INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER
PEDRA BRANCA I PULAU BATU PUTEH,
MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE
(MALAYSIA/ SINGAPORE)
COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF
SINGAPORE
VOLUME 3
( Annexes 24 to 57 )
25 JANUARY 2005
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER
PEDRA BRANCA I PULAU BATU PUTEH,
MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE
(MALAYSIA/ SINGAPORE)
COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF
SINGAPORE
VOLUME 3
( Annexes 24 to 57 )
25 JANUARY 2005
LIST OF ANNEXES
(VOLUME 3)
Annexes
Number Description Page No.
Annex24 Letter from Ibrahim (Sultan of Johore) to the Officer 261
Administering the Government, Straits Settlements dated 25
April 1900
Annex25 Letter from Lovat (Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs) to 263
Governments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,
Irish Free State and Newfoundland dated 30 Jan 1928
Annex26 U.K. Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons), Second 265
reading of the Straits Settlements and Johore Territorial Waters
(Agreement) Bill, 16 July 1928
Annex27 Notice to Mariners No. 20 of 1931 from Freyberg G. (Master 269
Attendant, Straits Settlements) dated 21 May 1931
Annex28 Agreement Between His Majesty's Government within the 271
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the
State of Johore dated 20 October 1945 (''the MacMichael
Treaty"), reprinted in Allen, Stockwell & Wright (eds.), A
Collection of Treaties and Other Documents Affecting the
States of Malaysia, 1761-1963 (1981), p. 121
Annex29 Johore Treaty of 21 Jan 1948, reprinted in Allen, Stockwell & 273
Wright (eds.), A Collection of Treaties and Other Documents
Affecting the States of Malaysia, 1761-1963 (1981 ),
pp. 124-128
Annex30 Letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Police, Singapore to 279
the Chief Police Officer, Johore dated 2 July 1948
Annex 31 Minute from Barry J.C. (Deputy Commissioner of Police, 281
Singapore) to Foulger R.E. (Commissioner of Police,
Singapore) dated 27 Sep 1948 and Reply from Foulger R.E.
(Commissioner of Police, Singapore) to Barry J.C. (Deputy
Commissioner of Police, Singapore) dated 29 Sep 1948
Annex 32 Extracts from State of Johore Annual Report for 1949 (written 285
by Dato Wan Idris bin Ibrahim, Acting Mentri Besar, Johore)
Annex 33 Minutes of a Meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee appointed by 287
the Rural Board, Singapore, to revise the Rural District
Boundaries, 10 July 1952
Annexes
Number Description Page No.
Annex 34 Minutes of a Meeting of the Rural Board, Singapore, 289
21 Aug 1952
Annex 35 Extracts from Annual Reports of the Survey Department for the 291
Federation of Malaya for the years 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958-
1961, and 1962
Annex 36 Extracts from Irwin G., Nineteenth Century Borneo: A Study in 339
Diplomatic Rivalry (1955, reprinted 1967)
Annex 37 Extracts from United Nations Conference on the Law of the 347
Sea, Official Records, Volume I: Preparatory Documents,
Geneva 24 February-27 Apr 1958, A/CONF.13/6 and Add.1
(Preparatory Document No. 6)
Annex 38 Singapore Legislative Assembly Debates on the Light Dues 351
(Amendment) Bill (1958)
Annex 39 Extracts from Marks H., The First Contest for Singapore 1819- 355
1824 (1959)
Annex40 Extracts from Annual Report of the Survey Department, West 365
Malaysia and Directorate of National Mapping, Malaysian for
the Years 1963-1965
Annex 41 Letter from Pavitt J.A.L. (Director of Marine, Singapore) to the 377
Hydrographic Department in London dated 18 Mar 1966
Annex42 Letter from Brown D.T. on behalf of Director of Marine, 379
Singapore to Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
dated 14 Sep 1967
Annex43 Extracts from Annual Report of the Marine Department, 381
Singapore, 1968
Annex44 Additional Extracts from Petroleum Agreement Under Section 385
9 of the Petroleum Mining Act, 1966 in Respect of Off-shore
Lands between the Government of Malaysia and Continental
Oil Company of Malaysia Concerning 24,000 (Approximate)
Square Miles of the Continental Shelf Adjacent to the East
Coast of West Malaysia, 16 Apr 1968
Annex45 Minute from Brown D.T. (Director of Marine, Singapore) to 389
Marine Department Engineer dated 27 May 1968
Annex46 Extracts from Gazetteer No. 10, Malaysia, Singapore and 391
Brunei- Official Standard Names approved by the United
States Board on Geographic Names (2nd ed., 1970)
Annexes
Number Description Page No.
Annex47 Extracts from Bowman J.D., Petroleum Developments in Far 411
East in 1973, 58 American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin 2124 (1974)
Annex48 Extracts from Limits in the Seas No. 60-Territorial Sea 415
Boundary: Indonesia-Singapore, The Geographer, U.S.
Department of State, dated 11 Nov 1974
Annex49 Records of Survey Conducted on Pedra Branca and Middle 417
Rocks from 28 June to 1 July 1977
Annex50 Extracts from Trocki C., Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs 427
and the Development of Johor and Singapore (1979)
Annex 51 Report of Survey of Pedra Branca (Horsburgh) from 10 Sep to 449
12 Sep 1991
Annex52 Singapore's Note MFA 1115/93 to the High Commission of the 463
United Kingdom dated 14 Dec 1993
Annex 53 Notes of Conversation at the Singapore Ministry of Foreign 465
Affairs between the United Kingdom High Commissioner, Mr.
Gordon Duggan and the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Deputy Secretary (South-East Asia) on 14 Dec 1993
Annex54 United Kingdom's Note 79/94 to the Ministry of Foreign 467
Affairs of Singapore dated 28 Apr 1994
Annex 55 Extracts from Nadarajah N., Johore and the Origins of British 469
Control 1895-1914 (2000)
Annex56 Extracts from Thomaz L.F., The Image of the Archipelago in 471
Portuguese Cartography of the 16th and Early 17th Centuries, in
Borschberg P. (ed.), 1 Southeast Asia: Colonial History (2001)
Annex 57 Singapore and Malaysian Geographic Nam.es downloaded from 475
the GEOnet Names Server maintained by the United States
Board on Geographic Names (extracts) (15 July 2004)
Annex 24
Letter from Ibrahim (Sultan of Johore) to the Officer Administering
the Government, Straits Settlements dated 25 April 1900
~olony; a.s was explained at greater lengt.h in my lettf':r No. 89!i5/00 of the 13th
instant*. The term" encroachment" cannot therefore be correctly applied to the
a.cqnies<:ence of the Military authorities in the re-occupatiou of a portion of this la.nd
by the Civil Go"·ernment.
I have, ,'(.:c,.
W. EGERTON,
✓1cth1g Co/011111! Secretary, S.S.
Deput;• Assistant Adjutant-General, S.S .. to Colonial Secretary, S.S.
SingapoN,· 1St December, 1900.
. Sni.,-1 have thu honour to a.oknowledge the receipt of your letter Military
10399/00 dated 29t11 November, 1900, in .whicl1 you take exception to th~ term
,. encroachment., a.s applied to the use of a piece of la.nu in Fort Canning on which
the Colonial Government desires to erect a Jight-house. ·
2. I a,m directed to inform you that :~ copy of your letter will be forwarded to
the \Var Office but the Officer Commanding the Troops ib nmible t(, alter the terms
on which the leave to build this light-house has been gmnte<l and therefore the la.nd
cannot be handeu over to you until those term,, al'(> mc1ditied by the War Office or
until you accept them.
I have, &c.,
R. W. P. WHITE, CuT.,
D.A.A.G., and Clue/ Staff Officer, S.S.
··-·---·----•------
.. Pulau Aor Light.
Deputy of the Officer Administering the Government, S. S., to the Sultan of Johort·.
[ C. A.gents W ]
GovERNMENT HousE,
8in!111porc, 20th 1"ebruary, J.900.
Sir,-1 ha.ve the honour to inform Your Highness that the desirability of placing
a. Jio•ht-house on Pula.u Aor bas been brought pointedly to my attention by Captain
sv:oNs of the P. & 0. Company's vessel Para111.aftn who ha.~ represented tlrn,t vessels
which travel directly from Hongkong to Singa,pore, often travel l,300 miles without
11eeing a light and it is most deeirable that they shoulcl be ablo to ascertain their
position before hauling up for the Horaburgh light n.t the entrance to the Stra,it.... ..
The matter was refarred to a Committee of ExpPrts who havt" rt~ported thereon. I
e1wlo1:1e two copies of the report; it will be seen that they recommend the erection,
_on t.h,~ most prominent Eastenulope of the island, of a re\"ulving light of the first or
~l'conii order, a.tun elevu.tion sufficient to giv<' a Yisual rau~e of 20 miles at least.
As Pulau _\or lies within your Highness's territory of Johore, I have the honour
to cu<1uire whether Your Highness would desire to ereet a light-house there ; or, as
Your Highness receirn~ no light-dues, _whereas thf' Straits Government l'ollects
annually a large sum by way of light-dues, whether Your Highness woulfl permit
the Straits Uovernment (if it can obtain the concurrence of the Legislature a.ud the
Secretary of State) to erect on Pula.u Aor such u liglit-honsc as might be deemed
ilt>sirabl11 iu the interests of ShippingP
I have, &c.,
C. "'· S. KYNNERSLEY,
Deputy ,~f the OJlicer .1ldminisfrring
tlie Gor,•ernmcnt. S. S.
Sulfa" of·Jolwre to tl1e Ojfic~r Administcr/11,1;· the lioz:anment, S . . \·.
• lBTANA BES.AR,
Johore Balo·u, :15tl1 April, 191.10.
Sm-I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of, Your Honour's lE>tt-er,
u. Agents 1228-00, uf the 20tili Februa.ry last, in which you inform mti U,at the
<lesirability of placinl? e. light-house on Pulau Aor has heen brought to your at.ten,
tion and that a Committee of Experts have recommended the erection on the moat.
prominent l~astem slop~ of the island ~f a revolving light at an ~lcvation su~eient
to give a. visual range of at least 20 miles, and Your Honour dl:'sires to k:n'lw 1f my
Government would wiJJh to erect a light-house there themselves or would allow the
Straits Government to do so.
• On another subject-not printed.
261
262
C 2-59
2. In reply I hav(\ the honour to state that my Government are not desirous of
underta.king the erection of a light-house on Pula.u Aor themselves, a.nd that there.!
fore, I am willing, whenever called upon, to grant to your Government a site for the
· proposed work. My Government will also be pleased to give Your Honour's Government
whatever fa.cili,ties may be expected from them.
3. I would sug;rest that the arrangement should be the same as was made in
the case of the Pulau Pisa,ng Light-house, namely, the granting by me of a. plot of
ground sufficient for the purpmies of a. light-house and· a private or exclusive roadway
leading up t.o it from the beach, if there is no Kampong or fishing village
where the roadway F1t}1rts from. . · ·
4. In this connection I have the pleasure to refer Your Honour to my letter
of even date on the ;:ubject of the Pulau Pisang Light-house_ in which I inform you
that I am preparf'd to make good the omission which occurred in 1885 when the
site of this light-houRe was given to the Straits (Jov1.trnmmt. I shall be glad to
execute t.1ie necessary formal grants in respect of both the Pulau Pisang land and
th~ site rP-quired at Pu]au Aor at the same time, but I thiuk in both cases the land
should be recta.ngula.r in shape sa.y a square with a side measuring 180 or 200 feet
instead of a circular piece with a radius of 100 feet as formerly alTlinged for the
Pula.u Pisang Light-house.
5. I ; hank Your Honour for the copies of· the reports of the Committee of
Experts wh_ich you were good enough to enclose in your letter under reply.
rhave, &c.,
IBRAHIM,
(In Malay Character).
Deputy of the Officer Admin£stering the Government,. S. S., .to the Secretary oi
State for the Colonies,_
8TRAI':'S SETTI,EM:ENTS.
[ No. 220 ]
GovEBNMl!:NT HousE,
Singapore, 14th ;Tune, 1900.
Sir,-1 haw· t},il' honour to inform you th,at the desirability of placing a lighthouse
on Puln.u Aor in latitude 2° 28' longitude 104° 32' has beE'n brought pointedly
to my attention by Captain BYMONf\Of the P. & 0. Steam Ship Paramatta who has
represented that vessels which tra.vl'l directly· from Hongkong to Singapore, often
tl'a.ve) 1,300 miles without seeing a, light, and it is most desirable that they should
be able to ascertain their position before hauling 11p for the Horsburgh light at the
entrance to the Straits.
2. The matter was referred to a Com.mittee of Experts who have reported thereon.
I endose their report. It will be seen that they recommend the erection on the
most prominent Eastern Slope of the island of a revolving light of the first or second
order at an elevation sufficient to giv~ a visual range of at least twenty miles._
3. Pnluu Aor lies within the territory of Job ore a.nd the Sultan has informed
me that he is not desirous of undertaking the erection of a light-house himself, but
is willing, whenever called upon, to grant to the Straits Government 11, site for the
proposed work, and a private roadway thereto from the landing place.
· 4. As this Government has a large surplus oi revenue from light-dues over
expenditure for lighting, I think it is our duty to undertake this work and place a
first cla.~s light on Pulau Aor. ·
The Master Attendant advises that the light should be a. two flashing bright
light of the first order, with an interval of not less than ha.If a minute. • ·
5. I have the· honour to request that if you concur in deeming the erection of the
proposed Light-house advisable you will consult the Elder Brethren of the 'frinity
House as to the nature of the light t-0 be placed in this position, which should be
carefully devise,! so as not to be mistakeable for the Horsburgh light or the new light
now being devised for Singapore punuant to my letter to the Crown Ag1:mte No. 1228
of the 20th February last. ·
6. When the advice of the Trinity House has been received the Crown Agents
Annex 25
Letter from Lovat (Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs) to
Governments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,
Irish Free State and Newfoundland dated 30 Jan 1928
CAl1ADA (
CO.~fi('\}lY/EALTII · tit~ AUBTRALil1l '" 1
. ·86-t-1
I ._ .· -·-. I
't,.T rf!\1
/ Zl:!ALAl.!D DniniYli(mB }To ~__) ·'·
UP IOl1 0111 SOU'l"H AFHICA '
\_____Ul.?8 )
IRISH FRft!F. STATE Downing Street,
'.:1'(\
lT :.~'Fot.Jl'~DLAND ) ·- u L Janua1·y. 1u2n.
Sir, .
I have the honour to tranern1 t, for the
1n1'orma.t1on of His Majesty•a. Gove19nment 1n
cnpios ;i;t fln agreement signed on the 19t,h October,
1927, by "the Governor of the Straito f:lettlL'nients on
beho.lf of His Majesty tlH? l{in;!: and b~/ H1a H1gtmeas
the Sultnn of Johore, nn the mi'oject of the boundary
between. tho stre1tc entt1.anenta and Johore.
2. The ettect of this agreement ic to convert
curto.in iBlEiTidl! £.nd Wf:&.tcrG which formerly :fanned part
~1f t,he Colony of the ;Jtreit.B He-ttlcmente 11J"to territo1y
under His ?4ajeaty's protection tt1d te1•r1tor1nl waters
ttioreot. In the c11·cumstt;nceo, the Secretary of
Dte.te for the Col(lnie~ WHB e.dvised that the agreemEnt
ahi:iuld be described as mr,de on behalf o:f His t:r~jesty
and thnt Pa.rl1amenta:ry a:pprnval rif the agreement
ahould be obto.1nt!d. A Bill _:ivinc the approval o:t
Parlicmont to the ae;rNmnnt in _being drafted.
3. In view. however, of the -position,,:;' J~)hore
as a territory under H1r, Mnjeaty'a protectin~:, lt is
com:i:tcred
TH~ OFFICtIB ADMIMIS'l'ERD-JG
THE GOVt::R-JtA1'}1T OF
1 263 1
264
- - '
... '". ··~:- .: ·.' _:,_: i_, ~-·1
': .. uO '"r) ·J /
' • ,_. I
cOitBidered that the a(l'l'ecment ellould not ·u{::•::J'JJ!!r,'1 o.• !
a. treaty between His Majesty and the Head of ll :rorel"e,ii'
State. Accordingly, ·no tull 1lowe:r he.a ·Deen isfmecl
by Hie Majesty tor 1te signature and no provision htta
been made :ror ratificat.ion h~,· Hi t1 Majesty. f•\irther,
it is not contemplated that the e.r~reement should lJe
registered with the League ot Nations under Article lU
ot the Covenant.
I have t etc. ,
l_,i ~-; · •~.•=,o~t_:l•' .•.:.:;'' .. · . : ~-- : ·•.. -.; .... :;
Annex26
U .K. Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons),
Second reading of the Straits Settlements and Johore Territorial
Waters (Agreement) Bill, 16 July 1928
PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES:
Official Report.
FIFTH SERIES-VOLUME 220.
FOURTH SESSION OF THE THIRTY-FOURTH PARLIAMENT
or TB&
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
NORTHERN IRELAND.
HOUSE COMMONS.
EIGHTH VOLUME OF SESSION 1928.
Thia Volume may be cited H 220 H.C. Deb, 5 s.
COM.PlUSUIG PBRIOD FROM ~loNUAY, lt>TH JOJ,Y, TO FRIDAY, 3RU .AUGUS1', 1928.
LONDON:
PRUl1'ED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS M.A.JE8TY'8 8TATJONEBY OPFIOB.
Ta be pureb&led direotl7 from H • .M.. STATION EBY OFFICl!I at c.be followi111r a.ddreue1:
,.\daatr&l House, Kinraw&y, London, W.0.2; 120, Oeorre Street, EdiDburrn;
York Stnet. Jlanabeater; 1, St. Andrew'• Oruoent. Oardil;
16, Donesa.11 &Qua.re W eat, Belfut.;
or tbroucb &ll1' Book .. llar.
1928
Prlce-9/- Net.
265
266
177 Ratit1(J a,id Valualicm Bill. 16 Jm,y 19i8 &rails &ttum«11tR BiU. 178
....... w.
l'aflcl111on. Jehn Allen (Wtganl
PtthlcJt•Leownnat, f. W.
Peuonlty, Artlltlr
ltlart, Alll'ld (Wednn11u,,1
tlnclalfo. llaJor ltr A. fCafthMII)
lltcll, Chari• H.
Watton, W. M. (Duntermllnel
Watts-Morgan, Lt,-Col. D. {Rtloedd■t
Welloek, WIifred
..... Sir Hearv H. W811wood, J •
'8111, John a.
Parcell, A. A,
lmltll, ... fBlnnandaey, Rotherlalthl,
Smltll, Rennie (PUldalll)
Wheatley, llt. Hon. J.
Wlgglne, Wlllla111 Martin
... ., Sir Beddoe Inell, Harry
Rlctlard ■Ofl. R. (Hou1hton•ll•lpr1n11
Rne,, Ben
Roberts, RL Han. F. D.fW.Bremwlcht
10111-n, w. C. (York1,w.11.,1:11and)
Salclatvara, ShapurJI
Snowden. Rt. Hoa. PIIIIIP
Stephen, Campllell
Stewart, J. (St. llaHax}
strau11, It. A.
WIiliam, C. P. (Danblgb, Wrtxba)
Wllllam-. Dr. J. H, {Llanellr}
WHllaml, T. (York. DH va11,,,
Wll1111n, R. J. {Jurowt
Wlnd1or, wa1tw
Sutton, J. E. Wrl9ht, W.
lalter, Dr. Allnd
ICl'JfflfllClllr, E.
Thom,, G. R. (Wolverhampton, E.)
Thartle. Eraat
Young, Robtrt (Lancadw, Newta■ )
ICUrt, Johll To11ll11son, R. P.
1,xtoa, Jamll T ownend, A. E,
8htnw1II, E. Vlant, a. P.
Mr. SP&AKER then v1·1Jceeded BU,cceasively
to put forthwith the Questions on any
Ame-ndments mo-ved by the G01Jernment
of wlifoh notice had b~n gitJen to that
part o.f tl,e Bill to be concl,'IJ,ded at halfpaat.
Te11, of the clock at thiia day',
sitti;r,,g.
Amendments made :
In page 3, line 26, leave out the words
"for the housing or ms.intenance of road
·vehicle-s," and insert instead thereof the
words:
11 by the occupier for the housing or
mainteunnce of his road vehicles or as
stables."
In page 3, line 33, at the end, insert
the woTdB:
(3) ' 1 Whe1·e two or more properties within
the same curtilage, or contiguous to one
'-nothPr, are in the same occupation and,
though treated as two or more hereditaments
for the purposes of ra.tiog and valuation
b,· reason of being situnte i11 different
parishes or of having been valued a.t different
times or for any other reaimn, are
used 119 part9 of a single mine, mine1·al railway.
fadory, or workshopt then for the
purposes of determining whether the several
hereditements are industrial hP.reditnmeuts
they shall be treated as if they formed parts
of a single hereditoment comprising all
,uch hereditaments."
In p-age 4, line 3, lea.ve out the words
'' and includea any premises or place,"
and insert instead thereof the words:
"but also includes any premises, pla!OO,
or works, whether below ground or nbove
ground, primarily occupied and nsed for
the purpose of draining or otherwise protecting
from damage any mine or group of
mines or.n
In line 6, at the end, insert the words :
" 1 Mineral railway ' means a ra.ilway,
tramway, or ropeway used prim&rily for the
transport of minerals from a. mine, or from
two or more Jllinea, to the ra-ilway of a railway
company or to a dock and in the latter
case indudea also such dock."-[M'I". Cham.~
· berlain..]
TELLERS FOR TIIE :NOES.-
Mr, Wbiteleund Mr. A. Bames.
CLAUSE 4.-(Entries in valuat-ion lids at
to industrial hereditament,.)
Amendment made :
In page 5, line 9, at the end, insert
the words:
" (c) where two or more heredita.ments
in the sa.me occupations are, by virtue of
the provisions of Sul,l-section (3) of the la.at
foregoing Section, treated as if they formed
parts of a single hereclitament, each of the
several hereditamentAI sha.ll be deemed to r,e
occupied and used for industrial purposes
&nd for other purposes respectively in the
proportion in which, if all the hereditaments
formed a single hereditament, th11:t
single he:reditament would be deemed to
be so occupied and uaed."-[Mf'. Ohamberlain.
J
Motion made, and Question, " That
further Consideration of the Bill, aa
amended, be now adjourned," put, a.nd
agreed to.-[ JI r. 0 liamberlain.]
Bill, as amended, to be .further eonsidet
·e-d To-morro\\'.
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND
JOHORE TERRITORIAL WATER
(AGREEMENT) BILL [Lord,1.
Ordel' for Second Reading read.
The UNDER-SECRETARY of STATE
for the COLONIES (Mr. Ormsby-Gore):
I beg to move, " That the Bill be now
Tead a. Second time."
The Bill aims a.t sa.nctioning an agree~
ment which ha.s been come to between the
Govemment of Johore and the Straits
Settlements Government in reference to
the territorial waters of the Sovereign
State of J ohore and the British colony of
Straits Settlements. The old Treaty
whereby Great Brita.in obtained pONes•
sion <>f the Island of Singapore, which waa
drawn up by Sir Stamford Raffles a.nd
finaJly ratified in 1894, had the effect, if
ltrictly construed, of cla.iming for the
179 Strait, Settlement, HOUSE OF COMMONS and J ohore Bill. 180
[Mr. Ormsby-Gore.]
Colony of Strait.a Settlements not merely
the whole of the water of the Island of
Singapore, but of islands which really are
part of the State of J ohore. One of these
islands is 100 yards from J obore and two
or three miles from Singapore. It is a
am.all island of 26 acres a.nd according to
the Treaty of 1824, was regarded aa part
of the Colony of the Straits Settlements
but, according to justice and equity, and
according to intention it ought to be part
of the State of Joh ore. Furth el' difficulties
ha.ve arisen in regard to policing
a.rrangements. According to the original
Treaty of 1824 the State of J ohore had no
jurisdiction in this respect and the result
was that there was continual friction, H
the Straits Settlements police arrested
people who were Johore subject. and not
British subjects, in what were obviously
J'obore wa.ters. So it was arra.nged by
the la.te governor that a new Treaty
should be drafted redefining the line
between the State of J ohore and the
Straits Settlements. That was given
effect tlO, and a final survey wa.s made by
the present governor, &Dd the ma.tter now
requires Parliamentary aa,nction. It :ii& &
cession of the rights acquired by Sir
Stamford Raffles in 1824 long before the
present practical considerations had
arisen but it is only in accordance with
the rights of the State of Johore that the
mistake should be rectified and that a.
formal line should be drawn between the
State of J ohore and ourselvee.
Mr. KELLY: I beg to move, to leave
out the word " now/' and a.t the end of
the Queation to add the words " upon this
day three months."
I should like to hear from the :Minister
in charge how much territory is being
handed ba,ck to the Sulta.n of Johore. I
do not wa.nt to go into the whole question
of Singapore, but one would like Iii<>
know how much military or naval advice,
with rega.rd these isla.nds, is involved in
tliie proposal. If there is one point which
juati:6.es a Motion for the rejection of this
Bill it is the absence of inf01·mation upon
it. The small map which baa been pla.ced
in the tea room gives no clear indication
of the intentions of the Government.
One would like more informa.tion &a to
the erection of this bridge or c&Usewa.y
between Singapore and the mainland of
J' ohore. The whole propoaal is difficult
to understand, and the Department concemed
is to blame if there is any want
of understanding among hon. Members.
because of their failure to produce for us
proper maps and information. One of the
points ma.de by the Under-Secretary was
about the difliculty of policing these
waters, but I think there will be the same
difficulty in the future. You are proposing
to draw a line of division, and I take
it there will then be a double system of
policing-policing from the J oho re side
as well as the Singapore side. I am not
sure that the drawing of this imaginary
line will ma.ke it a.ny leas difficult to police
these waters. My reason for moving the
rejection is the abse11ee of informa.tion,.
and because we a.re not quite clear as to
whether it is intended tha.t the erection
of further arma.ments aha.II ta.ke pla.ce on
tha.t site. I am informed by one w bo has
recently returned from tha.t part of the
world that a. good deal of this la.nd ia in
the poBlession of another country, having
been leased to it. If that be so. at a.ny
rate we ought to be informed of it. In
the absence of this informa.tioo, I move
the rejection of the Bill.
Mr. MARDY JONES: I beg to second
the Amendment. i do so in order that
we may get the necessa!'Y information
from the Government on this ma.tter.
Mr. ORMSBY-GORE: I am very happy
to supply the information which baa been
a.sked for. This Bill has nothing to do
with the causeway which was completed
some time ago to establish road a.nd
railway communications betw~en the
mainland and the Island of Singapore
for commercial purposes. With rega:rd
to the Islands, I believe there a.re three.
All are uninhabited, but one, the largest,
is of .some economic importance, as it
hae this quarry for road metal. Ita
total area, is a.bout 26 acres, one rood.
These small islands, if this Bill is passed,
will be recognised as belonging to the
State of Johore. There is no truth whatever
in the suggestion that any other
foreign Power contemplates the use of
any of these islands for military or other
purposes, or ha.s any lease or other hold
over them. Further than that, in so far
as the police point is concerned, I hope
the days of rubber smuggling a.re over
for ever, but, if they are not over, then
it is much better for the Johore police
t;, deal with J ohore subjects and for the
Stradta Settlements Police to dea.1 with
Straits Settlement subjects. That is
267
Annex27
Notice to Mariners No. 20 of 1931 from Freyberg G. (Master
Attendant, Straits Settlements) dated 21 May 1931
Ho. 20 or 19;1 .
.S1ng~porf.l Strait. .S:a:.rt,ern intrruHJ:w .,._ Middle Channel.
South L1mt1 Islet -- r'u:rth~r 1n.t'ormat1on re Light to bl$ usti,.bJ.i:dheil.
On northern a1ae ot cruu,nel on the Slltlmit ot Sou.th
L1ma 1alet, at a d.iutnnec.i or ti, B m1les 28tii des;rtn,l/1
trom Horabu~;li ( Pedra Bran,a1) li&rhthcnJtHL
Lat. 1° 2~•1t long. 1vli.0 10 1J; (WU:,I'OX)
n11b&u wbijt~ everi 1:llal llfOO!lAf t.nus:Fla•
b O.} aec, eclipse 2 .. 7 sec.
Th~ light 11 W:lWTttchtd and ia being maint<1in:1Jd by
the at.-te ot Johora,
ar.l/ Geo!'f'r•ey Freybe ;>g,
Mru,ter Attctndant, •
Strait.B SettLolU.Ht;a.
269
Annex 28
Agreement Between His Majesty's Government within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the State of
Johore dated 20 October 1945 ("the MacMichael Treaty"),
reprinted in Allen, Stockwell & Wright (eds.), A Collection of
Treaties and Other Documents Affecting the States of Malaysia,
1761-1963 (1981), p. 121
JOHORE TREATY of 20 October, 1945
MacMichael Treatyl *
Agreement between His Majesty's Government within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the
State of Johore.
Whereas mutual agreements subsist between His Britannic
Majesty and His Highness the Sultan of the State and territory
of Johore:
And whereas it is expedient to provide for the constitutional
development of the Malay States under the protection
of His Majesty and for the future government of the State
and territory of Johore:
It is hereby agreed between Sir Harold MacMichael,
G.C.M.G., D.S.O., the Special Representative of His Majesty's
Government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland on behalf of His Majesty and His Highness
Sir Ibrahim, G.C.M.G., G.B.E., the Sultan of the State and
territory of Johore for himself, his heirs and successors:-
*
!. His Highness the Sultan agrees that His Majesty
shall have full power and jurisdiction within
the State and territory of Johore.
2. Save in so far as the subsisting agreements are
inconsistent with this Agreement or with such
future constitutional arrangements for Malaya
as may be approved by His Majesty, the said
agreements shall remain in full force and
effect.
Signed this 20 day of October 1945
Signature H.A. MACMICHAEL, Special Representative
in Malaya of the British Government.
Witness H.T. BOURDILLON
Signature IBRAHIM, Sultan of the State and
territory of Johore.
Witnesses H. AMAD
A. KADIR
For footnote seep. 122
121
271
Annex 29
Johore Treaty of21 Jan 1948,
reprinted in Allen, Stockwell & Wright (eds.), A Collection of
Treaties and Other Documents Affecting the States of Malaysia,
1761-1963 (1981), pp. 124-128
JOHORE TREATY of 21 January, 1948
State Agreement revoking the MacMichael Treaty l*
Agreement made the twenty-first day of Janm1ry, 1948, between
Sir Gerard Edward James GENT, K.C.M.G., D.S.O., O.B.E.,
M.C., on behalf of His Majesty and His Highness IBRAHIM ibni
Almarhum Sultan ABU BAKAR, D.K., S.P.M.J., G.C.M.G., K.B.E.
(Mil.), G.B.E., G.C.O.C. (I), Sultan of the State and Territory
of JOHORE for Himself and His Successors:
Whereas mutual agreements subsist between His Majesty and
His Highness:
And whereas it has been represented to His Majesty that
fresh arrangements should be made for the peace, order and
good governmerit of the State of Johore:
.And whereas His Majesty in token of the friendship which
he bears towards His Highness, the subjects of His Highness,
and the inhabitants of the State of Johore is pleased to make
fresh arrangements to take effect on such day as His Majesty
may by Order in Council appoint (hereinafter called "the·
appointed day"):
*
And whereas it is expedient to provide for the constitutional
development of the State of Johore under the protection
of His Majesty and for its future government:
Now, therefore, it is agreed and declared as follows:
Short title and 1. This Agreement may be cited as the
commencement. Johore Agreement, 1948, and shall come
into operation on the appointed day
immediately after the coming into operation
of the Order in Council aforesaid.
Notification of the appointed day shall
be published in the Matayan Union Gazette
together with a copy of this Agreement.
Interpretation. 2. In this Agreement:
"Enactment" means any law enacted by His
Highness with the advice and consent of
a Council of State constituted under the
written Constitution of the State referred
to in Clause 9 of this Agreement;
"Federal Government" means.the Government
of the Federation;
For footnote see p.128
124
273
274
Protection and
external
affairs.
"the Federation" means the Federation of
Malaya to be called in Malay "Persekutuan
Tanah Melayu", which is to be established
on the appointed day;
"Federation Agreement" means the Agreement
which is to be made between His Majesty
and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the
Malay States of Johore, Pahang, Negri
Sembilan, Selangor, Perak, Kedah, Perlis,
Kelantan and Trengganu for the establishment
of the Federation, and includes any
amendment thereof;
"the High Commissioner" means the High
Commissioner for the Federation;
"His Highness" means the Sultan of Johore
and His Successors;
"His Highness in Council" means His Highness
acting after consultation with the
State Executive Council constituted under
the written Constitution of the State referred
to in Clause 9 of this Agreement,
but not necessarily in accordance with the
advice of such Council nor necessarily in
such Council assembled;
''Secretary of State" means one of His
Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State.
3. (1) His Majesty shall have complete
control of the defence and of all the external
affairs of the State of Johore and
His Majesty undertakes to protect the
Government and State of Johore and all its
dependencies from external hostile attacks
and for this and other similar purposes
His Majesty's Forces and persons authorised
by or on behalf of His Majesty's Government
shall at all times be allowed free access
to the State of Johore and to employ all
necessary means of opposing such attacks.
(2) His Highness undertakes that, without
the knowledge and consent of His Majesty's
Government, he will not make any
treaty, enter into any engagement, deal in
or correspond on political matters with,
or send envoys to, any foreign State.
125
British
Adviser.
Cost of
British
Adviser.
Appointment of
British
Adviser.
Federal
officers.
When Federal
officers may
perform State
functions.
State
Constitution.
Councils to be
constituted.
4. His Highness undertakes to receive and
provide a suitable residence for a British
Adviser to advise on all matters connected
with the government of the State other
than matters relating to the Muslim Religion
and the Custom of the Malays, and
undertakes to accept such advice; provided
that nothing in this clause shall in any
way prejudice the right of His Highness to
address the High Commissioner, or His Majesty
through a.Secretary of State, if
His Highness so desires.
5. The cost of the British Adviser with
his establishment shall be determined by
the High Commissioner and shall be a
charge on the revenues of the State of
Johore.
6. His Highness shall be consulted before
any officer whom it is proposed to send
as British Adviser is actually appointed.
7. His Highness undertakes to receive
within his State such officers of the
Federal Government as that Government may
require and to permit such officers to
exercise such lawful authority and powers
and to perform such lawful functions as
may be necessary for th~ purposes of the
Federal Government.
8. Any officer of the Federal Government
may-, with the concurrence of the High
Commissioner, perform within the State of
Johore ·such State duties and may exercise
such State powers as may be imposed or
conferred upon him by His Highness in
Council or by Enactment.
9. His Highness undertakes to govern the
State of Johore in accordance with the
provisions of a written Constitution which
shall be in conformity with the .provisions
of this agreement and of the Federation
Agreement.
10. In pursuance of the undertaking contained
in Clause 9 of this Agreement and
126
275
276
His Highness to
be consulted
before posting
of officers by
High Commissioner
to posts
borne on State
Estimate.
Impartial
treatment.
Education and
training of
Malays.
Previous
Agreements.
in conformity with the provisions of the
Federation Agreement His Highness undertakes
forthwith to constitute
(a) a Majlis Meshuarat Kerajaan, to be
called in English State Executive
Council;
(b) a Majlis Meshuarat Negri, to be
called in English Council of State.
11. His Highness, unless he shall otherwise
direct, shall be consulted before any
officer is posted by or on the authority
of the High Commissioner to any post borne
on the State Estimates.
12. All persons of whatsoever race in the
same grade in the service of the State of
Johore shall, subject to the terms and
conditions of their employment, be treated
impartially.
13. His Highness desires and His Majesty
agrees that it shall be a particular~harge
upon the Government of the State of Johore to
provide for and encourage the education
and training of the Malay inhabitants of
the State of Johore so as to fit them to
take a full share in the economic progress,
social welfare and government of the State
and of the Federation.
14. (1) The Agreement made on the 20th day
of October, 1945t between His Majesty's
Government within the United.Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern ·.Ireland and His
Highness Sir Ibrahim, G.C.M.G., G.B.E.,
the Sultan of the State and Territory of
Johore, for Himself, His Heirs and
Successors, is hereby revoked.
(2) All Treaties and Agreements subsisting
immediately prior to the making of the
aforesaid Agreement of the 20th day of
October, 1945, shall continue in force save
in so far as they are inconsistent with
this Agreement or the Federation Agreement.
127 ·
Sovereignty
of the Ruler.
Language of
Agreement.
15. The prerogatives, power and jurisdiction
of His Highness within the State of
Johore shall be those which His Highness
the Sultan of Johore possessed on the
first day of December, 1941, subject nevertheless
to the provisions of the Federation
Agreement and this Agreement.
16. This Agreement shall be expressed in
both the English and the Malay languages,
but_, for the purposes of interpretation,
regard shall be had only to the English
version.
In witness whereof SIR GERARD EDWARD JAMES GENT., K.C.M.G.,
D.S.O., O.B.E., M.C., has hereunto set his hand and seal for
and on behalf of His Majesty, and His Highness Ibrahim ibni
Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar, D.K., S.P.M.J., G.C.M.G., K.B.E.
(Mil.), C,.B.E . ., G.C.O.C. (I), etc., Sultan of Johore has
hereunto set his hand and seal, the day and year first above
written.
Signature and seal of G.E.J. GENT for and on behalf
of His Majesty
Witness A.T. NEWBOULT
Signature and seal of IBRAHIM, Sultan of Johore
Witnesses ONN JAAFFAR
IDRIS BIN IBRAHIM
ABDULLAH B. ESA
E.E.F. PRETTY
FOOTNOTE
1. Provenance: Statutoriy InstPUments fori 1948, I, i, no.
108, The Federation of Malaya Order in Council, 1948.
128
1 277 1
Annex 30
Letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Police, Singapore to
the Chief Police Officer, Johore dated 2 July 1948
,' ·,;'.
Mfl'f'l@t,,i ..
1t -~ o~e a l"kflori"m,u
~~~~~fi S1~pp~~® ~nd almlan4. rollowlng tM
to •~t
m1 drawn
Joh~!lnpp<>N bmmd&r, llm~ ft'E !
!1~pp~N I~land to a p~mt ll)l'th
h~,v~• Ohiaagi Po~, ant PO~lf.
!hit •Ul ~--~ u~
A ta4 to
I n.
JP'loAl.
..,,., ... v .. ,,..,.,.. Lltll~, 0.,0. kvl4l 6ol~,
a~ .tu ._ ~w:,b a CUl?t~w •~ atf'~ot, 11m
v.ww.'4~ t~t 11. will <ml.1 &tt~ot Ei. t¥Jw lo@d f1~mftlen
the OWA+1%?1 t;)f ... 111114&,Wl¾@ Ii~~" Tl"'dtl!!'f/1\ Ui ~D~ __ ,,_,.v, .. u,on ..
light on
vu,,1,,cnn,.&. &1~tcm1 #J., zt .• O l,., !:J,l1~nll1:lC~~
MB BJ>~n~h ct
S:tN1tl!i. I
a HnllJYOOd~p~®mi~N
"" ... '"£"""" fffef' tb~ OattffW#RJ
....
279
Annex 31
Minute from Barry J.C. (Deputy Commissioner of Police,
Singapore) to Foulger R.E. (Commissioner of Police, Singapore)
dated 27 Sep 1948
and
Reply from Foulger R.E. (Commissioner of Police, Singapore) to
Barry J.C. (Deputy Commissioner of Police, Singapore)
dated 29 Sep 1948
CURFEW ON STRAITS OF JOHORE.
As there 1s considerable conflict of opinion on the subject,
will you please give a ruling as ~o whether this is to be strictly
enforced with the absolute minimum of exceptions or not.
2. When the Defense Liaison Committee decided that a Curfew
should pe imposed· f-or ·the purpose of stopping traffic across
the Straits at night, it was stated by Col. Little (who should
know) that there was little fishing in the Straits at night
and no great hardship would be imposed by a total ban.
3. Since that time nothing has caused me to believe otherwise,
and we have had,
(a) positive evidence that Tuas.tishermen were conveying
Communist passengers and literature across the
Straits at night;
(b) positive evidence Just a few nights ago that sampans
°l'tere bripging 1n tobacco to S8pore across the
straits at night, and why not·oommurt.1ets too'?
On 25.9,48 the Cpl. @ Seletar caught a sampan
bringing 1n tobacco the duty on which was ~445,
the man in charge be 1ng a Malay Ou.stems officer
or Johore.
4. On their own initiative the O.C 1s or •F• & 1G" have
issued Curfew Permits to fishermen of Ponggol, Loyang (nr. Ub1n)
and Penggerang (nr.Tekong). When the C.S. visited the Bedoh
Village Committee some time ago, o.c. "F" told him that he
had issued euoh permits, and the c.s. congratulated him on
his initiative. The c.e. had but recently returned from
Leave and may be unaware of the reasons for'the Curfew.
5, The D.C. "X" has stated that fishermen should be given
permits to go out at night, and considers tl'a t they would have
a Justifiable grievance 11' they were refused. He will vet all
applicants at the C.I.D.
6, My own view is that the Curfew should be done properly
or not at all and there should be one permit only granted -to
the stone tongkangs carrying to Cbangi Airfield from Ub1n &
National Archives of Singapore
281
282
which depend on tides.
The O.I.D. vetting is worth nothing more than °not known to
C.I;D,•. and 1r the Tuas and Seletar fishermen mentioned in
para 3 above had applied ror Permits they would have been
•not known to OID1 and so granted them.
Sd. J. C • }:larry .
27.9.48.
This 1s a matter in which we m~st take a strong line or not
have a curfew at all.
2. The first part or your 8 6 1s a case in which-an exception
may be .made.
3. Betore clampin-g down on the· issue or a,ny other permits I
want to be assured that their are no other exceptions, also why
did nr• and 1G11 gave the permits to 1'1shermell and having given
them what would be their answers to other fishermen.
4. I would like O.O. Mar1ne 1s comments.
5. It seem.a to me that if a man wisqe~ to go tishing at night
he must go out before the curfew and stay ou1i all n1.ght, ot_herwise
we are wasting our time and energj;es having a curfew, and • .!h!,!
is far more inportnat,g1ving the enell1 oppQrtunities to land
Communists, arms and literature.
6. Po nr• & •o• realise that it is known that the enemy have
reooed Serangoon and Ponggol recently with a view to landing arms?
Sd. R.E. Foulger,
29.9.48.
S. pare
al Archives of , inga
Nation
CURFEW ON STRAITS OF JOHORE
As there is considerable conflict of opinion on th~subject,
will you please give a ruling as to whether this is to{strictly
enforced with the absolute minimum of exceptions or not.
2. When the Defense Liaison Committee decided that a Curf•
should be im:o,osed_ for the purpose of stopping traffic a.cross
the Straits at night, it was stated by Col. L!ttle (who sho•ld
know) that there was little fishing in the Straits at night
and no great hardship would be imposed by a total ban.
3. Since that time nothing has caused me to believe otherwise,
and we have had,
(a) positive evidence that ~uas fishermen were conveying
Communist passengers and literature across the
Straits at night;
(b) positive evidence just a few nights ago that sampans
were bringing in tobacco to S1pore across the
St.ra.i ts at night, and why not Communists too?
On 25.9.48 the Cpl.@ Seleta.r caught a sampan
bringing in tobacco the duty on which was f445,
the man in charge being a. Ma.lay Customs officer
of Johore.
4. On their own initiative the- O.C 1 s of "F" & "G11 ha.ve
issued Curfew Permits to fishermen of Ponggol, Loyang {nr. Ub
and Penggera.ng (nr. Tekong). When the c.s. visited the Bedoh
Village Committee some time ago, o.c. "F11 told him that he
had issued such permits, and the c.s. congratulated him on
his initiative. The c.s. has but recently returned from
Leave and may be unaware of the reasons for the Curfew.
5. The D.C. 0 X" has stated that fishermen should be giv
permits to go out at night, and considers that they would ha
a justifiable grievance if they were refused. He will v;r:,f.};)
applicants at the C.I,D.
6. My own view: is tha.t the Curfew should be done properly
or not at all and there should be one permit only granted -to
the stone tongkangs carrying. to Changi Airfiemd from Ubin &
which depend on tides.
The C.I.D. vetting is worth nothing more than "not known to
C.I.D.", and if the 1uas and Seletar fishermen mentioned in
para 3 above had applied for Permits they would have been
11not known to CID11 and so granted them.
Ov6tZ.
National Archi11.e& ofSingaJXll'@-
283
1 204 1
~ ti " ~~ ~ ...J..·,1.,. we ~ 'M.w.. , ~ ~
k wt,,, L~ "~ .t.J.J .
1.·, 'μ{wu. ~ '1 ~ ti 6 n '- '41l
~ ~~ ~ iA,.~ '-4""' 1,v.,J.J,
)· ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ t~ {~
~ ~ ,~ ~ -~ ~ ~
w ~ ~ ~~. ~. ~ ~
-~· MJ ... ~, ~ ~ ~ hi -h~~
c,.,...s ~-~ ~ ~~,1/.-,~
~~ l,..- -~ ~~~.
I.!, 1~;.J;,k (.P"( rt~'1 ~· 0 I
,· i ~~ ~ ~ M ~ " ~ w-4 l: l-o
{tv<~ ,;;--~1LJ, IJ. ~~(A-~ ~ ~
CM~ ,w ~"-\,,.Ji~ IM~1 ~
I ~ w ~~ ~ ~ c._J ~'-'""" t.~c I,
~(-~I ~~-~ ~ ~ ~~ I~
(.W ~ -~ r\ ~ ~~ ..... r.,t-j /
~ t.r.A.,J~,
b• ~. f ~ {-_ ~~ ~ iX-.., ~ ~ ~
~ L~ l\tU,-1 ,._
..v.~ ~ C. i.Aa-J
- ~~ ~ r ~i t.,t,.l
r, ,&...~ ~ ?
