lNTl!I<NATIONA.L COFRT OF ,JlJSTlCE
CA.. E CONC.ERNING
(GEH.IHANY V, ITAL Y)
ANNEXES
TOTH.E
O.FTHE
·a:: I)lil:' A ~- rr.·sf.HJ pi I·(' R).]~',r·--tnli\ ;A·N '·
.S_Jt...[l_.;f~_ Ee\J.lS_~.~~:S_l_-.t\. '~ ~-~.J_B,J.,J ..t-~...
5 OCTCJBE f{20lü cw;eoff./go Bonaiuti v. (;'ermany
Anncx 2 Corte Cm-;~;a Ju.gmentNo. 285, 2 February 19Z~:.~itschrift:
fi.irmJsWnciisçhesRecht und Vülkcrn-:cht317
Bund(~sgerkh Jdgh e.LfJ4 fkcemher 1955, Emscbd.dungc-:ncks
Engll ~nmsation: 22 ILR 6! IThe (hJvernrnent of the F1.::deia!Ren{bHc of Gcnnany her')v ' cerLifiestbat the
document::; contained in the ;mnc:Œs aretru co~ies of the original docmnents and !hat
the transJationsÎHloany officiai language of theCourt pwvùkd by the Governm,:nt of
ÜH: [\xkwl RepUbHcof Gerrrwny arc;w..:curnte.:..-·.·.
Bedin, 4 Odober 20l0 Armex l
Pronn:at~ner dla Repubblica
Bri ;;31D ec:ember1009
inthtcase of Ugo Bonaùtti v. C'errnany .~:;_l
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SUPRECHE COtlRT {lF CASs_A I'HJN
COMBlNEO CIVlL SECTIONS
32·4
No. J0838/20U7 C!en. Reg. ORD. NO. 004
Rapp. ANIELLO Ni\PPB24
RE: PRELHvJJNAR\. RUL!NG O"NJURlSDlCTION
Pursuant lo Art ide 377 of the C.C.P. 1 arn p1eascd to inyou thatexnn1inatio:of th(:
appeal in:
0001 FFDER/\L .REPlJBLlC OF GERI\:fANY
0002 ITALI/1.NREPUHLJC
0003 uoo BOl'-.l/üUT(:H.l.
is to take place hearinginil C~tU(NCTLCHA1V1BFJo Znîô I'v1arh0lO.
[offk.ial sigm:ture]
0001
00(/::To: i\V VOCAlT!RA GFN.E.RALE DELLO Sf/\TO
l:.. !ADEl PORTOGHFSI v1ZOME
JCthi:; appeisndated to anotherpk;; inônn .he Iü:gistrif,po:;sïble giving G~~neral
Regi:;;ter numher, When lodging submissions stalem ettte~Registry. the notices ;md
rulesof thFirstPn:·skkn~v -:.ust he s~rict.v observed.
A copy ofthe staternent lodgby tl1StateProsecutim1Sçp,dcicatttcht.~d.Jn a c•{:tn:m1J<of 3 Jnnu:rry 200iS, Lgo I-h:t:>n:nutii:rcactionaagainstilFFederill
Republit:or (:;<::::r:;~:: an urdk:ifrgcomper::;ation ire~;p cedanH'lgc:sul'fàeda~ ;
resnH of bi.-;dcport<:tion to Ciermany ,::ubje tocü;~:::nnxoud during d:H::dl--Lnown
hD~:tÎJili.C'~i.
'Th1:1:\xkral Ri:;pu!:•J:ie_::1app~:.a r:~mC>e;îtdclaim• p!:c:ially !ha! the Italian
iudici;\l:Julhor1acked jnn.sdiction.•tilb:E>isof mcmYcuns:idc:mtions.
. ' ~ . ,..
lt \Vas 1;::1ki!ve to join the !talian Rt.:publa~a;pnn_y to !lw J:H'OC-i ~bedLi:~gtskr
:...m~ inatr(;~·-Gn:oof tlEPrc~:id ...fncéy (\mncil (r \-'linistc: hkh C.t;)J ;ht•:~::;\(~c!
admi~:~. oibtÎ.l}:alcl ro :rppcar and!~irth:r ~~~nnndonte ceeence ::.mterby dw
F\~de te\ptlb:oU ;îcn!w.uy.
Dur.ing the course oftho: i:i'i'Oœer di:n~d.~ralRepuh!ic of Gcrmany instil.l_ntdhc·:~;c
-.' .-. '' . -.. l . {" . ]' .'
procct:Cl ongap;re!rmuwx:vrn.tmg rrt:H.n:rtrH:.J1..H:st1on.
1
T..._~_..._..:~--•....-.~-'-'-•->\,.,J..-.·•·-"~-.i~·y·-~~.1-·'~-_l,,,__.">-'··}''-·t~;-·•l-"1'-
[n the !ir:>·t_;lacei,he rc-:fil'n'" }'lt"':ll'··1;lion'-.J.llrt· Ptl''-.s,li~,-··l··_l-')'1
. •..(\....-~-.}.~-.:.:- '... .."..J.J..>~..."".!.~.......
admissibk as regard:; the questions rda.to 1:cbi-~.;i o:C';bt.e:nco<rt·lia.jurisdktiou
\.Vithrespecto Ü)JTigneutiüe::.; nj~this prcclnckdby the tiF t.a~AtrtickY? C.C.P. --as
H~--~....n.'·'·-·• '··--r-·~·· --~~l\-'··' ( -'·"-··t-'-•\t··)tJ.O.·~ J;......._..1-Jo ...'
tbc lad-cofjurisdiction of the ordincour pu~ei- 1.:vrespect io the public admini:;i:r:rti\m,
and of !he special conrts;~~~i Lvlcthenincorporaüng rc:feœ hvnc/<t~k 4-l C.C.P. to ..)...
