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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER
PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH,
.MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE
(MALAYSIA/ SINGAPORE)
REPLY OF
SINGAPORE
VOLUME 2
( Annexes 1 to 30 )
25 NOVEMBER 2005
Number
Annex 1
Annex 2
Annex 3
Annex4
Annex 5
Annex 6
Annex 7
Annex 8
Annex 9
Annex 10
Annex 11
Annex 12
LIST OF ANNEXES
(VOLUME 2)
Description
Extracts from Dutch-Proposed Draft of Anglo-Dutch Treaty
dated 17 Jan l 824
Extracts from Phan Huy Chu, Hai trinh chi lm;rc (1833) in
original Sino-Vietnamese text (with English translation by
Singapore)
List entitled "Officers at the Central Administration in the
Netherlands Indies in 1837 and in 1847", attached to Note
for Comets de Groot van Kraayenburg, J.P. (Dutch Minister
of Colonies) dated 15 January 184 7
Letter from British Foreign Office to Brooke J. dated 25 Jan
1847
Letter from Brooke J to Viscount Palmerston (British
Foreign Secretary) dated 30 June 1847
Article "The New Colony of Labuan" from Illustrated
London News dated 9 Oct 1847
Letter from Thomson J.T. (Government Surveyor at
Singapore) to Church T. (Resident Councillor at Singapore)
dated 8 Mar 1848
Letter from Visscher C. (Dutch General Secretary in
Batavia) to the Dutch Resident in Riau dated 27 November
1850
Letter from the British Colonial Office to the British Foreign
Office dated 6 Apr 1854
Letter from British Consulate of the Society Islands to The
Pitcairn Islanders dated 6 Oct 1854
Convention relative to the Establishment and Maintenance of
a Lighthouse on Cape Spartel dated 31 May I 865
The Fulham [1898] P 206 (High Court of England & Wales)
Annexes
Page No.
1
5
9
11
41
49
53
61
63
71
77
83
Number Description
Annexes
Page No.
Annex 13 British Foreign Office Internal Minute on Pitcairn Island 93
dated 19 May 1902
Annex 14 Extracts from Military Report on the Straits Settlements 1915 97
Annex 15 Letter from Seymour H.J. to Parr R.C. dated 30 Aug 1928, 103
enclosing an India Office Memorandum on the Status of the
Islands ofTamb, Little Tamb, Abu Musa and Sirri
Annex 16 Annual Report of the Malayan Meteorological Service 1948 115
Annex 17 Malayan Naval Force Ordinance 1948 (Colony of Singapore) 127
Annex 18 Malayan Naval Force and Defence Ordinance 1949 (Colony 133
of Singapore)
Annex 19 Annual Report of the Malayan Meteorological Service 1949 137
Annex20 Extracts from Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 153
Ordinance 1952 (Federation of Malaya)
Annex 21 Extracts from Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 159
Ordinance 1952 (Colony of Singapore)
Annex 22 Malayan Naval Force (Change of Name) Ordinance 1952 163
(Colony of Singapore)
Annex 23 Agreement between the United Kingdom and the Federation 165
of Malaya on External Defence and Mutual Assistance dated
12 Oct 1957
Annex 24 Letter from Rickard R. L. (Master Attendant, Singapore) to 171
Permanent Secretary (Commerce & Tndustry) dated 15 Feb
1958
Annex 25 Legislative Council Debates (Federation of Malaya) on the 173
NavyBill 1958
Annex 26 Singapore Legislative Assembly Debates on the Immigration 179
(Amendment) Bill 1959
Annex 27 Letter from Ministry of Defence (Federation of Malaya) to 185
Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore) dated 27 Aug 1959
Annex 28 Extracts from Malayan Meteorological Service, Summary of 187
Observations for 1959
Number
Annex 29
Annex 30
Description
Memorandum Setting out Heads of Agreement for a Merger
between the Federation of Malaya and Singapore dated 11
Nov 1961
Joint Statement by the United Kingdom and the Federation
of Malaya regarding the Proposed Federation of Malaysia
dated 22 Nov 1961
Annexes
Page No.
199
209
Annex 1
Extracts from
Dutch-Proposed Draft of Anglo-Dutch Treaty
dated 17 Jan 1824
TRANSLATION
Second Separate and Secret Article in Draft Anglo-Dutch Treaty
Proposed by the Dutch Negotiators on 17 January 1824
[Note: This draft article did not make it into the final treaty.]
French Original
2
Et afin de mieux atteindre le
principal but de la dite
convention les parties
contractantes ant resolu de
regarder leurs possessions aux
Grandes lndes comme separees
par une ligne de demarcation
partant de l'entree du detroit de
Malacca a la hauteur de Queda
ou du 6me degre de lat. Sept. et
se terminant vers la mers de la
Chine, a la sortie du detroit de
Sincapour en laissant l'Tle de ce
nom au nord et celles de
Carimon, Battam et Bintang ou
Rhio au midi.
Des ordres positifs et invariables
seront donnes pour que de la
part des Pays Bas on
s'abstienne de toute intervention
dans les affaires des peuplades
et princes indigenes etablis a
l'est et au nord de cette ligne et
pourquoi reciproquement, les
officiers et agents Britanniques
ne s'immiscent en rien de ce qui
concerne les relations ou les
arrangements interieurs des iles
situees a l'ouest et au midi
English Translation
2
And with the objective of better
attaining the principal end of the
said agreement, the contracting
parties have resolved to regard
their possessions in the Greater
Indies as separated by a line of
demarcation, starting at the
entrance of the Straits of
Malacca at the height of Kedah
or at 6 degrees Northern
Latitude and terminating toward
the China Seas at the exit of the
Strait of Singapore, leaving the
island by that name to the north,
and those of Carimon, Batam
and Bintan or Riau to the South.
Positive and invariable orders
will be given to the effect that
the Netherlands on its part
abstain from all intervention ·in
the affairs of the indigenous
peoples and princes established
to the East and the North of this
line, and for this reason,
reciprocally, the British officers
and agents shall not in any way
interfere with what concerns the
internal relations or
arrangements of the islands to
the West and the South
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Annex 2
Extracts from
Phan Huy Chu, Hai trinh chi luqc (1833)
in original Sino-Vietnamese text
(with English translation by Singapore)
TRANSLATION
Extracts from Phan Huy Chu, Hai trinh chi 11.P(YC (1833)
[Translated directly from the original text, with translator's notes]
White Rock Port (or White Rock Harbour) 1 is surrounded by
mountains. A big rock, white in colour, is visible indistinctly among the
waves,2 sparkling when viewed from afar, hence the name given to the
port/harbour. The wooded slopes on both sides are lined with dwelling
houses that extend towards the Singapore station.3 Thatched huts and
bamboo houses appear amidst the greenery. It is a calming landscape.
To the east, past the vicinity of Lingga Island, is the way to Malacca and
Penang Island. Sailing towards the west past the heights of Saddle
Mountain, one turns here, taking the winding route to reach the
port/harbour of Riau, entering Dutch territory, for the onward journey to
Kelapa/Batavia. This port/harbour constitutes its gateway, both on the
outward and return journeys by sea.
1
" a :fi" i'-1t" in the original text ( pronou need Bf;Jch Th9ch Gang in Vietnamese and
Baishi Gang in Chinese).
2 The phrase translated as ''visible indistinctly among the waves" (i.e., "~.ltiq~j1,W' in
the original text) may also be translated as ''visible intermittently among the waves".
It is unlikely that Pedra Branca, a prominent feature which stands 28 feet (or 9
metres) above mean sea level, would have been described as ''visible indistinctly" or
"visible intermittently".
3 According to Thomson's Account of the Horsburgh Lighthouse (SM Annex 61 ),
written in 1852, there were no villages within 20 miles of Pedra Branca. The
surroundings of Pedra Branca could not have been described in 1833 as "lined with
dwelling houses".
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Un emissaire vietnamien a Batavia
Mc)t su gia Vitt Nam tham Batavia
Phan Huy ChU
IEillfi llrrhmib ceib~ IlUJtfce
"Recit sommaire d'un voyage e_n mer" (1833)
traduit et presente par
Phan Huy Le, Claudine Salmon & T3 Trqng Hifp
d!cb va gilli thitu
Cahier d' Archipel 25. 1994
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Annex 3
List entitled "Officers at the Central Administration in the
Netherlands Indies in 183 7 and in l 84 7", attached to Note for
Comets de Groot van Kraayenburg, J.P. (Dutch Minister of
Colonies) dated 15 January 1847
TRANSLATION
List entitled "Officers at the Central Administration in the
Netherlands Indies in 1837 and in 1847", attached to Note for
Cornets de Groot van Kraayenburg, J.P. (Dutch Minister of
Colonies) dated 15 January 1847
[Taken from Cornets de Groot Family Papers, CdG 168, fol. 172,
Royal Library, The Hague]
Translation of Entry on Visscher, C. (ih entry on the 1847 list)
Dutch Original
Visscher, Algemeene Secretaris
sedert 1841. In 1832 in dienst
getreden als lid in den Raad .van
Justitie, in 1834 lid in het Hoog
Gerigtshof.
English Translation
Visscher, General Secretary
since 1841. In 1832 he joined
service as a member of the
Council of Justice, in 1834
member of the High Court.
I 9
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Annex 4
Letter from British Foreign Office to Brooke J. dated 25 Jan 1847
F .0. Jan 25 1847
Sir
In my despatch No 1 of the 20th of Novr last I informed you that
H.M. Govt. considered it expedient that the promises and professions of
the Sultan of Borneo should be more formally recorded than had
hitherto been done and that the interests of British Subjects in the
Sultan's Territories should be placed under the guarantee of more
specific engagements.
With this view I now transmit to you the Draft of a Treaty which
H.M. Govt. are desirous of concluding with the Sultan. But you will
understand that it is not the intention of H.M. Govt. strictly to confine you
to the litteral adoption of this Draft, the wording of which you may vary, if
you should find it necessary to do so, provided you do not alter the
substance of the stipulations, and you are also at liberty to insert any
additional stipulations which your local knowledge may suggest to you
as necessary or desirable provided always that such additional
stipulations shall not be at variance with the general principles upon
which the Draft is based.
H.M. Govt. are not desirous of obtaining for British subjects any
exclusive privileges of Commerce. They merely wish that British Trade
and Navigation should be placed on the footing of the most favoured
Nation, and should be exempt from injurious internal. regulations and
imposts.
It is indisputable that any duties to be levied on the importation of
Commodities should be moderate in amount; and as your local
knowledge will enable you to judge what, in fairness to both parties, that
11
12
amount ought to be, it is left to you to determine it. Accordingly if you
should consider an advalorem duty preferable to fixed rates, you will
insert the amount of such advalorem duty in the 5th Article.-· But if on
the other hand you should think, that from local circumstances, fixed
rates of importation duties on the principal Articles of import would be
better than advalorem Duties, you will propose to the Sultan such fixed
rates as in your Judgement shall appear reasonable and you will record
and agreement which you may come to in this respect in an article to be
substituted for the one now transmitted you. -· As the Tariff agreed
upon by Sir Henry Pottinger during the late negotiations with China may
possibly be useful to you in determining fixed rates of duty, I enclose a
copy of that Tariff._
All export duties are objectionable as they increase the prince of
all production by the amount of Duty so levied, and they thus oppose an
impediment to the development of the resources of the country, H.M.
Govt. therefore feel desirous that no such duty should be exacted, and a
stipulation to this effect is inserted in the draft. But if you find it
impossible to obtain for British Commerce an exemption from export
duties you should in such case use your best endeavours to procure
that those Duties shall be fixed at a low and uniform rate.
The Articles in this draft which relate to Duties are worded in the
manner usually adopted in European Treaties; and the wording of them
may perhaps not be entirely adapted to Established practices in Borneo
and may not be quite intelligible to the Gov1 there: Butt is desirable that
those Articles should stand as they do because they will become more
and more applicable in Proportion as Borneo becomes more connected
wtth European Commerce.
It is further desirable that some arrangement should be made by
which British subjects who may have obtained from the Sultan the right
or permission to exercise any calling or pursuit within his territory hould
be secured against being arbitrarily interfered with in the exercise of
their calling or pursuit, as well as against any breach of contract or
agreement on the part of the Gov' or the Natives. H.M. Govt trust that
sufficient provision in this respect has been made by the Ill Article; but if
you should deem it desirable to secure these objects by more specific
engagements you will do so, taking care however that nothing be
inserted in the Treaty which might bear an appearance of a desire on
the part of H.M. Gov' to countenance or promote monopoly, whether
established for the benefit of the Sultan, of his subject, or British
subjects, or of other parties.
You will observe that in the 10th Article which confirms the cession
of Laboan, it is proposed that an additional district should be ceded
extending to a certain distance from the Coast of that Island. The
object of this cession is to prevent any Interference of any kind with
Laboan. The extent to be given to such additional cession is left to be
fixed by you; of course it ought to be reasonable and moderate. If
however you should find it more easy to attain security for the
commercial and military position of Laboan in any other way you are at
liberty to make the necessary alteration in that Article.
You are of course aware how strong and universal the desire of
the British Nation is that the Traffic in Slaves should be put an end to in
every part of the World. H.M. Govt are not informed whether the
condition of Slavery exists in Borneo, and whether any Traffic in Slaves
is carried on by the inhabitants of the Country. But if any local habits or
usages should oppose an insurmountable obstacle to the adoption of
the XI Article as it now stands you may modify it according to
13
14
circumstances bearing however in mind that it is the object of H. M's
Govt. to bring about the final and total abolition of every Kind of Slave
Trade, and the Article ought to be so framed at all evens as to conduct
to that end; and nothing short of an insurmountable difficulty should
induce you to make any alteration in the Article as it now stands.
There are two additional Articles which have been suggested by
the Secret Committee of the India House, the one relating to a
distinguishing Flag to be borne by the Vessels belonging to the
Dominions of the Sultan and engaged in lawful Trade, the other relative
to certain documents which it is considered desirable that such Vessels
should be furnished with.
You will adopt these articles as far as they may appear to you to
be practicable and applicable and they should if agreed to be inserted
after Article VIII in the Draft.
If you should succeed in inducing the Sultan of Borneo to agree to
the Treaty which you will propose, you wi.11 proceed at once to its
signature, and you will forward it to me for Her Majesty's Ratification.
On exchanging that Ratification against the Ratification of the Sultan,
you should present to that Prince on the part of Her Majesty such
presents as may be considered suitable; and I wish you to inform me
what sort of things would be most proper for this purpose in order that
steps may be taken for procuring them and for forwarding them to you
for presentation.
Draft
To Mr. Brooke
No. 2
F.O. January 25th 1847
Enclosing Treaty to be
proposed to Sultan of Borneo.
0
16
[Extract from Draft Treaty]
Art:X
It being desirable that British Subjects should have some Port
where they may careen and refit their vessels, and where they may
deposit such stores and merchandize as shall be necessary for the
carrying on of their Trade with the Dominions of Borneo, His Highness
the Sultan hereby confirms the Cession already spontaneously made by
him in 1845 of the Island of Labuan, situated on the North West Coast
of Borneo, together with the adjacent Seas, Straits, and Islands, within
the Distance of Geographical Miles all round the Coast
of the said Island, to be possessed in perpetuity, and in full Sovereignty
by Her Britannick Majesty, and Her Successors; and in order to avoid
occasions of difference which might otherwise arise, His Highness the
Sultan engages not to make any similar Cession either of an Island, or
of any settlement on the Main Land in any part of his Dominion to any
other Nation, or to the Subject or Citizens thereof, without the consent of
Her Britannick Majesty.
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Annex 5
Letter from Brooke J to Viscount Palmerston
(British Foreign Secretary) dated 30 June 1847
Singapore, 30th June 184 7
My Lord
I have the honour to enclose the Treaty with Brune [sic}, which
was concluded by the Sultan on the 2ih of May last.
The Sultan, and the Pangerans generally, expressed gratification at
being able to evince anew their friendly disposition towards Her
Majesty's Government, and professed themselves satisfied with the
different articles of the Treaty.
In accordance with the discretionary power granted to me by your
Lordship, I ventured to make some slight alterations on the articles,
which need no explanation excepting in the following particulars.
In article V a fixed duty of one dollar per ton on all British exports, has
been substituted in lieu of the ad valorem duty - as it appeared to me
advisable that all our transactions with so decayed a Government,
should be of as simple a nature as possible.
In article IX that portion relating to the seizure of Brune vessels sailing
without a Port clearance, and Register, has been omitted, because no
executive Government exists in Brune to carry out the measure, and -
because partially applied, it might become an engine of oppression, and
restriction on Commerce. As another consideration for the omission, it
may be stated that a considerable extent of the Coasts, though
nominally included within the dominions of the Sultan of Brune, has long
been virtually independent of his authority, and the Traders having
neither the will, or the means, of obtaining the requisite registers would
41
42
consider themselves liable to seizure by Her Majesty's vessels of war
whilst peaceably engaged in their normal activities.
For the same reasons the additional articles - however desirable - have
not been embodied in the Treaty, although I entertain no doubts that the
natives of the coast (with the exception of the two Piratical Dyak tribes)
would gladly avail themselves of the privilege of a distinguishing Flag, if
gracilly recommended by Her Majesty's Government and such enforced
by the orders of their own Sultan.
In article X in defining the limits of our possession, I have used Captain
Bethune's chart for the purpose, as some confusion exists as to the
names of the islands ceded to Her Majesty.
Article XII has been omitted as it might have raised suspicion in the
native mind, and the clause for granting powers to the Consul General,
has been framed into an additional article having arrived too late to form
one of the original articles of the Treaty.
I trust that these alterations will meet with your Lordship's approbation,
and that the Treaty itself may at some future time prove of use, in
developing the commerce, and resources, of the Coast of Borneo, by
removing the many restrictions imposed on them by a semi barbarous
Government.
I have the honor to be
My Lord
Your Lordship's obedient servant
Brooke
Commissioner and Consul General
To the Right Honourable
The Viscount Palmerston
&c &c &c
43
44
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Annex 6
Article "The New Colony ofLabuan" from Illustrated London News
dated 9 Oct 184 7
----=.:....~·- •- - ---·- ~.;~--=:- ~--:==-.
RAJAH BROOKE'S
BORNEO
The Nineteenth Century World of Pirates
·and Head-hunters, Orang Utan and Hornbills,
and Other Such Rarities as Seen Through
the Illustrated London News
and Other Contemporary Sources
COMPJLEDBY
D.J.M·. TATE
1988
JOHN NJCHOLSON LTD.
HONG KONG
~
70 RAJAH EROOKE'S BOl<NEO
Brooke, the Great Lord Rajah, as the natives call
him."
. ILN, 3 APRIL 1847 ~
THE NE\,V COLONY OF LABUAN
This Sketch of the New Colony ofl .abuan, founded
by our enterprising countryman, Sir James Brooke,
was made in the month of August la~t, by the
medical officer (Dr. Startin) of the honourable East
India Company's war steamer Phlegellwn, lately on
a cruise in the Indian Archipalago, in search or
pirates, thirty of whom she succeeded in capturing,
and carrying to Singapore; these men forming the
residue of the crew who seized and destroyed the
. General Woad, and murdered several hands and
passr.ngerson board, about a year and a half ago.
In the Sketch, the buildings shown upon the
banks are the Government bungalows and guard-
\' !Ell IN THE NEW CoLo:-,1· OF I .,\HUA"
house; the navy well, left of the flag-stafl; and,
further left, the bath-house and other offices of the
Phlegr.tlwn steamer, in front of the picture.
ILN, 9 DECEMBER 1848.
• 31,))c: •
A few days since, J\.fr. Brooke, the Rajah ofSarawak,
arrived by the mail steamer, the Indus, at Southampton,
which port he left nirn: years back, in his
yar.ht, the R(!}'(lfo/, to explore the Indian Archipelago.
His researches and exploits in that quarter
arc familiar to the public through the book of his
friend and fellow navigator, the Hon. Captain
Keppel. "Mr. Brooke's history," says the Singapore
Free Press, "affords us a remarkable union of romantic
adventure and of useful ncss such as has been the
lot or few private in<lividuals to work. It is impossible
to read the personal history while in
Borneo, and not be struck with the total absence of
~
srl fishness by which all his actions have been distinguished,
and yet his is a degree of enterprise and
of energy that would have secured to an ambitious
man the gratification of no moderate longings alter
fame or power. As it is, Mr. Brooke goes home
heralded by no trumpet of his own; his noble
character, his upright and useful life, would have
been unknown to fame, but for the spt1ntaneous
eulogy bestowed on them by Keppel."
It may, however, be briefly explained th.at several
Englishmen, <1mong whom by far the most distinguished
is rvlr. Brooke, or Sarawak, sharing the
views and inheriting tht> enterprising spirit of Sir
Stamford RalHes, have senlcd in the Indian Archipdago,
,ind hegun to instruct 1he natives in the
mca ns uf devdopi ng the resources or chei r country.
From 1842 to 1846, che question was incessantly
kept bcforl, the British Government, until they despatched
an order to Borneo for the emancipation of
Insular Asia From piracy and barharism; and, as a
commenu·me11t, it was resolved to take posseesion
ol' Pulo Lahuan. The accomplishment of this object
was de1ail(·d in our Juurnal of April 3; and, by aid
or a IH'autifully illustrated work, just published,
Wt:' arc enabled to present our readers with an
arcurall' view of the ceremony of taking possession;
two s pt'ei nwns oft hi:' natives of Born co, as well as of
tlu:ir arms or defence. The following description
or th<' scrn(• is from thr pen of Mr . .J.A. St. John,
who has vl'ry dfccti\'dy written the ktter-prcss tu
tlw lllustra!icms:-
Wit I, thP island r,i' 1.uhuan, of which p,,ss<'ssi,.m has
nuw hn•r, wke11 for the Crown, the English "'"Y hr said IO
1,,.~·,· r,mntd thd r first con nu ion in l 7i5, when, having been
<lrh•rn <JU! .,f B;olamhang~n by the Soh,s, 1hry. with thr
l'rrmission or th,:, Suh,u, of Bruni, tc,uk rdi,i.:r thrre. Siner
1lw 1wriod alm,·(•mp11liom:d, th,· tahl<·s haw b!'c;'1 str:u1gdr
turned i11 the Eastern /\rchipclago. Then, wrnk a11d Jc«· in
twmbcr, we wrn· trx, happy to 1"eceive 1he prol.-:ction and
rnun trnante of the Sulmn orBonwu. ofwhnm the bucc.mc,·rs
of the Sulo group srcmed to h;,w stood in awe. Nuw 11,..
Sultan i~ n1ir humble ally and depenrlant, and hm for the
British flag which wa\'e:; in bis nrighhourhoud, and thr lrraly
h,· has rmidurlc<l with us, mif:111 an)' hour in th;• tm:nty-li,ur
br sri,.rcl in his capital hy the Sulus. or any other pirn tirnl
tribe, and sold lih· the hum hkst individual into sla vay.
The island uf Labu;m, probably d\:stined to ri,·,,1 Singapore
in impunanc<:, is abuut twenty-Ji<·r mile• in c.irrumference,
and occupies a commandinR position at the muU!h of the
Borneo river. 11 risrs in places to the h<'igh1 of ne.,rly
seventy fci:t abov<' the tevd of the sea, and is almost entirdy
co,·cr<:d with " dense fore~t. Of the different species of treu
it posst·sst•s liule is known, except that s<Jme of them attain
to a grra t ma~ni cude. and th al un several points of the shore
thr spedes of la ord whid, pro<loces ,ilmphnr is found. The
island is tran·rsed by nomcruus stream~, uf whkh some are
of ,·onsiderabk di men•ions, thnugh two only appear tu Aow at
all sensuus of the year. The rl'st are torrents, which become
dry in th<' depth of thr hot season. Water, however, is found
e,-rrywher<', by d ig,:·ing, in great a bundanl"e, and of the must
excellent quality, In several places thl" streams are found
ru1111ing o,·er hros of coal; and in a rnvinr, or small valley,
tm~arrh the north, ther~ exists a fine w"terfall. On this part
"f the mast the woods stretch down lo the \'ery rdg<' of the
.sra, wl1<~~e wa \TS roll inward an<l !ireak ai::ainst the shore
hentath their outs trctd,ed boughs. The "rattans." from
whid, the nativ~s make cordage for thdr boais, are wry
numerous and valuable.
The sra in the vicinity of the islartd abounds with fish ofa
superior quality. and between two and three hundred men,
who so bsist emirely by fishing, constitoted before nur arrival
its only population. Their numbe,·s are at present incrcasi ng
rapidly, and when the coal mines begin 10 be workro, and
the land is laid under cultivation, Labuan will swarm with
inhabitants. for somejears before out appearant,e in those
~.-as, th~ natives had. hecn dcterr,:d by fear nf pirntcs frnm
properly can)'ing on\lheir fishing operations, and are loud
in their expressions oGgratitude rc,r the prott-ction we a!ford
them, I\ II the small craft engaged in the coa.,tin!! 1rade alreatly
touch M Lahoan, where merchants from cwry part or the
Ea.. 1 :1 will settle, as soon as permission 10 do so can be obtained
frum the British Government.
Th(" British Aag was hoisted on the island of
Labuan, December, 24, 1846, by Captain Rodney
Mundy, of her Majesty's ship Iris, and commanding
the sq uaclmn on the coast of Borneo. To witness the
ceremony many Malay chiefs of distinction had
come to the island from Borneo with numerous and
showy rC'tinuC's, and followed by a multitude oft.he
natives, who, quitt" unconscious or its import. were
sanctioning, by their presence, the first step towards,
their own emancipation from barbarism. It
was a cheerful, animating sight. Several I-lags Wt're
stuck up; tr.HIS were pitched on the clear spaces
between the trees; rhe marines we-re drawn up in
imposing array along the beach; the yards, mast.s,
,md rigging of the Iris and Wofj Wt're decorated with
OF PRINCIPALITIES AND POWERS 71
small Aags and s!r!"arners; and repeated discharges
o[ musketry and artillery sent forth c:louds of white
smoke, which were lifted up and dispersed by the
breeze. The natives, grouped together on a ~lightly
rising ground, looked on with pleasure. not altogether,
perhaps, unmixed with apprehension.
Unused to the prot:esscs of ci\'ilintion, they could
not he aware that the s1rip of ground before them
was dc~tiuecl soo11 to bel:ome the site of a great
commercial emporium, inhabited by merchants and
politicians, from the West, thronged with population
and riches, and encircled by those invisible
ramparts of law and imperial puwer which afford
her far more unfailing protection than whole mountains
or niasoury. TlMt day will bl:' a menwrabk
m1e in the annals uf Labuan. \Vhcn all who Ldtckl
that r,n\ivening cen:'lnony shall have passed away,
the flag of England will still be there, waving o,}r
the head of new generations, who wiiJ probably
convert the whole ofLabuan into a gardc-n. '
We arc much indebted to the officers (engaged in
that service, particularly to Captain Bc1hune and
Commandc-r 1-kath, for the light which h<1s been
thl'own on the character and productions of the
island, which has been much more carefully explored
than in so short a time v..-c had any reason
to expect. If their example be followed hy those who
succeed them, l.abuan will be as familiar tu the
British public as tht' island of Bomhay, with the
topography of-whid1 many untravelled Eng·lishmcn
arc as WC'll acquainted as with Hampstead Heath.
Mr. Brooke contemplates a sojourn of six months
in England. He is now residing at Mivart's Hotel,
where he entertained a select party at dinner on
Tuesday evening. 011 the same day, Mr. Brooke
transacted business at the Colonial Office, the
Admiralty, and the Board of Trade. Captain
Munday ha~, we understand, laid before the Committee
of the United Service Club the distini:,;uished
services or Mr. Brooke, who has been invited to
become a visitor at the Club during bis stay in
England. It is expected that Mr. Brooke will return
to a fully organised and established government in
Labuan.
lLN, 9 OCT0Bt:R 1847
t.:
,,-.; / ,~~, '!. I
0
Annex 7
Letter from Thomson J.T. (Government Surveyor at Singapore) to
Church T. (Resident Councillor at Singapore) dated 8 Mar 1848
No. 8 of 1848
From J T Thomson Esqre
Govt Surveyor of Singapore
To The Honble T Church Esqre
Resident Councillor
Dated 8th March 1848
Sir,
I have the honor of informing you that I proceeded to Pedro
Branca in pursuance of your verbal instructions to examine the brick
Pillars that I built there prior to the coming on of the North East
Monsoon in the month of October last. I found now that the Sea is
perfectly smooth & a landing easily effected nor do I think judging from
the Report of the Natives that the Sea was much disturbed since the
latter part of February.
As I formerly reported 7 Pillars were built to try the effect of
the Waves upon the Rock and their positions and present state will be
more clearly understood by tabulating them as follows:
1 st 1 Pillar 1 O feet above level of ) Entirely swept away. _
High Water fully exposed to all )
Wind
2 Pillars 15 feet above level of
High Water fully exposed to all
Winds.
) Swept away excepting lowest
) courses of Bricks which are
) firmly attached to the Rocks by
) the mortar so could not feel
) much the action of the waves._
53
54
3 d 2 Pillar 15 f above level of high ) Quite entire._
Water, but well screened by )
high Rock on their North )
Exposure,_
4 th 2 Pillars 24 f above level of high ) Plaster carried away on their
Water fully exposed to all ) North Exposure and Mortar in
Winds. ) the joints washed out to the
) depth of an inch._
From the above observations of the effects of this last monsoon I
deduce the following opinions. First that the Rock is awashed by the
Sea to the height of 15 feet above the level of high Water in its North
exposure, but on the same level on its South exposure that the Rock
remains untouched by the Waves and is also but slightly affected by the
spray. Secondly - That on the highest part of the North (24 feet) where
exposed, a heavy spray drives over the Rock sufficient to knock off any
kind of Plaster or Cement that could be applied to any brick building as
a Coating. It would have been desirable to know to what height the
spray rises above this elevation but this cannot be had from actual
observation though an idea of its probable height may be gained by
indirect inference.
The North exposure of the Rocks is nearly perpendicular
faced by a shallow Cove expanding itself to the· full force of the Waves
of the China Sea. The Apex of this Cove was closed under the Rock on
which the Light House would stand it may therefore be safely argued
that under such circumstances the waves will be driven with great force
against the perpendicular barrier and the spray projected to a great
height over the Rock for the oscillatory motion of the deep water waves
receiving a sudden and complete check in the shallow Cove their force
will be expended with concentrated violence at the top of the Cove
against the opposing Rocks it is under nearly similar accidental
workings of nature that the Churns or Kirns are formed on Rocky
Coasts, which during storms force the spray to a great height. Two of
these have come under my own observation on the Coast of
Northumberland where the spray during storms was projected to the
perpendicular height of 80 to 90 feet. In designing a Light House
therefore for Pedro Branca it should be calculated to bear a heavy spray
to its full height. I am consequently of opinion that it would not be
prudent to use any thing but Ashlar Masonry set in Cement for the
facing of the Building with a backing of brick set in common mortar
inside.
In conclusion I may state that we have only had the
experiences of one Monsoon & I am informed by old Residents that they
have experienced much heavier; allowance should therefore be made
for extreme seasons in which it might be problematical whether the
Pillars that have stood the test of this seasoh would do so again.
The Pillars were left untouched for future inspection if
thought necessary.
Singapore )
8th March 1848 )
I have & ca
/ Signed J T Thomson
Govt Surveyor
(True Copy)
/ Signed T Church
Resident Councillor
(True Copy)
I Signed/ W J Butterw-orth
Governor
55
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6S
Annex 8
Letter from Visscher C. (Dutch General Secretary in Batavia) to
the Dutch Resident in Riau dated 27 November 1850
TRANSLATION
Letter from Visscher, C. (General Secretary, Netherlands East Indies) to
Dutch Resident in Riau dated 27 November 1850
[National Archives of Indonesia, Riouw Series No. 153,
Incoming Letters ta Resident of Riouw 1850-1851]
Dutch Original
Daartoe gelast, heb ik de eer
Uw.Ed.G. te kennen teg even, dat
bij de regering geene termen zijn
gevonden, voor de toekenning
van de bij Uw.Ed.G. Schrjjven van
1 November 1850, No.649,
voorgesteide gratificatien aan de
Gezaghhebers van de te Riouw
gestationneerde kruisbooten,
wegens hunnen betoonden ijver
in het bekruisen van het
vaarwater tusschen Riouw en
Sincapore in het verleenen van
hulp bij den opbouw van eenen
vuurtoren te Pedro Branca op
Britsch grondgebied, en zulks te
minder, om dat deze opvarenden
alzoo geruimen tijd ontrokken zijn
aan hunne eigenlijke bestemrning,
het kruizen vooral tegen de
zeerovers omtrent wier
geweldenarijen, oak in den
omtrek van Linqa herhaaldelijk
wordt geklaagd.
English Translation
As commissioned, I have
the honour of informing Your
Excellency that the
government has found no
grounds for granting gratuities
to the commanders of the
cruisers stationed at Riau, as
proposed in your despatch of 1
November 1850, number 649,
on account of their shown
dedication in patrolling the
waterway between Riau and
Singapore, lending assistance
to the construction of a
lighthouse at Pedra Branca on
British territory. And they
deserve it so much the less
because the cruiser crews
have failed to perform their
actual duties which is to cruise
against pirates whose
brutalities have been
repeatedl.y complained of in the
vicinity of Linqga.
61
62
Annex 9
Letter from the British Colonial Office to the British Foreign Office
dated 6 Apr 1854
Sir,
Downing Street
April 6th 1854
In answer to your letter of the 6th Ultimo, accompanied by an
application from the people of Pitcairn's Island, I am directed by the
Duke of Newcastle to acquaint you, for the information of the Earl
of Clarendon, that his Grace apprehends that there is no need for,
but on the contrary .would be some inconvenience in, any further
measure to declare Pitcairn's Island a British Possession. It might
suggest a doubt where none at present exists.
With regard to the wish of the people of this Island for protection, I
am desired to state that their condition has from time to time, when
they have been visited by a Man of War, been brought under the
notice of the Secretary of State for this Department, and has
always been regarded with interest, and indeed that in
consequence of that interest measures were determined upon not
long since for offering them an opportunity of removing to Norfolk
Island, since the place which they at present occupy is believed to
have become too small for their numbers.
H. U. Addington Esq
&c &c &c
63
64
On this last subject however, I am desired to take the present
occasion to request, with reference to my letter of the 10th of
December last, that Her Majesty's Consul at Raiatea in the Society
Islands may be apprized that reports have been received from the
Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land by which it appears
that Norfolk Island will not be evacuated by its present occupants
so soon as was expected, and consequently that it has become
necessary for the present to postpone any measure for providing a
Vessel to remove the Pitcairn's people to Norfolk Island. It would
be desirable that Her Majesty's Consul should avail himself of the
first opportunity which may offer of conveying this intelligence to
the Pitcairn's Islanders in order that they may not expect the Ship
which it was intended to provide for their removal towards the close
of the present year. ·
lam,
Sir,
Your obedient servant
Herman Merival
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Annex 10
Letter from British Consulate of the Society Islands
to The Pitcairn Islanders dated 6 Oct 1854
lnclosure in
Despatch No. 15
British Consulate of the Society Islands
Raiatea October 6th 1854
To the Pitcairn Islanders
My dear Friends,
On the 5th of July I addressed to you a
letter, acquainting you that Her Majesty's Government had acceded to
your request of being removed to Norfolk Island, and that they would
provide a vessel which should call off your Island towards the close of
the present year, for the purpose of carrying out that removal.
I have received a subsequent Despatch from the Earl of
Clarendon, who directs me to acquaint you, that Norfolk Island will not
be evacuated by its present occupants, so soon as was expected, and
that consequently it has become necessary to postpone for the present
any measure for providing a vessel to reinove the Pitcairn Islanders to
Norfolk Island.
The Earl of Clarendon has lately received the copy of a Memorial
addressed by the Pitcairn Islanders to the Queen requesting to be
furnished with a Document declaring them to be under Her Majesty's
protection and constituting Pitcairn's Island a British possession.
71
72
The manner in which England has always responded to the
Pitcairn Islanders, when she was claimed and claimed justly by them, as
their Fatherland, is the best proof that no doubt has ever existed as to
the Sovereignty of your Island, and will I trust be accepted by you as a
sufficient answer.
It is I am sure unnecessary for me, after having dwelt on the
subject in my last letter, again to direct your attention to the interest with
which you have always been regarded by Her Majesty's Government;
indeed it was in consequence of the interest so felt that measures were
determined upon to provide for your removal to Norfolk Island.
Believe me to be
My dear Friends
Your faithful and affectionate friend
B. Toup Nicolas
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Annex 11
Convention relative to the Establishment and Maintenance of a
Lighthouse on Cape Spartel dated 31 May 1865
SUPPLEMENT
TO THE
American Journal of International Law
VOLUME 6
1912
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
PUBLTBRE'D PO'R
TR& A,n:RICAN $ocIBTY 01" 1NTERNA.T10N.1.L LAW
BY
BAKER, VOORHT~ & COMPANY
N1tw YonK, U. s. A.
l 77 I
78
1-1 THE .\:llE·RIC.AX JOl'R::>U.L OF lSTE.RXATION~-\.L LAW
Therefore, in an impartial spirit, the Imperial Government requeds
that the Royal Go,·ernment be goocl enough to make known to it the
nature of these guarantee~, to which it will readily consent if they m·e
uot to affect its territorial integrity. To this end it will refrain, during
the parleys from modifying in any manner whateYer the present situation
of Tripoli and of Cyrenaica in military matters; ancl it is to be
hoped that, yielding to the sinc.ere disposition of the Sublime Porte, the
Royal GoYernment will acquiesce in this proposition.
CONVENTION AS TO CAJ'.E SPARTEL LIGHT-HOUSE BETWEEN THE UNITl.D
STATES, AUSTRIA, IlELGrt:r:ir, FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, ITALY, THE
~ETHJ-;H.LAND8, l'OUTt:GAL, SPAIN .AND SWEDEN AXD XORWAY, AND
.:nonocco.1
Signed at Ta11gi.e1·, JI ay 31, 1865; ratifications exclta11 ged Februar?J 14,
1867.
[Translation.]
In the name of the only God. There is no strength nor power but of
God.
His excellency the President of the Unite<l States of America; and his
majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia; l1is
majesty the .King of the Belgians, her majesty the Queen of Spain, his
majesty the Emperor of the French; her majesty the Queen of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; his majesty tl-1e King of Italy;
his majesty the King of the Netherlands; his majesty the King of
Portugal and the .Alganes; his majesty the King of Sweden and Norway_,
and his majesty the Sultan of Morocco and of Fez, moved by a like des.ire
io assure the safety of naYigation along the coasts of Morocco, and
desirous to provide of common accord the measures most proper to attain
this end_. have resolved to conclude a special convention, and ]1aYe for this
purpose appointed t]1eir plenipotentiaries, to wit.
His excellency the President of the Republic of the United States,
.T essc Harlan ~fcMath, Esquire, his consul general near his majesty the
Sultan of MoroC'co _;
His majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary ancl of Bohemia
Sir John Hay Drummond Hay, commander of the very honorable order
1 r. S. Compilation of Treaties in Force, 1004, p. 558.
OF.HCIAL DOCUMENTS 15
of the Bath, his general agent ad interim riear his majesty the Sultan of
Morocco; his majesty the King of the Belgians, Ernest Daluin, knight of
his order of Leopold, commander of number of the order of Isabella the
Catholic of Spain, commander of the order of Nichan Eftikhar of Tuni~,
his consul genen1l for the west coast of Africa: her majesty the Queen of
Spain, Don Fnmcisco Merry y Colon, grand cross of the order of
Isabella the Catholic, knight of the order of St. John of Jerusalem,
rlecorated with the Imperial Ottoman order of liedjidie of the 3d class,
officer of the order of the Legion of Honor, her minister resident near his
majesty the Sultan of l\Iorocco; His majesty the Emperor of the French,
Auguste Louis Victor, Baron Ayme d'Aquin, officer of the Legion of
Honor, commander of the order of Francis the First of the Two Sicilie!-,
commander of the order of St. Maurice and Lazarus of Italy, commnnder
of the order of Christ of Portugal, commander of the order of the Lion
of. Brunswick, lmight of the or<ler of Constantine of the Two Sicilies,
knight of the order of Guelphs of HanO\·er, his plenipotentiary near his
majesty the Sultan of Morocco.
Her majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain &
IreJand, Sir John Hay Drummond. Hay, commander of the rery honornble
order of the Bath, her minister resident near his majesty the Sultan
of Morocco, his majesty the King of Italy, Alexander Ycrdinois, knight
of the order of St. Maurice & Lazarus, agent and consul general of Italy
near his majesty the Sultan of Morocco.
His majesty the King of the N"ethcrland~. Hir John Hny Drummond
Hay, commander of the nry honorahle order of the Bath. nrting consul
general of the X etherland:-; in ::\f orot·co: hi!l nrnje~ty the Kin::r of Portugal
and the Alga n·cs, ,Jose Daniel f'olnco. comm n nclcr of his ortler of (' h rist.
kni,:ht of the ortlcr of the nose of Brar.ii, Iii!; con~t.tl gcnC'ral near hi;,;:
majesty the Sultan of )[01·orco; hi~ majesty the King of Sweden rmd
~orway, Selim 1l'l~hrenhoff, knight ol' the or1lt•r or _\\'a:-a~ hi:-: c·oni::nl
general near his majcst_\' thl' Sultan of 1foroc-co, arnl his majci::t..v the
8ultan of Morocco and or F1!Z the litcr1Hy Sitl Molu1m111ecl Hnrgn::::h. hii:
minister for foreign affairs - who n ftcr having cxc·hangcrl their £ull
powers, found in good nnd due form have agreed npon the following
articles.
ARTICLE I.
His majesty Scheri.fienne having in an interest of humanity ordered
the construction nt the expense of the Government of Morocco of a liglit
J1011sc at rape Spnrtel. consentE; to clc,·olre~ throughout tlic clnration of
79
80
16 l'!CE .1.l!ERICA.N JOURNAL OF INTERNATJON.1.L LAW
the present conrention, the superior direction and administration of this
establishment on the representathcs of tbe contracting Power~. It is
well understood that this de1egation does not import any encroachment
on the rights proprietary and of sm·e~eignty of the Sultan, whose flag
alone shall be hoisted on the tower of the Pharos.
ARTICLE II.
'l'he Gornrnment of Morocco not at this time having any marine, either
cf war or commerce, the expenses necessary for upholding and managing
the light house sha1l be borne by the contracting Powers by means of an
annual contribution the quota of wl1ich slmll be alike for all of tl1em.
If hereafter the Sultan should have a na,·al or commercial marine, lie
binds himself to take sl1are in the expenses in like proportion with the
other subscribing Powers, the e."tpenses of repairs and in need, of reconstruction
s.l1a1l also be at his cost.
ARTICLE III,
The Sultan will furnish for security of the ligl1t house a guard composed
of 11 KAicl ancl four soldiers, he engages besides to provide for, by
nll the means in his power, in cas.c of wnr whether internal or external.
the presenation of this ei;tablii::hment, ns well as for the safety of the
keepers ancl perr-:ons employed. On the other part the contracting Powers
l,ind them!=elres. ench so far as concerned, to respect the neutrality of tl1e
light hou!=e, and to c·ontinue the payment of the contribution intended
to upho1d it, even in case (which God forbid) hostilities should break out
either between them or between one of them and the Empire of Morocco.