National Archives of Singapore
Annex 32
Extracts from State of Johore Annual Report for 1949 (written by
Dato Wan Idris bin Ibrahim, Acting Mentri Besar, Johore)
jtat.e oi Jjoltorr
ANNUAL
REPORT
FOR
1 9 4 9
BY
DATO ,v AN IDRIS BIN IBRAHIM,
.. \G. l\IENTRI BES.AR,
JOHORE.
Printed at the Government Printing Department, Johore,
by MARhO~f BIN HJ. l\!o. SAID, SUPERINTENDENT.•
19[,0
285
286
57
:M~alacca then grew to be the first trading centre of
the East. After its conquest by the Portuguese in 1511,
the son of the last ruler of 1\ialacca settled in Johore and
continued the historic Sultanate. The history of the next
300 years is an almost uninterrupted record of wars.
Hostilities ,vith the Portuguese persisted nearly until the
arrival of the Dutch in 1602. Johore bears no small part
in Dutch Colonial history; relations were friendly, despite
a diplomatic struggle for commercial privileges. But the
conquest of Batu Sawar (near Kota Tinggi) by the
Achinese in 1615 closed one chapter of Johore history as
the conquest of Johore Lama by the Portuguese in 1587
had closed another, and it appeared then to the Dutch that
the renowned kingdom of Johore had come to an end. In
return for assistance at the attack on l\Ialacca in 1641, the
Dutch tried to restore J ohore to its position as premier
l\Ialay State. But the capital ·was burnt by Jambi in 1673;
in 1699 the Sultan \Yas assassinated, and in 1717 the throne
was ~eized l,y a Sumatran adYentm·er, Raja Kechil. Then
the Bugis appeared and the capital of the old empire ,vas
transferred to Rian Archipelago.
After continuous intrigues behYeen the 2\Ialay and
Bugis chiefs, the Dutch in 1784 recognized the Sultan of
Lingg-a ns ruler of the J ohore empire, droYe the Bugis
from Riau and stationed there a Resident with a garrison:
The M ala)r Sultan and Bugis Viceroy accepted the position
of dependent l)rinces, but the old empire was in a state of
llissolution, the Bernlahara and Temenggong being virtually
territorial chiefs in Pahang and Johore respectively.
This ,,·as the position when the British, by virtue of
treatie,'1 made in 1810 and 1824, obtaine(l a complete cession
of the island of Singapore. Vi~itors emphasize the then
deserted character of .Johore: in 1847 Johore Lama consisted
of 25 huts, and not till 1855 was the capital moved to its
present situation at Johore Bahru.
The extension of the Pax Britannica "helped J ohore to
grow populous again". i\IoreoYer since 1855 the country
has been go\·erncd hr enlighten eel and progressiYe rulers,
E,ultan Abubakar who died in 1895 and Sultan Ibrahim, the
present ruler. In 1S95 the Sultan undertook to receive a
British agent ha \·ing the functions of a Consular officer;
in 1910, }1;:n-ing had cl.11 unofficial adviser for some years,
the Sultan reorganized his Government with the assistance
of the GoYernor of the Straits Settlements; in 1914 a
General Adviser with enlarged powers was appointed.
Since 1924 the completion of a causeway across the Straits
of Tebrau has permitted uninterrupted traffic by rail and
road between ,Johore and Singapore and by railway between
Singapore and Bangkok. The East coast route has been
destroyed since the .Japanese occupation.
The recent history of the State has been a record of
continued prosperity which was rudely interrupted at the
Annex33
Minutes of a Meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee appointed by the
Rural Board, Singapore, to revise the Rural District Boundaries,
10 July 1952
Minutes or a Meeting or the Ad Hoc Camnittee
appointed by the Rural Board, Singapore, to
revise the Rural District Boundar1es1 held
on 'L'lUl'sday the J.Oth July.1952 at 2 • .,0 p.m.
· at the Land Office.
Present : The Chairman, Rura1 Board (The Hon1ble Mr. J.A. Harvel,·,
M.c.s.) - In the Chair
ille Chief Surveyor (Mr. B.L. Ward)
The Hon1 bJ.'3 Mr. B.J.c. Kulas1ngha
Mr. Goh--To113 Lilog_i -0•11•
The Supe!'Visor ot Elections (Mr. G.G. Thanson) -
By invitation.
;n Attendance : The Asst. Supervisor or Elections (Mr. M. Ponnu;•1ri:,:-.~.
The Secretary, Ruri!l Board (Mr. Chan Sile Kwan)-.
~------~-----------
The Chaimar. states that as elections are going to be
;ntroduced into t.Jie rv:r2.l areas in future, it w.Lll be necessary
-..,.:> define the electo:::1l. areas so that a person may lmow in which
district he lives. T:.rie present district b:>undari:tf in sane cases,
divide up villages with one part or the village~ ing within one
DistrictCcmmittee area. .ttnd another part falling w.Lthin another district
camnittee area.- He considers that the bOWldaries should be
:-e-def'ined so as to inclu.ie who1e. villages. The Rural Board has
race.emended the setting up or tbree district boards as the future
sat-up of local gover:c:::ent 1n the rural areas t and the present
~even district canmittee.a-reas might well 1:;e rused into three
J.a.rec::- administrative areas later on.
~. The Superv:lsO!" of' Elect"""ns then states that tb.e rur~~
arees are at preser.t div1:::lad into three electoral wards and clection.
c; 'Will not take place again until 1954 unless there is a byelection.
The Secretary of State is considering the question or
increasing elected rep~osentc~ion on the Council and th:!.s v.i.11
~omplicate matters when the r1iral districts have to be re-subdivided.
Although it is too early yet to revise the electoral
~our~daries he considers that ~tis good to lay down the principles
now.
3. Both Mr. Kul:'lsingta and Mr. Goh Tong Liang point out
th~t confusion exists ~..n the Dinds or sa:ic persons as to the districts
they belong to. .\ t pre Jent sa:ie boundary lines are icaginary,
and consideration sh~uld be given to re-draw the counda.rics
to follow as closely es po~sib'._a any geographical and artificial
~eatures or the land. i'he hou:1daries should be c~pable or boi~g
:readily followed by a lc:yncn, nnd geographical features· would t.e
or great assistance iu t~rl.f di:rection.
4. The Chief S":lrve ro?.' tables a plan on which is su1Jer ..
i!!l.posed existing villages, iistrict cOl!l!littGa boundaries, electo:r::!L
boundaries and police distr::c ts.. It is noted that the toundo.rios
c!.iffer 1n each case. ·n:.o p,,.ice• divide the rural areas into three
districts and it is decided ~;o ask tho CaJC1issioner or Police the
~eason for this subdivision.
5. Mr. Kulasingha 1 ;.:x:t tables a plan showing his proposals
~o~ subdivision or the rurc~. areas into seven districts. It is
cfocicad to have copies or M:. • Kulesingha1 s plan code for circu- ,
::.ation to ·oen:bers of t11e Co:.J: ittee. Copies of the Chief Sur\"eyor 5
plan are also to. be circula~-cd to necbers •
6/ ••.••••
. ...nee
. , Archives of Smg-&:r·
t,iauoaa1
287
288
.. . 2 ----- -
6. The Chief Surveyor points out that soce or tha soall
islands-are not included in the Bural Board Area. It is decided
that action be taken to have thee gazetted.
7. Atter a general discussion, the cccoittee considers that
(a) boundaries should not divide up the villages.
The new boundaries should follow physical features.
(b) the rural ~reas should be divided up into han.ogenaous
units;
(c) villages should develop fra:i the ca:imunity
centre.
Mr. Goh Tong Liang draws attention to one area in Set1~_wa_11g cukio
which falls within the jurisdiction or the Secbawang ~District:
tut owing to its geographical situation, the inhabitants go to the
Bukit Panjang Ccmcittee regarding their probleas because of convenient
access to Bukit :?anjQ.Dg.
B. The neeting resolves that another ceeting be held after
oembers hav~ been supplied with copies ot the Chief _Surveyor•s
and the Honorable Mr. Kul~singha1s oaps ror study.
The meeting terminates at 3.30 p.o.
National Archives Qf Singapore
Annex34
Minutes of a Meeting of the Rural Board, Singapore, 21 Aug 1952
Present: The C&mmissioner or Land Sin
(The Hon'ble Mr J A s/Ja gapore
The Acting Directo; of Publre,, M.C.S.) - Chairman
The Chief Health Officer (Dre Mor~s (Mr. A. Weir)
The Chief Surveyor (Kr BL •w • )oraisingham)
Mr• Chin Cb.ye Fong c H • .r • p ard
Tuan Syed Mohamed hl;r}' .r·p•
The Hon' ble Che Abma ' • •
Mr. Goh Tong Liang, t~~ Mohamed Ibrahim
Mr. R.J. Godber
Absent: The Hon'ble Mr. H.J.c. Kulas!ngha (apoltgies for a~seg:
In Attendance: the Senior Executive En receivd .....
The Secretary, Rurnl Bo:i~e(~t R~~:! ~~•x!•F) Brndy)
The Assistant Secretory, Rural Bonrd on
(Che Hussein bin Kam:iri).
------------
P bli W kThet Chairmo.n welcomes Mr. A. Weir the new Director of
u c ors ~ the ~co.rd.
Jull.19~ Thhevinminutes or the previous mooting held on tho 17th
Y ✓~, a g been circulated, o.ro confirmed.
2. Arising out of the minutos of previous meetin,;s :-
(1) :~:~1fi!BZ§§~Z$~.rrom Tgnnh Mernh Besor to Wing]!vong
The Choirllllln states that in 1951 a sum of
$1000 was spent on repcirs to this rood. Further
minor repnirs estimated to cost $250 ore nc-~ necesso.
ry, o.nd he considers th~t .:..~ the r.:>od is ,.1sed by
the general public to go to the ba~h1ng beaches, it
is reasonable for the Board to meet this expense.
The Boord agrees to the expenditure of )250
on minor repairs.
(11) Applicntion ror swnlernentnry ~j~ f°;°o~~1tv
Halls nnd Public Markets: R. B. ____ 2 Q..A__2_g_~
The Chairann reports that he hos discussed
with the Senior Executive Engineer, Rural, and hes
been 1.n!ormed that these works ore not wi~hin the
capacity of the Public Works Department this yecr.
The Board has proviously decided to suboit an
Application for Supplementary Vote as there is only
token provision in the Estimates this year.
In view or this, the Board decides not to
pursue the Application for Supplementary Vote this year,
but in 1953! the erection of Comnmity Halls and Markets
should beg ven top priority. It is also agreed to
infom Govenu:ient accordingly when subcitting the
return of order of priority of special works for the
Rural Board, if this return is called for fr~o tho
Board. The Director of Public Works p-oints out that
o recent/ ••••
National Archives of s· • . ~ !!'~
289
290
- lf.
6. Decisions ot -
{a)
(b)
the Zoning Committee as contained in 7~u~:,:~ ~9~~~!!:e meting held on
iheb Assessment Col:1!ilittee as contained in
811ilinutes or a COtllilittee l!leeting held on ?th Jul~ 1952
are confirc.ed.
7° Prnnosed Bus §en:tso trnm 0u St t
Eliza eth Estate atm BAA~t ftiah i~a~b:i:~?~~ 2•
An application to run this bus service is approved
It is noted that Messrs. Credit Foncier have no objection to the
use or their private rends in the Estr.te for this pur?ose.
8. Rond Nnp.1ng
9.
The Board approves as follows:-
(a) Rood orr 7 n.s. Upper Serangoon Road os
11KOX HAM I.Am:11 - R.B. 976/52.
(b) Aren irmcdiatoly north-east or Queen Astrid
Porkhorr Coronation Road as nASTRID HILLS" -
R.B. 35/$2.
RInucralul spioo ir do f t!:J ~eimo:in: Smftll fsl,ds within tho Ar~ _r __ c _or_ - _ .B._OOQ_ s2.
The Chairnnn explains thct in the last gazetting of
the Rural Board Area, sone of the snail islnnds were not included
probably because ot the tine they wero W11nhabited. He has ascertained
that some ot them aro now inhabited and proposes that all
such islands, a list of which has boon circulated, should bo
gazetted as part or the Rural Bonrd Aroa.
The Chief Surveyor suggests that n~t only the ~nhabited
islands but also all the other i,,J."~sently uninh~bitated ones should
~ brought within the Rural Board Area as they may be inhabited in
the future.
The Board decides that all neighbouring islands within
Colony territorial waters should be brought within the Rural Board
Area. The. C~airman will seek legal advice in putting up an appropriate
amending notification tor the approvcl or Government.
10. Ga~etting or Additional Argas ynder the Second Proviso to the
kt_inition or "~:ttl Vp~Be" 1,n Secti~n. 3 of th,o Municin.Q!.
Ordinance ccap, __ - R __ • 924122,
With the object of ennblinc oore rovonuc to be obtained
from land assessment by ~ssessin,~ or re-assessing land on the basis
or its present-day value the Bo4rd approves n recommendation or the
Assessment Comcittee to Include tho follov1ng new areas :-
Mukin llo, District
V
X
XI
XIII
XIV
XVI
Pandan
Jurong
Kranji
Sembownng
Mcndai
Bukit Timah
XJ:X/ • • • • ••
National Archives of Singapore
Annex 35
Extracts from Annual Reports of the Survey Department for the
Federation of Malaya for the years 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958-1961,
and 1962
FEDERATION OF MALAYA
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SURVEY DEPARTMENT
FOR THE YEAR
1954·
By
C. NOBLE, F.R.I.C.s., M.l.S. Aust.
Surveyor-General, Malaya
KUALA LUMPUR
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS BY G. A. SMITH
GOVEltNME!l<'T l'RI.NTE&
1955
1 291
292
1d
,.
MALAY PENINSULA
SCALI OI' lilll.ll
., ' ' •.• ,. • 1' , ,
•• ••
, .
•• • •
••
a.a,..,.. ..................... Ss.11' ........... ~·•········ - "-•ti-••-•--• .. ~ ........... ., ..... -----
'°0-c "1'ffl• fti. Copyrlt."\ Ru• ,....<ld
't:M __,,,. • .,., . .,. ,..,,. '-"• •.,.••• , . ,, Ma tan • •<• .... ,.., .,..,
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CONTENTS
PAGE
PART I-Functions and Organisation of the Survey ·
Department · 1
PART II-The Work of th~ Survey Department 1n
1954 13
APPENDICES 23
1 293 1
1 294 1
REPORT OF THE SURVEY DEPARTMENT FOR
THE YEAR 1954
PART I
FUNCTIONS OF THE SURVEY DEPARTMENT
1. The Land Enactments of the States of the Federation are
based on the Torrens system of title registration the declared,
object of which is to establish and certify. under the authority of
Government, the ownership · of an absolute and indefeasible title
to land and to simplify its transfer. ·
2. Registration of title is not yet in force in the Settlements
of Penang and Malacca but its introduction there is under active
consideration. The survey system in the two Settlements is, however,
the same as that adopted in the rest of the Federation and
it can fairly be said that the Survey Department is ready for the
change in title system when it occurs.
3. Under the Torrens system efficient survey of land for
title is termed "a pillar of registration". All title surveys must
therefore be permanent in the sense that re-survey for the attainment
of a higher standard of accuracy or marking of boundaries
will not be necessary at some future date, and the technical
quality of each survey must be such 'that a lost or displaced
boundary mark can be accurately reconstituted at any time and
~oundary disputes be resolved speedily and without further
question.
4. The main functions of the Federation Survey Department
are therefore:
(a) to produce concrete evidence which completely and
permanently identifies the land conveyed by any title
issued ·by Government;
(b) to compile and make available the records of alienation
which are essential for efficient land administration.
But efficient land administration demands the full and close co~
operation of the Survey Department and Land Offices throughout
the country. as provided in the Land Enactments, ano the
aim of such co-operation must be the establishment and maintenance
of public confidence in the system of land tenure. The
Survey Department and Land Offices have particular spheres of
responsibility but in some respects there is an essential intermingling
of functions and two of these, although not written into
the Land Enactments. are implied in the Survey Department list
of functions, viz.:
(c) to eliminate any possibility of the existence of more
than one document of title to any piece of land;
(d) to t;μdeavour to secure proper agreement between
boundaries of possession or occupation and of title
ownership.
The non-title survey functions of the Department are:
(e) to make and publish reliable maps
(/) to undertake special surveys and tasks for which the
Department is particularly fitted.
5. There is ample evidence to show that much of the
economic prosperity of the country is attributable to the general
excellence of the Land Enactments and the survey system which
serves them. Capital from abroad is attracted to the Federation
when it is known that land titles are guaranteed by Government
both as to ownership and to boundaries. In times of acute
financial stringency, shortage of staff, heavy arrears of work and
urgent demands for a much higher survey output, it may appear
an elementary precept to abandon the existing survey standards
and to adopt technical methods of inferior quality in order to
meet urgent needs of the moment. But such a policy is wrong
and has already been proved so in Malaya. Once Government
has selected and legally introduced the code of land tenure, the
survey system must be initiated and permanently maintained. The
money required to maintain that system must be found by the
Administration, supplemented as the country develops. by an adequate
schedule of survey fees to be demanded from the public
for specific survey services rendered by the Survey Department.
SURVEY FEES
6. In- many countries operating under the Torrens system,
the main activities of the Survey Department are concerned with
surveys for Government. i.e .• for official purposes such as reserves,
acquisitions, and surveys in respect of land already alienated are
executed by privately practising Licensed Surveyors. In the
Federation however, the Survey Department holds a monopoly in
respect of all surveys for title and due weight has hitherto been
given to this factor in framing the schedule of survey fees. It has
been recognised, for instance, that the orderly development of
land alienation is an integral part of Government policy and for
this reason Government must pay part of the cost of survey. It
must also be remembered that very many peasant landholders are
unable to afford the full economic charges on their land at the
time they apply for its alienation e.g.. premium on purchase,
annual rent and survey fees which it would be reasonable to levy.
in a wealthier community. For this reason survey fees were framed
more on the basis of what the applicants, as a class, could afford
to pay. rather than on the actual cost to the Survey Department
or the value of the service rendered. Furthermore provision has
been made for the statutory remission of survey fees by Collectors.·
of Land Revenue, the net result being that .in very many deserving
and authentic cases, peasants pay only a token amount in respect
of such fees.
.._
7. It was decided at the end of 1953 to introduce a new
schedule of fees and to re-classify survey operations thereunder.
2
295
296
in draughtsman-hours but the machines have been made available
for work on behalf of other Departments and of members of the
public. These machines are one of our best investments and have
more than repaid their cost already.
BOUNDARY MARKS
25. Malaya being a tropical country of high rainfall. it is
essential that survey boundary marks should be permanent not
only in the sense that they should be manufactured of durable
materials but also that each mark should be suitable for the
type of soil in which it is emplaced. Marks have been standardised,
by far the most common being a solid cylindrical reinforced
concrete mark about two feet long and about four inches in
diameter. This mark is placed vertically in the ground leaving
the top three inches projecting and the soil is well rammed round
it. In padi areas it is frequently necessary to use concrete marks
of smaller cross-sectional area but about four feet long. and for
the marking of important control traverses and on -certain mining
surveys. iron pipes four to six feet long and 1 ½ inches in diameter
are driven vertically into the ground. the top of the mark at
surface level often being surrounded by a cubic foot of concrete.
Marks in towns may be concrete pegs or iron spikes. About·
70.000 boundary marks are annually emplaced throughout the
country.
26. In Johore. concrete marks are manufactured on contract.
and in most other Divisions their manufacture is undertaken
departmentally. the all-in cost per mark at each factory being
50-60 cents. To this of course must be added the cost of transport
to the field, which is an expensive item. Iron pipes are made from
discarded boiler tubes and are usually tarred before issqe to the
field.
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
27. The Revenue or Title Survey Divisions of the Department
are concerned with the survey of property boundaries. and
it is the function of the Topographical Division to survey Malaya
topographically. i.e.. to prepare maps showing the physical
features of the country. These maps are of immense value for
development purposes especially in a country like Malaya where
natural jungle cover precludes rapid reconnaissance of the ground.
Malaya is indeed fortunate in that the foresight of early survey
administrators resulted in the creation of the Topographical
Division in the year 1910. Booms, slumps and retrenchments since
then have, of course, had their effect on the amount of money
and the number of men available to run the Division. but when
it is remembered that, until 1941. the survey methods adopted
involved slow and expensive footslogging over the whole area
covered by each published sheet. it is indeed remarkable that
as much as 60 per cent. of the country had been topographically
mapped by the end of the latter year.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
28. The need 10 complete the mapping of. the remammg
40 per cent. as quickly as possible became apparent after the war
8
and it was then decided to invoke the aid of air photography and
to aim at a target period of 10 years for such completion. Through
the good offices of the Director of Colonial Surveys, arrangements
were made for the R.A.F. to undertake the task of photographing
the peninsula from the air. under a grant from the Colonial
Development and Welfare Scheme. This task has now been
completed and the photographs have not only been made available
for map compilation purposes but are filed in the Departmental
Air Photo Library at Headquarters where they may be inspected
by any Government organisation having need of them. The
outbreak of the Emergency in 1948 however made it necessary
to shelve the 10-year plan and to substitute a short-term programme
designed to produce maps of the hitherto unmapped
40 per cent. of the country as quickly as possible. This shortterm
programme has now been completed and a series of
Emergency or "E" maps has been compiled and printed. These "E"
maps were produced from the air photographs controlled by such
ground survey and additional information as it was possible to
obtain at short notice and because they lack contours and are
generally below the required technical standard. they are classed
as reconnaissance sheets only.
29. The position at present is that topographical maps, on a
publication scale of one mile to one inch, are available over the
whole country, 60 per cent of them being classed as based on rigid
survey and the remaining 40 per cent being reconnaissance
sheets only. ·
NATIONAL GR.ID
30. Published topographical maps bear one of two reference
thousand yard grids (a) the Johore grid for areas in Johore and
Singapore lying east of longitude 102° 45' and south of latitude
2° 45', or (b} the Malaya grid for the rest of the country. It is
unnecessary here to go into the reasons for the introduction many
years ago of these two entirely separate grids. but they are most
inconvenient and it has been decided to substitute a new National
Grid for the whole of Malaya and to abolish the existing old grids
when this has been done. At the same time it has also been decided
to adopt an entirely new projection for all maps of Malaya other
than those of the cadastral survey. The new projection is
Orthomorphic. the central meridian being skewed to 324 ° to
conform to the general geographical axis of the country. The
necessary computations have been made and several State/
Settlement Land Utilization Maps have already been published
on the new projection and bearing the new National Grid. The
maximum scale error of the new projection is about 1 in 6.600
against l in 2000 on the old one.
31. Advantage of this change has been taken to re-design
the topographical sheet layout. The existing sheets cover one
quarter of a degree of latitude and one quarter of · a degree of
longitude, each sheet being approximately square with sides of
about 17 inches and covering about 300 square miles. In the new
series, sheets are not bounded by lines of latitude and longitude
but by convenient grid lines. Each sheet will be roughly 50 per
9
297
298
cent. larger than in the old series, covering about 4 70 square miles.
Each new series one-mile sheet will be accompanied by six
1 / 25000 sheets covering the same area for the benefit of those
users who prefer or need a larger scale. Appendices to this Report
show the old and new series sheet layouts.
PRESENT TOPOGRAPHICAL PROGRAMME
32. The Topographical Division is working to the following
programme:
(a) Field revision of the old Johore/Singapore sheets and
their publication in new series form. This will remove
the present J ohore grid. Completion of field work is
expected at the end of 1956.
(b) The field survey. compilation and publication in the
new series form of maps.of all areas at present covered
by the "E', reconnaissance series. This task, which
embraces Kelantan, Trengganu and parts of Pahang
and Upper Perak. is scheduled for completion in 1961.
When tasks (a) and (b) have been completed, the whole of
Malaya will be completely covered by rigid topographical survey,
a state of affairs of which the country may well be proud. It is
. true that the eastern half of the country plus J ohore and Singapore
will be covered by up-to-date new series sheets on the new
National Grid while the rest of the country is in old series form
on the ~Id Malaya. 9"rid, but it is then intended to push rapidly
ahead with the revision of the old West Coast sheets and publish
them in new series form on the National Grid.
33. The fact that most of the West Coast sheets are sadly
out-of-date, some having been surveyed over 40 years ago, is one
of serious concern and consideration is now being given to the
question of undertaking the revision of some of them and republishing
in new series form pari passu with the main programme.
CARTOGRAPHY
34. The Department possesses a small but efficient Cartographic
Branch. This was created in 1910 solely for the purpose
of producing Survey Department maps but, containing the only
Government lithographic establishment in Malaya, it has
generally been required, from time to time, to handle a great
deal of other work such as rubber control coupons, bonds. stamps,
motor licences and even low denomination currency notes. The
volume and urgency of this external work has frequently been
such as to push map production work into the background and
even now it is uncomfortably large. The Branch is controlled by
the Chief Cartographer who has a staff of four Division I specialists
and 96 Technical officers.
35. The equipment of the Branch, is in the main, old and
worn out and must be replaced. This applies particularly to the
printing machines. Replacements and expansion are however
impracticable in the building now occupied, but in spite of these
limitations maps produced by the Brancll are of high quality and
10
have already obtained recognition in the field of world carto ..
graphy. The Branch produces maps not only of Malaya but also
· of Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo on behalf of
the Governments of those territories.
36. In the field of business economics, the running of a
cartographic establishment is a complicated undertaking especially
if the establishment is small and the dem;;inds heavy. In war, the
production of up-to-date maps is part of the efficient service
rendered by the Army to the Fighting Services, but a civilian
cartographic establishment, severely limited as to expenditure,
is faced with the problem of deciding what maps can be produced
for the Administration and the public on the limited money available.
At the existing state of economic development of Malaya,
there is insufficient demand to make the sale of maps pay for
their production and because maps rapidly become out-of-date.
· wholesale stockpiling against future deffl:ands is impracticable.
The policy therefore bas been to produce a series of basic
Malayan maps as follows:
(a) Maps of the whole country, tanging from the 6 miles
to one inch political map of Malaya to the small 45
miles to an inch map used for reports. etc.
(b) State and Settlement maps, on scales ranging from one
to four, miles to the inch. These maps, which are
now termed "Land Utilization Mapsn, show the purpose
of land alienation together with as much topographical
information (other than contours) as is
. . · required to make them useful general purpose maps.
(c) Topographical maps, scale one mile to one inch, ns
described in para. 29.
(d) Town maps on various scales, of the half-dozen or so
major towns.
( e) Special maps designed to meet the needs of certain
Departments, e.g .• Geological and Forestry maps.·
37. Experience has shown. that the Malayan public are becoming
increasingly · ~tnap· conscious". This is a perfectly natural
demand fostered by the · rapid· economic qevelopment of the
country 2nd it will have to be met when the present Emergency
restriction on the sale of maps is lifted. The dense jungle cover
of Malaya imposes a virtual blanket of blindness on ground reconnaissance
and it can be said without fear of contradiction that
the provision of accurate maps is essential before any major land
development project is even contemplated.
INSTRUMENT REPAIRING
38. The Instrument Repairing Branch was established in
1910 to care for the instruments and equipment of the Department.
To this function has been added, as time passed. a similar
responsibility in respect of the instruments of other Government
Departments, and, within the last year or two, the repair and
maintenance of all the calculating machines owned by the
Federation Government throughout the country. The financial
saving to the Federation by putting valuable reconditioned
11
299
1 300 1
61. During 1954, therefore, the :Division operated· on Loan
Account. The total expenditure for the year: amounted to $802,907,
including $78,140 spent on Drainage arid Irrigation Department
surveys.
METHODS
(>2. It was stated in para. 28 that photographic cover from
the air is now available over the whole country. In compiling a
topographical map, these photographs are. . extensively. used
supplemented by planimetric control on the ground. Much of what
appears on the ground is hidden by jungle from the · cari;iera and,
it is the ta~k of ground survey parties not only · to pick · up these
hidden features but to effect the necessary triangulation required
for the control· of. the photographs themselves.· A certain amount of
ground traversing is also necessary for the control of planimetry
and heighting. Where contouring ·is added by ground survey,· such
traversing may exceed eightHnear miles per ~quare mile but where
contours can be added by instrume11taj determination fr.om air
photographs, this may. be reduced to two or' three linear miles.
MULTIPLEX. ·
63.: .· Of · the approxim_ately 17,000 square miles ·to· be
completed under the programme more . than .half is __ mo-μntainous
or otherwise well-defined COlliltry. Contouring, ·of this· niay be
executed by using n,tultiplex apparatus. An applicatio_n was ina9e
in 1954 for a grant of $100,000 under tb.e Colonia}.Deveiopl;i:ie;n:t
and Welfare Scheme for the purp~se of acquiring' this app,aratus.
Pending its arrival, a contract wa~ pla~d" in December, 1954, with
Messrs. Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. for . the contouritJ.g of · two
~heets (Nos. 36 and 37) in Kelantan by multiplex operation~ It. is
expected tha"t. these two sheets will be ready for pu"li~tion to.:.
wards the end of 1955. Ground- control and survey of these s:heet$
has been provided by the Topographical Division. · · ·
PROGRESS · .. • · ·•
,. · 64. -• Topographical, field work was carried out during . th~
year in Trenggan11t Kelantan. and Johore. Survey y,ras complete~
over an · area of 2,492 square miles and compilation from air
photographs over 2,500 square miles. Work in parts of Kelantan
was to some extent stopped by communist terrorist activities.
65. The ·Report of the Chief . Surveyor Topographical
Division is printed in full as . an Appendix. · · ·
66. Appendices ·_ to this Report show · the progress of the
survey by sheets. The output for 1954 was excellent and provided
there is no serious hold-upt the completion of the Topographical
survey of the country within the· planned seven years is assured.
SURVEYS FOR THE DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
67. The Briah swamp area of 32 square miles'in the 'Krian
District of Perak: was surveyed for . preliiniriary study by the
Drainage and Irrigation Department. 99 miles of levels were -run
together with 122 miles of other traverse. In September, a start
17
.APPENDIX XIII
TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
Chief Surveyor-
Mr. G. E. Bower (Acting) to 8th March. 1954.
Mr. G. C. Stubbs from 9th March. 1954.
The, Topographical Division was financed by the Loan
Programme in 1954, and this will continue for the next six years.
The main tasks of this Division are :
(1) The completion by the end of 1960 of new series maps
in full detail over the areas now covered by E series
maps.
(2) The production of new series sheets of the area covered
· by the Johore grid.
(3) Surveys for certain areas. mainly by compass lines and
levelling, for the Drainage and Irrigation Department.
STANDARD MAPPING
No. 1 PARTY(TRENGGANU)
The party consists of one Division I officer in charge and
about 16 technical staff at Kuala Trengganu. In addition a section
of five, which is responsible for the relevant air compilation,
exists at Kuala Lumpur.
North Trengganu Block (commenced 1949) consists of the
1'rengganu area of sheets 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 36, 37 and 38,
an area of 1,940 square miles.
Details of output and expenditure-
Compiled Completed Cost
.Year Sq.miles Sq. miles $
Brought forward from .. 1953 1,940 624 706,025
1954 Nil 736 182,049
Total .. 1,940 1,360 888,074
An area of 580 square miles is still in hand, but field work
is virtually completed. Of the total area of 1,940 square miles,
an area of 760 square miles is to be sent to the United Kingdom
for contouring by multiplex.
Classified details of Survey-
Triangulation
Stations cleared
Statio~ flagged
Station occupied
Trigs. fixed .. ·
Resections ..
Intersected points
74
1954
Nil
,,
" ,,
"
H
Total to
date
50
120
75·
4:9
14:
-,101
1 301
1 302 1
Details of outp~t and expenditure-·
Compiled Completed
Year Sq. miles Sq.miles Cost
$
Brought forward from .. 1953 430 33 153,214
1954 760 94 113,871
Total .. 1,190 127 267,085
No further air compilation can be done in this block, until
further Trig. control is received.
Classified details of Survey-
SURVE'V'
Triangulation
Stations cleared
Stations flagged •.
Stations occupied ..
Trigs. fixed
Intersected points fixed
Jungle areasCompass/
Clino-traversing, miles
No-height traversing, miles
Heights
Settled areas-
P. T /Clino-traversing, miles
No-height traversing, miles
1954
5
I
l
6
407
3
.• 12,156
536
30
Total to
date
50
83
46
31
53
718
6
21,817
691
38
Heights 8,503 10,717
Levelling, .miles · . • 16 128
Kelantan Block ill (commenced 1953) consists of sheets 33,.
34 and 35 and the Kelantan portions of 32 and 36 .
. Approximate area 1,520 sq. miles.
No work was possible in this block during 1954. because of
communist terrorist activities.
REVISION MAPPING
Revision mapping covers those areas where old "rigorous"
survey does exist, some of which is considered to be of inferior
quality and incompatible with present-day standards, the rest being
of fair quality but out of date. The area involved takes in the whole
of the State of Johore and a small portion of Negri Sembilan. The
Topographical survey of the Settlement of Malacca, an area of
640 sq. miles, has for convenience been included in this classification
of mapping for purposes of costs, etc .• though in actual fact
it represents New Mapping.
77."
The parties engaged in revision mapping are No. 2 Party at
Headquarters consisting of 5 to 8 technical staff, No. 4 Party
based at Kluang consisting of 18 technical staff under a Division I
officer and a small mapping section at Johore Bahru consisting
of about 12 technical staff under the supervision of a Special
Grade Technical Assistant. The present area under revision may
conveniently be divided into 2 blocks, the Malacca and North
Johore Block and the South Johore Block, which represent the
areas for which the Kluang party and the Johore Bahru section
are immediately responsible. No. 2 Party at Headquarters, Kuala.
Lumpur, assists in the air survey compilation chiefly for the.
Kluang Party.
MALACCA AND NORTH JOHORE BLOCK
New series sheets 112, 113, 114. 115, 116, 121. 122. 123, 109,.
110, 118 and 119. Approximate area 4,160 sq. miles.
Details of output and expenditure-
Compiled. Completed
Year Sq. miles Sq. miles Costs Remarks
$
1951-53 2,184 180 405,424 } Inc I u dee $109,947
incurred by the
1954 450 94:0 144,857 Revenue Sur;.ey Div.
Total 2,634 1,120 550,281
In addition air compilation is in hand over a further 1.100
sq. miles.
Of the area still in hand at the end of the year, some 760
sq. miles are complete except for final check.
Classified details of survey are ~ .follows ;
Jungle areas-
Clino-traversing, miles
Heights
Settled areas-
P. T /Clino-tra.versing
No-height traversing
1954 -Tot&l to
date
80
2,705
341
35
80
2,705
1,240
106
Levelling 42 394
Heights · 5,502 19,987
Costs for sheet 112 (about 60 per cent. of this sheet was new
survey) amount to $295 per sq. mile and for sheet 121 to $126
per sq. mile (about 15 per cent. of this sheet was new survey).
SOUTH JOHORE BLOCK
New series sheets 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131. 132"'
133, 134 (Johore part) and 135.
Approximate area 3,600 sq. miles.
78
1 303 1
304
Details of output and expenditure-
Compiled Completed
Year Sq. miles Sq. miles Costs Remarks
$
1951-53 750 Nil l21,436}Includes $97,769
incurred by Revenue
1954 700 625 83,507 . Survey Division.
Total 1,450 625 204,943
In addition air compilation is in hand over a further 1,400
square miles.
Of the area in hand at the end of the year. some 300 square
miles are complete except for final check.
SURVEYS FOR THE DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
A party of 10 Technical staff with a Technical Assistant in
charge was formed late in March when a start was made on the
survey of the Briah Swamp in Krian. The survey of this area
of 32 square miles was completed in August at a cost of $40.364.
In all 99 miles of traverse with level heights. and 122 miles of
no height traverse were surveyed.
In September the party. which was later increased to 12, made
a start on the survey of the swamp area north-east of Banting
which is mostly comprised of Kuala Langat North and Telok
Forest Reserves. The area to be surveyed is about 75 square
miles. and by the end of the year the survey was about half
completed. Costs amounted to $37.776.
In all 59 miles of traverse with level heights and 118 miles
of no height traverse were surveyed.
AIR PHOTO LIBRARY
Very little photography. consisting mainly of trigs. sorties.
was received during the year. The costs for the year were $3,234.
TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY
One officer from this division was on loan to the Trig. branch
mainly for the purpose of preparing tables for Direct Conversion
from State Cassini terms to Malayan Grid terms, and also assisting
in the necessary computation of the Malayan Triangulation that
had to be done before tables could be pre.pared.
During the year conversion tables were completed for
Malacca. Negri Sembilan and North-east Pahang, and a start was
made in South-west Pahang.
Costs for this division for the year were $11,161.
STAFF
Early in the year 15 Technicians and seven Junior Technicians
were recruited. Of these three were recruited in Kelantan, one in
Trengganu and two in Malacca and these were trained by the
Topo parties in these areas. The remaining 16 were recruited and
trained at Headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. A Senior Technical
Assistant was made responsible for their training and they
79
MAP 3.
ONE INCH TO ONE MILE
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET INDEX DIAGRAM OLD SERIES
, JOI° - - -------i02' 103" 104" •
7 -" _ 7
(i MALAYA
6'1 1 · '" 1 • '9 ~-•x ,\7."f"~"l=':'a":'1 . ,- • 6'
■ s·
(/l
s·
,..,.
'?')
'l>' S EA -,..,.
(/l
4 4'
0
,(I
7
3•1 '\v j <- ,.,~~OIJIO!Jlo!Jr'M"~ ~ I .. I I _, !J·I
2'! I ' I \ P' ', I '01 '"l"<!YI •:1 :"I : .. I :"I ',"Ps'~I I 2'
SUMATRA
J° 100· JOI
PUBLISHED SHEETS
[!1l RIGID SURVEY PR!OR TO 1948 -
J:,. '!:,'\ ' ' "\J2..,l!t'L oM 11°
AIR RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SINCE !9-48
MAP 4.
ONE INCH TO ONE MILE
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET INDEX DIAGRAM NEW SERIES
• 100· 102· - - . 103° 104 •
7 7
THAILAND MALAYA
6° 6'
5' I 39140 I 41 I 42 I 13 I 44 I 45
5'
Vl
>'I
';,:)
';, - 4• ,..,.
i
<fl ( 74, 75 , 16:t,11 I 78 I 79 I 00
4'
0 I '!!4 I 85 I 86 I s1 I 88 I 89 ,(I
!J·L "'· ~ 3'
,.
2· 2·
SUMATRA
!°I I ! I \ \ 'fl\k :::--,, .I,_\ ~ , t"'.C -co I 1·
100· 101° 102· 103° 104'
PROGRESS DIAGRAM
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1918 - 1953.
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1951
SURVEYS OR REVISION IN HAND
TRIANGULATION IN HAND.
D
-D D
··-· ~ ....... · ..... ·· · ·· I g I
FEDERATION OF MALAYA
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SURVEY DEPARTMENT
FOR THE YEAR
1956
By
L. s. HIMELY, E.D., F.R.I.C.S.
Surveyor-General, Malaya
KUALA LUMPUR
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS BY G. A. SMITH
GOVERNMENT PlllNTER
195!:!
1 301 1
308
••
, .
••
••
••
Jlal:twa.n •••••••••••••••••• ____ _
-· •-o...,.,,..,_t C:Ooy
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tol
MALAY PENINSULA
ICAUOfMIUI
l! f ! 1,1 ~ l!D f , 9!'
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••
-' M•la7a No 13- 953
APPENDIX C
TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
Chief Surveyor-
G. C. Stubbs from 1st January, 1956, to 14th June, 1956
and 3rd December,_ 1956, to 31st December, 1956.
J. G. Tait from 15th June, 1956, to 2nd December, 1956.
The Topographical Division is financed in the main from
Loan Funds. The other source, which financed the Trigonometrical
Branch, the Kuala Lumpur town survey. and the rapid
revision of the North West Coast mapsheets, was the Federal
funds allocated to the Survey Department.
Total c:osts ca1}le to $1.157,219 of which $1,060.958 was paid
from Loan funds.
The major tasks for the Division during 1956 which concerned
loan funds were :
(a) the continuation of new- mapping in those areas, chiefly
eastern Malaya, which are at present covered by air
reconnaissance maps. During the year · a further 1,311
square miles were completed at a cost of $528,225.
(b) the production of a new series of sheets of the area
covered by the old Johore grid. During the year
1,764 square miles were completed at a cost of
$342,027.
(c) the winding up and completion of certain surveys for the
Drainage and Irrigation Department. Cost was $9,739.
ORGANISATION
The Division is under the charge of a Chief S~veyor Grade I,
who is assisted by five Division I Surveyors. The headquarters
of the Division is in Kuala Lumpur and is responsible for all
map compilation and draughting, air photography. Multiplex
equipment and general administration. Four parties, responsible
for the field work were in operation at the end of 1956 and were
situated in Kemaman, Trengganu; Kuala· Krai. Kelantan; Kluang,
Johore; and Taiping, Pera.k.
STANDARD MAPPING (New)
· (a) Topo Field Party No. 1 (Trengganu).-The party consists
of one Division I Surveyor. one Technical Assistant, Special .
-'1rade, and 17 other technical staff. ·
(i) North Trengganu Block comprises the Trengganu areas of
sheets 15, 23 and sheets 24, 25, 26, 36, 37 and 38 plus the
Kelantan area of sheet 36. totalling 1,960 square miles.
Output and costs brought
forward from 1955 ..
1956
Total
14
Compiled
sq. mil~
1,960
1,960
Completed Costs
sq. miles $
1,950 941,871
10 10,706
1,960 952,577
309
1 310 1
Surveys for this Block were begun in 1953. Practically all
this Block is scheduled for Multiplex contouring.
Classified details of survey-
SURVEY
Triangulation
Stations cleared
Stations flagged
Stations occupied ..
Control points fixed
Jungle areas-
Compass/Clino traverse
Settled areas--
Miles
453
1956
1
4
4
17
Total to
date
47
107
37
88
M:iles
453
P .T /Clino traverse 70 70
Levelling 38 38
(iv) Kelantan Block JV comprises sheets 45, 46 and those
parts of sheets 47, 57. 58 and 59 in Kelantan.
No compilation or completion has begun for this Block.
Triangulation began in 1955. Costs for the year $57,087.
Classified details of survey-
SURVEY
Triangulation
Stations cleared
Stations flagged
Stations oect'Jf,ied ..
Control points fixed
Levelling
1956
28
95
17
39 Sq. miles
(v) Pahang Block I comprises sheets 57, 58 and 59 (except for
small areas in Kelantan). Triangulation only was begun in 1956.
Costs for the year totalled $t512.
Classified details of survey-
Triangulation
Stations cleared ..
Stations flagged ..
Stations occupied ..
STANDARD MAPPING (Full Revision)
1956
1
1
(c) Field Topo Party No. 4 (lohore).-The party consists of
one Division I Surveyor and 21 technical staff. The main base
camp is at Kluang~ but there is a subsidiary base at Mersing and
until September, 1956, a small party in Johore Bahru doing
compilation work. This latter however was disbanded and all
compilation concentrated in HQ. Kuala Lumpur.
17
{i) Malacca and North lohore Block comprises sheets 112,
113, 114. 115. 116, 121, 122 and 123. This block totals 3,294 square
miles of which 640 square miles (Malacca) are new survey.
Output and costs brought
forward from 1955
1956
Total
Compiled Completed Costs
sq. miles sq. miles S
2,833
461
3,294
1,900
620
658,196
80,848
2,520 739,044
Surveys for this Block were begun in 1951. Air compilation
has noJbeen completed, and very little field work:, is outstanding.
Sheets 112, 113. 114, 121 and 122 are awaiting publication.
(ii) South Johore Block comprises sheets 124, 125, 126, 127,
128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133. 135 and that of 134 in Johore. The
area of this Block totals 3.517 square miles.
Output and costs brought
forward from 1955
1956
Total
Compiled Completed Costs
sq. miles sq. miles $
1,634
1,358
2,892
1,070
498
302,264
124,117
1,568 426,381
Surveys for this Block were begun in 1951. Compilation is
completed on all sheets of this Block except for sheets 132 and
135 where compilation has yet to begin, because of shortage on
control. To remedy this a theodolite traverse is being run along
the coast of which 16 miles were completed during 1956.
Sheets 130 and 133 are awaiting publication.
(iii) Mersing-Endau Block comprises sheets 109. 110. 117.
118 and 119. The area of this Block totals 1,315 square miles for
which 350 square miles on sheet 117 are new survey. The Johore
and Pahang islands make up a proportion of this Block.
Costs and output brought
forward from 1955
1956
Total
Compiled Completed Costs
sq. miles sq. miles $
265
338
603
310
27,913
108,132
310 136,045
Surveys for this Block were begun in 1954. Compilation has
been completed on nearly all the areas which are revision mapping.
Triangulation is, in hand on the new mapping areas of sheets 117
and the islands.
Classified details of survey-
Triangulation
Stations cleared
Stations flagged
Stations occupied ..
Control points fixed
Theodolite traverse
18
Total to
1956 date
24
26
12
21
Miles Miles
9 29
311
312
TOPOGRAPHICAL HEADQUARTERS
(g) Air Photo Library.-A considerable amount of photography
was received during the year. including Trig. photography
for Sheets 61 and 62 and revision photograplry for large areas
of the West Coast. Costs amounted to $1,507.
(h) Trigonometrical Branch.-The Branch was staffed by one
Technical Assistant, Special Grade, and four Technical Assistants.
three of whom were in office and one engaged on Precise Levelling
in the field.
(i) Field.-· During the year 53 miles of double line Precise
L!!velling were run but 36 miles of this were re-survey.
All levelling was in Kelantan. Experiments were made
with the parallel plate micrometer attachment to the
Precise Level. Costs amounted to $7.528 and were
paid from Loan funds.
(ii) Office.-In the revision of the Malayan Triangulation
40 figures were computed by least squares allowing
the co-ordination of 46 new points. The total at the
end of 1956 was 297 figures computed for 405 points.
In addition 19 points were computed in terms of the
Perak Revised triangulation 131 miles of Precise
Levelling were deduced and finalised. and the Pahang
Conversion Tables were finalised and despatched for
printing~ Other minor work undertaken by the branch
included Precise level staff calibration, chain calibra~
tion. the testing of calculating machines and com.
putation of the sun~s declination. The Malayan
Triangulation data and charts were microfilmed for
preservation by G.H.Q. FARELF. and D.C.S. Office
costs amounted to $34.936 of which $9,136 was from
Loan funds.