1
:\nick Tl :A that Code Jl:i!·the purordcknniniqr tb<:~-co p)mtings \)tjurbhclic n
muxt lW\'lx·n:1tkr.·::twodrk·r ahü 10 :\riickllof Li\\' 210l99\ \'\·hkb;;·:ot :'~cTn~;
c:x:st::n:)f Jbd: of JllrisdictOHn!hü partorÜh~ J!;3.!CO!lrl(sec Cc;rnb;_!lüdSc·cri.ons,
..24\·tu:c·:·:00Nü. 6~S); )(lm{~"\ l,.:l0, and othcï~ Funllnnorc,. a n:l~:rc ·>mx~
admi:::c:ü::'-'nfÏ!:;ed a<:)d:· tlut ni~:) lt:jruri:di Cc~tbinc)!Slction:;,,·::002
sbindd b~ notc:d..:fir:;tly,thai the CJu:>ÜfXoftb~ x::uro pon~:muuitics (:;ic), in its
rct::mck:ci:;iofnU Fchrumy ·:~i0(n Case C-2.92./0conccnn!w au actionhrou;ght b::fort:
the (]t.,}udiciaauthori agaits~lh:FcckralR:~puH il(:erniany b1\~lai ofiYi:rm':
t)félCÜonby l-h ~icrman .:::. \wç(,,during the Na?i nct:·.upation GFt:t uc ht~În
compc~ns: fxtpeouniar:v .:rtlt)fdam.agc :;nUüc:d.,rcitcrated:rinc:ipthaLthe ruks
on jurisd::_uiob:id dmvn [n tbc Bru:;sel<:Convcn!ioof l968 (ilO\VRt:gulation(Ec···J
No. :t4i2001nm::tb~ ~nkrpi\;tcilme::miugilwi'civiinmters' Joe::>n.ot(':tkgai action
hlYruglilhy u:Jümll pc:rscmsiu a Conimc:tingSi:ak :Hn\)tst(\~t~acting Stai(: fin:con:1"
·_nièl·tcHi···"Sfk:nf'W ln<:or ;llm'Jn-:;ufli>i-·vd...:".'t1< lYft.\·e;'.;:.-_;~,.:,.-:~·(_-)''·.~·
t' •f,..•-~ ..J·~o•• J• ' ""•''-~·••.•-:·r•.•-_} ... :.1-. { •w t ..{. (L.._..... {
cec,_arem:rppJCalHe-,e ~~·t'an-tnumty·rom ç:.)mpensatmncilHrts :':!J oot.intl.S,
tlxI-'e Tacrc~afiJ0yFcbrnaryJ947 \Vht:rt:byH:J.iy·wiÜ,n iL<:\VDbellalf nnd obeha!f
of Jtalian citiz1·inter alfall cl.airns fc:ompe:n::<Jit{)clam:3ge or lnssec:ccumn;s
dwin;?: t\\'ilL
C:)~:~ i:j;dgni3c·tNo 235 oC29 Lnuary· 1953 i.u wbichithele! thati~)lk! tleYing
conclusion of thm Trcm:v···\Vh\vas rcnden:(:nfùre bcL~aghik:;f ]:ç'rtetiol-f}O...
the Itali::m (:nuns L1c.kjmisdicttoex;tm;n(daim:; brough: t;yHalian citi1.cns fHh~
purpc of:oi;ii,igcompc.n:;:rUon.
On !hat \)cca·s:thm,i noi;e~ out thatihe ;q!Ï-.collld not heregardcd;J.s!iruitcd to
duim bro~ght bet~ thecoJJ.rtsand still ouhlHnding on 8 May 1945, but 10ailclaim:~
t:xisting on that date anya!rah ratinç:tordrtiQl nractsi::s<r or oscirin!{a!.h.:r
.. ·~-- l Scptcnlbi_OJO, thtSu:p!\:'lCour!:hdd 1ha1th\eV~Ï\TrÙJ.qu:;:sti1.vhkb\Villrdnspos<xl
by mt.: l~is::~;uh~:, ~rcrp.lHri:D::rthe Trc::tlil:ln {i;:dianlav.;,Risod't~::cÜ\'1;~
wjch resp>:::cltdi:w cili-,;(ifanything tbctJl!C:>inHght <:r i'':t:ll}:lîOtJiAk•\'~(in:;:
tlutwaÏ\'(T th:[~l!<ntG'::n;::-;:::nkn'l'vatc:compcnsate it':)\.:)ü:; ôt:t1ç~h:m~::ge
by me:ms of D.P.R.
No. L!f.;J/1962, "\rtick 1 of vvhidi proYidcdthepay:n~ i:ltüy by Gt.::tTrEm._ :;ettk
rrh::nt 1)\:t-:;undingeçonormalki:>,oftll-suru cd40 milli:)(ierman rn::u :uï.:r[ck :.
of\vbiciJ Sl:3i:etllh<:tt.he CiO'\'C-TŒldcdm-::·dal::-!::t::mdappJiciltÎObySthe-:[J;;Jian
I·:.epnblic,.or by J.talian n;'ttnnüanpcr:;onsa';aJ.\~ (:frghtt or(:ntitkmen!:ar[:;ing
durim..:he .-vrü be du~· scLi:.·:ah1"'ni,~ afnD.;.R. No. 20-B/196:3\\·hen. t~ell~'an
;<epunic mao::pn)vi:';totm ~'ti<l ounÜ\ü :~um <;cet\'Cl.l(:rtile m:.ernanonag:rt:0:trH:·nt~
cüncludcd >vitl;he Fl{(}inciudiug arnn11the ''f()tcblK>lJl \'herla;b=i·~Ctpurit;dto
(Jerrnan)'·.
h is pcrf{:·uJyelGar, theteürihatth;princip!e:; lado\vrt by the Comhim·d St:-ctinw; in
]-):~-llic:\'it co•t•tnred-in.:-::;:;enci•n~ind~J-<.:No. :~lB oH 2rvran-h1987 tan be
!\m,Jmnc·nüli11L(:'rnitll:rwprincipk f)iiCfsuiif sen·r:mwhich is expre~ o:smbodi1il
Ü1eVicnna (\,nvrmtion of23 ~v1 m%·9 {abo ratified ln..y).,.J!;osecontinuinf: valiha~;
•'· ~ .. ..·. ..... .
Nor c;üiiibi::üaii:La<;dthai1hc instrurnent iquestmn i:>ir1':aüdbtcau:;c it c:onJlicis ;.viib
p<:·t·(·mproyorrnur ~~cne r;el atinnal !ùw, ju.::cogens v\;th<:roe;:::nl)f_:\r..::3::5
can b~ :;~vt::lnd.\)U:an~:f :(:alsnbxlcia.u,~ft eh.uld be held to be invalltt it \vould
C(.:rtninly be the result. of d:angmginkrn<!lionacirçurn' :n:thennec eYon!d Dol
jeoranlizc the \'alidity of Lheagreeme(~tJuc byJt.eundocSt:Hc:;(c:f.ECT.16 June 1998.mental hmnun right:::atb:n;~:;t< xltcT! recipn)c8overei~c p.onttk:co,ity a.r:d
gund n:btionb(~tv vu:; andf'!'C:\au:aggra'idi:<)confli;;.:ü;:icon:t:i\:l~h~:Y;3xi
t{:C <:xlr:;ivclv:mbstant1. i:-r~atic:bhipand nN to jt:ri~.d ::cintc~o~n.th·~~
contm:ryvit ~suVd n:t!lŒit difftoc;xpbtitheundertaking:i\·by theJtaiiaRcpui:.dk
to'\:;:-;empiI-'Gd Pe..~udl!c0c"lTll2tf]·orna,~: früh(:rclairui.lm<.:",
.AIany ntk the problem ofc:·:-. (:tn.tstfui:!c:ion on thpartc}tl1Ha~ian(;ouris
must b\ e:m!vedby app!ying the principofÜ1\(:rnaf[obw rcgarding ~iia innr:nity.
