en agissant de telle
manière dans telle circonstance), interprète la disposition du traité qui est la
source de l’obligation en cause dans les motifs de son arrêt, cette interprétation
n’est pas en elle-même obligatoire pour les parties à l’instance. Elle ne
constitue qu’un élément du raisonnement qui, combiné à d’autres, conduit la
Cour à adopter le dispositif par lequel elle décide, c’est-à-dire se prononce
sur les conclusions des parties dont elle a été saisie. C’est ce dispositif qui est
revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée.
8. Cela ne signifie évidemment pas que l’interprétation du traité retenue
par la Cour dans les motifs de son arrêt soit dépourvue d’importance, et cela
pour deux raisons principales. D’une part, parce qu’il peut être nécessaire de
se référer aux motifs pour préciser la portée du dispositif, comme la Cour l’a
justement rappelé en 2016. D’autre part, et surtout, parce que l’interprétation
du traité, une fois adoptée par la Cour dans une affaire, deviendra un élément
de sa jurisprudence, et sera donc revêtue de l’autorité spécifique qui s’attache
à la jurisprudence. Mais l’autorité de la jurisprudence ne doit surtout pas être
confondue avec l’autorité de la chose jugée : elles sont de nature radicalement
différente. La jurisprudence de la Cour tire son autorité du simple fait
que, une fois établie, il y a lieu de présumer qu’elle sera appliquée dans les
affaires ultérieures, opposant les mêmes parties ou d’autres parties  indifféremment
, à moins que la Cour ne décide de la modifier, ce qu’elle ne
fera que si elle aperçoit des raisons impérieuses de le faire, comme elle l’a
affirmé à plusieurs reprises. Il n’est jamais interdit à un État de plaider devant
la Cour, quant à l’interprétation d’une convention, dans un sens opposé à la
jurisprudence (quoique je ne puisse guère le recommander). Ce n’est pas le
caractère obligatoire de l’interprétation précédemment retenue dans un arrêt
de la Cour qui empêche les parties à une instance de plaider dans le sens
d’une interprétation différente (puisqu’un tel caractère obligatoire n’existe
pas, sous réserve de ce que je dirai dans un instant), c’est la prudence de
conseils avisés. Et cela est vrai aussi bien pour les États qui étaient parties à
l’affaire à l’occasion de laquelle la Cour a rendu son arrêt contenant l’interprétation
en cause, que pour les États tiers. Tous ont intérêt à insérer leurs
arguments dans la ligne de la jurisprudence de la Cour ; aucun n’y est tenu.
9. Ce que j’ai dit dans les paragraphes qui précèdent concerne l’hypothèse
dans laquelle l’interprétation par la Cour d’un traité est faite de manière
incidente, dans les motifs d’un arrêt, aux fins de parvenir à un dispositif qui
se prononce sur des conclusions relatives à une situation particulière (situaallegations
of genocide (decl. abraham) 387
“The decision of the Court is contained in the operative clause of the
judgment. However, in order to ascertain what is covered by res judicata,
it may be necessary to determine the meaning of the operative
clause by reference to the reasoning set out in the judgment in question.”
(Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 126,
para. 61.)
It follows that when the Court, in order to settle a dispute concerning a
particular situation (for instance, whether the respondent has disregarded
certain treaty obligations by acting in a certain way in certain circumstances),
interprets the treaty provision containing the obligation at issue
in the reasoning of its judgment, that construction is not in itself binding
for the parties to the case. It is only one element of the reasoning which,
combined with others, leads the Court to adopt the operative clause which
contains its decision, i.e. its ruling on the parties’ submissions. It is that
operative clause which possesses the force of res judicata.
8. This of course does not mean that the Court’s construction of the treaty
in the reasoning of its judgment is unimportant, for two main reasons. First,
because it may be necessary to refer to the reasoning in order to clarify the
scope of the operative clause, as the Court rightly pointed out in 2016.
Second, and above all, because the construction of the treaty, once adopted
by the Court in a case, will become part of its jurisprudence, and will therefore
possess the specific authority that attaches to such jurisprudence.