(i) Multiplex Section.-Multiplex equipment comprising 3
short bars of 3 projectors each and one long bar of eight projectors.
was installed early in the year. Two fully airconditioned rooms
were constructed for their housing. The cost of the equipment
was $100,294 not including installation. Operation of the equipment
began in June when a training course began under the
guidance of a Technical Assistant who had received a year course
on this work at the Directorate of Colonial Surveys. To date ten
technical staff have reached a reasonable proficiency. No progress.
work has been possible as diapositives are not yet available for
these areas. The revision of part of sheet 108, previously contoured
by D.C.S. and for which diapositives are available, was
undertaken and 65 square miles were revised. Costs for 1956
amounted to $8,350.
(j) Compiling and Editing Section.-· About 30 technical staff
were ·employed in headquarters on the original compilation of
maps from air photographs and the final editing and checking of
work received from the field prior to its despatch to C.D.O.
In 1956 a total of 1.436 square miles was compiled and three
sheets Nos. 114. 122 and 128 sent for reproduction.
20
SUMMARY OF COSTS-1956
DEVELOPMENT LoAN EXPENDITURE UNDER PART l OF
APPENDIX VIII-8953-35
Trengganu North Block
Centre Block
South Block
Kela.nta.n 2nd Block ..
3rd Block
4th Block
Pa.hang 1st Block
100-108
109-110
(Islands) 110, 111, 119, 120 ..
112
Training
113
114
115
116
117
118-119
122-123
124 ..
125-127
128-129
130, 131, 133, 134 ..
132, 135
Kuala Lumpur Town
Multiplex
Trig. . .
Precise Level ..
Drainage and Irrigation Dept.
Photo Library
Clerical
Chief Surveyor Administrations
Total spent in 1956
Costof2nd halfDecember, 1956 (1957 votes)
Cost of 2nd ha.If December, 1955 ( 1956 votes)
Total spent from 1956 votes
23
$ c.
10,706 16
175,624 69
63,295 64
· IOS,825 16
111,173 81
, 57,086 72
1,512 00
28,930 58
31,800 40
1,855 57
794 34
1,764 86
24,641 29
35,202 56
23,944 86
50,531 25
18,445 41
25,616 81
43,980 05
30,782 92
23,734 10
5,826 65
18,816 95
3,257 42
12,112 20
9,136 00
7,527 75
9,739 32
1,507 08
15,583 25
107,202 70
1,060,958 50
-13,863 84
+12,837 02
1,059,931 68
313
314
MAP 2.
ONE INCH TO ONE MILE
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET INDEX DIAGRAM NEW SERIES
MALAYA
s· CH IN A 0 5
..
(/l ·. \; .. ..... ;..
~ 54 i5f ·55 '57 58 SEA
';,j
I
~- 65 6~. 67 68 69 70 4• ~ 1 4•
tJ) 78 79 80
I 0 86 87 88 89 ...n
3• ~ ··9, 7 3• -y<
2·
~~~00~
2°
SUMATRA
I° 1°
100° 101° 102° 103° 104°
PROGRESS DIAGRAM
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1948 • 1955 .. ....... ..... .......... ~
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1956 ...... ....... ........ c=J
FIELD WORK COMPLETE FOR MULTIPLEX PLOTTING ......... Ill
SURVEYS OR REVISION IN HAND .. ...... .. .. .. ......... .. .. ... .. ~
TRIANGULATION IN HAND .... .......... .... .. .. ........... .. ........ lKZEB
RAPID REVISION IN HAND ... ... ........................ . ........ ~
Survey Dopt. Federatiol'\ of Malaya No. 147-1958
FEDERATION OF MALAYA
,
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SURVEY.DEPARTMENT
FOR THE YEAR
1957
By
L. s. HIMELY, E.D., F.R.I.C.S.
Surveyor-General, Malaya
PRINTED AT TUB OOVEltNMENT PRESS
BY 8. T. FUDGE, GOVERNMENT PRINTER
PEOERA TION OP MALAYA
1960
1 31s 1
316
10{
MALAY PENINSULA
K'AU: OF Milli
•~t <: 1~ • ~ , .,, 6:1
•• (I ,· -$,,
t:J ""~ .. .
!I-I .,. .
,.. ,·
...
•• a•
"(;\WiJmmruu ~Pf rl!lht hf I' fllfl'"' ,1
T~ lil•PfCI I .. , the Sill"V"'.fOr G nc:mt. N ,Lay 1, 11 1'V br.foro
•W iiun y l ,tf11u,:nw11, hl:AP or pc,rti111t tb I mar l>n oc,pleJ.''
IJEADQUARTEllS DIVISION
5. (a) (i) The_ Headquarters division, _in addition to the SurveyorGeneral
and his staff, includes the Map Reproduction branch and
the Instrument Repairing branch. .
(ii) The Surveyor-General is the Pan-Malayan bead of the
Survey Departments in the Federation and Singapor~. The Singapore
Government refunds to the Federation Government a proportion
of the salary, allowances and expenses of the Surveyor-General
and his immediate staff. The amount involved in respect to 1957
was $17_ ,556.
(iii) Work on the new building to house the _ Headquarters
division, the Topographical Division and the Selangor division was
delayed, only tests for foundations being carried out.
(b) The Map Reproduction branch.-{i) Although the branch
continued to be engaged principally on its standard task of fair
drawing and printing topographical map-sheets the high-light of
its work during the year was the production of various illuminated
addresses in connection with the attainment of independence and
the printing of about a quarter of a million copies of the Declaration
of Independence.
(ii) The only new equipment obtained and installed during
the year was a De Vere copy camera and enlarger.
(iii) A report, on the, activities of the branch is submitted at
Appendix A.
(c) The Instrument Repair Section.-{i) The branch continued
to repair and maintain in good condition all instruments in use
in tlie Department throughout the Federation, and similar work
was undertaken, to a _lesser degree, for other Departments.
(ii) A brief report on the activities of the branch is submitted
at Appendix B.
TOPOGRAPIDCAL DIVISION
6. (a) The division has its headquarters at Middle Road,
Kuala Lumpur, with detachments working from base camps in
Kelantan, Trengganu, Johore and Perak.
(b) The principal tasks of the division during the year continued
to be the accurate mapping of areas for which only reconnaissance
surveys exist, mostly in Kelantan, Trengganu and Pahang, the
revision of the mapping of the Johore area, and the rapid revision
of certain "old series" topographical sheets which have now become
so obsolete as to be dangerously misleading. In-addition the trigonometric
section continued with the recomputation of the basic
Malayan Triangulation co-ordinates and with the precise levelling
programme.
(c) In the rapid revision of obsolete map sheets referred to
above, the division wQrked in close co-operation with a Field
Survey Squadron of the British Army, exchanging information and
arranging field programmes to ensure as rapid a procedure as
possible.
(d) Expenditure for the division amounted to $1,359,594, of
which $1,180,041 was paid for from Loan Funds.
3
317
318
(e) Security restrictions continued to hamper the field work
af the division but work was continued on all programmes in spite
of the difficulties encountered.
(fl A detailed report on the work of the Division is submitted
at Appendix C. .
CADASTRAL DIVISIONS
7. (a) The Cadastral divisions are primarily responsible for
surveys for land title, each within its own State, except that the
office work of all such surveys for the State of Perlis is carried out
at the Kedah Survey Office in Kulim. As will be evident from
section 2 of this report, some 70% of the Department's establishment
is employed in these divisions, and with the continuing increase
in the demand for land that percentage may have to be increased.
(b) Relevant figures indicating the demand for title survey,.
the backlog of work in hand, and the output of work are given in
the following table from which it will be appreciated that progress
is being made.
1947 1950 1953 1955 19S6 19S7
A. Number of lots for which
Requisitions for Survey were
received, less number for
which Rcqwsitions w e r e
cancelled • _- . . . • 22,628 24,384 31,704 44,259 52,672 57,785
B. Number of lots for which
Requisitions remained un- .
satisfied at the end of the year 126,159 123,000 148,196 183,870 203,046 214,864
C. Number of lots for which
Requisitions were satisfied
dunng the year . . . . 23,9S9 21,225 13,392 24,114 33,567 46,783
D. Number of lots awaiting field
survey at the end of the year 63,186 60,276 70,310 83,797 89,536 87,155
E. Number of lots surveyed during
. the year • • • • • • 18,056 21,700 22,915 40,182 44,266 59,760
F. Estimate of the time taken to
satisfy a Requisition for one
lot, obtained by dividing B
by C • • 5.6 5.8 9.0 7.8 6.I 4·.6
years years years years years years
G. Estimate of the time taken
between receipt of Requisition
and completion of Survey in
the field, obtained by dividing
D byE .. .. .. 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.0 I.S
years years years years years years
The difference between F and G is due to the other processes, such
as the office check, plan drawing, settlement by the Land Office and
so on, through which the survey goes between the completion of
field work and the stage at which the Requisition is considered to be
"satisfied".
(c) Although arrears of work, taken as a whole, continue to
increase, the considerable increase in lots surveyed in the field has
resulted in a decrease in lots a waiting survey for . the first time
since 1949.
(d) During the year one new District Survey Office was established
in Selangor, at Klang, and the new building for the Kelantan
Survey Office at Kota Bharu was practically completed.
(e) Detailed reports on the cadastral divisions are submitted
at Appendices D to N inclusive.
4
L. S. HIMELY,
Surveyor-General,
Federation of Malaya
APPENDIX C
TOPOGRAPffiCAL DMSION
Chief Surveyor G. C. Stubbs.
The Topographical Division is financed from Loan Funds
except for the expenses of the Trigonometrical Branch, Technicians
under training, and the Special Expenditure on the West Coast
Map Revision Topo. Survey which are financed by the SurveyorGeneral.
EXPENDITURE
Actual expenditure for the year was as follows:
Loan Funds
1957
$1,122,459
1956
$1,059,932
West Coast Revision
Surveyor-General's votes
179,649
31,045
54,423
37,399
$1,333,153 $1,151,754
AREA COMPLETED
The area completed was as follows:
(a) Standard Mapping (New) (Trengganu and
1957
sq. miles
1956
sq. miles
Kelantan) In the field . . 1,010 1,311
(b) Standard Mapping (Revision) (Johore)
In the field . . . . 1,150 1,764
(c) Rapid Revision (Perak and Kedah) In
the field . • · 2,934 150
SHEETS COMPLETED AND SENT FOR REPRODUCTION
(a) Standard Mapping (New). . I (24)
(b) ,, ., (Revision) · 1 (131)
(c) Rapid Revision 9 (21/7, 21/8, 21/11, 21/12,
PRECISE LEVELLING
21/15, 21/16, 2M/2, 2M/3
and 2M/4)
Precise Levelling was carried out in Kelantan, and the distance
levelled was 67.8 miles, at a cost of $9,761 paid from Loan Funds.
ORGANISATION
The Division is administered by a Chief Surveyor, Grade I,
assisted by 5 Division I Surveyors. One Division I Surveyor is at
the Division Headquarters as Office Deputy, and the other four
are in charge of Topo. Parties with base camps at Kemaman,
Kuala Krai, Kluang and Tai ping. The strength was as follows
on 31-12-57:
Technical-
Chief Surveyor, Grade I . . 1
Division I Surveyors 5
Tech. Assts., Superscale . . 1
Tech. Assts., Special Grade 4
8
319
320
SlJll.VEY Brought 1957 Total
forward
Compass/Clino Traverses (mis.) . . 453 186 639
P.T/Clino Traverses (mls·.) . . 70 59 129
Levelling 38 42 80
Kelantan Block JV.-This block comprises Sheets 45, 46 and
those parts of Sheets 47, 57, 58 and 59 in Kelantan. Survey Commenced
in 1955.
No compilation or completion has begun for this block.
The costs brought forward was $57,087, the costs for the year was
$20,990, making the total $78,077.
Triangulatian- Brought
forward 1957 Total
Trigs. cleared 28 l 29
occupied 17 l 18
computed 14 14
flags cleared 9 5 4 99
computed 73 73
Two old trigs were cleared, fourteen were occupied, and eight
old flags were cleared.
SURVEY Brought
forward 1957 Total
Compass/Clino Traverses (mis.)
Levelling (mis.) . . . . 39 39
Kelantan Block V.-This comprises Sheet 44 and the Kelantan
area of Sheets 43, 55 and 56. Triangulation comm~nced in 1957.
No compilation has been done. The costs for the yeat was $10,220.
TriangulationTrigs.
cleared
occupied
computed
Flags cleared
computed
1957
1
6
7
One old trig was cleared, one occupied, and three old flags
were cleared.
Pahang Block /.-This block comprises Sheets 57, 58 and 59
(except for small areas in Kelantan). Triangulation begun in 1956.
Costs ••
Triangulation-
Trigs. cleared
occupied
computed
Flags cleared
computed
STANDARD MAPPING (REVISION)
1956 1957 Total
$ $ $
1,512 18,010 19,522
Brought
forward
1
1
1957
6
2
20
Total
7
2
21
Topo. Party No. 4, Kluang, Johore.-. This party is conducting
the Standard Mapping (Revision) of the area covered by the old
Johore Grid, and also an amount of Standard Mapping (New) of
South Pahang. The party consists of:
Division I Surveyor . . 1
Tech. Asst., Special Grade 1
13
Tech. Assts., Timescale ..
Technicians ..
Junior Technicians
3 (including 1 on Scholarship
in Australia)
7
10 (i n c I u d i n g 1 re-employed
pensioner)
Traversers . . 4
· The working area is divided into the following blocks:
North Johore
South Johore
Mersing and Endau
Tioman
Rompin
Pahang IV
North Johore Block.-This block comprises Sheets li2, 113,
114, 115, 116, 121, 122 and 123 and the Johore area of Sheet 106
totalling 3,522 square miles of which 640 square miles (Malacca)
are new Survey. Compilation has been compl~ted, and the little
field work that remains to .be done has been held up by lack of
clearance. Sheets 112, 113, 114, 121, 122 were sent for publication
prior to 1957. · ·
Output and Costs
. Brought forward
1957 .•
· Compiled Completed Costs ..
sq. miles sq. miles S
3,294 2,520 739.044
238 430 38,129
Total 3,522 2,950 777,173
. Eleven miles of Topo. levelling and 7 miles of P.T/Clino
traverse were run during the year.
South Johore B/ock.-This block comprises Sheets 124 to 133
and Sheet 135, totalling 3,517 square miles. Sheets 130 and 133 were
sent for publication prior to 1957 and Sheet 131 was sent in 1957.
Output and Costs
Brought forward
1957 •.
Triangulation-
Total ..
Compiled Completed . . Costs
sq. miles sq. miles $
2,892 1,568 426.381
. 290 535 136,60~.
3,182 2,103 562,989
Three trigs were cleared during the year.
SURVEY
Sixty miles of Topo. levelling and 25 miles of theodolite
traversing were run. Six miles of Compass/Clino traverses and 106
miles of P.T/Clino traverses were made.
Mersing/Endau Block.-This block comprises the mainland
and islands of Sheets 109, 110, 117, 118, 119 and 120 survey commenced
in 1954. Triangulation is in hand on Sheet 117 and on the
islands. ·
Costs and Output
Brought forward
1957 ••
Total ..
14
Compiled Completed
sq. miles sq. miles
603 310
122 185
125 495
Costs
$
136,045
88,654
224,699
1 321
1 322 1
TriangulationTrigs
cleared
occupied
computed
Flags cleared
computed.
SURVEY
Brought 1957
forward
24 20
12 20
21 6
26 22
25
Total
44
32
27
48
25
Theodolite Traverses 29 4 33
Compass/Clino Traverses 93 93
P.T/Clino Traverses 52 52
Topo. levelling 17 17
Tioman Block.-This block comprises Sheet 111 and the
islands of Aurand Permanggil. Triangulation commenced in 1957
and is in hand. The costs for the year was $22, 7S7.
Triangulation-
Trigs cleared . . . . 10
occupied 6
computed 4
Flags cleared . . 9
computed 4
Rompin Block.-This block comprises Sheet.. 100 and 108
totalling 781 square miles. Survey commenced in 1948. The subsequent
compilation and contouring was done by the Directorate
of Overseas Surveys, but further field action was necessary to bring
the sheets up to date. Sheet 100 was almost completed at the end
of the year but work on Sheet 108 was held up by lack of clearance.
Output and cost
Brought forward
1957 ..
Total ..
Compiled Completed
sq. miles sq. miles
781 336
781 336
Costs
$
46,917
35,459
82,376
Pahang /V.-This block comprises Sheets 98, 99 and the
Pahang area of 106 and 107. This block is all new mapping.
Triangulation commenced in 1957.
Triangulation-
Trigs cleared ..
occupied
computed
Flags cleared ..
computed
The costs for the year was $111,695.
22
16
86
SUMMARY OF COSTS: LOAN FUNDS, 1957
Trengganu North Block
" Central Block
,, South Block
Kuantan Block
15
$
61.826
175.464
75,751
11,273
Kelantan Block II
,. ,, III ..
,, ,. IV
,, " V
Pahang Block I
-,. .,IV
North Johore Sheet 106
,, ,, 115
,. ,, 116
,, ,, 122-123 ..
North Johore Block . . . .
Mersing/Endau Sheets 109-110
,, ,. 117
,, _ ,, 118-119
Mersing/Endau Block
Islands Sheet 110, 119, 120
Tioman Sheet 111 .•
Rompin Sheet 100, 108
South Johore Sheet 124
,, ,, 125-127
,, ,, 128-129
,, ,, 130, 131, 133 ..
,, ,, 132, 135 ..
South Johore Block
Precise Levelling
C.S. Administration ..
Capital Equipment • . . •
Vacation Leave (7 days and over) .•
Medical Leave (7 days and over)
Training, Tuition and Examinations
Total Chief Surveyor's Expenditure • • • •
$
7,291
3,421
12,342
13,652
9,663
15,832
36,524
44,562
39,514
11,669
21,948
18,915
69,425
29,104
23,121
1,406
19,986
Total spent in 1957
Less costs of 2nd half December, 1957
Plus costs of 2nd half December, 1956
Expenditure from 1957 Votes
COSTS OF COMPLETED SHEETS
s
101,763
62,480
20,990
10,220
18,010
111,695
36,706
62,019
26,635
22,757
35,459
136,608
9,761
143,042
1,122,459
13,328
13,864
1,122,995
The following are the costs of sheets completed by Standard
Revision:
Area
Sheets sq. miles
122 & 123 • . 906
130, 131 & 133 . . 1,083
The following are the costs
Revision:
Total costs Cost-per sq. mile
$ $
150,315 166
181,136 167
of Sheets completed by Rapid
. Sheet
Area Total costs Cost per sq. mile
sq. miles $ S
21/7 290 17,075 59
21/8 290 34,912 120
21/11 290 28,621 99
21/12 290 2,194 8
21/15 290 28,651 99
21/16 290 12,663 44 ™~ ~ ~% 100
2M/3 250 .13,607 54
2M/4 290 25,867 89
Excluding 21/8 which included costs of traverses for Multiplex
contouring, the average cost per square mile of rapid revision
was $65.
16
323
324
ONE INCH TO ONE MILE
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET INDEX DIAGRAM NEW SERIES
102 103° 104° - r · - · - -- - r-------.---, 1·
MALAYA
5"~
42
CJl
""'l SEA
~ I
7>- 65 66 67 68 69 70 4• ..>i ·-, 4·
(J) 78 79 80
0 88 89 ,;,:\
3• - ~ 3°
"_' <
1~
0
0 .
~ ~"c/" 2· 2·
SUMATRA
1· (
100· 101· 104°
PROGRESS DIAGRAM
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1948. 1956.. . .. .. ... . .~
NEW SURVEYS OR R.EVISlON 1957. ..... ... _L_J
FIELD WORK COMPLETE FOR MULTIPLEX PLOTTING. ... Ill
SURVEYS OR REVISION IN HANO . .. . . ~
TRIANGULATION IN HAND . . .. . .. &lFEJB
SDFM 2.00.1960
FEDERATION OF MALAY A
ANNUAL REPORT
OF TIIB
SURVEY DEPARTMENT
FOR THE YEARS
1958 to 1961
by
L. S. HIMELY, E.D., B.Sc., F.R.I.C.s.,
Surveyor-General., Federation of Malaya (1958 to 1960).
and
OLEH THOR BENG CHONG, A.M.~N.,~~i@~
PERSEKUTIJAN TANAH MELAYU
1963
1 32s 1
326
••
,..
••
a·
ltall•uc .............•.... ____ _
s - Boul\darla ••••••••••• _.,·-···-···
lDtemat st Boo ••• -•-·-·-·
Jt n~ ............... -----
Tl II. IINWIII
r " r •·Y I
ry .. {
cop 11<1."
102"
1ol
MALAY PENINSULA
SCALI OP MJLU
10 J O 10 20 10 ff M) to
~ •• ,s-
,;-
0 1-.,.
"1' 'I
'IP
••
,·
••
&ur,., O.pt Fed rat on of Mol•y r o. 11 - I 13
HEADQUARTERS DIVISION
6. (a) (i) The Headquarters Division, in addition to the SurveyorGeneral
and his staff, includes the Map Reproduction and
Instrument Repairing Branches.
(ii) The arrangement, which had worked very successfully since
1920, whereby the Surveyor-General was the Pan-Malayan head
of the Survey Department (or Departments), was terminated on
31st May, 1959. Under this arrangement the Singapore Government
refunded to the Federation Government a proportion of the
salaries, allowances and expenses of the Surveyor-General and his
immediate staff. The amount involved for 1958 was $17,517 and
that for the first 5 months of 1959. before the termination of the
arrangement, $6.683.
(iii) After many frustrating delays over the years, work was
started at last on the new building in Gurney Road to house the
Headquarters Division, the Topographical Division and the
Selangor Revenue Survey Division. By the end of 1961, sufficient
progress had been made to justify confidence that all those
elements of the Department resident in Selangor would be under
one roof in 1962.
(b) The Map Reproduction Branch--(i) Whilst the Branch
continued to be engaged principally on the fair drawing and
printing of the new series of Topographical sheets, it did produce
relief and political maps of the Federation. maps of some States
and towns and a great deal of security work-motor vehicle
licences, cheques. bonds, etc.
(ii) In continuation of the policy of returning to the Directorate
of Military Surveys the machinery and equipment which the
Department had had on loan from the military authorities since
1947 as the Department acquired its own equipment in replacement,
· three printing presses and a great deal of ancillary
e:iuipment were returned to G.H.Q. FARELF and very little
indeed remained by the end of 1961 of the loaned equipment which
had served the Department so well over the years.
(iii) A brief report on the activities of the Branch is submitted
at Appendix "A".
(c) The Instrument Repair Branch-{i) The Branch continued
to function effectively throughout the period under review.
(ii) An expatriate officer served three years on contract as
Superintendent, Instrument Workshop from January, 1958. and.
during this period a Malayan officer spent 18 months in the
United Kingdom and on the Continent in technical instrument
factories and attached to the Board of Trade in London with a
view to his being appointed as Superintendent in due course.
(iii) A brief report on the activities of the Branch is submitted
at Appendix "B".
TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
7. (a) The Division has its headquarters in Kuala Lumpur and
has maintained field detachments during the period under review
13
327
1 32a 1
in Trengganu, Pahang, J ohore. Penang, Kedab and Negri
Sembilan.
(b) Work on the standard mapping southwards from Trengganu
and on the standard revision northwards from Johore has continued
and field work on the standard revision oj Penang and
Province Wellesley has been completed.
(c) The British Army survey unit which had been working in
co-operation with the Division on the rapid revision of certain
obsolescent topographical sheets in the West Coast States completed
its task and co-operated thereafter with the Division in
work for the new standard mapping series sheets.
(d) Work on the recomputation of the bask Malayan triangulation
data and on the precise levelling programme has continued
and very good progress has been made towards the determination
of magnetic declination at an adequate number of points
throughout the country. ·
(e) 3 Wild Stereoplotters have been acquired and installed.
increasing the Division's potential considerably. In addition a
Wild Air-Survey Camera has been bought. together with necessary
ancillary processing equipment. Several Royal Malayan Air Force
aircraft have been modified to accept the Department's camera.
A great deal of co-operation has · been extended by the Royal
Malayan Air Force in making photographic sorties and many
projects have been completed successfully. However, the stage has
not been reached when the Department can cease to be dependent
on the Royal Air Force for photography for standard mapping.
(f) A detailed report on the Division is submitted at Appendix
"C" and progress maps may be found at the back.
CADASTRAL DIVISIONS
8. (a) The Cadastral Divisions are responsible for all title survey
operations. each within its own State, except that the administration
and office work connected with such surveys for Perlis are
dealt with in the Kedah Survey Office in Kulim, the one officer
being Chief Surveyor, Perlis, as well as Chief Surveyor, Kedah.
( b) Relevant figures indicating the demand for title surveys,
the arrears of work in hand and the output of work are given in
the following table. Until 1959 progress was being made towards
the ultimate extinction of arrears and the table was designed to
record this progress. However. the shift of focus to Rural
Development in 1960 has changed the whole picture and it is
too early to deduce trends. It seems safe to assume that a
significant proportion of the pre-1960 "arrears" will prove to
have been eliminated by the switch of individual applicants to
Rural Development schemes of one kind or another but it will
be some time before the extent can be gauged. It must be pointed
out that this table does not tell the whole story because a very
great deal of Rural Development work has been done but bas
not reached a stage when it can be claimed as "progress".
14
APPENDIX C
TOPOGRAPHICAL BRANCH
Chief Surveyor--
0. C. Stubbs, A.M.N.
In 1958 and 1959 the Topographical Division was financed
partly from Development Funds and partly from Survey votes,
but in 1960 and 1961 all Topographical expenditure was met from
Survey votes :
EXPENDITURE
Actual expenditure was as follows :
1958 1959 1960
$ s $
(a) Development Funds 946,243 1,366,412
(b) Survey votes .. 300,316 45,031 1,351,017
1,246,559 1,411,443 1,351,017
AREA COMPLETED IN THE FIELD
The area completed in the field was as follows :
1958 1959 1960
1961 Total
$ $
2,312,655
1,166,552 2,862,916
1,166,552 5,175,571
1961 Total
(a) Standard Mapping (New) (Trengganu,
sq. miles sq. mi/es sq. miles sq. mile, Sf/. mile&
Pahang, Kelantan and Johore) •• l,081 637 409 776 2,903
(b) Standard Mapping (Revision). Pa•
hang, Johore, Pcnang, P. Wellesley
and Selangor .• 1,042 577 1,133 1,003 3,755
(c) Rapid Revision (Kedah, Perlis, P.
Wellesley and Perak) . . . . l,458 1,458
AREA COMPLETED BY AIR SURVEY COMPILATION
The area compiled in the office from aerial photographs was as
follows:
19.58 1959 1960 1961 Total
(a) Multiplexsq.
miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles
Standard mapping (new) 919 1,199 890 884 3,892
(b) Wild A7 and AB's-
Large scale mapping (Revision) 4 49 114 171 338
(c) Hand Compilation-
(i) Std. mapping (New) 627 626 574 303 2,1'30
(ii) Std. mapPing (Revision) 735 597 160 370 1,862
(iii) Land Development Projects 151 151
SHEETS SENT FOR REPRODUCTION
The Sheets completed and sent for reproduction were:
(a) Std. Mapping (New) ••
(b) Std. Mapping (Revision)
(c) Rapid Revision
1958 1959 1960 1961 Total
sq. miles sq. miles
1,081 1,237
1,042 1,008
1,458 289
20
sq. miles
1,875
991
sq. miles
739
1,978
sq. mile,
4,932
S,019
1,747
329
330
ST AND ARD MAPPING (REVISION)
TOPO PARTY No. 4. KLUANG, JOHORE
Topo Party No. 4 conducted the field work for the Standard
Mapping (Revision) of the area covered by the old J ohore Grid,
and for the Standard Mapping (New) of South Pahang.
The working area was divided into the following blocks :
North Joh ore
South Johore
Mersing and Endau
Tioman
Islands
Rompin
Pahang IV
North Johore Block-(Sheets 112. 113, 114, 115, 116, 121. 122,
123 and the Johore Area of Sheet 106). Area square 3,548 miles.
Sheets 112, 113, 114, 121 and 122 were sent for publication
prior to 1958.
OUTPUT AND COSTS
Brought forward
1958 ..
1959
1960
1961
Total ..
Compiled Completed
sq. miles sq. miles
3,294 2,950
238 270
3,532
78
110
140
3,548
Costs
$
777,173
52,799
14,266
24,811
20,448
889,497
South Johore Block-(Sheets 124 to 133 and Sheet 135). Area
3.362 square miles. Sheets 130, 131 and 133 were sent for publication
prior to 1958.
OUTPUT AND COSTS
Brought forward
1958 ..
1959
1960
1961
SURVEY
Clino/Comp~ss Traverses
P.T./Qino Traverses
Theodolite Traverses
Levelling (Topo)
Compiled Completed
sq. miles sq. miles
3,269 2,198
93 447
218
499
Costs
$
562,989
86,937
155,120
147,883
68,985
Total .. 3,362 3,362 1,021,914
Brought
forward 1958 1959 1960 1961 Total
miles miles miles miles miles miles
6 37 199 200 161 603
106 72 81 5 264
25 32 2 59
60 112 265 51 488
31
I
l\1. p ...
ONE INCH TO ONE MILE
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET INDEX DIAGRAM NEW SERIES
,.l
4
SIJMATRA
IOI
PROGRESS DIAGRAM
NEW SURVEYs OR R£Vl510N 1948 - 1957
NEW SURVEYS OR. REVISION 1958- 1961
NEW SURVEYS OP. REVISION IN HANO
TRIANGULATION IN HANO
COMPILED SY MULTIPLEX IN 1957
COMPILED 8Y MULTIPLEX 1958 - 1961
TRAVERSED FOR f"IUL TIPLEX
103' 104
MALAYA
CH I 1-.'
.. EZJ
331
FEDERATION OF MALAY A
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SURVEY DEPARTMENT
FOR THE YEAR
1962
by
A. L. M. GREIG, M.I.S. (N.Z.), F.R.I.C.S.,
Surveyor-General, Federation of Malaya
10JUL1968
\
Dl-cHETAK DI-IA.BA.TAN CHETAlt liRAJAAN
OLEH THOR BENO CHONG, A,M.N., PENCHETil JtELUAAN
ltUAIA LUMPUR
1964
1 333 1
334
••
,.
,·
••
10,t
0 .. Ports
SUMATRA:
llEYEREHC&
Jtallwa11 ...•.•.......•..•• ----State
Bouodariu ..•....•.•. -•••-•••-·•·
Int.ern&tlonal lloondarles ••• _ • _ • _ • _ •
llfaln 1loads ..•....•..•.... -----
to0· • 101·
'·Government Copyrl1tht Is Reserved
The ap1,rovul of lhe urveyor General. Mal11ya Is necessarv before
any Survey Departmrnt map or port.Ion thereof may be copied.'"
1011,• 104•
ICAU OP IIOLU
1.0 f f 1,0 ,, f f , 9!I
t
,. __
Survey Dept hdarallon of Malaya No.
1
4
I
'
APPENDIX C
TOPOGRAPHICAL BRANCH
Chief Surveyor-
G. C. Stubbs. A.M.N. 1-1-62 to 27-11-62
Chong Toong Choong 28-11-62 to 31-12-62
The main tasks of this Division are:
(a) Standard Mapping (New): the mapping in full detail of
areas where old rigorous survey does not exist.
(b) Standard Mapping (Revision): the re-mapping of areas
where old rigorous survey does exist but is out of date.
(c) Mapping of areas for land development projects.
2. Expenditure-Actual expenditure for the year was $1,160,782.
Details are as follows:
(a) Mapping-
Office
Field
(b) Trigonometrical BranchOffice
Field (Precise Levelling)
Field (Gravity Survey) ...
1962
$
311,017
817.859
27,238
3,070
1.598
1,160,782
1961
$
300.677
825,140
20,742
19.993
1,166.552
3. Organisation-The Division is divided into the following
sections:
(a) Office-
Administration and Trigonometrical Branch. Compilation
and Editing Sections and Photograph Library;
Photogrammetric Machine Section, and Photographic
Laboratory.
(b) Field-
Topo. Party No. 1 at Kuantan-Trengganu and North
East Pahang.
Topo. Party No. 3 at Kuala Lipis-Kelantan. North and
South Pahang, and Upper Perak.
Topo. Party No. 4 at Seremban-Negeri Sembilan and
Johore.
Topo. Party No. 5 at Kuala Lumpur-Selangor and
Langkawi Islands.
9
335
1 336 1
PROORESS-
4. (a) Area completed by Air Survey Compilation-The area compiled
in office from aerial photographs was as follows:
Hand Compilation- 1962 1961
sq. miles
(i) Standard Mapping (New) 186
(ii) Standard Mapping (Revision) 1,229
(iii) Land Development Projects 142
Dark Machines (Multiplex}-
(i) Standard Mapping (New) 372
(ii) Standard Mapping (Revision) 119
(iii) Land Development Projects 30
!'recise Machines (Wild A7 and AB's}-
sq. miles
303
370
151
638
187
59
1962 1961
(i) Standard Mapping (New)
(ii) Standard Mapping (Revision)
(iii) Land Development Projects
Total: Standard Mapping (New)
sq. miles
23
228
8
581
sq. miles
166
s
..
,.
Standard Mapping (Revision) 1,576
Land Development Projects 180
941
723
215
(b) Field Work Completed:
Triangulation-
Trigs cleared
Trigs occupied
Trigs computed
Flags cleared
Flags computed
SURVEYCompass/
Clino Traverses ...
P.T./Clino Traverses
Theodolite Traverses
Levelling Topo
Levelling, Precise ...
10
2,337 1,879
1962
7
33
34
33
17
1962
1961
32
16
15
28
69
1961
miles miles
1,611
52
65
435
16
3.910
834
61
778
9
Area completed by Plane Table Field CompilationThe
area completed in the field was as follows :
1962
(a) Standard Mapping (New)Trengganu,
Kelantan, Pahang
and Pulau Langkawi ...
(b) Standard Mapping (Revision)Johore,
Pahang, Negeri Sembilan
and Selangor
sq. miles
425
1,605
Total . . . 2,030
1961
sq. miles
776
1,003
1,779
(c) Sheets sent for Reproduction-The Sheets compiled and
sent for reproduction were as follows :
(a) Standard Mapping (New)Sheet
150 Sections 1-10;
,, 106 ,, 1 (part); .. 106 .. 2 and 3
(b) Standard Mapping (Revision)-
Sheet 83 Sections 1, 2, 4;
•• 83 •• 5, 7, 10;
.. 94 .. 1-16;
•. 106 ,, 1 (part)
Total
1962
sq. miles
279
1,207
1.486
1961
sq. miles
739
1,978
2,717
5. The Headquarters of the Division vacated its former premises
at Jalan Tengah, which it had occupied since 17th August~ 1954,
and moved into the new Survey Building at Gurney Road on 5th
September, 1962.
6. Gravity Survey-A gravity survey team from the Certeza
Surveying Company Ltd., of Manila commenced observations
on 1st August, 1962, for the U.S. Army Mapping Service. The
Division provided survey information and liaison officers.
1. Colombo Plan-A team of engineers from Messrs C. C. Parker
and Whittaker, consulting engineers, sent by the Canadian Government
on the Colombo Plan, set up a base office in the Division's
office on 17th October, 1962, to study maps and air photographs
of the proposed Sungei Siput-Kuala Brang Road.
11
1 337 1
338
MAP 2.
ONE INCH TO ONE MILE
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET INDEX DIAGRAM NEW SERIES
s·
4•
2°
1·
V..I. ,
';Q
')"
~
rJI
0
..<-,
SUMATRA
100· 101 · 102·
PROGRESS DIAGRAM
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1948 - 1961
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION 1962
NEW SURVEYS OR REVISION IN HAND
TRIANGULATION IN HANO ..
COMPILED BY MULTIPLEX UP TO 31 . 12.61
COMPILED BY MULTIPLEX IN 1962 ••.•..
TRAVERSED FOR HUL TIPLEX
MALAYA
103°
........ ~
........ C=3
··..·.·..· •tm l
. .... §E231 --
CHINA s·
t
l°
Survuy O pt Federation of Mal•y• No. 20-11163
J'
I •
Annex36
Extracts from Irwin G .,
Nineteenth Century Borneo: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry
(1955, reprinted 1967)
NINETEENTH-CENTURY
BORNEO
A STUDY IN DIPLOMATIC RIVALRY
BY
GRAHAM IRWIN, M.A., Ph.D.
Formerly Lecturer in History
University of Malaya
DONALD MOORE BOOKS
SINGAPORE
1 339 1
I 340 1
62 NINETEENTH-CENTURY BOlitNEO
had been completed, but on March 24th, 1824, the "Treaty between
His Britannick Majesty and the King of the Netherlands respecting
Territory and Commerce in the East Indies'' was signed at last.
The fate of Singapore was decided by the Twelfth Article of this
Treaty. In its final form, this Article ran as follows:
His Netherland Majesty withdraws the objections which have
been made to the occupation of the Island of Singapore by the
Subjects of His Britauoick Majesty.
His Britam•ick llajesty, however_ engages, that no British
EscabJisl•1rid sball be made on the Carimon Isles, or on the
Jlheda of Battam, Bintang, Lingin, or on any of the other
, • .._ South of tire- Straits of Singapore, nor any Treaty
coaduded by British Authority with the Chiefs of those
Islands.1'''
So far as Singapore itself was concerned, the article was plain enough,
but the vital question for the future of Borneo was, What, precisely,
was the meaning of the expression, "or any of the other Islands South
of the Straits of Singapore" ?
Strictly speaking, the only parts of the East Indies that did not
lie 'south of Singapore' were north-western Sumatra - from which,
by a s~rate article of the Treaty, the British agreed to withdraw -
slightly less than half of Borneo, the northern tips of Celebes and
Halmahera, and the small island of Morotai. Was it then the intention
of Article Twelve of the Treaty of 1824 that Britain should henceforth
be prohibited from colonizing or treaty-making throughout the whole
length and breadth of the Indian Archipelago?
This was certainly the view taken by many contemporary observers.
T. J. Newbold, for e)Qlmple, an early historian of the British settlements
in Malaya, complained in 1839 that "the comprehensive little
sentence 'Islands south of the Straits of Singapore' politically shuts
us out from the richest part of Borneo, the tin mines of Banca, the
islands of Billiton, Madura, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawah, Flores, and
nearly the whole of the Celebes, in addition to the loss of Achin and
141 The full text. ·of the Treaty of 1824 is given in Sir William G. Maxwell and
W. S. Gibson, Treaties and Bngagnnents affecting the Maloy Stat11 tad
Bomeo, pp. 8-12.
RIKETEENTH-CENTUllY BOllMBO 63
the rest of Sumatra" .148 A similar view was expressed six years later
by a Dutch Minister of the Colonies, J. C. Baud. As a result of the
Treaty of 1824, he wrote., 14England may not estaplish herself nor conclude
treaties with the rulers of any island lying to the south of
1 ° 30' N ., for that is the latitude of Singapore Straits" •148 Many Dutch
· writers of the present day have taken the same line. H. T. Colenbrander,
for example, declares: "After the Treaty of 1824 the only
part of the Indies in which it was possible for England to establish
her political authority was North Borneo" ,1'0 while B. H. M. Vlekke,
describing the provisions of the Treaty in his book, Nusanlara,ia1
writes : 0 Moreover, the British promised not to interfere further with
Sumatra or o•y of ,,., other islands of the archipelago".
On the other· hand, it bas been suggested by some that the phrase,
"Islands South of the Straits of Sinppore". is to be understood in
a more restricted. sense, on the ground that its a,rlas intended it to
apply only to the immediate area of the StJaits thmlldva. Time wllo
hold this view point out that the purpose of Article Twelve wu to Id
a limit to the amount of territory comprised by the term, 'Singapore',
not to carve up the whole Archipelago between Dutch and British.
Which of these interpretations is correct? The answer must be sought
in the records of the conference between the men who drew up the
Treaty, Canning, Fagel, and Falck.
Towards the end of the London talks of 1823-4 Falck produced a
'draft project' setting out the chief Dutch proposals. Appended to the
main body of this draft were two special articles, the second of which
contained the fallowing far-reaching recommendation : "The contracting
parties shall bear in mind that their respective possessions in the East
Indies are divided by a 'line of demarcation', beginning at the entrance
of the Straits of Malacca at the parallel of Kedah (the 6th degree North
Latitude) and terminating at the end of Singapore Straits, thus leaving
148 T. J. Newbold, Political and Statistical Accmmt of th, British S~lllftltfflts
;,. the Straits of Malacca, Vol. i, p. 17. The publicist, John Anderson, copied
this passage direct from Newbold, and reproduced it the following year in
his work, Achun . . • . with I,1cidental N olices of th, Traae in the East,ns
Seas and the Aggressions of the D11tch~ at p. 3.
148 J. C. Baud to the King, August 30th, 1845, No. 302, Very Secret. (Bwit.
Zak•~ No. 3133).
uo Kolonialt geschiedmis, Deel i, p. 329.
US1 At p. 264. (My italics).
1 341
342
64 NINETEENTH-CENTURY BORNEO
this island to the North, and the Carimon, Battam, Bintang, and Riouw
islands to the South ... " 152
The idea of an imaginary line delimiting the areas of British and
Dutch aspiration in the Eastern Archipelago had first been put forward
by Stamford Raffles.153 It was taken up again at the 1820 discussions,
this time by the Dutch. Elout's plan had then been for the whole of
Borneo to be placed on the Dutch side of the line, including the island
of Balambangan and other parts of northern Borneo which had once
belonged to the English East India Company.154 But this scheme was
not pursued, mainly, it seems, because of Dutch fears that the British
might not be willing to withdraw completely from Sumatra if they
were too formally and insistently excluded from Borneo.
Now at the Gloucester Lodge discussions, however, a somewhat
similar proposal was being advanced, but with this significant difference:
the new line of demarcation was to end just east of Singapore;
it was not intended to be prolonged as far as Borneo. Exactly what
was in Minister Falck' s mind when he made this new suggestion is
not clear, A member of his staff, Hora Siccama, described many years
later how Falck came home in great jubilation one day after a session
with Canning and Wynn, and announced that "a great principle had
been agreed O : the Nether lands were to cede to England all their possessions
on the mainland of India, and in return "Great Britain would
withdraw from the islands,,. Then, by way of explanation, Falck drew
a line on the map, which ran "from the northern tip of Sumatra,
through the Straits of Malacca, around Johore, and after that, North".
Asked if this meant that Borneo fell below the line, Falck replied,
"Yes, but we may not get it in the Treaty ; the English ministers will
have enough trouble in Parliament as it is. The question will doubtless
come up later - then it will be time enough to assert our rights. For
the present it is sufficient for us that the British desire no further
expansion of the possessions of the East India Company, and that they
hope to provide once and for all against collisions between our two
Governments" .165
mi Smulders, op. cit., pp. 54-5.
153 See pp. 53-4 above.
1641 Council of Ministers to the King, November 5th, 1845. (Bu.it. Za.kt.i, No.
3133).
155 0. W. Hora Siccama to Jhr. Mr. P. J. Elout van Soeterwoude, October 26th.
1858. (P. J. Elout van Soeterwoude, Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der ond-erhandelmgen
mtt Engelatnd, betreffende de ove,-aeesche bezittingen 1820-1824,,
pp. 311-12).
65
Believing that he had secured a 'gentleman's agreement' on Borneo
with his British colleagues, Falck became the more anxious that the
proposed division of the Archipelago should not cause unnecessary
trouble. On January 9th, when asked by Canning to be more precise
about the limits of his demarcation line, Falck again explained that it
was "intended to terminate after passing between Singapore and
Riouwu.ue Later in the same conversation, he "disclaimed any desire
to make the Line more extensive than his Note proposed; the measure
would create jealousy in other Powers; he objected to including Borneo;
a line going through it would generate a probability of collision''. un
Falck received strong support for this view from the Directors of
the East India Company, who had their own reasons for preferring
that Borneo should not be mentioned in relation to any demarcation
line. During the season of the north-east monsoon the Company's
China-bound ships often bad to steer by the so-called 'Eastern Passage',
which took them south of Borneo, and then up to China by way either
of Macassar Strait or of Djailolo Passage. Both these courses ran
through the heart of an area in which, on Falck's original proposal,
the Netherlands would have the sole right of forming settlements. This,
the Directors pointed out, would be "most unsafe in time of war''.118
The British and Dutch plenipotentiaries agreed, therefore, that the
proposed demarcation line should not include Borneo, and should not
extend beyond Singapore Straits. But in that case, they asked themselves,
what was to be gained by having a demarcation line at all? If its
only purpose was to provide an Anglo-Dutch boundary in the area of the
Straits, this could be more easily achieved by listing the actual islands
involved and giving them either to the F.ast India Company or to the
Netherlands East Indies. Such a method would have the advantage
of avoiding any suggestion in the Treaty - likely to be much resented
by foreign powers - that the Dutch and British were dividing the
Archipelago between them.
This reasoning was reflected in the draft proposals of February 1st,
1824, which were referred to the appropriate government departments
in The Hague and London for approval. The section of this draft which
eventually became Article Twelve of the final Treaty ran as follows:
His Majesty the King of the Netherlands withdraws all
UI Dutch Records , A', No. 30.
1irr Ibid
'118 Secret Committee to Wynn, January 2nd, 1824. (Dutch Records 'A', No. 31).
66
objections to the occupation of the Island of Singapore by the
troops and subjects of Great Britain.
His Britannic Majesty, on the other hand, binds himself to
ensure that no British establishments shall be set up on any of
the Femaining islands belonging to the ancient kingdom of
Johore, and that no treaties are concluded by British authority
with the Chiefs and Inhabitants of the same.138
In an accompanying note to the Dutch Government Fagel and Falck
explained that the second paragraph of this article was considered
necessary "to prevent the English from claiming any future right to
form connections with or exert influence over the islands of Lingin,
Rhio and the Carimons". Commenting on this in The Hague, Mr. C. Th.