.h::dgmcnt NJ653 of 6 Junt9'7contirrncl.lk:t '''pm:;fhe(.U:3turnr·rincippar in
lh"fFein nhahet jurisdictioru.:ïn, n priuciplllll.Îwr.srecogni:;:edand \'l·:hidl!:3!h
,,:v-itb<m~:nbo!'.\rtkle 1.0(lthe Cunstitmion{~)f( Stttsnarcnut~;ul: ~jlila~d
;\ :::i<il:'m!iJ1gbe roundir!ndgnh~ Nos :J62/19I9,5565/199'-LJ9/199b, 3289(J9
and l 122)/)005 of the (\,mbSixticms.
irnpt'rlpïln<:·ip!,~s:
tbçprinôpk nf foreigStatirn;nuniJy J:ci.vil_iurisdictithepre8C'l·:acüv-
j[l j;~: i-erh ··_:hho-u.ntrinsica!Jy Habk aff( f~.c\mncnta1hm:n:mrigbls.,
and inparticulth tihtto !ifper~. ;aJa.andh(~i ..8 a.cthned bvilrule of
cu~;tor ink:nwy.onal ):), ohi('!~Î pitrtd ihe c·:niniofè!rŒof th!ta!ian
Constitution, and it has a.the statLoCjuscogi:nit1our k:g:1lorder pursuant to
the p.rovisio:au1omatic conümnit'-"'gmK:mllyn-:cognizedrule:;inl~~rnaüonaJ
la\v in Article 1O(J.)oCom.titutiand notpucmmrt to nüe 1mving the üm:of
Grclîrurlaw; iLlUÜ!\:\·:at this ruk ha:k;:·nüdly incorporaitdin;oour l<~ Qgrcr <:tnthaC wirh
reS!K ü1~cht!prÜKipk, the qlt.::>td::o1::ot and c~Hmo <rbl-n::gmding Ü2;CDJD·
pulibility wlih m:.t ccmst!tuiion;tl .':ysiemiu 1he Ughi of tbt: pptopounckd by
thce~~)nstiLt CDJ:r:iioungrlent ~·~ ·~.f 12 .hmcJi9'!9v,·hcrebypnr~:m [u:e !l
~;:·c: reJo(nircd nL!i:;1);;rteruatl;)oal !mv \Vhich i:::·:it)ioülik (:ntrinto
k>t(:cofthe (~onstiî .\!iDk.:!(1) c·f tbl;likr:mtormti :m~daf!!yy::!Korp ..
Dfrli:that rule\liÎith);:::uyhmiiiTi:ÎOtlprobJcm of the CO!Jc; nfhT :cok•~ous
rule:; ;,vi:h t1Jefnndam.cptii!C Îrptk~C:on:~t: 1llotll.:i·tiS.vithrt:sp [t~Ct
n.tk::: whicnroe intDC)\Ï:: rtk:tC;.~date:
approvcd by tbe UI\ Ch~neA r:al:~;e onmb1)fkccmbcr !948, whîch stak that
<~very hontb~~.:right an ciT~·c n~imv~~byyii:!cornp•. n~t(l1~.trbun::tll.lrt
-:t..--lati..t- (.nd:lU!C.i.......·-.·e hrn b...he,:.;:mstit.torb-·!aw. Thisis
J(m::e :.mi~ ;Kldre:;sete:Stnc :.~tis quite c:km: tbattiseelc;nJcrd.y tlgovern
rdatioŒbip:; bet\vcenindividuals antthe ()iakof \'\'Jtiih(~ Dy: 2nation:1l (in tiw
:·;:enscih-~:\ Srate:rust ;ülordlc~g pokdion of li.nldnmentarightst1JiJsow:r1
Hiltioua.snnd do, ~statkm1-~1aho to r~·2.ubtthedifk~r. mc.tn'D.'tlu-:iurü:diction
\:~xccpt :wtp!JcaDe to<1•.~ita \iHsnre~:p( t\a;t:>~11cn•arc an cxtcrnacxpresSH)Jt
of thcir nvm ~;c-wrei JW[;'~nptry,~du od cilnithe ptincipk of ünmunity fl-om
Tbe C'ombi:ned ~~,;ct ex:pocscd:ÜH:sm~ne opinion injudgmeni No. gî57 of 5 Jun('..?002in
Yvbicbthey rcnrfirm.edthe principlethal. 'act::;crmn:uüiy a Shte .Juti tnhec~nduc:tof
1
\\.t-...;.v-·""_t··"'·_.t.\~.";·L.'·r-..-"..~~.~\..·;_~.'·"'d.t...~.>-~<-i--.~-.:,_ ..-]:"-'1·
.' . . ~· .. . ., ., . .1 ' . .. . ..l .
t1e.yconn::tnt\; t.:>:pws 1 ,wpoJ!lJClJ hmcllonI.Vlwspez;t to wn:d1!LJ:no1 pos~il h0:t:
L_-.••{ r·J ..~\.-~. ---••.i.-,'-i_{••·'••,•·v{"'··....,.<_I:·L ·'._ .-··.•.(1.•'.j,,i.(~.")