ARTICLE IV.
The representath-es of t~1e contracting Powers charged in drtue of
Article 1st- of the present C'OD"f'ention with the superior direction and
management of the light l1011se shall establieh the necessary regnlations.
for tl1e sen-ire and superintendence of this establishment. and no modification
shall be afterward applied to these articles, except by common
agreement between the contracting Pon-erR.
AnTICLE Y.
The present conrention shall continue in force for ten years. In case,
within six months of the expiration of this term_, none of the high contr,
1c•ting parties shou]cl b_,. officia 1 declaration hnYe made known it~ pnr~
OFFICIAL DOCUME.STS 17
rose to bring to a close so far as may concerti it, the effects of this convention,
it shall continue in force for one year more, and so from year to
year, until due notice.
ARTICLE YI.
The execution .of the reciprocal engagements contained in the present
convention is subordinated so far as needful to the accomplishment of
the forms and regulations established by the constitutional laws of those
of the l1igh contracting Powers who are held to ask for their application
thereto which they bind themselves to do with the least possible delay.
ARTICLE VII.
The present convention shall be ratified and the ratifications be exchanged
at Tangier as soon as can be done.
In faith whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed and
affixed thereto the seals of their arms.
Done in duplicate original in French and in Arabic at Tangier, protected
of God, the fifth day of the moon of Uoharrem, year of the Hegira
1.282 which corresponds witl1 the 31st of the month of May of the year
one thousand eight hundred and sixty five.
[SK\L.] ,JESSE H. McMATH.
[SEAL.] J. fl. DRC:\ClIOXD HAY.
[SEAL.] EnxEsT D.\.Ll'IN.
[SEAL.] FRAXCISCO l\lERRY y COLON.
(SEAL.] AYUE D'AQGIN.
[SR\L.] J. H. DRUMMOXD HAY.
[SE.\.L.] ALI~X'RE VERDIXDOIS.
[SE.\L.] J. II. DRU1\fi\IOXD IIAY.
[Sl~a\L.] Josfr DANIEL COLACO.
[SEAL.] S. n'E11nENHOFF.
(SEAL.] [Signature of Sid :Mohammed
Bnrgash, in Arabic.]
81
Annex 12
The Fulham [ 1898] P 206
(High Court of England & WaJes)
1898.
T'HE
LAW REPORTS
OF THB INCORPORATED COtrNCIL OF LAW REPORTING,
~rollatr ~m l'b t,~ l'll.O, U.
COURTS O.F PROB.ATE, DIV-OBOE,
AND ADMIRALTY,
'AND ON APl'EAL THEBEl"BOM IN TDB
COURT OF APP~AL;
ALSO DECISIOlfS lli' THE
EOCLESIASTICA.L C,Q.URTS.
EDITOR-· Sm FREDERICK POLLOCK, BA.BT •. , Barrislet-at-Law.
AssISTA;e."'"T EDITOR-A, P. STONE, B(ll('rister-at-Law .
!!!outt of !appeal
l!Jrobatc anlf IU&orcr •
!lbmiralt!,> €ctsrs
'iScdrsiastical ®air~ .
. REPORTERS,_
·1 H. CADMAN JONES,
. W. WORSLEY KNOX,
. T. L. MEARS,
H. D. WARR,
T. L. :MEARS,
C. F. JEMMETI',
1898.
LO.ND ON:
l B,rriBl.,,-a,-La ...
BarriBter~t:-Law.
Barrister-at'-Law.
BarrisleT-at-Law.
:Jrint.cb anh 1@:tthlfatth fcrr ±h.e Qtuunril Di ;Jain ]{tp.orfing-
. BY 'WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Lm1TED,
D:u:KE 5'rBEE'l'1 STAMFsOIID ~T; AND 14, CHARING CROSS.
PUBL!S;HING OFF~CE, 27, FLEE'!: S'IREE.T, E.O.
83
84
206 PROBATE DIVISION. [189f:SJ:
1898 Act of 1868, with reference to service on an ·agent. That does
~~-~ not carry the case any further, because there was no agent at
CITY OF the time.
AG.BA. · ·
Gorell Barnes J. For these reasons it seellls to me that the process in this
case cannot be enforced against the defendant. I am quite
clear that in principle it ought not to be, because although, if a
foreigner has property here, .itjs quite right that proceedings
in rem should be taken against that property, yet if he is not
:personally in the jurisdiction, and an .action in personam is
brought, he is not subject to the. jurisdiction, and ought .not
to be made subject. to ·it in this country. I therefore direct
that the service of the prqcess be set aside with costs here and
below~
Solicitors for plaintiffs: William Hurd d: Son.
Solicitors for defendant: William, A. Crump <f; Son.
T. L. M.
1898 THE FULHAM .
. Jwne 10; . .
July 7. Admira7,ty-&J,vage-Jurisdiction-Recciver of Wnek-Detention of Proprsty
-.Mer'clu,,-nt Shippi.ng Act, 1894 (57 & 5~'Vict. c. 60)1 ss. 546,552.
By s. 546 of t4e Merchant Shipping Act, '1894, "Where any vessel is
• , •. in distress at any place on or near the coasts of the United Kingdom
•.•• and services are rendered by any person· in assisting that
vessel . • . • there shall be J)a,yable to the salvor by the owner or' the
vessel •.. , a reasonable amount of salvage to be determined in case of
dispute .in manner hereinafter mentioned."
By s. 552, " Where salvage is due to any person under this Act, ihe
receiver shall-(a) if the salvage·is due in respect of services rendered in
assisting any vessel or in saving life therefrom ••.. detain the vessel
•.•• until payment is made for salvage •••• "
A British steamship, belongiiig to the plaintiffs, with cargo fro!Il and t-9
a Continental port, was .in the Engltsh _Ch·annel, in distress, for want of,
fuel, twenty miles off the coast; A British steam-tug towed ·her into
Plymoutb, and, at the request of the master of the tug, the ·defendant,
receiver of wreck_ at that port, detained the plaintiffs' vessel t'!O days
pending the production ofsatisfactory bail to answer a claim for salvage,
In an action for damages for the illegal a.rrest of the ~easel:-
Held, by Gorell Barnes J., that the ,defendant was entitled to judgm(_lnt,
l!.S the words in s. 552, "salvage ..•• due unde:r this Act," are not
P. PROBATE DMSION. 207
confined to salvage expressly made payable under the A.ct, but include 1898
salvage which may be awarded by the Courts mentioned in the Act __T_ m:_ _
whose jurisdiction is conferred or recognised by it. Fu
Semble, that the words "near the coasts of the United Kingdom" in
s. 546 are restricted to the territorial limit.
ACTION for 60l. damages for two days' alleged illegal detention
of a steamship.
The plaintiffs were the Britain ·steamship Company, Limited,
ow:ners of the steamship Fulharn. The defendant was Thomas
Hudson, receiver of wreck and collector of customs at the port
of Plymouth.
The facts were shortly as follows:-
On December 14, 1897, the British steamship Fulham, of
the ,porl of London,whilst on a voyage from Sulina,to Dunkirk:
with :a ca.tgo of barley, ,ran short of fuel, and, on December 16,
when :in the English Channel, about twenty miles from Plymouth,
,she was taken in tow by the steam-tug Flying ,Buzzard,
and on t,he same day brought into Plymouth.
At the request of the master of the ,Flying Buzzard, the
defendant, acting under the authority of s. 552 of the Merchant
Shipping Act, 1894 (1), detained the Fulham by placing a man
on board of .her; and it was alleged that on December 18 the
defendant refused to accept bail tendered by the agents of the
plaintiffs,- and also refused to accept an ·undertaking for bail
subsequently offered by the solicitors of the plaintiffs.
On December 20 the owners, master, and crew of the Fl;ging
(1) 57 & 58 Viet. C; i60, s. 552:
cc (L) Where salvage is due t-0 a.ny
peison 1mder this Act the receiver.
shall-
,;, (a) If the salvage is due in respect
of services rendered in assisting
any vessel or in saving
life therefrom, or .in saving
the cargo or apparel thereof,
detain ·the vessel and cargo
or apparel ; and
"(bj. if tlie salvage is due in respect
of tho saving of any wreck.,
and the wreck is not sold as
unclaimed under the· Act,
detain the wreck.
"(2.) Subject as hereinafter mentioned,
the receiver shall detain the
vessel. and the cargo and apparel or
the wreck. (hereinafter referred to as
detained property) until payment is
made for salvage, or process is issued
for the arrest or detention thereof by
some competent court.
u (3.) A receiver may release any
detained property if security is given
to pis satisfaction. • • ."
LRA!!.
85
86
208 PROBATE DMSION. [1898)
1898 Buzzard issued a writ in an. action in the Probate, Divorce,
--T-HE~~ and Admiralty Division (Admiralty) of the ·nigh Court of
FULHAM. Justice against the owners of the Fulham, her cargo and freight;
and on the same day security was given by the plaintiffs to
the satisfaction of the defendant1 who thereupon released the
vessel.
It was contended by the plaintiffs in the present action:First,
that the arrest .and detention of the Fulham by the
defendant was illegal on the ground that he had no jurisdiction,
under s. 552 of the Act, as the vessel was in distress twenty
miles off the coast and, therefore, not within s. 546 of the
Act (1).;
Secondly, that the defendant h~ improperly :refused to
accept bail.
With regard to the question of fact involved in the second
point, the learned .judge intimated, during the hearing, that
the charge had not been substantiated, and in the course .of his
judgment referred to this matter in the following terms::-.
"There was a further point made at the hearing before me,
that the defendant on December 18 improperly refused to
accept bail or the undertaking of tp.e plaintiffs' solicitors to put
in bail ; but after hearing evidence on both sides on this point
I decided that, assuming that the defendant had power to arrest
and deta.in the vessel at all, he did not improperly detain her.
The· plaintiffs' .case was that their solicitors offered sureties
or an undertaking to put in bail, and that the defendant
improperly refused to accept eith.er. The defendant stated
:that he required the sureties to justify, or the assent of. the
salvers to .the sure.ties. The sureties did not justify, and the
salvors' assent was not procured till the. 20th, when the vessel
(1) 57 & 58 Viet. c. 60, s. 546 :
" Where any vessel is. wrecked,
stranded, or in distress at any pla.ce
on or near the coasts of the United
Kingdom ;or any tidal water within
the limits of the United Kingdom,
and services are rendered by any per:.
·son in assisting that vessel .or saving
the cargo or apparel of that vessel or
any part thereof, and where services
are rendered by any ,person other than
a receiver in saving any wreck, there
shall be payable to the salvor l>y the
owner of the vessel, cargo, apparel, ·or
wreck, a reasonable amount of salv11ge
to be .determined in case of dispute"in
manner 4ereinafter mentioned.":
P. PROBATE DIVISION. 209
was released. I was of opinion that the defendant was entitled 1898
to act as he did. He was bound in the interests of the salvors __T _B_E _
to take the proper steps to satisfy himself that. the security FuLHAM.
offered was adequate, and the usual course is to require the
sureties to justify unless the salvors dispense with justification ;
and as soon as the salvors assented to the sureties 'he released
the ship. Until then, security to the reasonable satisfaction of
the defendant under s. 552, sub.;s, 3, had not been given."
On the question of law :involved .in the first point :.-
Robson, Q.G., and J. A. Hamilton, for the plaintiffs. The
defendant liad no power to detain the vessel. The duties of a
receiver oi wreck only a.rise, under s. ·552 of the Merchant
Shipping Act, 1894, in respect of salvage " due under the Act " ;
but the Fulham, was not "in distress at any place on or near
the coasts of the United Kingdom" within the meaning of
s. 546, for she was twenty milfls off the coast, and wllen she
was brought within the territorial limit, that is, within three
miles.of th~ coast, she was no longer in distress. No doubt
tlie wording of s. 546 is· larger than that of . the corresponding
repealed section (458) of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854 ; but
that is only to get rid of the necessity for the vessel to be
literally "on the shore": see The Leda (1), followed in The
Mac (2); so that the vessel may now be anywhere in the
vicinity of the shore within the three-mile limit.
[GORELL BARNES J. Why does nots. 544 apply, by which
the salvage services may be rendered " wholly or in part within
British wa~rs."J
That section refers only to the saving of life, and was inserted
to preserve the special statutory right to salvage for saving life
which was given by previo:a.s Acts~ and which does not exist at
law. To found such a claim, however, the lives mll$t have been
really in danger. In the present case the danger was not
;sufficient to give rise to a claim for life salvage: see the Carflo
ex W oosunf. (8) The powers of the defendant, as receirer of
(1) (1856) Sw. 40, at p. 44.
(2) (1882) 7 P. D. 38, 126.
{St(1875) 3 Asp. M. L. C. 50,
.reported on. another .point (1876)
1 P. D.260.
87
88
210 PROBATE DIVISION. [1898]
1898 wreck, were only called into exercise in respect of the alleged --~-
THE assistance rendered by the. plaintiffs to the vessel, her c~rgo
FuLB..u:r. and apparel.
Sir Robert B. Flmlay, S.-G., and .Sutton, for the defendant.
The Fulhann was found under circumstances of danger twenty
miles off the coast. She was salved by the Flying Buzzard,
brought within the jurisdiction of the defendant as receiver
of wreck, and his detention of the vessel was a, lawful exercise
of his powers in the interests of the salvors. The object of the
Legislature is to provide an officer on the spot to do what, if
he were not there, the salvor might himself do, if in possession
of the salved property-that is, detain it until satisfactory
security is forthcoming. See .Hartjort v .. Jones. (1)
The ·duties of a receiver of wreck, with reference to the
detention of property liable for salvage, are not limited by
the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, in the way suggested.. The
sections referred to were never intended to cut down the
powers of such an official in relation to salvage, but only ·to
define the nature of some classes of salvage,. and settle th~
mode of procedure. It is cle~ from s. 544, dealing with the
case of salvage for, saving life, that the word "salvage 0 is used
in a general sense, and that the words "wholly or in part
within British waters" are designedly inserted to get rid of a
precise wmtoria.l limit even in the CBiSe of a f.o:reign vessel.
The contention of the plaintiffs is that the words " on or near
the coasts of the United Kingdom" in s. 546 are equivalent to
"within British waters," but they only mea,n that the vessel in
distress must be near enough for the receiver to be able
effectively to control the operations undertaken for her assist~
ance without reference to a territorial limit. Similar words
are advisedly used in s. 519, where it would not he reasonable to
suppose that the question-whether the cargo or other articles
separated from the vessel in distress are to be delivered to the
receive:r-would have to he settled by the consiaeration of the
precise distance of the vessel from the coast. The extent of
the powers of the ·receiver vary with the nature of the duties he
is called upon to perform, as in the case of taking possession of
(1) (1699) 1 Ld. Raym. 893.
P. PROB.A.TE DIVISION. 211
any wreck under s. 520, or selling under s. 522, or dealing with 1898 ---- unclaimed wreck found in any part of Her Majesty's dominions THE
under ss.- 523 to 527. The powers of a receiver under s. 536, FULlWI.
sub-s. 1, as to boarding a vessel in distress, are not limited by
the words" on or near the coast," and the mode of procedure
provided bys. 547 and following sections relates to salvage in
general.
[Reference was· made to the corresponding repealed sections
of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, as reviewed in Williams
and Bruce's Admiralty Practice, 2nd ed. p. 132.]
Robson~ Q.O., in reply. Similar words to those ins. 546 are
used in s. 511, where the receiver 'of wreck is required to
"forthwith proceed there " and " take the command of all
persons present." It is obvious that that would be impracticable
unless the vessel in distress were "near" .in the sense of
" close to " the coast.
Cur, adv. vult.
July 7. GORELL BARNES J. This action is brought to
recover damages from the defendant for _ the a,lleged illegal
arrest ood dete~tion by him of the steamship Fulham at
Plymouth.
The question to be decided depends entirely upon the
construction of certain sections of the Merchant Shipping
Act, 1894.
The plaintiffs' contention is that no salvage is due to any
person under the Act, and that, therefore, the defendant had
no right to detain the vessel.
The argument in support of this view is that, by the words
in s. 552, " salvage dne to any person under this act " is meant
salvage made payable by ss. 544, 545, and 546; that thE.l operation
of the 552nd section is confined to such salvage, and that
the salvage in question did not become payable under any -of
these sections,
Sects. 544 and 545, consolidating the sections of earlier Acts,
make salvage payable for saving life in certain cases ; and s. 546
.is in these terms. [The learned judge read the section already
set out, and continued:-]
89
90
212 'PROBATE DIVISION. [1898]
1898 Apart from any question as to life salvage, the argument is
THE that the Fulham was not in distress at any place "on or near
Fm.u.ui:. -----' the coasts of the United Kingdom," because the .spot where
GoreUBarneaJ. she was found was twenty miles off the coast, and that such a
spot is not within the meaning of the words " on or near the
coasts.''
The broad contention on the part of the defendant is that
s. 552 is applicable not only to cases of salvage made payable
by ss! 5¾4, 545, .and 546, but to all claims for salvage which
may become payable by the decree of any Court having jurisdiction
under the Act to determine disputes as to salvage.
The point is not free from doubt, though the doubt is less to
my mind than it would have been had a similar point been
raised under the Acts consolidated by the .Act of 1894, which
differs somewhat from the earlier Acts. On the whole I am of
opinion that the defendant's contention is correct.
Under s. 547 of the A.ct of 1894 "disputes as to the amount
of salvage, whether of life or property, and whether rendered ·
within or without the United Kingdom," are, "if not settled
by agreement, arbitration, or otherwise,'' to '' be determined
summarily·as provided by the Act ''-that is to say: in England
in certain case~ of consent or limited amounts by a county
court having Admiralty jurisdiction, otherwise by the High
Court in England. Bys. 565 the High Court, and in Scotland
the Court of Session, are, subject to the provisions of the Act,
to "have jurisdiction to decide upon all claims whatsoever
relating to salvage, whether the services in respect of which
salvage is claimed were performed on the high seas or within
the body of any county, or partly on the high seas and partly
within the body of any county, and whether the wreck in
respect of which salvage is claimed is found on the se:a or on
the land, or partly on the sea and partly on the land."
This section comprises the general jurisdiction which the
Admiralty Court, now forming part of the High Court, exercised
in salvage ca.sea in respect oi se,rvices on the bigh sea.$,
and repeats the provisions of earlier statut_es under which the
jurisdiction of the Admiralty Court was extended to cases of
salvage occurring within the body of a county.
P. PROBATE DIVISION. 213 . .
The words in s. 552, "where salvage is due to any person 1898
under this Act,'' can hardly be construed literally, because 'l'IIE
FoLHAJ11. whether a; claim is made for salvage, the right to recover which
is expressly conferred by the Act, or for salvage recoverable in Gorell &rnef<J.
Courts which have ju.risdiction conferred. upon them or confirmed
to them by the Act, in either case the salvage award
strictly speaking becomes due by the judgment of the Court.
The term "due under this Act" appears to have been used as
a general expression to cover any salvage which the Act contemplates
being awarded by the Courts mentioned in it, the
jurisdiction of whlch is conferred or recognised by it.
Moreover, since the Admiralty Court had jurisdiction within
the .body of a county, it is difficult to see in what· cases a
claim for salvage can be made u.nder s. 546 which could not
have been ma.de without it; so that it seems unreasonable
to limit rt 552 to one class of salvage, and not to .extend its
provisions to salvage claims generally for which process .may
be issued.
Two other points were taken by counsel •for the defendant.
The first was, that in any view of the case the defendant was
entitled to detain the vessel because the services in questio_n
had been rendered partly in saving life.
The Fulham was in a position in which there would be some
risk to the lives of those on board her. In the salvage suit
against her and her cargo and. freight, which was heard by me,
an award of 9001. was given to the salvers for bringing her into
Plymouth, .and I found, on the advice of the Elder Brethren
who assisted me, that there was risk of her going ashore and
being lost. So that, as there was some risk of life, which
would form an element in considering an award on a claim
substantially made for saving the property, it cannot be said
that the defendant .had no jurisdiction whatever to detain the
vessel. The :pla:rntiffs' counsel made no effective answer ·to
this. point.
The other point was that the Fulham was i:q distress at a
place "on or near the coasts of the United Kingdom," because
she was, it ·was contended, " near " the coasts within the meaning
of s. 546, and also because part. of the assistance rendered to
P. 1898. U 5
91
92
214
1898
----
'_rHE
FULHAM.
PROBATE DIVISION. [1898]
her was rendered within the three-mile limit as she was towed
into Plymouth.
I cannot, however, read the words " near the _coasts " as
Gorell Ba.rues J. covering a place twenty miles off the coasts. The same
language is to be found in other sections, particularly ss. 511
and 535; and I am of opinion that when the terms of these
sections are considered the words "near the coasts" do not
apply to such a case as that before me. Some limit must be
placed on the term, and, having regard to all the sections dealing
with wreck and salvage, as at present advised, I think the limit
should be the territorial limit, though it is not necessary in this
case to express a final opinion upon the point.
Nor is it necessary to decide whether s. 546 would a.pply
because part of the service was rendered within the territorial
limit. It is, in my opinion, extremely doubtful whether the
section could be made to apply on this ground to the facts of
this case.
I, however, uphold the defendant's main contention, and
give judgment for him with costs.
Solicitors for plaintiffs : Holman, Birdwood d; Co.
Solicitor for defendant: Solicitor to the Boa-rd of Trade.
T.L.1:L
Annex 13
British Foreign Office Internal Minute on
Pitcairn Island dated 19 May 1902
F.O.
No. 2 Political
Confidential
.My Lord
Tahiti
May 19, 1902
With reference to Sir Thomas Sanderson's Confidential Note of
the 30th of December 1893, I have noticed in the list therein included
that under the heading of "Pitcairn island" the following remark has been
made, "Settled by the mutineers of the 'Bounty', 1789. No record of the
hoisting of the British flag, or of its having been declared British territory,
but so considered."
In conversation with Mr McCoy, the President of the Pitcairn
island community, I have ascertained that in the year 1838, H.M.S. "Fly"
visited Pitcairn and, for the first time in its history, the British flag was
hoisted over the island by Captain Elliott, the Commanding officer of the
ship. Since then, British Men of War have visited the island at intervals
and furnished the natives with a national flag when necessary.
With regard to the other islands, dependencies of Pitcairn,
mentioned in my immediately preceding despatch, Mr. McCoy has
informed me that on no occasion to his knowledge has a British Man of
War visited them, and I observe in the list already referred to that no
reference is made to them.
93
l 94 1
r
. ,,;
•_',_,.•••I ••
,· 'i --
~fl-a.- -::-,,(,,_ ./4-2--~ ✓?
~~ ~~-.. ~;wr~
/~<A£ /4.--. ,.?<,.~ -~·""- ,!Le
•,~~ 4·2 ~--:£,,.;.,;:.~
• .,_I d< . Ii~; 7·,,A/L
• ~;__, ?',.z:-L ~ ,:;--7/4 .
.. JL ."'-T!,...2. · 112&,..R ,.,,. A.. :SrFZ~~ / i/~--- / ,1 I ";_.-/' J < <I
·',<k .,_ 9,-d........, / μ-d,..~
,,_,;I::. z!;
,,,,<-v~ 71
.~ ~~~-f~.v.
··~~-- :,.;r✓)t ,,tA.L ...; ,,..·r :;,.~,,( -;;,,.-.a,/. . p~ eA' ;u;;c.10...0.;A.,<;;..;
·:.··,= . / -· ··v•"i>.i/"'../;
• ,, ~ a - ~...-.'J ~. .. < t!. ¢ -
,;,;/\'<.,. . . .. . . . ♦---
.~ ;Ji~: ':I;'. "l!' ( < ,;.,( .f;E,._._,, "'-"'c • ...d'"'~'
. ·~~~ -;2,, .4'•- /J' .u-#~ . , .. . "':·-:". / ,;., ' , , . '.1:.,;
•. ,. 17 .. • • • -- . /? ··" .. . : ;,.;'¾iJ ,?iy • ~ > (/ ,:./Ce =-c-::;: "':"
\~;d,,~~-A ~(~~-~o/ a•
95
Annex 14
Extracts from Military Report on the Straits Settlements 1915
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY
OF H.B.M. GOVERNMENT.
NOTE.
The iufonnation given in this book id uot
to bo commu1dcatcd, either dirL·clly or
indirectly, to the Press or to a.ny pcrsou
not holdini; :in offlcfal position in Hia
Majesty's Service.
MILITARY REPORT
ON
THE STRAITS SETTLE~IENTS.
1916.
PART !.-SINGAPORE.
PART II.-PENANG, PROVINCE WELLESLEY, AND
11 THE DINDINGS."
PART III.-MALACCA, LABUAN, CHRISTMAS ISLAND,
AND COCOS ISLANDS.
[A 1832]
Nat1un,d ,\r..:hiv~'.~ uf Sin~apure
97
98 j
7
PA.RT III.-MA.LACOA, LABUAN, OHBI8TllrtA8 ISLAND
AND COCOS ISL.A.NDS.
MALACCA ...
DL":-criptiYc gc-ograpby
Physical gc(lgr.1.1,hy
CHAPTER I.
Et\nwgrnphr ... ... ... . •.
Systl"m or 1,;ow•1"1J111t.•11t. nml administration
History
nl'SO\lrces, tratlc nn,l tin:mco
'l't1poi;rn phy aud C'L1mmun ic.,tions
Milit.,ry rl'suurccs atul organizntk1l
:'IU~cc:"llnneous ..•
OUA.PTER II.
L.i\.lSt"AX •••
Dcscripti,·c g1•ography
Physical g£>(1g:rapl1y • • . •• • • ••
}:thnography and systl'lll o( government
Histl,ry ... ... . ..
Resources, trade and fin&DC<."
Topography and communications
Milit.iry rcsourcos and organization
M i::1cellauC'oua
CHAPTER Ill.
CHRISTMAS lSLAS'D
Descriptive and physical geography ...
Ethnography and system of government
History
Resources, trade aud fiu&nce
Topography and communications
CHAPTER lV.
('0001 OR KBBLlNG !eLANDS ..•
Descriptive and ph)·siea.l geography ...
Ethuogra.pby and system of government
History ... ... ... ... . ..
Resources, trade and finance
Communicationa
. ..
...
...
. . .
......
... ... ...
.... ..
PAGB
86
BG
s~·
88
89
!)O
92
94
97
98
9~
99
90
.•• 100,101
••• ... 101
... 101, 102i 108
103,1')4 ...
...
••• 105
... 106
107
107
lOS
lOS
lOS
109
110
110
111
111
... 112
112
Natinnal Archives of Singapore
CIL\PTER 11.
LA.BUA~.
Di..:scRI rrJ YE G EOJ n.1.r11 r.
Situation and area.-Lalinan is an hdand of the ~I.Lia,· Archil'dago,
situatcll otf the n.nrth-Wl'st coast of B,Jrnl'n, in ·1:iti tuclc
5- lli' ~- anll lungitndc l l5" 15' E.
It- lil·s opposite the northern t.~ml of the great Brunei Ba.y,
l1L·ing H miles from tho ncnrcst pliiiit (If tho mainland of Borneo
atlll .,12 mih•s from Brunl~i, tho capital c,f the prnt(•ctc<l Stat.e of that
n:1 UlL', H has an lLl'l'.t. of :tJ-54 :,.1p1arc miles.
General description.-Thc i::;laml consist~ of unmcrun:, low
hill:-. risin~ from tlats near the gJiore to an irrc•gula1· pl.tll:au uear
the {.~t·ntre. It is C'On•rctl for the gn•atcr part with vigorous
:-L'l'tmdarv "'rowth, the ori"inal forest ha vincr l1een dest1'(1'-•cd by . 0 ~ 0 J
wa.st.efnl lllL·thuds of rice growing.
Along tl1c C()a:,;t arc scattcrc<l planhtion$ of p:dm:-:. On th~
tlat:.,; llL'ill" the t-.lwrc aml in the c1.•ntrc of the island about 1/llO acres
uf patli la1ul a.re llllllcr cnlti,·ation.
Th..,: 1wrthern portion iii tl,c highe:st part of the bland, the
southerll lidng marshy and intersected with strea1u::., l1oanlled by
lllilllμ'.l'O\'.: ,.;wa1up:.::.
Tht·rn are 1w hills on the i~la11d re<p1iring special lllL'IHion.
The i:•dantl:,1 of Pulan Kuraman, Pappan, H11:..uka!1 Be::;ar:
Hn~ukau Kt·L:hil, lha.t :md ~ldank;.ssa.n, close tu Labuan1 aud
~pra.ttlt:y Vay aml Alllhoyna l'ay, some 300 mile;'; JJ!)rtli, a.rt•
inl·lnile\l in th..: lh·pu1\ll'ncy uf L:1. bn:rn.
PHYSICAL Gr:o:·;rt,\l'IIY
R£vcrs,-Thc K,:na.li:muw:i rin·r is the onh- :-tn·a111 ,,f ;mv ~iz.t·.
It ri:-~·H in the 11)att'i1.1t about the l'l'lllrc (,f thL· t~lawl a11<l f .. ll~w:: ;~
:-untlh·rh· t·1111r:,;:~ tllltil it, rtiai:111.•:,; tlw H•:1, t.\ lllih·~ from iL~ ,-111irl.T.
'l'll'.' · rin·r is 1 u,nmled nn huth ~itl~s with rh.:n~•. man !..!"l't.l\'t'
,.. wanq,:-:, a1hl, though 11·,Yigaldl· f.,r ~a111pa11i f,..1r a lli::;taJ1l.': .,f ?tl.iout
:l 1uiiv:-. from it,- m11uth, is ll"t a11 imp,,l'lant m,_.:\ll~ nf '-·,;.i111rn1;icatin:
1 \,·i!!1 t!1t· i!1lt.'1'i"r 11f th .. · j .. hutl.
\ 11:; :· at ~ !:~· 111,.111 th 1 ,ft hl' ri Yt·1· ! •l',•\·1·11 t:- la.imeh,.. - :-. frr ,:n, utd'illg;
in:-;i,11.• tht.· l,ar 1li,T1: j,.. a 1kptl! 01 fr.,111 ..t t11 :i iL- 1.:t 11{ watvr.
i 11 :'7!J7}
99
100
100
Climate and metoorology,-The dimate of L,.lni:rn it-1 n.n-y lwt
u1al humid. Thl! rainfall is llh,tributt-tl thro11glun1t t.l1c yt·ar.
Dcccmlicr to Apl'il 1u·u tl1c cln· mo11t.h:-, tim t.ot:d avcra.gc for
thc$le r, mo1uhK hl'iug 3H·02 incht•; fJr the lai-.t 11 yi.•a1·1-11 a~ agninstU2•
i2 iuehl'H for tllll rcurnining- 7 month~.
Tho men n tcm1 pc rat uro of tho ni r for t 1 w p·ar 1 U I :i w1Ls
82 tlegl'l!l·!i F,
Tl1u highest tcm)ll'l'R-tm·c rt:corch-d in l !Jl 3 waR 9[) 1lt-greli~ F.
a111l thu lowest ;o·r, ,h•gfl'('l-1 1'"""'., ns ('(111) 11arcd with !};1·;1 C h•gl't'l'S I".
a11cl 71 cll•grcci; 1',. in H.ll2, anrl U4 ch:gn!l'S F. nrn1 il ,h-~rccs F. iu
1011.
ETnxoonAruy AND SYsTElt oF Go\'ER:rtME~T.
Population.- "then ceded to Great Britaiu in 18-16 tho hdand
was f:}Jarsely inhabited.
Tho cen°i.;us of 1011 1-1hows tho population to l'Ollt:.h,t of o,r1-ll
pcrsom,, of whom 34 wuro Enropeans, 1,800 Chinc!-il', 4.450 :'.:\fnl1Lys
and allied rn.ce~, noel 103 wore nath·es of India.
The Malays of Ln.lmn.n nro chiefly o"f Kadayan origin.
Language.-As in the 1·emninder of tho Straits SetUc1m·nt~,
tlie :\f:Lln.y 1angunge is tho mudium of intercour~c between all
classes of t-he inhabitants.
Religion.-Thcre is a Uomnn C.1tholic church with n reshlcnt
priet;t, nnd an Anglicnn church, which is "isit.ed periodically frum
tho mainland, and in connection with these there aro two schuuls
which are aided hy Government grants. ·
System of government.-Thl· isla1H1 nf Lalm:Ln is incorporated
with the Colony of t.be Stl'aits Settlements, forming a st.!p.irntc
settlement R.rul iM nd111iuistl;!.red by officers appllintc,l frum the
Straits Settlements Givil Service.
Tho rhicf official is callC'tl the Residt!nt, and admini~tct·s but-h
Labuan and Brunei, hie place of rcsidenct' being nt Lnbuan. Ho is
assisted in tho administr,ition of Labuan by a district officer, who
1Lcts as mngietratc c,f thu police court, treasurer, aucl collector of
revenue.
Local government.-Tho island is cliddocl iuto districts, withiu
the limits of which a rurnl hr1ard, nomina.kcl Lv the Govcruor,
exercisrs coutrol over a 11 nrntttrs 11laced with in it; jurisdiction.
The bonrd iii c111pow0rod to lc,·y rat(js on ilm110Ya.Lli.: propiJrty,
for the maintenance of the pulico, for the cu11strndil•ll, rnaiutenann:
ano lighting of public i:.trects, places ancl buihling~, and for th&
supply uf watcl',
Administration of jnstice.-Tlu, S11p1·f:'1111.· Court of the Stn1.its
Settl~ments at Siugaporo has j urisrliclion OYL·r La lman, a.ml all
magistrates h:n·ing jurhnlictiun to act in the Straits Settlements
can likewis~ act in Labuan.
Natiunal Archivt!:- of Sinnapure ::,
101
There i~ a 11i:--trict court :11111 a. pulicc court of Labium at
VictnriR.
The jnrii..cliction c,f tho nistrict con rt in La buan is :-:-imilar to thrit
of the <H~t1·ict court in Singapore.•, CXL'l1pt that the district jmlge has
juris1iiction in proceeding~ of R. ci\"il nature, of which the nmount
in dispute does not exceed 2,000 rlollnrs.
AH.sizes a.ro held periodic.illy in L:Lhna.n, the Chief ,Tu~ticc of
Singn.poro proceeding there to try ca.sos.
H1STOR1',
The b,hmd ~·as ceded to Great Britain by the Sultan of Brunei
in 18-lG, chiefl< through tho instrumentality of Sir James Brooke,
tho Rajah of SR.rawak1 nnd wa.s occupied in i848. Until 1869, the
rxpen<liture of the colony wns partly defrayed by Imperial grants
in aid, but after that da.te it was left to its own resources.
Until 1871, a garrison of Imperial troops was maintained, but
was withdrawn in that ye.nr owing to the high mortality from
fe\·er and dyttentery. Since 1871, law and order have been mninta.
ined by n. small police force.
~""rom 1890 to 190.'>, Labuan was transferred for administrative
purposes to the British North Borne-o Company. This arrangement,
howe'\"er, did not work satisfactorily, resulting in frequent
prot,ests and petitions from the residents, with the result the.t the
island was finally, on let January, 1907, placed under the Governiluent
of the Straits Settlements.
REsouacxe, T,u.nx AND FINANCE.
Reaource,.
Agriculture.-Agriculture consists almost entirely of native
holdings. In the centre of the iRland where the l\!alays chiefly
lh·o by planting padi and growing cocoa.nuts, it is surprisingly
good. The l\!ala.ys lh·iug near the town do not take thG trouble
to c:ultivate their holdings.
The Island of Knraman and the greater portion of Pulau Daat,
which is. owned by a. company, are covered with cocoanut trees.
. Labuan is a market for much of tho produce of the neighbonrmg
coasts of Borneo and the Sulu Arcb1pel&_g-o, snch as beeswax,
edible birds1 nests, camphor, $utta•percha, india-rubber, pearls,
tortoise-shell and trepanJl, which are forwarded by the Lalman
trnclcrs to Singapore.
Supplies.-All foodstuffs are imported.
The avora.ge supplies available in Labnan at any time are
11pproximately-
Flonr
Rice ...
Salt fish
Pork
3,000 lbs.
50,000 lbs.
~50 lbs.
1,500 pigfl.
N .iuu11,.u .-He 111 \'~s ,1f Singapun;
101
Annex 15
Letter from Seymour H.J. to Parr R.C. dated 30 Aug 1928,
enclosing an India Office .Memorandum on the Status of
the Islands of Tamb, Little Iamb, Abu Musa and Sirri
ISLANDS
AND
MARITIME
BOUNDARIES
OF THE
GULF
Edited by
Richard Schofield
VOLUME 7
1920-1930
ARCHIVE EDITIONS
1990
1103 1
104
330 Islands and Maritime Boundaries of the Gulf, 1920-1930
Copy.
No, 430.
(Z 4266/421/91)
FOREIGN OFFICE, S.W. 1.
30th August, 1928.
Sir,
With reference to my telegram No. 181 of the 25th
August I transmit to you the accompanyin~ copies of an
interesting memorandum prepared in the India Office
regardin~ the status of the islands of Tamb, Little Tamb,
Abu Musa and Sirri in the Persian Gulf. This memorandum
takes into account the information contained in the
Political Resident's telegram No. 234 T of the 22nd
August.
2. Copies of the other two documents mentioned in
my telegram under reference, i.e. of a letter sent to
the Ameer as Sultan on the 2nd March 1928 and of a
memorandum sent to the Persian Ministry for Forei~n Affairs
on the 19th March 1928, are also enclosed herein for your
information.
I am, with great truth,
Sir,
Your obedient Servant,
(For Lord Cushendan)
Raymond C. Parr, Esq.,
etc., etc.,
Tehran.
etc.,
Persian claims io Tam.b and Abu Musa, J 928
OONFIDRN7'1 Al~.
• , II. :rnr.
lNPiA OF'~• 10b J1• 4512/~8.
§t;p.t:11, pf t;ha hlands of 1'11-mh, Little Ta.mb, .l,.bq, Mui,a..
-.pq Slt"ri.
I. ln~roductory.
331
1. 'filntb, A 1111 '61mm, n11d Sini :iro t.hrcc sm::.11 isluml s lying well ptH in
1h, l~rainu Culf I.JcLweeq Lhe •rrucial A.ah CUl.\&t :>.1:d ~he Pen,ian ishuui of
l\isbni, f.j~~le T&IJlb, an 11ui11hnbited und wnterl~BA i,dnml, l mile long bf t tnile wide, 8 uiilce to Lha wost of 'l'umh, was ngreucl by thl' C1oYernmont
of lndia, tlu: lndia. Otlhie uml Liu, Poi-uign Ollicu in H.108, Lu Llepencl from
thpt isla~d.$ Tamb itsc:U is 1\11 i1'1lltHI 17 mile" aouth or Lhu 1mi.Ll1-wo;,;t poin~ ~ 1.0.1.o r.Q., PJR,.Jr
of JC.i-shm J11lu11d mal :!6 111ilos DOl'th-wo."L vf the nena-c.::;t poinL 011 tho coaat pf m:;lii'~~V.%
'J\ucial Oman, ro11gltlr circuhir in slrnpc, n1ul al.ionL 2! milc11 in diumeter. r-n-lltri~,
4 lfghLbm1sc wa11 crcc_lc-tl 011_ it \Jy His _llajcil_Ly'i; Guvernnit:nL in 10J3 (11t'e l'~~·,itN:'!
p11rns. 25 μ.i ~H hclow I• h u1 sp11i-sr.Jy m lrn.L1t.c:c.l a.tu! ;1lmottL w1.Ll01·lcss. ft ~r. ii IHf-
4{>PBJlr& pi-obILli]u LhnL dcposiLi; of roJ oxide nn: lu IJn fuund buLh in it a.ml iD ' r olL~w To.ml.i, Abu Mus& ia a ln1·go1· nm\ 1110n, tl1 ickly llO)>Ululu<l isJu.ml, U. J,. .... Ii, ,,n-•
fr.w mile!\ 11l!n1·er to SIJargah ia 'l'r11eial Omai, than hl I.i11g-nl1 in PeNiil, witli
goo_cl &uflplics of water, uml v.a\rn1hle l\cpo.;iLs o[ re1l ri:xi1lc which have lieen
u11der axploita1.jcm for scmm ycnn1, nml roynlty i11 respm:l ar wliich i~ paid to
tho n1ling fa.niily of Slmrgnl1. Sirri, ·10 ruiles ,m11tl1 by wt?Hl ur Jliistauch,
the nearoet point 011 Llrn Pci-i1inn con~l, j,. morn 11msp,m111,; aml fertile
~hau 'l\un b I II IIC 1, Ii ki: it, (:()11 tai 11:11 de po!.i ra Cl r l"CI I o:.idu, I l1m:g 11 ti 1c,;11 II ra
1)-pJ>llreuLly ,,nj111port:1.11t. t
2, 'l'ho liii;Lory aml ,;tatu;t or tlm,11-i i:.lmuls is itlnuLic:11l. Wliilu, lu.nvcvu1·,
~h, 'fruci.u.? Slu:ikh o~ S!mrgah Oil the Ara.l1 cuu.;L t.Lil: cunLrul,. 'l'amh autl
.t\bu M11e:1 1 on whicb he (lj,:,; hi5 !lag. Uifl )faju:-1ly'!i Ovvornmcm, am.l tho
Shci)tb ,~nder pt·otcat, have i,;iucc 1887 taciLl.v acquieticotl in P1JJ'einu
ocpqpation oC Sini. The Poz-gian flag wnH 111ntml Lu lmvn l,ccu hoieLed on
:J,.inle 'l'1unb in I UO It 11.t the time of tho Pcr,;iau 11ggrc:1:1io11 on 'l'a111b ,md
Ab1.1 l{qs.a. r~ \Vl19 pi-e1111mnbl.v removctl at ~ho snn,e timu :L.',; it w:>..s l'ClllUVOtl
frqm lb0i:.u islands j but Lhc Political ll.u11id1mL rnpoi-Ltu\ iu Kovernbi:r lQ0R
ilui.t tho Sho.rgah R.o.g lm1I 1mL hot:n 11,nvn 011 I.iUlt1 'l1R111h L_v 1lm 8l1cikl1.§
b is 11ot knnwn whet.hQr EtLcps have since been Lakcu lei tlo this.
3. 'l'he ial:uuls are clai111c1l uy the 'l'rncial Shcild1d of Sl1a1·gah ae
representative of U11;1 Jowm1imi .1.\rab cu.ids, one: eccLivn or whom iu tJ10
18t.b centm·y uet.ablishod Ll1emsclves by force or nlli11ncc nt Li11gab aud
clscwhoro in Sout.h Pc1· .. in. Tho f)o1·sinu claim t.o t.hc islauds has in Lhe paist
bcon bmsed on the !act LbaL the ,Jow11si111i Arnb Sheiklu:1 oJ J.i11gab, mu\er
whose 11'1mini1:1tmtive cont.rot Lhoy wore fo1· m1my yeuN r,rio.r to L887, had for
long uocfl Pei-aiun t1ul>jucL11 &TOvurning J.ingnli ae Pcniuu uUiciah1, 11.nd it "·n11
&uggeated Lhut it was in this capaciLy that Lhey hall 1nlminiNtured the
ielnnds, which hnd l.,ucomu l 1er,;ia11 Lerril.ury. Tho lnte:;t l 1crniuu claim i.>1
baaed on Liu, foct that the i:,ilnncls, tugcl.hor with Fa.rur, m·u 11bowu as J1cnian
iu a Wu.r Office map of 18~7 of wllich copi~e wuro pr<iHe11Lc<l t.o the Shah
by the Minjator- d 'l'che1un. under Lhe arrl1;1"H of r .Ol"tl 8,llislnu·y. in July 1808
(9p, pa.ra■. 34 ,uul 36 below),
4. The recent. renljse1·t.ion uf the Persi.tn claim to Lhc ii;l11ttll of 'l'amb
rendora uoccsaary n moro tlctailcd cxaminati,m nf the hiRtury uf that il:Slmul.