Elout, as adviser to the Colonial Minister, remarked that, in order to
avoid confusion, it might be better to substitute for "any of the
remaining islands belonging to the ancient kingdom of J ohore", the
phrase, "the remaining islands lying in those parts" .180
Here is conclusive proof that the Twelfth Article of the Treaty
of 1824 was not intended, in the Dutch view, to do more than set local
limits to British and Dutch entitlements in the immediate area of
Singapore. Either Falck's draft or Elout's amendment to it, had they
been accepted, would have prevented innumerable misunderstandings
and recriminations in the years to come. But both were rejected in
favour of the vague and entirely unsatisfactory phrase, "any of the
other Islands South of the Straits of Singapore".
It is difficult to see why any such change should have been thought
necessary. It may well have been made because, during the final drafting
of the Treaty, some one suggested the inclusion of one of those 'coverall'
phrases, much beloved of lawyers, which are used to guard against
unforseen omissions in lists of prohibited items. The legal mind, for
example, might regard the listing of the "Carimon, Battam, Bintang,
Lingin11 islands as by itself insufficiently comprehensive, since there
were many more islands besides these in Singapore Straits and near
it, some of them not yet named. Nor was the wording of Falclc's sug-
JJ'i8 'Projcct-tractaat van 1 Februari 1824', Fagel and Falck to Ridder Reinhold
(Dutch Foreign Minister), February 1st, 1824. (Kol., 1845, No. 442, Very
Secret).
teo N ota of February 12th, No. 18. ('Dfverse stukken over Borneo', ibid.) Eloat
van Soeterwoude, op. cit., p. 205. Van der Kemp, 'Londenscb tractaaf,
pp. 171-2.
gested draft, "islands belonging to the ancient Kingdom of J ohore",
quite conclusive either, since no one could claim to be able to define
the limits of the ancient Sultanate of Johore with any degree of certainty.
And the alternative proposed by Elout, "the remaining islands
lying in those parts'\ though clear enough in its intention, was loosely
phrased and might have led to legal quibbles later.
However this may be, the wording of Article Twelve of the Treaty
of 1824 was changed, and in treaties, as in other legal docwnents, it is
the written word that counts. From this time onwards the British
Government were prohibited, by solemn obligation, from attempting
to found settlements 011 "isJands South of the Straits of Singapore".
It would not be long before the exact meaning of these words was put
to the test
While the negotiations which led to the Traaty of 1824 were taking
place in London, the Dutch authorities in the East had been strengthening
their hold on Borneo. Residents had been installed at Bandjermasin
on the South Coast and at Pontianak and Sambas on the West
(with Assistant-Residents at Mampawa and Landak), and by 1825
these officials, helped by Government commissioners sent over from
Java, had induced all the most important native princes in both areas
to recognize Netherlands sovereignty. Attempts to subdue the indepen-dent
Chinese mining communities of the west had been less successful,
but it was confidently assumed in Batavia that before long they, too,
would be ready to submit to Dutch rule.
In 1825, however, war broke out in Java, and the heavy financial
burdens which this struggle imposed on the Government, added to the
serious economic situation which had arisen as a result of unwise
monetary policies pursued by Governor-General van der Capellen, 161
made further expansion in Borneo quite out of the question. For the
next five years all spare resources, both of men and materials, had
necessarily to be devoted to the war in Java. In the Outer Islands the
policy of van der Capellen's successor, Commissioner-General du Bus,
consisted in hanging on to what had been gained, and ref raining from
all action which might cause the Government undue expense. The
principles which guided him have been summed up as, "No extension
181 G. Gonggrijp, Schet.r ener ecOMfllische ge.schildertis tD1 Nedtrlands-Illtiw,
pp. 9().1.
Annex37
Extracts from United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,
Official Records, Volume I: Preparatory Documents,
Geneva 24 February-27 Apr 1958,
A/CONF.13/6 and Add.1 (Preparatory Document No. 6)
United Nations
wnference
on the Law of the Sea
Official Records
Volume I:
PREPARATORY DOCUMENTS
GENEVA.
24 Febnuuy-27 April 1958
1 347 1
348
Document A/CONF.13/6 and Add. 1
A BRIEF GEOGRAPHICAL AND HYDROGRAPIDCAL STUDY OF STRAITS WHICH
CONSTITUTE ROUTES FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC
BY COMMANDER R. H. KENNEDY
(Preparatory document No. 6) •
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION •• , • • • 114
1. Straits of Bab el Mandeb llS
2. Strait of Gibraltar . . HS
3. Zanzibar Channel . . . . 116
4. The Serpent's Mouth . . . 116
S. The Dragon's Mouth . . • • 117
6. St. Lucia Channel . . . . . . . • . 118
7. Strait between St. Lucia and St Vincent . 118
8. Dominica Channel . . • . . . . • • 119
9. Straits between Dominica and Guadeloupe . 119
10. Magellan Strait (Estrecho de Magallanes) . 120
11. Strait of Juan de Fuca 122
12. Chosen Strait . . . 123
13. Hainan Strait 125
14. Palk Strait . . . 125
15. Strait of Malacca . 125
16. Ombae Strait . . . 126
17. Soenda Strait . . . . 127
18. San Bernardino Strait . 128
19. Surigao Strait . . . 129
20. Strait of Hormuz . . . . . . . . • . 129
21. St. George's Channel (Bismarck Archipelago) . 130
22. Cook Strait . . . . . . • . . . . . 131
23. Foveaux Strait . . 132
24. Kaiwi Channel . . 133
25. Dover Strait . . . 134
26. Canal de Menorca . 135
27. Strait of Messina . 135
28. Strait of Bonifacio . . . . • • . . • . . . 136
29. The Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus 137
30. Kithera Strait . . . • . . . . . . . . • 140
31. Carphatos Strait . 141
32. The Sound . . 142
33. Singapore Strait • 143
Annex: Maps
Introduction
In the following study of certain straits constituting
routes for international traffic, a small plan of each
strait is included showing the essential features to assist
in identification. Should, in any particular case, a more
detailed study be required, references are given to the
relevant Charts and Pilots. These references are to the
"' This paper was prepared at the request of the Secretariat
of the United Nations but should not be considered as a
statement of the views of the Secretariat
[Original text: English]
[23 October 1957]
Charts and Sailing Directions issued by the Hydrographic
Department of the British Admiralty. It should
be home in mind that when consulting_the Pilots (Sailing
Directions), the latest supplement to those volumes
should be read in conjunction with them.
Miles referred to in the descriptions are sea miles,
each constituting one-sixtieth of a degree of latitude in
the area.
No account has been taken of the varying breadths
of the territorial sea as at present claimed by the
different States. The references to "high seas " in the
descriptions are based on an assumed maximum claim of
twelve miles to a breadth of territorial sea. With any
lesser breadth, the high seas will encroach into the
straits and may alter the sense of the descriptive text.
The remark that a strait connects the high seas lying at
each end of it does not necessarily imply that there is
no passage on the high seas through the strait.
In the directive for this study, straits of a width of
twenty-six miles or less were to be considered. Certain
straits are wider than this measurement at their ends ;
accordingly, only that part lying within this breadth has
been considered. In certain other cases, however, the
straits embraced by these measurements widen abruptly
at their ends into the high seas, the area considered has
therefore been that lying between the outermost intersections
of twelve-miles arcs centred on the coastlines of
the opposite States, at each end of these straits.
The following additional general remarks may also be
of assistance when considering this study :
(i) When considering these straits, drying features
have been described if they lie within twelve miles of
the coastline of the mainland or of a feature permanently
above water, with a view to taking them into account
for the extension of the belt of territorial sea. This is
on the assumption of a maximum breadth for thE!
territorial sea of twelve miles. With lesser breadths many
of these features described will not lie within a distance
from permanently dry land eouivalent to the breadth of
the territorial sea; accordingly, such features will not
qualify to form base points for the extension o.f the
limits of the territorial sea.
(ii) Certain references have been made in the text to
navigation through the straits in relation to median lines.
When assessing the positions of the median lines, drying
features lying within twelve miles of each shore have
114
349
Docameat A/CONF.13/6 and Add. 1 143
The currents in the Sound are uncertain and varied ;
in general they are north-going and south-going, the
former predominating. Their direction and rate are
considerably affected by air pressure and winds and over
the shoaler areas by the changes in the water level, but
mostly they conform to the main directions of the fairways.
In the narrow part off Helsingor their rates may
attain at times 4 or 5 knots.
There are a number of ports in the Sound. In the
winter these are kept clear of ice. Kf!jpenhavn, the
capital of Denmark, is situated on the western side close
north of Amager. Here there are depths of up to 39 feet
in the roadstead, plenty of alongside accommodation
and all modem port facilities ; alongside berths have
depths up to 32¾ feet.
On the Swedish side are Malmll,I, Lanclskrona, Helsingborg,
Limhamn and Hoganas.
Malmfll, east of Saltholm, has depths in the roadstead
of about 8 fathoms and ample alongside accommodation
in depths up to 30 feet with all necessary facilities.
Landskrona, about 15 miles north of Malm$6, has
depths in the roads up to 36 feet; in the port there is
plenty of quayage with depths alongside of from 20 to
30 feet.
Linhamn, about 3 miles south-west of Malmfi), has
depths at its quays of approximately 25 feet ; at the
tanken quay two or three vessels of 16-18,000 tons can
berth simultaneously.
Helsingborg, on the eastern side towards the narrow
northern end of the Sound, has quayage with depths
alongside up to 32 feet and all facilities.
Hoganas, 13 miles north of Helsingborg, is a small
harbour with depths of between 14 and 21 feel.
A canal with depths of 23 feet has been cut through
the isthmus of the peninsula of which Falsterbo Udde
forms the south-west end. Considerable driftnet fishing
takes place in the Sound during certain months of the
year.
4. There are no drying features charted from which
the limits of the territorial sea can be extended, as there
is no tide. The following are small above-water rocks
which qualify to do so :
On the western side:
Middlegrund Fort, nearly 2½ miles east of the
northern end of KS?>benhavn.
Flak Fort, about 4 miles east of K,i1benhavn and
2 miles north of Saltholm.
A number of small rocks close off the north end of
Saltholm, and a number of similar ones east and southeast
of the south-eastern end of that island. The most
distant is l ½ miles offshore.
On the eastern side :
A small rock nearly a mile south of Lanclskrona.
A number of small rocks lying up to a mile offshore
off the north-eastern shore •>f a bay or indentation of
the coast, north-eastward of Falsterbo Udde.
A group of small rocks, lying between three quarters
of a mile and 1 ¾ miles southward of Falsterbo Udde.
33. Singapore Strait (Annex, maps Nos. 35 and 36)
References : Charts Nos. 2403, 1353.
Malacca Strait Pilot, Third Edition, 1946.
1. For the purpose of this study the Singapore Strait,
which separates the Indonesian islands lying off the
Sumatra coast from the southern coasts of J ohore and
Singapore Island, will be considered as the continuation
of the southern end of the Strait of Malacca lying
between the intersection of 12-mile arcs centred on the
opposite shores at the north-western and eastern ends
of the Strait. The Strait is a focal point for international
shipping, and joins the high seas of the Malacca Straits
to those of the South China Sea. The Durian Strait,
Sugi Strait, Chombol Strait and Riouw Strait all lead
south-eastward to the South China Sea between the
Indonesian islands on the southern side of the Singapore
Strait.
2. The western end of the Strait may be considered
as the intersection of 12-mile arcs centred on Tokong
Belanda, an above-water rock about 3 miles north-west
of Groot Karimun, and Pulau Pisang, about 19 miles
northward, and the eastern end as the intersection of
similar arcs centred on the low-water line of Tanjong
Beraldt and on the easternmost drying rock of the
group of above-water and drying rocks on which stands
the Horsburgh Lighthouse, which is maintained by the
Government of Singapore. This group lies 7 miles north
of Pulau Bintan and about 5 ¾ miles east-south-east of
Stork Reef, a drying reef 2 miles off the Johore coast.
3. The length of the Strait between the above limits
is about 75 miles.
(a) The Strait at the western end first narrows to a
width of 7¾ miles between Pulau lju and Pulau Kukub.
Distances within the Strait will be given from the line
joining these islands.
(b) 6 miles within, the breadth is 8¾ miles and
thence it widens rapidly, with the entrances to Durian,
Sugi and Chambol Straits on the south side and the
western approach to the Johore Strait on the north side.
(c) 17 miles within, the Main Strait is restricted to
a breadth of 4 miles between the reef on which is Pulau
Nipa and Pulau Pawai, 6½ miles south of Singapore
Island.
{d) 22 miles within, the breadth is just under 3 miles
between Pulau Takong and the islet on which is Raffles
Lighthouse.
(e) For the next 10 miles, a general breadth of
between 2½ to 3 miles is maintained between the islets
and the drying reefs lying off Pulau Batam on the south
side and Singapore Island on the north.
(f) About 41 miles within, the Strait is 8 miles wide
between Pulau Batam and Singapore Island, it thence
widens into the eastern approach to J ohore Strait and
Kuala Johore, and narrows again to about the same
width a further 7 miles within.
(g) Thence the Strait widens with the approach to
Riouw Strait on the southern side after which it retains
a general width between Pulau Bintan and the south-east
coast of Johore of about 12 miles over a distance of
about 9 miles.
(h) Towards the eastern end, the group of rocks on
350
144 Preparatory documents
which stands Horsburgh Light divides the Strait into
two. South Channel, the southern part, is 5½ miles wide
between the north coast of Pulau Bintan and a drying
rock 1 ½ miles south-west of the Horsburgh group, and
9¾ miles wide between the group and Tanjong Berakit.
Middle Channel, the northern part, is 5¾ miles wide
between the Horsburgh group of rocks and a drying reef
2 miles off the south-eastern point of Johore.
4. The main fairway of the Strait runs between the
territory of Indonesia and that of Malaya and Singapore ;
it is comparatively deep and depths in general vary from
10 to 30 fathoms, although there are a few shoal
patches. It is well marked for both day and night
navigation. There are a number of drying reefs on both
sides of the Strait, but these lie within short distances
of land permanently above water. The rise of the tide
is about 9 feet ; tidal streams may be strong with many
overfalls and eddies. Heavy rain squalls frequently
reduce the visibility.
5. Ports within the area on the northern side are
Singapore, with a roadstead and alongside accommodation
with all modem facilities for vessels up to
33-feet draught ; Pulau Bukom and Pulau Sebarok,
5 miles south-west of Singapore, with oil loading and
discharging facilities and depths alongside up to
45½ feet and 38 feet respectively. On the southern side
are Pulau Sambo, about 9½ miles east of Raffles Lighthouse,
with oil loading and discharging facilities and
depths alongside up to 30 feet ; Tandjong Uban, close
within the Riouw Strait, with alongside depths up to
41 feeL
6. Navigation would be possible on each side of a
median line through the Strait.
Annex38
Singapore Legislative Assembly Debates (1958) on
the Light Dues (Amendment) Bill, 1958
SINGAPORE
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
DEBATES
OFFICIAL REPORT
THIRD SESSION
OF THE
FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
PART I
( Columns 1 to 544)
(FROM 9th APRIL, 1958, TO 16th JULY, 1958)
VOLUME 6
1 3s1 1
352
447 16 JULY 1958 448
[MR. BRAGA.]
Clause 4 empowers the Minister to
vary and remit fees and to vary the
Schedules to the Ordinance.
The systematic case-finding programme
which is now being carried out
in certain specified areas commenced on
1st July under the direction of a team
of Australian experts provided under
the Australian Colombo Plan.
I would like to state that the response
by the public has been more than
heartening and I am glad to report to
this House that if the degree of response
now being experienced continues, the
success of the initial programme is more
than assured. From the information collected
by this project, we should be able
to take effective measures to prevent and
control the disease and possibly in time
eradicate it.
Sir, I beg to move.
Question put, and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time
and committed to a Committee of the
whole Assembly.
Assembly immediately resolved itself
into a Committee on the Bill. [Mr. A. J.
Braga].
Bill considered in Committee; reported
without amendment; read the Third
time and passed.
LIGHT DUES (AMENDMENT) BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
10.57 a.m.
The Minister for Commerce and
Industry (Mr. J. M. Jumabhoy): Mr.
Speaker. Sir, I move, "That the Bill be
now read a Second time."
Sir, fifteen months of operation of the
Light Dues Ordinance, 1957, bas disclosed
the necessity for a number of
amendments to the Ordinance which are
contained in this Bill. All the amendments
have been agreed to by the Singapore
Shipowners' Association.
The definition "waters of the Colony"
in section 2 of the Ordinance is deleted
by clause 2 of the Bill. This definition
refers to territorial waters excluding the
port limits. This deletion is effected because
the intention now, as reflected in
clause 3 of the Bill, is that the light dues
are to be paid by ships which call at
the port or place within the Colony and
not by ships which are in transit in the
waters of the Colony and which do not
call here. The deletion of the definition
would also enable the Light Dues Board
to expend monies from the Light Dues
Fund on the maintenance of lights and
navigational aids within the port limits
and on the maintenance of the light at
Pulau Pisang which is not within territorial
waters.
Clause 3 of the Bill, Sir, repeals and
re-enacts section 3 of the Ordinance.
Subsection (1) of the proposed new section
3 provides that except for -ships
exempted by subsection (2) of the same
section, light dues shall be made, as I
mentioned earlier, by ships calling at
the port in the course of a voyage, for
example, for bunkers and victuals, for
the loading and unloading of cargo and
for the embarkation and disembarkation
of passengers. By necessary implication,
ships, which are in transit in the
waters of the Colony but which do not
call at the port, that is, do not put in
for any of the reasons I have just enumerated,
will not be liable to pay light
dues.
Subsection (2) of the proposed new
iSection 3 grants a general exemption
from payment of light dues to the following
classes of vessels :
ships which put in from stress of
weather or for the purpose of repairs
or because of damage,
ships belonging to Her Majesty's
Government in the United Kingdom
or to the Singapore Govern~
ment or to a Commonwealth or
foreign government if such ships
do not carry cargo or passengers
for freight or fares,
ships under fifteen tons,
fishing craft, and
native sailing ships.
Clause 4 of the Bill gives effect to the
intention I referred to earlier of enabling
the Light Dues Board to provide
navigational aids within the port limits
and at Pulau Pisang which is outside
our territorial waters.
449 16 JULY 1958 450
Clause 5 amends the Schedule to the
Ordinance so as to make it po8$ible for
ships calling more than ten time, a
year to be charged a comprehensive nonrefundable
payment of 20 cents per ton
per year at the option of their owners.
agents or masters. This amendment removes
an existing anomaly in that. unde1
the corresponding item in the Schedule
a.s it now stands. Singapore-registered
ships which make long overseas voyages
and put in once or twice a year have to
pay as much as Singapore-registered
ships in the coastal trade which put iu
more frequently, and pay even more than
ships not on our register which make
the same number of calls at the port.
ThiiS Bill will not involve the Government
in any extra expenditure.
Sir, I beg to move.
Question put, and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time
and committed to a Committee of the
whole Assembly.
Assembly immediately resolved itself
into a Committee on the Bill. [Mr. 1. M.
Jumabhoy.]
Bill considered in Committee.
11.02 a.m.
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair ]
Clauses I and 2 ordered to stand part
of the Bill.
Clause 3-
Mr. J. M. Jumabhoy: Mr. Speaker,
Sir, I move,
In page 2, lines 14 and 15, t!? leav~ out
"repairing or because of damage and insert
"emergency repairs in respect of damage
occasioned on the high seas".
This amendment, Sir, is neces.sary to
make it clear that those ships will be exempted
from paying dues which come in
only for emergency repairs if they had
suffered damage due to stress of weather
on the high seas.
Amendment agreed to.
Clause 3, as amended, ordered to stand
part of the Bill.
Clauses 4 and 5 ordered to stand part
of the Bill.
Bill reported with an amendment:
read the Third time and passed.
SINGAPORE SAILORS' INSTITUTE
INCORPORATION (AMENDMENI')
BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
11.05 a.m.
The Minister for Commerce and
Industry (Mr. J. M. Jumabhoy): Mr.
Speaker, Sir. I beg to move, "That the
Bill be now read a Second time."
Clause 2 of the Bill repeals and re ..
enacts section 7 of the Singapore Sailors~
Institute Incorporation Ordinance which
contains provisions relating to the con-stitution
of the Committee of Management
of the Singapore Sailors' Institute.
The power to appoint members of the
Committee is at present vested in the
Governor, but is now being transferred
to the Minister following the precedent
set in other statutory bodies dealing with
marine and seafarers' affairs. The
Chairman remains as at present exofficio,
namely, the officer performing
the duties of Master Attendant. The
distinction at present drawn between
ex-officio and unofficial members is removed,
as also is the present stipulation
tbat one of the unofficial members shall
be a pilot on the Register of the Pilot
Board nominated by that Board. Instead
the Minister will appoint not more than
six members one of whom is to be the
nominee of the Bishop of Singapore.
It would, of course, be open to the Minister
to appoint persons to stand for the
interests at present represented on the
Committee. The abrogation of the exofficio
appointments obviously needs an
amendment of the Ordinance due to mutations
in titles of offices and changes
in the duties of their holders.
Sir. I beg to move.
Question put, and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time
and committed to a Committee of the
whole Assembly.
Assembly immediately resolved itself
into a Committee on the Bill. [Mr. J.
M. Jumabhoy.]
Bill considered in Committee: reported
without amendment; read the Third
time and passed.
353
Annex39
Extracts from Marks H.,
The First Contest for Singapore 1819-1824 (1959)
VERDANDELINGEN
VAN BET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR
TAA~, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE
DEEL XXVII
THE FIRST CONTEST
FOR SINGAPORE
1B19-1B~4
BY
HARRY J. MARKS
DepMlment of Biatory, Uniwr•ity of ConMcricut
Storr,. Connecticut. U.S.A.,
'S-GRAVENHAGE - MARTINUS NUHOFF - 1959
1 355 1
356
24 HARRY J. MARKS
friendly communications have already been made with the constituted
authorities of Linga and Riouw 25 and their permission
obtained for examining and surveying the Carimon and neighboring
islands and also with a general concurrence in the views
of our Government and that the subject is at present under
reference of the Supreme Government at BengaJ.26
Officially notified of the reason for Farquhar's absence at the time of
their arrival, the commissioners took nine days to file their protest ( 31
October 1818). They acknowledged receipt of the copies of the treaties
that Farquhar had sent them, but they maintained that "this disclosure
seems to us a bit strange, seeing that the agreements concluded with
the Sultan of Riouw contain several articles which he had not the right
to sign without having previously notified the Netherlands Government."
They felt that the Major had ignored the relationship subsisting between
the sultan and their government, and undertook most courteously to
instruct him briefly as follows:
That the entire kingdom of Riouw, Johore, Pahang, after having
revolted and committed many hostile acts against us, was wholly
subjugated and conquered by force of arms by the [Dutch] East
India Company in 1784, and by agreement of 2 November 1784
given as a feudal fief to his Highness Prince Alsoe, Padoeka Sri
Sultan Mahmoed and his ministers, and that in the same agreement
the said Sultan formally declared himself and his descendents
to be vassals of Holland ....
In view of the fact that since that time nothing has occurred
which could have nullified the said treaty, we make it a point of
requesting you, Sir, to convey this information on this matter
officially to your Government in order to avoid a period of misunderstanding
which might become the cause of many disagreements
between our Governments.
As for ourselves, we are obliged in our capacity as Commissioners
to inform you, Sir, that we cannot permit the Sultan of
Riouw, Johore, Pahang, etc., to cede the least bit of territory of
Riouw, Johore, Pahang, etc., or of the neighboring islands which
formed part of the former kingdom of Johore and Riouw.27
~5 Variant spellings include Lingga, Lingen, Lingin, etc.; Riau, Rhio, Rio, etc.
26 Van der Kemp, "De Singapoorscbe Papieroorlog," pp. 447--448.
27 Ibid.1 pp. 448-449.
THE FIRST CONTEST FOR SINGAPORE 25
Farquhar replied at once ( 1 November 1818). He directed attention
to the capture of Malacca by Britain in 1795, and to "the meaures that
were adopted at that time for giving entire and complete effect to the
absolute independence of Sultan Mohammed at Riouw, Lingen etc. and
that the exclusive control and hereditary possessions were secured to him
by a pledge of British authority. No circumstance", he added, mocking
the Netherlanders' statement, "has since occurred to invalidate such
definitive negotiation; it will therefore be obvious to your Excellencies
that any references to arrangements respecting the former Dutch Company
( which has long ceased to exist) ,2s have no relative analog to the
present subjects ... " Finally, Farquhar drew their Excellencies' attention
to the fourth article of the standard treaty of commercial alliance that
he and Cracroft had been negotiating, "in which it is expressly stipulated,
that the latter [ i.e., the Sultan of Johore, Pahang, etc.] shall not renew
any obsolete or interrupted treaties with other nations, the provisions of
which may in any degree exclude or obstruct the free trade of British
subjects.'' 29
Farquhar's communication of his treaties to Wolterbeek and Timmerman
Thijssen had been at Bannerman's direction. The governor of Prince
of Wales island congratulated himself upon the fruits of Cracroft's
and Farquhar's negotiations and regarded his precautionary meaures,
"undertaken from no improper views of ambition, or unjust aggrandisement"
but solely to guarantee freedom of trade in the neighboring
Malay states, as justified by the exhibition of Dutch "measures of force
and violence" in seizing control over Pontianak, 30 where the Equator
crosses the western coast of Borneo. In a communication to the Calcutta
authorities, Bannerman sketched a potentially critical situation:
The extraordinary assumption of the place [ Pontianak J by the
Netherlands Government at Java, contrary to the will of its
monarch, 31 will no doubt prove to His Lordship in Council the
28 The Company was several years in dying. I ts charter expired 31 December
1799.
29 Van der Kemp, "De Singapoorsche Papieroorlog," pp. 449--451.
30 The Commissioners General had named J. van Boekholz commissioner to
re-establish Netherlands authority at Pontianak. He arrived there on 18 July.
Farquhar presently showed up. On 10 August the Netherlands flag was hoisted.
J.J. Meinsma, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Oost-lndische Bezittingen,
2 vols. in 3 parts (Delft, 1872-1875), II (1), 153. See note 21 above.
3J. The basis for this statement is obscure even, or especially, if it is realized
that "its monarch" means the local chief of Pontianak.
357
358
THE FIRST CONTEST FOR SINGAPORE 39
tial to the establishment of a new Sovereign. When I arrived off
Singapore, I received a visit from the Turnungung, who represented
to me the recent conduct of the Dutch, and stated that as
the Dutch had treated with an incompetent authority, it was still
left for us to establish ourselves in this division of the empire,
under the sanction of the legitimate Sovereign. This Sovereign
soon made his appearance, and though not yet formally installed,
was recognized by us in that capacity, on his being acknowledged
as Sovereign by the Bandahara and Tumungung. Fortunately also
we discovered at Singapore a harbour more convenient, and a port
more commanding than Rhio itself, and as no European authority
had ever set foot on the Island, and the land was the property of
the Tumungung, we did not hesitate to treat for the occupation
of the port, and to establish ourselves pending the reference to
Bengal. I have just received letters from Lord Hastings, conveying
his entire approval of my proceedings, and an assurance that he
is too well aware of the importance of the position, and of the
necessity of opposing the encroachments of the Dutch, not to be
deeply interested in the success of the establishment.68
It was not merely the Dutch who "had considered the Sultan of
Lingen as the legitimate Sovereign of Johore." Major Farquhar on
19 August 1818, not half a year back, had signed a treaty with His
Highness Jaffir Rajah Mudah of Rhio, identified as agent for his
nephew, His Majesty Sri Sultan Abdul Rachman Shaw, King of Johore,
Pahang, and Dependencies, including his residence, Lingen. (See p. 24,
above). Even more embarrassing was the fact that Raffles himself
(in 1813) had acknowledged Abdul Rachman as sovereign of Johore,
Pahang, and all their dependencies. But both he and his uncle,
Rajah Mooda of Rhio, were now under Dutch eyes. Abdul Rachman
was the younger son of the last sultan, who had died in 1812, although
of the more distinguished mother. His elder brother, Tenku Husain, was
living quietly at Riouw. It was this elder brother whom Raffles called
to mind, and while reneging on the previous uncontested recognition of
Abdul Rachman, he determined, in the words of Sir Richard Winstedt,
the noted British historian of Malaya, "to install Tenku Husain as the
rightful Sultan of the old Empire of Johor. Evidently the Ternenggong
abetted him and apparently the ... Underking at Riau [Jaffir Rajah
68 Lady Raffles, Memoir, pp. 397-398. The entire letter covers pp. 384-401.
THE FIRST CONTEST FOR SINGAPORE 189
A fourth conference, again between Falck and Wynn, was held some
time between 19 and 24 December, of which the only record says: ''It
turned principally on the Accounts." If it were not for the date on
Wynn's note to the Duke of Buckingham of 18 December 1823, it would
be tempting to think that it was at this conference that the President of
the Board of Control "informed Falck of the religious and constitutional
obligation which we are under to he idle at Christmas," and found the
Netherlands plenipotentiary "well disposed to observe the said law in
his proper person." 16
On 23 December 1823 Falck sent to the British representatives an
eleven page note on his government's claim to Singapore. It recited
the well known statements on the unity of the Empire of Johore, its
subordinate relationship to Batavia, and the sole legitimacy of the
Sultan Abdul Rahman, recalling the occasions when Raffles and Farquhar
had treated with him as the legitimate sovereign. Once again
Van der Capellen's dispatch of 16 December 1819 was invoked, and
once again the absence of a British refution was equated with an
avoidance of legal defense. "But beside the question of right emerges
that of political interest and expediency." On the one hand there was
the injury to the Netherlands and its vassal., and on the other the
widespread opinion in British India and England that Singapore was
essential to the security of the China trade and commerce with the
Eastern Archipelago. Hence "the idea of a monetary indemnity has been
suggested." Money would scarcely compensate for the moral injury
suffered by the Netherlands in the eyes of the Malay princes, and
therefore a territorial exchange would be preferable, "governed in such
a way as to provide a demarcation line between our respective possessions,"
to preclude future disputes, while not excluding purely commercial
enterprises of their respective subjects. In a completely confidential
note like this, wrote Falck, it was proposed to imagine a line running
down the strait of Malacca, and then easterly to the south of Singapore
and north of Battam., Bintang, or Rhio. All of Sumatra, including
Bencoolen, would become Dutch, and the Malay Peninsula, including
Malacca, would be reserved to the British; "moreover the island of
Sincapore would be at their disposal." In conclusion, Falck proposed
to treat the monetary indemnities as secondary to the principle of
territorial transfer and therefore postponed detailed consideration of
16 Dutch Records, XXX, no. 53. Buckingham, Memoirs of the Court of Georg, IY,
II, 20.
359
360
192 HARRY J. MARKS
part of its Dominions - where Cession is not made in War or in a
Treaty of Peace." Puffendorf and Vattel seemed to deny the right to
cede. Lord Eldon did not think himself at "Liberty to converse with
those professional persons, who, if any body can enlighten me upon the
Subject, are most likely to assist in so doing, because a paper you put
into my hands intimated a disinclination to have Lawyers attention
called to the Subject." 22
Wynn was less averse to approaching lawyers on other aspects of the
negotiation, since on 19 December 1823 he had Courtenay write to ask
Sir Christopher Robinson, a leading admiralty lawyer and "the leading
counsel in the admiralty court," for an opinion on some points currently
under consideration. Robinson's answer, of 31 December, had a bearing
on the British claims. He advised that the Dutch government was
entitled to the revenues in Java from the time its commissioners arrived
on that island, since the delay in retrocession arose "solely from the
non-arrival of the necessary Instructions from England.'' He rejected
the principle enunciated in Falck's Note Verbale to the effect that a
conquering power was merely a caretaker until a treaty of peace was
concluded, and he held that the British could reasonably claim compensation
for improvements. "It appears to me to be a Question peculiarly
fit to be settled on principles of Liberal equity on both sides, & not to
be easily reducible to strict rules of law." 23
Following the Christmas recess, Falck and Wynn met again on 9
January 1824 for the longest discussion of any of the sessions, if the
length of the record is evidence. Falck, speaking of the several intended
cessions, mentioned Singapore, whereupon "Mr. Williams Wynn reminded
him that we could not admit that as a Dutch possession." Each then
rehearsed his well-known lines, beginning with the abandonment of 1795
and ending with Falck's statement "that if Singapore were given to us,
the Dutch must compensate the Sultan, at an expence perhaps of 4000
or 5000 a month." Falck then proposed to regard the continental establishments
as cancelling the sum owing to England, with Singapore and
Malacca equated in value to Bencoolen and Billiton, and "that there
might be a secret and separate article for the Line of demarcation." In
answer to a question from Wynn, he explained that this line would
pass between Singapore and Rhio and then terminate. Wynn passed by
22 Dutch Records, XXX, unnumbered, but located between no. 17 and no. 19.
Undated save: "House of Lords. Tuesday."
~, Ibid., no. 69. Christ. Robinson to Courtenay, Bedford Square, 31 December
1823. Identification of Robinson comes from DNB.
THE FIRST CONTEST FOR SINGAPORE 201
It was questionable whether it would be expedient to stipulate any
formal line of demarcation, and Falck appeared to think that too
extensive a line would excite "jealously in other powers." These four
words are lightly underscored, while in the margin Canning's scarcely
legible hand wrote: "Undoubtedly if we do so. And especially as we are
at this moment engaged in a difficult negociation about N. American
limits with Russia. The Situation in which we and the Dutch stand to
each other - is part only of our difficulty - that in which we both
stand to the rest of the world as exclusive Lords of the East is one more
reason £or terminating our relative differences as soon as we can."
Courtenay thought the argument about the risk in wartime inherent in
yielding Sumatra to the Dutch was illogical: if Britain had naval
superiority, a few more Dutch settlements would not matter. Canning
concurred: "This danger is really nothing. In War it is our own fault
if we do not take everything into our own hands."
The valuation of the various territorial settlements was "the next
and most difficult consideration." Falck proposed exchanging Malacca
and Singapore for Bencoolen and Billiton, while for the continental
possessions he seemed to want a monetary payment. "If Singapore were
really Dutch," then this proposed exchange would be fair, "but the
case is different if we do not admit that the Dutch have any rights
over Singapore" but maintain that Britain might hold it properly as
well as Bencoolen. 1vlalacca would hardly be thought at the India
House to compensate for Bencoolen, cession of which would exclude
the British from the harbour of Tappanooly. This bay and its
potentialities were highly rated in books, "but no use has been made
of them, and the apprehension of their being developed by the Dutch,
to our detriment, may probably be classed among the exaggerations
which attend every part of this subject." Courtenay's astringent
judgment has been confirmed by a hundred years of history: the
chief town on the admirable bay has a population of only six thousand,
and its insignificance is shown by the evidence of commercial activity
in the fornightly calling of the Netherlands Royal Packet Company's
ships, running between Padang, Penang, and Singapore.33 "However,"
Courtenay added, "it is fair to estimate highly in negotiation," and
Canning would have to decide on the value of the territorial exchanges
and the renunciation of claims.
33 Sailing Directions for Malaeca Strait and Sumatra, H. 0. Pub 162, 4th ed.,
issued by the Hydrographic Office under the authority of the Secretary of the
Navy (Washington, D. C., 1952), pp. 338-340.
361
1 362 1
206 HARRY J. MARKS
with Singapore unless a quantity of pounds sterling were put in the
too light balance of Bencoolen." 36
Two secret and separate articles concluded Falck's projet. One
obligated the Netherlands government, "in consideration of the payment
stipulated in article 14," to indemnify Sultan Abdul Rahman, and
apparently offered to advise the sultan to cede not only the entire
island of Singapore to Britain in full sovereignty "but also the part of
his states which is situated on the peninsula of Malacca." This would
mean Johore and Pahang, if it means anything, but it drew no marginal
fire. The other secret article traced the demarcation line, the idea of
which Falck four days earlier had agreed with Wynn to abandon.37
Even before the next meeting, Canning spoke to F agel about the
pecuniary phase of the sketch, and when the eighth conference opened on
21 January 1824 Fagel began by saying that he had told Falck of
Canning's observations with respect to the article in the Netherlands
projet concerning the payment of money. Canning interjected: ''The
humourous article?" but "Mr. Falck however turned seriously to the
subject." Canning put the Dutch debt to Britain at £ 320,000 but
repeatedly stated that if the Dutch rejected his views respecting the
payment, it would have to be reckoned at £ 350,000. Fighting a
rearguard action, Falck tried to raise the question of compensation for
the Sultan of Johore, but Wynn "observed that they were going back:
it had been agreed to consider Bencoolen and Billiton as equivalent to
Malacca and the Dutch claims to Singapore; and that the pecuniary
compensation was for the Continental possessions only. Mr. Falck partly
acquiesced in this," but considered an arrangement with the sultan to he
a prerequisite to drawing the demarcation line to which, it is evident,
he was firmly attached. Fagel attempted to come to his aid by producing
evidence on the Netherlands opium claim, which turned out to be
irrelevant.
As he had suggested in his note of 17 January to Courtenay, Canning
now tried to induce Falck to offer figures of his own instead of merely
objecting to the British estimates, and to this end he suggested four
headings, "Revenues of the Continental Settlements - The political
36 Gedenkstu.kken d,r .A.lgemeene Gesehiedenis van Nederland van 1795 tot 1840,
Achtste deel, Regeering van Willem I, 1815-1825, ed. Hennan Theodoor
Colenbrander, 3 vols. {The Hague, 1915-1916), I, 173. Falck to Wynn, 12
January 1824.
87 Dutch Records, XXXI, no. 9, which is in the band of Falck's clerk, and no.
10, which is in the hand of the India Board clerk, with marginal notations.
Dated 17 January 1824.
THE FIRST CONTEST FOR SINGAPORE
stated to be only a different mode of laying down the Line of Demarcation."
He approved of the effort to obviate future claims, but when
the Singapore article was read, "Mr. Falck repeated doubtingly the
words 'withdraws his objections' and hesitated as to the frame [ .sie]
of the article altogether." Canning proposed that it should read: objections
made "by His Netherland Majesty, or on behalf of His Allies."
The article against transfer, incorporating an alteration previously direc•
ted by Canning, limited its application to a case of abandonment, not
of transfer as such. "It was explained, as intending to provide against
the possible case of one of the settlements being abandoned by the Dutch
for instance, and occupied by the Americans." If this repeated alarm
lest the Americans in the 1820's help themselves to unpreempted real
estate in south east Asia seems in retrospect to be premature, to say
the very least., the trade statistics must be recalled, showing that the
American flag at Batavia was second only to the Union Jack, while the
number of American vessels reaching the Netherlands in 1818 from
Batavia were only two fewer than the combined total of British and
Dutch ships. (See above, p. 156). In any event, Fagel and Falck did
not object to the article in the British projet.
Falck observed, whether bitterly or wistfully the report does not hint,
that had the article against unsanctioned new settlements been in effect
six or seven years earlier, "it would have prevented much evil." The
article about the money payment, having been previously if indecisively
discussed, was now passed over and attention was given to the Nether•
]ands projet. It was agreed to transfer to the British projet the article
granting time to the residents of ceded settlements to remove. "When
the Secretary came to the 14th article (for payment of money by
England) Mr. Canning desired that it might be passed over without
saying anything." Some details were amalgamated, and the British plenipotentiaries
agreed to consider Fa1ck's first secret article. "The 2nd
separate article, establishing the Line of Demarcation, was passed over.,
as being now unnecessary. Some objections were expressed by Mr.
Canning to Secret articles generally." The conference ended with agreement
to reconvene on Saturday, 24 January, "which Baron FageI hoped
would be a day of liberality.'' 40 At the end of the eighth conference it
was apparent that the negotiations were over the hump and headed
downhill to a successful termination.
,o lbid.1 XXX, no. 57 [sic]. Eighth Conference, Foreign Office, 21 January 1121.
Last four ( unnumbered) pages.
Verh. di. XXVII 14
363
Annex 40
Extracts from Annual Report of the Survey Department, West
Malaysia and Directorate of National Mapping, Malaysia for the
Years 1963-1965
ANNUAL .REPORT
of the
SURVEY DEPARTMENT, WEST MALAYSIA
AND DIRECTORATE OF NATIONAL
MAPPING, MALAYSIA
for the years 1963 to 1965
by
HAJI MOHD. YATIM BIN YAHAYA, J.M.N., F.r.s. (M),
Surveyor General, West Malaysia, and
Director of National Mapping, Malaysia
1 365 1
1 366 1
REPORT OF THE SURVEY DEPARTMENT,
WEST MALAYSIA, AND THE DIRECTORATE
OF NATIONAL MAPPING, MALAYSIA, FOR
THE PERIOD 1963 TO 1965, INCLUSIVE
The period under review was a very important one both from the
National as well as from the Department's point of view. It was in
September, 1963, that a new Nation called MALAYSIA was born,
by joining together the Independent Federation of Malaya, the
British Colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo.
The formation of Malaysia was attended by the usual adjustments
in administration and functions, and for this Department they
amounted to the assumption of new responsibilities. Cadastral
surveys remained a Federal responsibility for the States comprising
the Federation of Malaya and the State of Singapore, but for
Sarawak, and Sabah (the new name for British North Borneo),
cadastral surveys remained a State responsibility. The InterGovernmental
Committee however agreed that the Federal Government
should assume the responsibilities for geodetic surveys and
topographical mapping for the whole of Malaysia.
FORMATION OF DIRECTORATE OF NATIONAL MAPPING
2. In 1965 the Government approved the establishment of a
Directorate of National Mapping, Malaysia, with the following
terms of reference:
{a) That the Surveyor General, States of Malaya, be appointed
as Director of National Mapping, Malaysia;
(b) To advise the Government of Malaysia on mapping, and to
implement such policy as the Government shall direct;
(c) To carry out topographical and geodetic surveys and produce
and maintain topographical, and town maps of Malaysian
territories at scales to be determined by the National Mapping
Committee; and
(d) As Honorary Director of Military Survey, to obtain and
provide maps for the Armed Forces of Malaysia.
3. Together with this a National Mapping Committee was set up
comprising the following members:
(a) The Director of National Mapping, Malaysia-Chairman;
(b) The Director of Lands and Surveys, Sabah;
(c) The Director of Lands and Surveys, Sarawak;
(d) Representative of the Ministry of Defence;
(e) Representative of the Ministry of Lands and Mines (at that
time it was the Ministry of Rural Development); and
(f) The Assistant Director of Survey, Far East Land Forces.
4. The terms of reference of this National Mapping Committee
were as follows:
(a) To advise the Director of .National Mapping on matters
relating to mapping policy; and
(b) To advise the Director of National Mapping on mapping
priorities.
5. Although the Directorate officially came into existence in
March, 1965, it had in fact started functioning de facto in 1963
immediately after the formation of Malaysia, and the National
Mapping Committee had its first meeting in November, 1963.
6. The Directors of Lands and Surveys, Sabah, and Sarawak,
who previous to Malaysia Day were doing the mapping of their
respective territories were asked to continue doing the same type
of mapping as agents of the Directorate of National Mapping.
Costs involved in this work were chargeable to the Federal Government.
MAPPING ASSISTANCE
7. For the mapping of East Malaysia (comprising the States of
Sabah and Sarawak), substantial assistance has been received from
the two British Mapping Organisations assisting this country:
(a) The Directorate of Overseas Surveys, whose assistance has
been provided under the British Technical Aid Programme
of the Ministry of Overseas Development; and
(b) The Directorate of Military Survey of the Ministry of
Defence, United Kingdom, whose assistance through the
Assistant Director of Survey, Far East Land Forces, has been
mainly in connection with military operations by British and
Commonwealth Forces under treaty obligations.
8. The Directorate of Overseas Surveys assisted in the topographical
Mapping of East Malaysia primarily at the Standard
Mapping scale of 1 : 50,000, and a small portion at larger scales.
The Directorate of Military Survey assisted in the production of
maps at the scales of 1 : 250,000, 1 : 50,000, and some at larger
scales.
9. The contributions paid by Malaysia in respect of the assistance
rendered by the two British Mapping Organisations stated above
were as follows:
(i) For the assistance given by the Directorate of Overseas
Surveys:
(a) Air Photography-Malaysia paid a cash contribution
of 15 % of the cost of air photography for both Sa bah,
and Sarawak;
(b) Field Survey-Malaysia paid a cash contribution of
15% for field work done in either Sabah, or Sarawak;
and
88
367
368
(c) Map Compilation and production-Malaysia paid a
cash contribution of 15 % of the cost of map compilation
for Sa bah but no contribution was paid for the
map compilation for Sarawak. For Sarawak the
15 % cash contribution to Directorate of Overseas
Surveys has been offset by work done by the Lands
and Surveys Department, Sarawak, in the form of
photo interpretation, annotation, heighting checking
of compilations, etc. But for this work done by the
Director of Lands and Surveys, Sarawak, the Federal
Government paid to the State Government of Sarawak
a contribution equal to 20 % of the total annual
estimates of the Sarawak Lands and Surveys Department.
(ii) For the assistance rendered by the Directorate of Military
Survey, the contribution by Malaysia took the form of
local expenses in support of Survey Troops working in
East Malaysia; and
(iii) The supply of maps produced by the different Agencies
was subject to a separate arrangement.
10. The Survey Department of Singapore, a Pan-Malayan Department,
which became a separate department in 1959 after the
independence of the Federation of Malaya, again became a Federal
Department on Malaysia Day in September, 1963. This re-union
was, however, shortlived and it was severed again in August, 1965,
when Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an Independent
Republic. There is, however, co-operation between the Directorate of
National Mapping and the Survey Department of Singapore in
certain fields and the Directorate of National Mapping continued
to print the maps of Singapore on payment.
11. During the period under review two Map Exchange Agreements
were signed as follows:
(a) With the Director of Military Survey, United Kingdom,
in October, 1964. This Agreement covers the exchange of
maps, charts, and allied materials covering Malaysia; and
(b) With the Royal Thai Survey Department in November, 1965.