Hown\~ ira,Lner judgrmmL, No. 5044 oC [l '~v1 ?.r0chin ac·asesjJ':;ciJic:ù!y rehtong
damage cam:cd to civilüm.s h)' Nazi 1woduting the::~t~ \eoldndVar,th< S~upn: Jnun•~
did an abont·tu.r\Yhic:iW<t:rdkcied in a series ot'judgnwntsin2008 (14?0l, :n210 and
otl1c ard~i: udgn·lt.TtNo. l072 of IJ January~~00 of9the rïrst Critnina~:kct iiConse
'·ivfilde". tk~clas:;it]cai:ion of deportando:'::tbkdioto forc~ bbodr :Js<ti) · int:;.:rn~ü:ional
::ri;ni:confin:nedby the principk,; internationkt\\::~ ild'fn.a!iotr::;~:l!c:,.;
ii: h:l:tWi::>ÎSkrb:xn <!:i::ertr:dt!wt inkrnaUoncnmc~ ''!hr< ~nm a~iy: n
;~~cn aen dncknnine t!Jv(,~foyndatinn:oC:i.nlerna1ional co-;>jste1hesearc in
l{•-v..•.l.,.t\.·•·'!,•._•\.••V··.,.-.~,··'·."•,o,.·"•.•<•.·'•..·~ _t·••.,.,•.dv
n.litt\J~::=v:nJui.:l:tJm;on 1:~ennmc"l!v_ll('.Je;IL:1Jpt:xo...J<~rnen::.::mona:
Je~ ;ni:t <meüih prec:ede!lc(lVtail otber ruk\Vh:~ ..:mhodt:din conv<:::nt:i.ons
or inthe p:rincipks of custo;nabw; ihç imptcscri paureiofls.dJ crimes ha:>
lht:ref()beenrecogni .n>:a(l~dks mnst punish them hTbpectÎ\T of \Vh('the:y
h:H· h•<:n(:onunit ;t~_~e.,cctmthinprineipks ofuniverj ~;:aJl)~,d fircheicm·
1 • J 1 '• 1 . • l •'1 • '.. j' . .l' ..
'Scimt:<:son t;Jcan tx· no(tOnomat '!:::rn!clp.e o.t1:tOlVi:.~ r·.Ucwscyuon
aho ;lppJ.ito civiproc-:.~ wehd1i;kgs from suc;hcrin1eto reco:;uüz:;inr1nunü.y
1
:·1\jurisdictiüin î;l.:ourof SLaYvilichiPtccommitted suchmisd:x i~dkarly in
brcach of the provision:; intc:-r·naüonatlreak~che:Sirpptç ~fintinotonal
crirm::bc~cau ssce a fi::Ocognitif;:ufrom promoting, dm~s in b}:·t!lindet the
prclleciion valncs '.vhichhavt::açquü"x! th.::statu:,;of J:\:ndmnentaJprinciph:::.uf th:::
ini.<.~m o.!er Yvhose ptokction i:r\::gankd ases:·;t f~ntü!ai:lrnationa.l
~..:ommn asni·whok.
inkrnatiomd nonn~ t:e.Coun n.:a...:htx!lhe CQiK1u:nhat the irrecondlabilü:;honldb~~
rr:::::oon thçbasi o~'i"vduü judgn~ent".
Th(:reis iÜKi il:ric:krelarionshibct\V he~prnvik·geofimmunity from.juri::dicLiona.nd
the hmdamental hum<m right to effi:::c:Udi...:J:ïnc::diesin order to prokct subjçctivt;
po:;itioru Lrw.
The probkm [;;thar, at inkrnatiomü k.,;:,:·n;usoning is noappiic~ tn:bak:;an inter,
n<:tionanono whic!J i:uphdd by the !·?:e!hpracî of l:::u;a:d~:uepo~<:cby·tht kntn:v~
kdg< tha i~Ü; g<~Œ~r ;:tH.!edcannot yicld iiht <!~Jof t~otl:!Crnonn \'<hkh does not
'~I~ tjeQymn( ~;nppon. ..8 ..
The internationd Pnkr, witb ih cw;t;md.tr:;;aLy n;.s~\hih ~~œ~\n:cp ;tndrclst
u:n;:mimn hu~iül:::ni.iun:lStatJco~rts, ha::,const::::eikn:th:;;'·f'undarM:ntal''
needlr>:'-:.cng:\:~~mpt fom ntcnitod:Jl juri::Ihrfi:,i 'tk~i:gnuilü:;;.:ni.ities
:::ub ljti;C:L(~ll Llm,:tio(kT!Jacl.::ùr.:ciproe::;()\'\ p:Cl:te~io~ty:ntdy,
.1 1, . .l . . . ,• .l . .. ·'• . '. .. ..t.. • l'
.ne pro )lem ;run:. nx:c1gmnng t1e ::.m:mtuntyot UK:pJ1rawmu.fr:;a :·unciHmo ·
tlK·g<::neohli~~a fiDon'sn-inkdi :men:s~nh:çmuts h:rv:e hdd. fhpeaci~fi::.[
sdiJem::.urilli:::'ïn<lis_pn atcr~:l.lsoïd1ects the prinçiple of scorpov.c·rs
ch>Ji<xsfth:g~v-:::rntncnp:xrLü~ remgannHit:-:~rnal relati\vith Stak \düch
CJ~i r-munity.