All() of r.h~ isl.Inds of ~\ hu l'dmm nnd Sini, Lim slntus c1f "'l1id1 i:,; i<luuticnl,
than wmtld otlu:rwiisc have bel:n Lhc r.:aw,. l'crtiian mrnur:,;liip o[ l•'m·ur liL,cli
noL appoar tu lmve Leon uiaput.ud iu lh<J lm~I ; Llrn ji,;(:uul h1 iu o.11y evm1l in
a diltLucut cnt.r.gory Ci-0111 Auu Mnsa, '.l'amb aml Sini, nurl nu rofcrcnco is
wa~lc lo it in tho prusent Mcmunuulurn.
II.-Bisr.ory of tho I1i1Lnd1 prior ~ 186?,
5. It hne prov0<1 impU:1!\i I.Jiu tu L1·aco 1111y r-cforlmcu ~o tho Ii [story of Liu,
islands in tho 17Lh o.ml .l8lli cauturics. From 1720 tlto Arabi:; of H,1:!-al,
Loe.;;, ,no.
t 1'111. t1 ... IQ q_ ..
I.,JA11'.l:I IHI .
J'. 16111/GD.
:t f'oL 1"'a.. tu II. uf
I., Ap,U 11 IIOf.
I 1· .. 1. f..,,., Vkiol'Clt
I.II 1:1. ur a. ror L.
lfu•. U 1101,
P. 1111/Dti.
Toh. lal tu&,;, r.o.,
AvB".10 1101 l'. "5DB/H.
105
106
332 Islands and Maritime Rou.ndan'es of the Gulf, 1920-1930
2
1'h11ima. ou Lhc 'l'rncial C:ua!>l (lierenftur rdci-rl'1l lu ns Lh,= Jm,:1siuii; hnc.!
been oot.ive cm the Persinn littoral cir the U1.1\f, m1 whid1 hufuro 17:i:!7 Lhoj
(leizcq fiu.siJu, In 173 7 they wer,i att.l(:Ju~d in 1.l1d r own lelTilury Ly l1oro1io
aod nprc.u t.o huve ma.Jc :-;11h111itssirm,'' buL it du..:!I lllll SUl:111 that l'en.iu
ret.a.h1pd auy lioltl llll nna-al-Kh:dma.
6, A bouL J 7 50 a porliou uf Lho J ownei111i l!·i llll cros.ied tho C 1d! t.o aid I.lie
:P11rsian Governor of Jlnmler Alibne nncl Ornmz ogai11Rt tliu tlu:11 Shnh, "'hen
.he7 tonk p~casio11 of l..iug.ih, o111J1iaitc the i1,fo11d ur Kitslun, :uul 011101· plncee
A» 1,he Pel'sinn Consl. Lin~ah tb.cy couti1mPd tn hohl 111nil tho tfopusition
by r,,n.in of Liie lust Arau Sheikh of Liup,uh i11 1887. UuL for o. number of
rears before thnt 1lnLe, whilo (.ingnh 111) IO abo11t 18~2 l'l'lllilinud a tribally
11dininisto1·e1l Arnb principality, the riding Shl•ikhe had gradually come
11mhir the power of tho l'e1·:1iau G,wcrr.111P.nl, lmviug Jinnlly nclrnowlcdgt:d
~hmusol vci; Pcrl,j,i nn au bjccLs, pay ii I g t.o lliu Pcrdi rm <l ovt:r Jlt'..11'-G oncr11l of li'ara
&\\C.h t.1·il111to ilB he cm1lc\ mrncL from them, nud guv<!l'1ling T.ing,1h ns Pcrsi:m
ofiicinls.
7, IL ix nut. clc:1r \Yhethcl' nny cfl:ccti\·o llmniuioo l,1111 h1ie11 cxcrciscc1 by
rorsia in Ll111 i11 lo n ds of 'l'nm h, • \ bl L ~1 u !!a and Si ITi I ,rior lo I 7 Ml. T t BCOJJllf
011tircly clear ll1n.L no clfcctivc do111iuiu11 wm; ciu.:rni1:1cd i11 auy 11I Lhe111 by J1er
between thnt 1k1to and 1h11 Ko.izure of Sirr.i io 13.57. lu the i11tol·vt>ni11g
psriod, if UCll, Iro111 n much earlier cln!t', tl,e i11la11d~ \Yr!rc appan:ntly parl of
the bere1litnry estntes of the Jo\\'nsimi A rah Shcikh!I, Lim Slmiklta on th!t
Arab Ahern having nu ecpinl iutr.rt:st. wit.It tlumr, on the Pc11iiM1 li&.LOrnl.
Their mnuag-1:mom, ml111inii;~mtiun, llllll j11l'i,;dicLiun l1ad, lmw1.wur, for many
yoars priur to 1887 by com1111111 crmRnllt bcr.11 vc1:1tr.cl in 1-llr.J chief Jowasimi
~beikh of the l'ersin.n coast. viit. ~lie Shoikh of J.iug,1h, 11111 in Iii& capncil.y of
t .1"t· IJm,Ta 1a Jownsimi Sboikh nnd not of P1in;im1 ci!lic.ial.i.-:1 ,;,to1ttJ uf thi11gs which wo1iltl !,',;.•~•:\urr-"•· 11pponr to lmvo. nrie1m from thu fact th~,L '.l\1inh w:111 fnr :i period usml (Jy
'II ·r.a, '""" 1•..i. n..., f..j:qguh Juwaliimi 11101·0 tluu1 by 1:tl1t:r ,Juww,i111i -11 Nu n•r:ug11i1iun o{ l'crsiau ;-t~4~J.a;111,u, .. sqzereigot.y in respect. of nny cif tl1e isl.amb liaJ IJcc11 1m11\c by Llie ,luwllsimi
1•. 111a. · 4rn1,s of Om11u.
3. Up 1u 11l,u1t 1873, owi,:g to tlrn d,ise c1.m11c1..:liu11 exi1.<Li11g beLweell
'1'1unh 1mJ l.iugnh, the lf.esitluncy autl1oritica 111 ]fo11hiJ·e touk llie view tlm;
1.'amb was J'creiau, uncl in the pcriutl c111ling wiLh 18i!l scvo1·nl enguiriect
1"egimli1:.H iL urc slated to exi111. iu tho 11csidoncy 1·c1..-onl1:1. In 18.:-2, huwc,·cr,
in 1·oply lo an cuquiry, the [lc:,idcucy .-\gent st.al inuod al. HIH1rgab, on the
1'n1ciul Con.st, Curnio1hed the Hcsiclc:nt with lnm-.foLicins uf lcLtur.s lo the
Sheikh of 8hnrgah which cstahlishr:d Lin.: rigl11.s of 1lic 'l'n1cial ChhiFs.
Copiuto of tlwse hntc11:1 \rei·u 1u·U1lm:u1l i11 a11utl1er c,muuclii'lu iu IOOCJ liy lho
fiusid1:mcy i\geut, who &la\ml 1.lml hoJ hml hi111F.clf 1,1!1111 I.he origimlla.
,d,, a1'.du.1r,1..1,m., ,,P..a1l. ,n u. l!:mlc:wours 11rc now lioiug m:ulc t.o ril.'l: if tlrn c,ri,.iunh1 cun In: 1,rolh1oc,I.II 0
·r. UI' Aug. 21 !SH_ 9. 'l'hu l'u1"flia11 cl ni Ill Wllti n ri.t lhl.llCJ'L!/.1 I i JI 1 M7i' and 111111 been rep cu Led
in HJO,J., J 02:i, Hl2B nnrl l 0:?8, 'l'lie liif!1l,1·y of I l1c~c iucitl,:11ti. is 11a folluws.
1 u. of 1. r..... III.-Occupa.tlon of Bini by Perala, 1887 ·+
.~ .... u,,p, 9 •1"· 1
111
• JO. Ju tlw yea1· lt:!77 nu :i.r1ucd l'u1·>1ia11 1mr1y, wiLl1 twu .. mall cnnoun,
was sent tu urcct n Jlngiitult 111UI hni"L Lho I ',m,:1i:u1 llug nu Sirri. 'l'Ju.\
f'Nl.kll\n., I3olilical Rcbi(lent, the Mi11i11lcir ut 'J'du:ra11 1 lmving e11111,irn,l§ whether the
Ra1•L JO !OT- i.1h1nds were l1mlcr British prou:1itin11, nm.l wl1a1her 1my :mlion nt 'l't:hernn
wos nece&sury, replied tl1nt 8ini mid TamlJ n-cru lmyu11il tl,o Zl'UO of Pordinn
intodercnce, nm! 1.lint lho i1:1l11111l11 1-t'lcmgcJ lo i\rali t:bit:fi; nmlo1· Jli-itiJ:1h
JJrol.eo~iou i II cu111mo11 wi t.h A mbi; ci! Lhe J 101·.ii;ut Ii LI.urn I. 'J'h1;1 lh:sidauL
separnl.e~y reporLccl ln Lhe Oo,•ermnuuL n[ [ndin llint ll111 itilnlllllll ful'med purl
or the hernditnry O&tak1:1 uf l.hu ,Tuw,11,iuii :\mlJ 8111:il,ii .. ; l lm1 fu1· 11111ny yc;u-1:1,
however, Lh\.•i r mmmg~•mc I ii, ad III in i :ol ra l i uu ;1111 l j II J·ii;J i, ·Ii pr, ha, I liy , ion11uo11
C(lll6PO t bucu V mil1:d in Lho r h ic r .] ow.mi Ill i 81 mi\ I I 1>11 I,. 11 I '<: n,i:m r:oast,
Y iz., '11u Sheikh uf l.ing-al1 .r,u· lh,: Li 111c ln,i 11~ ; tli;,L I lu~ .I, 111 asuu i Slmil1hs
durnicilecl on 1.ho Jl,·rsi:111 c:::0111,L lmd w·,p1 i r,±d 1.lin ,.;I a 111:i ,if l>H hjl!"ts. o{
1,ersin, mul ll101ic who ,:rovenu,d I.iui.c;,l1 h:,ll lnicn, i11 r,wl, 111:r»i:rn 1,llicinl1:1
</Ila J .ing:ih; Ll1nt ~he Jlti1">;i1l11 .,faim wa!o du111!1!c,;1; lm~w<I i,:: tlic,m gro1111d:1;
nnd tl111L, woro it 110L for Liu, fad tlmL 1l11: Ar;d, f.bt:iid1 .. 11f tlw Oumu c·nasL
jointly o,, ne,1 llm isl1111ds, ll.o l 'cn,i=1n Jl<r.;i I ian m1111t: JilJI lu· 11 i,;p11 l1:d. Tllo
.•., ..1· :....,..-.
Ptrl·io.n cl.aims to Tamh and Abu Musa, 1.9~8
J:l.nideq i. ,ouppurted Jiji:; stutc111L'UL ,vitli I hu t1·:,ualnLi1111 11! a l1JLl1.11' wri 11 !!II iii
li77 \,y iu.e ~h~ikh Ali-Li11-l,imlifoh u[ j ,inguh lU Ll.u (!hie[ of na~-ul-Kh~ima,
iA whic:h 1-hB former" :ul111iL11 Liu,, 'l'a111L is n dcpollllum..:y of die Kuwm.i111
gf Om,rn1 aP<:I thaL the .Pm·si1111s lmvo nu propcl"Ly Llion: uor nuy riJ.;ht Lo
inlPrlon>, u~ve wiili 1.110 c1111so1iL ,,r I he Oliiul or ll.1:i-11.l-Klio.i um.'' I 11
~PJ:luaioq, he oxpi-119ae1\ the upi11i1111 I.hilt tlu: Pct11iiin nov11rmrn:11L had nu
JOOi:J ,i~lo ~o Jhe uda1;1l:$ iu IJUO::lLiun.n
11. 'l'bo Sheikh of Shargah r,1-otus~l."l w tho Hcside11L on .!Gtl, lktolict·
1a~1 IIS11:i II ii' the Ptm; ian m: Liuu I\ L Sin i' a lit I az;I; cd l 11 ;1i, iiilll ilar lL(:I inu ii t
1,1>!\ITI b mi Gh L l.11:i preveu l!:, l. The G ov1:r111~1c11 t. u r I nil ia re Ii.. liu 1Vcv or, h\1~ 111•
,1JfficqJty Aij lo U1c acL1011 to he tal,cn, 111 \'lll\Y of Ll,c !111.: L tlm L l\:r:imu
Jowllsi1ni11 Juul joint rights on Sirri um\ 'l'amli, nml th.1:. unu A1:ih 8l1l•i'.d1
only liqll l\[lpealeu, nnd iL Wil!:I agn•tid, iu c1.1n::i11llk1Liu11 wiLl1 llic l?t: .. id .. mL,
U,ai, nq pycr, uctiou llaviug lil:t:11 tllktm lJy l'tu-sia in LIiii C1\:lll or 'l'omlJ,
rpprcstmio~io11a .it TdUll",lH :-h,mhl lie r:onll nee\ u, Lhu 11111:,;l iu11 nr Si rri. :"!
11:!. o" repn:11.en l.l.l liu11 ti l,ei ug Ill acl e, tl1c 1'e r~i:11. (J OY(ltl 1111 OJ IL Iii.a Im I t
t,ho.t for ni11p yenni Sirri a11d 'J'mub hnd paid t11:occ,:; t.o tho Pcrsiau Onvermucnt,
antl tlil\t, documcut.s in snppul"L of Lho l'crbi:111 d:1irn hoiug at. Hu:ihirc. tl1e
(lqy9rna1· lmd bceu in~1r11cw1l Lu expfoin 11mlLu11:1 Lo the [h.'l,ji,lcul. '!'be
Quve.-nor, hu\YOYer, infurn1eil th~ Hcsidc.-r;t tl,at. "l1u !1,al 110 dV'.:111ui.:11lt1
rciatiug 1a the l 'oi-.inn claim, am! t hM l,u l1iul w i rn.l tu I he ,\ 111 i 11-&1-$11 i 1 an
nc11sinR himeiclC fr.>111 cli!irui.~ing ,he quc .. tiou with 1.l1c ll~i1hmt.. ''l l1:11q11i1·y
lYlltl indepcnclontly mnJc of 1.hc Chief ol .Slrn.i-g,1h i.s to the A111in-e11-8,1hun's
elatamcu,. 'I'he Chi<:I's 1·cply explni1101l tlrn con11cctiun nf tl10 C:t1v,:rnun1
of Liug-.i.h with the i11hfod ur Si1·1"i, uml 111ilh:d t!mt 'l'.1mh w11,s 1111iul1al,iLt:d,
and tbut nil Lax:oa luul lJCf::H paid to Pcr:.;iu. lfL: !urLlicr cndo,;e,l Li11cu
lotl-era from Chief:1 of l.iug-nl:, 11dmitting 1lu: Clii~f cf :--ll1ing:th'b u1,•111.:1·:;l1ip
of '.l'amb.§
13. T\if!, P11rsia11 r.ovtH'lllllCnt hnJ mc1111wJ1ill, pro1lm:e1l liv-, olliciu! lutll!rri
fro111 q, former Sl1eikh o[ l.i1,g.,b (Y111rnf-l1iu-1Iaho_11i..1~.I) iu supi,orL uC thu
Pen.inn cl nirn lO the twn is\ ,uu Is. 'I Tlie Ucsi dcu t, 1: a(tc t· t:xau Ii 11; 1 ti,n1,
replied '' tbat be coni..itlerml Limt. Lhc docmneut~ did not I.Jear uul. tbc l'crHian
claim, ;uit\ tJ1af. weight slm11lcl 11ot I,~ nlt.1chcil to the stalcmcuts o( the Sl1cil.h
i11 q11usLion, whc- w11s 11. 11epcmhmt 1mcl sm·vant. oC the ,Jo\Yai,;imi 8hoikh, AliLii11-
Kl1:i.lifal! [~p. 11ara. 10 al.Juve], whum hu 1111u-tlern1l in onl~1- hi111t1elf to
bt.-cume Chief 11£ J ,ingnlL," anti, t.lic Pl!raian lHuist.ur uppc111·ing t.o 1·i!ly on a
st.:1tcmeni of Shoikli Ym;uf tlml Im lmu "gune tu tli_a h,lnntl of Sirri Lo im,pc:l!t
,all(\ recover Onvon11no11L lPerninn) dues," the Hasidcn~ wl"tll1i L!wL lie
cunaidered thnt "t.his slatcnucut cuuM nol liu ll<:r.cptctl :tili esUluli1:;l1h1H ur
cvllp aupporting the Po11ihm cluiu1 tu 1msac,;~iun, 11cr a11 a11llicit:11t Lu ilcpri\11
,htt Jowaairni Arnb family u( thtiir .rncicmt .:ind pn,viou:.ly rncugui::ed rights
Oil tliuL islu.11tl." {TL 1uny Im adcle1l tl,at on ru~I, lfnrcl: J&H Sheikh Y11.s11f
wrote t.o the Chit!f of l1;1,..:i.l•Kln1i111a folly whniuing t.hu pu~e1:1shm of 'J'.i111L
by Lim Jowat1oi111ie.)§§ 'l'lui HC!liiueut Iurthel' pointtKI ouL Lhal Liu~ Jowai;imi
Sheikl1s of I,iugall Tuui 11s11111ly :1lsu hecm De pill) -C tivci-1101·:1 c,[ T .in.q:i.h on
lmhal! ol Pursia; 1liey cxercisud au1.hority cm Sin·i ii.l,Lml, hut it wao •11111
Jom,aimi Shi!ikh ;mJ nol, !I"'' Persian Uovl!rnor.
14. A reply U11 th~ liucs of Liu! lll'1:1hlc11L's rcpnrl w.i,; 11e111. Lo the ,\111ine1;--
Sult.on by Her ~lujosty't1 .Min i!:11.r.r 011 2nd ;\J ar..:h 1888. •rJu, Pcrai1u1
Guver111ne11t, Du 1:nquiry ooi11g Dmdo.;.a1 o.s to the gromult1 on wldub they
\111.tl aonoxpd Sirri, 1-eplicdjf thnr. ir. w11s in lhuir poa1>e11t1io11, lmiug a
dupeDdcuuy o.f J,ingah, tu wl1ic:b Lhc Lcl-{ntion niipliutl tlmL j:n·i~di..:Liun
gvar 8in·i 11ml hmm exurci~ml hy the G,1v111·11or?i of Liugah ::.oh,Jy in thcil·
copacil.y of Jowruiimi Slwikhs, tLat tha tradi1h.m,1l rigli~s u\·cr Si.rri or tlu.:
lowaHimi ~hcikl1:. liarl 11ovc:1· bi:ca J.iisputud :111.J \Vl•ru gumirally 1-cwgui::11:i..l,
~ 11.1 t iho hoisti ug uf iho Pu rr1iun !i3g al llltl!d tl1 c: C::!. i r:i.1.:: ig "I a I II s, n 1111 ! Iii.It it
was on Lida g1·oum\ tliat J lu1· i\l,ljl.!:-Ly'tt 011vi.:rw,a~nt do.::;in11\ LhaL rc::1,;111111
shuultl bo 1dww11 for tlii::i 1dtoruliu11. 'J'hc 11010, arLcr mlclin;; 1huL wl,ilo.i
,. J>ossassion, if of lu11g stamling1 nud umlispu~i:u, 1111tl1,1,litc11ly 1.:.,nil·d
couaidemL1o wcighL • • . Lln-i nrg111u1:11l wo11l,l tseart!dy ~uvuru iu LI,<!
pTcscn, iusl.uncc," coucl udctl I~ y m1k i ug t I 10 l '1!1':.i ,111 ( l uv,i r 11111c11 l 10 1 •0111-
uumicato " tlm proof11 Llwy poS::iu.:.::i uf Lia: forun~•- 1h,pund,.-111·1i •~f .~in i i1:1la11,I
011 Peniia.n authuri ty."
333
11 l'ul. Ila. r,u CJ. of
I .• flopt. llf IIIT.
"T11I. '"'"' l'11l. R..._
IO I]_ nf l,, 11 ..... U
IBO.
t "l'u:J. lrG111 C. d' 4.,
't11hemn, lo l'ol.
ll.cn, p...,_ ID IUT.
t Tol, fnnn l'ul. llN
""C. ~•A, 'l'eb""'"•
llac. 1: 1ur.
I Pal. 11 ... ID C:. d" A,.
,-."-u, Peli. I Z
IHI.
D C. J' A., T..-J..,n,n,
10 au .. Jo.11. t h ...
,- Ila. It- C. d"A,
J11>11.U Uta.
u l'al. Ba. .. MlllllO.
iJ i,r., 1116,
l'. 98D/H,
.. tfc,taeC MN ••
18H.
tt N..._. of MN. ID
IIH.
107
108
334
! Y.11, l" I.U.,
bJands and Mariti,ru Boundaries of the _Gulf, 192(j-]930
4
15. 011 llu: 28th A1Jril 1888 Llm Ue,.i1lo11L cou11111111ica1.t;1l Ln Liu? Ai iuiaLer
~i 1-'ehtmrn. a copy of the \nmsll\Liuu of a rupurt. drawn up loun!Jy Cur Ll1e
i\ipiq-es-Sulto.11, which ho Juul uhmi11od priw;,tdy, n•l.1Livo w tho Pc1i,;iun
clni1111, It appears Lhat "tht:rn wm, uuthins fn•,;li in t.l,i,; l"t'purt l1tJ:yuthl a.
new claim vut for1v:m\ ro the i:.lmul of A Im .,lu,m," \vldd1, Oguin to quote Ll1e
Ue1Jitlent, "hns Ill! justification wh11tevcr." Tu tho summer 1\1' Ll1e s.nno year
(26~b .July) the Mini11Lcr Lelagrnphou to Jl11t1bin1 Lhat. a reply fo1d now beec.
1·ecejverl fro1n a.lrn l'cl'Bian Ouvermucn~ Llint "Ul'I Lhe J,)wn.si111i Slrnikb:1t wore
feuion Uovernoi-s of J ,i n~ab, t.lu'ly co111,i t\hrod u u r urtlicr proof ul' the j u~t ice
of \hejr clnim uecossary. ' 'l'o 1hil:i thL' lb.:1iitl1:11t rep/ind Ll1al, t.lm l'ortiian
.:i;~ply begged l~rn _q•,ics~iou, u~ul thn~ the A rah cuntcutiou ;1~ rogard1:1 Si_rri was
that the Joivns11111 8be1khs of 1.mgah TllJll'e=ientcd the family, aud ucr1ycd 110
Jigq~ !rem thci1· position tow1ni!s the Pcrsi:111 Go\·m·umom.
I 6. ln orilcr to facil i late the ,li,;vosa: 11f 01.\u'.1· m•gcJtintio11s, I l i1:1 ?rlnje&ty'111
Oqycrmmmt llcci,lc,1 iu ,\ ug11st J 888 tnc:i lly tu 111:<1 nic~a: i11 t.ho l 'eraian
occupation o[ Sini. S:we, hnwe?\'Cr, l,y suc:h ar.,1uic1wo11co, lo wliid1
rol,re11ce was made in olU<:it\l cor1•ei,pon,lcn,~u with Port.iii iu I 001 (Dl:e
para. 21 below), they l111:1m nrver in :my wny nil:niucid or witl11lmw11 their
originnl ohjcctinm1 lll thr. clnim nE lhe Sh.1\i'1:1 flonirnmcnt. u. the. ownership
of tba i!:11[\nrl, wliih: tlu: l'olitic:nl ltesii!c11t slulctl iu J!)O-J th11t it wnt1 equally
clear frum tlul H u.;i don cy n::ro1·1 Is Llmt. l he ,J uwmii 111 i A r;, h Shi: i klaj uf IL o
l'irnt,€1 Coast Juul ,wver vul1111Lurily 1lrnppc,l thcil" cl:1illl, 10,:ldch tlwy Juul
!orrnally 1·e i tcru tccl in 1805, 1A1 nrorriet ary ri,.;- Ii ts 1wt:r S: 1·1·i, .11: ,.. 11111ro Llmn
uyer Alm M11:m aml 'l'amlt. • ~
lV,-Temparary Penia.n Occupat.ian or Abu Musa. a.ud Tamli, 1904.
17, )D Junnnry !Olla the l'olit.ico.l Hc~idcut i11 llrn P1.nlii:111 0 ulf n:pm•lf--lt
thul.1 lrmlu htwiug \u i\ lar~i! ,.,x1c11t becu ,lin,rrni J"n. .. m l.i11i-;al, as 1lm r1it111lt
of 1hc 11lit)rt-11i,ghL1:d 1mli1:y uf Lile lfol,gi" n C !111,hma:i ollici:i 11,1. J .i nga h 1111:1·ch1.in1.1:.
weri, e11ricuvo11ri11s to arrnngu wiLli Lim Jlo11Ll:iay tnnl l'un1i11n ~avig.ation
CompnDy to nrnkti tho iHl11111I of Abu Musa. :1 pol't of l~oll. 1 le o.d1lml ti.ml,
in view oC Lhc Si rri iuciduut. of I $87, ho wM ap1u·d,u1:i;iw \c:,,I. \lrn r<.-.;11lt
might l>e tho ,uh-1111c:i11g of a lcrritoriul clai111 to 1hi11 ii,l,11111 lJy l'cr .. i:,. 'J'lie
H0i;idc;1t Gt:i.ted 1I,:1t the h-luml 1111tlu11ht.cdly l..,clongcd Lu tl11.: Jowm,;i111i Shuikh
oI Sluugah, thut tho Jownsimis 11i,l 1wt, however, fly n llag uu 1l1e h,l:.ud, nml
i.h:it it. wigl1L bu wull to advi1:11\ the Sheik!1 of Sl1,tl'g.1h In 1!0 :m ni; a ,;ig11 uC
owucnhip. This course was upprovcd 111111 ul'lin11 \;1kcu ,wn-1n:ingly,
, 18. The qucl:ilicm J:nvi11g uriscn of f1tlvisi11f.{ Liu: Shcikl1 ul Hat.-al- Kliaimn
(n i;heikh1lon1 n.L Ll1aL time o.ml 110w dt:p1!11tlc11t fr11111 lha Sheikh uf Slrnrgr,h)
to ::ulo1_1t a simil.ir co111-sc in niganl to 1lm isl:uul o( Tamb, wldch hclougud
Lo the Ib\s•t\l-Khai1wl soctit111 of lhc ,Juwm,imio;, 11.,., Hesid1:11L l"I.JjJOTtud that, so
fur WI ho wm. awa1·c, sovcrc!iguty ovc1· tbat i>1ln11il Juul never lie,iu ., ... 1:i11·1cd
l1y 1,ersi,1, 1liat Lile Slu:ikh nr S:l1.1rgali iu lril'I cxi .. ling l',l1'111:it.y lltl Hulcr or
11 as-al· K llaima cfai mcc.l it a1:1, :m n ppm, age uI th I.? ,J m\'asimi s of Ll m Arn L 1tcm!o:t,
nntl tbnt he wns ju posi;l!ssion of tlocumcmlaL'J lWidcucc in llu~ !::'liapi, of
lcttlllll fro111 twCJ funner Ar..ib Uliids o.f LiuAuh ad111ini11g the 1·l:1im 1.,f tl,c
,low;1.,i111ilil 11[ tlu: Arnb cca11L tu rlms,1 it;],uu,,., ;11,1 .1l-:ai11 .. ~ 111,i duim uf the
,luwm1irnis oJ' LingHh, 11 was 1lecidnJ tllilt llic C.:hid slm11ld bu :11.hii,cLI to
hoilit hilil nag on 'l'amb af:' UD Abu Musa, um! tliiti I\':,~ clolle.
19. In Ap1·il lU0J the Vicerny Lefogrnphr:d 1ha1 lhc Bclgiau Custurns
oflicinla lu1d pl:we.J g11n11.ls on J\ bu lfus.1. n111! 'l'amli, Ccm:ililr rc:movcd tho
Amb lfos1:1,, c1·ec.tcd new lla"suiils and l,nis!oil tlio l'c11,i:m H:1g uu ho1l1
islilll chi. 'J'J:is ac:l io11 I ml to i ni I n<~rlia Io prollisL U}' Ll u: SI u:i Id, uf 81 rn 1·.gnh,
who nppcula1l 10 II ies :\fojc1:,Ly'1, Bo,•1:r111u(111 t, 111nit:r hi11 lr1:i1 Ly :·n,:iLit,us \\' Llh
tl1em, lo tn ku tl1c 1wcrn,1snry ?>U•ps Lo provL•nl s11c:!, iu: 11rforu111•c i it l 1ii. tc, 1·it u1·_y.
.\1,ril U I ~II. I 1-(l.
u, I-\• 1., ll11r 1 1,01.
I' ~~!~Ju
~O. 'J'ho Con·11:inc1n nf lurlia, wlm In,.:, a i;,•ri,u1i. 1·i1:w 1,! Llu: i1ll'irlc111,
1•nlJU1StHl""' tu 1l,·11patd1 =• g1111llu.11. t,;, Lin: i:-l.111d:., wit.Ii :1 n.pn•i;,:11Lalivc uf Lli,•.
i:ilu.:ikh u( Slmrg.ih 01\ l1uar,l, IA• haul tluwJ1 lb,: J'1·1·~i:i1t lh,~, 1·£:iui-;!;1lc 1.l:u
Jow:ii;imi flag n1nl n::movo tl1c ,¼Uan!i-; Lo l"cr1:1ia11 t1:1Titory. h ,,·a., 11.,1:i,l,:,i,t
however, Lo sivc the Pciniian Uovcrunamt tl.o "!':•url un;1y 1,1 wi1l:dr.1w rn,.n
I Jin po,;i I icm Ll1ey h,1tl t:ik1m 11p, a11d tm Ll,i.: ~ 1; h :\lay I lm !ii i1: ,:<I r.:r n:1mr1 cd
Pmian claims to Tomb ond Abu .M usa, 1928 335 ·,. ~ -
5
1.11,Q• Jhey li,ad tole•m1pln1il orditrs w Hmdtire to rcmoru llrn llaglll aml g11ur1l11
fforn A.011 lfoic) :ud Tmnh, \'l'hile rcserviug 1.heir right r.u 1lii,en~11 witb Hi1i1
M111·estv's Oover11menL t.hu roapec~ive clni11111 LU tho i11!111ul. 'l'ht:ir Not11,; p,...., 11 1'°*•
boweve# f, mat.ell •w1G• L ,n.. Ol'&I'O . cons11· Iu rw I ' • l Il UM. two ·1 ,: I1 1111 I! > l\A 1· '8 propurty, " I'. :IIU/N.
:md proposed that •• nitithor 1iarty" shoultl hoiAL 1l,1gA in Lhe1n )M;I\Uilllf
ect.tloinen~ of tbll queetio11.
!:!l. 1'he NolD of reJ.1ly eent to tho Pcn1ian Covurumont Oil 15Ll1 .Tu11e.
lllO-t )Vhile espraiaing \Yillingtu.'lill lo transmit tu the Govrr11111c11L tif h1dia
411y 1P,fOOfB 1,bat tho clo.ims of l'eru.ia to tho uwn~n.hip of tlieso ialwula
01inrei~ed LhOtie of ihe Slieikl, of Shargn)1, ::ilutcd tlml the suggestion that
t,he Sheikh of Bbargah shoulti not be pormitleJ to n:placl! his Jiu,;, luinleil
tlowp by ihe Persian CW:1tome ollit:inl11., could m1t be noceptcu, am! mmt 011:
"l wonld remind 1011, in tl_1is cou~1ceLiuu. thut wo h~vo 110L ine_i?J~I ~n t.he
l111reia1l Gover11mi.111L re1nov111g tl1cu· Oag from th<! 1i;l1111d o( S1rn till 1J1e
cont.roversy bctwccu Lhe two Government» ns to 1ho ow11cnhi11 of ilie
island, IYhicll originaLed mnny J081'B ago, hae 1.ieeo n.'l:iprrically sctt.J.l!tl.
'rhe posilit1n would liavo been diITeront if the Sheikh n( Sharg-11h hut.I removed
IUI esietiug Has rrum 'l'aml> :mcl A Lu M1111a; 1•hnt ho 1li1I IY:lH 1.1:l huisL his
o,vu lb•S upun the islnmls, wl1icl1 mm1 11ot 7ct fonu.ally occ111,iutl by any
otl1er iloverwne11t, am! be hu11 tbe rigli, lo ny i~ UH tho liniL IX-Cllpa.nt until
his lawful [X>Blillsaioo of tl..iOIIO idlumle ie 1lir.pruv1111l."
2i. 'l'lio Peraia.n II~ ,.-ere rcmuvoo, anti tlic ,lnwD11imi /lag o( 1hi,, Cl1ief
or SJ1orK3b n:-buistcd 111 June 1004. Nu se1·io1u1 11,LcmpL IYWI 11uulc by
Persia. le> prudnco proof of Peniau !>wllenhiJ>,5 :i.nil tho 1(i11C11~io11 lapsed, • Lt,,, 1, rfl, !lzf.
though in 1005 u eompla.in~ hy Pi:raia ol u,i: orcc1io11 of 11ew huildiugg 11t
1.'runb by I lie Sheikh of Sha.rgo.h ww; iu Yl!ShguLtnl uml foum I t.i he: hu~I*, t t ,..._ tat. to l'al.
a..._ ll'•J' :II IIIOI,
tS. The opputiu.nity was cnkun to make iL cfour to P11raia r.lrn.t t.110 11Latus P. u111as I hi.
of Sirri wna at ill a11b jnitictJ, n vie:" in '" hich 11ho ucq II iwicl.'t I, am I the l '01"1iiau =-to foib., )d!lf'
Qayernmunt were wumod i1l !005 lbat "the n=vival C.lf 1.bcir c.luim t.o 'l'a111b
muant I.he reviral ul ours ta Sirri." ''°"· I, 11211.
V.-Statqa of Sim, 1909.
2-J. 'l'he q11esliu11 of grnnting a co11cessiu11 lo mi11u rad u.xide on Sirri
Jmvinn- nriscu i11 1008-0, Hi11 M:ajesty'a Govummunt., ah.er commhnLiuu with
1.lie cfovernmeuL of l-011 io, i 11 formeJ:f.' n U riLish Ii1111 I hnt, 1vhil~ tho status of ~;a,.,,. I, to
Lhe islauJ wns in dispul.o, they h4tl. never Mqniesccd i11 the (•ursiuu claim 1111 •!'::l.'~q
io dial)Ul'IO of CC11lC\1aaiuns on ic ragimlleaia 11! Ul'oaL llriL'lin ; uml Lh\: lii11i1ler w 'l'.:.i..; a.,4,'11 ·
at 'l'eher.in prcsenwtl a protefi to tho J•~Jun tlu\""urmnenL i11 April 1000 ~•::J--:!!.,." 1
against Lhcir nction jn ~p-:1uting a concu&r:1ion, in which Im re111i111lc1l L11e111 of ziu11,;,-.j1UL n
the eauaal cuLoretl by Has l(ujcaty'e Govermucnt uml 111:1k~I ~hom Lo .irr:1.n«e ''°'• · ~:•/a&
fo1· the discout.imumcc of opcmLious uu Llie ishuul by their conCNSimumire.§ I ,....._ 1a1. :soa 1a
)". 0., ,\ )U"ll :I I DI!
I'. -WllflG.
VI,-19111-3: Erection Df a Lighthouse oia Tamb I'1a,nd. Oammunic:a.tiooa
to Persian Govern.man, and to Bbcilrh of Shugall.
,.:.. :->, Ji.. .'L r1 '! m. 1912 I·1 . w ilR II t '<:1·11 0tI 1o c rel,~ n 1111 111,u. 1 11 a1. o a 11· 1,-l.1 LI 1011.SC ,g 1r'. .H..I1 /cI = ....... .. 111 0
on 'l'am b liland. n With I.he approval ,..f I J i1:1 llnjeet.;v '11 <ln•ennncn & uo "' 1., 8-,,l, ~ ii,
comm1111icalion on tha subjccL wns ninde tn Peuvin,1! hut lho l'oli&ical ~:-,!!•~~;.,if;•
Res~dent., Bir Percy Cuz:,_ was nuLhoriSCL1H ~n nt.r.ui u L)1e 1:un11c11 ~ of Ll.ui · !•,-n 111:. I'. ,vi-,.
She1kb of Slui~g:n~, wluch wn~ granled by· tl10 Sheikh a~1l.ijui::L tu ~ ,_~ '.°"11>' v'~:' R.
aesumoce t.lm~ h111 l"lghla of ao,-crc1g11t.._v were uot :1lft'l'.:tctl.tt 81r l'err.1• Cnx J"una um~, •
in writiug to Lhc SJteildr, uJded U,a~ while it w,ur ,1,:siral.,.lc dmi 1-hu S]~;irrrtll; r. ,mm.
II I. 11 I I ".I ilR Suon f a \V11y11 iu en n1mmco 011 ·r am I, , "m,,. 111 11U o\·uul..i:I llu~ iofa~1 11l 1atw-1.1,rar..-1•..t. 11, m,.,,~b ,,m be p~1-votl for yon by Liu,> IIIOl'O l)l'l3-tillt!CC ur Ll10 li.g!1Lho11su." Mai"· !II m~,'
Ocl..H 111~,}1.IQf.
20. Ju Ocl.uhcr 101!?, in n•plr lo a11 u11quii-y Ly llau Uov1,;r11or u! ll111 a uU Purt.a, Sir Pen.;y Col: tslD.Lud :t-t ilmL, \Y l t.h. t.lie 1:0111:11 rruucu uf LIIU 13hcikh rt l.ullar ,_ IW.
of Sharg-.ih, a light m111 ab:mi. to ~ erer. ictl I horn. I I i11 -~xcelluncy rc111 i0tl :',:- :; rii,~ I.,
tbni "there wns uu 1louhL tlmt 1110 11!nml 1nupcrly lml,111,;L'<I to l'u1"?1ia an,I 1•. tm/1:.'
tha~ I.hey b_ad tn tliank the lih11ant._ a~tion uf the l!11Hl1~111,; iu l!>U-1. for 11Ltuili11g
\ho1r case III rvgonl thereto. l O:JOWCII ti.tat \rC: rommlun:,I i.J,al iL
109
110
336
II 'fal r,vo .. I',,!.
llm- c,,, l:lln. hb. Ill
IOII., I'- IIUIHI.
II~ r.u. 1,11 i.u.,
J1111 I Ill ..
P. IDIT/11.
1 'l'llh lul, U ta i'.Q.
~•"· D I 11111.
t 1:,. . ..... 11 .. , ..... LG
( i ar•n• u U 0,1,. qnilu.r
llit IL 0""'7'• Jott.a,a.,
1,.,...,1 lh11Loralab,
Par. u 11111,
1•.~u,11.
.J i'ml,. lal. U3 t.o
r.u., A1•rfl 11r 1111,
I'. 1li!~/IS.
I ... ,1. 111I. IB,
lln1 I IUI,
l'. UIJ(~Ii
T~I,. U.••1,. !:ID,
ll"J Ill 11:IS,
P.:=:1.u.u.
\ %,1,. 1,, .. , .. n~.
Jh,r ::!~ l!l:!:J.,
J* .. :u:~.r.;1.
/.rland.s and Man"time Boundaries of the Gu.If. 1920-1930
(i
wae Leyond doulit LlmL thu Sheikh u! Llw ,luw.L-.i1ui ur Omnn owued tl1"1
i1tlan~ 1 apd, as in tlcaliug 1vitl1 Li11: !JUC1:>liq11 wu hmi tu rei.;l.i111 will. 11u1tmL
fnola, i L ueemed was Le of time for 11s Io di eum;1-; l he rJ lit}>; I ion uu w."
27. In February Hl13 th~ Jlort;iau Foreign 0/lir.u 1·,d,w1l tlw r111estio11
witl1 t,he Minister at 'l'ehemu, urging 1lutl the uwuei-t;hip u[ lhl' islan,l wns
conl.811ted by Pers i11. Sir l 'or<:y Cux, on rcfomm:o hci ng 111:1do t.o hi 111,
intimated§~ LlmL lie liad rec~ut.ly nm1le ii clear Lo lhc Governor of tho U ulf
Pori.e Lhat the owmmd1ip of TnmL was nut 0Jll!ll to qmtslion, uml mldud tlml
"sinco Lhc corrcspouilcncl.! of I 005 Lhu 1111lijccL.d ur llm Shoit.h ur S!Larguh
11.utl his ll•g l1uve rcmaim~\ er;ln1,1islaetl on Lim islaml "; llmL ir tho question
wi1s now re9p1mml Bis lfojesty's UovcrmucnL wuultl 110 d1111liL ruvivo. the
quea~ion of Sirri ; b11I- Lhdt n Clot 1·0!11&1I tu dii1cu11s iL wm1l1l 11rohably
ue best.
28. 'rhu 111nlle1" cloos 1101. nppP.01' t.o h:\\"I! lwiiu l1d,t•11 fnrl.110.r hy rlcrsia.
'l'he light. wns exhi bitcd II L 'l'n111Ll 011 I &Lh ,I uly HJI :l, 1111cl 11 ill Ah1je1,ly 1
1,1
Oovcrnme11L 11grcc1l thaL mitilicntion uf i1.t1. 1:J"L•r,ti.m slmuld I.Jr. mnrle to
toreign oons11hir rcprcsentntivct1 in Liu: m;ual 11uu111cr hy 1hc Limrcr11mc11t
uC India..[111
VII.-Sta.tomanta mule by Bia Majesty's Gover11n1ellt to Gorman
GoHrnment. aa to ownership of A.bu M11m, 1907-14-.
