8 NOVEMBRE 2019
ARRÊT
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE POUR LA RÉPRESSION DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME ET DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE (UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
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APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
8 NOVEMBER 2019
JUDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-22
I. INTRODUCTION 23-37
A. Subject-matter of the dispute 23-32
B. Bases of jurisdiction invoked by Ukraine 33-37
II. THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM 38-77
A. Jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT 39-64
B. Procedural preconditions under Article 24 of the ICSFT 65-77
1. Whether the dispute between the Parties could not be settled through negotiation 66-70
2. Whether the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of an arbitration 71-77
III. THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 78-133
A. Jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD 79-97
B. Procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD 98-121
1. The alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions 99-113
2. Whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a settlement to their dispute under CERD 114-121
C. Admissibility 122-133
OPERATIVE CLAUSE 134
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2019
2019
8 November
General List
No. 166
8 November 2019
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Subject-matter of the dispute Proceedings instituted by Ukraine under the ICSFT and CERD Two aspects of the dispute Alleged breaches by the Russian Federation of its obligations under the ICSFT and CERD.
Bases of jurisdiction invoked by Ukraine Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and Article 22 of CERD.
* *
Whether the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT.
Whether acts of which Applicant complains fall within provisions of the ICSFT Interpretation of the ICSFT according to rules contained in Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties Scope of obligations under the ICSFT The ICSFT addresses offences committed by individuals Financing by a State of acts of terrorism outside scope of the ICSFT Ordinary meaning of term “any person” in Article 2 of the ICSFT Term applies both to persons acting in private capacity and to those who are State agents All States parties to the ICSFT under
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obligation to take appropriate measures and to co-operate in prevention and suppression of offences of financing acts of terrorism Definition of “funds” in Article 1 need not be addressed at present stage of proceedings Whether specific act falls within meaning of Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) or (b), of the ICSFT is matter for the merits Questions concerning existence of requisite mental elements not relevant to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae Objection to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT cannot be upheld.
*
Whether the procedural preconditions under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT have been met.
First precondition, namely, whether dispute between the Parties could not be settled through negotiation Precondition requires genuine attempt to settle dispute through negotiation Little progress made by the Parties during negotiations Dispute could not be settled through negotiation within reasonable time First precondition met Second precondition, namely, whether the Parties were unable to agree on organization of arbitration Failure to reach agreement during requisite period despite negotiations Second precondition fulfilled.
*
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain Ukraine’s claims under the ICSFT.
* *
Whether the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD.
Whether measures of which Ukraine complains fall within provisions of CERD Parties agree that Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea constitute ethnic groups protected under CERD Rights and obligations contained in CERD broadly formulated Measures of which Ukraine complains are capable of having adverse effect on enjoyment of certain rights protected under CERD These measures fall within provisions of CERD Claims of Ukraine fall within scope of CERD.
*
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Whether the procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD have been met.
Whether two preconditions alternative or cumulative Application of rules of customary international law on treaty interpretation Meaning of conjunction “or” in phrase “not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in [CERD]” Term “or” may have either disjunctive or conjunctive meaning Article 22 must be interpreted in its context Negotiation and CERD Committee procedure two means to achieve same objective Context of Article 22 does not support a reading that preconditions cumulative in nature Article 22 must also be interpreted in light of object and purpose of CERD Aim of States parties to eradicate racial discrimination effectively and promptly Achievement of such aims more difficult if procedural preconditions under Article 22 cumulative No need to examine travaux préparatoires of CERD Article 22 imposes alternative preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction.
Whether the Parties attempted to negotiate settlement to their dispute Notion of “negotiation” Precondition of negotiation met when there has been a failure of negotiations, or when negotiations have become futile or deadlocked Genuine attempt at negotiation made by Ukraine Negotiations between the Parties futile or deadlocked by time Ukraine filed Application Procedural preconditions satisfied.
*
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain Ukraine’s claims under CERD.