thed::~cision
prît::-:·ipkof' iur:sdilmnnnitÙl relation a civilat.:Üfor compt:nsarion
resuhi t'ol~te (!emw:n rnilitar:; occiup!94:L
rdatioiOth es:nw:;l:tbjçcHnaçontirmi:th::;.~xcr fn:mtmjouri~; <Yeniniicn
thepre:~ efacvibtc: ofpcrc':mpi:rhJrmsnfinl:::TnatJa,,nd disrni::t!h~
pü:>Sibii.hat 'exi:;t[ng prÜKiot' intt.:rnl;nshad fonned in lhi:>mgacJ:,
Hwdecision of tI:n~C n\lJ"bf Cassaticinof 16[kcembe:::\~'hJ didsmîs as{~d
clai::tocOJnpeu:><rin relation tu krced labour in Cermany durin~:kcond '1 ' .. l' ~ . ' . !'l . .. \ ' .,( l '! \1 \' • ' ' ,.. ••j' ,.i • .-
n.:c;;::_nm "..<:>ilS !v'!nn<:try{)ntf:J'ioi·:t-:Vwm.;::.<:l ;·t"::i!')Jy..>:JU::.ya !"\.JUg-
dom of S:}udi Arabta) and \1\hers,<m cp~ni ·ohich r~xtcns i.vinvycclintcnwtioua[
•'·:>;;:.·•.. j·j•::]·lji:·:'tf')'!j·[·\'ij).J'l•>[.f'\il[l('j'('•;o;;.;:·1"[1]·[-'tr'''l'''Îni
'~.<.·,.o;,·.••)•.;.t,j<..·'••--•.....:..'•-._.LL~.:o... ~•J. _.•·.·...,.·-•,. J,::·.\..,J
("'"th;;.:::nindcci~; cinnuut :inn:\' opinion be treakd ~;~ ~m·:.:.cn::.rate.-;t::t-ofmcrn
inte:maticq::allav-as gt~Jkt u;ndc1lyl~n nhnd :)r:; incbvidu.aiens(· d1x:suot m~1k ae
Justice ur Oni:u:io in '''llf)l)::h:wg!-3ouzm·it:h~ Can::dian court !\TDgniz,x{ tlJ3.lb<.~
1
prohibition of.tm:turc i~a ::uk o:t'juscugens hui touk the ~.A -:thc! thi:; dinot p:;,::nnit
juri:sdiction m·er a kreign St1ü:in :::e:;pCof c!aim:::fot cornJX"n.sntioni.t'poi out •:~d
(k:spîte dK: e,istetJC('of :1nmiona! ruk on the malter--- that !he cxbi.encc of a ikro··
!':-::_~"V••·.h_•.-",·-. .--\.•,.t.(. ,)'<•·'\.._t!.·L,,.,.·."')\.':''_. ~..J.J(..•_1_..·-~--'\.•ttil·)p;:d
nunkï'Cll.tden~:i o nthe:·i_!nitc:S:ates court (;1long ll-sioi'\vhich Ï:g1vciJ ln th:;,:
app(:al) :;jx:ciüca]ly uphoi.cltil pri:c:ip.lcof Stak in:unnnity Jiom civil juri:;diction,
...'\4·•.i.~J.•"• .-~.'.•_).1.H ~{.1\-,J\.,O.(\.--'~'.:-:l'''
c:iherdl':CJ iniw~b>cn~!he opposite vww ~,: tvmc; an.!b<:tsedon :m ::nnend:nlt:nfo
rhe Fotcign SoviéTdgn lmnnmit Aic( ~9S6 which iutro(h.lc-ea;dcrog,:rtiod tn immun-
. . . ' . j' . 1 • ' • ., • .•l' . } !
ny m tD(:C<J: o>:Ci:\·t>KOon·;:ag:>m::>tc.;;.:r1~tare; s.,;p e.::..~(lsgnHl('Cl .1y ine
Secrdary of Si:ale 3S bcim:.''sDon:;m:/'uf terrori:ml.. for .Jarna:..:t'(:S nfOrtç~,c;t::ai
• .__ 1. • ... J. )
injury causecl by Lottn cH:~j.dici;:ükilling,.aùcra:h sabot<Jgc :nd host:1ge taking tthe
chimant or the victim must lm US cüizc:;1sat the tirncof th ~et. and:the act :nnw!.uot
ha v; -;)~currcdin the territory nf the Sta!o::s:ponsor ofü::rroï tih~Ü;;mn) uncc:rtain
:Œü":n:nce,hov•eve::r,Jllthatthe ntx:d fm i:bc: mt~ndr :nSetnx10 mn.i<m;c 1he lad< or a ·]· ·-·
nil>:.v.:ttidtdtlî<TcnOfYi~:and:..m~ht:m i:-corp::iiity o::~c t::eion
by the lJni;~>L i:h!~rcocornb:::.it.:~rr ioh:inmnvid~ crlitic\i-Ï~)ed
theintr~rr::).t iommuniy..l.jud(ci::d
G•;incm::~c~{Hnl ls:~::nl ijit·n"i:iotCüur\s ik:rm:; !ntL~rw; (':::m:raJ
hw'.ih~ f'tirop:CounHDi"}l\:rnaRi:;~ Hl,al:u; d~~ci~ C~ioo1s:•:::.r.001 in
"':\J-/\{l:d:,t~niiK .gdcm:ofGrn:ilJri:;:ti1'\~ln J:r::t:n12fk,x:mbl:.0(12
"Jù!lo~',( e::l.por<:c:u:·:dGenn<my"; . u.:cmher 2''\t:rko;v ltdy''tlK·
('a ~i:1dydtx:idedjudgrm~ lnl/20(Jlaidtkw>thefolbwi::principks:
tb~rgbtln ;remcdy br:ü,tb; ~urts is not absoiutnmyilx·subj~ o Imiü;
imposedby :>l::ttes,·h~iVa(m:argi.ilnf'apprc::ciation in the i~:t,:r: ii:is
Com: :oasc~:t tta<thiul:mt:ions du no:i.nùinge the sub:ort1wtaw,tint
tbch~yveak~i!irn;::tand':lpropon!onatloth ai~purstH:~d:
thegr:mtîntcn foreigSuneof in1munîtfi·ocivijuri~;dp ic:ti:tn;:!gü,~;
itnatain()coraplying vvint·:~ma Ltn\onpr.mote cornity ~~oo rbtions
the Enrc>pC(mvi~nt tiuib~i~nterpr ou;tcdba:ooftbe pd:1Gip~,ufi:nthin
lhe \'(en(':)[J\' ((~h:L2iiüfn1\::. o~n.((s.Artic J13):-~fwhi pr~-h
Yidcs i.h:.ü::tcc.oun.its tanyn:~kvkeanetof Înî:ero;rh-;;;':.ppiicabki:n
the rdatiou:·; b,\hepatti:ie~:~vi:;ioadorn~ bx !ContwctingStatt;;h~
Con\.emio::comply \\·iruk :~înkma!ional .law·ih prnvick f(lrdgnSlat~~
:.nwnmity Emrnjnrisdictioo mb\r[~Hn:kdadù:proportionHlimitations;
ÜIob!i<ltlonol tsubj\:anyonetetor1uortoinhuman ordeg.mdintrt~!l or.r::l~nt
~pu:nL·; i}H·ülr:tr.!Jila{·vof(d(~tnocs :r~'tU~.n{Ï.:~~:3rrlbin{)dit::d
pro1ühttioftDrtur<::,but itbehdclth<H wk bas unergediniJJti:~ r\n::ttiona.[
\vbich :precludes fordgn Stak itnnn.mîJy frorn jurrc:;ptofclirttfbr
danuge::; as a resultof:o::t:omtni;~:doutside {(1nn.State. ..il .-
binding on >:·nti:~.1bj (·i:tTt:liil;b~\\may []Otbe inîen<.fi\lJ;henonnati Of~it:.
jr:ri,:;dicüfmnl<::,Viv'itndrn.tni,:\1,::,i:ncdiD:ln!linbililiThi:; distinctil:i
ç_Î(:[itlK·intcrn::rtiCDl!rlor.ln<z t'Üchi:=:;;;~ deeii.)i:(!.F<+rum:y ·::oo:.?