~9. It 111uy lie 1·cmurkod at t,hi11 liLnge Lh11t i 1) \he )cul{thy nc,..ol i;II i,11111 which
Look pL.wt: wiLh U1c German Gnvu1·111n~111. lmLwccn Hl!H m1<l l!ll-1 m·el· theclnim
of llce.i;1'ti. W1mcklrnu11 in n:;1pm:L u! the muu•cllulion u! llll'ir red oxidc
r.onc~inu in A bu .llu11a by th& Sluiikh or 8harg.nli, 1m rufol"Cmt't! wm.~ 1m11le
t.o lhc PRJ-siun Unvcrnincnt, wbo were, i11dce1l, pri\'n.Luly nm1i111lu1I liy the
Ohu1·go <l'Affnii-cs in 1008 of tl1e incidcut of /Olli, u1ul \\'nrnud :1_;;1in!ll. 1111,r
11~tcm1JL lo J't!llCIV Llw 1'e111inn claim.,:: I I i!i P.fojes1.y',i; Gu1·1:r11111c11t cu11-
si,~c11U)- n:foncd, in their co111m 11 uici1 liu111:1 t,, I hu Gur111:111 nuv1:1·11mc11 L, to
tho " so,•ci-uig11 Ly " C)a:rei.';1-:d in Ahn llni,a hy tlia S!11:i kli, ruad n q 1mn~ily o[
local evi<lcucc w11R 1,i-0,llll.:Cd tn bhow LhnL the uwncri:ohip ut Al111 hlmm vcstccl
iu ~he ruling Sheikh 11[ Lim Juw1L~i111i uJ 01111111 rcE idi11g 11L Sli:u-i-:uh.',. hwouhl
dendy lut\"fl hel'-il imr,oli!:lililc fur I-Iii. i\f:1j1:11ty':;: C:lm·l·r11me11t hl Jmvo
t.akc11 the ,·cry 1lr.lini111 lino :wtunlly t11l.u11 by Llww 11is-,,-vis C.cn11a11y lmtl
the t1inl111:1 of 1hc it1h1111l h~1m, 111 their view, 11 nmll,:r at. ,ill opi;n lo ,li:;pnk.
VIII.-Reausrtioa of Penian Claim to Ta.mb and Abu Musn., 1923.
:10. Ju 1!)~3 the Mini10tcr ;1t 'l'clum111 1·upo1·Lc,I diuL J,c hml lea.med
conGdenLiully Lhat ~he P'-'niian cmu-'">1,;i,muairn uf Lhc llurnnu; rnJ oi,;idu
conccssiun, Mui1H1t-'\'11jj;1r, 11 p1n-;;1,11 ur g,·t•al wcal~h aml co11.i;i1lcmLlu puliLicnl
iullmmce, wn,s 11rging thu l'.:rz1i1u1 Uovun11nc11l Lu rai::iu Lhu J>tin,ia.11 d:1hn to
Alm Mmm, coupfo iL witl1 Urnt lo Jlahrci11, and .refer \10Lli Lti 11111 League oE
NnLim1:s.i
Sir P. \..(Jmi110 wns ins1rur.1ocl hy the F'ui-cign OUicc tu tliuw Uiu unouLiOll
o! the P1·ime M inistc.r to tho iur:idcnt ur l !101, wlmn l l i~ !ll11.jc1-1ly 'e
Oovi11·n11umt had Locn preparnd to t11kr. navu.l m,~iun to 1·umu,·r: 1.ho I11.1rs..i1111
flag from T1unb amt Alm l\lusn, 1111d hint Lim!. 1"t:vi1;nl of 1ho Por&ii,u
clo.im might ll•111l lli:.1 Mttjt::sty'l:i Gonm1111cuL Lu \ako Lho 111,•as11rns then
contsnl pln t;od ,§
31. 'l'h,, ?iliuit;le1· mndi.: tln: 1·u1p1ircd i::01111111111icnlit111 l1J Liic P1·i1110
?ii in ititer, niak i ug-, howl!,·e1·, no i-uforn11cu Lo 'J'a111 b in hi 1:1 :\ i1 lu Af 1"111ui re. Ilia.
nislmel:i& mm\u no mv!y tlll thr.: 111;1lt.r.:r ur !\1>11 ~1u:,,u., 'l'r.:n lhlf:,L l.itt!l' ll.
Now 11ifficrli11g l'cr,;i:111 rigl1l1:1 twe1· bul li 'l'a11111 11111 I ,\ Ii,, !'ii wm, " 11f whit.Ii
mit.i [ic:ati,u1 \\":iii mmlu tu lJ i:; fllnj1:1,l.y 'ti ] .1i;.:ali .. 11 j 11 1]111 ,Yl:;tr J un;-i ''1,"
ha vi 11g hi.:c11 mJclrc-s""-:1! lt1 t\11: M i11 i,;lt-r l1y i" ill Pl•r:;iau Furcig11 OJlic1·.
Sil' 1'. LDr11i11e ndu11Lcd 1111 1111ci,111111·umi,,i,1g t\l.LiL11tli:, ;mi! l"i:l11r111:,l 1111: Nulci
LO tho Pl'i1111~ Mini,l.t:r wi,I, 11 l'ltn,111;1)· wu1,l,•d 1:uv1ni11;.:- J,ill1er.~• l~ :,r:c1111!d
prolmhlc tliaL 1111: cl,:,:.patt·h ol llu: ~uh, wm,; 1h11: tu i1-f11C,rll11cc cm llie p;u·~ or 1.be /! ctiug- J•\1n:i;.;;1 liii11i:.tc1· of l!1u c:ur111 ,11111i1::,t im1 w'.1io:ll :,ad 11.-..:11 1!1111 !u
to the l'ri111u ;\I iui.;;LCr, ;1 llll, llic Jlll:iiLi1m or 11 j,; i\l.1j1:s1y',i; l i IJ\'1.'l":I lllCII! !.;avi,IH
Letm nmdo cl~a1·, llll' iuciJ~ul- wcul 1:u flu·thm·.
Ptrsian ela,"ms to Tamb and Abu. .AAu.sa, 1928
.. I
JX.-Peraian Cuatome lntedoranoa o.t A.li11 Musa, l U21:1 O.
32. 111 Lha u11t111110 c>f lU~;j tho l1nrKin11 c1111lu11,~ :11,il,nriti1:1-1 l'lllnl a lr11111"11
111 4l111 Mu:si\ whic:h im1JJCC:b11l ~he rn1l ui.iclo nml n.·moYl.!ll Ullll uag-. nu
n prci.eat liAing mmfo, th..iy ni1,lie1l tl111L :\ \111 llmm lmln11uu1I Ln l',m1iu.
l•:ncrgotic action w,u; lBkcm 11L Tol111rn11 by His .M1,je111y's Ali11hnl11·, who
1·cmiai:led thr Actiug 3.tinisu~r for Foruign 1\ff,1in; ul du.: 111~:J 1·m·r-o.,riu11d,•11<:d,
nnd 1mbi;eq11untly ,,urned hi111 prh·nt~ly tlrn.L pursi-.1011,:c iu Lhc Pm-:;ian
clai1n ,youhl umlrn il 1UlCCil~1:-y ·• 10 rc11.uo..1 th.J I hl\'"ruuu.:nl of lndi11 to
I lar._:1:wli n 11h i II ur war lO ,\ lm M.11 Ii:\ Lo IL I': iul' I 1..hu ri,;111... u[ t.11 f:: tll 11.:i kh
•Of :S1'iargnh," 1•
11ii Thu 1'cr;jillu Guvcr11111c11L wi~luirmv, Ulhl tho (:n-.10111S
n11t.horhio11 were instl'llcletl "not lu t..1.liu 1111y Ma:11-1 in :\Im .\l11>1.11 ur •r,unb
pending reply fmm lti11iKLry uf 11oroign Allain, ai,pnliui.: .il:1l1111 1,( 1:11:110
1:1luml11. ''
X. --Reauertion or Persia.n Cla.im to TN.m b. I 028,
38. In .r nly 19::!S II 1 •~•rainu ClltlWIU~ la 1u:1: Ii I w :. id1 h,ul ';m! II ,,1,c:r:lti ng
fa-0111 l'nmh for ulmul Lwu month!!, ,.;cizcd c1fl' tl,i, >i1111th uJ thu i,.l:.1111 a J hilmi
dhow c11rry iug pns&Cllf..'Urtl Ii> 1-i: hnMal,, m, L 1 m A 1·a I, ,·um1t., w i ~I I a 111111111 ll
crnrgo of Rt1g::n- nnci rfal!IS, 111111 hnmglit it. ...... r.i11~.1li. w)mn, lh•! 1mrgu l\'Rl:6
(:unli scu. te,l aK sm ,1;:gh:ri i1111 l LI 111 11mt!>c11 w: nc i 11111ri~11111·, I. Tl 10 i 1, 1 · i, lii11 t
c1-o.'\t.o11 a very sm·i,11111 ljit.u:11 ir111 un LLB 'l'ru,:i,d I!, ,a,,;r, Lia: 'l'n1,:i;1l C !i,:u[;.
being 1-ei1Lr,,i11u..l uul)' 11•itla ,lillii·11l1y rmu, i11,,11cdi.1111 r.i1,r:1m)r1; ar1I i1s
pc>Mt.iLlo rcw.:Litln:1 prul'•nl 11 nHU lur ur !JI nvu 1:u1,c:cr11 10 tliu <lrwcrmuunL of
lu,l;u.
;.11. Strong 1liplmnaLiCJ ruprcs,,ul,1Li,m11 hy Ilis ~J;.j,~"'ty'" ll,wcrmuoul at
'l'ehur;\U. socurml the rrh•,1s..; of Llic ii how ;uul ; 1-::1 11:,,....;1:u,i::-un; ,uni crew. The
cargo reumin,; uudci· :i:a.:iY-:n·e, lln,\ ll clui111 fn.r co1111,~•mmliun h:1P1 hci.:n 111eL liy
a rci~rulio11 of Lh~ L'cnsiau clai111 f.l1 u\1"111.ir,1.hil' o[ 'l'mn Ii, li:l.lfl.ul, 11c:c:or1Ling Lo
tho Acting MiuiMUU- for 1•·01-ci~:i Alruii-M, Oll II Br·iti!>h_ -!'llOlu 1hit1.!1l ~;"th .J II ly
I Kli:i, ~ignml h)' Jlj,. ,'.'lluje11LJ'!i '.'.\~i1!i!>Ll.!r 1111J1..~r iu:-t raclio1_:s Imm 1111• ~l11r!l1II\Jjli ur ~.1l1Hfinry, tlum ~~t:1·,:L1u-y ui .:;1:,·c for !111l·c1g11 ."\lfo1r11. llt>llllillll\lCi1l,111g a
ni.ip "roc1•111ly i~111•d hy l~1u lntc:lli.!Cl!ll(:c: l>1:pn1·tmeut uf Liu: Wnr t>lli,-u"
lor pn:scntnllun lu Llu1 81111:1 Oil Llll1alf or I (01· M,1j,:;.t.1•',, ( l11\•ur111111:11l. 'l'hc
l:h11 rge tl' A IIui l"Cli 111111 j mlicntc1 I LlmL I ho II l"~I 111 l(!JIL i,ai 1111.111 \ 1,-1 ., u Lia I, w !1 i )ti
Llw foc:t r.u11111JL c!n.1rly i a il1,si.:I [ alfo1:t lho Vil I iclit_v l•:° 1 lit• A 1·ali t:laim ; 1,uL iL
J., dear that in Ilic lurtliC'/.1111i11.1; 1w;..ri,~;.,1i,1m, wilh 1',•r,_i,1, nut ouly the
i1111111:ili,1Li: T.uuh i111•i,l1:11L, un whid, Lim 1]11v11r11111.,111 ul l1111i1L li;,vi: 1::i.:1,ri.~--1:1c1I
Lhn,mllllvt·8 v,• 1)' sLruugly, lmi the JMJi.ilion 1)1 A I Ill .\I 11::ltl \111111 ur Sir1·i) will
1:111110 up for ili111\10811l.
XI.-Siamma.ry.
:\:i, 'l'he ulfoc:tivc 11c<:upnlim1 ,,r Sin! IJy l'cr11i~ i,;i1n:1i ISS7, ,mtl ~!10 1m:iL
ucquiosc:e:-ice i11 tlmt 1,1:,~111111.1 im, u[ I1:1t ll:1J1.,.~y·:,1 \ :o,·cr111u1:11 t, um l;c it
11illim1 It, if 1111L i111 (l11-d,l.:, :it tl1iu :nngi.: LO ,I i,-pmu r lnl ! 'u1"t;i,u1 d,1i 111, I lm11~l1
Jli .. Mnjci.Ly·:1 Uuv1•n11111•11~ ari, 11•,t o,:ito(lpt?,r 1,y 1111y l'urmnl o,l111ilj,;1iuu 011
Llicir 1mrL fnnu 11.,i .. g Ji1u Sia;ll"g,1b c.:fa:u, lu z.Ju: i,.;hmli 1'ur li111·.,;11iui11g
p111·pns1ia.
3fi. '!'ho 110,,iLiu11 iti tliffc:r1mt na n1g111°'h" Ta.mb au,! Abu Musa.. .\1 nu
111.n~c Ii~ tin: l'or11i:111 ,:·aim h1:c11 furmnUy nd111iucol, :11ul :1t 1w 111:i,-rc: lwR it
b,.am ullnwo, J ~ .. p1u11; II lltl 11c11Li1,111!11. 'I 'ho II r gm I h~II L j II hl'I, I'' irl or ll 11• \111.1::tL
l 'ui-;,iuh cfoi111 lid 11,-.l 1111L ill para. ;u 1d1ovc 1·11111,1 l,,1 1o\r1111:.,,Ll11l'1t:1I, hlJ for ;u,1
iL hm;1 1~11)' v1d11c, IJy 111fcro11c1i Lu tlm foi:t LliaL 11,,: i .. l.rnd" ;.n! ,1lo;111,l111w11 i11
l\11-sim1 c:,lo11n1 nn r .cu-.1 l11117,uu ',. ( 111:ullicial) .\lap u! l't•r,ua ,,r 1.,:1:!, ,I ud
1111 Lim Surl"cy 1,f lmfo, ;\l,,p ur J,S[J;,.:i- \\'h:lc.:, l1uw11\'1:1·, Ll111 1:r.-ur i11 ,·111: .. ti1111
j,. 1::lil r,:111CI) n,;.;n ·llil 11h• I r,Ja\ I ho ,-1;111,i puin ~ l)r I li!i )[;1ju,t1.y ',; I li,v1•r111111:11t.,
iL l:U.I! uot Im tal..cn :.11 ii foru1i~I clm.:l11ni-.i,1n liy Jlid lluj1!>1L)•'11 n,w,:nnur:u~ o(
Lh!!ir vi11w u[ Lhc 11L:uu11 •if t:1c i,:,luntl ... uur, iL io1 11,loH•::ihal, 1:1.111 ii 111: u,;.1,111·:!1:,I
ilol ur 1:mh~11.lintiul i111JKIL0LHll1'U iu v:u1\· o( Llm o:uu"itih-llL n•pmli.,liun, 111.:luro
-llllll .ihcr l\10 tlaLCk 1111:ntiunml, ur UH: l"1;r,.inu d.J.i111.
337
u T•b. l>c,,p. SM
c.. r.o., lf&J' 11 •
IIU, I', UH/IL
1'■b. 181. ~u ,,,
io'.O., .,, .. ., ~I I~~-.
1•.u;~.
"•r,.1o. WI. I"
Yh:~n•Y, .t11,.il ~a
1;111.11. 11 .!:11~~·1111.
111
112
338
l'al.11.,._ 10 fflnial.at,
'l'oha"a. J)m. I I i
IHI.
t Y''-7 &o 8- ar S.
,.,.. t ~ l"llb. If ltPI,
r. IHfO
lslo.nds afld Man.time .Boundaries of t"6 Gulf. 1920-1930
8
37, Ae 1·ega:1, I ::1 I ho l\ll'l·i I.Ii ol th,1 L clni u,, t 1 m h i:1turit•;1 I Iii 11111111111-~- u. ucwcsliows
thnl t.hc lii&tory uf 1hc i,1l:uuli. 1wiur tu J U,U i:t C1(1i;c11r11; Llmi. 11inct~
thai ,lute such 11111\mritr 11ud .:ii,ch ufieclh·o 0C<m11,1t.i1,u ns 1h111·1:1 lm11 b1w11
has btid its sou rec in tho ,I owani 1u i A rll IJg,, who bC!I ween I 'ifiO ;11111 1820
exercised in t.bc Oulf II muritimA 1:1111Lml 111u~11lw,1ml by J'N,,iu. 'l'hme i11
noLh.iP~ to show thnl &hoso Amhti, linviug uht.iiim11\ It fcmti1tH Ml \lu.: l"ersinn
coau~, theuC'c clerivc,J n11tho1·ity uvtH" 011L!yii=g i:&1,mds. !'rnl111l1i!it3• !i11gg1!.:ls
J1lther t.hnt Lhev cnrriecl with t:10111 to t:rnii- IHHY i-;cttlemeul a 111Jtjitim1 in the
isfaiuJa whic:11 thuy a!re11rly vusi;ui-;..u.11. 'l'iie facl Llmt u Mci:liu1i ur 1lw11c A r11l>
i11Lrmlers later 11t:quircd the R!Jitus uf Pcr:iiu.11 i!1•1bjccL,, 11nJ hchl ~heir
nnthority on Lhu P1m:iinu canst in rml1C11·di11nLinn Li) Liu~ P .. m1i11n Go,•crumcmt
as Joca.1 tJh il!fB or tfoveroors, c:u111ot 1111'ect. un_y ()rigi uni 1·igli t1:1 th c ,J.uv,11:,im i
tr iliBN on Llm 1\ ru Li nnd tbu ,TuWU-d i mi tribes on Lhc Pcr:ihut Ii L Loral may li:i.ru
hod in conunou; nn i11t.im11Lu cumi~ctiuu i'-JlP"i\rs ld have b11un 111ai111.ni111Hl
be,ween tlm tw,1 ,u:r.1.ions of thfl Lrilm, and the i:.l,m:"111·,·mainell 1lwir c:rnnnum
1iroperty 11111\ 1liil nol hc~m<s J',:1'lti•rn tll:·riLory; unr, Lhu :.,;h:11:ls being huhl
liy a Sheikl1 only ,m liclm!f o[ Lhu tr,lmi,;, lmd au i11,li"id1ml power lo 11lie11ato
uny eovern;Hu territorial righl!:1 wl1ir:l1 hu mi~ht unjuy 11•111. ruh:r uf ~heso
tl"ibes.t [i'i1111lly, da facto postm11:1io11 ro1,1ti11M witl1 1ho ,Tuwasimi Amhe u£ Lhu
'L'nu.!inl Const, it wun1cl a.ppunr \n hu for l'el"bia, in Llie al>!-!llllr!(i u[ 1:ri1lc11ce ut.
lilly .ii.age u[ crrocLivc Pori.i1111 11tlllilrn.Liun or of aukno\\'lo,l,gm,ml l,y Liu)
TrnciRl Amhit or l"crniou OYCr]m..-lt1hiJ1 in tho iti!tuu'I~. Lil prove ~he ,-a~ r ....
n:terq~ion of tho slt1lua ~,w.
sa. As buLwur.11 His "-fajesly':i, am•r.mmcnl :11111 tho 'fr-111:iul Chi,•rd
c:ouC?erned, tho l;11Lcr, under 1:1ci1· lrcsaly l:!'lig,1g11111c1:t~, ,Lrt! 1m~itlod tu Liu)
prol.tlclion of l li11 )lajl!Sly'ti. Onvt•riui>t•nL :u11\ am not 1lim1;., ... h•11t1 11llmved 1t1
communir.ato nr nn13otii\to ,lira1:L with a11y Jnrcig:1 l"nwnl". Apru·L fmm tho
foct tlao.t t.heir claim to tho 111l:11ul .. Im$ com;it1Lw11Jy Ll'.lc11 ttphd1l hy lfio1
"Majesty',; Oovor11111l'11L, it waa uu U1e iniLintivc ul" J li1-1 lfajc11ty'a GuvcrnmeuL
thnl. the Jownt-iimi Sheikh or 1:ilm1·uuh a1Ul [L.U1-lll•J\lmi111,1 lio:i.u:11 hi?, llag 1111
'!'omb o.ml Ab11 }Juan in lOIJ:J (st!o pnrm,. 17 1101\ 18 :1l111vc).
S!J. Tho &aLir1(.1ctory iiisp~nl of t!1e 1:1ntter i~ impurt.. nl i ;: view of its
immediaLa r,uu:Li1111i1 on the 'l'r11ch1l t:ua .. L, mul liil' wi,;i.:r 1·c:.u'.tioue 011
!i[obBmmcd1ui !cding in l:iJin ul" 1liNl11rlmucu in 1:1111 wl!"iou. Jl11t. il.d
import.nnce fro111 it..i pns.iihle rcm:1ic,11,; ,m tlto wmtimn1 or the 'l'nwi,d ( !hk•fM
wiLb tlm Saud is li.mlly foss gr,·at.
ho:n.t. On·u;1,,
211h August l!)~H.
,1. (L l..
Draft.
Persian daims to Tamb and Abr~ 1\.Ju.1a, 1:)28
Oop¥ ot ~ lette~ aspt to th• ~~eep
~~ ~ulta.n on UBioh ~, 1888.
Ameen ea Sultan.
T•hran.
M.aro b. a , 1141 l>
I -~ ,I, ( ~• •,~ :, ■
I t-etut"n the papi,n1 you were good 1rnough to euld lilt 1 . .J
aom• time ago tn l"ogard to ::l1rr1 an~ 'l'runb hland11. Tb•••
pa.Pore h,ivt heon vary carefully axe.1111ned &nd llo no't 'ba'it:r eat
the l1'era1an olalm. Your ~oellenoy ao.1d. .,-ca ba4 Uher toa~-
mante - I abould be muah obl1ger:i 1! you could 'let ao ba+•
tbecn,
In tbe papers I return tho ohiof ijtatements are tho•• of
jheikh Yooeu~. Thia person w~~ not a membor or tbt Joasim1e
tribe, but waY a depondent or aorvant of the Joaeimee Sheit:Jt,
A.11 bin 1':halate.t, whom hs i::uruor6<:I t-:, become Ohief ot Lingall
hirasalt. The l'erelan Gavernr;iont in 1879 cuntir111ed Sboli:b.
'iooeut o.s Deputy Governor ot Llngah Md he then appea.rs tao
have oamrnenoed hia intorferenoe ~1th ~irrl and Tamb 1 drawln,
forth the re111onatr!mceu o t' t.he Jonuit1ee Sheikh of Rsa el
j(hai1t1&1h, The rights of the J":.Hwimea ::lheikhsto 3lrr1 are at
!l.noient or1g1n and bave hitherto ulr;nyu been reapeot•CI • 'the
Joaoimao Sheik.ha of 11ngah have uauully beec aleo Dep~\7 Governors
o { L1ngnh for l'erala. '!'hoy huve been in tho hablt Df
exerclelng authority over tr.1:1 ::Hrrl l~la.nd bu.t it waa •• Ji.,a,ei1nee
~he1kha a.nd not aa Governors of Lingah.
1 waa vary 6lud ta be able to tolegraph to Huubi~• tha,
Your aoellanoy d1uavo-..ad Gonorul iiadji Ahmed Zha.n'a prooe•dlngu
on the Oman, coast, nncl 11 tihl p u r war h2'.e th•re:to n b l&a
8ent aown that ooaat to unr.oQnce io the Ch1ets that 1n1
Genero.1 1 & proceedings wern nna.uthor111;ed. an4 ta enOoav0ur io
po.city n.n.d tru.nqullll2a the chill ta.
113
114
340 Islands and A1aritime Boundaries of the Gulf, J 920-1930
Copy of a memorandum eent to the Persian
Minietry tor l<'oreign Affairs on March 1g 1
1888.
Tehran.
Draft. Ma.rob 19, 1888.
Ministry !or Foreign Affairs.
Hie Uajeety'e Legation have the honour to aoknowlt4ft
the receipt or the Foreign Offioe memOran4nm of tho lOt~
instant, regarding the Iela.nd Slrri. liia Jlajeaty1e ~Ofttion
would wish to make a few friendly obaervationa on ~ht
above aommunicatton. It le quite true that the Deputy
Governors of Linge.h. exeroiaed jur1ed1otion over the 1alcm4
of Sirri, but thie waa not in their capacity as Governo;-a
of Lingah but as J~asimee Sheikhs. The Persian GoTOPl~,ni
are doubtleea aware that the Jonsimee Sheikhs of Lingah w,rt
also deputy Governors of thnt place on the pa.rt of Feraiflt•
The Joasimee Sheikhs have had traditional rights over tho
Isl e.nd of Sir r 1 which we re never disputed and gene rally
recogDieed. The hoi~ting of the Persian flag altered the
existiDg statue, and 1. t 1 s on this ground that 1 t waa requested
that reaeone should be shown for this alteration.
Poese~eion 1£ o~ long standing and undisputed doubtless
oarrlea oona1derable weight. but this argument would acaroely
govern in the present inatanaa. His Majesty's Legation
would be much obliged if the Persian Government would kindl7
furnish them, for ~or:imunication to the Government of India,
with the proofs they possess o~ the former dependeno~ of
Sirri IBland on Porsiuo o.uthor1.ty. Both the Governtllent ot
India and ilia Majesty'~ Legation wish to treat the question
in a perfectly friendly s.nd eoociliatory spirit.
Annex 16
Annual Report of the Malayan Meteorological Service 1948
,NNUAL REPORT OF THE MALAYAN
METEOROLOGI.CAL SERVICE,
BY
H. B. F. MOORHEAD
Director
Malayan Meteorological Service.
PRINTED AT THE GovcRN~f£NT P111NTING OFF!CE. SlNGAroRE.
BY V. C. G. GATREI.L, GoVERNM£N:T PRINTER.
To be purchased from GoVERNUE:NT PUBLICATIONS Bmu:Au.
G£NEP.AL Po.u OFFICE, FUL!.EJ)TON BUILDING, Sn,GAPOr.E.
1949
p,,-ice: $1.50
1948
115
116
:U<NliAL REPtll{'f l>F THE l\IALA\"AN .METE<lR.t1I.,t)Cil'AL
SEl-! \.· I L'E, 1948.
J N'l'ROI ll'CTJON
The do111i11a11t f .. tt'lor affecting tile :i\falayan 1\Ieteorolog-ieal St-r\·ice
throt1Rhout the year 194.S has been the acute shortage of both senior and
junior staff.- V/ith the introductioll of lle\Y salary scales there has been
some improvement in recruitment of jun_ior staff, but the senior staff
position remains u_nchanged. The shortage of trained scientific personnel
is not a matter affectin};?: 1\-Ialaya alone_; most services in the British Empire
are all similarly affectt.d. ln the case of J\Jalaya, the dislocation ow-ing to
the \\·ar period has virtually made it necessary to restart from the beginning,
while the expansion of air services, both internal and external, has at tlie
same time called for greatly increased metc:orologica1 facilities from the
department.
( )RGA:-.'I S1\T10N
The meteorological departme11t, \\·hile virtually one service for :l\'Ialaya,
is divided into three separate sections for administrative purpose-Headquarters,
Singapore and the Fedtration of Malaya.
The Headquarters section b responsible for the administration, coordination
of \\"Ork in Fede.ration of :\Ia1aya and Singapore, the climatological
work, the checking and preservation of records, and enquiries in connection
with statistical data, etc.
In the Federation are located fifteen first order meteorological stations,
a fe\\" auxiliary climatological stations and a number of voluntary rainfall
reporting stations. The fifteen first order stations are responsible for the
taking and coding- of synoptic reports -,Yhich are thei:i relayed at regular
intervals to the forecast office in Singapore by Telegram, telephone and/ or
\V /T. These stations are, where practical, located on or close to the
principal aerodromes and are resJ 1onsihle for the issue of "·eather reports
to aircraft in flight.
It has not been possihle to St't u11 a forecast office in the Federation as,
U\ring to shortagt. of trained scientific staff, it has been necessary to
consolidate all forecasting facilities in one forecast office, which is located
in area control centre ~1t Kallang Aiq,ort, Sin.~apore. A climatological
and weather reporting station is alsu situated Rt Kallang.
SYNOl'T H.: :d ETEOROU)G \'
C·Hdt::r rnuch:r11 conditions the priucipal \\'nrk of tl1e fon:!Cast division
of nny rndeor!flogieal sen·ice is tlie prO\·i:-.1011 of adequate 111<.:teorological
facilities for the ~afe 01ieratio11 of .1ircraft_ Cuidance as t,J the facilities
\Yhich are to he pro\·ided are containt.:d in recommendations of the Iuternational
Civil .,:\viation ( lr.~atlisalion and it is i11 an endeavour tn build np
to tlii:-, :~h111dard that thl' pianni11g· of the 111cteorological service in I\Iah1ya
b aimed.
A nATIO!',; ~(£R ,·1cES
The mdeorolug·ical servke is res! ,onsiblt fur : --
(i} the supply of rneteorrilo,t.::ical i11for111.ation to all aircrnft in flight
in the .Singapore Flight Informatlon Regiou. (Fig. 1).
(ii) the pre-fl.ig-h t hriefo1g- of all aircraft departing from Singapore,
\Yith the exceptiou of aircraft making only a short stop at
Teng-ah.
(iii)
{iv)
( \"}
4
the issue of tnn·casls to alJ aircraft departing fron1 airfields in the
F eclerat ion.
the iss11e of advisory routt:: and Hight-·forecasts to Darwin, Batavia,
Colombo, Bangkok, Rangoon, Calcutta, Saigon and Hongkong
covering those portions of the route \\·itllin the Singapore
Flight lnformation Region.
the issue of advisory terminal forecasts for Kallang, Tengah and
Butterworth.
To cover this service adequately for civil aircraft it is necessary to
maintain a twenty-four hour service at the forecast office at area control with
a qualified meteorological officer on duty throughout the period. The duty
meteorological officer should be available for easy consultation by the
Air Traffic Control officer in case deterioration of conditions makes it
advisable to consider the diversion of an aircraft to an alternate airfield.
A t\.venty~four hour service on these lines was maintained until April when
sickness of staff due to prolonged night hours made it imperative to reduce
this to a "da,Yn to dusk" service for aircraft; In effect, to operate a "dawn to
dusk" service, it is still necessary to staff the office on a reduced scale
throughout the full twenty-four hours so as to have the synoptic charts
prepared for the early morning aircraft departures.
BRIEFING OF Pn.O'l'S
In accordance \\·ith International Civil Aviation Organisation procedure
it -is necessary before departure on a flight for the captain of the aircraft
to be "briefed" by a qualified Meteorological Officer. This l<Lriefi.ng"
entails discussion of the tyves of weather along the route, with explanation
as to probable developments and action to be taken by the aircraft in the
light of such developments. Captains are issued ldth a flight folder
containing route and terminal forecasts and cross section diagrams (Fig. II)
of the weather on the route. Similarly on arrival at his destination the
pilot is debriefed, i.e., he describes actual details concerning the ·weather
encountered during the flight.
WEATHER MAP
The synoptic map is plotted and the isobars drawn from information
supplied by a large network of meteorological stations in the area concerned.
In Singapore it is necessary to advise captains of aircraft proceeding on
flights as far afield as Dan\·in, Calcutta, Hongkong and at times Karachi,
and for this purpose \\·eather information is required over a very large
area extending from Shanghai to Aden.
In l\1alaya1 \Yeather reports are sent in to Singapore from fifteen reporting
stations in the Federation of :Malaya at three hourly intervals from 0300
to 1900 hours, local time, and at certain key stations throughout the twentyfour
hours. These reports including surface wind, cloud and weather conditions
and at a few special- stations, upper wind reports of directions and
speed are sent in coded form by telephone, telegram and W /T and are
decoded in the forecast office and plotted on the weather map. Tht
collected lvialayan reports are broadcast by wireless for use in places as
far apart as Shanghai aud Karachi. Similar weather reports from stations
in all countries in the area are received, decoded and plotted on the weather
map at Kallang.
117
118 s
SHIPPJNG
Weather reports are received from shipping in the Indian Ocean,
Straits of :rvJ:alacca and China Sea, but these reports are relatively few in
number when the large volume of shipping which converges on Singapore
is taken into consideration. St1ch reports are of considerable value in
supplying data for the oceans and efforts will have to be made to increase
the number of messages addressed to Singapore.
Shipping forecasts are issued daily for the Straits of Malacca, the Gulf
of Siam, South China Sea (West), South China Sea (East).
FLOOD WARNINGS
During the period of the North-East l\ionsoon close observation is
kept on the weather conditions on the East Coast of 1ialaya and warning
telegrams are sent out to districts ·when danger of heavy rain \'i:>hich is
likely to lead to flooding is anticipated.
SUMMARY OF FORECASTS
A summary of the forecasts issued from Singapore during 1948 is as
follows:-
Forecasts to aircraft crews (briefing)
Forecasts to aircraft in flight
Forecasts to Mala van stations ( for aircraft.)
Shipping forecasts·
Analysis
Advisory forecasts to Darv,rin
Advisory forecast:; to Batavia
Advisory forecasts to Bangkok
Advisory forecasts to Rangoon
Advisory forecasts to Hongkong
Advisory forecasts to Calcutta
Advisory forecasts to Colombo
Miscellaneous forecasts to aviation
CI,IMA.TOLOGY
GENERAL WEATHER OF 11ALAYA
3,032
11Ql I
2,365
I ,45 t
487
401
r.222
435
II6
174
138
142
IO
I 1,884
Rainfall averages about 100 inches a year, though the annual fall
\'aries considerably from place to place and year to year.
Jelehu, in Negri Sembilan, is the driest place in Malaya ,~rith an
a\·1:rag:e of 65 inches and Maxwell's Hill the wettest with 198 inches a year.
The average maximum temperature in the plains is rather less than
90 °F. and the minimum about 70°F. At the hill stations temperatures are
considerably luwer; at Cameron Highlands the extreme temperatures
recorcled are i9°F. and 36°F. and at Fraser's Hill 8r°F. and 53°F.
SINGAPORE CONDITIONS DURING 1948
The annual rainfall for the year was 105 inches against a normal of
95 inches. The wettest month was January with 20 inches of rain which is
twice the normal fall for this month. The driest month was October with
2 ½ inches of rain.
The highest temperature ,•.:as 95°F. on J\.iay 16th. The 1owest temperaM
ture was 71 "F. on January 8th and again on April 1st,
6
KUALA LUMPUR C<JNIJJ'fIONS DURING 1948
The anm,al rainfall for the year 1948 was 92 .93 inches against a normal
of 94 . .54 inches. The wettest month was Fehrnaty with _17.02 inches which
is about three times the normal fall for this month. The driest month vvas
Janna ry \\·i th 2. r 2 inches ,.,,i, ich is the lowest on record for th is month
since 1918 when 1 .66 inches were recorded.
The highest temperature 95°F. and Jowest temperature 69°F. were
recorded on several occasions during- the year. A more detaile<l account
of the climate of the coi.mtry will be found in Appendix I.
METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS
The printing of detailed meteorological records was suspended during
the war for the reason of both secrecy and economy. Printing of the
summary of observations for J\.1alaya over the years 1939 and 1940 has
been completed, but the summary of surface and upper winds, frequency
tables and pilot balloon data have had to be deferred on account of economy.
It is unfortunate that extremelv feH" records exist for the period r942-
1945 inclusive. These records were kept by the Japanese during the war
years but they were destroyed at the time of the capitulation in 1945. This
gap of four years in the climatological records of the country is a serious
matter as it decreases to a considerable extent the value of the preceding
thirty-forty years, which period was becoming long enough to permit of the
calculation of reliable means of temperature and rainfall. Every effort
has been made to trace duplicate records which may have been sent to
Japan during the \.var years, but these efforts have proved unavailing.
Many enquiries are received in the climatological section regarding
nll aspects of the local climate. Some of these demands involve considerable
work which it is not within the capacity of the limited staff to supply.
Enquiries relate to such varied interests as air conditioning, cold storage,
agriculture, fisheries, engineering, electrical, irrigation, legal, health,
educational, aviation, harbour construction., insurance, etc.
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
There are a total of sixteen first order meteorological stations in J\1alaya,
fifteen in the Federation and one in Singapore. With the exception of
the meteorological station at Kluang, destroy,~d during the war, all the prewar
stations have been re-established. The station at Kota Eharu , .... ·as moved
from its position in the centre of the town to the aerodrome at Pengkalan
Chepa; this will be a great advantage to aircraft using this aerodrome. With
this move to Pengkalan Chepa, nine of the existing meteorological stations
art adjacent to or actually situated on aerodromes and this enables the
ma1-dmum. c.o -operation to be m. aintained bet\\'een the civil aviation ' tele- commumcattons and meteorological personnel at all main airfields in Malaya.
Besides their climatological work and the issue of regular coded
synoptic ~eports to the forecast office at fixed hours throughout the day,
thcs~ stat10ns a:e responsible for the supply of weather reports to aircraft
m fhght regardmg the local ·weather conditions at the airfield and they are
also responsible for sending out "deterioration" and "improve~ent" reports
should any marked change in the \\·eather become manifest. A total of
28,436 ,veather reports ,vere issued to aircraft in flio-ht and in addition 2 365
forecasts received from the forecast office were p;ssed on to aircraft.'
. Local inspection of meteorological stations have been carried out by
~emo~ officers of _the Survey Department from time to time: co-operation
10 this respect bemg of great help to thi:- Malayan Meteorological Service.
119
120 7
Owing to the nature of the work and to ensure proper siting,
meteorological stations · are generally situated in relatively isolated areas.
Great credit is due to the staff at these stations who, ,vhile living under
di fficu1t and dan g~rons conditions owing to the existing em erg ency, have
continued to perform their dnties and thus ensured 1ittle1 if any, dislocation
of the service.
The "·ork at the Singapore station at Kallaug has been seriously
hampered by lack of trained staff and the station has only operated on a
<lawn to dusk service throughout the year and even so has had to be closed
temporarily during short periods of sickness of staff. When it is realised
that this is the only civil reporting station in the Colony able to give service
to aircraft flying by night on the trnnk routes the seriousness of the position
v.,ill μe appreciated. This meteorological station should be in a position
to issue a weather report of existing conditions from Singapore at any time
required. The duties of this reporting station have therefore had to be
carried out at the forecast office, which is already overburdened ·with work.
\Veather and pilot balloon observations during the day were maintained
throughout the year at Cocos, Keeling Island by the staff of Cable &
Wireless Ltd. ·who were paid an honoraria for the performance of the ,vork.
The value of such observations from isolated island stations in mid-ocean
is considerable, and appreciation is felt for the care and regularity with
which these are made and for the co-operation of the company in permitting
their staff to do the work.
The replacement of meteorological equiprn::nt at stations destroyed
during the war has proceeded satisfactorily although certain instruments are
still in short supply.
The full setting up of auxiliary stations, of which there ,vere fortyseven
pre-,,·ar, and of the voluntary rainfall stations numbering 800 approximately,
has not yet been possible : the rebuilding of the rainfall organisation
must, under existing conditions, remain a matter of considerable difficulty.
INTERN ATIO~AL Co-OPERATION
Follmving on the recommendation of the meeting of the Directors,
International Meteorological Organisation, held in Washington in November,
1948, it has been necessary to produce a ne,v manual of meteorological
codes for use at stations throughout lv!alaya. The preparation of this
manual ·which covers ip.struction for the use of synoptic codes for surface,
upper air reports, aircraft an<l shipping- was a work requiring considerable
care and labour. These codes are to he introduced on a \.Yorld ·wide basis
on 1st January, 1949 and will shO\Y a considerable advance in international
co-operation.
_ A meeting of the International i\leteorological Organisation Conunissiou
II (Asia) was held in N"e,\· ·Delhi over the period roth to 20th November,
1948, at \Yhich Thialaya \\·as represented by the I'irector, Comdr. }.1oorhead.
Other countries represented were Australia, Burma, Ceylon Hongkono·
I • I O>
ndia, Indo-China, Indonesia, Japan (SCAP), Mongolia1 Pakistan, Siam,
(}nited Kingdom1 United States of America, Union of Socialist Soviet
Russia and also representatives of the International :Meteorological Organisation
and the International Ciyi] Aviation Organisation. This, the first
meeting of the Commission since the war, was principally occupied with
irn1~rovement of the existing net\\"ork of meteorological stations in the
r~g10n, the co-ordination of national meteorological broadcasts of meteorological
information, the establishment of sub-continental broadcast and the
standardisation of hours of observation and the introduction of new
international codes.
8
As an outcome of this conference the follov;:ing recommendations and
proposals of particular interest to 1\ialaya were put forward : -
(a) that every endeavour be made to· obtain surfact! and upper
wind reports at routine synoptic times from important island
stations in the region. Cl1ristmas and Cocog Islands ·were
specifica11.r mentioned.
(/,) a scheme was prepared to ensure the co-ordination of national
meteorological broadcasts, to become effective rst February,
1949.
{c) establishment of three sub-continental broadcast centres at New
Delhi, Tokyo and Khabarovsk was agreed to.
(d) it was recommended that four centres be selected in the region
'iVhere sub-regional standard barometers could be set up to
facilitate checking and comparison of barometers behveen all
countries in the region. Singapore ,,vas suggested as one such
centre.
Re rn.a.Tks
No meteorological reports are available from Christmas Island at the
present time and at Cocos a limited system is in force during the day
time. The recommendation to estabiish and/or augment facilities is in
conformity with general international practice whereby it is recognised
that the setting up of island weather stations is a matter of importance
to meteorology throughout the world.
The need for a standard barometer for comparison purposes has long
been felt in the 1\-falaya Peni;nsula and the setting up of such an instrument
in Singapore ,vill prove of value not only to the Region II (Asia) but also to
shipping passing through Singapore.
A meeting of Regional Commission V (S. W. Pacific) ,~,as held in
Wellington, New Zealand, over the per,iod r-zth to I7th April, r948.
Malaya being a border country and, therefore, vitally interested from the
meteorological viewpoint as to what is taking place in the neighbouring
countries was invited to send a representative. This was not possible.
A meeting of the 1::t:eteorological Committee of the First S.E. Asia
Regional Air Navigation commission was held at New Delhi in November/
December r948 at which several important recommendations relating to the
region were considered. These proposals have yet to receive the final
apJ?rovaI of the International Civil Aviation Organisation.
STAFF
Dr. C. A. LE.'\ acted as Director from the beginning of the year until
28th February, 1948, 1\:Ir. I. G. JoHK from 29th February, r918 to 6th
March, 1948, \vhen the Director, Comdr. H. B. l\'fooRHE:AD returned from
leave.
Technical staff at the end of the year stood as follo\YS :-
Director-
Assistant Director
Meteorological Officers ...
Meteorological Assistant::.
and Cadets
Junior Technical Assis-
H eadguort crs
I
I {2j
3 {7)
Singapore
4 (4)
7 { 12)
Federation
of Afala_1'a
l6 (32)
tants 1 (5) 7 (BJ 34 (so)
The figures in bracket5 denote the approved estahlish ment.
121
122 9
Recrnit111ent bas bel:'n slo\\', I 1arlieular]y into the meteorological cadet
sc,dl' \\'here uncertainties regarding fntl1re condition of service have made
it difficult to make firm offers to incoming applicants. This matter should
be clarified with the introduction of new schemes of service in 1949.
The worldwide shortage of trained scientific officers has prevented the
filling of the vacant meteorological officer posts, only one candidate coming
forward to fill the six vacant posts. The position is a serious one as
the demand for meteorological facilities for civil aviation will continue
to increase with the expansion of the existing and commencement of new
services, and during r948 the meteorological capacity of the department
was already stretched to breaking point.
Appendix II sho\VS the expenditure for the year 1948.