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Objection by the Russian Federation to admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to claims under CERD Contention that Application inadmissible because local remedies not exhausted before dispute referred to the Court When a State brings claim on behalf of its nationals customary international law requires previous exhaustion of local remedies Ukraine challenges alleged pattern of conduct of the Russian Federation with regard to treatment of Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea Rule of exhaustion of local remedies not applicable in circumstances of present case Objection to admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to CERD rejected.
* *
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The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under CERD and Ukraine’s Application with regard to those claims is admissible.
JUDGMENT
Present: President YUSUF; Vice-President XUE; Judges TOMKA, ABRAHAM, BENNOUNA, CANÇADO TRINDADE, DONOGHUE, GAJA, SEBUTINDE, BHANDARI, ROBINSON, CRAWFORD, SALAM, IWASAWA; Judges ad hoc POCAR, SKOTNIKOV; Registrar GAUTIER.
In the case concerning the application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
between
Ukraine,
represented by
H.E. Ms Olena Zerkal, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
as Agent;
H.E. Mr. Vsevolod Chentsov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Harold Hongju Koh, Sterling Professor of International Law at Yale Law School, member of the Bars of New York and the District of Columbia,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University Paris Nanterre, Secretary-General of the Hague Academy of International Law,
Ms Marney L. Cheek, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bar of the District of Columbia,
Mr. Jonathan Gimblett, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the District of Columbia and Virginia,
Mr. David M. Zionts, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the Supreme Court of the United States and the District of Columbia,
as Counsel and Advocates;
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Ms Oksana Zolotaryova, Acting Director, International Law Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Ms Clovis Trevino, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the District of Columbia, Florida and New York,
Mr. Volodymyr Shkilevych, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of Ukraine and New York,
Mr. George M. Mackie, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the District of Columbia and Virginia,
Ms Megan O’Neill, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the District of Columbia and Texas,
as Counsel;
Mr. Taras Kachka, Adviser to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Mr. Roman Andarak, Deputy Head of the Mission of Ukraine to the European Union,
Mr. Refat Chubarov, Head of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, People’s Deputy of Ukraine,
Mr. Bohdan Tyvodar, Deputy Head of Division, Security Service of Ukraine,
Mr. Ihor Yanovskyi, Head of Unit, Security Service of Ukraine,
Mr. Mykola Govorukha, Deputy Head of Unit, Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine,
Ms Myroslava Krasnoborova, Liaison Prosecutor for Eurojust,
as Advisers;
Ms Katerina Gipenko, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Ms Valeriya Budakova, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Ms Olena Vashchenko, Consulate General of Ukraine in Istanbul,
Ms Sofia Shovikova, Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Olga Bondarenko, Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Vitalii Stanzhytskyi, Ministry of Interior of Ukraine,
Ms Angela Gasca, Covington & Burling LLP,
Ms Rebecca Mooney, Covington & Burling LLP,
as Assistants,
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and
the Russian Federation,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Dmitry Lobach, Ambassador-at-large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Ilya Rogachev, Director, Department of New Challenges and Threats, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Grigory Lukiyantsev, PhD, Special Representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation for Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, Deputy Director, Department for Humanitarian Co-operation and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
as Agents;
Mr. Mathias Forteau, Professor at the University Paris Nanterre,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor at the University Paris Nanterre, former chairperson of the International Law Commission, member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth, QC, member of the Bar of England and Wales, member of the Paris Bar, Essex Court Chambers,
Mr. Andreas Zimmermann, LLM (Harvard University), Professor of International Law at the University of Potsdam, Director of the Potsdam Centre of Human Rights, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and of the Human Rights Committee,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Sean Aughey, member of the Bar of England and Wales, 11KBW Chambers,
Ms Tessa Barsac, consultant in international law, Master (University Paris Nanterre), LLM (Leiden University),
Mr. Jean-Baptiste Merlin, doctorate in law (University Paris Nanterre), consultant in public international law,
Mr. Michael Swainston, QC, member of the Bar of England and Wales, Brick Court Chambers,
Mr. Vasily Torkanovskiy, member of the Saint Petersburg Bar, Ivanyan & Partners,
Mr. Sergey Usoskin, member of the Saint Petersburg Bar,
as Counsel;
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Mr. Ayder Ablyatipov, Deputy Minister of Education, Science and Youth of the Republic of Crimea,
Mr. Andrey Anokhin, expert, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Mikhail Averyanov, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,