1
'·f)":rnocra[~.cpu obrhiCcon:?.vEdgium"· :;fdmlnry ?006 in"Ikml Cr<:HiRq>ublic
flgr~:;t:tJJ~;-
!t is rnor:;.:,.J\·\::i. \Wfulkw-Üh:n·::t;onù::-h.:gc:ornrm::n:atDr:.fris cogcns
l>)n:;t <knn.tctinc:ratinnal~llJH:: t:tK-'Ll:Yvihatitis;~hva dysin:;:u i:lke
•-rccc:dc·e•:.:<rnt-n1C'ITt.:lill\~ t ci•oV m~·l\:)tn·l:', .
!n t:.:Ttm[nternational trùrtyc·v..te Ji.:'me\iConh~nl i)onTuri~;d rcmuw-nal
iti,ofSta1 ;füc;\:as adc,ptby theG<:.'lh;s;ernhly on Dt;CCm· 1:x~O:{dh:tnot
yetenv:~ [no f()rcedoc~not m.<:kprovi~J ;i:anyrc;cc::ptito the principle of Sta1e
inlmunÜy j_[Ï)C;) . ~oÎ::ri:io;f hum;mt'.ig_kspÎJei:lnC[l!Jati:h:SSUî-: ;tUdttd
Hnlw;t·~);3.W~·: <:inferŒd üom tfor·-· ·-.::to:vwt•t.:a;t -r is not at.-oassc:n:;tv
lh•rtini:hirtrnat:i(ma[egalnrckrcnstomary or tre,rty--bndc· b~;:~:.::t:n:\'Ich(~cl
rcnder imrmmitü·orn jmisdictiiJ1opervG inthe presen:ofcivil liabilunthepmt ofH
.Statf()coniniissillint-::ma!:ionalc:.tinws.
TlltLPns<~(] lf.hatDaccs-:~1r::tmnttbc priiH:.ipk nf confonnity tmb,)died tn Ar
1
ticle ]O(ortlK: Consi:itutÎ(incljX:ratJ\'(:.
\lor can \vlùtpt:!~o,:en·ntion of tc·on:~Uü. lnuioin&::d:sio>~o 48of !2J1.me
[979 in nu:.;iha1J:hprincipkof Si:<:'l!JlH:::\Vhichtbas~ ond!;•:fn n(:cr:):g:nil;..ç~yd
int~·:ru narii o·btig prior to the dak of ein1n:t()ofethrC~n:;ntnünn, aLo !nke:;
p:œceck iJctt~be ft:ndarnentri~; ·2'ltltisxl i:ilr::latter, wilre:h~t!ilth<·
up~;;: of:!etaiDn::at<~onhwm nJ:xy:m.i:r:mlçome:; into play \Vtthrc:tonon:u:>
\Vhich:.. i~t;~:rxmiesatur h:r!l::(e;ed~c~ci is"i?.u:;:1'-v:;xplic:i!Iy ul:en up by
·rJJthan :~a"s(~ü!1~-:. C~~)nbuf"\'h'C"a·;~-~ uiit>:eda·~nj~)f.r;~·Et1turi;Jn.:--:-
'Tran.s.taror:: .. t.:
r!oaal Court dtl:ÎsiunsNo:s :q~~/.? a.d00<19./?0\JT:1Judgm.cni:v-:hich,in :nr idc'ntic.-:tsliru
atic:n ···anKtion brought again Gnn;r.:rny chinüng conlpen:::ati:onE>dama: ,u,f:eeclw;a
i\:·-suof deportuüon und f\>rcc'd!abom·---rdtcrai:ed th\e;-;:i:stc-ocfLlgetkf~r ;>ll:y:i~(igni:.>:c~d
-.~,_-••n--~--·-•''-'-···...•.••--•'/_!.-\-•..~•,1 t- .)•. -'- .-~--..hl..ot..l__.~;.-••~-'),·t:oh
ing acce:;:to theCt)urt:dtd not ·viohtc Ari:kle ufthC:C:\•nven!ion.
The Pnb!ic Prosccution Servi se-mit: lhal the Combin<:'dS;:;ct ()ftel5tn~p:r(~ Cl''urilft
Cm;smwn :;hould uphcld 1he ::tppeJ]cnterC'dbytb, F~:dcr.:ûf\t::pubJicof Gennany and(k:d:nT
tha!the Italiancourh hck jnri:>dkticlinn:hÜDH to t!Kdaims mmle a1;!:aithe ~1ppelbnL
DFPt:T':{ PUBLIC PROSJ:.C'UTOH. Amwx2
Cotte dC::tssaz]one
Jrtdgm N{~.:.85. Fcbruary 1953
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11appurktr:: PiitinrtJ-\:bliPn:):,::ocutor(.ccmJ.J···\Lttd(adv.Ccn·.:dlD)·ScH;Jet/Uti
!'orni :\ccbi::.:ri<:d·(::tdlFakt)Dt\;\JG,Haghi) ···DJttaC;::sin:it<Hl\'Giurliitl.. Tim
buniml. C:t>s. /'t\',;n i:ceuy 1t.i50).
G(~îTn Shü:- I.'·.:Jh::.ln1e n::Jcnicmshior evtn~ e:nt~: ~n('rdr oct.:.l.tbi~:t~.~:cen
Stnü.:rùbe19:39aud 8 \i;:1945.
The d'k:<:·ur lll<l.'i· ma~eiby.ltr:: ou bduif ofii:fl\·Vnational:>in Artkle 77 othe
abovG freaty i.u n::.spcctof claims agaithe Ccnnan Strte and German nationals do nDt
exknd tu any joint dcd>torrothernation;3l.ttii:.:;.