This Agreement covers the exchange of maps, map inf ormation,
and map making materials for the area about 30 miles
on each side of the Malaysia/Thailand border.
12. The Indonesian "confrontation" which started on the creation
of Malaysia in 1963, imposed heavy responsibilities on the Directorate
of National Mapping, but with the assistance readily given
by the two British Mapping Organisations stated above this heavy
burden was much lightened. This unhappy episode fortunately
ended in 1965.
13. After the creation of Malaysia the demand for accurate maps
from both the Military and civilian authorities, and also from
members of the public, increased tremendously. This taxed to the
89
SURVEYOR-GENERAL/DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL
MAPPING
{HAJI MOHD. YATIM BIN YAHA YA, J.M.N., F.I.S. (M))
CADASTJlAL WORK
Deputy Surve_vor-General-
C. M. Narayanan, J.S.M., F.1.s. (M)
Assistant Surveyor-General-
P. Garnham, P.J.K., M.A. (CANTAB)up
to 7th September, 1965
Ahmad Daud, B. SURV. (Q'ld.), F.I.S. (M)
from 8th September, 1965
DIRECTORATE OF NATIONAL MAPPING WORK
Assistant Director of National Mapping
(Civil)-
Ahmad Daud, B. SURV., F.J.S. (M)
A.ssiflant Dire,·tor of National Mapping
(Military)-
Lt .Col. A. C. Maries, R.E.
From 1st November, 1965
M.Jp Research OfficerVacant-
The Cadastral part of the Headquarters dealt with staffing,
training, finance, and all the cadastral matters referred to Headquarters
by the Cadastral Divisions in the States of Malaya. The
Assistant Surveyor-General has also to do the Department's Security
Work, the overall control of the Instrument Repair Division and
the Central Store of the Department.
MAPPING
21. The Directorate of National Mapping dealt with all matters
connected with maps and mapping, Map Exchange Agreements,
geodetic and topographical surveys, aerial photography, and the
production, supply, and sale of maps and aerial photographs.
The Directorate of National Mapping has overall control of the
Topographical Division, the Central Drawing Office, the Map
Printing Division, the Map Library, and the Map Store. Reports of
these Divisions may be found in subsequent pages.
22. As there was no suitably qualified local officer available to
fill the post of Assistant Director of National Mapping (Military),
the appointment was filled by an officer seconded by the British
Army. Being part of the military component of the Directorate of
National Mapping, his salary and allowances were paid by the
Ministry of Defence, Malaysia.
92
369
00
23. (a) During the period 1963-1965 the Directorate of National Mapping produced and printed the following:
MAP SERIES NEW MAPS Rt!PRINT
WITH OR WITHOUT REVISION
Item Series No. Scale No, of No.of No. of No. of No. of No. of Remarks
Sheets Copies Print Runs Sheets Copies Print Runs
1. L. 8,010 1 : 25,000 49 72,400 682,500 4 4,800 34,800
2. L. 7,010 1 : 63,360 28 382,550 2,823,150 27 316,000 2,269,200
3. L. 707 1 : 63,360 - - - 53 345,900 2,028,200
4. T. 735 l : 50,000 - - - 87 928,150 2,943,800 The figure 87 includes 15
New contoured sheets prepared
by A.D. Survey
\0 5. T. 931 l : 12,500 5 37,150 156,515
~ 6. L. 905 - 1 14,000 130,000
7. T. 618 - - - - 3 3,600 18,000
8. T. 503 1 : 250,000 2 30,000 155,000
9. - 1 : 500,000 - - - 2 9,000 45,000
10. State Maps Misc. 6 40,900 490,000
11. Geological Misc. - - - 12 23,300 166,000 Drawn by Geological
Maps Survey
12. Soil Maps - - - - 3 24,000 99,000 Drawn by Soils Division
13. Misc. Maps Varying 68 287,678 1,305,690
14. L. 8,010 and 1 : 25,000 - - - 61 32,788 32,788 Printing of Grids only
L. 7,010 1 : 63,360
Chief Surveyor-
APPENDIX C
TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
Chong Toong Choong, A.R.1.c.s., B.Sc.P.hE. (1.T.C.)
In 1963 and 1964 the Topographical Division was :financed to
a small extent from Development Funds and mainly from Survey
votes but in 1965 all Topographical expenditure was met from
Survey votes.
EXPENDITURE
Actual expenditure was as follows:
1963 1964
$ $
(a) Development Funds 23,291 152,899
(b) Survey votes 1,205,736 1,310,522
(c) Consolidated Trust
Account 1,393
196S
$
1,353,187
Total
$
176,190
3,868,591
1,393
1,229,027 1,464,814 1,353,187 4,046,174
REVENUE
Revenue was obtained mainly from sales of prints and aerial
photographs as follows:
1963 1964 196S Total
$ $ $ $
Sales of prints and aerial photos 1,855 4,960 4,654 11,469
AREA COMPLETED IN THE FIELD
The area completed in the field was as follows:
1963 1964 196S Total
sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles
(a) Standard Mapping (New) .. 531 2,445 3,943 6,919
(b) Standard Mapping (Revision)
1,986 2,960 3,587 8,533
2,517 5,405 7,530 15,452
AREA COMPLETED BY AIR. SURVEY CoMPILATION
The area compiled in the office from aerial photographs was as
follows:
1963 1964 1965 Total
sq. miles sq. miles IQ. miles sq. miles
(a) Multiplex-
(i) Standard Mapping (New) 1,648 1,2SS 436 3,339
(ii) Standard Mapping (Revision)
100 1,232 1,268 2,600
107
371
1 372 1
1963 1964 1965 Total
sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles sq. miles
(b) Wild A7, AB's and B8's-
(i) Standard Mapping (New) 1,603 1,058 470
(ii) Standard Mapping (Revision)
211 2,028 2,209
(iii) Land Development Projects 17 10 20
(iv) Town Maps 14 1
(v) Miscellaneous 7 7
(c) Graphical Compilation-
(i) Standard Mapping (New) 328 806 69
(ii) Standard Mapping (Revision)
2,277 1,183 1,864
(iii) Land Development Projects 45
(iv) Town Maps 15 14
SHEETS SENT FOR REPRODUCTION
The sheets completed and sent for reproduction were:
1963 1964
sq. miles sq. miles
{i) Standard Mapping (New)
{ii) Standard Mapping {Revi~
sion)
829
1,170
Sheet Number
61, 62, 84, 93 and 102 •.
1,876
3,586 -
1965
sq. miles
1,973
4,121
In 1963 ..
In 1964 34, 35, 72, 73, 74, 75, 82, 85, 98, 103, 104 and
105
In 1965 70, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 and
95 ..
ORGANISATION
3,131
4,448
47
15
14
1,203
5,324
45
29
Total
sq. miles
4,678
8,877
Total
s
12
13
30
The Division was administered by a Chief Surveyor (Grade I
in 1965 and Grade II in 1963 and 1964) assisted by four other
Division I Surveyors, · a Technical Assistant, Special Grade, acting
as Surveyor and a Photogrammetric Engineer. The Chief Surveyor,
one Surveyor as Office Deputy and the Photogrammetric Engineer,
were at the Division's Headquarters at Kuala Lumpur. The three
other Surveyors and the Acting Surveyor were in charge of Topographical
Parties engaged on field work, with base camps at Taiping,
Kuala Lipis, Kuala Lumpur, for the full three years, 1963, 1964 and
1965, and with base camp at Seremban for period January 1964 to
mid-April 1965, and at Alor Setar from mid-April 1965 to the end
of 1965.
108
TABLE 3
WORK DONE IN THE PERIOD 1963-1965 AND COST
TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
TRJANOULATION TRAVF.RSES OUTPUT AND COST
Area of Trigs Trigs Trigs Flags Flags Compass P. T. Theodo- Level Compi- Comp- Cost for Total
Sheet Nos. Block in Clea- Occu- Com- Clea- Com- or lite (Topo) led leted the Cost
Name of Block in Block sq Miles red pied puted red puted Clino sq Miles sq Miles Period incurred
so far
Miles Miles Miles Miles $ $
Trengganu North 24, 25, 26, 38,
36, 37 and part
of lS, 23 and 35
1,960 - (All Sheets published by 1965) - - -· - - - - - 1,029,510
Trengganu Central 48, 49, 50, 51
and part of 4 7
1,384 (All Sheets published except Sheet 47) - -- - - - - 6,138 839,662
Trengganu South 60, 61, 62 and 1,969 - - - - - 57 10 - 2 613 1,671 74,712 877,558
part of 7J, 72
- and 73 ..... Kuantan 83, 92 and part 816 - (All Sheets forwarded for printing - - -- - - - 14,101 151,069
w of 72, 73 and 82 by end of 1964)
Pahang Ill 81, 90, 91 and 1,545 - (All Sheets published by 1965) - 88 - - 38 69.5 1,159 88,791 461,298
part of 80, 82
and89
Perak I 20 and part of
11, 12 and 19
890 - - - - - 120 - - - - - 19,975 19,975
Perak II 31, 32 and part 1,458 - - - - - of42 and 43
38 - - 10 450 430 32,586 147,509
Perak III 29, 30, 39, 40 2,014 8 -- - - - 934 - - 111 605 288 229,664 229,664
and 41
Perak IV 52, 53 and 54 .. 1,275 3 I - 1 2 819 - - 13 797 24S 202,369 205,858
Perak V 63, 64, 65 and 1,628 32 - 4 19 6 4,483 52 - 271 946 126 162,019 162,019
66
Kelantan I 7, 13, 14 and 820 - (All Sheets published by 1963) - - - - - - - 407 242,743
part of 15
Kelantan II 21, 22 and part
of23
1,365 - (All Sheets published by 1963) -- - - - -- - - 456 772,265
Kelantan III •. 33, 34 and part 1,500 -- (Sheets 34, 3S forwarded for - --- -- ··- 575 - 34,868 563,468
of 32, 35 printing by end of 1964)
00
00
TABLE 3-{cont.)
WORK DONE IN THE PERIOD 1963-1965 AND COST
TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
TRIANGULATION TltAVERSES OUTPUT AND COST
Area of Trigs Trigs Trigs Flags Flags Compass P.T. Theodo- Level Compi- Comp- Cost for Total
Sheet Nos. Block in Clea- Occu- Com- Clea- Com- or lite (Topa) led leted the Cost
Name of Block in Block sq Miles red pied puted red puted Clino sq Miles sq Miles Period incurred
so far
Miles Miles Miles Miles $ s
Kelantan IV 45, 46 and part 1,280 - - - - - - - - - 674 546 S5,218 345,469
of47, 57, 58 and
59
Kelantan V 44 and part of
43, S5, 56 and 57
1,014 - - - - - 354 - - - 644 - 87,245 198,579
Pahang I 58, 59 and part
of 57, 68 and 69
1,562 - - - - - 7 - - 3 913 - 73,066 385,075
Pahana - II 70 and part of 880 7 1 - 5 3 185 - - - 454 454 76,098 232,485 71 .a::.. PahanglV 98, 99 and part
of 106 and 107
1,616 (All Sheets published except Sheet l07) 22 - - - 390 - 23,135 740,201
Benom Block .. 78 and 79 .. 938 3 (Sheet 79 was
forwarded for
22 1 732 - - - 812 353 150,290 204,544
printing by
end of 1965)
North-West Pahang .. 55, 56, 57 and
part of 57, 68
and69
1,932 3 4 - - - 1,775 - - - 1,383 463 364,829 379,531
Central Pahang 87, 88 and /art
of 80 and 8
1,342 - (All Sheets forwarded for
printing by end of 1965) - - - - - - - 255,052 255,052
North Johore Block .. 112, 113, 114, 3,522 - (All Sheets published by - - - - - - - 1,745 891,521
115, 116, 121, 1963)
122, J23 and
part of 106
South lohore Block .• 124 to 133 and 3,362
part of 135
- (All Sheets published by - -
1963) - - - - - 1,079 1,023,850
Mersing/Endau Block 117, 118 and 1,306 - (All Sheets published by 1963: and Sheet 117 Surveyed and Compiled - - - 39 332,166
part of 109, I IO by A.O. Survey at a total cost of $87,676. Published by end of 1963)
and 119
375
100• 102• 10,• 10.•
,. 1•
MALAYSIA BARAT
JI !!CALE OF Mn.IS
~i
1_0 f f 10 • IO .a IO IO . "· I I I I I I
P.~"'IGJCA WI
<
•• 7 c:;.,, .. ••
0
,...
~- -r~
P. Pl V,
'C"I ,. >
-I •• •,,
...
•• . ..
••
SU 1 TERA
PETU 'JOI{
Ru~t rl ...•..•••.•...•••••.•••.• -----
'C. c-.ft ,. ••••••••.••• -••·-···-·-·
m1111d.an Aota banp•····- _ •- , _ • _ •
1n l.ay ••••• .. •••i••• .. ••• .. •••~• -----
376
0 INCH TO
TOPOG PH C L EET I DE
PROG ESS OF ST
U T
H T
D
D
E Ml
M E SERIES
L T
.Il.l
7'
Annex41
Letter from Pavitt J .A.L. (Director of Marine, Singapore) to
the Hydrographic Department in London dated 18 Mar 1966
!'he Jl)drograpber,
lf1'drograph1o Department, (Aclm1ral v)
OXgate Lane,
Cr.l.oklevood•
London, ll'.v.2.
Dear Sir,
18th Jlaroh,
Horsburgh Lighthouse
([)
66
In a :rev months time this Department will be installing
a new 1ight in the abow and to mark tbis e'98:nt ve are
considering iastli.Dg a small publication detailing the hiatorT
of this lighthouse.
1 377 I
ill the J>epariJl8Jlt1ti1 records were lost during the Japanese
occupation of Singapore ia 1942 and al though certain inf'o:rmati<»
is available in the arohiwa of the lrational Libr&17, I am
am::ioua to tr;r and find ao• further iDfo:rmation relating to
"the oharaoter, can41• powr, eto. of the light vhan it waa
eatabliabed in 1851 a:n4 the new apparatus vhioh was installed
in later 79ara. I~ ia beliewd that tbe original 1.igb.t was
changed soJDBti.ma at the latter part of the last oentur., and
that the present maobine17 vas iDatalled in 1931.
I shall be moat gratetal for an;s information on the abow t}l 7ou can giw f'.rom rour records.
,, Y vs faithfal.17,
Annex 42
Letter from Brown D. T. on behalf of Director of Marine, Singapore
to Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
dated 14 Sep 1967
1 379 1
"·"· 72/64
D. or •artM lo P. e. (.P. A. ) - 1.q.9.67
c.o. D.P.P.
A.O.
Annex 43
Extracts from Annual Report of the Marine Department, Singapore,
1968
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
MARINE DEPARTMENT
1968
1 3a1 1
382
Introduction
THE Marine Department, Singapore. comprises the former Marine Department
and Marine Surveys Department which operated separately until mid 1967.
This report therefore covers the first complete year of the new Department's
existence. The retirement of several senior officers during the latter part of
1967 and the first half of 1968 slowed down the proposed reorganisation
of the Department as all remaining officers were fully engaged in the maintenance
of day to day operations and individual officers were sometimes
required to perform duties beyond their normal working hours. Recruitment
during the latter part of the year did much to assist the position and with the
exception of Engineer Surveyors, officers had been selected for all vacant
Division One posts by the end of the year. It n1ust also be recorded that the
Department, for the first time, made use of overseas technical assistance
under the Colombo Plan and this assistance provided a marked contribution
to the efficiency of the Department.
The Marine Department is responsible for the implementation of the
Merchant Shipping Ordinance and deals generally with technical matters
relating to shipping including the various international conventions on this
subject. In addition the Department is responsible for the construction, maintenance
and repair of all launches and other vessels owned by Government.
This work involves the preparation of preliminary designs. calling for tenders
and the supervision of construction. Supervision of vessels constructed in local
yards for other Governments or private organisations is carried out when so
requested. Marine Department staff also perforn1 duties on behalf of the Light
Dues Board and this report includes details of the operation and maintenance
of navigational aids during the year.
In addition to duties directly relating to the Marine Department. the
Director of Marine has been appointed to a number of Statutory Boards and
Committees dealing with maritime affairs. During 1968 he was Chairman of
both the Light Dues Board and the Seamen,s Lodging House Licensing Authority.
He was also a member of the Port of Singapore Authority, the Asian
Seamen's Club Committee and the Seafarers' Welfare Board. The Seafarers'
Welfare Board is. amongst other duties, responsible for the operation of the
training ship Singapore; as Chairman of its Training Sub-Committee. the
Director of Marine assisted by officers of the Marine Department is responsible
for the training programme.
The Deputy Director of Marine (Marine Administration) in addition to
his departmental duties during the past year was Deputy Chairman of the
Seamen's Registry Board and a member of the Pilotage Committee of the
Port of Singapore Authority. The Deputy Director of Marine (Marine Surveys)
was also a member of the Sailors' Institute Committee.
The figures relating to arrivals and departures of shipping and the
tonnages of cargo loaded and discharged have been compiled with the assistance
of the Statistics Department. These figures differ from those published
by the Port of Singapore Authority as ships arriving or departing from places
which are within the Republic but outside the limits of the Port of Singapore
are included. Movement of ships between the Port and other parts of the
Republic are also recorded. ,
Examinations for Certificates of Competency continue to demand an
increased proportion of the Department's time and the work of preparing
question papers and marking papers from the examinations, held every month.
continued throughout the year. Training schemes for foreign-going officers
are now reaching full fruition and it can be expected that the number of
certificates now issued will be maintained in future years. However, it is noted
that although Local Trade Officers have continued to obtain the higher Home
Trade certificates. the number of seamen coming forward for the Home Trade
and the Local Trade Mate certificates has been disappointing. It is hoped
that the increased number of young seamen now at sea will take advantage of
the opportunity to obtain higher qualifications. The encouraging increase in
the number of Second Oass Engineer~s certificates is again the result of long
term training schemes and it can be anticipated that First Class Engineer~s
certificates will be issued in significant numbers within the next few years.
The increased number of ships registered in Singapore is reflected in the
number of exemptions from manning requirements which have been issued,,
while the level of activity within territorial waters is indicated by an increase
in the number of licensed cargo and passenger boats. The continued. decline
in the number of licensed sailing ships~ however. shows that this type of craft
is no longer suited to present day requirements.
The development of the western parts of the Port and the need for clearly
marked approached channels to J urong resulted in increased work owing to
the installation of buoys and beacons planned during the preceding
years. The Navigational Aids Section also completed the lighthouse electrification
programme during the year.
Captain J. A. L. Pavitt, o.B.E., who had been Director of Marine since
3rd December, 1959, proceeded on leave prior to retirement on I st March,
1968.
D. T. BROWN,
Director of Marine.
Singapore.
1 383 1
Annex44
Additional Extracts from Petroleum Agreement under Section 9 of
the Petroleum Mining Act, 1966 in Respect of Off-shore Lands
between the Government of Malaysia and Continental Oil Company
of Malaysia Concerning 24,000 (Approximate) Square Miles of the
Continental Shelf Adjacent to the East Coast of West Malaysia,
16 Apr 1968
Petroleum Agreement
UNDER SECTION 9 OF THE PETROLEUM MINING ACT. 1966
IN RESPECT OF Off.SHORE LANDS
SIGNED ON 16TH A-PRIL, 1968
BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA
AND
CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY OF MALAYSIA
CONCERNING 24.000 (APPROXIMATE)
SQUARE MILES OF THE CONTINENT AL
SHELF ADJ./\.CENT TO THE EAST COAST
OF WEST MALAYSIA
Dl·CHET.o,K Dl·J-.8'.TA,-; CHI::TAJ.: KF.R'.J-.o,...,
OLEH THOR BE~G CHO,-.<.,. A.M.:-. .. PESCHET\K KERAJ\'.N
k.U.'.LA LUMPUR
1968
386
Coau•D" \Q
lll1'ffl"On'
ScMd111ed
1.1001 compuaorLlr.
4
PART IV
SURRENDER PROVISIONS
4. (I) The Company sh..i 11-
(i) on the expiration of five (5) Agreement Years from the date of
this Agreement. surrender its right~ in respect of such area or
areas of the Scheduled Lands (if any), as. together wnh an~
area or areas in respect of which such rights have already been
surrcr?d~r'!J under Clause 5 amount to 50··>;, of the area originally
contained in the Scheduled Lands;
(ii) on the expiration of ten ( JO) Agreement Years from the date of
this Agreement. surrender its rights in respect of such funher
area or areas of the Scheduled Lands (if any). as together with
any area or areas in respect of which such rights have already
been surrendered under this Clause and/or Clause 5 amount
to 75% of the area originaJly contnincd in the Scheduled Lands:
Provided that if the Company satisfies the Minister, by
representations made to him in writing not less than three (3 l
calendar months before the due date of any surrender prescribed
by this sub-clause. that by reason of such surrender the area or
areas of the Scheduied Lands retained by the Company would
be too small to permit of effective development. the Minister
may waive its right to such and any subsequent surrender.
(2) Subject to Clause 6. the Company shall be free to select tor
surrender under this Clause such area or areas of the Scheduled Lands
as the Company shall decide.
(3) The Company shall not less than two (2) calendar months before
the due date of surrender notify the Minister in writing of the area or
areas of the Scheduled Lands to be surrendered.
(4) After any such surrender. if the Scheduled Lands retained do not
forrn a single entity. the Company shall be granted such wayleaves over
any Scheduled Lands surrendered for the laying. operating and
maintenance of pipes. teleohone and power lines and intercommunication
and passage between the Scheduled Lands retained as the Company
may require for the purposes of thi4i Agreeml!nt. Such grant shall be
subject to such reasonable payment and to such other stipulations and
provisions as may be agreed between the Government and the Company.
The said w:-iylc:ivl!s sh:-.11 not be included in the calculation of the
amount of the Scheduled Lrnds retained.
(5) The M;nister m:.1y. in his discretion on application in writing by
the Comr,any. re-include in this Agreement al any time any part of the
lands surrencierer.J undc:- this Clause or in res reel of which all rights
have been surrendered under Clause 5 (Right of Company to surrender
portmns of the Scheduled Lands) hereof:
Provided that. if such resumption would make the aggregate of the
Scheduled Lands greater than the amount authorised by sub-clause (I)
at the time of such resumptmn. the Company shall at the lime of such
resumption surrender other parts of the Scheduled Lands so that the
aggregate of the lands included in 1he Agreement (including the area
or areas resumed) does not exceed the amount authorised for the time
being by sub-clause (I):
And provided further that no rights inconsistent with the rights under
this Agreement in the part or pans which the Company desires to resume
5
have in the meanl1me been granted to any third party and in the event
of mining rights for minerals other than petroleum or any other rights
having previously been granted over any area resumed by the Company
under this sub-clause not being inconsistent with the petroleum rights.
the Company shall ex.ercise as rights in the area subject to such rights
so as not to hinder or interfere with the rights and privileges of the
owner of such rights.
5. Without prejudice to any obiigation imposed by this Agreement
and subject to Clause 6 the Company shall be entitled to surrender
its rights in respect of any area or areas of the Scheduled Lands at
any time during the Agreement Period. Su,:-h surrender may be made
by the Company by giving not less than two (2) calendar months'
notice to the Government and shall take effect as from the expiration
of such notice.
6. Any area or areas of the Scheduled Lands which is or are sunen·
dercd in accordance with the provisions of this Pan shall. so far as is
reasonable, be an area or areas which is or are. at the date of surrender.
of sufficient size and convenient shape, having regard to adjacent areas
not then the subject of petroleum Agreements. to enable oil operations
to be effectively carried out thereon.
7. As from the date upon which any area or areas of the Scheduled
Lands are surrendered in accordance with the provisions of this pan.
such area or areas shall for all purposes (except as provided in Clause 4).
be deemed no longer to be contained in the Scheduled Lands. Funhermorc.
any reference to the Scheduled Lands shall thereafter (except
as aforesaid) - mean only the Scheduled Lands as reduced by such
surrender.
8. In the event of the inclusion by inadvertance in the Scheduled
Lands of any area or areas over which it may subsequently be proved
that the Government is not entitled to the petroJeum rights or of lands
or areas in respect of which the petroleum rights have already been
granted to other individuals or companies. this Agreement shall be
deemed to have been amended by the exclusion from the Scheduled
Lands of any such lands or areas from the date of such proof or grant.
9. The Company shall. unless the Minister otherwise determines.
carry out at its own expe:nse such survey operations as are necessary
to connect every angle and corner of the boundary line of the Scheduled
Lands to known surv-:y points ma1.ntained by the Survey Department.
West Malaysia. Where an) ;ingle or corner is at a place which 1s above
low waler or where: any boumlary ~rtJsses a place which is above low
water the Company may be rt:qu1rcd to forthwith i:rect ancl at all umes
maintain substantial boundary marks or brick stone or concrete not less
than one foot high. Such boundary marks shall be connected by survey
to known survc=y point!-. mi.Jint;JinecJ by the Survey .Ixpanment. West
Malaysia in such a manner that the boundaries of the Scheduled Lands
can be accurately traced on the ground. The Company shall ensure
that the area demarca1ed on th.t ground shall conform as closely .as
possible to the= area delineated on the plan hereto annexed.
Comoanv ma•·
•urrrno~r
Schedukd
Landt
vo1untanJv
Areu to~
turTrnllerecl
Rniucuon of
Scheduled
Lands.
Lands
tnchtdcd b~
1na1Jvtnan..:e
,n tr,
Sc he.au led
L.:ind,
E,ubli~hm~nt
o! t,o,.;ndarv
marki
387
Annex 45
Minute from Brown D. T. (Director of Marine, Singapore) to
Marine Department Engineer dated 27 May 1968
Marine 190/56
D. of Marine to M. D. E.
Pulau Pisang
If you have not already Qone so, please take steps
to ensure that all staff proceeding to Pulau Pisang poesess
valid travel document a and, when necees1n'y, health certif'icates.
I feel we should be :pr·epar,3d i'or a sudden check by
the Johore authorities end all staf'f', whether JJ!erine Department
or L. D. B. should be eui tably eg_ui:9ped.
dtb/eyk
(-·- /_.
_.e\.). · --~/i t,; 11- (D. T. Brown)
Director of Marine,
Singapore.
389
Annex 46
Extracts from Gazetteer No. 10 - Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei -
Official Standard Names approved by the United States Board on
Geographic Names (2nd ed., 1970)
GAZETTEER NO. 10
Malaysia, Singapore,
and Brunei
SECOND EDITION
OFFICIAL STANDARD NAMES
approved by the
UNITED ST ATES BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
Prepared in the
Geographic Names Division, U.S. Army Topographic Command
Washington, D.C. 20315, November 1970
itt?~~=~\!\
·,-.,,
I'' ~
392
FOREWORD
This gazetteer contains about 62,000 entries for places and
features in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei in five parts as follows:
West Malaysia 34,150 entries, Singapore 950 entries, Sabah
6,200 entries, Sarawak 19,400 entries, and Brunei 1,300 entries.
( See Table of Contents at the end of this foreword.) The entries
consist of standard names approved by the Board on Geographic
Names and unapproved variants, the latter cross-referenced
to the standard names, Users of the gazetteer should always
refer to main entries for approved names.
Malaysia comprises the southern half of the Malay Peninsula
and two states on the north coast of Borneo. The states on the
peninsula compose the region of Malaysia Barat (West Malaysia);
the states of Sarawak and Sabah on Borneo are known as
Malaysia Timor (East Malaysia). The Republic of Singapore, at
the south end of the Malay Peninsula, was originally a state of
Malaysia before independence in 1965. The independent State
of Brunei, a coastal enclave in northeastern Sarawak, was invited
to join the Malaysian federation but declined, remaining a protectorate
of the United Kingdom. All are within the framework
of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
The contribution to this gazetteer by Jabatanarah Pemetaan
Negara, Malaysia (Directorate of National Mapping, Malaysia)
and the Survey Departments of Singapore and Brunei is gratefully
acknowledged. The entire body of names included herein
was reviewed by their staffs to insure accuracy, inclusion of latest
information, and incorporation of recent changes in the orthography
of the Malay language.
The names in this gazetteer supersede those in all previous
Board lists for the areas concerned.
Entries include names of first- and second-order administrative
divisions, populated places of all sizes, various other cultural
entities, and a variety of physical features.
Interpretation of entries
It has been necessary to express in code numbers and letters
some of the information in the gazetteer in order to accommodate
it to the machine method of tabulation.
Name.-Approved standard names and unapproved variant
names appear in the first column. The variant names are always
cross-referenced to the standard names by use of the word "sec".
Where part of a name is undcdincd, the use of the part not underlined
is optional. Where two or more names are approved
for a feature, each is identified in parentheses and any or all may
be used. Names containing generic elements preceding the
specific term ( except names of populated places) are alphabetized
by the specific part; thus Bukit Ading, the name of a
hill, is listed as Ading, Bukit.
In a few of the names a tick ( ' ) appears following a vowel.
In different types of print this symbol appears either as an apostrophe
( ' ) or as a tick ( ' ) . This usually represents a glottal stop
in names of Malay and other indigenous languages and should
be rendered as an apostrophe if possible.
Designation.-The second column contains designations or abbreviations
of designations, as listed below. Since practically all
geographic terms have varied meanings, the senses in which the
designator terms are used and the range of features to which they
are applied in this gazetteer are stated in the list to reduce ambiguity.
The distinctions that can be made in a given gazetteer
will vary with the quality of the maps of the area and with the
nature of the entities that are named. In Malaysia, Singapore,
and Brunei some of the features do not fit precisely into the
categories used to designate them and others could be designated
in two or more ways.
ADMD
AIRF
administrative division ( first-order: state in Malaysia,
district in Brunei; secondaorder: district in Malaysia)
airfield ( place where aircraft land and take off, with
runways and related improvements but without welldeveloped
facilities for the commercial handling of
passengers and cargo)
00
AIRP
ANCH
BAR
BAY
BCH
BGHT
BND
CAPE
CAVE
CHNM
CHNS
CLF
CNFL
CNL
COVE
CRKT
DAM
DCKB
DTCH
airport ( place where aircraft regularly land and take
off, with runways and major facilities for the commercial
handling of passengers and cargo)
anchorage ( place within a harbor or roadstead where
ships may anchor)
bar ( deposit of water-home materials in or beside a
stream channel)
bay
beach ( deposit of sand or other unconsolidated material
along a shore)
bight ( open body of water forming a slight recession
in a coastline)
stream bend (land enclosed by the bend of a stream)
cape ( seaward end of a projection of land of such
position and size as to affect the course of ships)
cave(s) (underground cavity, usually in soluble rock)
marine channel ( channel between coastal islands,
reefs, or shoals; between an offshore feature and
the mainland; or through a shallow marine waterbody)
stream channel ( separately named lesser channel
around an island or bar in a stream)
cliff ( s) ( high, steep rock face overlooking a lower area,
such as a water body, coastal lowland, or valley);
bluff ( high, steep slope without conspicuous exposed
rock, facing a lower area)
confluence (place where two or more streams flow together)
canal
cove
tidal creek ( watercourse tidal in all or most of its
length; usually short, without extensive tributary
drainage areas, and located in coastal marsh or
other wetland)
dam ( barrier constructed across a stream to impound
water)
docking basin ( section of a harbor where boats dock)
ditch ( small artificial watercourse)
ii
ESTA
FLL
FRST
FI'
GRGE
HBR
HDLD
HLL
HLLS
ISL
ISLQ
ISLS
LCTY
LDNG
LGN
LICK
LK
MGV
MN
MNS
MT
MTS
plantation ( commercialized, usually one-crop agricvltural
landholding with associated dwellings and
other facilities, having unified ownership and management
but requiring more than a single-family
labor force}
waterfall
forest reserve
fort ( defensive structure or works, generally of little
or no present military significance; may be in a
state of ruin); military post
gorge ( relatively narrow, steep-sided segment of a
streamcourse)
harbor ( body of water providing shelter for ships)
headland ( conspicuously high piece of land jutting
out into or fronting the sea)
hill (landform of moderate relief, moderate elevation,
and small summit area)
hills
island
former island
islands
locality ( open area of unspecified or mixed character)
landing ( place where small boats are tied up or
beached when not in use; place where boats touch
land for the purpose of taking on or discharging
people or cargo)
lagoon ( waterhody along a coast, largely or wholly
cut off from the sea by a barrier beach or other
depositional feature)
salt lick( s) ( place where the ground is impregnated
with saline particles to which animals come for
salt)
lake ( includes wide sections of streams); oxbow lake
mangrove swamp ( wetland with mangrove vegetation}
mine
mines
mountain ( landfom1 of conspicuous relief, moderate
to high elevation, and small summit area}
mountains; mountain range
00
PAL
PASS
PCLI
PEN
PK
PLAT
PLN
PND
POOL
PPL
PPLX
PRK
PT
RCH
RDGB
RDGE
RDJC
ROST
RES
RESA
RESN
RF
palace ( official residence of a mler)
pass ( way over or between mountains or other high
land)
independent political entity {republic, protected state)
peninsula ( area of land projecting into and largely,
but not entirely, surrounded by water)
peak (separately named summit on a more extensive
elevation)
plateau ( elevated area of flat to rolling sudace; may
exhibit considerable local relief due to dissection or
the presence of hills or mountains rising above the
general sudace level)
plain ( landform· of low relief, slope, and elevation)
pond
pool ( broader, deeper part of a stream at a bend)
populated place ( city, town, village, settlement; includes
individual multi-family dwellings)
section of populated place ( part of a city or contiguous
urbanized area named as an entity but having no
known administrative status)
national park
point ( relatively minor projection of land, or its extremity,
into a waterbody)
reach ( relatively straight, low-gradient segment of a
river)
beach ridge ( raised beach or sandbank in rice fields
or in coastal swamps)
ridge (elongated, relatively narrow relief feature with
a more or less continuous crest)
road junction
roadstead ( area of navigable water, less protected than
a harbor, suitable for the passage and anchorage of
ships)
reservation ( Malay or aboriginal)
agricultural reserve
nature reserve ( includes water catchment areas)
reef( s) ( offshore consolidated rock hazard to navigation
with a least depth of twenty meters, or ten
fathoms, or less)
iii
RGN
RH
RKL
RKSL
RKSW
RKW
RPDS
RSTN
RSTP
·RSV
RVN
SCHU
SEA
SHOL
SHRN
SPIT
STM
STMA
STMC
STMD
STMM
region ( large area recognized as an entity by reason
of the unity of its history, people, landscape, or other
condition or a combination of conditions)
resthouse
rock on land
rocks on land
rocks in water
rock in water ( individual rock of such character and
importance as to be identified by name, situated
either above or below the surface of a body of water;
often associated with reefs but separately named)
rapids
railroad station (building used for the transaction of
railroad business, located beside a railroad track at
a point where trains regularly stop to take on and
discharge passengers or freight)
railroad stop ( place without a station building where
trains stop for passengers or freight)
reservoir (large artificially impounded body of water)
ravine ( short, steep, V-shaped watercourse)
university ,,,.,
sea
shoal ( s )" ( offshore hazard tq navigation with a least
depth of twenty meters, or ten fathoms, or less,
composed of unconsolidated material)
shrine
spit ( projecting tongue of beach ma,terial deposited by
a coastal current)
stream
anabranch (stream that leaves the main stream and
rejoins it after following a separate course for a
considerable distance)
canalized stream ( stream that has been canalized,
ditched, diked, or straightened for any purpose, yet
retains in part the characteristics of the original
stream)
distributary ( secondary watercourse carrying part of
the drainage of a larger stream into another waterbody;
characteristic of deltas)
stream mouth
00
STMX
STNA
STNH
STRT
WTCD
WTLD
section of stream ( separately named part of a stream,
not delimited by significant confluences )
agricultural station
hill station
strait ( relatively narrow water passage connecting
large bodies of water) ; section of strait
deltaic watercourse ( lesser watercourse connecting distributaries
or other drainage features on a delta)
wetland ( marsh, swamp, or other poorly drained area
with a mixture of tree and grass vegetation or in
rice cultivation)
Latitude and longitude.-The third and fourth columns indicate
geographic coordinates, with longitude based on Greenwich.
Coordinates were generally read to the nearest minute and are
for finding purposes only.
Coordinates were read at the map symbol for populated places
and other entities occupying limited sites, at the mouths or lower
ends of streams, at the summits of mountains and hills, at the
extremities of capes and points, and near the centers or rindpoints
of other features.
Area number.-The number in the fifth column indicates the
first-order administrative division in which the place or feature
is located, as listed below:
46300 West Malaysia 46309 Negeri Sembilan
(general) 46310 Melaka
46301 Perlis 46311 Johor
46302 Kedah 46400 Singapore
46303 Pinang 46900 East Malaysia
46304 Perak (general)
46305 Kelantan 46910 Sabah
46306 Terengganu 46930 Sarawak
46307 Pahang 47000 Brunei
46308 Selangor
The general numbers ( 46300 and 46900) are used for international
features and for features in two or more first-order administrative
divisions.
iv
Glossary of generic terms
The following terms occur in the standard names listed in the
gazetteer. The meanings given include those supported by application
to features named in the gazetteer, whether or not
these meanings are given in dictionaries. Unless identified as
Thai, all terms are Malay except for about a dozen from nonMalay
languages and dialects of Borneo.
alor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream, stream channel, distributary,
anabranch, canal, ditch,
tidal creek, lagoon
ampang ................... dam
anak ayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
anak sungai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
apo, apad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mountain
arur, aur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream, anabranch
ayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream, stream mouth
bagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . landing
bang .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . stream
banjaran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mountains, mountain range
baroh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . locality ( lowland ) , wetland
batang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream, distributary, deltaic watercourse,
tidal creek, marine channel
batu ...................... rock on land, rock( s) in water,
hill, mountain, peak, point, island,
reef
bendang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetland
beting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shoal, reef
bukit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hill, mountain, peak, ridge, rock on
land
busong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shoal
chabang .................. stream
changkat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hill, mountain
charok .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . stream
chegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rapids
daerah .................... second-order administrative division
danau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetland
empang . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dam
00
genting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pass
giam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rapids
gua ........ , .............. cave
gunong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mountain, hill, mountain range,
peak
hulu sungai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
hutan baroh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetland
istana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . palace
jenut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . salt lick( s)
jeram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rapids
karang . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . rock in water
kebun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plantation, estate
kenting (Thai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pass
kepulauan ....... , . . . . . . . . islands
kerangan . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . rock in water
keramat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. shrine
klong (Thai) .............. stream
kolam .................... pond
kuala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream, stream mouth, marine
channel
kuan (Thai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hill, mountain
kunung (Thai) ............ mountain
labohan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anchorage
ladang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plantation
lam (Thai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
lata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . waterfall, rapids
lembah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetland
loagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lake, oxbow lake, tidal creek,
stream channel
loba ...................... stream, stream channel, distributary,
anabranch, deltaic watercourse,
tidal creek
lok ....................... bay
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream mouth
luagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lake, oxbow lake, tidal creuk,
stream channel
lubok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pond, pool, oxbow lake, wetland,
bay
malang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rock(s) in water
V
merabang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
muara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream mouth, deltaic watercourse,
marine channel
munggu . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . hill, mountain
nanga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream mouth, stream
olak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rapids
pa ........................ stream
padang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetland, locality
paloh ..................... pond
panchor ................. .
panggong ................ .
pangkalan ............... .
pantai ................... .
parit .................... .
pasir
paya
stream
dam
landing
beach, bar
ditch, canal, streamchannel,
stream, canalized stream
bar, beach, spit
wetland
pegunongan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mountains
pclabohan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harbor
pemintas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ditch, anabranch
pengkalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . landing
perhentian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . railroad station, railroad stop
permatang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . beach ridge
pulau ..................... island(s),rock(s) inwater,peninsula,
reef, former island
raan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mountain
rantau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reach
redang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetland
riam rapids
ruan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mountain
selat ..... strait, marine channel, deltaic
watercourse
setesen, setesen keretapi . . . . railroad station
simpang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . road junction, railroad station;
confluence, stream
solok ..................... resthouse
suak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
~
sungai
tali ayer ................. .
taman ................... .
tanjong .................. .
tasek, tasik ............... .
tebing ................... .
telok .................... .
terernbu ................. .
terusan .................. .
stream, section of stream, canalized
stream, distributary, anabranch,
stream channel, deltaic
watercourse, ditch, canal, marine
channel, tidal creek, lagoon,
oxbow lake
ditch ( irrigation)
national park
point, cape, headland, peninsula,
stream bend
lake, pond, wetland
shoal
bay, bight, cove, pool, lake, strait
reef
marine channel, tidal creek, stream
channel, ditch, canal, distributary,
deltaic watercourse, canalized
stream
tinteng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ridge, hill, mountain
tokong ................... rock in water, island
tukun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rock( s) in water
ujong . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . point
ulu ....................... stream, distributary, deltaic watercourse
ulu sungai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stream
wong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rapids
Reporting of errors
It is requested that all who use this gazetteer aid in its correction
for future printings by reporting errors and name changes
to the Board on Geographic Names, Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. 20240. A statement of the source of the correct
information will be helpful.
Geographic names or their spellings do not necessarily reflect
recognition of the political status of an area by the United States
Government.
vi
00
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
West Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Sabah ................................................. 571
Sarawak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Brunei ............................................... 991
vii
00
14001
C
■t-h > C
i
BATU PAPAN• BUKII
BATU PAPAN• BUKIT
BATU PAPAN• JENUT
BATU PAPAN• SUNGA!
BATU PAPAN• SUNGAI
BATU PAYONG, 1ANJONG
BATU PE~KA l51A1E
BATU PEMBUNOk
BATU Pt.NGASAH, SUNGA!
BATU PENGASAH, SUNGA!
BATU PENUNGGUL MALAY RESERVATION
BATU PENYUKOR• SUNGAl
BATU PEPANJI, TANJONG
BATU PERABONG• BUKIT
BAIU PERASl, JEAA"
BATU PERIOK, AVER
BATU PETI• TANJONG
BATU PIPEH, SUNGAI
BATU PULAI• SUNGAI
BATU PULAU• TANJUNG
BATU PUNGAH• PULAU
Mt
RLIG~
LICK
STM
Sl"
Pl
ES.TA
PF'L
STM
STM
Rt.5
STM
PT
MT
RPO.;
SlH
PT
SIM
STM
Pl
ISL
BATU PUTtH SEE KAMPONG BATU PUTEH PPL
BATU PUTEH, ANAK AYfR STM
BATU PUTEH, BUKIT
BATU PUTEH, bUklT
BATU PUTtH, IIUKIT
BATU PUTEH, BUKIT
BATU PUTEH, bUKlT
BATU PUTEH, bUltlT
BATU PUTEH, IIUKIT
BATU PUTEH, ·11uu T
BATU PUTEH, BUKIT
BATU PUTEH, bUKJT
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
HLL
4 50 N
5 Ul N
4 40 N
4 H N
IOI 55 t 41>305
102 21 E "6305
IOI 47 E 46307
IOI Sl E 41>305
4 54.N 102 43 E 41>306
5 54 N 102 43 E 46306
5 35 N IOU 37 E 46302
5 U5 N 100 58 E 46304
5 l0 N IOI 12 E 46304
5 46 N 102 20 l 46305
3 l6 N IOI 41 l 46108
4 i4 N 101 Sl E 46307
5 48 N 103 01 t 41>!06
5 43 N 102 01 E 41>305
4 22 N IOI 48 t 4o30T
2 19 N
5 54 N
4 28 N
102 35 c 41>311
102 44 E 46306
IOI 22 E "0307
2 48 N 102 09 ~ 4&309
2 46 N 104 13 t 4b30T
6 16 N 99 51 E 411302
5 24 N 100 12 E 46303
2 25 N 102 24 t 41>310
2 19 N 102 08 t 40310
2 iO N 102 11 E 4b310
2 ll N
2 Z3 N
2 32 N
2 36 N
102 30 i 4b310
IOI 59 t. 46310
10 I 55 E 46309
102 02 E 411309
3 54 N 103 02 E 4b30T
4 10 N 103 20 t 411300
4 15 N 100 34 E 4113·04
4 48 N 103 23 f 411306
32
BATU PUTEH, IIUKIT
BATU PUTEH, IIUKIT
BATU PUTEH, IIUK[T
IIATU PUJl:lh BUKIT
BATU PUTEH, IIUKJT
BATU PUTEH, BUKIT
BATU PUTEH, 6Uh0NG
BATU PUTEH, C.UNONG
BATU PUTEH, PARII
BATU PUTEH, SUhGAI
BATU PUTEH, SUNGA!
BATU PUUH, 5UNGAI
BATU PUTEH, TANJONG 5EE
PASIR PUTEH, TANJ0NG
BATU RABONG, TANJONG
BATU RAKIT
BATU RAKIT, SUNGA I
BATU ROBOH, TAN.JUNG
BATU RONCHEK, TANJONG
BATU RUSi\, JtRAI'
BATU SABELAS ESTAIE
BIITU SADIN, TELOK
BATU SAUH, TELOIC
BATU SAUHt Tf.LOk
HLL
HLL
MT
HT
MT
MT
MT
MT
DTCH
STM
SIM
SlM
Pl
PT
PPL
STM
PT
PT
RPO.;
EliTA
PCOL
cuvt.
COVt.