Ms Héloïse Bajer-Pellet, member of the Paris Bar,
Ms Maria Barsukova, Third Secretary, Department for Humanitarian Co-operation and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Olga Chekrizova, Second Secretary, Department for Humanitarian Co-operation and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Ksenia Galkina, Third Secretary, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Alexander Girin, expert, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation,
Ms Daria Golubkova, administrative assistant, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Victoria Goncharova, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Anastasia Gorlanova, Attaché, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Valeria Grishchenko, interpreter, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Denis Grunis, expert, Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Ruslan Kantur, Attaché, Department of New Challenges and Threats, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Svetlana Khomutova, expert, Federal Financial Monitoring Service of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Konstantin Kosorukov, Head of Division, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Maria Kuzmina, Acting Head of Division, Second CIS Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Petr Litvishko, expert, Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Timur Makhmudov, Attaché, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Konstantin Pestchanenko, expert, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation,
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Mr. Grigory Prozukin, expert, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation,
Ms Sofia Sarenkova, Senior Associate, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Elena Semykina, paralegal, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Svetlana Shatalova, First Secretary, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Angelina Shchukina, Junior Associate, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Kseniia Soloveva, Associate, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Maria Zabolotskaya, Head of Division, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Olga Zinchenko, Attaché, Department for Humanitarian Co-operation and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
as Advisers,
THE COURT,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 16 January 2017, the Government of Ukraine filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Russian Federation with regard to alleged violations by the latter of its obligations under the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of 9 December 1999 (hereinafter the “ICSFT”) and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (hereinafter “CERD”).
2. In its Application, Ukraine seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and on Article 22 of CERD, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court.
3. On 16 January 2017, Ukraine also submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
4. The Registrar immediately communicated the Application and the Request for the indication of provisional measures to the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, respectively. He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the Application and the Request for the indication of provisional measures by Ukraine.
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5. In addition, by a letter dated 17 January 2017, the Registrar informed all Member States of the United Nations of the filing of the above-mentioned Application and Request for the indication of provisional measures.
6. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute, the Registrar notified the Member States of the United Nations, through the Secretary-General, of the filing of the Application, by transmission of the printed bilingual text of that document.
7. By letters dated 20 January 2017, the Registrar informed both Parties that, referring to Article 24, paragraph 1, of the Statute, the Member of the Court of Russian nationality informed the President of the Court that he considered that he should not take part in the decision of the case. Pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute and Article 37, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Russian Federation chose Mr. Leonid Skotnikov to sit as judge ad hoc in the case.
8. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of Ukrainian nationality, Ukraine proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case; it chose Mr. Fausto Pocar.
9. By an Order of 19 April 2017, the Court, having heard the Parties, indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) With regard to the situation in Crimea, the Russian Federation must, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Refrain from maintaining or imposing limitations on the ability of the Crimean Tatar community to conserve its representative institutions, including the Mejlis;
(b) Ensure the availability of education in the Ukrainian language;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.” (I.C.J. Reports 2017, pp. 140-141, para. 106.)
10. In a letter dated 19 April 2018, Ukraine drew the Court’s attention to the Russian Federation’s alleged non-compliance with point (1) (a) of operative paragraph 106 of the Court’s Order on the indication of provisional measures. Ukraine stated that this lack of compliance stems from the Russian Federation’s interpretation of the provision in question, which is contrary to its proper meaning. Consequently, in light of the “different and conflicting interpretations” ascribed to point (1) (a) by the Parties, Ukraine requested that the Court “exercise its authority to interpret its Order of 19 April 2017”.