Omiss . .~·Law:·rh fi:;1plea in1aY'cL-Iim.s::infrin~: andcÎiOOnXtntapplicatiOl'ln:t
Artide T? oftht Pt:act::Tt·cat:vhetween lü1lyth~.\lied :md :\s::;oci;Pmvers ..signed in
Paris onl0 }'cbruary 1947 and n:nden:d enii:H·cc·n !i_,yylrm~m if!LLL.C.P.S.(Di~t1\:.e
LD\\' of theProvisicm.al::Jcad(:-Stnte) no. 1430 of 2.8NovcmlwT 1947, in rdmion rc1
Arne"li:~\1>1),i.J ;.mo ,'O""b'l-..Jl\o.· .!Vl.rocee:ureDn tK: pl\:nw;e Lna:~mee .J:l.tY
\Yaivc·din Ai'i:ich.:77, <dsoon behait:nHLionüls.dtdaims against Clenn::myiôtGerman
national::;<HJtstandingon g \·'f9'l\tlh t~bunal ùüüail'j-',anttK:1hc Court of /\ppi~:ü,
should ha-' ru~;d tlwLfol!ov,·inÜ!i c:ty~into f()t{:f:fhiT reaty. the action bJ(>ugby:
!TVA. au [talian cc:nqxmy. againtv!iHdn3('eR~~;; .aG(em aeiC(lmpauy wilh aJ:\0.~>;-:i:;kœd
(lff)c:::H:).!nbu..."fth( p~rïpt):or obtaini·-·OH!j)C:nsatiofor(:'\ 'c..·.n...uri;~....
respecto:ftheea~e.:By rne:ms of Artidt} 77 the Pcw.xTr<~a btct·v, ·aic ~ndliJŒ.·\llkd and A:::wc:a!(:d
Ptl'<'\,f"l(T-\~l; n(wr.yn:'ïl<:kd~nf::or iccwlb ky nH.:i.of!!;;:c:'Cl\Je--c•f\\·
( i(; ;;),:pkn[9<j7):;'H'lXTÎn(;,~:: rflaJn:md uf Jtdia.!liTi:iù\.VallOlongertt)
lx· tn:<lk:Jcn:::mypn_:·[x:(]Mt:J; l)~':paid.1tifiahlprop<:rtJ\:mo<-'ct:i~:, trrq~
(hJ.rc:;:;from [t:territu10 Ceun:my bv (J'cnnan[(-jrcor f:Ut.bo :.ki3tî1:~n:mber
[ 9:fIS<tto brdigibk h)rre:3ùt::tÎI)!Jf)Xl!2),:mdpth:the.n.::::ll)and\rc:;ltil.ofÎ(m
IL::li:ntproperi:y in (}enTla:slxJdJc:ck·in ac,;ordanc\Vitmtm::.rŒsto be deknnin(•d
b;..-the:Pmvcrs in ütcup:J!ionC:ieE:rm(paragrnpli 3), pa1<1l:phg<x:on~to :;ürtthat
''\Vitbuupr<~ju duithcee:: ç to anyotlh dir~;pt~s iiüfnvur -;f Iuiy and Hailan
u:r!:Ît)thyÜK~ Povvusoccupyinf;·: G(:nn:Iatyuwa'es nn :iov>JJb~:: hna lfbch<:lfof
lwliiinnationalal!t.l3ims ag:ünsGenuany and (5em·wn n:üicinaout~:m:n c:n8i:{gy
J94:)_\;xcepttlJO <r·(i~goui of contrac:and c,thcr obligations cnteinto,and dghts
il'.X[ll,OC~(~"_()epli::'!Tl _:_)m:; \>.,-·a.tv•_!((H::t.TtOX:tt!ldiileblé.1m.KT--
!:~D\'Cr ti rs iniul:~; op~n;m(:ti:.r e:~tnediulo inthrC(-)t.ofm~bcvar,~:. :id
cJ<jrnsa~~ai Gnen1any and Gc·r:ruanD::rtionaL,\Viththe <:xceptionof tlwse t>:)latingto cou-
tracLs or othobligations;,:nkred inbâon: l Seph:mber !939. That\'Vai·vr; fulloper
1 1 1
~-'·'·!"•1..!.;;r I..Ç'-,•rt.-\.1~·-."~~.•_.·\'-•'o..•.-~-.\..... __1,.~:·•-'-'{_-.J)··>}1
theymus! bi i~ntr~rp ~m:dnfo-ctxl<:such,a:nd~:.! te Trcatyof 10 Fd'nEJry l94 7 \-vas
ï(mdc:Tedfu1ly and cornpre.hens[vely (:nùmx·able in Itn:;:yb~fanesal)O\'C-mentkncd
Ttalianbw, that'.NJi\'i!r:).tlspCini.o an JtalüLaw tliro ilu~~rhrJtdgationof"the
Tr;:·atis\~nforcc \~Îabek:p(:t1Itaiian nai.ion;;i~saquestion f<:·cbak \\'h~ ther
nut as a retitJorthar\i;'~ !ev1\ai,n CZ!\-t::mmcis rcquir':'dcomp~ms is oi e
ciîiz f,~~)~v.ar.rt:-: ....lmrten\~H.'i'but asto tbimJ()i:C(:e..o. thJai!t.th~~n~
i:nt.romn for donbi.
means !laiur:ü and kga! persons, de f·;~nü ci~!-rca.:.ot,ring ag;üns(ii:~ nnd<my
Gi~rm naton,JJ.s ·whio;pres:;iois tn bHnckr:;J(ilnthç ~;ms nee:K":ath <x~ression
u:::(·cÏ.Jklic:tboscn~qtÜ tr\ç~mdplywi1h thev.,-aiv"-;-radnin:in connc'ctio\Vith
rdationships enknx!inttorC\'('!larising after l Sep-tt.1939ennd bdin-e 8 ?'dJ~;J,:l-5,
since the claün brought by JJ.V;\ (an lla!inn company) against .l\·'litRet.:cr da:~r;;~i(ierrnany con:r.::rny)sec:kscomp-:·tb:ltit)rtintf ,;.vent; occm-spçc.if iur~naldl;:J
period, thcro:anb~ no douh! ~l to>theî:Jadmi:>:ùbi:ityof the da[()iJO\vinlhec:rtryinto
fi." lfrhe~ePeuç(· Tr:,::atywhkh cnshrinclhi:>aid<,va1vcr~rher,~ ;iHxr h.:1ribux,al.
·rberespond. .:::r~nun:~t:a!y ,.;lt ue \S::HnlD ·'d'B 'eli~m<:p:.:ra.c,,,x,wse, smc.e
the prm,~i oplŒeciprocity]s the ·key·::ofnfux gewiwn .th~ vvaiver, in on:t(lhén·efüll
efk:cL mu:;thm·e an oppo:;it<mdG:,:tn·cspondin\'j.:aiveÜll:l\.:ace T'rcaty1,(îi~~rmany.