But the authority of jurisprudence must in no way be confused with that of
res judicata: they are radically different in nature. The Court’s jurisprudence
draws its authority from the simple fact that, once established, it can be
assumed that it will be applied in subsequent cases, between the same parties
or other parties — without distinction — unless the Court decides to modify
it, which it will do only if it sees compelling reasons for doing so, as it has
said on numerous occasions. A State is never precluded from presenting to
the Court an argument that runs counter to its jurisprudence as regards the
construction of a convention (though I can hardly recommend it). It is not the
binding nature of the interpretation previously given in a judgment of the
Court which prevents the parties to a case from arguing for a different
construction (because such binding force does not exist, subject to what
I shall say in a moment); it is the prudence of wise counsel. This is just as
true for the States that were parties to the case in which the Court handed
down its judgment containing the interpretation at issue as it is for third
States. It is in the interest of all States to align their arguments with the
Court’s jurisprudence; none are obliged to do so.
9. What I have said in the paragraphs above applies to a scenario where
the Court interprets a treaty incidentally, in the reasoning of a judgment, in
order to arrive at an operative clause which rules on the submissions concerning
a particular situation (that situation forming the subject of the dispute
388 allégations de genocide (décl. abraham)
tion qui forme l’objet du différend soumis à la Cour). Mais cela ne concerne
pas une hypothèse distincte : celle, qui peut parfaitement se produire, dans
laquelle l’interprétation d’un traité constitue l’objet même du différend
soumis à la Cour. En pareil cas, puisque ce qui est demandé à la Cour est de
résoudre directement une divergence d’interprétation qui oppose les parties,
l’interprétation retenue figurera normalement dans le dispositif de l’arrêt, et
elle sera revêtue non seulement, à l’égard de tous, de l’autorité de la jurisprudence,
mais aussi, à l’égard des parties à l’instance, de l’autorité de la chose
jugée. C’est alors qu’entre en jeu le paragraphe 2 de l’article 63 : si le traité
interprété lie d’autres États que les parties à l’instance, et qu’un de ces autres
États a exercé son droit d’intervenir, l’interprétation que contient l’arrêt,
obligatoire pour les parties, le sera aussi pour l’intervenant.
10. En somme, la règle qu’énonce le paragraphe 2 de l’article 63 produit
ses pleins effets dans les cas où l’objet même de la saisine de la Cour est
d’obtenir une interprétation d’un traité multilatéral (et seulement dans ceuxlà).
11. Une telle conclusion n’est pas surprenante si l’on veut bien se reporter
aux circonstances historiques dans lesquelles a été conçue la disposition en
cause.
Elle trouve son origine dans l’article 84 de la convention de La Haye du
18 octobre 1907 pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux,
lui-même repris de l’article 56 de la convention du 28 juillet 1899. Le texte
est demeuré à peu près inchangé, et il a été inséré à l’article 63 du Statut de
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, puis à l’article 63 du Statut de
la Cour actuelle.
Le contexte d’origine permet d’en mieux comprendre l’inspiration.
L’arbitrage interétatique, à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle,
avait pour objet, dans un nombre significatif de cas, de faire trancher par
l’arbitre un différend portant sur l’interprétation d’un traité, de telle sorte
qu’il n’était pas rare que cette interprétation constituât l’objet même de la
sentence et figurât dans son dispositif. On trouve d’ailleurs encore quelques
exemples de telles affaires dans la jurisprudence de la Cour permanente :
entre autres, dans l’affaire relative à l’Interprétation du paragraphe 4 de
l’annexe suivant l’article 179 du traité de Neuilly, le dispositif de l’arrêt
rendu le 12 septembre 1924 expose l’interprétation de la disposition en litige
que la Cour tient pour exacte. Des affaires de ce genre étaient souvent
 mais pas nécessairement  portées devant l’organe arbitral ou la Cour
par voie de compromis. La question d’interprétation pouvait aussi bien porter
sur un accord bilatéral que sur un traité multilatéral (comme dans l’affaire
relative à l’Interprétation du paragraphe 4 de l’annexe suivant l’article 179
du traité de Neuilly précitée). Par ailleurs, il est évident que la juridiction
arbitrale offre moins d’assurance que la juridiction permanente en termes de
cohérence et de constance de la jurisprudence : on comprend donc que, dans
un contexte marqué par l’exclusivité du mode arbitral de règlement obligatoire
des différends, les concepteurs initiaux du mécanisme de l’intervention
aux fins de l’interprétation d’un traité multilatéral aient été particulièrement
allegations of genocide (decl. abraham) 388
before the Court). But it does not apply in a different scenario: and one that
is perfectly likely to occur, where the construction of a treaty is itself the
subject of the dispute brought before the Court. In such a case, since the
Court is being asked to resolve directly a difference of interpretation between
the parties, the construction given will normally form part of the judgment’s
operative clause, and will acquire not only, for everyone, the authority of
jurisprudence, but also, for the parties to the case, that of res judicata. This
is where Article 63, paragraph 2, comes into play: if the interpreted treaty
obliges States other than the parties to the case, and if one of those other
States has exercised its right to intervene, the construction contained in the
judgment, which is binding on the parties, will also be binding on the intervening
State.