APPENDIX 1
CLIMATE OF MALA YA
The characteristic features of the climate of lUalaya are unifonn
temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall, and they arise mainly from
the maritime exposure of the Peninsula. By uniform temperature is meant
the lack of serious temperature variation throughout the year; the daily
range of temperature is large, being from 10" to 15°F at the coastal stations
and from 15° to 20°F. at the inland stations. The variation of temperature
tr.roughout the year is very small and the excessive temperatures which
are found in continental tropical areas are never experienced. In this
connection it may be noted that an air temr)erature of 100°F. has very
rarely been recorded in Malaya under standard condition$.
The variation of rainfall is the most important feature in the seasonal
division of the year1 but this is ~ot the same everywhere and as it is due
to the more uniform periodic changes in the v,:ind, the wind changes are
nsually spoken of ,vhen seasons are mentioned. There are four seasons
which ,ve can distinguish, namely, that of the South-West 1\1onsoon, that
of the North-East Monsoon and two shorter seasons separating the end of
each of these from the commencement of the other. The beginning and
end of the monsoon seasons are usually not well-defined, though the onset
of the North-East Monsoon may be fairly definite.
The South-West :Monsoon as experienced in l\Ialaya is due to· a
frictional effect, \vhereby the atmosphere moves in conformity with the
South-\Vest :tv!onsoon current of the IndiaJ1 Ocea111 but to a smaller extent.
\Vhile it cannot as yet be said definitely, there are indications that the
movement dies out altogether in the region of 1\-:Ialacca, and south of this
the lJrevailing ·wind direction is probably south-east at this time of the
year. The winds of the South-West 1VIonsoon1 as experienced in :i\.falaya,
are very light and at the ground are almost completely lost in stronger
local circulations such as the land and sea breezes which are a regular
feature. At a height of 2,000 to 3,000 feet, however, the prevailing direction
is south-westerly.
The North-East 1'-fonsoon occurs at the season which corresponds with
the ,,,inter of northern latitudes. This wind is actually the nonnal NorthEast
Trade wind ·which moves south at this time of the year and is
strengthened by the low temperature on the continent of Asia. As a
consequence it is a much stronger and steadier ·wind than the South-West
l\Ionsoon so far as Malaya is concerned.
io
The times of commencement of the 111onsoons vary to sume extenl.
'l'he South-West l\'Ionsoon is usually established in the latter half of lVlay
or earlv in June and ends in September. 'the North-East :Monsoon usually
comm~nces in late October or November and ends in :March. There are
thus two periods, each of about two months i11 length, beh\·een the ending
of one monsoon and the beginning of the opposite one, corresponding
roughly with the equinoctial seasons. The averag'c rainfall of every
district is largely governed by this seasonal division, although the same
characteristics do not appear everyv,·herc at the same seasons. On the
East Coast there is also a distinct temperature variation with the monsoons,
although it is not very great.
The seasonal variation of rainfall in l\Ialaya is of three tyJJes. Along
the East Coast, and for a fe,-v miles inland, the ma:,.:imum rainfall occurs
with the North-East :Monsoon, the remainder of the year being comparatively
dry. There is a steady increase of rainfall month by month from
June or July to December, followe.d by a steady decrease on to the middle
of the year. Over the inland districts and along the greater part of the
\Vest Coast the maximum rainfall usually occurs in October and November.
A second rainy season1 though not so pronounced, occurs in 1\.farch and
April, the middle periods of the monsoons being comparatively dry. Along
~) limited length of coast in the region of lVIalacca, the \\·ettest portion of
the year is at the height of the South-\:Vest Monsoon, the lowest rainfall
occuring in December and January. The change from minimum to
maximum is fairly regular, as is also the reverse.
The yearly rainfall is high over the whole of Peninsula, the driest
station of those at which records have been kept being Jelebn, with an
average for the forty~seven years 189r-1937 of 65 inches. The highest rainfall
recorded occurs in the Larut Hills near. Taiping \\·here the average at
"The Cottage" (4,5r3 feet) for the 34 years r904-r937 is 232 inches. Taiping
itself, at the foot of these hills, has the highest rainfall of the. low-level
stations ,vith an average of 166 inches. The high rainfall of this area
i~ exceptional and at other hill stations at approximately the same height,
·but situated in the main range of mountains, the rainfall is considerablv
less; the average at Fraser's Hill being 109 inches and that at Cameron
Highlands ro6 inches.
Considering the Peninsula as a whole, the heaviest yearly rainfall is
exvcrienced along the East Coast where the average is about 120 inches.
This average decreases going inland from the coast and is about H)u inches
at the foot of the range on the eastern sirle. Between the range and the
\Vest Coast the distribution is more irregular. 1n North Kedah the rainfall
continues to decrease as the West Coast is apJiroached hut in South
Kedah and Perak there is a notable increase in the rainfall before the coast is
reached. The Taiping area has already been mentioned but again at
Tapah 146 inches is the average year's fall. Along the \Vest Coast the
rainfall decreases fairly uniformly from 106 inc-hes at Penang to 80 or 85
inches on the coasts of Selangor and Negri Sembilan. Tht. eastern part
of Negri Sernbilan is comparatively dry with an average rainfall of not
much more than 70 inches. ·
The differences in temperature in Malaya an~ compara'tively small,
\\·hether temperature variations thronghout the year at one place or
differences from place to place at the same time of the year are considered.
They are, nevertheless fairly definite in some rt"spects and are worthv of
mention. The average day temperature in the districts to the east o{ the
main mountain range is lower than in other\\'ise similar districts west of
the range. The difference in the average values in the east and west are
123
124 It
lne almost entirely to the lm,· day temperature experienced -in the Eastern
:listricts during the North-East Monsoon.
0
At Ku_ala Pahang, for exampl~.
the day temperatu:e rarely appr?3;,c~es go F. dunng the North-East Monsoon
and often_ fa1ls to reach l'io I•: A 11~11nbt!r of occasions have been
recorded on which tht temperature dtd not nse above 75°F. which is not infrequently
the lowest tt.:-mperat11rc· reached during the night in most
districts. _Night te111pern~u:es do no~t vary t~ ~he same extent, the average
usually bemg between 70 F. and 75 F. I_nd1v1dnal values fall much below
this at nearly all stat10ns, the coolest nights commonly following some
of the hottest days. The lovvest temperature recorded in the plains is 6o °F.
which occurred at both Knlim and Leng-gong in r937. The coast stations
do not show quite such lmv temperatures but even here the nio·ht
temperature falls belm.v 70°F. from time to time. ::,,
The nights are thus seen to be reasonably cool everywhere and
although the days are frequently hot, ancl, on account of the high humidity
somewhat oppressive, it very rardy happens that refreshing sleep is not
obtained at night.
At the hill stations conditions are very different. Uniformity of
temperature i~ still found but the t~mperatur~ itself is_ naturally much
lower. The highest temperature expenenc-ed dunng the thirteen years 1925_
1937 at Fraser's Hill (4,20~ feet) \Yas Sr °F. a~1d at Tanah Rata, Cameron
Hio-hlands (4,750 feet), 79 F. The coolest 111ght at Fraser's Hill during
thi; period was 53°F. and at Tanah Rata 36°F. or only 4°F. above freezing
point.
The general character of the winds of the Peninsula has already been
outlined. Apart from the North-f:ast I\1onsoon _the surface winds are very
light. The North-East 1\fonsoon itself rare1y, if ever, reaches gale force
except in gusts, but between April and November the west coast is liable
to be struck by violent squalls knon-11 as "Surnatras". Being squalls they
are of short duration but until they have passed ,vinds up to 65 miles per
hour may be experienced. A "Sumatra" is usually experienced as a sudden
change of wind direction from South to vVest, or ~orth.west, together with
a sudden rise in wind sp~ed from perhar:is ten mlles per hour to thirty or
fortv miles per hour. This is accompamed by a sudden small rise in the
bar~meter and a sudden fall of temperature which may be as much as r5"F.
The whole change takes place in a fe\.V seconds and haprrens simultaneouslv
alono- a more o~ less straight line ,.vhich may be 200 miles or more i~
length. This Hne runs approximately from _Nor_th-west to South-east and
the n-ho1e squall moves in a north-easterly d1rect10n at a speed correspon<ling:
to the speed of the squa 11 ,~·incl, ·
12
APPENDIX 11
S'l'A 'l'El\IENT OF Ex l'Er-;lJJT L; RE Ji'OK 'J H Ii YEAR 194<')
HEAJJQU ARTERS.
1.
2,
3·
4.
Personal Emoluments, M. E.O.
Personal Emo I umcn ts, N 011-M. E. U.
Cost of Living Allo\.\'ance
Expatriation Allowance
Instruments, Materials and Statiom:ry
Meteorological 1 n vestigations
Miscellaneous
.)•
6.
7,
8.
Printing of Records and Researcbe;;
Purchase and binding of Period ica b and
9·
10,
IL
I 2,
Books
Telephones and Telegrams
Transport and Travelling
Office Equipment
Installation of New Equipment ...
SINGAPORE.
1. Personal Emolum~nts, M. E.O ....
Personal Emoluments, Non-M.E.O.
2. Cost of Living Al lo\'vance
3. Expatriation Allowance
4. Instruments, Materials and Stationery
5. Miscellaneous
6. Telephones and Telegrams
7. Transport and Travelling
8. Wireless Service::
9. Cocos Island "\Veather Reporb
FEDERATION OF MALAYA.
1. Personal Emoluments, Non-M.E.O.
2. Cost of Living Allowance
3. Rent Allowance
4. Incidental Expenses ...
5. Instruments, Materials and Stationery
6. Rent
7. Telephones
8. Transport and Travelling
9. Upkeep of Meteorological Stations
Quarters
10. vVireless Services
1 I. Training of Meteorological Observers
I 2. Installation of Equipment
13. Furniture for Stations and Quarters
210849
and
$ c.
23,086 12
I0,557 I 5
17,288 54
4,478 15
.394 00
316 so
312 i9
SiOOO oo
665 22
5,981 27
983 40
1,580 98
24,2S9 03
18,027 80
27,957 41
6,o62 90
1,877 27
130 69
10,379 13
132 87
J 1 9,613 73
1,foo 35
48,847 15
27,408 65
713 35
I, I 79 53
76,874 14
130 00
7,837 20
4,603 61
7,486 81
9,929 84
3,181 54
2 ,963 67
5,837 so
TOTAL
ti c;.
210,0CJI 1k
196,rJC).: 9<J -------------
477,728 29
125
Annex 17
Malayan Naval Force Ordinance 1948
(Colony of Singapore)
@
COLONY OF SINGAPORE.
No. 40 of 1948.
I assent,
F. C. GIMSON,
Governor and Conimander-in-Ch'ie/.
24th Deceuiber, 1948.
An Ordinance to provide for the establishment and
maintenance of a Force styled the Malayan Naval
Force and for matters incidental thereto.
It is hereby enacted by the Governor of the Colony
of Singapore with the advice and consent of the Legislative
Council thereof as follows:-
1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Malayan Short title.
Naval Force Ordinance, 1948.
2. In this Ordinance unless the context otherwise Tnterpreta-.
requires- tion.
·'the Admiralty" means the Lord High Admiral of
the United Kingdom for the time being or the
Commissioners for the time being for executing
the office of Lord High Admiral of the United
Kingdom;
"Federal Citizen" means a Federal Citizen as
defined by any written law for the time being
in force in the Federation of Malaya; .
I 127 1
128
2 (40 OF 1948] . MALAYAN NAVAL FORCE.
E:stablisb~
ment of a
Malayan
Naval
Force.
1 'Flag Officer'' means the Flag Offl.cer, Malayan
Area, for the time being;
"the Force" means the lfalayan Naval Force raised
under this Ordinance:
"instructor"_ n1eans any ·person appointed under
section 8 of this Ordinance to serve as an
instructor to the Force; .
''member of the force'' 111eans any person accepted
for service in the Force;
"officer" .means any officer ai>poiuted to the Force
. under section 8 of this Ordinance;
"rating7
' means any rnernber of the Force not being
an officer or instructor;
''Secretary of State" means one of His Th1ajest-y's
Principal Secretaries of States; .
"the Senior Officer" means the Senior Officer,
Malayan Naval Force, appointed to be in
executive com.man<l of the Force. -
3. It shall be lawful for the Gover.nor to raise and
maintain a force for the naval defence of the Colony
within its territorial waters to be called the Malayan
Naval Force.
Force to be 4. The Force shall he raised and n1aintained at the
establis~ed expense of the Colony out of n1onevs })rovided by the and mam- . • . •.
tained at Legislative Council.
the expense
of the
. Colony.
Period of
engagement.
Force to
consist of
unit~-
5. Every person entered in the Force other than
officers and instructors shall be entered for such a term
of engagement as may be prescribed.
6. The Force shall consist of such units as the
Governor rnay from time to time by notification in the
Gazette appoint.
Con~titu- 7. The Force shall consist of such nun1bers of officers
tFion of the and men as the Governor may from tirne to tin1e decide. orce.
Officers and 8.--(1) Officers and instructors may be appointed to
instruc- the Force by the Secretary of State and shall serve on
tors. such terms as the Govei-nor, subject to the approval of
the Secretary of State and, in the case of officers on the
active list of the Royal Navy, of the Admiralty, shall
from time to tin1e determine.
(2) Officers of the Force, other than officers appointed
under subwsection (1) of this section, shall receive either
commissions or warrants from the Governor. Such
MALAYAN NAVAL FORCE. _ [ 40 OF 19~8] 3
officers .shall serve on such terms as the Governor·shal1
from th:ne to t.ime determine and such commissions or
warrants shal I not be dee1necl to he vacated , by the
.death or retirement from office of the Governor by whom
the same were issued.
9. Members of the Force shall be entitled to such pay Pay and
a.ud allowances as may be prescribed. allowances.
10.-(1) The Force shall be under the orders and Command
cl irection of the Flag Officer who shall he responsible to }f0 :;e~
the Governor for the naval administration, discipline,
training a.1ul operation of t.l1e Force. ·
(2) The execut.ive conrnutnd of the Force shall be
vested in the Senior Offic·er appointed as such under
sub-section (1) of section 8 of this Ordinance who shall
he respqnsible to the Governor in matters of local
admiuistration affecting recruiting, promotion, conditions
of service, works, repairs and finance.
11. Every male person who is a British subject or P':r~ons
~ Federal mtizen shall subject to the provisions of this ;~f~1e for
Ordinance and of any regulations made thereunder, be ·
eligible for entry into the Force.
12. The Governor may at any time, with the approval Gover;_or
of the Secretary o.f State, terminate the appointment of ;e~e ;:ith
any officer or instructor without notice. services.
13. The Senior Officer may discharge any rating on Senior .
the grounds of misconduct. neglect of duty or incompe- ~i~cC::Tgi:~Y
tence.
14. The Flag Officer may cause any member of the Service .
.Force to serve and to be instructed and trained on shore
or on board any ship or vessel or partly on shore and
partly on board any ship or vessel within the limits of
the Colony and of the territorial waters thereof.
15. Any person who wilfully obstructs any portion of Obstructing
the Force or any member thereof in the performance of the Force.
any service or duty under this Ordinance or regulations
made thereunder shall be guilty of an offence.
16. Any person who- Obstructing
(a) agrees W·l th , Or 1.1 1 d UC0S or a tte mp t 8 to l•i l d UCO athned Faoidricneg
any member of the Force to neglect or to act or inducing
l.l l COllf l.l Ct WI" th h"I S d U ty as a memb e r O f th0 mFoermceb ertso of
Force . or dereliction
(b) 1· s a part y' t o, or aI" d s or a b e t s, or 1· nm· te s to the of duty.
commission of any act of indiscipline or any
129
130
4
Organisation,
conditions
of
service,
etc .• to be
prescribed
by regulation&.
(40 OF 1948] MALAYAN NAVAL FORCE.
act whereby any lawful order given to any
member of the force or any law or regulation
with which it is the duty of any member of
the Force to comply, may be .evaded or
infringed ; or
(c) supplies or is a party to supplying any member
of th_e Force with intoxicating liquor when
such member is prohibited by any orders or
instructions fron1 rece~ving or t,aking intoxicating
liquor,
shall be guilty of an offence.
17. Without prejudice to the provisions of this
Ordinance the government, organisation, administration
and training of, and the qualifications for enti-y
into and conditions of service in, the Force shall be
prescribed by regulations made by the Governor. Such
regulations may in particular provide for all or any of
the following matters or things-
(a) the numerical establishments of units of the
Force ancl the grades, ranks and ratings
therein;
(b) the seniority of officers of the Force and the.
appointn1ent to, promotion to ancl tenure of
commissioned or warrant rank in the Force;
(c) the advancement to or reversion from petty
officer rating of rnem hers of the Force;
(d) the conditions as t-0 physical fitness required of
members of the Force and of persons applying
for entry into the Force;
(e) the manner in which, and the eonclit.ionR suhjeC't
to which persons desiring to enter the Force
may offer the1nselves under this Ordinance
and the forn1 of engagement to he co1npleted
by such persons;
(f) the classes of persons eligible for entry into the
Force; ·
(g) the establishment and conduct of institutions
for providing recreation and refreshment to
members of the :Force;
(h) the requisitioning of goods or acc01nn1odatic5n
in time of war or emergency;
(i) any matter or thing which under t,his Or1li11a1we
is to be prescribed;
(j) generally for the bette1~ carrying out of the
provisions of this Ordinance.
MALAY AN NAVAL FORCI!:. [40 OF l948j 5
18. The Senior Officer may with the approval of the senior
Governor make orders consistent with this Ordinance ~~Yce~ake
providing generally for the equipment, general orders.
organisation and administration of the Force.
19. Any person who is guilty of an offence under Penalties.
this Ordinance for which nq special penalty is provided
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
five hundred dollars and in default. of payment to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
20. All membe1·s of the Force if acting bona fi,de and
in the course of their duty shall he exe1npt from all
Ordinances providing for the possession, carrying or
storage of fire-arms, amn1unition or explosives.
Passed this 21st day of December, 1948.
L. W. DONOUGH,
Clerk of Councils.
E.xemption
from certain
civil
liabilities.
131 1
Annex 18
Malayan Naval Force and Defence Ordinance 1949
( Colony of Singapore)
COLONY OF SINGAPORE.
No. 13 of 1949.
f aH:::;ent,
F. C. (iJl\i180N,
(lo1:ernor and, Couunander-in-Chie/.
28th April, 1940.
A11 Onlinan0e to establish a Mala.van Naval Force for
the Naval Defence of the Colon):.
Whereas hy the Colonial Naval Defence Acts, H>:n
and 1949, it is provided that the legislature of any
colony may, with the approval of His Majesty i11
Council, make provision, either .in conjunction with
any other colony or tei·ritory in ·which His Majesty has
jurisdiction, other than a territory for the time hei11g
administered by His Majesty's Governrnent i11 aDominion
within the n1eaning of the Statute of
Westminster, 1931, or not, for rnaintaining vessels oJ
war; and tha.t where the legislature of any colony hai:;
made provision for raising a force for the naval defence
of the colony within its territorial waters, that legislature
may, with the approval of His l\f:ajesty in
Council, furthe1· make such provision regarding the
discipline and service of officers anc1 111en of that force
as is contained in this Ordinance:
And .whereas uy the said Act it is further provided
that His Majesty in Council 1nay, ou such conditions as
he thinks fit, authorise the Admiralty to accept any
offer made by the Gove1·nment of a colony to place at
133
134
2
Short title
Interpretation.
Ve.ssels of
\Var.
Service and
training
outside
Colony.
[13 OF 1949] :\-rALA\'AN NAVAL FORCE
AND DEFENCE
His Majesty's disposal for general service in the Royal
Navy, vessels of war maintained, or officers or men of
such force a,s aforesaid raised, by the Co]ony :
And whereas by the Malayan Naval Force Ordinance.
1948, pl'ovisiou has been ma'c-le for raising and maintaining
a force for the naval defence of the Colony called
the Malayan Naval Force:
And whereas by an Order of His Majesty in Council
dated the 28th clav of Ja.nuary, 1949. intituled the
J\falayan Naval For.ce Order, 1949, approval has been
given to the making by the legislature of the Colony of
Singapore of provision as aforesaid :
It is hereby enacted by the Governor of the Colony
of Singapore 'with the advice and consent of the Legislative
Council thereof as follows :-
1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Malayan Naval
Force and Defence Ordinance, 1949, and this Ordinance
an<l the Malayan Naval Force Ordinance, 1948, may be
cited together as the Ma1ayan Naval Force and Defence
Ordinance, 1940.
2.-(1) In this Ordinance "The Force" means the
Malayan Nava] Force raised under the Malayan Naval
Force Ordinance, 1948.
{2) This Ordinance shall be construed as one with the
Malayan Naval Force Ordinance, 1948.
8.-(1) The Governor in Council may provide for
maintaining and using vessels of war either in conjunc.
tion with a11y other Colony or with the Federation of
Malaya, or independently.
(2) The Governor in Council may, by agreement with
such other Colony or the Federation of 11alaya, if any,
offer to place at His Majesty's disposal for general
service in the Roval Navv anv vessel of war so
maintained. ., " ·
4. Officers and men of the Force shall he liable to
service and training in any ship, establishment or othe1·
place without the hmits of the Colony. or its territorial
waters whether belonging to the Colony or not.
Enactments 5. All the enactments and regulations for the time ~t1on~e~t being in force for the enforcement of discil_)line in the
Royal Navy Royal Navy shall apply, with the modificat10ns set out
k'ta~la.1! 10 in the Schedule to this Ordinance, to the officers and
~aval men of the l4"orce whether ashore or afloat or within or
orce. without the limits of the Colony.
MALAYAN NAVAL FORCE · [13 OF 1949] s
AND DEFENCE
6. All or any of the officers and m.en of the Force may Entry for
be entered into the Force on the express terms of :fthc4koyal
accepting general service in the Royal Navy in case of Navy in
. emergency. . emergency.
7 .. The Governor in Council may offer ,to place at ~!f~:1
0
,
His Majesty's disposal for general service in the Royal the Malayan
Navy in case of emergency all or any officers anrl men f!a~~iatrce
of the Malayan Naval Force. Navy.
SCHEDULE.
(Section 5).
r. Where in the Naval Discipline Act and in the King':.
Regulations and Admiralty Instructions, in so far as the same are
applicable to the officers or men of the Force any power or duty is
vested in or imposed upon the Admiralty, such power or duty shall,
in respect of the Force, be vested in, exercised or performed by the
Governor.
2. Where not inconsistent with the subject matter of•the Naval
Discipliae Act, the word "Colony" shall be read in place of the words
"England" or "United Kingdom" or "United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland" wherever they occur. ··
3. All regulations and orders made under sections 17 and 18
of the Malayan Naval Force Ordinance, 1948. shall be deemed to
modify the regulations and orders of the Royal Navy where they
conflict with the said regulations and orders.
4. Commissioned and Warrant Officers on the active list of the
Royal Navy lent for duty with the Force will for the purpose of
command rank as officers superior to locally commissioned or local
warrant officers of the same rank.
5. Instructors on the active list of the Royal Navy lent for
duty with the Force will for the purpose of command rank as officers
superior to all locally recruited ratings.
Pa.ssed this 12th day of April, 1949.
L. W. DONOUGH,
Clerk of Councils.
135
Annex 19
Annual Report of the Malayan Meteorological Service 1949
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MALAYAN
ME1,EOROLOGICAL SERVICE, 1949
BY
II. Il. F. MOORHEAD,
Director,
•11,folay,m .Meteorological Service
I'm XTIU, AT THE GovEnN M El<T Pill XTI x,: OFFICE:, Si :,{(:Al'Ol!I':.
r,y V. C. G .. G.\TllEU., Gov~n:omxT PIIIXTF.(!
1950
137
138
ORGANIZATION
The Headquarters office is responsible for the administrative
work within the department and the climatological work of the
Federation and Singapore. The number of enquiries for meteorological
information from other Government departments, private firms
and individuals was varied but considerable, and in many cases
entailed the analysis of large quantities of data.
The principle of maintaining one Forecast office at Kallang
airport to serve both the needs of the Federation and Singapore was
continued because sufficient senior officers were not available to staff
two offices. With the continual expansion of civil flying and the
possible diversion of traffic from Tengah to Kallang it is improbable
that this one forecast office can continue to meet the needs of civil
aviation for the region as a whole. The region must now be taken
to include the Borneo territories. Under the existing system there
are certain peak or rush hours during the day when the meteorological
requirements for flying reach a maximum; the chief of these periods
is that covering dawn departures of aircraft. While it may be
possible to serve the immediate increase in future requirements by
"doubling up" the staff at these periods, such an arrangement will
not prove satisfactory and cannot be extended beyond a reasonable
limit. The need for the establishment of a dependant forecast office
elsewhere in Malaya must be accepted as a necessity in the near
future.
WEATHER MAP
The weather map at the Forecast office, Kallang, covers an area
which extends over 3,500 miles, i.e. from Japan in the East to Aden
in the West. This synoptic map is plotted from information supplied
by a large number of observing stations from many countries. The
main hours for the taking of these reports are fixed at standard
times throughout the area, these being 0130, 0730, 1330 and 1930
hours local time. Intermediate hours of observation are 0430, 1030,
1630 and 2230 hours, and certain of the more important stations issue
hourly reports throughout the twenty-four hours. Generally speaking
the amount of inforrpation now supplied from different countries
shows a marked increase on that of the previous year, but there
stilJ remain certain isolated areas where the information is scarce and
incomplete.
AVIATION SERVICES
The Forecast office at Area Control, Kallang, has been open
throughout the twenty-four hours, but it was not possible to maintain
a qualified meteorological officer on watch the whole time and the
services of the duty forecaster were only available over the "dawn
to dusk" period: during the remaining hours this officer was "on
call". The Borneo territories lie within the Singapo1·e Flight
, - :_-..,. ~. : ~
2
· .. ,;,..
Information Region. The opening up of services by Malayan Airways
Limited, and Qantas Empire Airways to these countries, has increased
the work of the forecast office, which is required to provide informa•
tion and advice over relatively new and extensive areas where
observations are sparse and, in the early stages, were incomplete.
During the past two years there has been a gradual but noticeable
increase in the height at which civil aircraft operate in this region
with the result that it is difficult to provide the necessary information
of upper conditions to heights of 20;000 feet. As a temporary measure
it is proposed to try to obtain upper wind infonnation at greater
heights by using larger balloons and increased lift. Preliminary
enquiries have been instituted in regard to the provision of radar
wind finding equipment. The setting up and operation of this
equipment will entail expert technical advice and considerab]e funds
v-lill be required to put any programme into operation.
SHIPPING
During the year -there has been a gratifying increase in the
number of ships reporting regularly to Penang and Singapore. This
improvement is attributed primarily to instructions issued to British
shipping in the Marine Observer's guide through the courtesy of
the Meteorological Office, London.
Shipping forecasts we.re issued daily for the Straits of Malacca,
Gulf of Siam, South China Sea (West), and South China Sea (East).
Similar information was also made available to the :naval authorities.
SUMMARY OF FORECASTS
A summary of forecasts issued from Singapore during 1949 is
as follows :-
Forecasts to aircraft crews (briefing)
Forecasts to aircraft in flight
Forecasts to Malayan stations (for aircraft)
Shipping forecasts ..
Analysis
Advisory forecasts to Darwin
Advisory forecasts to Bata\'i~
Advisory forecasts to Bangkok
Advisory forecasts to Rangoon
. Advisory forecasts to Hongkong
Advisory forecasts to Calcutta
,Advisory forecasts to Colombo
Advisory forecasts to Saigon
Advisory forecasts to Borneo Territories
Miscellaneous forecasts to aviation
3,065
1,572
2,476
1,096
365
1,195
1,858
1,735
65
328
1,138
296
102
158
42
15,491
This figure shows an increase of 3,607 forecasts over the μ:revious
year or approximately thirty per cent.
139
140
3
GENERAL WEATHER OF MALAYA
Rainfall averages about one hundred inches a year, though the
annual fa1l varies considerably from place to place and year to year.
Jelebu, in Negri Sembilan, recorded the least rainfall in 1949
with a total of 76.34 inches and Kampar, in Perak, the most ,;i.--ith
175.35 inches.
The average maximum temperature in the plains is rather less
than 90° F and the minimum about 70° F. At the hill stations
temperatures are considerably lower: at Cameron Highlands the
extremes for 1949 were 78° F and 46° F, and at Fraser's Hill
79° F and 56° F. More detailed rainfall and temperature figures are
shown in Appendix IL
Kuala Lumpur conditions during 1949
The annual rainfall for the year 1949 was 100.50 inches against
a normal of 94.54 inches. The , wettest ,month was October ,vith
12.83 inches. The driest month was January with 0.82 inches. The
highest temperature 96° F ,yas recorded on 1st January and again on
9th March.
Singapore conditions during 1949
The annual rainfall for the year was 93.38 inch.es against a
normal of 94.99 inches. The wettest month was December with
12.56 inches of rain. The driest month was March ,vith 2.91 inches
of rain. The highest temperature was ~)4° F on 23rd March and
6th April. The lowest temperature was 71 ° F on several occasions.
METEOROLOGICAL STA TIO NS
The number of first order meteorological stations remains
unchanged at sixteen and nine of these are adjacent to, or actually
on, aerodromes. The station offices at Kuala Lumpur and at Kota
Bharu are in temporary buildings so that it has not been practicable
to set up all the recording instruments or to decide on the permanent
site for the instrument enclosure.
vVith the exception of the two stations named above a continuous
record is maintained of the following elements by autographic
instruments :-
Wind, direction and speed Rainfall
, Temperature Sunshine
Relative Humidity Barometric pressure
These records of autographic instruments have to be supplemented
and controlled by eye observations at fixed hours. The full
programme of fixed hour observa_tions, to fit in with international
times for synoptic 1,veather reports, would require observation at
three hourly intervals throughout the twenty-four hours.- At most
4
Malayan stations, however, it was only possible to conform to the
following hours 4.30 a.m., 7.30 a.m., 10.30 a.m., 1.30 p.m., 4.30 p.m.
and 7.30 p.m. To comply with I.C.A.O. requirements an endeavour
was made to carry out a full hventy-four hour reporting system at
Bayan Lepas, Penang. While this service was maintained throughout
almost the full year there were short periods when, owing to
sickness, the programme had to be temporarily abandoned. At
Kallang observing station it was necessary for the essential duties
to be taken over by the Forecast office staff during the night hours.
The observations taken at these fixed hours comprised readings of
the barometer, dry and wet bulb thermometers and rain gauge,
together with detailed observation of the general ,veather, the type,
direction and speed of clouds at different heights and the visibility.
Pilot balloon observations ,vere carried out twice daily at Penang,
Rota Bharu, Port Swettenham and once a day at Kuantan. At
Singapore two dafly ascents were made. To meet local requirements
and to conform to international standards it will be necessary to
increase the number of pilot baIJoon observations to four a day at four
stations in :Malaya. It is of interest to observe that a pilot balloon
was foIIowed to the unusual height of 70,000 feet by the observingstaff
at Kota Bharu in April. A total of 41,101 weather reports
· and 2,128 forecasts were sent out to aircraft~ The figure of 41,101
weather reports compares with 28,436 for 1948, an increase of over
forty per cent. Of these 41,101 reports just under half were issued
from Kallang.
As in previous years the inspections of outlying stations by
senior officers of the Survey Department have been of great
assistance.
Surface weather reports and pilot balloon reports were received,
regularly throughout the year from Cocos, Keeling Island, where
the observations are carried out by the staff of Messrs. Cable and
Wireless, Limited. Such reports are of great value, both from the
point of view of synoptic meteorology and climatology. During thepast
year these messa,ges were of special significance on account of
''proving" flights from Australia to Africa undertaken by Qantas
Airways, Limited and also during the operation of an air service
by K.L.M. for a short time across the Indian Ocean to Java.
AUXILIARY STATIONS
A start has been, made in the re-equipping of these auxiliary
stations throughout Malaya and meteorological equipment has been
supplied to many hospitals throughout the country where regular
observations of temperature and rainfall are now being made
twice daily: records· from these stations will prove of co.nsiderable
value for an increased climatological knowledge of the country.
Forty-two of these auxiliary stations have been set up, and this
141
142
5
compares favourably with the pre-war number of forty-seven. In
addition rainfall reports are received from approximately fifty
voluntary rainfall stations.
TR.A VEL BY AIR
The recent decision to permit junior officers in the Federation
of Malaya, proceeding on duty to the East coast, to travel by air has
made the position much easier in regard to the provision of reliefs
to meet normal leave and sickness movements. This is particularly
the case in respect of meteorological stations at the airfields at
Kuantan and Kota Bharu when officers have to be transferred from
the West coast-the long and uncomfortable journey by road being
an unwelcome feattn·e during existing conditions.
CO-OPERATION
New International Codes and Station Index numbers designed
to give greater uniformity throughout the world were introduced
on 1st January, 1949. A great de~l of work had first to be done
in the preparation of instructions, manuals, forms and in training
"of personnel by all national meteorological services. The change
over was effected smoothly and with the minimum of dislocation
of services.
During the year Dr. C. A. Lea, Assistant Director, was designated
as the Malayan representative 011 the international Commission for
Aeronautical Meteorology.
The operation of air services to Sarawak and North Borneo
called for improved meteorological facilities in those territories. The
Malayan Meteorologicai Service was able to assist with the loan
of essential equipment, the setting up of instruments and with the
training of personnel towards the establishment of three observing
stations .in Sarawak and three in North Borneo.: hvo of the North
Borneo stations and one of the Sarawak stations make pilot balloon
observations.
The establishment of these reporting stations has .filled a Jong
felt want in regard to synoptic meteorology in Region II (Asia)
and the information now made available is of value not only to local
air services but to forecasting services in adjacent countries. \Yhile
the existing arrangement serves the immediate requirements, some
more permanent system in regard to technical organization and supply
of equipment will be necessary in the near future.
PUBLICATIONS
The printing of meteorological records was held over during the
war for reasons of secrecy and economy, and in consequence a
considerable back log of data has accumulated. The printing and
distribution of all surface observations up to the end .of the year
1941, the last ,var year for which l'ecords are available, has been
completed. The next "Annual Summary of Observations'1 to pe
printed will cover the year 1946.
6
The printing and distribution of the "Monthly abstract of
Meteorological observations" vias resumed in May, and provides a
means of supplying essential up to date information on tern perature
tend rainfall throughout the country to interested depali:ments and
commercial fi1·n1s.
A scientific paper entitled "The Equatorial Convergence Lir.es
of the Malayan-East Indies Area" was written by l\[r. I. E. M.
'\\Tatts, Meteorological Officer, which paper was printed as "No. 3
Memoirs of the l\LM.S.". A second paper ''The Properties of the
Upper Air over Singapore" by Mr. I. G. John was completed later
in the year and \Vill be published in 1950. It is a matter of great
satisfaction that these papers should have been written at a time
whEn the need for research in tropical meteorology is becoming of
major importance, which need wiJl increase conside1·ab1y with the
advent of fast high flying aircraft.
STAFF
The position in regard to senior officers .showed improvement
towatds the end of the year and it is probable that most difficulties
in this respect will be overcome in the near future.
The substitution of a number of assistant meteoro1ogical officer
posts for meteorological officer posts on both the Federation and
Singapore establishments has so far proved satisfactory. Six of
these assistant meteorological officer posts in DivisiQn I ·were created
and it is pleasing to state that the filling of the first of these
appointments v..-as effected by the promotion of Mr. K. C. Koruthu
within the department: a seccmd local appointment was that of
Mr. H·war;.g Tiaw Sooi. Mr. \V. G. Midowicz was appointed later
in the year.
Mr. K. V. \V. Nicholls, MeteorologicaJ Officer; was transferred
to East Africa, his place being taken by ·Mr. P. Peterson ,il,•ho arrived
in October.
1'1r. I. G. John, Meteorological Officer, who had been in charge
of the Forecast Centre at Kallang went on leave in October.
Recruitment to the junior grades has proved difficult, and
although a number of candidates have come forward for interview in
reply• to advertised vacancies the position does not show much
improvement. The net increase during the year was only two.
There were three resignations.
Technical Staff at the end of the year stood as follows:-
Headquarters Federation Singapore Total Total
1949 1948
DIVISION I
Director 1 1 ( 1)
Assistant Director 1 1 ( 1)
Meteorological Officers 1 1 2 4 ( 5)
Assistant Meteorological
Officers ... 1 2 3 (-).
DIVISION III
Assistants and Cadets .. 4 19 7 30 (26)
Junior Technical Assts ... 2 30 8 40 (42)
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7
CONCLUSION
The shortage of senior and junior personnel which was such
a difficult feature of 1~48, continued throughout most of 1949, but
the stress should now be laid on the need for junior staff. Service
in the meteorological department has disadvantages, ,vhich to a
certain extent discourage applicants who have the choice of several
Government departments in which to ente1·. Many of the meteorological
stations are far from towns, with consequent difficulty
in regard to food, transport, accommodation, schooling, etc. and in
addition, night duty and 'liability for service in both the Federation
and Singapore are unpopular. Isolated applications have, however,
increased and there is reason to hope that recruitment will improve
in the next few months.
The immediate aim must be the expansion of the Forecast Office
and the observing station at Kallang to enable them to deal fully ,~,rith
all aircraft requirements likely to be needed. S'imilarly certain
meteorological stations in the Federation, notably Kuala Lumpur,
Bayan Lepas, Kota Bharu and Kuantan must be in a position to
stipply increased information.
It has been possible during the past year to provide the hare
essential services to aviation and to augment these services when
absolutely necessary. To do this it was necessary at times, to utilise
new personnel before they had completed a satisfactory period of
training. For this reason it will be necessary to concentrate at an
early date on raising the existing standard of efficiency by an
intensive system of training and inspection, as soon as a senior
offiGer can be spared to supervise this work.
When the consolidation of the existing services for aviation is
effected the department wil! be in a position to undertake new
investigation of problems connected with the needs of high and
fast flying civil aircraft, ·which will be many and varied.
APPENDIX I
A SI!ORT HISTORY OF THE MALAYAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE
The earliest Malayan· 1neteorologica] observations of which we have any
knowledge are rainfall measurements which were made in Singapore in 1820.
These observations were continued for five years and, so far as is known, were
then stopped. A new series, very short•Iived, was commenced after an interval
of about .fifteen years hut it was not until the year 1869 that regular routine
observations of pressure, temperature and rainfall were made. Since that time
Singapore .has, in one way or another, had a continuous record of these elements.
This is the longest known series of observations in any part of Malaya, covering
almost eighty years. Similar observations were instituted at Penang and
l\Ialacca in 1883. These stations were maintained by the Medical Department
of the Straits Settlements, and they most probably had their origin in an effort
on the part of the health authorities to observe any connection there might be
between weather and epidemics.. We find the Medical Department in the Malay
States about this .time also making itself responsible for meteorological observations.
Kuala Lumpur was the first station to be commcmced in 1879. In 1887
Seremban and Klang records commenced and in 1888 stntions were started at
Telok Anson, Batu Gajah, Kuala Kangsar, Taiping, Kuala Langat and Parit
Buntar. Year by yea.r the number of. hospitals at which these observations were
made was .increased and by ;t90G twenty.six hospital stations were making
regular observations in the Federated Malay States.. In H>07 the first station
to be opened in a State outside the Federation, Ator Star, commenced ob.servat1ons.
By 1915 Kedah had SlX stations, Johore six and Kelantan one; at
Kota Bham. .Most of these stations still continue their observations at the
present time. In addition to th~sc stations which were maintained by the
different •Governrnentc,, numbers of rainfall stations were established privately,
principally on rubber estates.
While this .network of observing stations represented a very considerable
effort in establishment and maintenance, it could not by any means be described
as a meteorological service. Each administration carried on its observations
without reference to any other; it may almost be said, in fact, that each station
·was carried on independently of any other. The observations were limited to
those required for climatological purposes, and even inside this restricted sphere
the data obtained were far too limited. There is no doubt that the observations
were taken conscientiously by the various observers, but in the absence of any
central control no attempt was made to ensure that they were made un,der
standard conditions. It was only in the Straits Settlements that anything was
observed beyond temperature and rainfall and even here much of :thejnformation
recorded has been found to be .not sufficiently reliable for use, particularly in
regard t!) the observations of weather details. It is not conceivable, ·for example,
tha~ the average amount of cloud should be the same at 9 a.m., 3 p.m. and
9 p.m. not only for each observing .hour but without variation throughout the
year, yet such were the observations at one station, recorded and published.
In the Malay States generally no daily record of weather phenomena was kept,
.and it is difficult to imagine how they .could be kept adequately by observers
whose meteorological. duties were an addition to a normal day's work in
¬her capacity.
With this system it is doubtful whether even the nucleus for a daily weather
service existed. Above all, the need existed for unification over the whole
Peni.nsu1a, so that with uniform exposure, uniform observation times·and uniform
methods, at ]east the records for an,y station would be comparable with those
for any other station.
The first active steps towards unifying meteorol0;gical work in the Peninsula
were taken about 1920 or 1921 and they were the result of a scheme which
was· being considered by the Government of the Federated Malay States £or the
establishment of a large hill station on Gunong Tahan, in Pahang. The anticipated
expenditure on this scheme was of such magnitude that it was decided
as a preliminary measure to obtain two years' climatological observations on the
mountain, all due precautions being taken to ensure that these observations should
be of the highest possible quality. With this object four trained observers were
appointed specially from England in 1921 for the two years i at the end of this
time one of these four, Mr. S. G. G. Kelliher, was re-appointed temporarily to
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9
analyse the records. In the meantime Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of Museums,
•.vho was in charge of the Gunong Tahan observations and who had a very great
personal interest in the meteorology of Malaya, took the opportunity to impress
once more on the Federated Malay States Government the unsatisfactory state of
the meteorological stations. He suggested at the same time that Mr. Kelliher's
services should be retained with the object of exercising a general supervision
and control of these stations. In this matter he obtained the support of Sir
George Maxwell, Chief Secretary to Government, with the result that Mr. Kelliher
was appointed to the staff of the Museums Department as Meteorological
Observer in 1924, this being the first purely meteorological appointment made
in Malaya. Through the co-operation of Dr. Gilbert Brooke, Chief Health Officer
in Singapore, the agreement of the Government of the Straits Settlements was
obtained for Mr. Kelliher's supervision to be extended to include the stations in
ihe Straits Settlements also.
The Meteorological. Observer's duties at this time were principally concerned
with overhauls of all the ,working stations, revision of .the sites for proper
exposure, replacem~nt of defective. apparatus and instruments and instruction
.of the observers. This in itself was a considerable undertaking, but with a
fulltime officer in charge, it went forward steadily. Mr. Robinson was well
aware, however, that the standardising of the equipment and observing of the
existing stations was only part of what was necessary and he put forward
tentative proposals for certain extensions which included a number of stations
with paid observers and full-time computers. . These proposals were not accepted
~t the time and a year or two later, after he had retired from Malaya he issued
a .pamph}E,t in collaboration with Sir George Maxwell, who had also retired,
putting forward a comprehensive scheme for a Malayan :rtieteorologic~l Service,
including the appointment of a European scientific officer to direct it. In Malaya
itself, however, this same question had been under consideration by Mr. V. A.