BATU SAWAH SEl KAMPONG BATU SAWAR PPL
BATU SAWAH, &UKIT HLL
BIi TU 5£KETUL t BUK IT
BATU SELi'T, TANJONG
IIATU SEfillllLAN tSTIITE
BATU SENIIILAN VILLAGE SEE
HLL
PT
ESTA
KAMPON6 BAHAAU CHERAS BATU SEMblLAN PPL
BATU SEPULOH PPL
BATU SEAATUS, bUKIT MT
5 02 N
5 13 N
3 l<t N
4 15 N
103 Id E "U06
103 03 t. ""301,
102 45 E lt63D7
101 31 E 41>307
4 23 N IOI 27 E 46307
4 59 N IOU 50 E 411304
4 11 N IOI ZTE 411304
6 UZ N 100 STE 41,302
54 N 102 54 E 41,311
2 37 N 101 11 E 46307
3 15 N IOI 33 E 4b308
3 50 N IOI 45 £ 46307
4 15 N 100 35 ~ 411304
5 47 N 102 59 E 46306
5 27 N
3 l8 N
5 44 'I
IOJ 03 E 46306
102 33 E 46307
103 UO E 46306
2 29 N 104 30 E 46311
5 U6 N 101 50 E 46305
2 37 N 102 01 E 46309
3 50 N 103 16 E 46307
5 49 N 103 00 E 463011
5 55 N
3 51 N
!'>9 N
5 D5 N
2 36 N
3 U5 N
3 04 N
5 l4 N
4 34 N
102 46 E 4006
103 U E 46307
102 09 E 46309
100 50 E 46304
104 19 E 46311
IOI 46 E 41>308
101 46 E 46308
LOO 2ij E 40303
LOO 4 7 E 40304
~
~ HO HUP ESTATE E!>TA 2 41 N 10 l 32 E 46308 HO~ARO S110AL Sl10L 4 15 N 103 33 E 46306
HOJI ALI, PARIT SEE HUAH, SUNGA! STM 3 lQ N 102 51 t 46307
HAJI ALI, PARiT DlCH I S9 N 102 36 t 46311 HUAP KEAN CHOONG ESTATE ESTA 5 it, N IOU 3u t 46303
HOK, SUNGA! STM S 01 N 101 51 E 46305 HUASAN ESTATE E!>TA 5 38 N 102 12 t: •0305
l<OLHWOOD ESTAH EliTA 3 22 N 101 24 E 46308 HUDONG, SIJNGAI STM 4 15 N 101 41 E 46307
HO LOCK ESTATE ESTA 3 45 N 103 lZ E 46307
HUGAH, SUNGA) STM 4 47 N IOI 58 E 46305
HOLYROOD ESTAH ESTA 5 08 N 100 44 E 41>304 HUJAN, BUK IT HLL 2 13 N 103 48 E 46311
HOLYROOD/ESTAH El!TA 5 10 N 100 41 E 4b30lt HUJAN, LUBOK POOL 4 ~3 ~ 102 20 E 46305
HO NAM ESTATE SH HONAN ESTATE E:,TA I 27 N 103 40 E 4b3ll HUJAN, SUNGA! 511< 4 l3 N IOI 13 E 46304
HONAN ESTATE ESTA I ,!7 N 103 40 E 4Ull HUJAN, SUNGA! STM 4 53 N 102 20 E 46305
HONG, BUKIT HLL 5 4B N 101 54 E 46305
HUJONG DA, PADANu LCTY 5 09 N 103 14 E •6306
HONG, GUNONG MT 4 59 N 101 OZ E 46304 HUJONG KAMPONG PULAU KERENGGA PPL 5 07 N 103 16 ~ 46306
HONG, JERAM Rl'D~ 4 57 N 102 22 E 46305 11Ul<EK, SUNG"I STM 4 ~3 N IOI 39 E 46305
HONG, LAM STM 6 23 11 100 47 E 46302 HULU, PARIT DTCH 1 :l6 N 103 21 !: 46311
HONG, LUBOK POOL 4 57 II 102 21 E 4c.305 HULU DAKANG, GUNONG SEE
HONG, SUNGA I STM 4 22 II IOI S6 !: 46307 HULU DAKANG, ~UNUNG Ml 5 56 N 101 35 f 46300
HONG, SUNGA! SlM 4 55 N IOI 01 I:. 46304 HULU DAKANG, KUNUNG Ml 5 56 ~ IOI 35 E 46300
HONC., SVt<GA I STM 4 ~8 II 102 22 f. 46305 HULU KA•O, KUNUNu SEE
HONG, SUNGA! STM 5 07 N IOI 43 E 46305 ULU KAHO, GUNONu MT 5 ~ON 101 40 E 46300
HOr.G AIK ESTAH SEE HULU MAKA, KUNUNu SEE
YAP THIAN LYE ESTATE ESTA 2 49 N 101 37 E 46308 ULU MAKAR, GUr.ONG MT 5 S3 N 101 30 E 46300
HOIIG AIK ESTAH E~TA 2 57 N IOI 28 E 46308 HULU MAHA, GUNONG SEE
ULU "ERAH, C.VNOl1G MT 5 55 N 101 32 l 46300
HONG GUAN EST A TE ESTA Z 33 N 102 03 E 46309 HULU MARA, KHAO SEE
HONG HUAT ESTATE ESTA 5 40 N 100 ze E 46302 ULU MAKAR, uUNONG MT 5 H N 101 30 t 46300
HONG KONG ESTATE ESTA 2 59 N IOI 36 E 46309
HONG SENG ESTATE EHA 5 16 II LOO 26 E 46303 HULU MARA, KUNUNu SEE
HO"'G TEN<, ESTAff ESTA 2 lO N IOZ 05 E 4b310 ULU MERAH, uU,,,Oa<> MT 5 55 N 10 I 3Z t. 46300
HULU TEMENGOR SEE
HOODSAN ESTATE ESTA I 31 N 103 it4 E 46311 ULU SEPAT, GU,,,ONG MT 5 U9 N IOI 29 t 46300
HOPEFUL ESTATE ESTA 2 51 N IOI 44 E t+b308 HULU 1111, GUNGN~ SEE
HOPEFUL ESTATE ESTII 3 28 N 101 28 E 46308 ULU TITI BASAH, GUNONG HT 5 48 N 101 19 E 46300
HOR, BU~IT SEE NOR, BUKIT HT 5 l5 N IOI lit E 46304 HULU TIT18A5A, KUNUNG SEE
HO SENG SAN ESTATE ESTA 2 l6 N IOZ 31 E lt63l0 ULU Till BASAH, GUNONG MT 5 48 N IOI 19 t. 46300
HUMA, TAl'IJONu Sf.~ BATU, TANJONG PT 5 lq ~ 100 I 5 i;. 46,)03
HOUSE ROCK SEE CHIPU, PULAV ISL 5 H N IOZ 50 E 4630b
121
PAYON6, l!UKIT
PAYON6,, i:IUK 11
PAYONG, PULAU
PAYON6, SUNGA!
PAYON6, SUN6AI
PAYON6, SUNGA I
PAYON6, SUN61ll
PAYONG, SUNGA I
PAYON6 ANAK, SUNo,A I
PAYONG ,~u. sur.6AI
PE, SUN6AI
PEAK, PULAU
PEAK ROCK St. E PEAK, PU LAU
PE8ALAI t SUN6AI
PECH AH, PAR IT
PECHAHt I /INJIJNO,
PE C11AH AM PAT, SUliGA I
PECHAH KEMAHAN6
PECHAH MAN6KCKt ~UKll
PECHAH MAN6KUK, bUKIT
PECHAH MANGKUKt SUNGA!
PECHAH TIMON, SU1i6AI
PECHAH TOK Ct,IC, CHAROK
PEClllNG, SUN{,AJ
PECHUT, SUN(;AI
PEC, SUN{,AI
PE~A BtSAR, SUIIGAI
P~CAOA KUNIN<>, PARll
PECAH, SUN6AI
Pt.DA KtCt,JL• SUN<,AJ
PEDAL, SUNGA I
Pt.CANCi, SUN6AI
PECANCu SUNGA I
Ml
p~
ISL
SlH
STM
STM
5114
SlK
SIM
STM
SHI
RKW
RKW
SlM
011.11
Pl
SIM
PPL
HLL
HLL
SlM
SH•
SlM
SHI
SlM
SlM
SIM
011.H
SlM
SlM
SlM
SIi'
SlM
6 17 N
2 l8 N
08 N
IOU 29 t. 46302
102 I l t. 4io310
IOI 01 E 46304
I 58 N 104 03 t. 46311
2 05 N 103 39 E 46311
3 ll8 N IOI 34 E 46308
4 II N 103 115 E 4t.306
5 43 N 102 1Z E 46305
5 22 N 102 45 E. 4U06
5 22 N 102 45 E 46306
5 04 N
,2 "'
1.2 N
2 36 N
55 N
2 44 N
IOI 12 t, 46104
104 18 C 46311
104 U t. 46311
102 10 E 4<>309
102 39 t. 46311
101 21 < 46308
4 •I N 103 25 t. 46306
5 ~2 N IOU 57 ~ 4io304
2 ~8 N
4 J5 N
103 13 l 46301
103 11 E 46306
11 N 101 32 t:: 46308
3 n N 101 48 t 46301
6 19 N 100 4l E 46302
U3 N 102 59 E 4io306
3 36 Ji 102 ld t 46307
4 01 N
J3 "
~3 N
IOI 22 E 4o,04
104 Ol t 46311
102 55 t 4631 I
5 15 N 102 18 c 46305
J3 N 104 02 t 46311
4 39 ,; IU3 07 t 46306
3 ~1 N
lq N
10 I 3H L 4u308
101 SI t. 40305
•us
PED.ANG, SUNGEI ~EE PENtANG, SUNG/II 51M
PEOANG LEBAR SEc
KAMPONG PADANG LE8AR
PECAR, SUNGAI SEE PECOR, SUNGA!
PECAS
PECAS, BUK!T
PEDAS, SUNGAI
PEOATU
PECEK/IN6, PAYA
PECO, SUNGAI
PECOR, SUNGA I
PECPOD, SUN<illl
PEDU, SUN<iAI
PEENIING, PULO StE PINANG, PULAU
PE GANG, SIJNGA I
PEGIN, SUNGAI
PE<iOH, SOLOK
PEGOH ESIIITE
PE60H ESTATE
PEH, SUNbAI
PE~, SUNb.AI
PEH, SUNbAI
PE11, SUN<iAI
PEHALANG, SUNGA I
PEJA'Al, SUNC.AI
PEJABA I 1 ANAl'I.At, ~ATU SEPULOH
PEJAJAI, BUKIT
PEJllh SUNGEI StE PEJIN6, SUNGA!
PEJING, SUNC.AI
PEK, SUNGA!
PEKAJANG BEN<oKOK, SUNGA I
PEKAJA~<i LUklJS, ~lJNGAI
PEKAKA, ALOR
PPL
SHI
PPL
HLL
STM
HLL
WILU
SlM
STM
SlM
STM
ISL
STM
SIM
Rl1
E~IA
E~IA
S11'
SIM
STM
SIM
STM
SIM
HLL
HLL
SIM
SIM
SIM
SIM
S1"1
SIM
6 05 N
2 52 N
1J N
2 31 N
2 27 N
2 l1 N
100 28 t 4io302
102 15 E 46309
102 43 E 'o6307
102 04 E 46309
102 03 E 46309
102 04 E 46309
3 57 N 102 10 E 46307
3 25 N 102 36 E 46307
5 .14 N 102 35 E 4630b
3 13 N 102 43 t 46301
4 49 N 101 36 E 46305
6 15 'I 100 36 E 46302
5 l4 N 100 14 t 46303
5 38 N
3 l8 N
100 49 t 46302
102 40 t. 46301
2 l4 II 102 13 t 46310
2 lO N 102 ll t. 46310
2 <6 N
5 05 N
U9 N
5 l9 N
•2 N
J8 N
4 H N
5 49 N
4 14 t,I
3 JI N
3 H N
5 ~9 N
22 N
I Z2 N
5 45 N
102 12 E 46310
IOI 37 E 46305
102 04 £ 46305
101 l.! E 46304
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102 U2 r. 46305
101 42 t. 40305
102 01 E 46305
103 26 t. 46306
102 4l E 4007
102 4l E 46301
LOI 5• E 46305
103 33 E 46311
L03 33 ~ 46311
102 31 E 4b306
~
PULAI, SUNGA!
PULAI, 51,NGAI
Pl/LAI, SUNGA!
PULA I , SUNGA I
PULAI, SUNGA!
PULAI, SIJNC,AI
PULAI, Sl,NGAI
PULAI, SUNC,AJ
PULAI HAHARU NL• VILLAGE SEE
KAMPON6 PULAI ~AHARU
PULAJ BARAT, SGLUK
SlH
SIM
STH
SlH
5TH
STM
SIM
s1~.
PPL
Rh
PULA I ~E~AR, SUNGM SIM
PULA I CH\JNDO"G PPL
PULAI CHONDOr,G, ~UIIGAI STM
PULAI CHONGDCNC, SEE PULAI CHONDONG PPL
PULAI KECHIL, SUNGA! STM
PULAI MUOA, SUhGAI SIM
PULAI l<U~•8ER C~E, !;UNGA I
PULAI ONt, SUNGtl SEE
PULA I NUMBEI'< Gilt, SUNGA I
PULAI SfijAJANG, PARIT
PULAS, SUNGA!
PULAT, SUNGA!
PULAU StE KA~•PUNI, PULAU TI GA
PULAU, SUNGA!
PULAU, SUNGA!
PULAU, SUfiGA I
PULAU, SUNGA!
PULAU, SlJNGAJ
PULAU BEKAN
PULAU UESAlh SU~<,A I
PULAU UETONG
PULAU 8ETONG, ~llALA
SIM
STM
OJCH
51~
5TH
P~L
srn
SIM
STM
5TM
SIM
P~L
SIMLJ
Pel
SlMM
4 35 "l
4 J6 N
4 .. s"
4 50 N
uz N
5 15 N
5 .,0 N
5 .,3 N
5 Z3 N
2 U8 N
4 11 "
5 5Z II
5 53 N
5 52 N
4 II ~
• 12 •I
33 ~
B ~
l4 ~
3 ~q N
3 45 N
4 13 ~
4 11 N
4 34 N
4 39 ~
~9 N
19 N
4 10 N
o 12 ~
18 ~
5 19 N
IOU 59 t 40304
IOU 46 t 40304
IOI S7 t: 4b30S
101 06 t. 40304
IOI 35 f. 4&305
101 21> E 41>304
lOU 5l E 463U2
IOI vU E 4<,304
103 04 E %~06
IOl 22 t 41>310
IOl 33 ~
102 14 E
102 13 •
102 14 t
102 33 t
102 33 t
4o3U7
4"305
4&305
41,305
46307
4&307
103 33 <. 4&311
103 33 t. 46311
103 21 • 46311
103 03 c. 4o)C,7
102 55 t: 40307
100 56 t: 40304
lu3 u3 ._ 46306
LOO 38 t 46304
103 o9 E 4o3C,6
IOU 47 f. 40304
101 03 t. 46304
101 23 ~ 4o3u4
102 11 t. 46305
100 l2 £ 4a3o3
IOU ll t 46303
431
PULAU ~ElONG, SUNGA!
PULAU !>LAND
PIJLAU C.HE MAl Zlli FOREST RESERVE
PlJLAU C.HlMPE~At, SUNGA!
PULAU uAUN, l>U~II
PIJLAU JEHIJAt-.
PuLAU KELANG FC.RlST RESERVE
PULAU HMPAS
PULAU KEkENG~A, dUKIT
PULAU KETAH
PULAU KElAH LUAR, SUN~AI
PULAU KOMPET, TANJONG SEE
KEMP!l, TArlJOM,
Pul AU f<Uf,DOR
PULAU LANG OARAT ~ORES! RESERVE
PU LAU LE1iA, TA~JuNG
PUL AU LI LANG. su,,GA I
PULAU LIMA, IJAhCt1
PULAll LUMUT FCH!>T RE5f.RVE
PULAU ~ALI, ~U~GAI
PULAU MENGKUOU, IANJONu
PULAU ~EkTAJAM ~tE
KAMPONG PULAU 1•£HTAJA~,
PULAU NARING, 5Ui<GAI
PULAU NYAK, PA~Ai,G
PULAU NVATOH
PULAU PANJAN~, SUN~AI
PlJLAU PELURU, 5lLAT
PULAU P!NANG 5~t l'INANu, STAlt OF
PULAU Pl~ANG
PULAU PINTU <.,ELC1<G F0Rt5l RESE~vt
PWLAU PI ~ANG, 5Lti-1UA I
PULAU l<EllANG 1-iA~uOUR
SIM
LtTV
FkST
SIM
HLL
PPL
FkSl
PR
HLL
PPL
SIM
PT
PPL
Ft<Sl
Pl
SlM
LUY
FkSI
51M
Pl
PI-L
SIM
LUY
PPL
WICV
ChNM
ALMu
PPL
Fh51
WICU
t<uR
18 ~
5 11 ~
2 S? ~
3 J4 '
Z 36 N
BN
3 00 N
2 >2 ~
6 12 .~
6 J4 '
) ~3 ~
2 40 ',
6 12,
4fl ~
J7'
12 ,
5 4q \I
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4 4 l
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4 LO,
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1, 12 ~
6 LS~
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IOU 25 t 40303
IOI I 7 t. 4b308
IOI 26 E 4&31i8
103 27 f 'tb~U7
102 14 t. 46307
10 I lb t 4b]Oij
lol 36 t 46308
100 21 E 4b3C2
100 07 C: 46301
IOI 14 t 46308
103 40 E 40311
102 16 < 46305
103 29 c 46307
103 Sb E 40311
103 5d E 40311
lv2 27 c.
IOI 18 t
103 2 I
IOI 55 !.
LOU 2 2 E
102 t•4 E
l 02 3 7 ~
101 26 l
102 I 5 c
99 53 c
IOU 20 E
102 34 E
10 l 15 E
102 15 t.
10.l 01 f.
4b305
40308
46306
40309
46303
40307
•0307
4b:3U8
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46302
4blOl
4b307
4o3Ul:I
40305
4b :\Ob
~
PURUN, TA5EK
PURUT, PUL,_U
PURUT, SUNGA I
PUSAT, SUNGA!
PUS ING
PUS ING, LUBOlt
PUSINCi• LUBOlt
PU.SING, SUNG.r.l
PUSONG, TANJLN<,
PUSIJ, 1:!UltlT
PUSU, 1:!Ultl T
PUSlJ, SUNG,_I
P\JTAR, SUNGAI
PUlAT, AvtR
PUTAT, PADAN<,
PUTAT, PARIT
PUTAT, PlNGK~LA~
PUTAT, SUNGA!
P\JTAT, SIJN<',Al
PUTAT, SllNGAI
PU TAT, SUNGA!
PUTAT, SUNG/ll
PUTAT, SUNGA!
PUTAT, SIJNGAI
PUTAT, SUNGAI
PUTAT, SuNGAI
PUTE,. bATU SEl PUTEH, ~ATU
PUT EH, AliAK AYlR
PUTEH, AVER
PUT1'1<, BATU l,.ALAYSIAI,
ISATU PUTE ITHAILANDI
PIJTEH, BATU
PIJTEH, BUKIT
L~
ISL
STM
SIM
P~L
PFL
PUOL
STM
Pt
HLL
Ml
STI'
SIM
STM
L~ TY
DICH
Li,NIJ
S1M
STM
STM
STM
STM
STM
SIM
SIM
STML
HLL
STM
SHI
HLL
RKL
HLL
<4 lll
4 Z8 N
4 12 l'I
4 l2 "I
4 JON
3 l4 N
4 ~3 N
4 ~3 ~
2 °lb lll
5 36 N
5 .!5 11
3 15 N
3 35 ill
6 ll ~
3 17 N
2 07 lll
4 07 N
2 l7 lll
3 17 N
3 22 N
3 J.9 N
3 ~2 N
4 UO N
5 J.4 N
5 58 fl
2 14 N
6 J.5 N
2 <0 N
2 lq N
6° H N
Z J5 N
4 34 N
IOZ 41 t. 4C.307
102 29 E 411307
101 36 t. 46307
IOI 17 f. 4004
101 01 t. 46304
IOI 26 t: lo6308
102 20 t, "6305
10~ 20 i:. 46305
104 30 .: 46311
102 32 t 40306
IOI 19 i:. 4004
IOI 44 t 40308
IOI 56 t 46307
100 2Z c. 46302
102 3Z t. 46307
102 30 t. 4b310
IOI U3 c. 46304
104 3U f t,6311
102 33 t. io6307
103 01 t 46307
102 49 E
102 27 t.
102 23 E
102 14 t.
100 34 t.
46307
4b307
46307
46305
46302
IOZ- 16 t. 46310
IOU 08 E 46300
1oz 37 E 46311
102 36 E 46311
IOU 08 E 46300
102 SI E 46311
103 25 E 46306
433
PIJlEH, CHAROlt
PUlEH, Cf!AROK
PlJHH, SUNGA!
PUTEH, SUNC.AI
PIJTEH, SUNGA!
PUnH, S\JNGAI
PUTEH, SUNGAI
PlJTEH, SUNGA!
PlJT EH, SUNGA!
PUTEH, S.\JNGAI
PUUH, SUNGAI
P\JlEH, SUNGA I
PUTEH, SUNGAI
PUTEH, SUNGAI
PUTEH, SUNGA!
PUTEH, SUNGA!
PUTEH ESTIITE
PUT ER I, SUNC.A I
PUTl::RI, TANJCN<,
PUT ER!, TIINJGNC. SEE
PETER I , l ANJO,._G
PUTING, !»UNGAI
PIJTING, !,UNGA I
PIJTING lltLIO,.G, !,1.JNGAI
PUTING BELJONG, SlJNC.Al
PUTING BtLIONG, TAIIJONG
PUT HA, BUk 11
PUTl-lJ. SlJNGEl Sl:.t:. PETHq-. SUNGAI
PUTRI NAkROWS
PUTIJ, SUhGA I
PUTUS, BUK(T
PUTUS, 1:!IJk IT
PUTUS, BUk 11
SlM
51"1
STM
STM
SIM
STM
STM
STI'
SH!
SlM
5114
5111
STII
STN
STM
SlM
El.TA
51M
Pl
PT
STM
STM
DJCH
SIM
BttO
HLL
STM
STRI
STM
HLL
HLL
HLL
~ ~7 ~
5 53 N
2 J.0 N
2 39 N
2 52 N
2 54 N
3 07 N
3 15 N
3 J7 N
4 U8 N
4 11 'I
5 23 N
5 JO N
5 J4 N
4~ N
6 l2 N
4 J4 111
5 zq 111
2 17 N
5 40 N
2 J6 N
•2 N
3 l3 N
4 33 N
l3 ..
11 -~
l _..8 N
l7 ..
4 06 N
Z ~O N
2 J.3 N
Z 27 111
Loo "~ E •uoz
I 00 54 t. 4&302
102 37 E 46311
102 16 t. 46309
101 52 E 46309
IOZ OZ E 4630q
LOI 41 t t,6308
101 46 E 46308
IOI 31 E 46308
101 I• t. 46306
103 U2 l 46306
102 44 t 4&306
102 11 c 4005
102 05 t 46305
102 15 t. 46305
100 28 c 46302
100 39 f 46304
102 14 • 46305
102 01> c. 41>310
1011 21 c. 46302
101 5u t
103 03 t
101 17 t
IOL 43 t
41,3(19
40307
46308
46307
101 17 c 403U8
10< 3Z l 46311
lOi 28 E 40307
103 42 f. 46300
102 IU E t,6307
102 II • 46310
102 09 t 4b3J0
102 09 E 46310
~
1 406 1
.~_
0
Q.
C
0,
C
■- V)
BATU KEKtK, T Al'< JONG
BATU KOVOK, TAl'<JONG
BATU PENGKAL.AN PAKAU, TANJONG
BATU PUTEH, PUI..AU
BEDOK
BEOOK
BEDOK, SUNGA!
SEOOK VILLAGE SEE BECOK
BELAKANGt,lA Tl, POU.AU SEE
HNTOSA
BEL.ALAI, BATU
BEL.ANG, SUNGA!
BELAYAR, TANJONG SEE
BERLAYAR, TANJQNG
BENDERA, TEL.OK
BENOUL., SUNGA!
BENO! YANTU, S~NGAI
6ENW1
BEREMBANG, SUNGA!
6ERHALA, TANJONG SEE
BERHALA REP!Nla
BERHAL.A REP!NG
BER I H, SUNGA I
BERIH, SIJNGI SEE BERIH, SUNGA!
PT
PT
PT
RKW
PPL
HLL
STMC
PPL
ISL
RKSw
STM
PT
BGHT
CkKT
STM
HI.I.
STM
ISL
1~1.
STt,l
STM
BERIH, TANJONG 5EE
BERK AS, PULAli
BERLAYAR, BU•IT
BERLAYAR, TANJONu
SKOPEK, TANJO!',G PT
ISL
HLL
PT
BESAR SEE PUAK BESAR, SUNGA!
BE SAR, BUK IT
BESAR, SUNGA!
BIAN SAN ANO SENG NG!AP ESTATE
BIJOU, MOUNT
CkKT
HLL
STM
EHA
HLI.
Z5 N
24 N
Z4 N
20 N
I 1q N
19 N
I 19 N
lq N
15 N
2& N
I Z6 N
16 N
15 N
22 N
LB N
19 N
LB N
15 N
15 N
ZJ N
1 23 N
I 23 N
I 12 N
I 16 N
16 N
24 N
18 N
25 N
24 N
24 N
103 58 E
104 02
46400
46400
104 04 E 46400
104 _ 24 E 46400
103 57 E 46400
103 5& E 46400
103 58 E 46400
103 57 E 46400
IOl 50 E 46400
104 04 E 4&400
104 04 E 46400
103 48 E
103 50 E
46400
46400
103 39 E 46400
103 41 E 46400
103 41 E 46400
103 44 E 66400
103 50 E 4&400
103 50 E 46400
103 40 E 46400
103 40 E 0400
103 40 E 46400
103 44 t 41>400
103 48 E: 4b'-00
103 48 E 46400
103 51 E 46400
103 4B E 4&400
103 SB E 4&400
103 40 E 46400
103 46 46400
554
BIN TONG PAR~
BICLA, PULAU
BLAKANG MAT!, PULAU SEl SENTOSA
PPLX
ISL
ISL
BLAKANG MAT!, SUNGA! STM
BLANGA, TELOK S<E BLANGA BAY wEST BAY
BLANGA OAY WEST BAY
BLANGAH, TEL.OK SEE BLANGA BAY WEST BAY
BLAYER, TANJONG SEE
BERLAYAR, TANJONG PT
BLUKANG, SUN<oA I STM
BLUKANG, SUNG! SEE BLUKANG, SUNGA! STM
BLUKANG KECHIL, SUNGA!
BLUKAR, SUNGA I
BOEKOEM•KETJIL• POELAU
BU KUM KECHI L, PULAU
BOON LAY
SEE
BOSING, POELAU >EE BUSING, PULAU
BRADDELL HEIGHTS ESTATE
BRADOELL HILL
BRANCA, PE ORA StcE
BATU PUTEH, PIJLAU
BRAN I, PULAU
BRAN I SHOALS
BRICKWORKS E~TATt
BRIGHT HILL CRlSCENT
BRITISH MALAYA SEE MALAYA
BRCNOK, BETING
BROWN, BuKIT
BU.A.YA, PULAU
BUK l T MANDA I VI I.LAGE
BUKIT MERAH lSTATE
BUK IT PANJANG
BUKIT PANJANu VILLAGE SEE
BUK IT PAN JANG
C~KT
STM
ISL
PPL
ISL
PPI.X
HLL
RKW
ISL
ShOL
PPLX
PPL
RGN
RF
HLL
ISL
PPL
PPLX
PPL
PPL
19 f,f
10 N
\ 15 N
\ 15 N
I 16 N
UN
16 N
I 16 N
20 N
20 N
Z0 N
I Z3 N
14 N
lO N
14 N
21 N
i0 N
I Z0 N
I 16 N
16 N
I 17 N
I Zl N
4 00 N
\ ll> N
20 N
I 17 N
I 25 N
l l 7 N
l3 N
I 23 N
103 48 E 46400
103 45 E 46400
103 50 E 46400
103 50 E 46400
103 49 E 46400
103 49 E 46400
103 49 E "46400
103 48 E
l03 38 E
103 38 E
46400
t,b400
46400
103 38 E 46400
103 55 E 46400
103 46 E 46400
103 42 E 46400
103 45 E 41>400
103 52 E 4&400
103 51 E 46400
104 24 E 4&400
103 50 E 4&400
103 50 E 4&400
103 4q E 4&400
103 50 E 4&400
102 00 E 4&400
l04 03 E 4&400
103 50 E 4&400
103 42 E 4&400
L03 45 E 4b400
103 4q E 41>400
103 46 E 46400
103 •• E 4&•00
~
FISHERMAN BANIC Sl<CL \ 22 N 104 04 E 46400 HABIB ISMAIL, ,ERAMAT 5HRr. I ll N 103 46 E 4&400 00
FORT CANNING liEE FORT CANNING HILL hLL lllN 103 51 E 461oDO HABIB NOOR, KEBAMAT 5hRII I ll N 103 51 E 46400
FORT CANNING HILL HLL I 18 N 101 '1 E t,6400 HAJI ISA, SUNGAI Slit I 2J N 101 56 E 0400
FRANKEL ESTATE Pl'LX l I' N IOI 55 E lo61o00 HANTU, PULAU ISL I 14 N 103 45 E 0400
FRESHWATER ISLAND SEE BUKUM, PULAU lloL I 14 N 101 46 E "61o00 HANTU, PULAU lloL l 16 N 103 49 E 46400
FUY0NG ESTATE E:iTA I 22 N 103 46 i; "6400 HANTU, SUNGA! 5TH I 25 N 103 41 E 0400
HEAP GUAN SEE HEAP GUAN VILLAGE PPLX I 16 N 103 48 E 4.6400
HEAP GUAN VILLAGE PPLX l 16 N 103 48 l 0400
HENDERSON SHO,IL 5110L I 25 N 103 59 E 4,6400
HERALD ROCK AKIN l 26 N 103 41 E 46400
HOE SAN ESTA TE ESTA I 23 N 103 41 E 46400
HOKIAN, TELOK COVE l Zlo N 104 05 E 46400
GAJA, llATU SEE GAJAI , BATU RKSIN I 15 N 103 50 E 46400 HOLLAND SEE HOLLAND VILLAGE PPLX l 19 N 103 48 E t,6400
GAJAH, BATU R~Sw I IS N 103 50 E 46400 HOLLAND GROVE PAHK PPLx. I 19 N 103 41 E 46400
GEDONG, SUN<;AI SHI I 29 N 103 40 E 46400 HOLLAND VILLAGl PPLX I l'I N 103 48 E 46400
GEDONG, TANJONi PT I 29 N 103 40 E 46400
GEL.ANG, :-»UNGEI •EE GEYLANG RIVER STM I 11 N 103 53 E 46400 HONG KAH PPL l Zl N 103 U E 46400
HONG KAH VILLAGE SEE HCNG KAH PPL \ 21 N 103 43 E 0400
GEMOK, TANJDNG PT l 26 N 103 57 E 46400 HONG KONG PARK PPLX I 20 N 103 47 E 46400
GEYLANG PPLX I 1' N 103 53 E 46400 HORSBURGH SEE bATU PUTEH• PULAU RKW c.uv 104 24 E 46400
GEYLANG, SUNGEI SEE GEYLANG RIVER f>TM I 11 N 103 53 E 46lo00 HORSESHOE REEF RF I 2l N 103 41 E 46400
GEYLANG RIVER Slit l II N 103 53 E 46't00
GEYLANG SERA! PPL I 19 N 103 5t, E ., .. 00 HD TONG JEN ESTATE ESTA I 20 N 103 57 E 46400
HUAT CHOE Pf/L I 20 N 103 42 E 46400
GEYLANG SERA! VILLAGE SEE HUAT CHOE VILLAGt SEE HUAT CHOE PPL I 20 N 103 42 E 46lo0D
Gf:YLANG SERA! P~L I 19 N 103 54 E 41,1,00 HUME HEIGHTS PPL I ll N 103 46 E 46400
GLENDINN!NG PASSAGE ChNM I 26 N lo3 52 E 46400 HUN VEANG Pl>L I 22 N 103 56 E .,.00
GONGONG, TANJONG SEE
PASIR, TANJc;Nc.; PT l 25 N 10'- 05 E 46400 HUN YEAIIG VILLAGt SEE HUN YEANG PPL I Z2 N 103 56 E 46400
GOODWQQD HI U. 1-fLL l 19 N 103 50 E 46400
GOVERNMENT HILL SEE
FORT CANNING ~ILL HLL l 11 N 103 51 l t.6400
GR,IVE HILL HLL I 20 N 103 50 E t.6400
GUL, TANJONG PT I UN 103 40 l t.6400
INNER HARBOUR SEE INNER: ROADS ROST I 17 N 103 51 E 46400
5;7
PADANG TERBAKAR VILLAGE SEE
KAMPONG PADANG TERBAKAR
PAGAR, TANJONG
PALA!, TAIIJOhG ~EE BALA I, T ANJONG
PALAWAN, TERUl'BU SEE PELAWAH
PPL
PT
PT
RF
PALAWAN REEF SE~ PELAWAN, TERU~\BU RF
PANOAN
PANOAN, SELAT
PANDAN, SUNGA I
PANDAN KECH!L, BUK!T
PANDAN KECH!L, SUNGA!
PANDAN NATURE RESERVE
PANGKONG, TANJONb
PANG SUA, SUNGA!
PANJANG, BUK!T
PANJARA 6AY S~E BENOERA, TELOK
PAPAN, MALANG
PASIR, SUNGA!
PAS!R, SUNGA!
PASIR, SUNGA!
PAS!R, SUNGA!
PASIR, SUIIGAI
PASIR, TANJONG
PASIR LA~A, SUNGA!
PAS!R LAilA, TANJONG
PAS IR PA JANG St.:
PASJR PANJAl,G VILLAGE
PASIR PANJANG StE
PASIR PAIIJANG VILLAGE
PASIR PANJANG, BUKIT SEE
BUONA VISTA
PAS!R PANJANG PAMK
PASIR PANJAN~ VILLAGE
PASIR RIS
HLL
STRT
STI'
HLL
C~KT
Rt SN
PT
STM
HLL
BGHT
R~W
CRKT
STM
STM
STM
SIM
PT
CRKT
PT
PPL•
PPL•
HLL
PPLX
PPLX
PPL
I 20 N
!l&N
25 N
15 N
I 15 N
19 N
16 N
19 N
I 1 N
1 18 N
I 19 N
16 N
26 N
I 22 N
1 15 N
24 N
19 N
I l7 N
22 N
25 N
26 N
25 N
21 N
21 N
1 18 N
1 18 N
19 N
11 N
18 N
I Zl N
103 SB E
103 51
103 59 E
103 49 E
40400
4b400
4b400
46400
103 49 • 46400
103 47 E 4b400
103 44 E 46400
103 45 E 46"00
103 48 E 46400
103 46
I 03 44 E
lo3 42 t
103 45 E
4b400
C.0400
0400
46400
103 45 E 46400
103 50 E 4b400
103 59 ~ 4HOO
103 45 E 46400
103 42 E 46400
103 39 E 46400
104 05 E 46400
103 44 E 46400
104 05 E 4b400
103 39 E 40400
103 39 E 46400
103 46 E 40400
103 46 E 46400
103 48 E 46400
103 48 E 46400
103 46 E 4b400
103 51 E 46400
5b3
PASIR RIS SEE KAMPONG PAS!R RIS
PASIR RIS VH.LIIGE
PAWA I , PUL.lU
PAYA, TEREMBU
PAYA LEBAR
SEE
PAYA LEBAR AIRPORT SEE
PASIR RIS
SINGAPORE INT~RNAT!ONAL AIRPORT
PAYA LEDAR NORTH
PAYA LEBAR SOUTH
PAYAN, SUNGE! SEE POYAN, SUNGA!
PEAK ISLAND SEE TEMBAKUL, PULAU
PEARLS HILL
PEDERA BRANCA HORSBURGH
BATU PUTEH, PULAU
PEIRCE RESERVOIR
PELAWAN
PENGKALAN PAKAU, PARIT
PENG KANG
PENG SIANG, SUhG•I
PENJURU, HNJONG
PENURU, TANJONG SEE
PENJURU, TANJONu
SEE
P ENYABONG SEE T EKUKOR , PUL AU
PENYALAI, TANJONI>
PEREMPAN, SUNGE! SEE
PEREMPAN BESAR, SUNGA!
PEREMPAN BESAR, ,UNGA!
PEREPAT, SUNGA!
PEREPAT TINGGI, TANJONG
PERGAM, PULAU
PERGAJ,h SUNGA I
PERPAT MAT!, TANJONG
PERSEVERANCE E&TA TE
PESEK, PULAU
PPL
PPL
ISL
RF
PPL
AIRP
HLL
1-tLL
STM
ISL
HLL
RKW
R,V
RF
OTCH
HLL
STM
n
PT
!SL
PT
STM
STM
CRKT
PT
ISL
STM
PT
PPLX
ISL
1 2l N
1 22 N
12 N
I 19 N
21 N
1 22 l'l
103 56 E 46400
103 57 E
103 43 E
103 38
103 5l E
46400
46400
46400
"6400
1D3 5 5 E lo6400
t lO N 103 53 E 46400
20 N 103 53 E 0400
23 N 103 40 E 46400
1 13 N
I 17 N
lO N
I 22 N
I 15 N
I 24 N
103 52 E 46400
103 50 E 46400
104 24 E 46400
103 49 E 0400
10 3 49 E 46400
104 05 E 46400
20 N 103 40 E 46400
24 N 103 44 E 4b400
18 N 103 45 E 46400
I 18 N
14 N
1 12 N
t 27 N
I 27 N
18 N
1 17 N
1 24 N
24 N
1 16 N
1 19 N
1 17 N
103 45 ~ 46400
103 50 E 46400
103 46 I: 46400
10 3 42 E 46400
103 42 E 46400
103 45 E 46400
103 41 E 46400
103 40 E 46400
103 40 E 46400
103 43 E 46io00
103 54 E 46400
103 41 E 46400
~
~ PESEK, SUNGA! STM t IT N 103 41 E 41>400 PULAU MINYAK PPLX I 19 N lol 5Z E 41,400
PETAi, SUNGA! STM l Z5 N 103 51 E 41>400 PULAU SERAYA, &UNGAI STM IUN 103 44 E 46400
PETEMIN• TANJONG PT I 25 N 104 02 E 46400 PULAU UBIN PPL I Z4 N 103 58 E 46400
PHILLIP, SELAT 5EE PHILLIP CHANNEL STRT I 05 N 103 45 E 41,400 PULAU UBIN, SUNGAI HM I 24 N 103 58 E 46400
PHILLIP, STRAAT SEE PULAU UBIN ESTATE ESTA I 25 N 103 56 E 46400
PHILLIP CHANNlL STRT I 05 N 103 45 E 46400
PULAU UBIN VILL/.i,E SEE PULAU UBIN PPL I 24 N 103 58 E 464CO
PHILLIP CHANNEL $TRT I 05 N 103 45 E 41>400 PULO UBIN, SuNGEI SEE
PHOENIX PARK PPLX I 11 N 103 49 E 46'>00 PULAU USIN• SUN~AJ STM I 24 N 103 58 E 46400
PIATU, BUK!T HLL l 19 N 103 38 E 46400 PUNGGOL PPL I 25 N 103 55 E 46400
PI/.TU, SUIIGAI STM I 19 N 103 38 E '>6400 PUNGGOL, SUNGA 1 STl'I I 25 N ln3 54 E 46400
PJDARA, TANJONG PT I 17 N 103 42 E 46400 PUNGGOL I SUNG I SEE PUNC.GOL, SUNGA! STH I 25 N 103 54 E 46400
PIERCE RESERVOIR SEE PUN6GOL, TANJOIIG PT I ZS N 103 55 E 46400
PEIRCE RESERVOIR RSV I 22 N 103 "9 E 46400 PUN6GOL YI LL.AGL SEE PUhGC.OL PPL I 25 N 103 55 E 46400
PINANG, SUNGAI STM I 23 N 103 54 E 46400 PUTEH, BATU RKW I 24 N 103 59 E 41>4CO
PIN'-NG• SUNG'-I STM I Z5 N 103 5Z E 46400 PUTRI NARROWS STRT I 27 N 10! 42 E 46400
PIOTU SEE PIATV, BUKIT HLL \ L• N 103 38 E 46400
PIS!, POELAU SEta PESEK, PULAU ISL I IT N 103 41 E 46400
PLAYFAIR ESTATE PPLX I ZO N 103 55 E 46400
PLE/.SANT, MOUNT HLL I ZO N 103 50 E 41,400
POH THIAN HOCK SOON HIN ESTATE ESTA I ZO N 103 40 E 4'400
POYAN, SUNGAI STM !UN 103 40 E 46400
POYAN, St.,NGI &EE POV AN, SUNGA I STM I 2S N 103 40 E 46400 QUEEN ASTRID PARK PPLX I 19 N 103 48 E 46400
flUEENSTOwN PPLX IUN 103 48 E 46400
PRAIIN POND RESlRVE RESN I 19 N 103 45 E 46400
PRINCE EDWARD PARK PPLX I 11 N l03 0 E 46400
PRINCE EDWARD POINT PPLX I 11 N 103 46 E 46400
PRINCESS ELIZADETH ESTATE ESTA I ZZ N 103 46 E 46400
PUAKA HLL I ZS N l03 58 E 46400
PU AKA, SUNGA I Cl<KT I Z4 N 103 5T E 46400
PUAKA, SUNGAI STM I Z4 N 103 51 E 46400 RABBIT ISLET &Et BIOLA, PULAU ISL I 10 N 103 45 E 46400
PU'-K BESAR, SUNG/.1 CRIC.T I 24 N 103 51 E 46400 RACE COURSE VILLAGE PPLX I ZO N 103 48 E 46400
PUBLIC UTILITIES 80'-RD CATCHMENT RAFFLES PARK PPL>. I lO N 103 48 E 46400
AREA RESN I 23 N 103 48 E 46400 RAJAH PRANG CHANHEL CHNM I 25 N 104 02 E 46400
PULAU DAMAR, SELAT STAT I II N 103 43 E 46400 RANGGAN, TANJONG SEE
RENGGAM, 1tANJONG PT I .!6 N 104 03 E 46400
5h
Annex47
Extracts from Bowman J.D.,
Petroleum Developments in Far East in 1973, 58 The American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 2124 (1974)
The American Association of PetroleUll.\ Geologists l3vlle .
V. 58, No.·JO (October 1974), P.2124-2156, 12 F\gs., a Tab:
Petroleum Developments in Far East in 19731
ANtract In the far East, durin9 1913, more than 295 ex•
ploration welll were drilled, ond 39 new oil and gos fields
were d"m:overed. Apprmitnately 60% of the odivily WO$
foc115ed in Indonesia. 0tl production awraged 2,8551226
BOPD In the for east, and indudes 1,000,000 BOPOfrom the
Peoples's Republic of China. That is an increase of 31 % over
1972, when dai)y production averaged 2,178,226 80PO
and mduded 600,000 BOPt> from the Peopte•s hpubk of
Chino. Indonesia accounts for A6.5% of Ille crude c1' pro.
duced in the for Ea:;t, ond is followed by Chino, 35.0%;
Jrunei., 8.1 %; Indio, 5.5%; and Eosf Mcilc,ysia, 3.2%. AJ.
though natural gas production figures are incomplete, the
daily fm mt average exceeded 2.5 Bcf, Plans are being
fomiulated for the construction of LNG plants in Sarawak,
offshore Western Jova# ond Norlh Sumotra. Petroleum leglsJotion
is being revited In Bangladesh, Bvrrna, and Malaysia.
Areas were opened for bid In Burma, India, Malaysia, ond
South V'tetnam. Exploration contracts moy be aworded by
these countries and, possibly, Bangladesh before lhe close of
197.C :. Several deep-water blodcs were ociquited in t 973 and
test wells may be driUed in the neor future. The second deep.
water tett, 1,200 ft (365 ml, was abandoned on the south
coast of Javo. Plans for geothermal explotafion have been
formuloted in the Philippines.
INTllODUCTlON (Fig. 1)
The Far &st report covers a vast area, which
reaches eastward from Afghanistan across India,
Banglad• Burma, the Indonesian Archipelago,
and the Malay Peninsula to Indochina; thence
northward across the Philippines, Korea, China,
and Taiwan to Japan. Also included are the Maldive
and the Kerguelen Islands.
In 1973, the world energy crisis drove petroleum
exploration and development activities in the Far
East to a fever pitch. Between 23 and 30 offshore
drilling rigs were operating and more would have
been working had they been available. Exploration
wells, both offshore and onshore, discovered
39 new oil and gas fields. Two offshore diseoveries
were announced in Thailand's Gulf of Tbailan.d
and 2 onshore discoveries were announced in Taiwan.
Japan announced its first offshore disoo~ery,
and India spudded an.offshore well in the Gulf of
Cambay. Burma continued to drill offshore wells
as the government reviewed bids and select.ed con ..
tractors to explore the OUlf' of Marta.ban and Arakan
Coast. OODC completed a gas discovery in
Pakistan. There was a resurgence of d.rilliug activity
in the Philippines, where 11 exploratory wells
were drilled and more are scheduled for 1974.
More aggressive land aequisitio~ exploration,
and development work are anticipated during
1974.
ACKNOWLD>GEMENTS
l.0.~
Singapore 9, Sin9<1POft
Information describing petroleum develop..
ments in the Far Ea.at comes from :many S01lrces,
Petroconsultants S.A. Gen.eva~s Foreign Scouting
Service provided the basic data for many areas
and their permission to use these data is appreciar:
ed greatly, Useful stories and facts were found ia
both the Oil and Gas Journal and Platt•, OilgrlUIL
Thanks are due to the companies which submitted
the details of their activities. and also to the individuals
who tabulated these data. Special thanks
are due to the following contributors.
JAPAN
It. N. Taylor. Gulf Oil Company of Japan
ll£PUBUC OP KOREA
K. Ablewbite, Texaco Korea Inc.
PAKISTAN
J. E. Kennedy, Amoco Pakistan Exploration Co.
PfllUPPfNES
B. W. Knuth, Phillips Petroleum Co.
TAIWAN
R. L. Johnst!m, Oulf Oil Company of China-Taiwan Branch
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
A. G, Hatley, Cities Service International Inc.
THAlLAND
O. E. Kelley. Tenneco Thailand Inc.
A.FGHANISTAN (Fig. 2)
The Afghan Petroleum Exploration Department,
with techni~ and financial assistance !rom
the USS~ conducts all exploration and exploita·
tion activities in Afghanisian; No further information
has been released to substantiate reports in
1971 that legislation was being drafted; whereby
the undeveloped south.em part of the country
would be opened to private concessionaires. No
private petroleum rights have been awarded.