·.:vhii:;':UIinfit'l·f, :ilSbc:cause,~;in te ··.:vahrsconbined in ;Jpruvi~ ;ifovnur
of ihirpan.ie:;,shouid have het: act:nkd by them,\Ylrich \\m: not,<::i bt:Cin\:üi)'i)[
hy \·littd Rcedcrei. J-'urth:;::nnoi~a.k:ged tkti!he LrtkJ, notwithsund:lof; the cutry
into ii:n"of tix P~3ce Tn::ai:ybety,·l:;enHaly aÜH.::\ltiedand :\~,soc :\wa:k:, bas
1
~---.•._,.'· \.~·-·.. ,.! _Jr.,;.._.,'-•.~.. ,(-,~_~........hecornbined j)tovu;tmiof
/\nick 4(1) and 37oftk Cock üfCivilProcedu icannot dispuk :;ncju:risdiction.
quitc:cmTecl thai. nonnally an inkrnational 1nmust ncither hann nor profit a tliinJ party,
and tlnt\\lt ntreaty t:·nlli:ainsa dans<: which tmns out tbcur~J f{)ri hin1 party,.
.1.\.'•·•~.{ •>~ -•,••(•., '-·~·-,.J~,),~:,,"..•••••.-..\•·..•'.- .-•'.,.\.~. .t~"-J:~'v'.•,t·'"
ab;;olote pmity'- 'c~l.>.thaïth1 ç;uy c•ju~;ti bi:naob(Jdyin relati::;~htTereaiy of
10 Febrnm)· i()47giv( ~enn:n:t!·om(:quai situalion in wllich ItaCi<~:m f:tndnycm
;sç_J;'sith l-c::;pcihm t~ ied <)n:\~;S(P lucwia~tEl]iVÎng iJ FntJÜJÎ.c:;f [943 and.
J./<t)i.( (ccw 'Nf\ic.il: mLbDt.~.; wtJt !Wf(:!:not11ng lnpr<:vent a::-, \ta.(Jls uot
pany t\)tlK Trem;,·or it:; uati,Jr:a!s from atiK~msg cfha·prov::ion\:,;-'hos dr:nvn
up in ihci.Ùl\'oand tr.::t!J:>!cto aÜ~ 'ftYbc:ouni:tyon \vhicit\\·airnpo :s:~dro,
invok ~tlpnogision befoŒ llkcuurt:::of rhai cou!rtry. lf wc then CŒJsickrth;;p~mx:::~~
t.ltadtac:c1~ pftt:i1nj u ri:· ;yt h~h;rt~iaot, and theconsc~ qnunssnhliy
of i1n·oidna lad: ofjurisdk.th.Jn, of ncc(·assumes thatjuri:sdicti(';xiin the:abt;imct
u :::iruationwhich mu;;i:be rukü ou1incasison he,bas of\~lmt \VC.saidearlk;iimum be -.;..
tircfuk th<::objeu ion (d.tad,t:j nr-sdii•Yn (lth•:;pan ,yfthe:It::tl:)~our tot(\JnlJUr?!he
c1ai:::n:o·f; A.\/
l,.j!L··-!\ .-~-·~>._.)~_.,•. ·•,..• •.•.~·•·-.,,. -1t...~·-~.'"--'--·.._.}._,,_, ,.-:'!- ••1-.\•:
proct:cdiog:,;>sere bn)ughi•Hl1(J::kpl('!Td)t:(194(Wei'theydo H(lcc1ncern conYpï;·n Ji;r~:fù::n
lu:::<)dar::~ l.aw~:i:;drtiJôknde "''-but talher civil penaltifc•rLtding 10fullil a cc:ntr:tct
rt:h1tng:to i1husincs::rn~.:nn: in Hilny1 \or-:::c•eri~:.'JÎk !~atebd;ob.icdion !rtust in
:Jn cm,e·lx·O\\:~nu :kst did not {{q·m ;:::[k~~ Cuilollc.fmG(lJI!plai:minth(pre•x:di:::ïg
.._.,_JO.....\.•v.._..-.• {•::! .___·1...'l.1,·,••••••1}...\)..--C_.,.I_•..'-, _(,.'-~...\_,."
expres.::ion '•.Ju::d::dJ(:lsniun(b' us::/-\nic-leTloï the Trea:tin qucstinn L;conJ.înrl.t:dby
th<:T::nglishi<:x1cd:·th·rn~: pluil:i)-d,in tbe::;uppk o hOf:î~i:tGii!.Ctlcnn. 295 of
24 De<::: ~tm·7,whric.hn~\'c thattw corre:;pondingi:>;.pr icE:n;~~~.i:\tl:d::.h in:~::"·.
obk:ciif'Dof .lm:o!'juri~ :dü:iddarlcm\\Ollg to nuintain that the objc:ctiis pnx:lu(kd
b::'cauci.\\<'iS rrais<:dinthe··pt(:u:dinpha: ;ftt~.p:·(;ècedingsc1ntherm~rit~;,
Sinc·ctt(;)!JO\\ihri1l iln:rn;gcing that[i)!Jov,·itbc entry inu)fHü' or ;he}\~a fre::atyof
0 Fd:onury i9·7, the action brought by JLV.:\ ag;ùnst i\Ettcfnic,;r contnot be pro:>ccukd,
and 8i.nccthe obkctions containcd in the ple:in question mus1 h: uphc:!d;rnd tho co; .i~ed
.inthesecond and îhin.lpkD.snrc herchy dt:c.b;·ftü be subsumcd by tbe fonner. i.l1:.:.unu~sted
judgement m :sDf:<icE;ü r,;[atelo \ti!ttlmeer, is hcr-:::rej-~ \ci·nut> xo{s:ihilit(:f
B.ppeal. ) ...
(à:tri~.i.::.Y
Pt.ic·rr:e:bet\V(·1:;:··d dK·.:\lli<x/\ssoci;:1\ywenÜlirio<idmi:;.:;ibii.it:-:,:·liouiô
-h~~tvbe.f~(:fJc~::1~ca:\:1nant)tJoblig.; ~J'(ite:obD:·'~iGb1itot~ynJtUf\!
::LJ(l 1-:.:could not b.: impkmculc:d in practic.c, despik i::::tvinrbecon1ç rô j?.uiicata,
pur:;uanÜ)A.rticTJ nf 1Iw1\.: ~cc:tyhü\'>: alh~ug·esr,h ;:cntt:ntiocon!d.
rheor:;. t::t:b~lwi~· ilc.ertain!y dc·eallnv,· tdf~:: of·si:;'l'<'ilo1:w\:T Anncx:J
Btmdesgerid:nshof
Judgment of 14 December 1955
Emsdîeidungcn d.eBunde~g('ti cnZivisaçLr.(BGHZ) 19, 258
English Translation: 22 lLR 2.59
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Annexes