Lowinger, the Surveyor-General, :md, about the same time he produced a detailed
plan for the establishment of an all-Malayan service to include seventeen firstorder
stations, manned each by two paid full-time observers, the whole to be
directed by a Superintendent to be specially appointed in Great Britain. This
plan was eventually accepted by all the Malayan Governments; at the beginning
of 1927 the whole responsibility for meteorology in Malaya was transferred to
the .Surveyor-General, and the Meteorological Branch, Survey Department, was
created as a Malayan unit,
The l\'Ieteorological Officer, Mr. Kelliher, had been in Great Britain for the
greater part of the year 1926, and he had spent some months of this period at
various establishments of the British Meteorological Office in order to gain
practical knowledge with regard to modern equipment and methods. With this
experience as a guide the establishment of the seve1lteen main stations of
Mr. Lowinger's scheme was commenced in 1927 and by the end of March, .1930,
the whole of the seventeen were completed and working, each with two full-time
resident observers. ·
In June 192!), shortly before the completion of the last two or three of
these stations, a senior scientific officer of the British Meteorological Office,
Mr. C. D. Stewart, was appointed Superintendent of the Meteorological Branch,
and, the end of the first stage of_ material development having been reached,
attention was now given to founding the organisation necessary for a meteorological
service capable of providing reliable information with regard to climate,
daily weather and the specialised requirements of aircraft. A headquarters office
was established in Singapore at the beginning of 1931 and steps were taken to
obtain three more scientific officers from England of whom one took up his
duties in November, 1931, and two more in March, 1932. In the meantime a
telegraphic organisation for $ynoptic reports was commenced, charts being
prepared twice daily in Singapori:. Systematic forecasting was 'not yet prac:ticable,
although special . forecasts were made for the Royal Air Force in
Singapore from time to time.
The year 1933 saw the initiation of regular services .for aviation. With
the commencement of the Imperial Air Mail Services to Singapore, the increase
of the Royal Air Force and the Holland•J ava ail'.' services it became necessary
to establish routine aircraft reports, including route forecasts before flight,
and wireless reports to aeroplanes in flight of weather conditions in the vicinity
of 'the chief landing grounds. It was during this year also that an important
principle was accepted, namely, that, as far as possible, official meteorological
·stations should be established near the principal aerodromes.
10
Conferences \Vere held early in 1935 in Bangkok and Batavia which resulted
in the rapid establishments of daily international broadcasts of observations from
Siamese and Netherlands Indies stations. The absence of reports from these
countries both of which are on the main air-route had hitherto heen a great
handicap in dealing with air services. Malayan. broadcasts had already been in
operation for some time. To,vards the e11d of this year the new standing of the
Malayan Meteorological Service in international meteorology was recognised
by the election of the Superintendent to the International Meteorological
Committee.
During this period of development from 1929 onwards the responsibility for
nnd control of the technical side of the work was naturally transferring itself
from the Surveyor-General to the Superintendent and in 1937 it was decided that
the functions of the latter officer were better denoted by the title of Director,
Malayan Meteorological Service, and this change was accordingly made in l!J38.
In 1937 the Singapore Civil Airport was opened for traffic· and a large office
in the terminal building was allotted to .the Meteorological Branch. The whole
of the daily weather service, forecasting and aviation, was removed to this
office, and the work of the department was re-constituted in two divisions,
forecasting and aviation at the Airport and climatology at the headquarters
office in Singapore, each in charge of a senior officer; a separution which had
not proved practicable wl1ile all the work was being done in the one office.
In October l!B8 the Director, Mr. C. D. Stewart, who \Vas largely respon~
ible for the development of the Meteorological Branch, proceeded on leave
prior to r(!tiremeut Commander H. B. Moorhead, R.N. (retired) was appointed
Director a;1d a.s:mmed duty in December 1938.
With the outbreak of hostilities in Europe the broadcasts of· meteorological
information in international code ceased and the issue of meteorological data
to the public "·as for.birl<len. Wireless broadcasts of synoptic information were,
however, made in confidential code for the use of neighbouring British Empire
and Allied countries.
Up to the beginning of 1941 the whole of the forecasting for Malaya continued
to be carried ont at the Civil Airport, Kallang. Fr.om this office '.Vere
issued all forecasts, hoth routine and special, for the Navy, Army and Air
Force and civil aviation. In order to prepare for increased demands which
,:i.,ou]d be made in the ewnt of hostilities in the Far East, both senior and junior
staff were loaned from the Survey Department for training in forecast and
observation ._,·ork.
fo May 1941 the R.A.F; requirements in Northern l\falaya increased to such
an f::xtent that the establishment of a second forecast office at Kota Bharu
became essential. Early implementation of plans enabled this office to function
by September. To assist further ,vith large R.A.A.F. commitments the Director
ef the Commom,·ealth Meteorological Service in Australia offered to supply two
meteorological forecast units to supplement Malayan staff. This offer was
ncceuted, but time <lid not permit the units to arrive in the area until after the
commencement of the Far Eastern \Var. The first unit was established at
Sembawang, but moved to the N.E.I. in January 1942.
\Vith the start of the war with Japan all meteorological staff at the Forecast
Office, Ka]lang airport were moved to Air H.Q. Far East, as civilians: some
two weeks later they were mobilised and embodied in the Malayan Volunteer
Air Force. Mr. Grimes, Meteorological Officer, was in charge of this section with
the rank of \\Ting Commander. On the 10th February, 1942 the combined H.Q.
at Sime Road was evacuated and the meteorological section of the Forecast
office closed down.
l\ianv of the meteorological stations and quarters in Malaya were situated
on or adjacent to aerodromes; these latter were the object of early and repeated
enemy bombing aTJd machine gun attacks. In spite of the danger and ot~er
difficulties, great devotion to duty was shown throughout the period of active
hostilities by the meteorological and survey personnel carrying out ob_seri:ing
· duties. Assistants continued to send off reports as long as communications
remained opened. It was entirely due to the whole hearted co-operation of the
staff and the initiative of the assistants in charge that the meteorological service
was able to fulfill its functions to the R.A.F. and the military. The
military authority concerned wi~h "m_eteor te~egr!lm" re~orts sta_ted later th~t
he considered that the manner m which the 1ssumg of mformat10n was continued
to the anti-aircraft batteries up to the last hour preceding the surrender
reflected great credit on the staff concerned.
147
148
11
In about April and May 1942, ex-meteorological assistants were instructed
by the Japanese authority to report for work and in due course most of the
observing stations were re-opened and records maintaine<l throughout the period
of the occupation. It was unfortunate that. prior to their surrender the Japanese
should have burned all their meteorological observations covering the period
1942-1945 inclusive, thus causing an irreparable break in the climatological
records of the country.
Of the staff two senior officers and six junior officers died or were killed
during the period of hostilities.
Immediately after the liberation of Malaya in September 1945, a rapid
survey of all meteorological stations in the country was made by Dr. C. A. Lea
who found that almost all the meteorological instruments and equipment in use
r,re-war had been destroyed . or looted and that various station buildings and
quarters had been demolished. A skeleton network of synoptic stations was
organised and the necessary essential instruments were loaned by the R.A.F.
In July 1946 the Malayan Meteorological Service ceased to be a branch of
the Survey Department and was constituted a separate department to serve both
the Federation and Singapore. With the incorporation of Labuan in the Colony
cf North Borneo the meteorolgical station there ceased to be a responsibility of
the Malayan Meteorological Service.
The years 1946 and J947 were taken up with the establishment of the First
Order stations throughout the country, this work being protracted owing to
difficulties in supply of scientific equipment and transport.
Early in 1947 the Malayan Meteorological Service assumed responsibility for
the forecast facilities at the Civil Airport at Kallang, but civil aviation requirements
could only be met on a limited.scale due to shortage of scientific staff.
This shortage continued throughout 1948 and 1949. It was only possible to
meet the needs of. aviation by concentrating every effort in this direction, to the
temporary detriment of climatological and other work associated ,vith the
department.
The increased requirements were dearly indicated by the number of reports
issued to aircraft in Malaya; in 1938 this figure being 11,723 as against 41,101
for 1949.
The expansion of the department to meet modern requirements after the
war even under normal peacetim~ conditions, would not have been easy. The
fact that it was possible to reconstitute the service to deal with the large volume
of air traffic was due, in no small extent, to the sound basic training of all
members of the staff in the days before the war and the hard work and co-:
cperation shown hy them.
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152
15
APPENDlX Ill
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR 1949
HEADQUARTERS.
1. Personal Emoluments, M:KO . ..
Personal Emoluments, Non-M.E.O.
2. Cost of Living and Singapore Allowances
3. Expatriation Pay
4. Housing Allowance ..
5. In!:>truments, Materials and Stationery
6. Meteorological Inv~stigations ·
7. Miscellaneous
8. Printing of Records and Researches
9. Purchase and binding of Periodicals and
Books
10. Telephones and Telegrams
11. Transport and Travelling
12. Office Equipment
SINGAPORE:.
1_, Personal Emoluments, M.E.O ...
Personal Emoluments, N on-M.E.O.
2, Cost of Living and Singapore Allowances
3. Expatriation Pay
4. Housing Allowance ..
5. Instruments, Materials and Stationery
6. Miscellaneous
7. Telephones and Telegrams
8. Transport and Travelling
9. Wireless Services
10. Cocos Island Weather Reports" ..
11. Upkeep of Meteorological Station
12. Office Equipment
F'EDERATTON OF MALAYA.
1. Personal Emoluments, M.E,O. . .
Personal Emoluments, Non•M.E.O.
2. Cost of Living Allowance
3. Expatriation Pay
4.. Housing Allowance ..
5. Incidental Expenses
G. Instruments, Materials and Stationery
7. Rent
8. Telecommunications Services
9. Telephones
10. Transport and Travelling
11. Upkeep of Meteorological Stations
12: Installation of New Equipment ..
13. Furniture for Stations and Quarters
$ c ..
30,983 28
19,016 52
25,056 08
5,931 61
1,822 67
797 12
839 37
539 28
4,954 80
287 69
1,291 80
2,455 08
832 50
19,011 07
32,65J 55
26,316 47
3,950 64
2,635 62
5,529 88
85 90
10,905 43
46 09
168,267 33
1,617 85
650 41
925 00 ·
5,4GG 00
92,402 73
48,220 32
1,:350 00
2,327 29
1,178 89
3,959 45
213 33
13,723 81
6,184 2:3
7,760 95
8,447 48
317 18
998 00
TOTAL
$ c.
94,807 80
272,593 24
192;549 ·1313
559,950 7Q
Annex 20
Extracts from
Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Ordinance 1952
(Federation of Malaya)
FEDERAL
ORDINANCES
AND
STATE AND SETTLEMENT
ENACTMENTS
PASSED DURING THE YEAR
1952
GENERAL INDEX
of Ordinances, Enactments, Proclamations,
etc~, in force on the 31st December, 1952
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
11s3 1
j 1s4 1
11
FEDERATION OF MALAYA.
No. 3 of 1952.
THE MALAYAN ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEER RESERVE
ORDINANCE, 1952.
Their Highnesses the Rulers of the
11alay States assent hereto
(= \___Seal
I assent
Puhlin ~r>nl
L"lf the
f'cdero.tion
Witnesses to the affixing of the Hu]crs' Seu.I :
ABU B_AKA11 n1N ABDULLAI{
(rN MALAY)
Sultan of Paliany.
RAJA YUSSUF Sultrin of Perak.
15th April, 1052.
G. W. R. TEMPLER,
Iligh Commissioner.
10th April, 1952.
12 No. 3 oF 1952.
An Ordinance to repeal and re-enact with amendments
the Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Ordinance, 1950.
[ , 1952.]
WHEREAS it is desirable that volunteers should be
raised in the Federation for the service of His Majesty
and of Their Highnesses the Rulers in the naval
defence of Malaya :
.AND WHEREAS it is necessary for efficiency that
such volunteers together with such volunteers as may
be raised in the Colony for the service of His Majesty
in the naval defence of Malaya should be organised as
a unified force under a single command;
AND WHEREAS a force of volunteers known as the
Straits Settlements Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
was established in 1934 in the Straits Settlements
under the provisions of the Royal Naval Volunteer
Reserve Ordinance of the Straits Settlements;
AND WHEREAS by the Defence (Royal Naval Volunteer
Reserve) Regu.lations, 1941, of the Straits Settlements
the- name of such force was changed to f'the
Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve";
AND WHEREAS such change of name was continued
by the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (Change of
Name) Ordinance, 1947, of the Colony of Singapore;
ANn WHEREAS under such name such force has
continued to be raised and maintained by the Colony
of Singapore since the dissolution of the Colony of
the Straits Settlements;
ANn WHEREAS it is intended that such force so raised
and maintained in the Colony of Singapore should be
incorporated as the Singapore Division in the unified
force organised for the defence of Malaya hereinbefore
mentioned;
ANn WHEREAS it is intended that such part of the
force of the Straits Settlements which was formerly
raised and maintained in the Settlements of Penang
and Malacca should form the basis of that part of the
Federation Division of such unified force as is raised
under this Ordinance in the Settlements of Penang and
Malacca;
155
j 1ss I
MALAYAN ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEER RESERVE. 13
AND WHEREAS it has been agreed between the
Governments of the Federation and of the Colony,
with the approval of Their Highnesses the Rulers,
that such unified force should be known, both in the
Federation and in the Colony, as the "Malayan Royal
Na val Volunteer Reserve.'' ;
AND WHEREAS it is necessary to provide for the establishment
by law of the Malayan Royal Naval
Volunteer Reserve and for the raising and maintenance
of a Division thereof in the Federation and for
the command and discipline thereof and for other
matters incidental thereto.
IT IS HEREBY ENACTED by the High Commissioner
of the Federation of Malaya and Their
Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States with the
advice and consent of the Legislative Council as
follows:
1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Malayan Shorttitle.
Royal Na val Volunteer Reserve Ordinance, 1952, and
shall come into force on such date as the High Commissioner
may, by notification in the Gazette, appoint.
2. In this Ordinance unless the context otherwise. Interprerequnes-
"actual service" means service of a member of the
Force whilst called out under the provisions of section
20 of this Ordinance or called out under the corresponding
provisions of any written law of the Colony
relating to the Force;
"the Commanding Officer" means the person
appointed under section 7 of this Ordinance to be in
executive command of the }-.ederation Division;
''com.mantling officer'' means the officer in command
of a subdivision;
'' Commissioned Officer'' means an officer of the
Force appointed under a commission fron1 the High
Commissioner or, in the case of an Officer of the Singapore
Division, from the Governor of the Colony;
"the Federation Division" means the Division of
the Force raised and maintained within the Federation
under the provisions of section 3 of this Ordinance;
"the Flag Officer, Malayan Area" includes any
officer for the time being exercising the functions of
the Flag Officer, Malayan Area;
"the Force" means the Malayan Royal Naval
Volunteer Reserve consisting of the Federation Division
and of the Singapore Division;
tation.
Conatitution
of the
Federation
Division of
the Malayan
Royal Nava)
Volunteer
Reserve.
Constitution
of nnita of
the Federa•
tion Division.
Constitution
of a Special
Branch ~d
a Supplementary
Reserve,
14 No. 3 OF 1952.
"rating" means a member 6f the Force below the
rank of Branch Officer;
''the Singapore Division'' means such division of
the Force as 1nay be raised and maintained in the
Colony under the provisions of any written law of the
Colony relating to the Force corresponding to section
3 of this Ordinance;
"subdivision" means a subdivision of the Federation
Division constituted under section 4 of this Ordinance
or a subdivision of the Singal?ore Division constituted
under the corresponding provisions of any written law
of the Colony relating to the Force.
3. {1) There shall be raised and maintained, in
conjunction with the Colony, a force of Volunteers
for the naval defence of Malaya to be known as the
"Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve".
(2) One Division of such force, to be known as "the
Federation Division of the Malayan Royal Naval
Vol,unteer Reserve", shall be raised and maintained
in the Federation and at the eJ.epense of the Federation,
out of moneys provided by the Legislative
Council.
(3) The High Commissioner in Council may provide
for maintaining and using vessels of war or other
vessels or equipment either in conjunction with the
Colony or separately and may, from time to time, at
his discretion and subject to such terms (if -any) as
may be agreed between the Government of the Federation
and the Government of the Colony, place any such
vessels or equipment at the disposal of the members
of the Singapore Division for their use.
(4) In each year the expenditure proposed to be
incurred upon the Fede.ration Division shall be
included in the total of the estimates of the expenditure
proposed to be incurred upon local forces.
4. The· Federation Division shall consist of such
sub-divisions as the High Commissioner may from
time to time direct.
5. The High Commissioner may constitute for
the Federation-
(a) a Special Branch for technical and administrative
purposes which may consist of
officers and ratings who are members of
the Federation Division, but who need not
~e required to attend instructional train-
1ng;
1s1. l
158
MALAYAN ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEER RESERVE. 15
(b) A Supplementary Reserve which shall consist
of such members of the Force as may be
prescribed by rules made under this
Ordinance.
6. Officers of the Federation Division, other than Officers
officers transferred under the provisions of section 15 F~f:a.tion
of .this Ordinance, shall be appointed by the High Division.
Commissioner by commission on behalf of His Majesty
andl Their Highnesses the Rulers and such commission
shall not be deemed to be vacated by the death or
retirement of the High Commissioner by whom it was
issued.
7. (1) The Federation Division shall be under the Comma.nd.
orders and general direction of the Flag Officer,
Malayan Area, of the Royal Navy:
Provided that-
(a) where a state of emergency has been declared
to exist and all or any part of the Federation
Division has been called out under
the provisions of section 20 of this 'Ordinance;
or
(b) where the Federation Division or any part
thereof, though not called out, is operating
with the Royal Navy,
the Flag Officer, Malayan Area, may place any ships
or personnel of the Federation Division or any part
thereof so called out or operating under the temporary
command of any officer of the Royal Navy.
(2) The High Commissioner may appoint such
person as he thinks fit to be the Commanding Officer
of the Federation Division and such persons as he
thinks fit to be commanding officers of any subdivision
thereof.
8. (1) Every person who is a British subject or a P!r~ns
Federal citizen shall, subject to the provisions of this f~~~~:C,1.
Ordinance and of any rules and regulations made ment:
thereunder, be eligible for enrolment in the Federation
Division:
Provided that no married -woman shall be eligible
for enrolment or to remain enrolled unless her
husband is also a British subject or a Federal Citizen.
(2) The fallowing persons shall not be eligible for Persons not
enrolment: eligible for
enrolment.
(a) persons serving as regular members of the
Royal Navy, Army or Royal Air Force;
Annex 21
Extracts from
Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Ordinance 1952
(Colony of Singapore)
COLONY OF SINGAPO~.
j
No. 11 of 1952.
I assent,
@ W. L. BLYTHE,
Officer Administering the Government.
2nd April, 1952.
An Ordinance to establish a Volunteer Force for the naval
defence of Malaya.
Whereas under the provisions of the Royal Naval Volunteer
Reserve Ordinance (Chapter JOO) there was established
a force of volunteers known as "The Straits Settlements
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve":
And whereas by the Defence (Royal Naval Volunteer
Reserve) Regulations, 1941, the name of such force was
·changed to ''The Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve":
And whereas such change of name was continued by the
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (Change of Name) Ordin- '?:f; 20 of
ance, 1947. ·
And whereas it is necessary for efficiency that such force
together with such volunteers as may be raised in the
Federation of Malaya for the service of Her Majesty and
of Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States in the
naval defence of Malaya should be organised as a unified
· force under a single command :
11s9 1
160
2 [11 OP 1952] MALAYAN ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEER
Short title
and commencement.
Interpretation.
RESERVE
And whereas it has been agreed between the Governments
of the Colony and of the Federation, with the approval
of Their Highnesses the Rulers, that such unified force
should be known, both in the Colony and in the Federation, ·
as "The Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve":
And whereas it is necessary to provide for the establishment
by law of the ~1alayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
and for the incorporation therein of the Force heretofore·
maintained in the Colony and known as the Malayan Royal
Naval Volunteer Reserve and for the command and discipline
thereof and for other matters incidental thereto.
It is hereby enacted by the Governor of the Colony of
Singapore with the advice and consent of the Legislative
Council thereof as fallows : -
1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Malayan Royal
Naval Volunteer Reserve Ordinance, 1952~ and shal1 come
into force on such date as the Governor may, by notification
in the Gazette, appoint. ~ \w"C'- ~- ,-~-::~ ~ ~.rto.~1....,.Js·-1.
2. In this Ordinance unless the context otherwise·
requires-
"actual service" means service of a member of the Force
whilst called out under the provisions of section ·20
of this Ordinance or called out under the corresponding
provisions of any written law of the
Federation relating to the Force;
"the Commanding Officer,, means the person appointed
under section 7 of this Ordinance to be in executive
command of the Singapore Division;
"'commanding officer" means the officer in charge of
any sub-di vision : provided that if there are no
sub-divisions "commanding officer" means "the
Commanding Officer";
"Commissioned Ofticern means an officer of the Force
appointed under a commission from the Governor
or, in the case of an officer of the Federation.
Division, from the High Commissioner of the
Federation of Malaya;
"the Federation Division" means such division of the
Force as may be raised and maintained in the
Federation under the provisions of any written law
of the Federation relating to the Force corresponding
to section 3 of this Ordinance;
' ·-··· .. ·
MALA YAN ROY AL NAVAL VOLUNTEER [l } OF 1952) 3
RESERVE
"the Flag Officer, Malayan Area" includes any officer
for the time being exercising the functions of the
Flag Officer, Malayan Area;
"the Force" means the Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer
Reserve consisting of the Singapore Division and
of the Federation Division;
''rating" means a member of the Force below the rank
of Branch Officer;
"the Singapore Division" means the division of the
Force raised and maintained within the Colony
under the provisions of section 3 of this Ordinance;
"sub-division" means a sub-division of the Singapore
Division constituted under section 4 of this Ordin- -
ance or a sub-division of the Federation Division
constituted under the corresponding provisions of
any written law of the Federation relating to the
Force.
3.-0) There shall be raised and maintained, in con- ~nstitu•
junction with the Federation, a force of volunteers for the ~i<;.~';!,ri:•
naval defence of Malaya to be known as the "Malayan ~ivi~o'ia of
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve". R~yal Nl:.!i
(2) One Division of such force, to be known as "the ~=~r Singapore Division of the Malayan Royal Naval. Volunteer
Reserve", shall be raised and maintained in the Colony and
at the expense of the Colony out of moneys provided by
the Legislative Council.
(3) The Governor in Council may provide for maintaining
and using vessels of war or other vessels or equipment
either in conjunction with the Federation or separately and
may, from time to time, at his discretion and subject to
such terms (if any) as may be agreed between the Government
of the Colony and the Government of the Federation,
place any such vessels· or equipment at the disposal of the
members of the Federation Division for their use.
(4) In each year the expenditure proposed to be incurred
upon the Singapore Division shall be included in the total
of the estimates of the expenditure proposed to be incurred
upon local forces.
4. The Singapore Division shall consist of such sub- Constitudivisions
as the Governor may from time to time direct. dti~~ !)f sub• . lVl!UOOS
of the
Singapore
DiviSIOR.
! 1&1 j
j 162]
4
Constitution
of a
Special
Branch and
a Supplementary
Reserve.
Office{S
of the
Singapore
Division.
Command.
Persons
eligible for
enrolment.
[11 OF 1952] MALAYAN ROYAL NAVAL VQLUNTEER
RESERVE
5. The Governor may constitute for the Colony-
(a} a Special Branch for technical and administrative
purposes which may consist of officers and
ratings who are members of the Singapore
Division but need not be required to attend
instructional training;
(h) a Supplementary Reserve which shall consist of
such members of the Force as may be prescribed
by rules made under this Ordinance.
6. Officei:s of the Singapore Division, other than officers
transferred under the provisions of section 15 of this
Ordinance, shall be appointed by the Governor by commission
and such commission shall not be deemed to be
vacated by the death or retirement of the Governor by
whom it was issued.
7 .. -(l) The Singapore Division shall be under the orders
and general direction of the Flag Officer, Malayan Area, of
the Royal Navy:
Provided that-
(a) where a state of emergency has been declared to
exist and all or any part of the Singapore Division
has b~en called out under the provisions
of section 20 of this Ordinance; or
(b) where the Singapore Division or any part thereof,
though not called out, is operating with the
Royal Navy, .
the Flag Officer, Malayan Area, may place any ships or
personnel of the Singapore Division or any part thereof
so called out or operating under the temporary command of
any officer of the Royal Navy.
(2) The Governor may appoint such person as he thinks
fit to be Commanding Officer of the Singapore Division, and
such persons as he thinks fit to be commanding officers
of any sub-divisions thereof.
8.-0) Every British subject, every Federal citizen and
every person born in any of the States or territories included
in the Federation of Malaya, the Colony of Sarawak, the
Colony of North Borneo or the State of Brunei shall, subject
to the provisions of this Ordinance and of any rules or
regulations made thereunder, be eligible for enrolment in
the Singapore Division:
Provided that no married woman shall be eligib1e for
enrolment or to remain enrolled unless her husband is also
eligible for enrolment.
Annex 22
Malayan Naval Force (Change of Name) Ordinance 1952
(Colony of Singapore)
COLONY OF SINGAPORE.
No. 25 of 1952. ✓
I assent.
J. F. NICOLL,
Governor and Conimander-in-Chief.
25th A iigusr. 1952.
An Ordinance to change the name of the Malayan Naval
Force raised under the Malayan Naval Force and Defence
Ordinance, 1949 (No. 13 of 1949).
It is hereby enacted by the Governor of the Colony of
Singapore with the advice and consent of the Legislative
Council thereof as follows:-
1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Malayan Naval Short title.
Force (Change of Name) Ordinance, 1952.
2. Wherever in any written law the expression uMalayan Change of
Naval Force" occurs such expression shall be read and name.
construed as if there were substituted for that expression in
each case the expression "Royal Malayan Navy".
Passed this 19th day of August, 1952.
L. W. DONOUGH,
Clerk of rhe legislative Cnuncil.
[No. 0183 / 45).
-- - -
P11.1NTE:n AT TIIE GOVFJOoll.UN:r PIIINJ'IXO 0Ffl("f • • c;um .. f'Ofl,f'.
Jrr F. $, HORSUJ<, ACTLN(l (iOVrltNMENT PRIN"n.R
Tt> be purchased fr,:1111 0ov£1D1ME"'T PllHLIC'4TIO)lll BUii.EAU.
GEXEJU.l POST OFFICE, FULL£RTON Bun.nnm. Slt.Til\l'ORE
19S2
Price: 20 cents.
163
Annex 23
Agreement between the United Kingdom and the Federation of
Malaya on External Defence and Mutual Assistance
dated 12 Oct 1957
BRITISH AND FOREIGN
ST ATE PAPERS
1957-58
VOL~ 163
Compiled and Edited in the Lihrarim,.s Department
of the Foreign Office
LONDON
HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
1966
I 1ss I
j 1ss j
GREAT BRITAIN AND MALAYA 49
behalf of Her Majesty ; and Their Highnesses the Rule.rs of
the States of Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor!t Kedah, Perlis,
Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak and the Ruling Chiefs of the
State of Negri Sembilan and His Highness Tunku Ismail lbni
Sultan Ibrahim, D.K., S.P.M.J., S.P.M.K., K.B.E .• C.M.G.,
the Regent of Johore. on behalf of His Highness the Sultan
of the State and Territory of Johore, have hereunto set their
hands and seals.
Done the 5th day of August, 1957, corresponding to the
9th day of Muharram .. 1377.
[Here follow the signatures.]
AGREEMENT between the United Kingdom and the Federation
of Malaya on External Defence and Mutual Assistance.-
Koala Lumpur, 12th October, 1957(1)
Whereas the Federation of Malaya is fully self-governing
and independent within the Commonwealth;
And whereas the Government of the Federation of Malaya
and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland recognise that it is in their common
interest to preserve peace and to provide for their mutual
defence;
And whereas the Government of the Federation of Malaya
has now assumed responsibility for the external defence of its
territory;
Now therefore the Government of the Federation of Malaya
and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland have agreed as follows:
ARTICLE I
The Government of the United Kingdom undertake to afford
to the Government of the Federation of Malaya such assistance
as the Government of the Federation of Malaya may require
for the external defence of its territory.
(1) Cmnd. 263. The Australian and New Zealand Governments proposed
to associate themselves with the terms of this Agreement in so far as they
concern them by Exchanges of Letters with the Federation Government.
For the arrangements for the employment of Overseas Commonwealth
Forces in emergency operations in the Federation of Malaya after Independence
see Cmnd. 264.
50 GREAT BRITAIN AND MALAYA
ARTICLE II
The Government of the United Kingdom will furnish the
Government of the Federation of Malaya with assistance of
the kind referred to in Annex 1 • of this Agreement~ as may
from time to time be agreed between the tvlo Governments
for the training and development of the armed forces of the
Federation.
ARTICLE III
The Government of the Federation of Malaya will afford
to the Government of the United Kingdom the right to rnain·
tain in the Federation such naval. land and air forces including
a Commonwealth Strategic Reserve as are agreed between
the two Governments to be necessary for the purposes of
Article I of this Agreement and for the fulfilment of Commonwealth
and international obligations. It is agreed that
the forces referred to in this Article may be accompanied by
authorised service organisations, and civilian components (of
such size as may be agreed between the two Governments
to be necessary) and dependants.
ARTICLE IV
The Government of the Federation of Malay3: agrees that
the Government of the United Kingdom may for the purposes
of this Agreement have, maintain and use bases and facilities
in the Federation in accordance with the provisions of Annexes
2* and 4* of this Agreement and may establish, maintain
and use such additional bases and facilities as may from time
to time be agreed between the two Governments. The Govern ..
ment of the United Kingdom shall at the request of the
Government of the Federation of Malaya vacate any base or
part thereof; in such event the Government of the Federation
of Malaya shall provide at its expense agreed alternative accommodation
· and facilities.
ARTICLE V
The conditions contained in Annex 3* of this Agreement
shall apply to the forces, the authorised service organisations.
the civilian components and the dependants referred to in
Article III while in the territory of the Federation of Malaya
in pursuance of this Agreement.
• Not reproduced here.
167
168
GREAT BRITAIN AND MALAYA
ARTICLE VI
51
In the event of a threat of armed attack against any of the
territories or forces of the Fe.d.eration of Malaya or any of the
territories or protectorates of the United Kingdom in the Far
East or any of the forces of the United Kingdon1 within
those territories or protectorates or within the Federation of
Malaya, or other threat to th.e preservation of peace in. the
Far East, the Governments of the Federation of Malaya and
of the United Kingdom will consult together on the measures
to be taken jointly or separately to ensure the fullest co•
operation between them for the purpose of meeting the situation
effectively.
ARTICLE VII
In the event of an armed attack against any of the territories
or forces of the Federation of Malaya or any of the territories
or protectorates of the United Kingdom in the Far East or
any of the forces of the United Kingdom within any of those
territories or protectorates or within the Federation of Malaya.,,
the Governments of the Federation of Malaya and of the
United Kingdom undertake to co-operate with each other and
will take such action as each considers necessary fer the
purpose of meeting the situation effectively ..
ARTICLE VIII
In the event of a threat to the preservation of peace or the
outbreak of hostilities elsewhere than in the area covered by
Articles VI and VII the Government of the United Kingdom
shall obtain the prior agreement of the Government of the
Federation of Malaya before committing United Kingdom
forces to active operations involving the use of bases in the
Federation of Malaya; but this shall not affect the right of
the Government of the United Kingdom to withdraw forces
from the Federation of Malaya.
ARTICLE IX
The Government of the United Kingdom will consult the
Government .of the Federation of Malaya when major changes
in the character or deployment of the forces maintained in the
Federation of Malaya as provided for in accordance with
Article III are contemplated.
52 GREAT BRITAIN AND MALAYA
ARTICLE X
The Government of the Federation of Malaya and the
Government of the United Kingdom will afford each other
an adequate opportunity for comment upon any major adntlnistrative
or legislative proposals which may affect the operation
of this Agreement.
ARTICLE XI
For the purpose of this Agreement. unless the context otherwise
requires :
"bases" means areas in the Federation made available by
the Government of the Federation of Malaya to the Government
of the United Kingdom for the purposes of this Agreement
and includes the .immovable property and installations
situated thereon or constructed therein;
" force " means any body. contingent~ or detachment of any
naval, land or air forces, or of any such forces, including a
Commonwealth Strategic Reserve when in the territory of the
Federation pursuant to this Agreement but shall not include
any forces of the Federation of Malaya;
"the Federation,, means the Federation of Malaya;
"Service authorities" means the authorities of a force who
are empowered by the law of the country to which the force
belongs to exercise command or jurisdiction over members
of a force or civilian component or dependants;
" Federation authorities " means the authority or authorities
from time to time authorised or designated by the Govem-
1nent of the Federation of Malaya for the purpose of exercising
the powers in relation to which the expression is used :
"civilian component" means the civilian personnel accompanying
a force. who are employed in the service of a force
or by an authorised service organisation accompanying a
force. and who are not stateless persons. nor nationals of. nor
ordinarily resident in. the Federation :
u authorised service organisation" means a body organi1sed
for the benefit ot or to serve the welfare of, a force or civilian
component or dependants:
" dependant " means a person not ordinarily resident in the
Federation who is the spouse of a member of a force or civilian
169
1170 1
GREAT BRITAIN AND MALAYA 53
component or who is wholly or mainly maintained or employed
by any such member. or who is in his custody, charge
or care, or who forms part of his family;
" service vehicles" means vehicles, including hired vehicles.
which are exclusively in the service of a force or authorised
service organisation;
the expression "of a force" used in relation to "vessels"
or "aircraft" includes vessels and aircraft on charter for the
service of a force.
ARTICLE xn
This Agreement shall come into force on the date of
signature.
In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised
thereto by their respective Governments. have signed this
Agreement.
Done at Kuala Lumpur in duplicate. this 12th day of
October, 1957.
For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and N orthem Ireland:
G. W. TORY.
For the Government of the Federation of Malaya:
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PUTRA.
EXCHANGE OF NOTES between the United Kingdom and
Morocco concerning the Convention of Commerce and
Navigation between Great Britain and the Shereefian
Empire signed on 9th December, 1856.-Rabat, 1st March,
1957(1)
(No. 1)-Her Majesty's Ambassador at Rabat to the Moroccan
Minister for Foreign Affairs
Rabat, 1st March, 1957.
Monsieur le Ministre.
On the instructions of Her Majesty~s Principal Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs, I have the honour to inform your
( 1) Treaty Series No. 38 (1957) (Cmnd. 144).
Annex 24
Letter from Rickard R. L. (Master Attendant, Singapore) to
Permanent Secretary (Commerce & Industry)
dated 15 Feb 1958
-per-m.- se-e. -c.- &- 1.
Yee, I s--rce. Lot u2 do e thorou,.h j,:;,b ~hil.ot Tia are
about a. JUn1otcr '::: cu~e~at.:0::1 1:1 hi~ m'.G.:.1te o!ateJ l:2/Z all vury
OOu;'lS.•
Soc·~1on 2 J ne1ote dof1n1t1oD 111t;.1,tere of the Colony-". It
oorves oo purpoM t1h'atsciJVer sad io t".sct read.
tQzcthO!' d th the c.xi11t1n~ eoc tioD 6( t~} @aDG
thet th~ BoarJ "C"OU.11 not e.xpeDd DK>O.'Elll' on aids
,,1tn1n port licite, which of coUr&a is not the
intention ot t 11c Ordioence.
" 3{ l) _ Ti''l 01::001·, l:£OD t or master or ~ery
eh!:;, '"Illich 1n tho courBC -,r ~ voyago calls
at any Port or pJ.uce \:Uhia the watcr5 ot tile
Colony, othor then sh1po cxeupt"tl 1o uubeoction
(2) heroor, shnll poy 1.1eht duee according to
t:·_c ecolo eo t out in the scht:dul.e to this -
Ordinnnca to eucl. off'1cer (boreinatter NtfJrred
to sr "tho colloctor") es lllBY bei appointed by
ro[rQlat1ooe i:ztade unllcr this 01"'J1nattco to coll.eat
OroiJ8J
PrOVidad tiu.t no ehip ebell bo 1-oqui.Nd
to pay more- t1'..nn 20 ceate a to::i 1a any year.
(2) ~ON shall be exumpted 1"ro:u duef:! under
thia orJ1oanco -
(1)
(11)
ships put ting 1n from atroeu of wathoz•,
or ror the purpoeo of otae:"80IMq
rapaire occaaai~aed on the high aaas.
pravided thct thuy d.o oot diac.bergo
or 1ood cnrco other thee cargo
di.achsrgetd with a T:le'ri' to such Npeira,
and et'tel"lferde re-s!l:1:,ped.;
nh1pe belonei.D.g t.:> Her h;Jost;r, Dingaror'l
Govcnnaec.i or to c ~a.•a &l ih
or Fore 1[JI gcyercmeait unless ·o~
car co or pDsseoger-s t~ :t'ru1e;ht or -
tsra;
(111) eh1pa of' llDde~ 15 tons;
(iv) !'18h1ng.: craft; o.nd..,,-
( v) net.ive e.oiliD.£ eb.ipa.
Sect1on 6(4): For "Dt!T.taatioDal. a:14a ill t.bo w&'ktra or the
OOJ.oart sabet1tuto "llgbtbo'\laes, bt.oJ"e,_
beacou ea! otll!lr nav1,get1oa.al aid.a 1a ,:ne:
Coloay 1ncludin8 Ped.re Branca (Borcburgb.) aD4
•t PQlau ~ end ror pgrpoeea anoillal'J"
t.boreto.•
~ t·t,ea 3 "YGl' fUipe regilrte~ 1Jt ~ ODJINIQ'
etc." aa ~,, an! sabat1 tute •1or ell shipa
optior.al aaau4 pa1J16Dt not nf'UQc1altla • .,. 20 Olllta
pl!'-
2. !b,li re~ of section:, 1aa ubov'o 1--not&a 1he neoeaai'Q'
t~ e;m:apt-1ona l ew. 2 <:lated ]J.9,.57, vb.1ch aocarcU.aelY' -,- b•
oucelled..
J. Bectiotl 3{2} aa rc...wardOd 1Dolude• uampt1.0Q! tr# naaela
putti,Qg 1D ~ 9U.80 or£ Uatbfti allC1 !'or ear~ =~r l think 18 roaaoarbl.• AM tho ~o"1ro worwi tie lllliOh . .
N&1ional Archives of Singapore
171
172
- 2 -
by the chip;Jing cO;xrJ.::1 ty.
4. The re-uordice or sc::-tion 6{!.) ::ickee the d1.1tiea of
tht: Bo~ru more epoc 1f1c 8!ld incitrlc a beyoru! ;!c; ~bt ligh thouee a
et l{or eburch anJ P'Ul ou P1sa[lJl. Hor~bu::-ch lJdl thcuee, ea.
35 ~uca to thu eeatttord, ia Colon:, territvry whoraea_at Pulau
Pi.song, eorne 50 mileo to tho nort.h-r.-est'l1ard, :Jingtpore bee
oo..13 a leoae of tho lnDcl on ,,hich til~ llc;ri;hOu6o ia bull t.
5 • If any o !' the oo ame nclr.,e !l t c c ro not c cc'..: pt cct , pl eaei;
re't'er back to ;;:e t:!i.t~..!Jut fell.
~--1~
(R .L.lii.:.:k.c.rd)
Yast~r Attena5nt, 15.2.sa.
National Archives of Singapore
Annex 25
Legislative Council Debates (Federation of Malaya) on
the Navy Bill 1958
FEDERATION OF MALAY A
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL DEBATES
Official Report
NINETEENTH MEETING OF THE THIRD SESSION OF
THE SECOND LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
THURSDAY. 19TH JUNE. 1958l AT 9.JQ, A.M.
PRESENT:
The Honourable Mr. Speaker (DATO' HAJr ABDUL MALEK BIN YusuF, Dato'
Maha Kurnia).
,,
.,
'·'
,.
.,
.,
.,
...
,.
,,
,.
,.
..
the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister :of Defence (DATO'
ABDUL RAZAK BIN DATO' HUSSAIN, Orang Kaya Indera
Shabbandar).
the Minister of Finance (MR. HENRY HAU SHJK LEE~ J.P.).
the Minister of Health (MR. y. T. SAMBANTHAN) •
the Minister of the Interior and Justice (ENCHE SULEIMAN.
BIN DATO' ABDUL RAH~AN).
the Minister of Agriculture (ENCHE, ABDUL Aziz BIN
ISHAK).
the :Minister of Works. Posts and Telecommunications
(ENCHE SARDON BIN HAJI JUBIR).
the Minister of Commerce and Industry (MR. TAN Srnw
SIN, J.P.).
the Minister of Education (ENCHE MOHAMED KHIR JoHARI) .
the Minister of Natural Resources (ENCHE BAHAMAN BlN
SAMSUDIN).
'the Minister of Transport (ENCHE ABDUL RAHMAN BJN
HAJI T~IB).
the 'Mentri Besar. Trengganu (DATO' PBRDANA Mm-iTRI"'.IHRAJA.
HAJJ KAMARUDDIN BIN HAJI Inrus, ~.c.s.).
the Mentri Besar, Kedah (TUNKU ISMAIL BIN TUNKU
YAHYA).
the Mentri Besa:r, Johore (DATd' WAN 1DRIS BIN IBRAHIM,
S.P.M.J., P.I.S.).
the Mentri Besar. Perlis (DATO' HAJI .MoifAMED RAZALLI BIN
HAn MOHAMED Au WAsI, PJ.K., .J.P., Orang Kaya
La}(amana Raja Mahkota), · -
the Mentri Besar, Pabang {ENCIIE ABDULLAH BIN ToK
MUDA HA.JI IBRAHIM, P.K~T., M.CaS,).
the Mentri Besar, Perak (ENCHE .MOHAMAD GHAZALI BIN
JAWI).
173
174
4817 19 JUNE 1958 4818
Malay Association at Cairo: A sum
of $2.572 is paid annually as grant
to meet the rent of a club for the
Association, but no hostel is available.
Malaya Hall, London: Four buildings
at Bryanston Square have been
leased to the Federation Government
and they are turned into club and
hostel. known as Malaya Hall.
The .Federation Government pays
$143.186 this year towards expenditure
on maintenance.
Jl, Leeson Park. Dublin. This is a
hostel for Malayan students resident in
the capital of Ireland. This is leased
to the Federation Government, and this
year we pay $13,466 towards maintenance.
Clubs for Malayan students have
been established at Melbourne and
Sydney but at both these places we
have no hostel.
The question of building a hostel for
Malayan students at Cairo is under
consideration and I am informed by the
Honourable Mr. Devaser who had an
interview with the President of the
United Arab Republic that the President
is prepared to provide a suitable
site for a hostel. We are waiting for the
time when the Government will
establish its embassy at Cairo when
the question can be further considered.
MALAY SECONDARY
EDUCATION
4. Tuan Haji Ahm.ad asks the
Minister of Education to state the
number of Malay Secondary Classes
which have been set up to date, the
expenditure incurred in setting up these
Oasses, and how does this expenditure
compare with the expenditure on
English Standard Schools.
Enche' Mohamed Khir Jobari:
Fifteen Malay Secondary Classes have
been established up to the present; no
additional expenditure is incurred as
most of these classes are Removed
Classes. The expenditure for a Malay
Secondary Class is about the same as
the expenditure for a class in English
Standard schools.
5. Tuan Haji Ahmad asks the
Minister of Education to state the
Government's programme for increasing
Malay Secondary Classes in 1959
and 1960.