No official petroleum activity reports are f!"
leased, but press· reports indicate that 1 geologic
OCopy.right 1974. The American Association. of Petroielllll
~
!Manuscript received and accepted. Apn1 29, 1974.
2Swi Eastern Exploration Company.
2124
411
412
Petroleum Developments in Far East in 1973 2131
orae t, in the Sea of Japan, was abandoned at
f3,985 ft (4,262 m) TD; and Texaco-Chevron KVI
in the East China Sea, at 3,891 ft (1,186 m) TD.
'The drafting of a treaty by Korea and Japan to
enable joint development of the disputed continental-
shelf areas was completed during the year,
and ratification by the 2 countries is expected to
take place in 1974. China has warned oil companies
and South Korea against exploration of disputed
areas in the Yellow Sea. China claims a
territorial water area 200 mi wide. Parts of concessions
offered by South Korea and awarded to
Shell, Texaco, and Gulf lie in that disputed zone.
MALAYSIA {Fig. 6; Tables 2,6)
Petroleum laws are being revised by the Malaysian
Government before new exploration rights
are granted in mid-1974. Conoco Malaysia, Esso
Exploration Malaysia, and Mobil Malaysia have
leases covering offshore areas around the Malay
Peninsula. In 1973, each of these companies
agreed to convert their concessions to productionsharing
contracts that were patterned after Indonesian
production-sharing contracts. Terms of the
new contracts call for exploration periods of IO
years, a 50% relinquishment after 5 years, and a
30..year exploitation period. Forty percent of the
initial production will be used to defray exploration
costs and the remaining production will be
split 65% for Malaysia and 35% for the company.
The split adjusts to 67 .5-32.5% when production
reaches 75,000 BOPD. Bonuses will be paid when
production reaches the levels of ~0,000 and 100~
000 BOPD. Malaysia may participate for as little
as 15% and raise their interest later, possibly to
51%.
Conoco farmed out 50% of its concession, which
encompassed 16,602 sq mi (43,000 sq km) to Broken
Hill Proprietary and El Paso Natural Gas;
each took 25% interest in the block. Shortly after
signing the farmout agreement, the group relinquished
more than 50% of their holdings and retained
7,336 sq mi (19,000 sq km). Esso, in accordance
with its concession agreement, relinquished
50% of its holdings in West Malaysia and retained
12,934 sq mi (33,500 sq km). Mobil enlarged its
leas~ holdings o~f the west coast of the Malay
Penmsula from 7,992 to 12,162 sq mi (20,700 to
31,500 sq km). .
Conoco, Esso, and Mobil each conducted seismic
programs in the waters around western Malaysia
during 1973. Conoco drilled 2 exploratory
tests and Esso Exploration drilled 3. Each company
chalked up 1 discovery for a 40% wildcat-success
ratio in west Malaysia.
In eastern Malaysia, Oceanic altered its original
concession agreement with the Malaysian Government
in May 1973 to a production-sharing contract.
Oceanic Exploration and Development Corporation
(a subsidiary of Oceanic Exploration,
Denver) also diluted its interest in the 568-sq-mi
{1,470 sq km) contract area to 37.5% by farming
out 25% to Forex Oil Malaysia (a subsidiary of
Forest Oil, Bradford, Pennsylvania), 25% to Lone
Star Gas Malaysia (a subsidiary of Lone Star Gas,
Dallas) and 12.5% to Sabah Offshore Oil (a subsidiary
of Fluor Drilling Service, Los Angeles). Forest
will act as operator for the group. Shell also
signed a production-sharing contract with the
Federation of Malaysia covering approximately
4,498 sq mi (11,650 sq km) around the Samarana
and Erb West fields in Sabah. Discovery wells in
both of the fields tested approximately 1,800
BOPD. Teisek.i also converted their Sabah lease
holdings to a service contract. Esso relinquished
2,560 sq mi (6,630 sq km), 50% of its holdings
off shore Sabah.
Aquitaine and Esso reported marine-seismic
programs· which covered 290 and 200 mi (467 and
322 km), respectively, off the coast of Sabah. Marine
reports indicate Shell conducted 5.25 months
of marine seismic off the coast of Sarawak.
Drilling in eastern Malaysia was slow compared
with 1972. Aquitaine was inactive in eastern Sabah,
and Esso Exploration has conducted no exploration
in Sabah since the Tembungo discovery.
Drilling platforms will be constructed before the
Tembungo field is developed. Shell never has reported
its activity in Ma.Jaysia, but press reports
indicate Tak.au 3, off Sarawak, was an oil discovery.
Tests recovered an aggregate of 2,750 BOPD
from two zones. Apparently, 3 development wells
were drilled. Teiseki drilled its initial offshore test,
Sebahat 1, in East Sabah.
News reports indicate that Shell, the sole producer
of hydrocarbons in northwestern Borneo,
averaged 92,000 BOPD in 1973, as compared with
70,000 BOPD in 1972; that is an increase of 31.4%.
Production comes from the offshore Sarawak
fields_ of Baram, West Lutong, Bakau, and Baronia.
Pipelines will be laid, and crude from Samarang
and Erb West fields will begin to flow to Lauban
Island in 1975. Ultimate daily production of
these fields should approach 150,000 bbl Shell
closed the Miri field last year after productiQn
from 90 wells had sunk to 450 BOPD. The Miri l
was abandoned and returned to the country of
Sarawak. Discovered in 1910, the well had produced
660,000 bbl over a 63-year life span. No
hydrocarbons were produced in western Malaysia
in 1973. .
Shell plans to construct a new LNG plant at
Tanjung Kidurong, Sarawak. A joint project between
Mitsubishi and Shell, the installation will
2132 J. D. Bowman
have a capacity of 725 MMCFPD and should be
operational by late 1976 or early 1977. The gas
probably will come from Shell's "F" area.
MALDIVE Isl.ANDS {Fig. 1)
On January 22, 1973, Erap (20%), Aquitaine
(SNPA 15%), and Viking Resources of New York
(25%) received approval from the Maldivian Government
to fannin 60% interest in the sole Maldive
exploration permit; Erap became the operator.
Members of the original. group that farmed out
part of their interest are Sunningdale Oils Ltd. of
Calgary (11.4%), Pan Ocean Oil Corporation of
New York (9.0%), Bow Valley Industries of Calgary
(5.0%), Comoro Exploration Ltd. of New
York (5.2%), Angus Mackenzie (5.2%), and Consolidated
Development of Dallas (4.2%). The concession
encompasses an area of 22,680 sq mi (58,
740 sq km); 77 sq mi (200 sq km) is on land, 5,664
sq mi (14,670 sq 1cm) on the continental shelf, and
the remainder in water more than 656 ft (200 m)
deep.
Exploration activity in 1973 was limited to the
gathering of 6,560 line-mi (10,600 line-km) of marine-
seismic data. These lines were shot by G .S.I.
and covered an area inside the atolls and the central
channel. No tests have been drilled on this
concession.
NEPAL (Fig. 1)
No oil- or gas-exploration rights were granted
by the Nepalese Government to foreign oil companies
in 1973. No exploration or drilling activity
was reported in 1973. Anew state company, Nepal
Oil Corp., was formed in the first half of 1973. The
new corporation was organized to operate Burmah-
Shelrs and Esso's petroleum-products import
and distribution network. Those networks were
nationalized by the government of Nepal in 1973.
In the future, the Nepal Oil Corp. may have jurisdiction
over concessions and exploration matters.
NoRm VIETNAM (Fig. 1)
The Italian state oil company, ENI, signed a
cooperation agreement with the Government of
North Vietnam which covers the field of petroleum
exploration. Over a period of 4 to 5 years, ENI
is committed to spend $8 to $11 million (U.S.) for
joint offshore exploration. ENI also will train
North Vietnamese in the techniques of offshore
exploration. Production-sharing terms of the
agreement were not disclpsed. Several Japanese
firms are discussing the possibilities of joining
ENI in exploring Gulf of Tonkin for hydrocarbons.
No activity has been reported, but operations
were scheduled to commence in late 1973, or
early 1974.
PAKISTAN (Fig. 2; Tables 2, 6)
Only the national oil company, Oil and Gas
Development Corp. (OGDC) and Amoco Paki
s~ ~loration Co. maintained exploration ac:
t1vity m 1973. However, Marathon signed an
agreement with the Government of Pakistan on
April 9 to explore for oil in a concession covering
the Makran coast, thus becoming the third company
to explore actively in the country by the end of
the year. Marathon reportedly had started both
geologic surface work and an offshore seismic survey
by November, but no details were released
Wintershall was not active during the year, afte;
the abandonment of the Indus Marine B 1 exploratory
hole in March.
OGDC maintained field parties carrying out geologic
work, conventional seismic and gravity surveys.
In the company's exploration-drilling ventures,
one rig was at the Rodho location throughout
the year. Dhadhamber 1 was abandoned after
almost 12 months production testing. Kothar l
was on test for a similar period of time, and eventually
was declared a gas discovery in October,
Development drilling consisted of the fifth well at
Toot, which by the end of the year had reached
TD of 14,432 ft (4,400 m) in Jurassic. Year-end
preparations were being made to spud Hundi 3.
Amoco did not renew the previous year's exploration
momentum until May, after a new
agreement was signed with the Government of
Pakistan on April 30 for 3 new license areas, totaling
19,780 sq mi (51,230 sq km). At the same time
7,590 sq mi (19,658 sq km) of the 1969 (Multan)
license area was relinquished, to leave 9,330 sq mi
(24,165 sq km) of the concession. The new areas
are held jointly by Amoco and Total Pakistan,
with an option for the Government to buy up to
a 40% working interest on declaration of a commercial
discovery. At year-end the Government
had approved a farmout of interest in the Multan
License, by the Amoco-Total group, to both Broken
Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. and El Paso
Natural Gas Co. The Government, through the
assignee, OGDC, maintained its 5% interest in the
Multan License.
Amoco had 2 contract vibroseis crews operating
in 2 of the 3 new license areas after May 1. One
geologic field party operated in the winter mon~.
An exploratory drilling campaign was begun tn
December, when Amoco spudded its first well at
Sarai Sidhu, in the Multan License. Pakistan Petroleum
Ltd. (PPL) and Pakistan Oilfields Ltd.
(POL) only engaged in development drilling. PPL
drilled well 18 in the Sui gas field, and completed
the well as a producer at TD 4,338 ft (1,323 m) on
December 28. POL. c ompleted Meyal 3 in July as
413
414
Petroleum Developments in Far East in 1973 2141
-
ANDAMAN
PRINCIPAL OIL FIELDS
IN SUMATRA
G--1 R-IWffAU NllllTlt SUIIAlllA FIEI.DS
S-TEUGA SAID
D-OOIII l 11-11111,\$ COITML SIJIIA'l'RA FIELDS
K-KOTUATAK
P-PENDOFO }
1-IAUNG $GUTH SUIIA'lltA FIIEUIS
L-UIIAU
T-1..EE: TAIIEUE 'D,8£UE)
,c,- ,or
WESTERN INDONESIA• W MALAYSIA
SARAWAK AND THAILAND
0 MU. DIIILLIIIG IN 1971 "9- l'WHED MO AIIANIIONED IN 197ll
*e 1971 OIL DIICOVEIIT 1971 11&S DISCCMIIY
J;r ITATIIS MO CCIPl.£TION OATU
- (OffSH011£ SAIIAW&K)
- OIL REUi
-- OUTIJME OF Ot'l'IHOIIE TPTIMY
WINI ,,
IOO 200 - f8 400 -JU-I,
17777,1 _ AREAi IIELI NQUIINED
~ DURING 1971
~OUTH CHINA SEA
KALIMANTAN
FIG. 6-Westem Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Southern .Burma. and Khmer contract, concession areas, and exploratory wells,
1973.
Annex48
Extracts from Limits in the Seas No. 60 - Territorial Sea Boundary:
Indonesia-Singapore, The Geographer, U.S. Department of State,
dated 11 Nov 1974
This paper 1s one of a series i.ssued by The Geographer, Bureau
of Intelligence and Research of the Department of State. The
aim of the series 1s to set :forth the basis for national
arrangements for the measurement of the territor.tal sea or the
division of the continental shelf of maritime nations.
Intended for baakgroW1d use only, this research docwnent does
not: represent an official acceptance of the United States
Government of the line or lines represented on the charts or,
necessarily, of the si>ec1fi.c principles involved, if any, i..n
the original drafting of the lines.. Additional copies mav be
requested by mail from The Geographer, Departlllent of State,
Washington, D.c. 20520, or by teJ.ephone (Area Code 202,
632-2021 or 632-2022).
LIMITS IN THE SEAS
No,, 60
'l'ERRITORIAL SEA BOUNDARY: INDONESIA-SINGAPORE
November 11, 1974
The Geographer
office of the Geographer
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
415
Annex49
Records of Survey Conducted on Pedra Branca and Middle Rocks
from 28 June to 1 July 1977
1 417 1
-
,. ...
' I>Si~ FILE No, r",.
-
, HD.SS.HS 54/77
DEPARTMENT
'
APPROPRIATE
OFFICER
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$
1-1 OU.SG- LEG
DEPARTMENTAL
REFERENCE
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Date T I M E Ott1oo7-1n-chorge
Start End
28/6/77 0800 - Mr Choy Kum Weng
29/6/77 - - Mr Lee Weng Hun
30/6/77 - - ti
1/7/77 - 1800 II
CE'ti'l'IFIED BY:
Name of Officer: MR CHOY KUM WENG
*Delete where necessary
D-1074A4
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Location of Job
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Designation: TECHNICAL OFFICER (H} Signature: __________ _
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CA1000 FIELD RECORO£R
.....•.•.•.•..••
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IV.STfR REl!OTE
ORY BULO
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PRES~URE
RffRl,CTIVE .,.,ll""E""x,..,r""Ro"""n--.............
Not10~RfJ4
CORRECTION • 1.000325 - REFRI.CTIVE INDEX •••• PARTS/HILLION
SLOP£ DIST/. CE•••••••••••••••••• ETRES
CORRECTION•• 1.000325 - REFR,~CTIVE I 'DEX •••• P,\RTS/ ILL IClN
SL(PE DISTANCE •••••••••••••••••• HETilES
Hl,STER
SER 1:,L 110. •••••••••••••••••
SITE
OPER/,TOR
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B
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0
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...•.••....•.....
x.3 ,__ _ __.,__.._._::.;...-+----i
SYSTEM ZERO CORRECTION
METRES
11:,srrn -'.)A Tt •••••••••• •• REIIOTE
SERltl o. •••••••••••••••••
SITE ••..••..•••......
OPER,\TOR •••••••••••••••••
RE/JJINGS
B
C
0
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................ .•....................•.....•..•
11ET. CORRECTIONS PU .CCR ,ECTIOIG
:i :~~ I ""'" I """"@ PRESSURE . . _
REW.CT IV( I ' 'I. rno 1
M>lll5Rl,H
CORRECTION. 1.000325 - REFRACTIVE I X •••• Ptms/:ILLION C0:1RECTIO • 1.000325 - R(FR,CTtVE I ocx •••• PARTS/MILLION
SLOPE DIST MICE ......... ••• ....... 11fTRES SLOPE 01 STANCE •••••••••••••••••• I TRES
423
424
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B
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SY.S Tf" 2tl!O CORRECT ION
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PRESSURE
Rffll',CTIVE I DEX FRO l
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MASITR DATE•••••••••••• REHOTE
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SITE •••••••••••••••••
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B 1~1t1 C
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..•.........••.•
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IIETRES
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CORRECTION• 1.000325 - REFR/CTIVE I DEX •••• PARTS/MILLION CORRECTION•• 1.000325 - REFR~CTIVE INDEX•••• Pi\RTS/ ILLIOH
SLCP[ DISTl E •••••••••••••••••• [JqEs SLOPE DISTANCE •••••••••••••••••• IIEmES
HI.STER DATE•••••••·•••• REllOTE
SERIAL NO. ••••••••••••••••• ......••.•....••
SITE •••••••••••••••••
OPERf,TOR ..... ~! ......... .
.................. ••.......b.'.l ...••
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llTRES
HET. CORRECTIONS
~!:~,) ,:I: ~S:T-E~R::I-R _E:lO:TE~+-EJ_-_E-:..h---41-t
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Annex 50
Extracts from Trocki C., Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and
the Development of Johor and Singapore (1979)
PRINCE OF PIRATES
THE TEMENGGONGS AND THE DEVELOPMENT
OF JOHOR AND SINGAPORE
1784-1885
Carl A. Trocki
Issued under the auspices of the
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1 427 1
1 42a 1
1
Prelude to Singapore
1784-1819
The term "Johor" is used by historians to refer to two different
states - an old one and a new one. Old J ohor was the maritime
Malay empire that succeeded Malacca. It began in 1512 when the
defeated Sultan of Malacca established a capital on the Johor
River, 1 and gradually disintegrated in the eighteenth century. Sir
Richard Winstedt has written the first comprehensive account of
this state in his A History of Malaya. 2 Modern Johor occupies the
southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and is one of the eleven states
of the Federation of Malaysia. It dates from the mid-nineteenth
century.
There are historical, geographic, and dynastic connections
between these two states, as Winstedt has shown in his "History of
Johor" .3 In many respects, the present state of Johor is a successor
of the earlier empire. While the relationship between old Johar and
modern Johor is undeniable, other Malay states, including Pahang,
Trengganu, Selangor, Perak, and the nineteenth-century Residency
of Riau, have as much claim to the heritage of old Johor as does
new Joh or. The dividing-line between the two, as near as one can
make out, was the foundation of Singapore by Sir Thomas
Stamford Raffles in 1819.
Raffles received the island of Singapore for the East India
Company from a chief who was known as Abdul Rahman,
1. The capital of the Johor kingdom was moved about twenty times between
1512 and 1682, generally because of Portuguese or Achehnese attacks or
because of the installation of a new ruler. From 1513 to 1526, it was at Bentan
(Riau). From 1526 to 1618, it was at various sites on the Johor River. In 1618,
it was moved to Lingga and then to Tambelan. From 1637 to 1673, it was
again located at various places on the Johor River, generally Batu Sawar. It
was again at Riau in 1673-85. It was back on the Johor River at Kota Tinggi
from 1688 to 1700. From 1722 to 1819, it was at Riau.
2. Richard 0. Winstedt, A History of Malaya (Singapore, 1935). First published
as JMBRAS, v. 13 (1935), pp. 1-270. All references are to the first edition.
3. R. 0. Winstedt, ••A History of Johor 1365-1895 A.D.", JMBRAS, v. 10, pt. 3
(December 1932), pp. 1-167, with appendices. His treatment of post~1819
Johor is contained in Chapters IO, 11, and 12 of this work (pp. 86-120).
I
42 PRINCE OF PIRATES
as his overlord. Newbold claims that all of these "petty states" were
under the "Sultan of Johore", but he does not say whether he
means Abdul Rahman of Lingga or Hussain of Singapore.
Winstedt, in one article, follows Newbold in stating that Engku
Konik, Temenggong of Muar (1801-30), had been installed by
Sultan Mahmud III and that his successor was installed by Sultan
Hussain of _Singapore in 1830.6 However, in his "A History of
Johor", Winstedt takes a different line. 0 The immediate sway of the
Temenggong of J ohor ran from Pontian round Cape Rumenia to
Sedili Besar. But Engku Konik, Temenggong of Muar from 1801 to
1830, was appointed by 'Abdu'r-Rahman, Temenggong of Johor
and Singapore" .7 This discrepancy is probably indicative of the fact
t\\at t\\t~ tcttl.\otics wctc not vet)' im\'Ottant at this time.
It is of interest that no contemporary account (c. 1800-30),
whether ·Malay, English, or Dutch, has much to say about the
Temenggongs' government on the mainland of Johor. This is
probably because there really was not one to speak of. In addition,
neither Newbold nor Begbie indicate that the Temenggong
exercised authority in the islands to the south. But Dutch reports
and those from other British colonial officials do connect the
Temenggong with the sea peoples and the off-shore islands.
Legitimate authority on the mainland, whoever held it, did not
change the fact that outside of Muar th~re was hardly anything
worth governing. In 1826, some Europeans from Singapore
travelled up the Johor River as far as Kota Tinggi and found only
three settlements.8 The account of Crawfurd's circumnavigation of
Singapore Island in 1825 reports that along the entire southern
coast of Johor, from Tanjong Ramunia in the east to Kukub in the
west, "the country is one dreary forest without human habitation or
apparently the marks of there ever having existed any." Outside of
a few "wretched and temporary" woodcutters' huts on Pulau Ubin
6. Winstedt. "The Temenggongs of Muar'', JM!JRAS, v. IO, pt. l (1932), p. 31.
See also Newbold's article in J. H. Moor, Notices of the Indian Archipelago and
Adjacent Countries (Singapore, 1837), Appendix, pp. 73-76, "Sketch of the
State of Muar".
1. Winstedt, .. A History of Johor", p. 90.
8. "Trip to the Johore River", Singapore Chronicle, August 1826, in Moor,
Notices, pp. 264-68. The Temenggong did exercise authority on the Johor
River to some extent. The writer claims he had appropriated some old cannons
from Bukit Seluyut (p. 266). However, the Bugis of Johor Lama were
apparently under a Suliwatang in Singapore (p. 264).
429
430
44 PRINCE OF PIRATES
In about 1824, the Temenggong's following of maritime
peoples numbered anywhere from 6,000 to 10,000. This figure
includes his kampong at Singapore which had about 1,000 people,
including 500 Bugis who fled from Riau in 1820 under their chief,
Arong Belawa. 13 Beyond this, or perhaps with this, the Temenggong
controlled the whole western section of the Riau Archipelago.
Taken together, various contemporary accounts show that the
Temenggong controlled the following:
TABLE l
The Temenggong's Maritime Following, c. 182314
Island Suku* Population Boats
Karimon ? 1,250 ?
Buru Buru 670 3
Galang Galang 1,300 20
Moro Moro 560 15
Batam Trong ? 10
Sugi Sugi 1,600 6
Bulang Pekaka 1,050 ?
Timiang Timiang 1,100 30
Singapore 1,500 ?
Johor 1,000 ?
10,030 84
* Tribe name
These islands, together with Johor and Singapore, gave the
Temenggong a chain of strategically located bases which made
possible the control of all traffic moving between the Straits of
Malacca and the South China Sea (see Map 1). Whether or not the
population figures are accurate (Begbie does not give his source),
13. Arong Belawa apparently took over the following of Engkau Karaeng Talibak
(see p. 43 above). His wives included a daughter of Yang Di-Pertuan Muda
Raja 'Ali (1784-1805) and a daughter of Karaeng (Begbie, PP: 283-84). The
Tujhat has a long account of his expulsion from Riau, claiming that he
eventually returned to Riau and made·his peace with the Dutch and Raja
Ja'afar (p. 279). However, Gibson-Hill reports that he was buried in the
Temenggong's cemetery at Teluk Belanga. C. A. Gibson-Hill, "Singapore, Old
Strait and New Harbour", Memoirs of the Raffles Museum. no. 3 (December
1956), p. 80.
14. Population figures based on Begbie, The Malayan Peninsula, pp. 270-: 72.
Boats based on Presgrave, .. Report on Piracy", p. 71. See.also Appendix A.
MALAV
Key: Estimated boundary - - ___ _
SOUTH
CHINA
Map l. The Temenggong's Domain c. 1818-1823
431
1 432 1
56 PRINCE OF PIRATES
There was no future for him at Riau with Raja Ja'afar and the
Dutch. AII that was left was Johor, and there was nothing there to
attract him. Singapore, despite all its troubles, had become a
populous and successful port. There were many reasons which
compelJecl the Ternenggong to remain there, beyond the fact that he
had no alternative.
While Crawfurd's argument regarding the success of Singapore
as being the responsibility of the British may have some validity, he
appears to have ignored certain realities which his successors
ultimately were forced to recognize. Singapore's size and prosperity
left many opportunities for the Malay chiefs to augment their
wealth and power. They had agreed to aid in tlie suppression of
piracy by the treaty of 1824, and there was really no way that the
British alone could police the many channels and straits of the
region. In the past the sea peoples under the Temenggong had
carried out the function of patrolling these waters. However, since
they were not allowed to collect presents or port duties from the
native and Chinese vessels, who would pay to suppress the pirates?
The allowances given to the Sultan and the Temenggong were
insufficient to pay their followers. The only recourse for these
people was to continue in their former occupation on a free-lance
basis - they became pirates.
We should define the word pirates. As long as the Malay
political system of the region was operative, the activities of the sea
peoples had been violent but perfectly -legitimate pursuits. The sea
peoples possessed the seas and what floated on them by hereditaryfeudal
right from the Sultan of Johor. So long as their chief held a
valid title from the Sultan, their .. patrol" activities regarding trade
were a legitimate naval operation.
Some groups of orang /aut, however, did not come under
recognized chiefs. These were perompak - wanderers and
renegades who included hereditary outlaw bands with no fixed
abode.41 There were also perompak who were temporary bands of
outlaws under down-on-their-luck rajas and foreign adventurers.
At this time, certain groups were disorganized and in a turbulent
state because of recent economic difficulties. They too had a
41. Begbie, The Malayan Peninsula, pp. 271-73. Begbie describes some suku as
being perpetual wanderers, while most lived more or less ashore or at least had
bases on the islands from which they drew their names. There were also the
Hlanuns, whom everyone looked on as pirates.
60 PRINCE OF Pf RA TES
-new elements to lay the foundation for an agricultural state in
J ohor. It is hard to say just how much he had inherited from his
father. In 1825, Ibrahim was only fifteen years old. He was too
young to effectively manage the affairs of his father's government.
From 1825, the state went into a period of interregnum and
disintegration. There was a power vacuum in the area around
Singapore. It was ten years before the Temenggong's successor
began putting the pieces back together again. From 1826 to 1836
politics were in abeyance and upiracy" reigned.
I 433 1
434
3
The Temenggong of· Singapore
1825-1848
Temenggong Daing lbrahim 1 was·the founder of modern Johor. He
was a transitional figure who bridged the gap between the ancient
maritime and the modern landed state. When he was left with the
responsibility for the family's fortunes, he had very few resources.
If he was to survive as a ruler, he was faced with two apparently
mutually exclusive alternatives: the way of the English or the way of
his own followers _and Malay tradition. He could be a puppet or a
pirate. He managed a compromise.
In 1826, his only tangible resources were his father's pension,
which the Straits government continued to pay to him, and his own
kampong at Teluk Belanga. Cut off from the Riau court and the
Sultan, he had no title.2 He was not officially installed as
Temenggong until 1841.' The period between Abdul Rahman's
death and his own installation was one of trial and testing, during
which the young chief made his· own way in a changing and
dangerous world.
His father's death had . very nearly brought about the .
disintegration of the Temenggong's government. Many of Abdul
Rahman's followers drifted off and went their own way; some may
have rallied briefly around Tengku Yahya, the son of Sultan
Hussain. In 1826, he is reported to have sent people to work the tin
I. Temenggong Daing Ibrahim (b. 1810, d. 1862), also known as Daing R.onggek,
Daing Kechil~ and Tengku Chik, was a younger son of Temenggong Abdul
Rahman. The elder son, Abdullah, is reported to have been mentally
unbalanced (Winstedt, •• A History of Johor", p. 91 ). Winstedt notes that he
was also wrongly called Ganggek and Renggek by Munshi Abdullah. See also
Major Dato Haji Mohamad Said bin Haji Sulaiman, Hikayat Johor dan
Tawarikh Al-Marhum Sultan Abu Bakar Johor (Johor Baharu, 1950), p. 3.
2. Winstedt, .. A History of Johor", p. 91. Winstedt suggests: _"Probably the delay
in instaJling Ibrahim as Temenggong of sixteen years was due to hesitation on
the part of Sultan Hussain of Singapore to usurp the prerogative of the Sultans·
of Lingga and to the fact that after Sultan Hussain's decease in 1835 there wu
no Sultan of Singapore until 1855."
61
66 PRINCE OF PIRATES
following had become fragmented, by the time Ibrahim came of age
he had already begun to show his strength among these peoples.
In 1835, a r~port in the Singapore Free Press accused the
Temenggong and his followers of a number of piracies in the -
immediate region:
It is reported that a number of piratical boats manned by
people belonging to Tellok Balanga have been and still are
lurking in the straits between this and Rio, committing
atrocities of more than usual number and daring. In the hope
that it may attract the notice of Government, I request that
you will publish this list of them in your next paper.
One Pu cat which left Rio on or about the 1st inst. bound for
this place, captured; crew 25 or 26 in number missing,
supposed to have been all murdered.11
The account goes on to give details about four more vessels which
had allegedly been attacked by pirates from Teluk Belanga.
Bonham's subordinates also suspected the Temenggong of
being involved in piracy. In his book, T. J. Newbold recommended
"a discreet surveillance over the conduct of the present Tumungong
of Johore; who is more than suspected of being the mainspring of
the daring system of piracy which has so long been an opprobrium
to the eastern extremity of the Straits. A threat of withdrawing the
stipend he enjoys gratuitously from the British Government might
be useful."12 ·
The Dutch, too, cast suspicion on the establishment at Teluk
Belanga. In 1836, the Resident of Riau .. pointed out that although
the population of Rhio and Lingga . was altogether bad, it was
notorious that a great number of pirates actually lived in the New
Harbour and Telok Belanga districts of Singapore itself - where
they got their information and their powder and shot, and where
they were able to get rid of their booty without difficulty" .13
Bonham himself was well aware that Ibrahim had become a
rather disreputable character at Singapore. He left the following
description of him in 1835:
11. SFP, 12 November 1835.
12. Newbold, Political and Statistical Account, v. I, p. 37.
13. Walter Makepeace, R. St. J. Braddell, and G. E. Brooke, One Hundred Years of
Singapore (London, 1921 ), p. 383.
1 435 1
I 436 1
THE TEMENGGONG OF SINGAPORE, 1825-1848 67
His father died in December, 1825, and was succeeded by his
eldest son who is naturally imbecile [sic]... his next brother
the ref ore has the management of the monthly sum we pay
him .... This young man is about 18 years of age [actually
Ibrahim was 25 at the time] idle and completely illiterate;
indeed, except by his clothes and consequent personal
appearance, not a remove higher on the scale of Civilization
than the meanest of his followers. I make these remarks
because an opinion exists here that the last is very deeply
involved in many of the Piracies which take place in the
neighbourhood .... they [the Temenggong and the Sultan] are
indeed incapable of restraining their own dependents, among
whom, though I -h~ve no tangible evidence to prove it, t~ere
can be little doubt that there are many who live upon what they
get by I this mischievious and atrocious way. 14
Despite the Temenggong's unsavoury reputation, Bonham
decided to set a new course in Anglo-Malay relations. In 1836, the
Temenggong agreed to cooperate with Bonham in suppressing
piracy. This was a turning-point for the Temenggong. For ·the next
thirty years, he came to be considered the primary Malay ally of the
British, not only as a controller of the sea peoples but also as a
' .
negotiator on behalf of the Straits government in its dealings with
other Malay chiefs. In order to do this, Bonham followed his
inclinations "in assisting the Temenggong's family in regaining and
upholding the authority exercised by their father".
Why did Bonham do this? Tarling considers it a fatal mistake
which led the British into a fumbling policy of intervention in the
Malay states. 15 Other reports from the period suggest that Bonham
had decided on a comprehensive solution to a number of
Singapore's chronic problems. Piracy was one of these, taxes were
another, and the economic cycle was yet a third. In the years
1835-36, these problems converged on Bonham.
In April I 835, a public meeting was held in Singapore and a
letter drafted to India and the King in Council asking for
government assistance in suppressing piracy. In reply, the Indian
government proposed a plan to levy duties at Singapore to pay for
piracy-suppressing expeditions~ 16 The Singapore merchants were
14. SSR, R-3, Bonham to Prinsep, 23 April 1835.
15. Tarling, Piracy and Politics, p. 61.
16. Buckley, An Anecdotal History, pp. 276-77.
68 PRINCE OF PIRATES
outraged at this threat to free trade and enlisted aid from England
to forestall the proposal. Mary Turnbull reports that the East India
and China Association in London brought pressures to bear on the
Board of Directors of the E.I.C. The scheme of levying taxes at
Singapore was duly scuttled and the Straits Settlements continued
as free ports uexempt not only from import and export duties, but
also from tonnage and port dues, wharf age and anchorage duties,
port clearance and stamp duties". The Singapore merchants,
laissez-faire capit~lists to the core, were willing to p.ut up with
anything, even · piracy, rather than pay taxes. This situation
continued until about 1867, and left the Singapore government in a
state of continual pov,,.rty, thus forcing it to seek rather
extraordinary means in order to make ends meet.17
Bonham and the Straits government were thus trapped
between the Singapore merchants and the East India Company .
. · The merchants would complain about piracy, but they would not
pay for its suppression. Undoubtedly, a certain amount of their
reluctance to pay taxes in 1835 stemmed from the current economic
crisis. Munshi Abdullah reports that there had been a crash and
that many Chinese merchants, who had borrowed heavily from
European merchants, had gone bankrupt. The European merchants
naturally were forced to absorb substantial losses. 18
Piracy may or may not have been a contributing cause of the
poor economic situation; it certainly did not help. In the early
1830s, not only Malay and orang laut traders were being attacked
but Bugis, Chinese, and even a few European vessels were victims.
Bonham was thus forced to find a me~ns of ending piracy
which would cost the Singapore gov~rnment nothing. Much of
Bonham's success in solving these outstanding problems lay
in the fact that he appears to have been an extremely practical
man. Buckley reports that he had had long experience in the Malay
world by the time he became Acting Governor of Singapore in
1836, and that .. Mr. Bonham, afterwards Sir George Bonham, was
very popular among the Europeans and natives." Bonham
~'commenced life in the East in the Civil service in Bencoolen, and
had a considerable knowledge of mankind, and, like a sensible man,
17. C. M. Turnbull, The Suaits Settlements 1826-1867 (Kuala Lumpur, 1972), p.
191.
18. A. H. Hill, trans., The Hikayat, p. 281.
1 437 1
1 438 1
THE TEMENGGONG OF SINGAPORE. 1825-1848 69
exerted himself to keep things in easy train and make them pleasant
when he could''.19
We have identified some of the things that must have been
uppermost in· Bonham's mind at the time. Many Europeans also
favoured a more expansive and interventionist policy than
Singapore had traditionally pursued. One of these was T. J.
Newbold, Bonham's subordinate. 20
Tarling shows the first evidence of Bonham's new policy with
the expeditions of the gunboat Andromache in 1836. In May 1836,
the Andromache arrived in Singapore under Captain Henry Ducie
Chads. Chads had a commission from the Indian government to
assist in piracy suppression and to deliver a proclamation to the
Malay chiefs, informing them of a system of passes which was to be
instituted for identifying trading boats. The Commissioners also
had authority to communicate directly with the Dutch.
After surprising a number of pirates-in Singapore harbour, the
Andromache with Bonham and Chads headed for Riau in June
1836. They met with Goldman, the Dutch Resident, and informed
him of their intentions regarding the pass system stating that they
would henceforth hold the local chiefs responsible for piracies
committed in their jurisdiction. They also made reference to the
alleged pirate settlement on the nearby island of Galang. Goldman
pointed out that under the Treaty of 1824, the British
Commissioners had no authority in the Riau-Lingga Archipelago ..
He said he would have to consult with Batavia before he could
cooperate with them. Upon this, the Andromache sailed straight to
Galang and wiped out the settlement there.
The fallowing month, they went to Pahang where some
"Johor" pirates had sold as slaves the captives that they had taken
from a Cochin-Chinese trading junk. It was at this point that the
name of Ibrahim became associated with the anti-piracy campaign,
and undoubtedly with the activities of the Andromache. Regarding
Pahang, Tarling points out that "as force could not be employed in
this Peninsular state, Bonham accepted the off er of Temenggong
Ibrahim of Johore, still resident in Singapore, to use his good
offices with the Bendahara."
Tarling describes this liaison with Ibrahim as a definite
departure from the policy which the Straits authorities had
19. Buckley, An Anecdotal History, p. 383.
20. Newbold, Political and Statistical Account, v. 1, pp. 40-46.
70 PRINCE OF PIRATES
follQwed since I 824. It was also continued by his successor,
Butterworth.
The significant fact here is the close association of Bonham
and Butterworth with Temenggong Ibrahim. Through their
operations for the suppression of piracy and the slave trade,
the Governors were carrying on "intercourse" with the native
states. The Temenggong was the first of the reformed princes,
and he offered his aid, readily accepted, in communicating
with other chiefs, particularly the Bendahara of Pahang. The
influence of Government and of the Temenggong were thus
closely associated. 21
While Tarling is of the opinion that this association brought
unforeseen problems for the Straits government, there can be little
doubt that it worked to the benefit of Temenggong Ibrahim. In
1837, the Temenggong's status among the orang laut and the Malay
chiefs of the region visibly increased.
In April 1837, 270 small boats containing the families of suku
Galang came to Singapore to seek refuge_ under the Temenggong.22
Ibrahim asked the government for permission to receive them and
promised that he would be responsible for them. If Bonham's
statement about the various suku of Riau who had broken away
from the Temenggong's control is correct, the Andromache's raid
on Galang had had the effect of driving them back into the fold.
The Galang people had a very high reputation among other orang
laut. 23 It is therefore possible that many of the other suku followed
their example and now looked to the Temenggong for protection,
support, and leadership.
A Malay report of the Andromache's cruise indicates that the
Commissioners did not limit their attack to Galang but went down
21. Tarling, British Policy, pp. 48-55.
22. Tarling, Piracy and Politics, p. 102.
23. J. T. Thomson, .. Description of the Eastern Coast of Johore and Pahang with
Adjacent Islands", JIA, v. S (1851), p. 143. Thomson gives evidence of the
reputation of suku Galang among the other groups of orang laut. He reports a
conversation with some men from suku Buru: .. Jud1ing from occasional
expressions which escaped from them they appeared to look upon piracy as a
highly manly pursuit, and as giving them a claim to the approval of their
fellows. Thus Attak would occasionally say, •tt-e orang Gallang {Men of
Gallang) do so and so, or such is the custom with them.• He appeared to think
that notorious class highly worthy ofimitation; when asked to sing, he would
say I know none but Gallang songs."
1 439 1
I 44o I
THE TEMENGGONG OF SINGAPORE. 1825-1848 71
through the Riau Straits shooting at every perahu they chanced
upon: "As they sailed back to Singapore from Galang they kept
watch for native craft and whenever they met one it would be
destroyed by cannon fire." At that time, Sultan Muhammad was
travelling from Lingga to Riau with some other chiefs. "When they
arrive~ at the Sambu Straits, they stopped to let the women go
ashore to bathe. There they heard the news that a gun-boat was
roving about the sea shooting at all perahus with mat sails. " 2'
Fear of the gunboats appears to have driven many sea peoples
to Ibrahim for protection. He was the only Malay chief who had a
legitimate voice at Singapore. The Galang raid and other
excursions of the Andromache, together with the coming of the
steam-cruiser Diana in 1837, and Ibrahim's involvement in the
Pahang negotiations seem to have acted as a catalyst for the
Singapore chiers . prestige among other Malay chiefs. Buckley
reports that in July 1837 "the Rajah of Selangor came to Singapore
in his own brig, and was received with a salute of 15 guns. The
Sultan of Lingga paid a visit to Singapore at the same time, so the
Free Press remarked that there were 'two crowned heads' in the
same place; but both m·ore than suspected of giving countenance to
piracy."25 The Tu/hat's report of this visit indicates that some effort
was made at this time to patch up the split that had existed between
the Riau-Lingga and Singapore chiefs. Sultan Muhammad26 of
Lingga had come to get the body of his aunt, Raja Maimunah, for
burial at Riau. While he was there, he also married Tengku
Ampuan, a half-sister of Ibrahim.27
Ibrahim was able to begin playing an important role in all
further contacts between the Straits government and Malay chiefs
throughout the region. Under Bonham, the Straits government
embarked on a policy of intervention to suppress piracy. This
intervention took the form of negotiations and occasional gunboat
diplomacy. We may also suspect, although no mention of the topic
is found in the sources, that the Temenggong himself must have
outfitted patrol boats of his own at this time. 28 Since the
24. The Tufhat, pp. 330-31.
25. Buckley. An Anecdotal History, p. 315.
26. Sultan Abdul Rahman had died in 1830. He was succeeded by his son, Sultan
Muhammad Muzaffar Shah (b. 1803, d. 1841).
27. The Tufhat, p. 334.
28. At a later date, there is evidence that the Temenggong did outfit some boats to
72 PRINCE OF PIRATES
Temenggong was not a wealthy man, his source of provisions and
arms must have come from the government, or through
intermediaries on their behalf.
The most likely sources for such supplies were the European
merchants of Singapore. It is thus of great importance that the year
1837 also saw the relocation· of two of Singapore's leading
merchants to Teluk Belanga. James Guthrie and William Wemys
Ker are both reported to have purchased land from Ibrahim and
built houses near his kampong. 29 In the case of Ker, this marked the
beginning of a long and profitable association between his company
and the Johor government. The firm, Ker, Rawson & Co., later
known as Paterson & Simons, was the principal European ag~nt for
the J ohor government throughout the nineteenth century. The
exact nature of the association between Ibrahim and these
m~rchants in its initial year_s must remain a matter of speculation,
but by 1843 there were reports of regular business dealings between
the Temenggong and Ker.
The year 1837 was a watershed for· the Temenggong. The key
event was his relationship with Bonham, and everything else
followed from that. He aided in the Pahang negotiations and was
most likely suspected by other Malays of having had a hand in the
Galang raid. This made him a man of importance as far as the sea
peoples and many other Malay chiefs were concerned. His
relationship with Bonham was also instrumental in the connections
that the Temenggong was subsequently able to form with the
Singapore mercantile community. This new configuration of
relationships did not automatically ensure the Temenggong's
success as a ruler; however, it did place him in a position where he
could utilize one type of resource to reinforce his influence with
other groups and thus acquire access to further resources. None of
this was done without fighting and struggle. The next twenty-five
years of Ibrahim's life were marked by constant conflict and
turmoil. In 1841, the first of his many achievements was gained. He
was officially recognized as the Temenggong of Johor by Governor
Bonham in the presence of the Bendahara of Pahang.
· .. suppress pirates; see, SFP, 9 June 1859, which carries a report of the
apprehension of some "Galang" pirates by the Temenggong's men.
29. C. A. Gibson-Hill, "Singapore: Notes on the History of the. Old Strait,
1580-1850", JMBRAS, v. 27, pt. l (May 1954), p. 200.
441
1 442 1
THE TEMENGGONG OF SINGAPORE, 1825-1848 73
The Temenggong did not, however, rely solely on the British
for recognition of his new position. It is noteworthy that Bendahara
Tun Ali of Pahang ·had been present and had thereby given his
approval to the appointment. Since there was no longer a
recognized Sultan at Singapore, Temenggong Ibrahim then
travelled down to Lingga. The Tufhat reports: " ... after Daeng
Kechil Ibrahim had been installed as Temenggong Sri Maharaja he
then went to Lingga to come before Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar
Shah and to meet his ~uncle' Raja Ali the Yang Di-Pertuan Muda.
Raja Ali was the husband of Ibrahim's sister, Raja Chik. When he
arrived at Lingga he was honoured by Sultan Mahmud and Raja
Ali according to the prescribed custom foil owed when rajas
meet."30
Tarling has discussed at some length the leading role which
Temenggong Ibrahim now began to play in this phase of British
intervention in the Malay world. He began by negotiating with
Pahang. Ultimately, he became involved in the Pahang succession
dispute and brought in the British on his side. He and the British
lost this war, but the credibility he had gained with British
governors of Singapore was not destroyed. According to Tarling,
"Trengganu was named as one of the states in which the
Temenggong had influence."31 He goes on to describe a subtle series
of manoeuvres which seem to have been initiated by the
Temenggong. In 1850, Su.ltan Omar of Trengganu suddenly started
negotiating with the Dutch, much to the alarm of the Singapore
authorities. "This was a move in native politics and the Dutch were
not instigators. Its cause was undoubtedly Omar's alarm at the
extending influence of the Temenggong in Pahang and in the
Peninsula as a whole, associated as it appeared to be with the power
of the British Government."
The Temenggong also became involved in a struggle with the
successor of Sultan Hussain, Tengku Ali.
In 1852, after describing a visit from the Temenggong, Church
analysed the situation on the east coast. "In this
neighbourhood, there are two parties, on one side, the Sultan
of Lingga. the Sultan of Trengganu, and the young princes of
. .Johore [Tengku Ali]; on the other, the Raja Bendahara of
Pahang, and the _Temenggong Sri Maharaja." But as yet there
30. The Tujhat, p. 338.
31. Tarling, British Policy, p. 57-58.
THE TEMENGGONG OF SINGAPORE. 1825-1848 75
Peninsula. In Pahang, a succession crisis developed into a full-scale
civil war with the Temenggong intervening to support one side and
Sultan Omar and Sultan Ali the other. 0 This war was a profound
problem for the Straits Government, anxious as ever to preserve
peace between the states. Its methods are illustrated by the history
of its relations with Trengganu, and these again are bound up with
the operations for the suppression of piracy."
One of the ultimate failures of British policy on the east coast of
Malaya was that Trengganu eventually became a tributary state of
Siam. Tarling suggests that this unfortμnate result was owing to the
Temenggong "on whose influence British policy on the east coast
was largely founded". 34
It is difficult to speak of the Temenggong as having pursued an
· independent foreign policy. Since he continued to keep his
residence within the colony of Singapore, his freedom of action was
highly limited and ambiguous. Tarling shows· him, however, as
having played a key role in the manipulating, if not directing, of
British policy towards the Malay states. For the British, it appears
to have been a relatively unsuccessful policy on the whole .. But
while the Temenggong suffered set-backs, he also reaped some
permanent advantages, not the least of which was the ~ltimate
recognition of his claim to Johor in 1855.