11. Following this communication, on 17 May 2018 the Court requested the Russian Federation to provide, by 7 June 2018 at the latest, information on measures that had been taken by it to implement point (1) (a) of operative paragraph 106 of the Court’s Order
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of 19 April 2017, and Ukraine to furnish, by the same date, any information it might have in that regard. This information was duly provided on 7 June 2018. Each Party having been given until 21 June 2018 to provide comments on the information submitted by the other, the Court received comments from Ukraine on 12 June 2018 and from the Russian Federation on 21 June 2018. On 18 July 2018, having considered the information and comments submitted to it by the Parties, the Court again requested the Russian Federation to provide, by 18 January 2019, information regarding measures taken by it to implement point (1) (a) of operative paragraph 106 of the Court’s Order of 19 April 2017, and Ukraine to furnish, by the same date, any information it might have in that regard. This information having been transmitted to the Court, each Party was invited to communicate its comments on the information received from the other, by 19 March 2019 at the latest. Both Parties provided their comments on that date. By letters dated 29 March 2019, the Parties were informed that the Court had considered and taken due note of the various communications submitted by them. It was further indicated in this respect that the issues raised in these communications may need to be addressed by the Court at a later juncture, should the case proceed to the merits. Under such circumstances, the Parties would be at liberty to raise any issues of concern to them relating to the provisional measures indicated by the Court.
12. Pursuant to Article 43, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the ICSFT and to States parties to CERD the notifications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In addition, with regard to both of these instruments, in accordance with Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to the United Nations, through its Secretary-General, the notifications provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute.
13. By an Order dated 12 May 2017, the President of the Court fixed 12 June 2018 and 12 July 2019 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Ukraine and a Counter-Memorial by the Russian Federation. The Memorial of Ukraine was filed within the time-limit thus fixed.
14. On 12 September 2018, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February 2001, the Russian Federation raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of the Application. Consequently, by an Order of 17 September 2018, having noted that, by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February 2001, the proceedings on the merits were suspended, the President of the Court fixed 14 January 2019 as the time-limit within which Ukraine could present a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation. Ukraine filed such a statement within the time-limit so prescribed and the case thus became ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.
15. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Government of the State of Qatar asked to be furnished with copies of the Memorial of Ukraine and the preliminary objections of the Russian Federation filed in the case, as well as any documents annexed thereto. Having ascertained the views of the Parties in accordance with the same provision, the Court decided, taking into account the objection raised by one Party, that it would not be appropriate to grant that request. The Registrar duly communicated that decision to the Government of the State of Qatar and to the Parties.
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16. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of its Rules, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, the Court decided that copies of the written pleadings and documents annexed thereto, with the exception of the annexes to the Memorial, would be made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings.
17. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation were held from 3 to 7 June 2019, during which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:
For the Russian Federation: H.E. Mr. Dmitry Lobach,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr. Andreas Zimmermann,
Mr. Grigory Lukiyantsev,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Mathias Forteau.
For Ukraine: H.E. Ms Olena Zerkal,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Ms Marney L. Cheek,
Mr. David M. Zionts,
Mr. Harold Hongju Koh,
Mr. Jonathan Gimblett.
*
18. In the Application, the following claims were made by Ukraine:
With regard to the ICSFT:
“134. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention by:
(a) supplying funds, including in-kind contributions of weapons and training, to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals, in violation of Article 18;
(b) failing to take appropriate measures to detect, freeze, and seize funds used to assist illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals, in violation of Articles 8 and 18;
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(c) failing to investigate, prosecute, or extradite perpetrators of the financing of terrorism found within its territory, in violation of Articles 9, 10, 11, and 18;
(d) failing to provide Ukraine with the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal investigations of the financing of terrorism, in violation of Articles 12 and 18; and
(e) failing to take all practicable measures to prevent and counter acts of financing of terrorism committed by Russian public and private actors, in violation of Article 18.
135. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation bears international responsibility, by virtue of its sponsorship of terrorism and failure to prevent the financing of terrorism under the Convention, for the acts of terrorism committed by its proxies in Ukraine, including:
(a) the shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(b) the shelling of civilians, including in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and Kramatorsk; and
(c) the bombing of civilians, including in Kharkiv.
136. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation to comply with its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention, including that the Russian Federation:
(a) immediately and unconditionally cease and desist from all support, including the provision of money, weapons, and training, to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals;
(b) immediately make all efforts to ensure that all weaponry provided to such armed groups is withdrawn from Ukraine;
(c) immediately exercise appropriate control over its border to prevent further acts of financing of terrorism, including the supply of weapons, from the territory of the Russian Federation to the territory of Ukraine;
(d) immediately stop the movement of money, weapons, and all other assets from the territory of the Russian Federation and occupied Crimea to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals, including by freezing all bank accounts used to support such groups;
(e) immediately prevent all Russian officials from financing terrorism in Ukraine, including Sergei Shoigu, Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation; Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Vice-Chairman of the State Duma; Sergei Mironov, member of the State Duma; and Gennadiy Zyuganov, member of the State Duma, and initiate prosecution against these and other actors responsible for financing terrorism;
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(f) immediately provide full co-operation to Ukraine in all pending and future requests for assistance in the investigation and interdiction of the financing of terrorism relating to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals;
(g) make full reparation for the shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(h) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Volnovakha;
(i) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Mariupol;
(j) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Kramatorsk;
(k) make full reparation for the bombing of civilians in Kharkiv; and
(l) make full reparation for all other acts of terrorism the Russian Federation has caused, facilitated, or supported through its financing of terrorism, and failure to prevent and investigate the financing of terrorism.”
With regard to CERD:
“137. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, including the de facto authorities administering the illegal Russian occupation of Crimea, and through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under the CERD by:
(a) systematically discriminating against and mistreating the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities in Crimea, in furtherance of a State policy of cultural erasure of disfavoured groups perceived to be opponents of the occupation régime;
(b) holding an illegal referendum in an atmosphere of violence and intimidation against non-Russian ethnic groups, without any effort to seek a consensual and inclusive solution protecting those groups, and as an initial step toward depriving these communities of the protection of Ukrainian law and subjecting them to a régime of Russian dominance;
(c) suppressing the political and cultural expression of Crimean Tatar identity, including through the persecution of Crimean Tatar leaders and the ban on the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People;
(d) preventing Crimean Tatars from gathering to celebrate and commemorate important cultural events;
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(e) perpetrating and tolerating a campaign of disappearances and murders of Crimean Tatars;
(f) harassing the Crimean Tatar community with an arbitrary régime of searches and detention;
(g) silencing Crimean Tatar media;
(h) suppressing Crimean Tatar language education and the community’s educational institutions;
(i) suppressing Ukrainian language education relied on by ethnic Ukrainians;
(j) preventing ethnic Ukrainians from gathering to celebrate and commemorate important cultural events; and
(k) silencing ethnic Ukrainian media.
138. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation to comply with its obligations under the CERD, including:
(a) immediately cease and desist from the policy of cultural erasure and take all necessary and appropriate measures to guarantee the full and equal protection of the law to all groups in Russian-occupied Crimea, including Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians;
(b) immediately restore the rights of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People and of Crimean Tatar leaders in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(c) immediately restore the rights of the Crimean Tatar People in Russian-occupied Crimea to engage in cultural gatherings, including the annual commemoration of the Sürgün;
(d) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end the disappearance and murder of Crimean Tatars in Russian-occupied Crimea, and to fully and adequately investigate the disappearances of Reshat Ametov, Timur Shaimardanov, Ervin Ibragimov, and all other victims;
(e) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end unjustified and disproportionate searches and detentions of Crimean Tatars in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(f) immediately restore licenses and take all other necessary and appropriate measures to permit Crimean Tatar media outlets to resume operations in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(g) immediately cease interference with Crimean Tatar education and take all necessary and appropriate measures to restore education in the Crimean Tatar language in Russian-occupied Crimea;
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(h) immediately cease interference with ethnic Ukrainian education and take all necessary and appropriate measures to restore education in the Ukrainian language in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(i) immediately restore the rights of ethnic Ukrainians to engage in cultural gatherings in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(j) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to permit the free operation of ethnic Ukrainian media in Russian-occupied Crimea; and
(k) make full reparation for all victims of the Russian Federation’s policy and pattern of cultural erasure through discrimination in Russian-occupied Crimea.”
19. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of Ukraine in its Memorial:
“653. For the reasons set out in this Memorial, Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
ICSFT
(a) The Russian Federation is responsible for violations of Article 18 of the ICSFT by failing to cooperate in the prevention of the terrorism financing offenses set forth in Article 2 by taking all practicable measures to prevent and counter preparations in its territory for the commission of those offenses within or outside its territory. Specifically, the Russian Federation has violated Article 18 by failing to take the practicable measures of: (i) preventing Russian state officials and agents from financing terrorism in Ukraine; (ii) discouraging public and private actors and other non-governmental third parties from financing terrorism in Ukraine; (iii) policing its border with Ukraine to stop the financing of terrorism; and (iv) monitoring and suspending banking activity and other fundraising activities undertaken by private and public actors on its territory to finance of terrorism in Ukraine.
(b) The Russian Federation is responsible for violations of Article 8 of the ICSFT by failing to identify and detect funds used or allocated for the purposes of financing terrorism in Ukraine, and by failing to freeze or seize funds used or allocated for the purpose of financing terrorism in Ukraine.
(c) The Russian Federation has violated Articles 9 and 10 of the ICSFT by failing to investigate the facts concerning persons who have committed or are alleged to have committed terrorism financing in Ukraine, and to extradite or prosecute alleged offenders.
(d) The Russian Federation has violated Article 12 of the ICSFT by failing to provide Ukraine the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal investigations in respect of terrorism financing offenses.
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(e) As a consequence of the Russian Federation’s violations of the ICSFT, its proxies in Ukraine have been provided with funds that enabled them to commit numerous acts of terrorism, including the downing of Flight MH17, the shelling of Volnovakha, Mariupol, Kramatorsk, and Avdiivka, the bombings of the Kharkiv unity march and Stena Rock Club, the attempted assassination of a Ukrainian member of Parliament, and others.
CERD
(f) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 2 by engaging in numerous and pervasive acts of racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea and by engaging in a policy and practice of racial discrimination against those communities.
(g) The Russian Federation has further violated CERD Article 2 by sponsoring, defending or supporting racial discrimination by other persons or organizations against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
(h) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 4 by promoting and inciting racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
(i) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 5 by failing to guarantee the right of members of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities to equality before the law, notably in their enjoyment of (i) the right to equal treatment before the tribunals and all other organs administering justice; (ii) the right to security of person and protection by the State against violence or bodily harm, whether inflicted by government officials or by any individual group or institution; (iii) political rights; (iv) other civil rights; and (v) economic, social and cultural rights.
(j) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 6 by failing to assure the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea effective protection and remedies against acts of racial discrimination.
(k) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 7 by failing to adopt immediate and effective measures in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices which lead to racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
654. The aforementioned acts constitute violations of the ICSFT and CERD, and are therefore internationally wrongful acts for which the Russian Federation bears international responsibility. The Russian Federation is therefore required to:
ICSFT
(a) Cease immediately each of the above violations of ICSFT Articles 8, 9, 10, 12, and 18 and provide Ukraine with appropriate guarantees and public assurances that it will refrain from such actions in the future.
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(b) Take all practicable measures to prevent the commission of terrorism financing offences, including (i) ensuring that Russian state officials or any other person under its jurisdiction do not provide weapons or other funds to groups engaged in terrorism in Ukraine, including without limitation the DPR, LPR, Kharkiv Partisans, and other illegal armed groups; (ii) cease encouraging public and private actors and other non-governmental third parties to finance terrorism in Ukraine; (iii) police Russia’s border with Ukraine to stop any supply of weapons into Ukraine; and (iv) monitor and prohibit private and public transactions originating in Russian territory, or initiated by Russian nationals, that finance terrorism in Ukraine, including by enforcing banking restrictions to block transactions for the benefit of groups engaged in terrorism in Ukraine, including without limitation the DPR, LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and other illegal armed groups.