Enche' Mohamed Khir Johari: Plans
for future Malay Secondary Classes
depend upon:
(1) parents' choice of the type of
school to which they wish
their children to be admitted;
(2) number of pupils eligible for
entry into Secondary Schools;
(3) number of trained teachers to
teach the several subjects m
Malay;
(4) availability of text-books;
(5) the progress made in Malay
Secondary Classes already
started in the Federation.
TEACHER TRAINlNG
6. Tuan Haji Ahmad asks the
Minister of Education to state the
number of teachers who are expected
to graduate every year from all the
Teachers' Training Colleges.
Enche' Mohamed Khir .Jobari: The
number of teachers expected to
graduate from Training Colleges and
Training Centres is as follows :
Penang 180
Brinsford 150
Kirkby 150
Language Institute . . . 180
Kota Bharu 150
Sultan Idris Training College 200
Malay Women's Training
College . . . . . . . . . 200
Training Colleges and Training
Centres 1.470
2.680
BILLS
THE NA VY BILL, 1958
S~nd Reading
Dato' Abdul Razak: I beg to move
that a Bill intituled ~•an Ordinance to
provide for the establishment, discipline
and regulation of a Navy in the
Federation" be read a second time.
This Bill follows in general form
parallel legislation in force in the
Federation relating to the Military and
Air Forces. Honourable Members will
4819 19 JUNE 1958 4820
in that respect remember the Air Force
Ordinance which was passed at the
last meeting of this Council. As I have
stated then. it is the intention that this
BiJJ and other military legislation will
eventually be superseded by the
Armed Forces Ordinance regulating
all the Armed Forces which is now
in draft but which will take some time
to complete.
The main object of this Bill is fo
enable a navy to be r:aised and maintained
in the Federation. This navy
will be called "Tentera Laut di-Raja
Persekutuan". or in English "The
Roya) Malayan Navy". Since~ however,
it is proposed that the present
Royal Malayan Navy raised in
Singapore should be transferred to the
Federation very shortly to form the
nucleus of the new Royal Malayan
Navy, special provisions have been
made in this Bill for the enlistment in
the Federation Navy of officers and
ratings of the Navy raised under the
Singapore Ordinance.
Sir, before I deal with the Bill in
detail, I would like to inform Honourable
Members that negotiations with
the Singapore, Government for the
transfer of the. Royal Malayan Navy
have now almost been concluded and
the main terms of agreement are:
(i) The Royal Malayan Navy will
be transferred from the
Singapore Government to the
Federation Government on
the 1st July of this year. or as
soon as possible thereafter;
(ii) The cost of the Navy. however,
during the remainder of 1958
will be borne by the Singapore
Government within the limits
of the provision made in the
Singapore Estimates for 1958;
(Applause)
(iii) And the Royal Malayan Navy
will from that date operate
from Federation bases. but
will continue to occupy the
barracks at Woodlands until
the main base at Port
Swetteriham is completed~
(iv) When the Navy is transferred.
with effect from the lsf
January. 1959, the Federation
Government will pay
the Singapore Government a
rental of $200.000 per annum
for the barracks at Woodlands
and another $200,000
~n respect of other charges,
rncludmg normal repairs and
maintenance arising out of the
occupation of the base at
Woodlands;
(v) No Royal Malayan Naval
personnel. who agree to be
transferred to the Federation
Government. will be given less
favourable terms and conditions
of service than those in
force immediately before their
transfer and such terms and
conditions wiU not be affected
by the transfer.
The House will, therefore. see that as
a res~lt of this agreement complete
operat10nal con!J'ol of the Royal
Malayan .. Navy will pass to the Federation
Government on transfer. and the
Royal Malayan Navy will then become
one of the Armed Forces of the Federation.
This Bill is, therefore. intended to
give legal effect to this .situation.
Now, Sir. the main points in the Bill
to which I would like to draw
Honourable Members• attention are as
follows:
(a) Section 3 deals with the establishment
of the Navy and
also states the title of the Navy
which has been approved by
His Majesty.
(b) Section 4 enables the Armed
Forces Council by Order to
Jay down the number of ships
and establishments of which
the Navy shall consist.
(c) Section 5 provides for His
Majesty to appoint a Naval
Officer to command the Navy.
and it is proposed that the
present Senior Officer of the
Royal .Malayan Navy should
so be appointed.
( d) Section 6 provides that no
person shall be appointed,
commissioned or enlisted in
the Navy unless he is a citizen
of the Federation but this
section is qualified by Section
19 to which I would like to
draw Honourable Members'
attention.
175
176
4821 19 JUNE 1958 4822
(e) Section 19 provides that any
officer or rating who was duly
appointed. commissioned or
enlisted in the Royal Malayan
Navy on the day preceding the
date on which this Ordinance
comes into force may be
appointed, commissioned or
enlisted, as the case may be,
in the Navy. In this respect the
Federation Government has
agreed that any person who is
not a citizen of the Federation
of Malaya will not be required
to become a citizen during his
present engagement. In other
words, such a person may
continue to serve the Royal
Malayan Navy until his present
engagement has been
completed.
(f) Section 10 applies to the Royal
Malayan Navy all Enactments
and Regulations for the
time being in force in the
Royal Navy, subject to the
modifications set out in this
Ordinance and m the
Schedule.
Also Honourable Members wi11
note that under Section 11,
the Armed Forces Council is
given the power to amend by
Order any such Enactments or
Regulations.
Honourable Members will appreciate
that there are hundreds
of Regulations governing the
operation and control of the
Navy, and it would be quite
impossible for the Federation
Government. within a reasonable
period, to provide or
produce similar legislation.
Therefore, for the time being,
we will have to apply the
Regulations of the Royal Navy
to the Royal Malayan Navy :
and I understand that all
countries of the Commonwealth
operate their Navies
under Regulations applying to
the Royal Navy.
(g) Section 20 is a transitory pro•
vision · to provide for the
punishment after transfer of
any offence that has been
committed before transfer.
(h) Sections 21 and 18 (2) give
powers to seconded Royal
Naval Officers and ratings
under the Ordinance to exempt
them from the disciplinary
provisions of this Ordinance
in view of the fact that they
remain subject to the United
Kingdom Naval Discipline Act
during the period for which
they are lent to the Federation-
and these arrangements
apply to other officers in
other branches of the Armed
Forces.
I might mention here that the
Federation Government is also
negotiating with the United
Kingdom for the transfer of
ships and equipment and for
the continued loan of Royal
Naval personnel as may be
required. There is no doubt
that these negotiations will be
brought to a rapid and happy
conclusion.
Sir. while initially for financial
reasons, we may have to limit the size
of the Royal Malayan Navy to its
present strength, it is the intention of
Government to expand the Navy and
early consideration will be given to the
provision of a frigate. which will serve
as a flagship for the Navy.
I should like, Sir. in conclusion to
take this opportunity of thanking on
behalf of the Federation Government
both Her Majesty's Government in the
United Kingdom and the Singapore
Government for the very generous
contribution which they are making in
respect of the Navy for the building
up of the Federation's Armed Forces.
(Applause).
lier Majesty's Government in the
United Kingdom under the grant-in~
aid programme are offering over $20
million worth of ships and equipment
and a substantial contribution in cash
of over $6 million towards the construction
of a base in the Federation.
(Applause)
The Singapore Government is trans•
ferring to us a trained Navy, which
has been built up in the years since
4823 19 JUNE 1958 4824
the war as Singapore's contribution
towards the defence of the Malayan
area, (Applause) and I would like to
point out to Honourable Members that
if the Federation had had to start its
own Navy from scratch, it would have
cost us a considerable sum of money
to have established and trained a
comparable force. I would like, Sir, to
take this opportunity to pay particular
tribute to the Chief Minister of
Singapore. the Honourable Mr. Lim
Yew Hock. who has been largely
responsible for this generous gesture.
which will go a long way towards
maintaining the good .relations and
co-operation between our Government
and the Singapore Government.
(Applause).
Finally, I would like to extend on
behalf of the Government. on behalf
of this House and the people of the
Federation a very warm welcome to
the officers and ratings of the Royal
Malayan Navy who are being transferred
to us. (Applause). We know that
they will prove to be a loyal and
valuable addition to His Majesty's
Armed Forces, and in return I can
assure them that their interests will be
fully safeguarded. We shall all look
forward to them entering our ports in
future in His Majesty's Ships flying
proudly the Ensign of the Federation.
(Applause).
Sir. I beg to move.
Mr. T. V. A. Brodie: I beg to second
the motion.
Tuan Sheikh Ahmad (Translated
from Ma/,ay): I rise with pleas1:1re to
give my full support to the Bill. We
the inhabitants of the Federation who
have pledged our loyalty to this
country and this country only, feel
proud over the establishment of the
Malayan Royal Navy, the pride of our
country which has just achieved independence.
Every independent country
must have fully equipped fighting
forces, naval, military and air forces,
however small they might be at the
beginning.
I would like to draw tre attention
of the Honourable the Minister of
Defence to the question of recruitment
into the Navy, to bear in mind that
what happens in the Federation Regi.
ment should not happen here-there
the Malays dominate the .rank and fil~
while the officer ranks are held by non.
Malays. The same thing happens in the
Police Force. This state of affairs
cropped up during the colonial adminis~
tration. But we are now independent.
It is unfair for one section of the community
to respond to the call of
Government and join the lower ranks
while other sections of the community
choose the upper ranks.
Sir. the Royal Malayan Navy is the
guardian of the country and its people
against external enemy attack and
against the import of contraband com~
modities. Those young men who wish
to join the Navy should be carefully
screened, they should be citizens of the
country with undivided loyalty, whose
parents should be subjects of the Malay
Rulers-and not those who acquired
first class citizenship while their parents
are not subjects of the Rulers. For in
my opinion such people are not 100
per cent citizens, but fifty per cent.
Sir, I wou]d like clarification from
the Honourable Minister about the
Commander of the Navy. In the Straits
Times of June 17th it was reported that
Captain E. D. Norman will be the
Commander. I do not object to the
appointment as I know that countries
that have gained independence borrow
the services of experts from foreign
countries. to be Commander of their
fighting forces to train local men as is
done by the Governments of India and
Pakistan. I am sorry why the same
officer is appointed Deputy Chief of
Staff and not as Adviser as in the case
of the Air Force. For the information
of Honourable Members I will read. the
relevent portion of the article in the
paper as follows :
"Captain E. D. Norman will tako command
of the Navy and will also become
Malaya's first Deputy Chief of Staff (Navy).
The Air Force Commander will be Air
Commondore Noel Hyde who will be Air
Adviser to the Government."
The commanders of the two forces
appear to :be of unequal rank. one as
Adviser and the other with full authority,
and I think the Deputy Chief of
Staff should be only as Adviser as in
the case of the Royal Malayan Air
Force.
177
Annex 26
Singapore Legislative Assembly Debates on
the Immigration (Amendment) Bill 1959
Volume 3
No. 23
Tuesda]
3rd March, I~
SINGAPORE
LEGISLATIVE. ASSEMBLY
DEBATES
OF·FICIAL REPORT
CONTENTS
PERMISSION TO MEMBER TO BE ABSENT (Col. 1988)
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR (Col. 1989)
(Assents to Bills passed)
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS (CoL 1989-93)
l. Kampoug Tiong Bahm Fire·
(Donations to Victims)
2. Retirement of Diredor of Special Branch
(Request for Statement)
3. Investigations into Bank Account under control of
Minister
(Request for Statement)
4. Vernacular Schools
(Government Aid)
S. Passenger Transport Services
(Licences)
Published by Authority
Price: $2
{Continued overleaf
1179 1
180
2003 3 MARCH 1959 2004
fathers of illegitimate children, and is
consequential on the provision that will
be made by clause 2.
Sir, I beg to move.
Question put, and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time
and committed to a Committee of the
whole Assembly.
Assembly immediately resolved it•
self into a Committee on the Bill.-
1 Mr. Shanks].
Bil1 considered in Committee: re•
ported without amendment; read the
Third time and passed.
IMMIGRATION
(AMENDMENT) BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
10.36 a.m.
The Minister for Labour and Welfare
(Tun Lim Yew Hock): Mr. Speaker, Sir.
I beg to move. '"That the Bill be now
read a Second time:•
Sir. in the light of constitutional
,changes and of experience gained over
the past few years in the administra·
tion of the Immigration Ordinance,
1953, it is imperative that certain
amendments should be made in the law
to meet changed conditions and. to
dose the loopholes that have been di$•
covered over a period. To this end
there have been several consultations
with the Federation Government at ministerial
as well as official levels.
Hon. Members are aware that since
1953 the policy on immigration has
been Pan.Malayan, and I am happy to
report that as a result of these consul·
tations it will continue to be so.
The Federation is an independent ter•
ritory now and Singapore will soon have
internal self•government, but despite
the difference in status, :the Federation
Government has agreed to maintain a
Pan•Malayan approach to this very im•
portant legislation. There will be no
change in the freedom of movement between
the two territories along the
Causeway other than in the case of those
citizens who are specifically prohibited
by order of either Government.
The provisions incorporated in this
Bill are the result of consultations re•
ferred to by me. A new Bill incorporating
these amendments was passed by tho,
Federal Legislative Council about a
fortnight ago. The Federation Govern•
ment is now awaiting the passing of our
Bill so that the new law can be brought
into operation simultaneously.
Reference to the Explanatory State•
ment to the Bill will disclose the reasons
for the proposed amendments.
Clause 4, the most important clause,
seeks to amend th.e provisions of
• section 7 of the Immigration Or•
dinance in that the right of entry
is now confined to citizens of Singa~
pore and of the Federation. and I
am sure hon. Members will welcome
this move. Persons other than citizens
of Singapore and of the Federation will
have to apply for a permit or pass in
order to enter Singapore from outside
Malaya. I wish to stress that this will
refer to those who will be seeking entry
into Malaya after the coming into force
of this amendment. This amendment
will not affect persons already resident
in Singapore on entry permits or passes.
Sir, in regard to those categories of
persons who at present are entitled to
enter by virtue of section 7 (1) (b) of
the Ordinanct1 namely, persons in the
specific employment of the Government
or of the City Council, consular repre•
sentatives or members of the Diplomatic
Carps, and members of Her ·Majesty's
Forces serving in Singapore, they will
be _covered by an Immigration (Exemption)
Order which it is proposed to make
if this Bill is passed. This Exemption
Order will be authorised under section
55 of the Ordinance as amended.
Clause 27 of the Bill seeks such an
amendment to section 5 5 so as to em•
power the. Minister, when he makes an
Order exempting any person or class
of persons from the provisions of the
Immigration Ordinance, to impose conditions
on such exemption. It is intended
that such an Order, when made, will
make it obligatory on the part of persons
qualified for exemption to apply
for an entry permit or pass, if the specific
reason for the exemption ceases to
2005 3 MARCH 1959 2006
[TUN LIM YEW HOCK.]
hold good. Such persons could then
be treated as if they were applying for
first entry into Singapore if they wish
to remain here after their diplomatic or
consular status ceases, or their service
with the Armed Forces or the Government
or the City Council is term~nated,
as the case may be. The Government
feels that this amendment is vitally
necessary in order that when the new
Exemption Order is introduced, there
will be a system of control, which will
enable it, in consultation with the
Federation Government if need be, to
have the power to refuse or to allow
such persons to remain in Malaya when
the reasons for exemption have cea'Sed
to be valid in their cases. The present
law gives no such power once they have
entered Singapore under the entitlement
conferred under section 71:J) (b) of the
Ordinance. It will therefore be in the
interests of Singapore to have this control
in order that permission' to stay
here either on an entry permit or pass
would be regulated by considerations of
contributions which such. persons would
make for the economic betterment or
otherwise of Singapore or of Malaya as
a whole.
Sir. Singapore now has overwhelming
problems of a fast expanding population
and of a totally inadequate number
of employment opportunities created
from time to time to absorb the
large numbers of young persons coming
into the employment market every year.
At the same time, the Government is
only too conscious of the need to attract
capital and technological know-how for
industrial development, and to expand
and improve the productivity of existing
industries, while maintaining to the full
the enviable position which we have
gained through our entrepot trade. It
is, therefore, necessary that there should
be a balance struck somewhere between
the need to curtail the entry of persons
seeking employment in Singapore and
the necessity to have recourse to steps
to invite foreign capital or experts,
whether it is in the scientific, technological
or professional spheres, who
could contribute to Singapore's economic,
social or industrial development.
With the introduction of this control,
Sir, emphasis will be placed more and
more on the economic benefit of Singapore.
Positive steps will have to be
taken to encourage people to invest in
Singapore and to protect that investment
with their presence here. As an important
corollary to this better system of
immigration control, it is proposed that
the present Immigration (Prohibition of
Entry) Order. which includes the cate~
gory of persons under paragraph (b) of
the Schedule to the Order enabling a
contract employee to be granted an entry
permit if he has a contract of employment
guaranteeing a salary of $500 per
month for two years, should be replaced.
Accordingly a new order will
be issued, deleting paragraph (b) of the
Schedule, as well as another category in
paragraph (c) which refers to skilled
artisans being allowed entry for employment
in the trade or occupation if there
are not sufficient skilled artisans already
resident in Malaya, and if such entry is
in the economic interests of Singapore,
and to cover these two categories of
persons by the issue of Employment
Passes. Such Employment Passes will be
!lllthorised under new Immigration regulation:
5· which it is also proposed to
make. Such an Employment Pass may
be issued by the Controller to any person
other than a prohibited immigrant
who satisfies the Controller that he
wishes to enter Singapore in order to
take up employment in Singapore under
a contract for a minimum period of two
years and up to a maximum of five
years ( with extensions to be granted at
the discretion of the Controller) with a
company or firm, such contract guaranteeing
an emolument of $1,200 per
month. It is further proposed that ·there
should be a ptoviso that where the Controller
is satisfied that no person resident
in Singapore is available to undertake
employment of the kind referred to in
such contract and that it will be unrea-sonable
to expect all employer to pay
such a salary in the particular circumstances
of the job or post) he may waive
181
182
2007 3 MARCH 1959 2008
the requirements of this stipulation that
the employee should ·be paid a salary
·of $1,200 per month.
Mr. Speaker, Sir, I must ask hon.
Members to bear with me if I appear
to dwell too tong on this part of" the
proposed prQViSion. There has been
some considerable disquiet on the part
of the commercial and trading community
as to the Government's intentions~
and I -hope this statement will allay the
fears that the Government is seeking to
exclude contract employees altogether.
Quite apart from the necessity to provide
and preserve employment opportu•
nities for local people. there is of course
the recognized need to maintain confi ..
d~nce in the ability of Singapore to cope
with the demands of what we hope will
be art expanding economy. Contract
employees will therefore be allowed entry
and even welcomed if they are pet ..
sonnel of a high calibre of attainments
that are not to be found amongst local
qualified persons, and if they will bring
special talents. whether it be in the business.
industrial. scientific or technological
fields. In the process of raising the
figure from $500 a month to $1,200 a
month. it is the Governmenf s hope that
indirect inducement will thus be offered
to firms and companies to encourage or
promo~e local persons to take the placer
of the junior executive grades whom
they~ up to the present. find it expedient
to recruit from overseas. We believe
~hat_ many firms of repute and standing
tn Singapore have already embarked on
programmes of training local people to
ta_ke over posts of responsibility even
without any such inducement. There ..
fore. I wish to give an assurance to such
firms and to others which recognize
sympathetically the need of Singapore
to preserve employment oppportunities
as far as possible to its citizens. that
there is no present intention to influence
them to Malayanise the senior executive
posts.
I need hardly stress that if this pro-posed
immigration control is exercised
over the coming years with the broad
imaginative objectives which we ·have
in mind, there will be much greater
appreciation of the -benefits of Singapore
citizenship, and communities
will become close-knit and integrated.
~e building up of a Malayan consciousness
and loyalty will be greatly
accelerated thereby. With the Federa ..
tion. this Government agrees that at this
juncture we will not be unduly restric-tive
over the issue of Employment Passes
provided that employers can show that
they are making genuine attempts to co~
operate with the Government to see that
as far as possible local people are being
employed or being trained for higher
posts, so that the need for overseas recruitment
is reduced to the mmimum.
As the proposed orders to be made will
not be retrospective but will come into
force on the dat~s they are made, per-sons
already resident on entry permits.
whe~e.r they be contract employees or
specialists or professional consultants
under paragraph (a) of the Schedule to
the Prohibition of Entry order. will not
be affected.
Sir. clause 3 of the Bill proposes an
amendment to subsection (2) of section
6 of the Immigration Ordinance in order
to prohibit the entry into Singapore
from the Federation of any person other
than a citizen of Singapore who has
been prohibited entry by order made
under section 9 of !the 1Ordinance, ·or
who has entered the Federation of
~~laya on a pass issued under the pro~
v1s1ons of any written Jaw for the time
being in force in the Federation. and
endorsed as not valid for entry into
Singapore. Hon. Members will appre ..
ciate that this amendment will enable
the Government to have the right. which
it is hoped will be rarely exercised. to
exclude visitors to Singapore from the
Federation, whether for security or other
reasons, because their presence is ob ..
jected to in Singapore, but not in the
Federation. The Federation Bill has
such a parallel provision to exclude visitors
from Singapore to the Federation.
Clause 7 of the Bill seeks to amend
section 10 of the Immigration Ordinance
to make the issue of an Entry Permit
discretionary instead of mandatory. I
have already explained that this will
now prove absolutely necessary if immigration
control in the interests of
Singapore which we seek is to be im ..
plemented.
..
2009 3 MARCH 1959 2010
[TuN LIM YEW HOCK.]
Clause 8 similarly seeks to amend
section 11 (2) of the Ordinance to make
the issue of Re-entry Permits discretionary
instead of mandatory.
Clause 12 seeks to repeal and re-enact
section 15 of the Ordinance to give
power to the Controller to declare the
presence -of a person who has entered
Singapore on a permit or certificate to
be unlawful after his arrival, if it is
proved subsequently that he obtained
either document by misrepresentation or
that he is a prohibited immigrant. The
certificate in question is the Certificate
of Citizenship status issued to someone
outside Singapore who claims to be a
citizen of Singapore by birth or otherwise.
This power to cancel will be exercisable
within two years of the person's
arrival.
Clause 13 proposes an amendnlent to
section 16 of the Ordinance to make· it
quite clear that once a person's presence
in Singapore is declared unlawful, it
would be unlawful for him to remain
here.
Clause 23 seeks to amend section 48
of the Ordinance to make the master.
owner. charterer or agent of a vessel or
aircraft Hable for expenses of removal
from Malaya of persons illegally entering
Singapore from such vessel or aircraft.
Clause 24 reinforces this provision by
seeking to amend section 49 by increasing
the period of liability to return a per·
son illegally entering to his port of em•
barkation from three months to one
year from the date of entry. This lat•
·ter provision is to ensure that the nee•
essary lengthy enquiries that may be re•
quired in some cases do not result in
the owner of the vessel or aircraft re•
pudiating liability.
Clause 25 introduces a new section to
·facilitate interrogation and investigation
in cases where persons are liable to be
removed from Singapore under any of
the provisions of the Ordinance.
Sir. I wish. in concJ.usion, to acknowledge
with gratitude the part played by
Tunku Abdul Rahman. Prime Minister
of the Federation. in all this. I must
also thank Dato Abdul Razak and Dr.
Ismail for the friendly understanding and
close co-operation in many problems
which we have had to discuss and solve
over these matters. It is an example of
close consultations which we hope will
be achieved in many other fields where
the two territories inevitably have to
examine the plans in the light of interdependence
of one on the other, and to
give effect to the over-riding considerations
of maintaining a Malayan outlook,
so that to the greatest extent possible
we will be marching in step with
each other. and to our mutual benefit.
Sir. l beg to move.
Question proposed.
10.51 a.rn.
Mr. R .. Jumabhoy (Telok Ayer): Mr.
Speaker, Sir, every Singaporean will no
?oubt support the protection of the
1~teres1s of Singapore citizens in gettmg
employment in his own country. I
have no objection to that.
Sir, the Hon. the Chief Minister mentioned
in his speech that he wants
foreign capital. I think all Parties
need it, and have already spoken
a~ut it. But how is foreign capital
gomg to come? Unless you allow the
managers or partners to run the business.
They are not going to send capital
here and hand it over to somebody and
say1 "Look here, you take this capital
of $100,000, and run the business for
us." That is not possible, because those
who invest their capital in this country
want to see their capital under
their control and invested in lines
of their own interests. This being the
case, the man.agers and partners should
be allowed to stay here to manage the
affairs of their businesses. Of course,
they wiU have to employ 1ocal men in
the big businesses, especial1y the industrial
side, and they must also train the
local people in order to form the majority
of the employees.
Sir, I have one more question. Many
firms have been established here for
years. Their businesses are vast and
they have branches in many parts of the
world, with their managers or their
partners running these businesses. The
183
Annex 27
Letter from Ministry of Defence (Federation ofMalaya) to
Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)
dated 27 Aug 1959
Telegraphic Address:
IIINDBP
Kuala Lumpur
Telephone:K.L. 8TT31
No. MIDS,0.22/40/21
CONFIDENTIAL.
Permanent. Sec.retar;y,
Mlniatry or Home A.t'tair•,
5 IN OAP ORE 1 6.
IIINISTRr OF DEPBNCE
RDBRATION OP MALAYA
RIFLB RAlfGR ROAD
KUALA. I.UMPUR.
27th Auaua-t, 1959•
I am directed b7 the Minister or Detenae to
in.tons you that, in accordance w1 th the agreement between
our two Governments, t.b.e i:07al lilala¥an Na:w7 haa been
carrying out patrola ot the territorial waters ot' Singapore.
From time to time aampana and other &mall cratt, acting
in a auap1c1oua manner, have been stopped and 1nterropted. .•
I.t, as ta otten the case, the pap era ot the crow or ot the
cargo ere not in order, then the vessel la handed over to
the Singapore Marine Police.
2. In a rea.ent incident, when an Indoneaian sampan
was stopped inside &in,gapora territorial waters, the
occupants •ho had no 1>19or1 stated that they intended
landing in Singapore. When the Karine Police were intoraed,
they asked that tho sampan should be inatructed to return
to Indonesian waters. Thia wae done and the sa.a:ipan
reluctantly complied.
3. I em to aa,y that this procednre 1• likely t.o
lead to dittieultioa since, without being f'ul.ly acquainted
with Singapore Government policy and legislation on all
matters connected. •1th im11:11igrat1on, cuatoma and other
similar eub3ecta, it 1& not poeeible to give Conmanding
Officers ot R.Y.N. ships clear 1natruc-tione on the a~ion
which they should take. In this particu.lar case, ror
example, the 1nstru.ct1on, if not complied wl th, could not
ha.ve been entorced.
4. _ The Royal Malayan tra'IJ' 1a tull.y prepe.red to
con t1nue 1 ta pa trolling on behalr or the Singapore Government,
but it ta proposed to 1natl"Uet CQmmeDd1ng otr1cers
t.hat they should onlY atop, interrogate and report to
the Singapore Karine Police 8.1l7 auapia.ious -..esse1L In
the event ot any turther actiao. being required it muat
then be taken by the aingapore author! ttoa or the vesael
must be released.
5. It would be appraoiated 11· you would say whether
this proposal is acceptable to the Singapore Government.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
Sd.. Koh«. Bin Baba
tor Secretary ~or Derenoe.
N11tiunaJ Atchives of Singapore
185
Annex 28
Extracts from Malayan Meteorological Service,
Summary of Observations for 1959
MALAYAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE
SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS
1959
11a1 1
188
[NTBODVCTION
Ci..UIAT£
MET£0ROl.OGIC.U. STATIONSAlor
Star Aerodrome (Kopala Batas)
Kota Bharu Aerodrome (Pengkalao Chepa)
Penang Aerodrome (Dayan Lepn)
Kuala Trengganu
Ipoh Aerodrome
Sitiawa.n
Ku11.nt11.n Aerodrome
Kuala l.111npu~ Airport
Meniing
Malacca Aerodrome (Batu Berendam)
Singapore Airport
Sanda.kall
Jeaseltun
Labuan
Miri
Dintulu
Kuchi11g
AUXILIARY STATIONS-Kangar
Baling
Sungei Patani
Penang (General Hospital)
Penang Hill (Hill Statio11)
Kulim
Bu kit Mertajan1 .•
Pant Buntar
Ll'nggong
Bagan Serai
Maxwell's Hill (Hill Station)
Taiping
Kuala Kangsar •.
Dungun
Tanjong Rambutan
Cameron Highlandll (Tana Rata)
Gopeng
Batu Gajah
Kamp11.r
Kemaman
Tapah
Teluk Anson
Rauh
TanjoPg Malim
Kuala Kuhu Bharu
lkntong
INDEX
S1we or Terrilory·
Ked11h
Kelantan
Penang
Trengganu ..
Perak
Perak
Pabao.g
Selangor
Johore
Malacca
Singapore
North Borneo
North Borneo
North Borneo
Sarawak
Sarawak
Sarawak
Perlie
Kedah
Kedah
Penang
Penang
Kedah
Pro~-iace Wellesley
Perak
Peralr.
Perak
Perak
Peralr.
Peral
Trenganu
Perak
Pahang
Perak
Pt11'alr.
Perak
Treng1an1.1 ..
Peralr.
Peralr.
Pahang
Peralr.
Selaogor
Pahang .,
Pase
5
6
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
4S
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
71
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
S111dion
6.UlUlJ41l'Y &rATION&-{eontd.)
Klang
Kuala Sellllllor
Kepong
Kajang
Jelebu
Kuala Pilah
Seremhau
Port Dicbon
Se1aP1at
TaP1pin
Tangkak
M.uar
Batu Pahat
Kota Tin&gi
Pontian Kechil
J ohor• Bha:ru
Pulau Lengkawi ..
SINGAPORE RAIN1'4L1, 5TATJOIUl:Sembawang
Police Station
Royal Air Force, Seletar
Ama Keng Police Station
Seletar Reservoi-r
Nee Soon 51:hool of Hcal!h
Horsburgh Lighthouw,
Royal Air Fo,-ce, Tengah
Pierce Reservoir
Royal Air Force. Chaugi
Tempenis Custam... Station
Serall!oon Sewerage Work.fa
Inu Pandan Sewerage Work&
MacRitehie Reservoir
W oodleigb Fdters
Kim ChWID Raad, P.W.D.
Kim Chuan Road Sewerage Works
TuBB Polir.e Po~t
Rangoon Road Sewerage Works
Tanjoo.g Kling Police St.ation
Botanic Gardens
Alexandl'a Road &i\\--erage Work~
Marine Police S,a1ion
Fullerton Building
Ringwood Road Sewerage Station
Pulau Seraya Police P06t
_ .Pasil' Panjang Power Station
Singapore Harhour 'Board Gate No, 9
Sultan Shoal Lighthouse
- ,Raffle~ Lighthouf<f'
4
SIGH or T•rritory
Selangor
&,langor
SeJangoT
Selangor
Negri Semhilan
Negri Sembil1m
Negri Sembilon
Negri Sembilau
Johore
Negri Scmbilan
Johore
Johore
Johore
Johore
Jobore
Johore
Keclah
PQ§S
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
us
116
117
118
119
120,12S
120
120,125
120
120
120,126
121
121
121
121
121
121
122. 126.
122
122,127
122
122.127
122
123. 128
123. 128
123
123
123. 129
123
124,129
124
124,130
124. 130
124. 131
189
190
MALAYAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE
SUJD(ARY OF OB$EKV A'l'IONS, 1959
INTRODUCTION
Tms :rsaw eontai1lll summe.rio fo.1 11' Firot Order Stations in the Federation of Malaya. Singapore, Sarawak .and
N.ortb Demeo. 43 A11Xiliary StaiiOD!'I in the Federation of Malaya and 29 Rainfall Stations in Singapore.
FIRST ORDER STATIONS
. T1ae main etatiena are- equipped with .11elf-MCOr~ wtntments,. the records nGJn which .Kre tab:ulaud bOtll'ly.
These hinu-ly "fillues al'$ COl"1'8Cted .bdote publication by comparillon with ·all available eye teadi:nga of lltaDdard :0011-
aut ograpldc ia&tramenta. TAe figures pub&li.ed fol' Singapore. Kuala LllQlpur, Penang,. Kata 1Jbarn aud Kuam;an
ani tho actul ~ :readinp made ~y hom.
EQUIPMENT
The equipment of the main statione is wrlform a:od includ.eto the following inattUIDflJltii:M~
han:J:metel'.
Stevenson. Screun with dry and wet bulb psydo-o~ mid maximum a~ minimum th~tnometere.
Five-inch raingause, ID British Metlll)l'Ologi.cal Office sta.ndud pattern.
Dines preuure tube anemometer recordmg directiOl1 and speed.
Thenaograph. bi-mete.Ilic spiral ,pring.
Hair Hygnigrapb.
Recording .ta:uigauge, Dhm tilting eipbon pau.em.
Campbell-stokes S11Dmi,ne rec~der.
'Du, following additional iwitru:ment&' are in U1C but their records are not i:nclmled iii the su.m.marie&:Bar-
ograph.
Besaoli. NephosCQPe•
Maxim.um and Minimum wet bulb thennotttn!ll'S.
Grll88 Mioironm thermomf:ters.
Earth thermometera al depths o£ one f.oot anil four feet.
Evaporimeter.
Tb~ nposure of iostrumerit.s at all stations, is convention81.
HOURS OF OBSER:VA..TION
Tlie statiom on tbe··auJieldsat Singapore, Kuala Lumpw-. Penaug, Kota Bh11nuwd. Kuantan make ohMrvatiens
e,,ery hoar. At M.alacca and Sitiawan the bollr11 of obaervation. lU'e 0100, .0400, 07(10, 1000, 1300, 1600: a:od 1900 Statiou
Time.. while at lpoh, Ator St61', Kuala 'Inilgll,DU and ~the hoμ;rs of observation.are 0700. 1000, 1300, 1600.a:od
1900 Station T'U11e. Station Tune is .eevea hours in adcvauce·of Cr~wieh Mean Time.
I:o ,Sar,awak and North Bomeo., the hount of oburrvatio11. are OSOO, ·0800, 1100, l400, l'i-0.0 md 2000 Station
Time. Station Tims is·eight hollTII iu advance·of Greenwich Mean Tim~
AUXILIARY STATIONS
The equipment of the A1lldlia:ry ·Stations consist& of a standffd Stevenson Smeen, with dry ud wet lndb ps'ya
woni.et~. aud maxim11rn imd minimum thi:1mometer1:1 together with a standard taingauge of either eight or ii~
h,.chc, diameter.
The~ ~f o~ion Ql'tl &'100 and 1300 Station Time. Station Time-is Bffll'-eD ho,m in advailee et' Gnenwieh
Mean Time.
6
SINGAPORE RAINFALL STATIONS
The Rainfall Stations are equipped with a five-inch raingauge of Briti,i;h Meteorological Office standard pattern.
Thirteen of the twenty-nine Rainfall Stations are also equipped "'ith recording raingaugea, Dines tilting siphon
pattern,
The time of measurement of rain.faU varies at diS'erent station& and ls mention.ad in each summary.
SARAWAK AND NORTH BORNEO STATIONS
Re<:ords from stations in Sarawak and Nori h Borneo are included wtder First Order Station&,
CLIMATE
The characteristic feature& of the climate of Malaya are wtiform tempemture, high httm.idity and copious rainfall,
and they arise mainly from die maritime exposure of the Peninsula. By uniform I emperature is meant the lack of
eerlow temperature variation throughout the year; the annual variation ia not more than 4°F. The daily range of
temperature iB large. being from 10" to 15°F. at tho coastal ~tations and from 15° to 20"F. at the inlaud IJl:ations but
the exceasive day temperatures which are foun,1 in continental tropical area~ are nove:r experienced. It may be noted
that an air tempe1a111re of lOO~F. hPS very rarely been recorded i.u Malaya u,1Jer standard c-onditiot111. The nights
are reasonably eool everywhere. although the_ days are.frequently hot and on aecount of the high humidity somewhat
oppreui.Vlll, it viny rantl~· happens that refreBhing ~ieep is 1101 ohtai11ed at 11ight.
The highest temperatutee on reeord "'-ere observed in the uortb«u part of the Peninsula on 26th and 27th Mareh,
1931. when I03"F. was recorded at Palau Langkawi on the 27th. and l01°F. at Snngei Patani on 26th and 2.7th and
Kangar OD 27t.h.. In the llouthern part of the Peninsula the hig~t temperature evt1r I erumled was l 03°F. at. Sega•
mat on Uth July, 1958.
At the bill statiou conditions are very different. Uniformity of temperature iI, ~till found hut the temperature
it6df i" naturally much lower, The highest temperature on 1 ecord at Fraser'M Hill (4,200 feet) ie 82°F. and at Tanah
Rata. Cameron Highlands (4,750 feet), 80°F. The coolest night on record at Fraser', Hill it. S3°F. and at Tanab Rata
36°F. or only 4°F, above freedng point.
2. The difFerenees in temperature in Malaya are compan1ively small. whether temperature variations throughout
the year at one place or differences from place to place at the &ame time of the year are c-onsidered. They a.re,
neverthele,,e fairly definite in eome respects and are worthy of mention. Over the whole PeninBUla, there i& a defudte
variation of temperature with the monsoon~ and I Ilia iB accentuated in the Ea.st Cout district&. Aptil and May are
the months with the highest average mo.nthly t~mperature in m~t plaeea and December and January tbe months with
the Jowett average monthly temperatUJ'e, The average dsily temperature in most districts to the east of the Main
Range i& lower than in 11bnilar distrii:t11 west of the Main Range. The differences in the average value& in the C-86t and
wed are dne almwt entirely to the low day temperature experienced in the Eastem IW!tl'ict& during the North-East
M0Jl800n. At Kuala Trengganu, for example, the day temperature rately reaches 90"F, during tht- North-Eaat
MOD&Or,n and often fails to rea.::h 80°F. A number of occasiona have been rttorded on which the temperature did
not rise above 75°F. which is nQt infrequent!y the lowest temperauue reacood during the nigLt in most diatricu.
Night temperatures do not vary to the same extent, the average Wlnally being ootween 70°F. and 75°F. lndivi,lnnl
values fall rnnch below this al nearly all &t.atious, the coolest nights o:ommonly following aorne of the hotte-11 days.
The lowest temperature recorded int.be pJains u 60°F. whieh oci:11rre,l at Loth Kulim and Lcnggong on 6th Januery,
1937. The~ statioDS do not qnite show such low temperatures hut even lum, 1he night h!mperature falls below
7o<'F. from time to time,
3. The variation .of rafofall is the most important feature in the le88onal diviilion .of the ytar, but thlt. is not the
1ame everywhere and as it is due to the mOTe uniform periodi~ change~ in the.- wind, the wind changes are wualJy
spoken of when seuow; are mentioned. There are four scai;ons which we c-an dibtinglllllh, namel~·. that of the South•
West Monsoon, that of the North-East MoD-IOOo and lwo 11horte1"" seasons separaliug the eud of each of these from the
eommencomenl of the other. The lieginni.11g and end of llie mon,oon sea.om< are usually not well-defined, though
the onset of the North-East Monsoon. may be fairly definite,
4. Tho time11 of conu:neo.em11ent of the MoD1100DII vary to some exteut. The South-Welt Mon11oon is mu ally
. e!tahlithed in the latter half of 'May or early in JllDe and end& in September. The North-East Monsoon uenally
cOD1mcnees in late October or Noveinher lllld enda i.n March. There are thus two periodK, eaeb of about two months
in length, between the endin( of one mOll8oon and the beginning of the oppo~ite one, corresponding roughly with the
equinoctial 1$Ca80DB. The average rainfall of every· district is largely governed by thiK Mlaaon11l division. although the
eame characteristics do not nppear everywhere at the &ame aeaaona,
S. The 11easonal variation of rainfall in Malaya i& of three typea, Over the Eaat Coast diatriets
the Dlaximum rainfall oecun with the North-East Moruioon. the remainder of the year being comparatively·
dry. Then, i& a steady ineraase of rainfall month by month from June or July to December. followed by a steady
d.oorease 011 to the middle of the year. Over the i.Jlland di&triets and along the West Coa11t the .mnximmn rainfall
uually oeeU1'8 in October and November. A sf:Cond rairly sea.on. though not .so pronounced, oecnn in Much and
April, the middle periods of the JDonsoons bring comparatively dry. Inland and along the central portion of th.e
West Coast. the drieet m1tlltM are uaually June and JnJy bnt along the coast in th<" South-West and the North-West
the driest mouth is u&11ally FEbmary.
191
192
?
6. The yearly rainfall is ]ugh over the wholu of the Pe:nin&ula, tbe driest stadon ol those at which r«onls have
bttn luipt being Jdebu, with .an average of 65 inchn. The highest rainlall i-ecorded occon; in the Larut Hills IU!ar
Twping ~.._ere the average at "The Cottap" (4.513 feet) is 232 inthll5. Taiping itself, at the foot of these hillt., bas
the highest rainfall of the low-level stations with an average of 166 inchei.. The high rai.nlall•of this uea is exoeptional
and at otheY hill stations at approximately tho sai:w, height, but situated in drn main ruge of mountams. the rainfall
ia considerably les&; the avetage at Frum';; Hill being 106 inches and that at Cameron Highland, HK inches.
7. Considering the Peidn.mla as a whole, the heaviest yearly rainfall is experienced over the East CONt diiltrlcts
where the average is about ]20 inches. This average decreases inland to less than 100 inches over the central lowlands
between the Eastern and Main Ranges. Betwee11. the Main Range and the West Coast the ilistrihution ie more
irreplar. In North Kedab the rainfall decrea11e11 towards the West Colll!t, but in South Kedah and Perak. there u a
notable increase in the rainfall over the region immediately to the West or the Ranges before a decrease towards the
Weet Coast. In thia regiou lie the Tai.ping area which haa been mentioned and the Tap ah area with 144 inches as the
•~ year•s fall recorded at Tapah. Along the We5t Coast the rainfall decreases fairly uniformly from 107 inch.es
at Penang to less than 80 inches along the coast or Selan.gor. Further &Oath the diatribution is irregular but increases
to a little more than 110 inches at the extreme south of the Peniimda. Th eastern part of Negri Sembilan is the
driest area in M!llaya with &D average rainfall ofleu than 70 inches.
8, The surface winds are generally lighr. except during the North-East M:Gn11oon when the exposed East Coast of
Malaya may experience steady winds of 20 miles per hour or more, gusting to much higher vahies, for spells of a few
days. From April to November lioe llqualls, known as "Sumatras ... accompanied by heavy thunderetormll, develop
in the lt:alacea Strait& in the night and move with the prevailing Southwesterly win!Li aloft on to the Wcet Coat.
generally in the early hours of the morning, These "Sumatra&" have been known to exceffli 150 mile& in length.
1959
Sialie.n: ~w1n1 Pntl,.
Slatle11
1959 l,■t: I° 27' N.
1.nnii: 103° 50' K
Dt, •"°"" M.S.I .. -
• -......... ·~➔ ..
! .e i ! Mo111h j -.... • 'aj 115 ., i i ti> • i!