Until the 1840s Johor had remained an uninhabitc;d jungle. As
a_ resource, it was more of a liability than an asset. This was one of
the reasons why Ibrahim had first turned to the sea peoples and to
piracy when faced with the task of rebuilding the family's political
prestige. Although he was successful in gaining allies among the
British and respect from his fellow chiefs by this expedient, these
offered no permanent solution to the overriding question of his
poverty. One . of Bonham's considerations in accepting the
Temenggong's aid was that it offered a reasonably cheap method at
a time when the government was beset with financial troubles.
Piracy suppression could never have offered much in the way of
financial remuneration for the Temenggong and his followers .. If
the pirates were to remain dormant and if the Temenggong was to· :
retain his power over them, he needed additional resources, and
Johor ~ffered the only possible alternative. It was wide open for
agricultural development. However, this demanded both labour
34. Tarling, British Policy. pp. 61-63.
I 443 I
76 PRINCE OF PIRATES
and capital, and the Temenggong had neither. At this time, the
Temenggong benefited by a stroke of luck. Gutta-percha was
discovered in the forests of Johor.15
The story of gutta-percha illustrates the benefits which
recognition by the Europeans had brought to the Temenggong.
Malays had long been aware of gutta-percha and its remarkable
properties. There are reports that they had occasionally used the
rubber-like substance for making the handles of choppers.
However, it was of no great value to them. During the 1830s, some
enterprising Malays began to manufacture buggy whips from gutta-
. percha and sold them to Europeans in Singapore. Some of these
found their way back to England.
In 1832, William Montgomerie, an English surgeon, published
· a paper on t}:le properties and potentialities of gutta-percha. His
research, however, did not attract general notice until 1843, when
the Royal Asiatic Society recognized the potential of the substance
for manufacturing surgical and chemical apparatus. A few years
later,. with the development of submarine telegraphy, gutta-percha
was found to be the only substance capable of protecting
underwater cables from the elements. 36
Ibrahim was able to capitalize on this discovery through his
contacts with .the European merchants of Singapore. His
neighbour, W.W. Ker, seems to have been.instrumental in alerting
the Temenggong to the value of Johor's gutta-percha.37 One source
reports that the first commercial shipment of gutta-percha t~
England was sent by Ker, Rawson & -Co. 38 The Temenggong
35. Burkhill, Dictionary, pp. 1623-25. Gutta.percha (getah taban) is the latex-like
sap of various varieties of Blanco Pa/aquim. From the time of its discovery in
the 1840s, its most important use has been in the coating of trans-oceanic
telegraph cables. It is also used for surgical and chemical apparatus, corks, golf
balls, and dental fillings. Ordinarily, gutta-percha is a hard, solid, yet slightly
elastic, substance. However, it can be softened simply by putting it in hot water
and then remoulded into shape. On cooling it resumes its original hardness.
36. Two good accounts of the story of the discovery of gutta-percha are. generally ·
available. Buckley, An Anecdotal History. pp. 402-5; and l)tomas Oxley,
"Gutta Percha", JI.A, v. I (1847), PP·. 22-29.
37. W. H. Read, Play and Politics: Reminiscences of Malaya by an Old Resident
(London, 1901), p. 14. Read, without giving names, simply notes that the
Temenggong was made aware of the value of gutta-percha by "a Singapore
merchant".
38. Allister MacMillan, comp. and ed., Seaports of the Far East, Historical and
THE TEMENGGONG AND THE CHINESE, 1844-1860 115
beginning to exercise control on the spot. As shown on map 3,
most of the small riv.ers flowing into the Johor Straits had been
opened to cultivation, as well as some of the tributaries of the Johor
River.
The Johor of about 1860 was largely the creation of
Temenggong Ibrahim. He had begun in 1825, without titJc or
estate, but only as the heir to his father's leadership of the Telu·k
Belanga community. He did not begin to attract attention until
about 1834, when he emerged as a suspected pirate chief. In many
ways, hi~ career began like those of hundreds of Malay rajas before
him - he was a disinherited prince forced to claim a state by
conquest.
. His battleground was, however, British-controlled Singapore
and he faced a power that greatly outweighed anything he could
hope to muster. Thus, in 1836, he took the only opportunity
available to him and joined forces with Bonham against the pirates.
On the basis of this alliance, he gained power and received
recognition from Europeans as well as his brother chiefs at Riau
and on the Peninsula, and he finally received his title in 1841.
He began to build a state in J ohor shortly after this. The
discovery of gutta-percha and the development of difficulties
among the Chinese pepper and gambier planters of Singapore
supplied him with the wealth and manpower to begin agricultural
settlements on the empty land. His government here was of a very
traditional style and seems to have amounted to no more than the
collection of taxes and management of trade monopolies. The
Temenggong did not see Johor as a sphere for political
administration. For him, politics were in Singapore and the Malay
world which centred around it. Johor was simply an economic
resource.
There was little need for him to exercise the actual powers of
government over the Chinese. He merely appointed a Kapitan, as
had been done at Riau, and took the precaution of excluding all
secret societies with the exception of the Ngee Heng. The Kapitan
and the Kangchus were the major administrators of the cultivation
and whatever law and order was maintained on the plantations.
They were also responsible for the collection of taxes and the
Temenggong's revenues.
From a strictly pragmatic point of view, the Kangchu system
made possible the initial development of large tracts of virgin land
116 PRINCE OF PIRATES
in Johor. As a pattern of social, political, and economic
organization, it was admirably suited to the resources and
requirements of the period. Efforts were concentrated on the
cultivation of two crops which were in high demand throughout the
nineteenth century - pepper and gambier. Successful cultivation
and initial processing of these crops required a minimum of
technological sophistication and equipment. They drew primarily
on the most readily available resources of the area: Chinese labour,
the unoccupied land and ample forests of J ohor, and the many
small but navigable rivers which gave access to them.
At the same time, minimal and appropriate demands were
placed on the available capital and on the existing social and
economic institutions. The family-run Chinese businesses of
Singapore, the Chinese clan and secret society structures, and the
Malay political organization of the Temenggong were.admirably
suited to finance, manage, and control this system of agricultural
production. Moreover, they were able to do so at a profit.
It would be incorrect, however, to presume that such a task as
that of opening up the Johor wilderness to cultivation could have
been done without the British presence in Singapore. It is doubtful
that such an enterprise would have been undertaken were it not for
the entrepot. As we saw with Riau, this cultivation had long been a
part of the entrepot complex. In the nineteenth century, British
Singapore provided a market at which the produce could be
gathered, sold, and exported. It was at Singapore that the monetary
resources, the supplies, and the labour force were concentrated.
Without the entrepot, the development of commercial agriculture
in Johor would have been impossible.
Singapore's dominant position in the pepper and gambier
business long pre-dated the opening of J ohor. Singapore remained
the financial and commercial centre of the industry throughout the
nineteenth century. Johor was destined to continue its existence as a
state which, though politically independent, was economically
totally dependent on Singapore.
Until the end of the 1850s, Johor was largely governed in
absentia. The Temenggong and his more important followers
remained at Teluk Belanga. On the Chinese side, the merchants and
shopkeepers of Singapore financed the planters in J ohor. As
Temenggong Ibrahim aged and his son Abu Bakar began to assume
control over the state, they set out to build a state administration in
212 PRINCE OF PIRATES
appointed a Kapitan to govern the Kangchu. This individual in the
first instance was the secret society chieftain, Tan Kee Soon.
The cap-stone of the Johor government was the following of
the ruler. The small group of kin and associates from Teluk Belanga
became the managers of the Chinese agricultural and tax-farming
system. This group developed into the State Council and eventually
grew into the Malay administration. Individuals such as Ungku
Abdul Rahman and Abdul Majid, Dato Mohamad Salleh bin
Perang, Dato Mohamad Ibrahim bin Munshi Abdullah, and Dato
Mentri Ja'afar bin Haji Mohamad managed day-to-day relations
with the Chinese. Their primary function seems to have been the
issuing of revenue farms and, beyond that, laying down the ground
rules within which the Chinese were to operate. In establishing
relations with the Chinese on a systematic basis, they laid the
foundation for the patterns of political and economic domination
which continue to· characterize the present-day Federation of
Malaysia.
The key to understanding the nature of the Temenggong's
control of Johor is to be found in the position which he held as an
unofficial policeman of the Singapore government. As the chief
pirate suppressor, his authority was first established in Singapore's
off-shore waters. From here it was a natural step to begin policing
the coast of neighbouring Johor. The spread of the gambier
cultivation from Singapore to Johor is seen as a mere extension of
the port. As the policeman of Singapore's frontier zone, the
Temenggong came to control this agriculture. The statements in the
earliest surat sungai, that the Kangchu was subject to the same laws
as those laid down by the Company in Singapore, add weight to this
argument. It was not until Temenggong Ibrahim died that any
attempt was made to resolve the ambiguities and anomalies in the
status of the Temenggong and ofJohor.
The early 1860s were another watershed period. The treaty of
1855 had given the Temenggong full control of Johor. However, no
move was made to establish an effective government there, let alone
attempt to separate the state from Singapore, until Abu Bakar
succeeded his father. Abu Dakar appears to have taken the initiative
here and decided that the time for ambiguities had ended. Taking
the offensive in the Pahang civil war, he sought to translate
Ibrahim's intermediary role into one of outright hegemony. His
failure here appears to have resolved the question of Johor's
I 447 I
Annex 51
Report of Survey of Pedra Branca (Horsburgh)
from 10 Sep to 12 Sep 1991
SURVEY OF PEDRA BRANCA
(HORSBURGH)
FROM 10 SEPTEMBER TO 12 SEPTEMBER 1991
REPORT OF SURVEY
449
450
PART I
CONTENTS - DESCRIPTIVE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GEODETIC CONTROL
3. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
4. BATHYMETRY
5. COASTLINE AND TOPOGRAPHY
6. CHART DATUM
7. WRECKS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
8. MOORING BUOYS
9. CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION
a. The purpose of the survey is to pick up topographical
details of Pedra Branca and carry out a bathymetric survey
of its surrounding waters.
b. The survey team departed Blangah Bay at 0600 hours on
1"0 September 1991 and arrived at Pedra Branca for the survey
on the same day at 1000 hours. The survey was completed 3
days later at 1300 hours on 12 September 1991 and returned
to Blangah Bay at 1830 hours.
c. The weather throughout the survey was fair but hazy
with occasional rain/shower. The haze restricted visibility
to about. 6 8 kilometres and caused a slight delay in
completing the traverse. A maximum sea-state 1 was
experienced throughout the survey period.
d. The undulating seabed, isolated submerged rocks and the
strong tidal stream around Pedra Branca Lighthouse made
surveying the area particularly difficult. These also posed
problem in manoeuvering the survey launch - "Investigator"
and dinghy.
e. The survey team was divided into 2 ie. land and sea.
The land survey team picked up details of the rocks above
chart datum surrounding the lighthouse, including the drying
line by using the dinghy, wherever possible. The list of
personnel in the Survey Team appears as Annex A.
f. The survey team onboard the launch "Investigator"
covered the waters surrounding the lighthouse up to a
maximum of 400 metres radius, excluding the area surveyed in
September 1988. A sketch showing the survey limits appears
as Annex B.
2 • GEODETIC CONTROL
a. The survey is on the Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM} Grid in metres based upon the false easting of 500 000
metres for longitude of origin at Central Meridian 105 East
and false northing of O for latitude of origin at Equator
0 . The spheroid used is Everest Modified.
b. On arrival at Pedra Branca, the horizontal control
network was established and levelled to previously
coordinated points and bench mark. In addition, 2 new
offshore points were established at Middle Rocks. A sketch
of the traverse established appears as Annex C.
451
452
c. As there had been reconstruction work carried out since
the last survey in September 1988, only the points
established on the parapet of the light tower and at the
jetty were recovered. These were used and closed to Munggin~
Light, off the Malaysian Coast (about 12.5 km). A misclosure
of 38 seconds was achieved.
d. To improve the geometry for the bathymetry survey, 2
new points on Middle Rocks located at about 1 kilometre
south of the lighthouse. These were used for setting the
Electronic Positioning Fixing (EPF) System Remote stations.
These points strengthen the survey geometry, as Pedra Branca
is isolated and limited in size. The 2 points lie in an east
/ west direction and are about 400 metres apart. Photographs
of the 2 points established on Middle Rocks appear Annex D.
3. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
a. The survey team on land used Theodolite and Electronic
Distant Measuring (EDM) instruments to pick up the land
details.
b. A microwave EPF System ie. Del Norte Trisponder 542
with 3 remotes were used for positioning of the survey
launch. The brochure for this system appears as Annex E.
c. The EDM and Trisponder instruments were calibrated at
known points in Singapore. The calibration results for the
Del Norte Trisponder System appear as Annex F. In addition
to the calibration checks were made before and after each
day's survey.
4 . BATHYMETRY
a. The dual-frequency (33khz and 210 khz) Atlas Deso-20
and Raytheon 719C (208 khz) echo sounders were used on the
survey launch "Investigator" and dinghy respectively. The
brochures for both echo sounders appear as Annex G.
b. With regard to the Atlas Deso 20 echo sounder, a
calibration transducer was utilised before and after e.ach
day's survey. A bar-check plate was used to calibrate the
Raytheon 719C before and after each day's survey.
c. The area covered by "Investigator" had sounding lines
run in the north-south direction at 5 metres interval and
cross-lines at 50 metres interval. ·The average sounding
speed was 7 knots. Data was automatically acquired and
logged onboard.
d. On the other hand, the position of the dinghy surveying
in the northern and eastern sectors of the lighthouse had
its position fixed by 2 simultaneous theodolites
intersection set on coordinated points. Due to the hazardous
submerged rocks and tidal stream, the work was extremely
difficult and time consuming, thus affecting the output.
5 • TOPOGRAPHY AND COASTLINE
a. The topography and coastline details surrounding the
lighthouse were surveyed using theodolite and EDM. The
details picked up included the size and height of rocks,
wherever possible. The main areas of survey were on the
northern and eastern sectors of the lighthouse. All heights
were reduced to chart datum.
b. Due to the constraint posed by the tidal height and
rocks exposed during low waters, the land survey team's
daily progress was limited.
6 • CHART DATUM
a. All depths and heights are reduced to Chart Datum or
5.541 metres below the Bench Mark of Brass bolt embedded on
the rock beside the southern entrance to the lighthouse.
This mark was established during the Malacca and Singapore
Straits Joint Survey in 1978. A temporary benchmark was also
transferred to the jetty.
b. A tide watcher was deployed to measure the tidal levels
at 15 minutes interval during the course of the survey. The
predictions coincide closely with the observed values. The
tidal observatio~s appear as Annex H.
7. WRECKS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
a. There is only one known charted wreck ie. M/V Yu Seung
Ho within the survey limits. The position of the wreck and
adjacent rock were verified. As the wreck had disintegrated
with smalls part of the vessel visible during low waters,
least depths for both the wreck and rock could not be
ascertained by echo sounder. Instead, the drying heights
were physically measured using the dinghy. A photograph
showing the exposed part of the vessel and rock appears as
Annex I.
453
454
b. In addition to the above, the stretch of waters east of
the lighthouse is characterised by several patches of
isolated spots of lesser than 4 metres.
8 . MOORING BUOYS
a. The following 4 mooring buoys located west and south of
the lighthouse were positioned using the Del Norte
Trisponder Positioning System.
i. 2 nun buoys on the west fixed on ebb tide.
fixed on flood tide.
fixed on flood tide.
ii. 1 nun buoy off the jetty
iii. 1 mooring buoy SW of jetty-
9. CONCLUSION
a. Despite the difficulties in gaining accessibility to
the outlining rocks, the topographic details acquired during
the 3 days was considerably good. However there were certain
areas where attempts to survey were unsuccessful made by the
land and dinghy survey teams. These areas are indicated in
the topographic plan which appears as Annex J.
b. Evidence of rock size
northern area to be the
southern area to be an area
appear as Annex K. This
confluence of tidal streams
track study would have
tidal pattern in the area.
at Pedra Branca suggests the
main ·area of erosion and the
of deposition. The photographs
observation further suggests the
on the south. However, a float
to be conducted to determine the
c. The bathymetric survey results confirm the undulating
nature of the seabed surrounding Pedra Branca, except for
the southern and south-western sectors. On the eastern
sector, it appears that the main rock where the lighthouse
rests is linked by a rock band to the outer rock located
about 400 metres due east (near the position of Yu Seung Ho
wreck). Within this same area, there are several patches of
high spots of lesser than 4 metres depth.
d. The turbulent tidal current in the eastern sector is
most probably attributed to the undulating seabed. In this
sector, sudden changes in depths of about 10 metres within a
distance of lesser than 50 metres are apparent. In this
respect, it is suspected that a stronger sub-surface tidal
current in this area may also exist. The Bathymetic plan
appears as Annex L.
PART II
CONTENTS - TECHNICAL
ANNEX A
ANNEX B
ANNEX C
ANNEX D
ANNEXE
ANNEX F
ANNEX G
ANNEX H
ANNEX I
ANNEX J
ANNEX K
ANNEX L
List of Personnel in Survey Team
Sketch of Survey Limits
Sketch of Traverse Established
Photographs of Points Established on Middle
Rocks
Brochure of Del Norte Trisponder Electronic
Positioning System
Del Norte Calibration Results
Brochure of Atlas Deso 20 and Raytheon 719C
Echo Sounders
Tidal Observations
Photograph of Yu Seung Ho wreck and exposed
rock
Topographic Plan
Photograph showing Rock Sizes on Northern and
Southern Area of Pedra Branca
Bathymetric Plan
455
456
ANNEX A
LIST OF PERSONNEL IN SURVEY TEAM
Mr Parry Oei Asst Hydrographer
Mr .Abdullah Sarman:t Technical Officer
Mr Lam Swee Kiong Technical Officer
Mr Kang Kim Ping Technical Offj_cer
Mr Lee Lay Soon Technical Officer
Mr Hoon Mui Chuen Higher Technician
Mr Moktar Md Amin Technician
Mr Lam Yan Kei Technician
14s71
ANN.Ex: B
SKETCH OF SURVEY LIMITS
'
. ·.·. ·.·._·.·.y.:··.· .. ·_·.·.· .. ·.· .. ·.:·.· .. ·_·.·. ·. ~ ),,
.. ·. :_··\jff.\:\-~·-:-.\·\·.\'·\·.\·: ..
~Jff_)fa\!{f ·>···· ~ -, .............. .-.. :. ·::·.-. ::-:: ·.: ·. 6 5
.:·.•.:· .......... :· ...... \)
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62
10 / - ... - - 152 /" - Peclra l
J 1l
14- _ - -
500 0 500
305
458
"J. 15¢558 .440
E. 4221.)J . .,eo
Ml0155:'j l'm.
----ze,;~
35• ,,.,
ANNEX C
SKEI'CH OF TRAVERSE ESTABLISHED
t..'< 3 (Hl)
fi!..!.!ZJ
~ \\!,sf- l?ou<
Ii· /4(,054·,.,2.
E. 434127.a;2.
Lc,'.5. ,o4t 24' l,l·o2,o
Lc:.t . CIC i-,',7:',-20
I
-NI
·
Hors6ur,:Jh L, jh-fhous €.
/Jot to Scq/e.
East Ro<i<
N. IA6oJ<;. 310
f:. 4344!38 .. !G J
Le~- ,ca•z4'4o~ov
l..a.:t . OJO i9, ,ei'!540
459
ANNEX D
PHOTOGRAPHS OF POINTS ESI'ABLISHED ON MIDDLE ROCKS
460
ANNEX D
PHOTOGRAPH OF MIDDLE ROCKS , .
461
ANNEX I
PllOTOGilAPHS OF YU SEUNG I-IO WRECK AND EXPOSED ROCK
Annex 52
Singapore's Note MFA 1115/93 to the High Commission of the
United Kingdom dated 14 Dec 1993
MFA S072-711/23/02 Vol 40
MFA 1115/93
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of
Singapore presents its compliments to the High Commission of
the United Kingdom and has the honour to refer to a map
produced under the direction of the Diractor-Ganeral of
Military survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom 1993,
Series 1501 AIR, SHEET NA 48-10 Edition 4 - CSGS in wich
Pedra Branca is described as:
"Pulau Batu Puteh (Horsburgh) (MALAYSIA)"
In all previous editions, i.e., 1-GSGS (1967), 2-GSGS
(1973) and 3-GSGS(1976), Pedra Branca was described as:
"Pulau Batu Puteh (Horsburgh)"
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs protests against the
issuance of the abovementioned map which erroneously
describes Pec!ra Branca as Pulau Batu Puteh (Horsburgh)
(MAIAYSIA). Singapore has since the 1840s, by virtue of
both its acts and those of its predecessor governments,
occupied and exercised sovereignty over Pedra Branca and the
waters around ;Lt. Since that time, no country has exercised
or claimed jurisdiction or contested Singapore• s sovereignty
over Pedra Branca tor over 130 years.
1 463 1
464
The Ministry therefore strongly protests against the
publication of the said map which represents an infringement
of Singapore's sovereignty over Pedra Branca.
The Ministry therefore requests tbe High Commission
to point out this error to tbe relevant authorities in the
UK ror their immediate rectification.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic o~
Singapore avails !~self of this opportunity to renew to the
High Commission of the United Kingdom the assurances of its
highest consideration.
SINGAPORE
14 December 1993
High Commission of the United Kingdom
Singapore
93P2\PI\ TPQ-1
Annex 53
Notes of Conversation at the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs
between the United Kingdom High Commissioner, Mr. Gordon
Duggan and the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs Deputy
Secretary (South-East Asia) on 14 Dec 1993
CONFIDENTIAL
NOTES OF CONVERSATION BETWEEN THE UK HIGH COMMISSIONER,
MR. GORDON DUGGAN AND DS/SEA AT MFA ON 14 DBCEMBBR 1993
AT 4.00 PM
Also Present:
Mr Howard Drake,
First Secretary (Political/Coordination)
UK High Commission
Mr Christopher Cheang
Assistant Director (Malaysia and Brunei} (Notetaker)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1 Showing Mr Duggan and Mr Drake the UK Defence
Ministry map, Series 1501 AIR, SHEET NA 48-10 EDITION 4-GSGS
{1993) which described Pedra Branca as Pulau Batu Puteh
(Horsburgh) (MALAYSIA) , DS/SEA pointed out that previous
editions of the map simply described Pedra Branca as Pulau
Batu Puteh (Horsburgh). DS/SEA then handed the attached TPN
to Mr Duggan.
2 DS/SEA stressed that despite the fact that there was
a disclaimer in the abovementioned map, the reference to
Pedra Branca as Pulau Batu Puteh (Horsburgh) (MALAYSIA)
implied that Pedra Branca belonged to Malaysia. Our
position was that the island belonged to us and Malaysia was
laying claim to it. DS/SEA expressed concern that the
abovementioned map could be used by the Malaysians to argue
that other countries recognised Malaysia's claim to Pedra
Branca.
3 Mr Duggan expressed understanding of our concern,
adding that he would send the copy of the abovementioned map
to UK Defence Ministry. He emphasised that the
abovementioned map was not a statement of the UK's position
on the issue. He assured DS/SEA that the UK government had
no intention of interfering in the dispute between Singapore
and Malaysia on Pedra Branca. Replying to his question,
DS/SEA said that MINDEF Mapping Unit had spotted the
reference to Pedra Branca and informed MFA of it. Mr Duggan
said that he would ascertain the circulation of the
abovementioned map and determine whether it was publicly
sold. DS/SEA said that if the Singapore government could
obtain a copy, other governments could also do so.
CONFIDENTIAL
465
466
CONFIDENTIAL
4 In response to Mr Duggan's questions, DS/SEA said
that the first round of talks on Pedra Branca took place in
KL in February 1993. Another meeting would be held soon.
We had proposed to Malaysia that the issue could be brought
before the International Court of Justice (ICJ); but both
parties had to agree to this proposal before it could be
submitted to the ICJ. However, Malaysia had so far not
agreed to the proposal. DS/SEA noted that Malaysia had
disputes with other ASEAN countries - with Indonesia over
Sipadan and Ligitan, with Brunei over Limbang, with the
Philippines over Sabah, with Thailand over their common
border and with the other claimants over the Spratleys·.
5 The call ended at 4.30 pm
Vetted and cleared by: Peter Ro
16 December 1993
KC/KC-tnalC.DSl
Deputy Secretary (Southeast Asia)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
CONFIDENTIAL
2
Annex 54
United Kingdom's Note 79/94 to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Singapore dated 28 Apr 1994
NOTE NO. 79/94
The British High commission presents its compliments to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Singapore
and has the honour to refer to the Ministry's Note MFA
1115/93 of 14 DeceJDber 1993, concerning the UK MOD Military
Survey•s map, series 1501 AIR, SHEET NA 48-10 Edition
4-GSGS, and its formulation describing Pedra Branca as:
"Pulau Batu Puteh (Horsburgh) (MALAYSIA)".
The High Commission is pleased to inform the Ministry that
MOD Military survey propose to reprint SHEET NA 48-10,
adopting the form used in previous editions, namely: "Pulau
Batu Puteh (Horsburgh)".
The British High Co1nmissi~n avails itself of this
opportunity to renew to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Re ublic of Singapore the assurances of its highest
. OMMISSION
28 April 1994
467
Annex 55
Extracts from Nadarajah N., Johore and the Origins of British
Control 1895-1914 (2000)
JOHOREAND
THE ORIGINS OF
BRITISH CONTROL,
1895-1914
by
NESAMALAR NADARAJAH NEE RAMANATHAN
arenabuku
BY PEOPLE WHO CARE
1 469 1
1 410 1
44 JOHORE AND THE ORIGINS OF BRITISH CONTROL, 1895-1914
function of legislation seems to have been patterned on the State Councils
in the Protected Malay States and the Legislative Council of the
Straits Settlements. The Council of Ministers, the advisory body in the
government, was probably an imitation of the Executive Council of the
Straits Settlements. It was Sultan Abu Bakar's hope that a Sultan ruling
Johore with the aid of a modem government would keep the British out
of J ohore by denying them an opportunity to build up a case of
maladministration. Also, there would be no grounds for doubts and questions
once these institutions were formalised and declared in a written
constitution.
The Constitution of the State of Johore first dealt with the question
of succession to the Johore throne. 3 Priority in succession, after the
death of Sultan Abu Bakar, was reserved to the male descendants of
Sultan Abu Bakar. In the event of his male descendants being disqualified4
or becoming extinct in the future, the succession clauses provided
that the male descendants of Temenggong Ibrahim should succeed to
the throne. If the same circumstances left no male descendants of Ibrahim
eligible to ascend the throne, then provision was made for male descendants
of Temenggong Abdul Rahman to be eligible to succession on the
same conditions. Sultan Abu Bakar did not overlook the extreme possibility
of the Temenggong dynasty failing to provide an eligible successor
to the throne of Johore. In such an eventuality, the Johore Constitution
reserved the right of succession to a Joh ore Malay elected by the
Council of State and the "Supporters of the Country" .5
It is of significance to note that female descendants of the
Temenggongs, and male descendants from female members of the
Temenggong families were not constitutionally eligible to succeed to
the Johore Sultanate. Also, Sultan Abu Bakar and his advisers did not
give the right to ascend to the Johore throne to male descendants of
royal families of the other Malay states, whether through marriage or
otherwise, in any eventuality. Furthermore, the succession clauses made
no reference to the descendants of Sultan Husain of Johore. Sultan Abu
Bakar tacitly denied the one time royal family of Johore the right to
claim succession to the Johore Sultanate. Thus, Sultan Abu Bakar and
his advisers incorporated strict provisions in the Constitution to ensure
that the Johore Sultanate remained a preserve of the Temenggong dynasty.
Sultan Abu Bakar took precautions to see that the Johore Ruler was
Annex 56
Extracts from Thomaz L.F ., The Image of the Archipelago in
Portuguese Cartography of the 16th and Early 17th Centuries, in
Borschberg P. (ed.), 1 Southeast Asia: Colonial History (2001)
SOUTH EAST ASIA
Colonial History
Edited by Paul H. Kratoska
Volume I
Imperialism before 1800
Peter Borchberg
London and New York
1 471 1
472
SOUTH EAST ASIA: COLONIAL HISTORY
There is finally another «classical» trace which does not come from either
Ptolemy or Polo, but rather, it seems, from Poggio Bracciolini in his edition
of Nicolo de' Conti's itinerary:8 the appellation of Taprobana, the classical
name of Ceylon, now given to Sumatra. Apparently such a confusion
resulted from the reluctance of the humanist to contradict Ptolemy, who in
his Geography describes Taprobana as crossed by the Equator. In other
European cartography this appellation lasts throughout the 16th century. In
Portuguese maps, however, it vanishes quite soon: it appears in the planisphere
of 1502 (plate 1), where the name <;amatora still designates the port of
Samudra-Pasai, in the northern extremity of the island; it reappears, for the
last time, in the classicizing «Atlas Miller» of 1519 (plate v). Elsewhere the
name <;amatra or Samatra, that appears already in Jorge Reinel's map of
1510 (plate n), is the common usage. Copies of Portuguese maps made
abroad (plates XI and xn), prefer nevertheless Taprobana (or by patronymy
Tropobona, «the too good», plate x1).
Although empirical knowledge was the main source for Portuguese cartography,
it is important to note that the speed of diffusion of such knowledge
was quite irregular, depending upon several factors, among which are
the official or unofficial character of the exploration and the skill of the
cartographer. The planisphere called «map of Cantino» (because it was
bought in Lisbon for his master by Cantino, an agent of Ercole da Este,
Duke of Ferrara), which was drawn in October 1502, includes the results of
the exploration of the East Coast of Africa by Diogo Dias, who had come
back from the East with the fleet of Joao da Nova in September. But the
Celebes, which were reached by Simao de Abreu in 1523,9 and again by
Gomes de Sequeira and Diogo da Rocha in 1525--2610 do not figure in maps
before 1535 (see plate vm) or even 1537 (plate 1x).
Besides first-hand knowledge, the main source for old Portuguese cartography
is local information, rather than classical erudition. During the first
decade of the Portuguese presence in Asia, when the eastern limit of their
navigation was Ceylon, their main informants seem to have been Arab pilots,
in spite of the religious and commercial rivalry that existed from the very
beginning. Traces of this are evident in the planisphere of 1502: beyond
Ceylon the latitudes are given in polegadas, «inches» (a faulty translation of
Arabic isba, «fingers») measuring the height of the North Pole above the
horizon, as Arab astronomers used to do; and many Malay place-names
seem to have passed through Arabic-speaking lips, not able to pronounce
the p, as appears with Fulo Tumona (Pulau Tioman), Fulucondera (Pulau
Kundur), etc. The name of Ansiam, given to Siam in Diogo Ribeiro's map
(plate vn), as well as in the Book of Duarte Barbosa, apparently represents a
transcription of the Arabic as-Siydm, with assimilative agglutination of the
article al.
Later on, however, the Malays became the main informants of the Portuguese.
The whole Portuguese toponymy of the Far East and South-East
46
IMAGE OF THE ARCHIPELAGO
Asia, is Malay: China, Japao (< Jepun), Cauchichina (sometimes Chinacauchz)
or Cochinchina ( < Kauci Cina, «Cauchi of China» to distinguish it from
Kauci Ko/am, «Cochin of Quilon», i.e., Cochin in India) for Tonkin, Pulo
Condor and Pulo Sisi, off the Delta of Mekong (see e.g. plate IX), I/has dos
Papuas (<pepuah, «frizzy-haired») for New Guinea and neighbouring
islands, (see e.g. plates m, 1x, x) etc. In some maps (see plate xvm) the Indian
Ocean south of the Archipelago is called Mare Lant Chidol (a faulty transcription
of the Malay-Javanese Laut Kidul «South Sea»). Even common
nouns such as lura or nura ( < nusa) and pulo ( < pulau) for «island» and guno
( < gunung) for «mountain» have been adopted by the Portuguese and appear
in maps. Malay place-names tend even to predominate over local names:
such is the case, for instance, of Pulo Cambim or Lura Cambim (Pulau
Kambing or Nusa Kambing), north of Timor, off Dili (see plate x1x-o),
which locally is called Atauro, and perhaps also of Batugade (Batu Gede,
«the Great Stone») on the northern coast of Timor, etc. Malay or hybrid
names (formed with pulo and a Portuguese or local name) are especially
frequent along the sea-route between Malacca and the South China ports.
It is interesting to note that beyond the boundaries of the world frequented
by Malay seafarers, Malay toponymy fades again: east of Maluco
(Maluku, i.e., the Moluccas), in the Marianas and Carolines, or on the
coast of New Guinea almost all the place-names are Portuguese or Spanish:
Ilha da Aguada, I/ha dos Martires, I/has das Velas, Islas de los Crespos, Los
Jardines, etc. (see plates XIV, xv, xvrr and xvm). Conversely, within our
Archipelago, Portuguese names are very rare: the commonest are Rio
Formoso, south of Malacca (see plates IV and v) and Cabo das Fro/es or Caho
das Flores, on the NW corner of Flores (plates m and IX), that later became
the name of the whole island, replacing that of I/ha de Larantuca or Ilha de
Ende. On the contrary, the name of Terra Alta («High Land»), once given to
the neighbouring island of Wetar, disappeared.
The archipelago in the mist
No maps immediately subsequent to the voyages of Vasco da Gama (1497-
99) and Pedro Alvares Cabral (1500-1501) are known; but there are references
to the Archipelago in written documents, such as the letters of the
Portuguese King Dom Manuel to a cardinal in Rome and to his parentsin-
law, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, 11 and those of the agents of the
Marchionni family in Lisbon to their partners in Florence. 12 The King seems
better informed than the merchants: whilst the latter display their disappointment
since they could not get notices of «the famous Taprobana, about
which Plinius writes so many marvels, which lies perhaps farther», the former
explains that «Taprobana is nowadays called Ceylon, and is not so large as it
was said». But they all agree that most of the spices are not produced in
India, but come from certain islands that lie farther to the East. The Italian
47
473
Annex 57
Singapore and Malaysian Geographic Names downloaded from the
GEOnet Names Server maintained by the United States Board on
Geographic Names (extracts) (15 July 2004)
SINGAPORE GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
downloaded from the GEOnet Names Server (http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry _files.html)
i.e., the official repository of foreign place-names approved by the U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHC NAMES
(extracts from Country Fite "sn.txt", downloaded on 15 July 2004, arranged in alphabetical order)
[Notes:
1. The Country File "sn.txt" is a computer data file made available by the U.S. Board On Geographic Names on the Internet through the GEOnet Names Server.
The file contains 1,660 Singapore geographic names.
2. The following table contains relevant extracts from the file, arranged in alphabetical order. This table demonstrates that Pedra Branca has been identified by the
U.S. Board on Geographic Names as a Singaporean geographic feature.
3. The GEOnet Names Server uses certain abbreviations to designate the tye of geographical feature to which the geographic name is applied. In the table below,
the designation "ISL" means "island", "LTHSE" means "lighthouse", and "RKS" means "rocks".]
LATITUDE LONGITUDE
SORT_NAME FULL_NAME DESIGNATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE (Degree,Minute, (Degree,Minute,
Second) Second)
...
BATUPENGKALANPAKAUTANJONG Tanjong Batu Pengkalan Pakau PT 1.4002778 104.0711111 12401 104 04 16
SATUPUTEHPULAU:·. ·.· .. ; . • . ' ;;. .MIH>utah'> · .· : . I"'' '''01
'":·~"' •x:f'..\ •'t3- :·:. ·• 104.48':I v<: " 1,1tU9 ;: 1042427
BATURIMAU Batu Rimau TRIG 1.4480556 103. 7883333 12653 103 47 18
...
HONGLIMPARK Hong Lim Park RESN 1.2852778 103.8452778 117 07 103 50 43
- 1mR•·· ~ Hlflbtii'"' ... :~ff ,:. ,:, ···;;,; ,en ::,)1:·.· x0 1.'3aoaiia .. tlb4:A07'5 .. {' "119.49 I· '/ti ·,:;::~tk;;3 04; 2-7 , ;w:;N'.l:' ; '., "!,,' -'\_'/"•'
HORSBURGH Horsburah LTHSE 1.3302778 104.4072222 1 19 49 104 24 26
HORSBURGHLIGHTHOUSE Horsburgh Lighthouse LTHSE 1.3302778 104.4072222 119 49 104 24 26
HORSESHOEREEF Horseshoe Reef RF 1.4422222 103.6952778 12632 103 41 43
...
MIDDLE ROCKS Middle Rocks RKS 1.3211111 104.4116667 1 19 16 104 24 42
...
PEARLSHILLRESERVOIR Pearl's Hill Reservoir RSV . ·~ .. •~s. :. . · '.~t:>. .•. · : 1.2844444 103.84 1 17 04 103 50 24 11eefls:8ranca Rolib~tab. .. .:c,, · isL '• "1\~l'fJtl •· , :.: 11mm27:""' <» .. ", "'~ \"""~~t\01;, ··· r1;,•r:·:r 194:S ii' . ·.. ..... 104.24 21 •··•-. '•' ·• . /::. ... ·eam,Bnlnc:a.,. . · · .. 'lfi',s; 'ISk,<P• ,,. <i .:, 1fts512na :'\!.·!1"::f·,f,1:04.4015 ;,K<+!J!l), · 111'1.J .· .• ;.;,;,1-04'. 24 27 / .. · •· . ,: ..
PEIRCERESERVOIR Peirce Reservoir RSV 1.3705556 103.8213889 12214 103 49 17
...
PUNGGOLVILLAGE Punaaol Village PPL 1.4144444 103.9069444 12452 103 54 25
PUTEH BATU Batu Puteh RK 1.3919444 103.9755556 12331 103 58 32
PUTRINARROWS Putri Narrows NRWS 1.4391667 103.6911111 12621 103 41 28
...
~
MALAYSIA GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
downloaded from the GEOnet Names Server (http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html)
i.e., the official repository of foreign place-names approved by the U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHC NAMES
(extracts from Country File "my.txt", downloaded on 15 July 2004, arranged in alphabetical order)
[Notes:
1. The Country File "my.bet" is a computer data file made available by the U.S. Board On Geographic Names on the Internet through the GEOnet Names Server. The
file contains 62,010 Malaysian geographic names.
2. The following table contains relevant extracts from the file, arranged in alphabetical order. This table demonstrates thatneither Pedra Branca nor any of its variant
names (such as Pulau Batu Puteh, Horsburgh or Pedra Branca Horsburgh) have been included by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names as a Malaysian geographic
feature.
3. As the table on the previous page for Singapore geographic names indicates, the GEOnet Names Server gives the co-ordinates of Pedra Branca as Latitude 1° 19'
49" N, Longitude 104 ° 24' 27" E. Although the table below shows that there are many features in Malaysia by the name "Batu Puteh", it is clear from the co-ordinates of
these features that none of these are the Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh which is the subject of the present dispute.]
LATITUDE LONGITUDE
SORT_NAME FULL_NAME DESIGNATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE (Degree,Minute, (Degree,Minute,
Second) Second)
...
BATUPUNGUL Batu Pungul PPL 4.6333333 116.6 4 3800 116 36 00
BATUPUTEH Batu Puteh PPL 6.8666667 116.8166667 6 52 00 116 49 00
BATUPUTEH Batu Puteh PPL 5.4 100.2 5 24 00 100 12 00
BATUPUTEH Batu Puteh PPL 5.4166667 117.9166667 5 25 00 117 55 00
BATUPUTEH ANAKAYER Anak Ayer Batu Puteh STM 2.4166667 102.4 2 25 00 102 24 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 2.3166667 102.1333333 2 19 00 102 08 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 2.3333333 102.1833333 2 20 00 102 11 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 2.35 102.5 2 21 00 102 30 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 2.3833333 101. 9833333 2 23 00 101 59 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 2.5333333 101.9166667 2 32 00 101 55 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 2.6 102.0333333 2 36 00 102 02 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 3.9 103.0333333 3 54 00 103 02 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 4.1666667 103.3333333 410 00 103 20 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 4.25 100.5666667 415 00 100 34 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 4.8 103.3833333 448 00 103 23 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 5.0333333 103.3 502 00 103 18 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh HLL 5.2166667 103.05 513 00 103 03 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh MT 3.3166667 102.75 3 19 00 102 45 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh MT 4.25 101.5166667 415 00 101 31 00
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh MT 4.3833333 101.45 4 23 00 1012700
BATUPUTEH BUKIT Bukit Batu Puteh MT 4.9833333 100.8333333 4 59 00 100 50 00
~
BATUPUTEH GUNONG Gunona Batu Puteh MT 6.0333333 100.95 60200 100 57 00
BATUPUTEH PARIT Parit Batu Puteh DTCH 1.9 102.9 15400 102 54 00
BATUPUTEH SUNGAI Sunaai Batu Puteh STM 2.6166667 103.5166667 237 00 103 31 00
BATUPUTEH SUNGAI Sungai Batu Puteh STM 3.25 101.55 315 00 101 33 00
BATUPUTEH SUNGAI Sunaai Batu Puteh STM 3.8333333 101.75 35000 1014500
BATUPUTEH TANJONG Taniong Batu Puteh PT 4.25 100.5833333 415 00 100 35 00
BATUPUTIH GUNUNG Gunung Batu Putih MT 4.2166667 101.45 413 00 101 27 00
BATUPUTIH TANJUNG Taniuna Batu Putih PT 4.25 100.5833333 415 00 100 35 00
BATURABONG TANJONG Tanjong Batu Rabong PT 5.7833333 102.9833333 54700 102 59 00
...
HOPEFULESTATE Hopeful Estate EST 3.4666667 101.4666667 328 00 101 28 00
HORBUKIT Bukit Hor MT 5.4166667 101.2333333 525 00 101 14 00
HORSESHOEPOINT Horseshoe Point PT 1.5666667 110 .3833333 13400 110 23 00
HORSESHOEREACH Horseshoe Reach RCH 1.5666667 110.3702778 13400 110 2213
HOSE PEGUNONGAN Peaunonaan Hose MTS 2 114.1666667 2 0000 11410 00
HOSEMOUNTAINS Hose Mountains MTS 2 114.1666667 2 0000 11410 00
...
MIDDLEHILL Middle Hill HLL 4.2833333 117 .8666667 417 00 117 52 00
MIDDLEPATCHES Middle Patches SHOL 5.6166667 115.3166667 5 3700 1151900
MIDDLETONESTATE Middleton Estate EST 2.7 102.4666667 242 00 102 28 00
...
PEDOR SUNGAI Sungai Peder STM 3.2166667 102.7166667 313 00 102 43 00
PEDPOD SUNGAI SungaiPedood STM 4.8166667 101.6 44900 101 36 00
PEDRO SUNGAI Sunaai Pedro STM 1.9666667 114.6166667 15800 1143700
PEDU SUNGAI SunaaiPedu STM 6.25 100.6 615 00 100 36 00
PEDUK PULAU Pulau Peduk ISL 6.0833333 116.1 6 0500 116 06 00
...
PULAUAJAN TANJONG Tanjong Pulau Ajan STMB 1.5 109.9166667 13000 109 55 00
PULAUBEKAU Pulau Bekau PPL 4.1666667 101.3833333 410 00 1012300
PULAUBERUITPROTECTEDFOREST Pulau Beruit Protected Forest FRST 2.6166667 111.3333333 2 37 00 1112000
PULAUBESAR SUNGAI Sunaai Pulau Besar STMD 6.2 102.1833333 612 00 102 11 00
PULAUBETONG PulauBetono PPL 5.3 100.2 518 00 100 12 00
...
PULAUPELURU SELAT Selat Pulau Peluru CHNM 6.4166667 99.8833333 6 2500 99 53 00
PULAUPINANG Pulau Pinang PPL 3.55 102.5666667 3 3300 102 34 00
PULAUPINANG NEGERI Neaeri Pulau Pinana ADM1 5.3333333 100.3333333 5 2000 100 20 00
PULAUPINGGAI BUKIT Bukit Pulau Pinaaai HLL 2.0333333 112.7166667 2 0200 1124300
PULAUPINTUGEDONGFORESTRESERVE Pulau Pintu Gedong Forest Reserve FRST 2.9166667 101.25 255 00 1011500
PULAUPISANG SUNGAI Sunaai Pulau Pisana STMD 6.1833333 102.25 611 00 10215 00
PULAUREDANGHARBOUR Pulau Redano Harbour HBR 5.75 103.0166667 54500 103 01 00
PULAURUSA BUKIT Bukit Pulau Rusa HLL 5.05 103.2833333 5 0300 103 17 00
...
~
~
PUTE BATU Batu Pute HLL 6.4166667 100.1333333 6 25 00 100 08 00
PUTEH ANAKA YER Anak Aver Puteh STM 2.3333333 102.6166667 2 20 00 102 37 00
PUTEHAYER Aver Puteh STM 2.3166667 102.6 219 00 102 36 00
PUTEH BATU Batu Puteh RK 1.7 110.4333333 14200 110 26 00
PUTEH BATU Batu Puteh RK 2.5833333 102.85 2 35 00 102 51 00
PUTEH BATU Batu Puteh HLL 6.4166667 100.1333333 6 2500 100 08 00
PUTEH BUKIT Bukit Puteh HLL 4.5666667 103.4166667 4 34 00 103 25 00
...
PUTI SUNGAI Sungai Puti STM 3.6833333 114.0666667 3 41 00 1140400
PUTI SUNGAI Sungai Puti STM 3.7333333 114.1166667 344 00 114 07 00
PUTI SUNGAI Sunaai Puti STM 2.65 113.2 2 39 00 11312 00
PUTIH BATU Batu Putih HLL 6.4166667 100.1333333 6 25 00 100 08 00
PUTIH SUNGAI Sunaai Putih STM 1.9666667 114.3833333 15800 114 23 00
PUTIH SUNGAI SungaiPutih STM 4.75 115.5333333 445 00 115 32 00
PUTIH SUNGAI SungaiPutih STM 4.7666667 115.5166667 4 46 00 115 31 00
PUTIMALI SUNGAI Sunaai Puti Mali STM 2.65 113.1833333 2 3900 11311 00
...
Volume 3 (Annexes 24-57)