10. To summarize, the rule set forth in Article 63, paragraph 2, produces
its full effects in instances where the subject of the case before the Court is
itself the construction of a multilateral treaty (and only in those instances).
11. Such a conclusion is unsurprising if one considers the historical
circumstances in which the provision at issue was conceived.
Its origin lies in Article 84 of the Hague Convention of 18 October 1907 on
the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, itself reproduced from
Article 56 of the Convention of 28 July 1899. The text has remained almost
unchanged, and was included in Article 63 of the Statute of the Permanent
Court of International Justice, and then in Article 63 of the Statute of the
present Court.
The context of its origin is helpful for a better understanding of the thinking
behind it. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the
twentieth, the purpose of inter-State arbitration in a significant number of
cases was to have the arbitrator settle disputes over the construction of a
treaty, so that it was not uncommon for the construction in question to be the
very subject of the award and to appear in its operative clause. A few examples
of such cases can still be found in the jurisprudence of the Permanent
Court: for instance, in the interpretation of paragraph 4 of the Annex following
Article 179 in the Treaty of Neuilly case, the operative part of the
Judgment of 12 September 1924 presents the construction of the provision at
issue which the Court considers to be correct. Cases such as this were
often — though not necessarily — brought before an arbitral tribunal or the
Court by means of a special agreement. The question of construction could
just as well concern a bilateral agreement as a multilateral treaty (as in the
aforementioned Treaty of Neuilly case). Further, it is clear that an arbitral
tribunal offers less assurance than a permanent court in terms of the coherence
and consistency of the jurisprudence: it is therefore understandable
that, in a context where arbitration was the only means of achieving the
binding settlement of disputes, those who initially designed the mechanism
for intervention in cases involving the construction of a multilateral treaty
were particularly anxious to avoid the serious risk of a lack of unity in the
389 allégations de genocide (décl. abraham)
soucieux de prévenir le risque sérieux d’un manque d’unité dans l’interprétation
d’un tel traité, résultant d’une possible contrariété entre les sentences
arbitrales, combinée à l’effet relatif de chacune d’entre elles. Tout cela
explique bien l’idée de rendre l’interprétation adoptée par la sentence ou
l’arrêt, qui, dans des affaires dont c’est l’objet même, est sans nul doute obligatoire
pour les deux parties à l’instance, également obligatoire pour les
intervenants. Ainsi, l’interprétation arbitrale ou judiciaire, incorporée en
quelque sorte au traité interprété, s’imposera sinon à toutes les parties à
celui-ci, du moins au plus grand nombre possible d’entre elles.
12. Le contentieux interétatique d’aujourd’hui est d’une nature assez
profondément différente de celle qui caractérisait les affaires portées devant
les organes de règlement des différends il y a plus d’un siècle.
Cela tient en grande partie au fait que l’objet des traités multilatéraux a
changé. Ils tendent de moins en moins à régler directement des situations
particulières, mais visent, beaucoup plus souvent, à énoncer des règles de
caractère abstrait et général, susceptibles d’application dans un nombre indéterminé
de situations concrètes ultérieures. La convention sur le génocide en
est un exemple.
En conséquence, sans avoir nécessairement disparu, les affaires dans
lesquelles il est demandé au juge d’interpréter directement un traité sont
devenues rares. Le plus souvent, la Cour est conduite à interpréter de manière
incidente des traités multilatéraux que l’on pourrait qualifier (approximativement)
de « législatifs », dans les motifs de son arrêt, afin de parvenir à une
décision portant sur une situation particulière et formulée dans le dispositif.
En pareil cas, l’article 59 du Statut interdit de faire produire à l’interprétation
en elle-même un effet obligatoire.
13. J’admets qu’il peut ne pas être toujours évident de déterminer si l’on se
trouve dans l’un ou l’autre des deux cas décrits ci-avant. En particulier, je ne
suis pas sûr que le critère doive être recherché nécessairement et exclusivement
dans le point de savoir si l’interprétation est seulement exposée dans
les motifs ou également insérée dans le dispositif  un critère purement
formel étant rarement infaillible. Mais on sait que, dans la distinction entre
catégories juridiques, il y a presque toujours des « zones grises » ou des cas
incertains : cela ne justifie pas pour autant que l’on s’affranchisse des principes
les plus solidement établis, tels que celui suivant lequel l’arrêt n’est
obligatoire que « dans le cas qui a été décidé ».