JaDUU)' .. .. l.06 16 2.85 11
Fehraary .. .. 6.51 II 1.69 3
Mau .. .. 11.96 15 4.61 10
~ .. .. la.48 II .ua 16 .. .. 8.87 12 1.96 IS
Jum .. .. 9.60 18 1.60 16
,July .. .. 1.13 13 l.71 n
ADplll , . .. 6.09 IS f.{12 16
September .. .. 3.811 10 1.53 28
Oclaber .• .. 6.18 17 S.ZB !9
Ncwemt. .. .. us 21 1.19 6
lleeembl!r • · .. 14.89 u I.SB 28 --
Total .. .. 106.24 193 .. ..
E~ .. .. .. l .. 4.68 ..
·--·····
Ral11faH M,.Plltfll
Daly at .. .. oa30S.T.
SINGAPOU: RADO'A.LL - A.lJXILIABY STADONS
Amoun.t in inchea
Slali<IJI< Rny"I Mr Fo,...,, Stada.,: Ama Keng Pall.,. Sta11oni ~ 8-oir .!:ltaliotl: Nee SD011 Sehool
Selelv St1tiDt1 Lal: J0 f4' N', oflleallh
,Lau r 26' N. La.t: 1° 24' N. Long1103° '8' E, Lat1 l" 24' N.
J.onit: 103° 52' E. 1Antg1 103° 42' E. Rt. above M .. !:=-t.. - X-.1 103• 49' E.
Ht. at,,n.e M.S.J .. - Ht. ■bove M.SJ.. - Bt. above H.S.J.. -
€ 1959
Slatifl.,: Hanbmgb J.isbt•
h-
,.._t; l 0 U'N. 1959
~• 103° 24' E.
Ht, above M.S.J.. -
... -..~-- . ------··-- =-~-.-~--- ---~' - -- -~· , ..... ,,_ .-~- -····· ........ ···=· -
- .!! :. .5 l ~I .. ~ I ~. ;a .... ·C- * .!! i ) i:! ! 3 i!I i i! i I J E !· 11 ! ';i .!! ~I ! ~I Ii I ..
;a '! ... ! I ~ Mnnth ~! cl!! ! ! • J~ .. I~ ! !i I~ ! .. ';·- .. t !• .! .;.:l! C, ~ ~ d .! .;. "'. ! II! C, ~ ~ !,!I !
---
10.11 21 U8 II 5.58 20 1.96 ti 7.92 13 s.oo II IUO 14 4.25 II 6.110 11 uz 13 J11nua,y
5.BZ 11 1.61 .24 6.08 14 1.98 4 8.9S II 1.90 5 11.ll 10 2.16 6 0.41 s o.35 l!4 12.56 18 2.76 10 IS.Sil. H U7 10 9.91 IS 1.82 29 11.59 15 I.IU 21 4.89 u U6 u ~h°
20.11 23 3.88 17 lUO ! lll 1,91 11 18.85 19 UT t 28.42· 21 .U:o $ I0.16 17 U6 13 Afril
8.75 16 l.76 4 5.28' )4 1.29 II 4.BI ll 1.20 Z6 6.87 II us 1!6 3.71 9 1.46 19 M.iiy
IU'f 17 4.31 II 9.10 16 1.68 16 9.13 15 2.20 26 IU8 15 1.90 II ue IS G.68 H Jum,
5.82 13 1.74 17 8.90 14 1.93 3l 7.'?9 12 2.37 n 10,06 12 3.01 11 3.66 18 0,84 31 JDI)'
UJ 14 0.91 8 6.50 IS J.86 26 6.11 II 1.98 :l9 8.90 9 U6 Z9 9.07 17 2.24 It AD!lu•l
6.53 IS 3.12 28 I.SI IZ 0.61 12 4.18 IO I.DO 17 .. .. .. .. 6.38 14 uo 28 Sq>1emb.,r
9.41 17 2.25 29 7.39 18 2.4'1 Z9 6.0Z 14 11.00 29 .. .. .. . . 5.84 II 1.14 16 Octaber
11,19 zo 2.18 29 6.95 16 1.59 16 lo.26 18 1.83 29 .. .. ' .. . . 7.17 16 1.96 19 Nonmhn
14.21 27 l,1.il 9 15.10 H 1.74 t 11.53 l2 l.60 28 .. .. .. .. 6.84 19 1.06 1 Dwembtt - -- -- -•• M=~•-••~•••••
IHU1 212 .. .. 98.92 204 .. .. 105.62 173 .. . . . . .. .. .. 61,57 157 l .. . . Tn1al
.. .. I U7 .. .. .. 2.41 .. .. .. I 3.oo .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 2.4! .. E:,ure111I'•
I
•=•••••••~•u"-.. ~-~w....-,,,,u""""' ,, ____ -···---- y ······"--· ~""-...........---·- ,., __ .
... -• • •••-••• •••••--•-••-••••••••••••••••••h••
0100S.T . Oll30S.T. 07305.T. 0830 S.T. OBSOS.T.
·~---· ....... .. ..-u, -·-... ~·~·-~ ~~ ~-- - - -~--------·-····· ·--~
... ~-
~
1959
St•liun: Royal Air Foree
Te ......
1959 t.1: 1• 23' N.
1,,nng: J(l)O 43' E.
Bt . ..i-.lLS.L.-
~ .!! I i:! =
No:ath ~J ,:
i loo
1 w i!
!• ..
t. "' !
Juv;uy .. .. 5.78 19 1.98 II
Febniary •• .. 7,64 16 1.31 4
'Man;!, •. .. JU$ 21 3.34 u
~1 .. .. n.12 21 lt.1\l' II
.. .. ' 6.91 16 U8 19
J114e .. .. 10.87 20 2.52 ii
Jvly .. .. 1.08 13 1.65 SI
Aupol .• .. 6.11 · I ♦ 1.42 26
September •• -- 2.IS Ill 0.89 :ti
October •• .. 1.45 15 2.0S 20
Nowmb.-,. .. 6.10 21 us 8
»-oiber .. .. lt.09 H 1.54 12
Total .. .. 100.63 2.16 .. ..
~-- .. •· .. S.M ..
Rribd'.U...,_,,·
Dally at , • .. 0100S.T.
SINGAPORE RAINFALL - AUXILIAIIY STAffONS
Amount in inches
s1.11on: Piera, 8-olr S1■t1.,., Roya.I Air ForN Station: Tempe Ill• C11,,1oun Station: S-l!IOO" S.D.W. Chu,gi s,.11"" Lat: 1• U'N. Lat: 1°H'N.
Lmiai: 103° 50' E. LLoant:g l:" 1U03'°N 59, ' E. LLuant:g 1: •1 0232°' 5N4.. ' E. l,ong: 100• 51' E. Ht.abaveM.S.L.- Bt. ~ M.S.L. - Ht • .bove M'.S.L - Ht. above M.S.L. -
n-• ! ; g .! ! J ?. II !• .!! ii~ d i ~
:::i
l ;: ,:l
3 ~ ~1 ! J ~ >, ~ !i! ~1 ~ ;., ! :J ! I~ ! . !i!! i '! ~- i~ ;,: ~ ~ :l j• ~ ~ i ~ ! I! ~ !J !
10.15 16 uo II 6.15 11 ll.28 12 10.97 19 1.!MI ll 8.00 9 UHi II
9.91 9 uo 4 %.79 13 0.69 4 5.95 10 2.06 6 uo " 2.90 1
1'-66 18 2.95 JO 11.2\l' 16 us n 13.10 16 1.60 20 6.70 8 I.SO 12
18.27 20 li.,10 • 7,02 18 1.58 7 10·91 l7 ue • 8.60 8 2.50 5
li."6 11 2.60 17 8.34 14 2.lil 26 12.62 16 uo 16 10.11 10 S.50 11
11.56 17 3.0II II 1.71 18 2.22 16 11.33 16 1.26 11 16.65 9 5.SO II
1.06 11) uo 17 1.41 13 2.55' 25 4.85 11 Ull 11 5.20 5 2.05 JI
4.111 11 2.12 17 1.50 Ill I.II 23 11.72 14 S.14 26 5,40 5 1.90 20
U3 9 uo 20 2.85 10 0.91 12 6.)9 13 2.55 28 l.80 5 us 12
1.82 u us 29 5.65 J ♦ 2.17 19 9.64 n 2.50 15 us 4 1.10 29
9.7S 17 1.60 21 7.66 13 1.61 20 8.H u 2.36 H us I ♦ I.OS 19
IS.Sl H ·us so 19.60 119 t.15 16 2U9 u t.60 so uo IS 1.40 2'l
uua 112 .. .. 95.03 IH .. .. lJO.lll 195 .. .. 87.6' 94 .. .. I .. .. us .. . . .. ♦.75 .. .. -- ♦.60 .. .. . . s.ao ..
----------
0798S.T. 0100.T. 0708 S.T. 06505.T .
Stati.,i,t Ulu p..,daJI S.D,W
... t, t• 21' N.
J,o,,a, 103" IS' E.
Ht. above lf.S.L. -
. ... .!!
j d !
~ :;
-;l - >,
7 II!
1l :i!i2 !• j
f-o "'
6.95 .. .. . .
6.94 . . ..
14.3$ .. .. ..
9.30 .. .. . .
3.21 .. .. ..
10.16 .. . . ..
8.01 .. -- ..
UI .. .. . .
U2 .. .. . .
9,40 .. .. ..
9.1t .. .. ..
11.63 .. .. ..
100.22 .. .. . .
.. . . .. ..
8UOS.T.
195\l'
M'on1ll
J,.,. .. ..,,.
Febnwy
March
April
May
June
July
Augm~
Septemba-
Oelober
Nofflllbet
Decemba-
Tot.al
L~
1'59
--
...
!!
r;i
~
19S9 ., SINGAPOBE RAINFAIJ. - AUXILIARY STATIONS ',
Amouat !a inches
\ - 1959
' -,
Station: Ma~Ritebie lusef. Station, W oodleigh Fillen Station, Kim Chami Road S1atlon: Kim Chuao Road StaU011: Tun Poli"" P01t
Stuioo: Rangoon RGad
voir P.W.D. S.D.W. s.w.
I• '195, Lai: 1° 21; N. La1:1°2l'N. Lai: 1° 21' N. J,.,,t. 1° 21' N.
Lat. 1° 19' N. Liot: 1° 19' N. i959
L,1111: 103" 51' E. Loog: 103' 51' E. .J.,oni, 103° 53' E. Lo..,, lOS" ff' E . Long: 103° 39' E. Lont;: 10s• so• E.
H1.aboYIIM.S.L.- Ht. -above .M..S.L. - th. ebove M.S.L. - Ht. abo,,e M.SJ,. - Ht. abow, Ill.SJ,. - 81. above M.S.L. -
! .s I!. = :. .!! ! .5 ..... .! :. =
i ! ) ~ ! J i! ., :! ! ) .! ~ j cl ! Moo1b j ~J ~i ,... ;! j j ~ Montli
~ j'>, 1r i! ~I I{ - >, ~i - >, ~i ~;I '! fl •
l !~ .. '3 !~ ! '! ! .. .. -; ., J !• ., -a i':: ..
l ! {!. ., - {!. ~ ! ~ 6 i! l A ~ z 0 I! I.) Cl I.) z I.) I.) II!; C,
Ju'ilffY .. .. !U8 21 2.51 II ,.u 16 11.07 l 1.52 21 1.85 12 8.10 u 2.50 JO .. . . .. .. 2.SO 10 0.55 9 J&11uery -t:
N
Febrnar-y •. .. 6.80 II 3.03 .. 7.!7 10 2.23 .. 4,.46 11 1.83 6 4.6" 8 J.SO 3.5 .. .. I .. .. 5.15 10 1.60 2 February
March .. .. JUI 16 2.81 10 U.66 11 2.65 10 11.H 16 1.93 7 13.04, 15 2.30 24 . . .. .. .. 6.25 9 l.80 24 March
April .. .. u, 18 1.92 .. 7.20 15 1.90 4 7.65 15 1.7! 5 5.28 12 1.25 26 .. . . .. 4.25 12 1.05 16 ,\ ril
May .. .. 4.09 14 1.60 26 5.H 12 1.22 .. 4.56 14 0.9' Ill 2.67 7 l.00 3 3.54 9 J.02 10 3."5 e 1.80 3 r.fay
June .. .. 8.50 18 1.89 11 JO.Sil 18 2.28 ll 6.47 18 1.04 25.26 8.49 It 1.25 12,15 7.05 14, U6 25 5.15 H 1.65 25 Juoe
Joly .. .. Ul 10 1.81 l7 3.71 7 1.45 31 Ul u 1.10 31 3.18 9 us so u, 12 I.JO 31 3.15 7 1.15 11 J.,Jy
Augu,ot .. .. 5,70 12 2.73 n 5.68 13 1.13 26 6,4,I 13 2.28 26 6.U II 1.15 2S S.22 15 2.'2 16 •us •9 •o.so 6 Au,wt
September •• .. U3 l3 l.9l 20 6.63 10 uo 28 6.56 II l!.U !8 5.40 9 2.25 21 2.31 9 0.76 2 .. .. . . Septanber
October .. .. 8.39 u 2.63 11 6.72 10 I.Sl 16 5.68 13 1.63 29 ,.n 7 1.30 16 8.19 16 , 2.SS 29 3.65 9 l.85 JO. Oct<>her
November •• .. I0.82 20 2.11 29 10.28 1, 1.19 20 1.10 17 1.46 20 7.11 12 2.10 19 7.20 16 1.68 7 uo 14 o.es 28 Novembn
D,,com!,er •• .. 12.81 25 Ul 30 12,68 H 1.81 30 )9.12 26 3.82 so 16.95 22 2.50 29 9.!2 21 1.46 17 8.00 17 1.6.~ 29 December -·---
Total .. .. 96.81 191 .. .. 98.30 111 .. .. 9U8 188 .. .. 85.91 138 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . Tor.ol
blremm .• .. .. .. 3.11 .. .. .. 2.65 .. .. . . 3.8% .. .. . . 2.50 . , . .
I
.. .. .. .. . . .. . . E~111,meo
RaiJ>fal.l........_ __ .. ··+·' - ... ,., ,n! '""· ., . ., ..
Daily at •• onos.T. O'llOS.T. OIISOS.T. 0630S.T. 0830S.T. 0630S.T.
•!lo day• ooiy. .
~
-- -- - -
1959 ,,
StatiDD: Tanjo,,a Kling
: Poli"" Sta•inn
1959 Lat: 1° 18' N.
Lollf: 10l0 43' E.
_Ht. above .M.S.L. -
r
f. I =
1111111.I, •j= g-r~"' :s -· ... ';·= !d J z. ;l r!.:, " !"
i
' Ja.,w.ry .. ., '5.15 11 1.36 II
February •• .. 6.!I IS 1.86 16
Much •. .. 12.70 11 2.11 2f
April .. .. :1.99 IS 2.00 9
May .. .. ;5_09 10 2.64 10
June .. " 8.09 L6 1.96 16
July .. '6.SS 12 l.84 31
Auguol - .· .. '.4.66 12 1.90 16
Sep!~ .. .. ,a.os u O.BO 2
Oc,tobe,- .. .. 5.09 17 I.IS 29
Novembtt .. .. 8.11 16 I.SB 20
Decen,ber .. .. 1,2.12 21 2.39 1.7
Total .. ·•· ius . 119 .. ..
Exn,ime,, .. .. -'·.· .. UT ..
a.tair~n· M'w'iiiia~-• " .
Dally Ill •• .. 0830S:r.
..
SINGAPORE BAINl'ALL - AUXDJARY STATIONS
Amount ~ inc:hci,
St111lo111 Boiani~ C~n• Statlon: A/ttandJQ ROlld Statinn: Marine Poll« S.ll.W. ', Stalil>n Station: F111lerto11 Buildlna Lat, I' 18' N. Lat: 1° 18' N. Lat: 1° 18' N. lat: 1° IB' N.
1.o83, 10s• 49' E. Lona: 103° 50' E. -~ 103° 51' E. Loi,g: 103" 51' R
Ht. al,ove !11.S.L. - tit. abo,·e M.S.L. - Ht. above M.S.L. Pt. above M.S.L. -
-----
j II :. II :., . :! .. II = ·- J j .... -- 4 ~ i! ;: i! 7 l d i J :i = :! = II,. -a j ';] iii,,. 'J ii:;, ... .a" ..!.l.e.!. = :J -e"...
1 -~ "'ii !~ ~ ~;;· ;; -ca
! "
.. " ! " i i! .. " ~ £ ~ 3 ! 0- ~ r.:, 1i I"' z r.:, z r.:, z r.:, Q
9.78 19 2.04 6 8.30 H I.SO 5, II 1.27 18 2.00 II 6,80 19 UJ3 II
3.88 10 0.85 4 z.75 8 0.10 26 2.81 11 0.64 4 2.65 II 0.62 4
11.72 18 2.ZI 10 IU0 11 2.15 20 10.12 15 2.°" 10 9.12 16 2.14 31
8.65 13 2.68 6 6.10 10 uo 4 'S.87 14 2.00 28 5.58 IS 1.82 28
4.16 II U'l 1 5.40 13 1,40 8 'l.99 11 2.10 4 1.15 12 2.55 11.25 IB 3.11 It ·uo II l.6$ 25 9,18 16 2.00 10 8.11 19 1.98 1'0
4.61 12 1.89 31 S.42 13 :uo 30 5.26 13 1.89 31 4.86 15 1.64 31
3.64 13 0.98 16 2.U 10 o.as s 4.41 14 1,61 6 4.13 H 1.65 6
6.30 12 2.15 20 7.30 13 1.65 21 7.3S II 2.40 28 1.13 II 2.41 28
5.28 13 1.14 29 5,35 13 J.40 23 4.33 14 us 23 4.02 16 1.12 23
13.76 20 3.4' 20 1.40 16 2.00 28 9.10 18 us 29 8.66 19 3.31 29
12.95 23 1.78 so 13.00 18 1.60 29 12.14 22 1.96 28 11.35 2t 1.99 28
%,02 182 .. .. 83.14 156 ·• .. ~ 119 .. . . ll'-16 189 .. . .
.. -- :U6 .. .. .. uo .. ! .. .. 3.35 . . .- .. .. 3.31 . .
~T-•-
.l
Station: Ri11pood R.,..d s.w.
Lat: 1° te' N. Lona, 103• S3' E.
HI. above M.S.L -
a ~ ·=- Q" J :i ~ ~] -.... g ! cl
! " "
~ ~ 1i
r.:, Q
4.90 8 2.2S 11 us 6 us 3 us 9 uo u
uo s l.1S 28
3.50 s uo 3
6.20 L4 1.00 24
2.IS 4 1.05 30
3.90 II 1.10 6
8.90 9 3.20 27
2.80 8 0.80 13
·3_95 10 I.IS 19
8.30 15 1.10 26
60.3() 104 .. ..
' . . ., uo . .
' h<•••• ~· -~ . V - ....-..-v '"· -• - ' ·- . ,· YV ,h.
0900S.T. 2330S.T. 0880 S.T. 0830S.T. 0630S.T.
'I ',,, ,, '
. ,
j
1%9
Mni,tb
J&nll4T)'
Felmui,y
Marci.
April
May
)..,,.,
July
Augo•I
Sep1ember
Cktnber
N-ntber
Dettm be,-
Total
Exu~-.
•· ..
1959
-
-N..
I.•.
~
1959
; v1
Stadoa: Pal.aa
f'alke Pool
Seny•
1959 Lat: 1° 17' Jli.
Lo"I: 103° U' E.
Ht, above M.S.L. -
----~
!
= k .!! j -;
Mon1h = ~ ~i .. .,.
! il ~I~ j
January .. .. UJ 16 1.117 ..
Fclmwy .. .. 5.16 IS 0.98 16
Much .. .. lUS ZI 2.80 St
April .. .. 8.16 13 2.06 6
May .. .. us 11 us 10
Jmoe .. .. 10.M 11 2.12 16
July .. .. 6.0% U! l!.♦1 31
Avgu.t .. S.42 14 o.91 16
Seplembn .. .. :toe n 0.71 2
O<:toha- .. 4.61 13 1.16 IS
NoTI!lllbn .. .. U6 14 1.82 23
Deecmbff •• .. 11.62 u 2.35 30
Total .. .. 85.S6 JU .. ..
L,_ .. .. .. .. Ul ..
--
Runf.dl--d.
Daily., •• .. OSSOS.T.
81NGAl'ORE RAINFALL - AUXIJ..IAaY STA.DONS
Amo.mi in inches
IT,,,_•, I~~
S~:Puirl'lmju,a Suitioa: Slapporo lluboar Suitioa: ~lall S!tau Station, .a.fllea U,litb- P<>worStatJoa Board, G•te t Light.home
i..t, r U'l'i. Lat: I" 16' N. Lat: 1° 14' N. Lat: 1• 10' N.
1.o..,, 103• 46' E. l.oDf: 103° 49' E. Loni: 1113° 39' E. LoD51 I or U' E.
H1 .. ,hove M.!1-.L. - Ht. above M,S.L. - HI, above M.S.I,, - Rt. above !11..S.L. -
--······- -·-
!
I I
5- .!! f. e l. D :. .!! I J d I d Q I a =: . ~ ~ ! ~J .. .,. ~i ~) ;j ~.,. J~ 1""
! ,~ j '3 A ! i~ i! -; ~J J~ •
~ u f!. it i. i., lo !
7.51 20 uo II T.92 11 us 11 3.1S 1-t 1.09 II 2.9S H 0.86 12
11.64 12 0.80 24 3,03 ID 1.08 24 3.M H 1.11 2S 2.19 11 0.61 II
13.0<i 18 3.10 SI 9.U 16 J.80 31 7.3! H 1.58 24 6.02 1s 2.01 26
9.S2 Ill 1.85 I 5.61 12 2.61 I 6.24 13 us 13 Ut 16 1.13 6
6.98 T 1.90 17 UJ 10 1.18 4 3.54 12 1.22 10 U6 16 1.29 9
13.25 11 ua 13 10.15 n Z.21) 13 8.93 ts 1.61 lS 1.51 13 1.43 !6
1.19 10 2.92 JI S.&6 12 1.10, 3l U9 IS 0.84 31 4.63 11 2.♦T 31 us 9 1.00 6 3.18 10 1.25 6 T.33 13 2.10 16 2.BO ]4 0.8& 26
B.03 u l.60 ll! 6.56 1J U2 28 2.59 11 1.28 28 us 9 2.58 so
1.12 11 1.90 24 S.91 13 1.94 24 a.oa 16 2.10 6 5.36 lZ 1.45 31
1.54 n I.TS 29 9.03 •• 2.50 29 U8 15 O.M .. 6.03 19 I.OJ 22
l♦.92 19 2.43 24 14.47 22 1.81 30 6.10 l'l U2 17 Ul H l.53 16
~01.11 169 .. .. 81.19 166 .. .. 65.89 165 .. .. 61.16 164 .. ..
.. .. uo .. .. .. 2.61 .. .. .. 2.10 .. .. . . I 2.sa ..
·--
0800 S.T. 0130S.T. OSSO S.T. oasos.T.
ltst
19$9
6 .9 i :! ~i .. 110111ft ~
! I~ .!
~ u cl
....
.... .... .... . . Jana...,- =- . . Febniuy .. .. .. . . Ma>ch .. .. .. . . April .. .. .. . . May .... .... ..,.. . . J1111e . . July .. .. .. .. Auguot .. .. . . Sq,tember .. .. .. .. Oetober .. .. .. . . Novembu
.. .. ., .. Deeemlier
.. . . .. .. Total
.. .. .. .. Er.t-
~
Annex 29
Memorandum Setting out Heads of Agreement for
a Merger between the Federation of Malaya and Singapore
dated 11 Nov 1961
MEMORANDUM SETTING OUT HEADS OF AGREEMENT
FOR A MERGER BETWEEN THE FEDERATION OF
MALAY A AND SINGAPORE
Cmd. 33 of 1961
Presented to the Legislative Assembly by Command of
His Excellency the Yang di-Pertuaa Negara
Ordered by the Assembly to lie upon the Table:
15th November, 1961
1199 1
200
• PRIME MINISTER,
SINGAPORE.
11th November, 1961
Y.T.M. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, K.O.M., C.H.,
Prime Minister,
Federation of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur
You will recall that in our discussions on the
constitutional framework to effect the merger of Singapore
with the Federation of Malaya in the new Federation of
Malaysia we agreed upon a memorandum which contains several
heads of agreement, including State and Federal responsibilities,
whereby Singapore will retain responsibility over
Education and Labour and enjoy local autonomy in certain
agreed matters as set out therein, without prejudice to
the basic principle that there should be a strong Central
Government for the Federation of Malaysia as a whole.
I shall be obliged if you will confirm that this
letter and the memorandum correctly state the understanding
between us in this matter. If you agree I propose that
this letter and your reply should be regarded as placing
that understanding on record.
Td.:,.-ai,luc A~l'ER MENT
Td<-/>hon~ N<>. 844l28&l228
Fed~arion of M ala,a.
Kuala Lsunpur
11th November, 19 61.
With reference to your letter of 11th November, 1961
regarding the memorandum forming the basic proposals for
merger and the extent of local autonomy to be retained by
Singapore, you wrote as follows: -
• You will recall that in our discussions on the
constitutional .framework to effect the merger of
Singapore with the Federation of Malaya in the new
Federation of Malaysia we agreed upon a memorandum
which contains several heads of agreement,
including State and Federal responsibilities. whe,reby
Singapore will retain responsibility over Education
and Labour and enjoy local autonomy in certain agreed
matters as set out therein. without prejudice to the
basic principle that there should be a strong Central
Government for the Federation of Malaysia as a whole.
I shall be obliged if you will confirm that this letter
and the memorandum correctly state the understanding
between us in this matter~ U you agree I propose that
this letter and your reply should be regarded as placing
that understanding on record.•
In reply I confirm that your letter correctly states the
underetandiug between us. and in accordance with the proposal
contained therein, your letter and this reply will be regarded
as placing that understanding on record.
The Hon'ble Mr. Lee Kuan Yew1
Prime Minister1
Singapore.
201
202
MEMORANDUM SETTING OUT HEADS OF AGREEMENT FOR A
MERGER BETWEEN THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA AND SINGAPORE
1. Introduction
After the Second World War, civ.il government in Malaya was restored on
1st April, 1946. Singapore. which was formerly part of the Straits Settlements, was
established as a separate Crown Colony by Order in Council of 27th March, 1946.
The advance of Singapore from Colony status to that of a full internal selfgo~
e;rning State and reserving to the. government o~ the Unit~d Kingdom responsib1hty
for defence and external affaus, was made m progressive stages under the
Singapore Colony Order in Council, 1955. the Singapore (EleotoraJ Provisions)
Order in Council, 1958, the State of Singapore Act, 1958 and the present Singapore
(Constitution) Order in Council, 1958 which came into operation on 3rd June,
1959.
While this constitutional development was taking place. the desire for eventual
reunification of Singapore with the Federation of Malaya, to which it is inextricably
bound by common racial, historical, cultural. economic and political ties,
became more and more evident as the years pas~d by and grew in intensity during
the last two years. The artificial separation of the two territories is now to be
ended.
2. Agreement in Principle
On 23rd August, 1961, agreement was reached in principle between the
Prime Ministers of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore for a merger of the
two territories. The offici1tcl communique was as follows: -
" . . . The Federation and Singapore leaders had a full and frank exchange of
views on the situation in Singapore vis-a-vis the Federation, in particular on the
questi.on of merger and the various implications arising from this subject.
Among many matters examined was the question of Federation responsibilty
for defence, external affairs and security. The Singapore Prime Minister laid particular
stress on the necessity of Singapore's retaining local autonomy, especially on
matters of education and labour.
Both Prime Ministers have agreed in principle on these proposals. They have
also agreed that a working party should be set up to go into the overall financial
and other implications arising out of arrangements whereby local autonomy is retained
by Singapore on agreed matters, and to consider the financial contribution Singapore
would be required to make to the National Government."
3. Working Parties
The two governments next appointed the following officials to be members
of their rnspective Working Parties. There have been consultation and exchange
of information between the two Working Parties.
The Federation Exploratory Working Party
(i) Dato Abdul Aziz bin Haji Abdul Majid,
Permanent Secretary, Prime Minister's Department.
(ii) Enche Abdul Jamil bin Abdul Rais.
Secretary to the Treasury.
{iii) Dato Nik Daud bin Haji Nik Mat,
Deputy Secretary to the Ministry of Internal Security.
(iv) Enche Abdul Kadir bin Shamsudin,
Acting Secretary for Defence.
(v) Enche Ali bin Hassan,
Senior F~deral Counsel.
(vi) Enche Muhammad Ghazali bin Shafie,
Acting Permanent Secretary. Ministry of External Affairs.
(vii) Enche Ismail bin Mohamed Ali.
Deputy Governor, Bank Negara.
The Singapore Working Party
(i) Enche Ahmad bin Mohamed Ibrahim,
State Advocate•General.
(ii) Mr. S. T. St~wart,
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs.
(iii) Mr. Hon Sui Sen.
Chairman. Economic Development Board.
4. The following sections of the memorandum set out the constitutional
executive, legislative, administrative and financial proposals for merger and th~
extent of local autonomy to be retained by Singapore.
5. The State of Singapore
Singapore will be a State within the Federation but on special conditions
and with a larger measure of local autonomy than the other States forming the
Federation. Defence, External Affairs and Security will be the responsibility of
the Fed.:ration Government; Education and Labour that of the Singapore Government.
The responsibility for other matters are given in other relevant parts
of this memorandum.
While the Federal Government will be responsible for the conduct of external
relations. the special position of Singapore in relation to entrepot trade win be
safeguarded. Measures to protect the interest of Singapore trade overseas will
include the establishment of a section within any of the Federal missions as may
be necessary to deal with trade matters of Singapore. In any trade negotiation or
arrangements undertaken or entered into by the Federal Government with another
country due consideration will be given to th~ commercial needs of Singapore.
6. Fundamental Liberties
Fundamental liberties of the people of Singapore will be adequately safe~
guarded in the provisions of the Federation Constitution.
7. Special Position of the Malays
The special position of the Malays who are Singapore citizens will be sa~eguarded
in the Constitution of the larger Federation. With regard to the Musl1D1
religion it will be provided as in Malacca and Penang that the Yang di.Pertuan
Agong will be the head of the Muslim religion in the State and that a Council of
Muslim Religion will be established to advise the Yang di•Pertuan Agong in matters
relating to the Muslim religion.
8. The Head of State
The Yang di.Pertuan Negara will be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
acting in his discretion after consultation with the Prime Minister of Singapore.
The Yang di-Pertuan Negara shall be the head of the executive gove~ent. of
Singapore and shall have power to assent to laws passed by the State Leg1slat1ve
Assembly. The Yang di~Pertuan Negara will also exercise the prerogative of mercy,
on the advice of a Pardons Board.
2
203
204
9. The Executive
The general direction and control of the Government of Singapore will be as
at present by the Cabinet consisting of the Prime Minister and Ministers
appointed on his advice. The offic~s of Permanent Secretaries and the State
Advocate-General will be continued as at present. The responsibility for criminal
prosecutions in Singapore will for the time being remain with the State AdvocateGeneral.
Final authority in all prosecutions affecting national security will rest with
the Public Prosecutor of the new Federation Government.
tO. The Legislature
The pi;esent Legislative Assembly will continue as a State Assembly but it
will hav~ no power to enact .laws relating to Defence, External Affairs, $ecudty
and those matters which have been agreed to be Federal matters. These matters
are included in the agreed modified Federal, Concurrent and State Legislative
Jists in respect of the State of Singapore attacped as annexure to this memorandum.
11. Administrative Responsibilities
Apart from Defence, External Affairs, Security, Education and Labour, de•
partments which were pan-Malayan prior to 31st August. 1957, when the Federation
of Malaya became independent, will revert to th.! former arrangements. with
due regard, however. to safeguards for the traditional free port status of Singapore
and its entrepot trade. The division of responsibilities in respect of 9ther departments
wiU follow the modified legislative lists abovementioned.
12. The Public Service
In view of the larger measure of ]ocal autonomy retained by the Singapore
Government, the existing Singapore Civil Service will be retained as a State Civil
Service. Facilities wilI be provided for secondment or voluntary transfer to the
Federal Civil .Service. The existing provisions relating to the appointment of
public officers will therefore be retained l:!Xcept in the case of police officers,
who will automatically come under the jurisdiction of the Federation Police Force
Commission. There is provision in the Federation Constitution for the delegation
of powers by the Police Force Commission to an officer or a board of officers of
the Police Force and for consultation with persons other than its members. All
present police officers will be given the option of serving only in Singapore or also in
the new Federation.
13. The Judiciary
As the administration of justice is a Federal responsibility, it is necessary to
have a Federal Judicial and Legal Service. In view of the special conditions in
Singapore, however, there will be a separate branch of the Federal Judicial and
Legal Service in Singapore, with opportunities for secondment or voluntary transfer
to the other branches of the service. The present judicature, both Supreme Court
and lower Courts will be retained. Provision will be made for the appointment
of future judges in Singapore on the lines of the existing provisions relating to
the appointment of Federation Judges, with the modification that the Chief
Justice of Singapore will be consulted in place of the Chief Justice of the Federation.
The existing provisions relating to the appointment, promotion and transfer of
legal officers (including District Judges and Magistrates) by a Legal Service
Commission win be retained. Provision will be made for a joint court of appeal
and for the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong on appeals from Singapore.
3
14. Citizenship and Nationality
All Singapore citizens w~l keeJ?. their citizenship and autof!tatica_lly ,become
nationals of the larger Federation. Cttizei:is of the.present Federation will similarly
become nationals of the larger Federation. Nationals of the larger Federation
whether Singapore citizens or the F~eration citizens, wi_ll as nationals ~ave equai
rights. carry the same passport, enJ0Y the same I?ro~ectlon and be subject to the
equal duties and responsibilities under the Conshtut10n of the larger Federation.
Singapore citizens will continue to enjoy their State rights and privileges within
Singapore.
Singapore citizens will vote in Singapore for their representatives to the new
Federation Parliament and the citizens of the present Federation of Malaya wj]J
vote in the present Federation for their representatives to the same new Federation
Parliament.
15. Representation in the new Federation Parliament, House of Representatives
and the Senate
The number of Singapore representatives in the new Federation Parliament has
been determined having regard to three vital cons id era tions : -
(a) that the 624,000 Singapore citizens now on the electoral roll should not
lose the citizenship rights they now enjoy; .
(b) that Singapore should have local autonomy in education and labour
policies and generally a larger measure of reserve state powers compared
to the other States in the Federation;
(c) that in order to give effect to the local autonomy in education and labour
and other state responsibilities. Singapore shall retain a very large
proportion of the present state revenue to discharge these responsibilities.
On a fair balance of interests. Singapore will be entitled to 15 seats in the
House of Representatives.
As with the other States in the present Federation. Singapore will be entitled
to two members in the Senate.
16. Audit
Government audit will be conducted on a Federal basis, with the Auditor
General in overall charge of the depariment and· the Director of Audit, Singapore,
working under his direction and control.
17. Finance
In view of the larger measure of local autonomy and the consequent large
expenditure on Singapore services and development, the financial relations between
the Federal Government and the States set out in the Federation Constitution will
not be applicable in their entirety to Singapore. The Federal Government will retain
legislative authority over all taxes of a national character, that is. all taxes other
than those specified in Part III of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, subject
to the maintenance of the free port status of Singapore which will not be changed
without the concurrence of both the Federal and the Singapore Governments. The
present machinery for the collection of taxes in Singapore wilJ be retained.
Control over monetary policy rests with the Federal Government. The Singa~
pore Government will have wider powers of raising domestic loans than that provided
for under Article 111 of the Federation Constitution. The raising of external
loans and the terms and conditions thereof will be subject to the approval of the
Federal Government.
4
205
206
Pensions liability in respect of retired Singapore officers and prospective liabi~
litY in respect of officers of the State services will continue to rest with the Singa~
Pore Government.
The proceeds of the national taxes will be used to pay the cost of Government
and Public Services in Singapore and the contribution to the Federal Government
for Federal services. The details of the apportionment will be worked out by the
Joint Working Party.
For budgetary purposes all house-keeping matters will be left to the State
Government. In framing the State Budget due consideration will be given to the
prevailing financial policy of the Federal Government.
18. Conclusion
No terms and conditions can be liberal and generous to both sides, Singapore
and the Federation; nor can they satisfy all parties on both sides of the Causeway.
There are diverse local interests to be looked after. Singapore wishes to safeguard
ber local legitimate interests in many spheres; the Federation wants to secure her
paramount interests in security. and in the stability-of the new Federation. As part
of the democratic process both governments have welcomed and continue to welcome
all proposals which are constructive, and will improve the smooth working
of the constitutional arrangements of the new Federation.
5
ANNEXURE.
NINTH SCHEDULE TO FEDERATION OF MALA YA CONSTITUTION
LEGISLATIVE LISTS
LIST I-FEDERAL LIST
1. External Affairs
2. Defence
3. Internal Security
4. Civil and Criminal Law and procedure and
the administration of justice
5. Federal Citizenship and Naturalization:
aliens
6. Machinery of Government
7. Finance:
(a) Currency
(b) National Savings and Savings Bonds ...
(c) Borrowing on security of Federal Consolidated
Fund
(d) Loans to and borrowing by States
(e} Public debt of Federation
(f) Financial and accounting procedure
(g) Audit
(h) Taxes
(i) Fees
(J) Banking
(k} Bill of Exchange
([) Foreign Exchange
(m) Capital issues
8. Trade, commerce and industry, including-
(a) Production, supply and distribution of
goods; price control and food control;
adulteration of foodstuffs and other
goods;
(b) Imports into, and exports from, the
Federation~
(c) Incorporation, regulation and winding
up of corporations other than municipal
corporations (but including the
municipal corporation of the federal
capital)~ regulation of foreign corporations;
bounties and production in or
export from the Federation;
6
Proposed division of responsibilities
on merger
Federal.
Federal.
FederaJ.
Federal.
FederaL
Federal except for Election in
Singapore which shall be
Concurrent.
Federal.
Federal.
Federal.
- Concurrent.
Federal
Federal.
Federal.
Federal.
Federal.
Concurrent.
Federal.
Federal.
Federal. .
Concurrent.
Concurrent.
Federal.
207
208
(a) Insurance, including compulsory insurance;
(e) Patents; designs; inventions; trade marks
and mercantile marks; copyrights;
(f) Establishment of. standards of weights
and measures;
(g) Establishment of standards of quality of
goods manufactured in or exported
from the Federation; ·
(h) Auctions and auctioneers;
(i) Industries; regulation of industrial
undertakings;
(J) Development of mineral resources;
mines., mining, minerals and .mineral
ores; oils and oilfields; purchase. sale,
import and export of minerals and
mineral ores; petroleum products; regulation
of labour and safety in mines
and oilfields.:
(k) Factories; boilers and machinery; dangerous
trades;
(I) Dangerous and inflammable substances.
9. Shipping
10. Communications and Transport
Telephone
Broadcasting and Television
11. F edcral Works and Power
12. Surveys, Inquiries and Research ...
13. Education
14. Medicine and Health
15. Labour and Social Security
16. Welfare of Aborigines ...
17. Professional Occupations
18. Holidays, other than State Holidays
19. Unincorporated Societies +·.-.,
Proposed division of responsibilities
on merger
Concurrent.
Federal.
Federal.
Federal.
Concurrent.
Concurrent.
Federal.
State.
State.
Concurrent.
Federal.
Federal.
Overall policy, Federal.
Singapore will be responsible
for administration and day
to day programme.
Federal except for water, electricity
and gas supplies which
shall be State.
Federal except for Registration
of Marriages which shall be
State.
State.
State.
State.
Federal.
Concurrent.
Federal.
Concurrent.
20. Control of agricultural pests Federal.
21. Newspapers, publications, publishers, print- Concurrent.
ing and printing presses ·
Annex 30
Joint Statement by the United Kingdom and the Federation of
Malaya regarding the Proposed Federation of Malaysia
dated 22 Nov 1961
BRITISH AND FOREIGN
STATE PAPERS
1961-62
VOL. 166
Compiled and Edited in the Librarian's Department
of the Foreign Office
LONDON
HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
1968
1 209 1
.- .
l 210 1
GREAT BRITAIN AND MALA YA 113
(No. 2}-His Highness the Ruler of Kuwait to Her Majesty's
Political Resident in the Persian Gulf
(Translation)
Kuwait, 19th June, 1961.
His Excellency.
Her Britannic Majesty's Political Resident in the Persian
Gulf.
Greetings,
I have the honour to refer to Your Excellency's Note of
to~day's date which reads as follows :
[As in No. I]
I confirm that Your Excellency's Note correctly represents
the conclusions reached by myself and Sir George Middleton
and I agree that Your Excellency's Note and my reply shall be
regarded as constituting an Agreement between Kuwait and the
United Kingdom in this matter. With best regards .
ABDULLAH AS .. SALIM AS SABAH.
JOINT STATEMENT by the United Kingdom and the Federation
of Malaya regarding the proposed Federation of
_ Malaysia.-London, 22nd November, 1961(1)
In a series of meetings in London this week British and
Malayan Ministers examined the proposal to create a Federa ..
tion of Malaysia which would embrace the Federation of
Malaya. Singapore, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei.
2. In the light of a full study of the problem which has
been going on for some months, the British and Malayan
Governments are convinced that this is a desirable aim.
<
3. The Ministers took note with satisfaction of the heads of
agreement recently negotiated between the Governments of
Malaya ·and Singapore for the merging of the State of Singapore
with the Federation.
4. Before coming to any final decision it is necessary to
ascertain the views of the peoples of North Borneo and
Sarawak. It has accordingly been decided to set up a Commission
to carry out this task and to n1ake recommendations.
(1) Cmnd. 1563.
114 GREAT BRITAIN AND MALAYA
The Commission will be composed of a Chairman and four
members, two nominated by the British Government and two
by the Malayan Government. In the light of the Commission's
report the two Governments will decide what further steps
should be taken. (The terms of reference of the Commission
are attached at Annex A.)
5. At the same time the views of the Sultan of Brunei are
being sought.
6. In regard to defence matters it was decided that. in the
event of the formation of the proposed Federation of Malaysia,
the existing Defence Agreement between Britain and Malaya(2)
should be extended to embrace the other territories concerned.
It was, however, agreed that the Government of the Federation
of Malaysia wiU afford to the Government of the United
Kingdom the right to continue to maintain bases at Singapore
for the purpose of assisting in the defence of Malaysia, and
for Commonwealth defence and for the preservation of peace
in South East Asia. (The text of the arrangements agreed is
attached at Annex B.)
HAROLD MACMILLAN.
ABDUL RAHMAN.
ANNEX A
COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY, NORTH BORNEO AND SARAWAK
Ter,ns of Reference
Having regard to the expressed agreement of the Govemments
of the United Kingdom and the Federation of Malaya
that the inclus1on of North Borneo and Sarawak (together with
other territories) in the proposed Federation of Malaysia is a
desirable aim in the interests of the peoples of the territories
concerned-- ·
(a) to ascertain the views of the peoples of North Borneo and
Sarawak on this question; and
(b) in the light of their assessment of these views. to make
recommendations.
(2) Vol. 163, page 49.
211
/
-,
Volume 2 (Annexes 1-30)