14. Revenons au cas d’espèce. Les États-Unis, espérant répondre ainsi à
l’objection de la Russie tirée de leur réserve à l’article IX de la convention,
ont déclaré que, s’ils étaient admis à intervenir, ils seraient de toute façon
liés par l’interprétation de la convention retenue par la Cour, en vertu du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 63.
La Cour leur répond (paragraphe 95 de l’ordonnance) que, par une telle
déclaration, ils « ne peuvent remédier au fait qu’ils ont formulé une réserve
à l’article IX de la convention, lequel n’entraîne donc aucune obligation à
leur égard ». C’est juste. Elle aurait pu ajouter qu’une interprétation ne peut
pas lier un État si elle porte sur une disposition qui elle-même ne lie pas
allegations of genocide (decl. abraham) 389
interpretation of such a treaty, resulting from possible contradictions
between arbitral awards, combined with the relative effect of each of them.
All of this explains the idea of making the construction given in the award or
judgment — which in cases where that is itself the subject, is undoubtedly
binding on both parties to the proceedings — equally binding upon the intervening
States. Hence the construction given by the arbitral or judicial body,
in a sense incorporated into the treaty it has interpreted, will be imposed if
not on all the parties to it, then at least on as many of them as possible.
12. The present inter-State dispute is of a quite different nature from that
of the cases brought before the dispute resolution bodies more than a century
ago.
This is largely due to the fact that the object of multilateral treaties has
changed. They tend less and less to resolve particular situations directly, but
are aimed far more often at setting forth abstract and general rules which
may be applied to any number of subsequent concrete situations. The
Genocide Convention is an example of this.
Consequently, while they have not necessarily disappeared, cases in which
the courts are asked to interpret a treaty directly have become rare. Most
often, the Court is led to interpret multilateral treaties which can (more or
less) be characterized as “legislative” in an incidental manner, in the reasoning
of its judgment, so as to arrive at a decision on a particular situation
which is set forth in the operative clause. In such a case, Article 59 of the
Statute prevents the construction from creating binding force in itself.
13. I admit that it may not always be obvious which of the two instances
described above we are dealing with. In particular, I am not sure that the
criterion should necessarily and exclusively be whether the construction is
set out only in the reasoning, or also included in the operative part — since
a purely formal criterion is rarely infallible. But we know that in distinguishing
between legal categories, there are nearly always “grey areas” or doubtful
cases: however, this does not justify setting aside the most firmly established
of principles, such as that whereby a judgment is only binding “in respect of
that particular case”.
14. Let us return to the case at hand. The United States, seeking to respond
to Russia’s objection based on its reservation to Article IX of the Convention,
declared that if it were allowed to intervene, it would in any event be bound
by the Court’s interpretation of the Convention, pursuant to Article 63,
paragraph 2.
The Court replies (in paragraph 95 of its Order) that in making this
Declaration, the United States “cannot overcome the fact that it has entered
a reservation to Article IX of the Convention, which is thus not binding upon
it”. That is correct. It could have added that an interpretation cannot bind
a State if it concerns a provision which does not itself bind the State in
390 allégations de genocide (décl. abraham)
l’État en cause. Enfin, elle aurait pu aussi ajouter selon moi  mais pouvait
certainement se dispenser de le faire  que, compte tenu de la nature
de l’affaire portée devant la Cour, il est fort douteux que l’interprétation
qu’elle donnera de la convention sur le génocide dans les motifs de
l’arrêt qu’elle rendra sur les exceptions préliminaires et, s’il y a lieu, de l’arrêt
au fond, soit revêtue à l’égard de l’un quelconque des intervenants du caractère
obligatoire mentionné au paragraphe 2 de l’article 63.
(Signé) Ronny Abraham.
___________
allegations of genocide (decl. abraham) 390
question. Lastly, in my view, it might also have added — though it was
certainly not obliged to do so — that owing to the nature of the case brought
before the Court, it is highly unlikely that the construction it will give of the
Genocide Convention in the reasoning of its judgment on the preliminary
objections and, should the case go to the merits, of its judgment thereon, will
possess the binding force referred to in Article 63, paragraph 2, in respect of
any of the intervening States.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham.
___________

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Abraham

Order
2
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