(c) Freeze or seize assets of persons suspected of supplying funds to groups engaged in terrorism in Ukraine, including without limitation illegal armed groups associated with the DPR, LPR, and Kharkiv Partisans, and cause the forfeiture of assets of persons found to have supplied funds to such groups.
(d) Provide the greatest measure of assistance to Ukraine in connection with criminal investigations of suspected financers of terrorism.
(e) Pay Ukraine financial compensation, in its own right and as parens patriae for its citizens, for the harm Ukraine has suffered as a result of Russia’s violations of the ICSFT, including the harm suffered by its nationals injured by acts of terrorism that occurred as a consequence of the Russian Federation’s ICSFT violations, with such compensation to be quantified in a separate phase of these proceedings.
(f) Pay moral damages to Ukraine in an amount deemed appropriate by the Court, reflecting the seriousness of the Russian Federation’s violations of the ICSFT, the quantum of which is to be determined in a separate phase of these proceedings.
CERD
(g) Immediately comply with the provisional measures ordered by the Court on 19 April 2017, in particular by lifting its ban on the activities of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People and by ensuring the availability of education in the Ukrainian language.
(h) Cease immediately each of the above violations of CERD Articles 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and provide Ukraine with appropriate guarantees and public assurances that it will refrain from such actions in the future.
(i) Guarantee the right of members of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the human rights and fundamental freedoms protected by the Convention.
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(j) Assure to all residents of Crimea within its jurisdiction effective protection and remedies against acts of racial discrimination.
(k) Adopt immediate and effective measures in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices which lead to racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
(l) Pay Ukraine financial compensation, in its own right and as parens patriae for its citizens, for the harm Ukraine has suffered as a result of Russia’s violations of the CERD, including the harm suffered by victims as a result of the Russian Federation’s violations of CERD Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7, with such compensation to be quantified in a separate phase of these proceedings.”
20. In the Preliminary Objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation:
“In view of the foregoing, the Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against the Russian Federation by Ukraine by its Application of 16 January 2017 and/or that Ukraine’s claims are inadmissible.”
21. In the Written Statement of its Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of Ukraine:
“For the reasons set out in this Written Statement, Ukraine respectfully requests that the Court:
(a) Dismiss the Preliminary Objections submitted by the Russian Federation in its submission dated 12 September 2018;
(b) Adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction to hear the claims in the Application submitted by Ukraine, dated 16 January 2017 and that such claims are admissible; and
(c) Proceed to hear those claims on the merits.”
22. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation,
at the hearing of 6 June 2019:
“Having regard to the arguments set out in the Preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation and during the oral proceedings, the Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against the Russian Federation by Ukraine by its Application of 16 January 2017 and/or that Ukraine’s claims are inadmissible.”
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On behalf of the Government of Ukraine,
at the hearing of 7 June 2019:
“Ukraine respectfully requests that the Court:
(a) Dismiss the Preliminary Objections submitted by the Russian Federation in its submission dated 12 September 2018;
(b) Adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction to hear the claims in the Application submitted by Ukraine, dated 16 January 2017, that such claims are admissible, and proceed to hear those claims on the merits; or
(c) In the alternative, to adjudge and declare, in accordance with the provisions of Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of Court that the objections submitted by the Russian Federation do not have an exclusively preliminary character.”
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. Subject-matter of the dispute
23. The present proceedings were instituted by Ukraine following the events which occurred in eastern Ukraine and in Crimea from the spring of 2014, on which the Parties have different views. However, the case before the Court is limited in scope. With regard to the events in eastern Ukraine, the Applicant has brought proceedings only under the ICSFT. With regard to the situation in Crimea, Ukraine’s claims are based solely upon CERD.
24. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court require an applicant to indicate the “subject of the dispute” in its application. Furthermore, the Rules require that the application “specify the precise nature of the claim, together with a succinct statement of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based” (Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules) and that the memorial include a statement of the “relevant facts” (Article 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules). However, it is for the Court itself to determine on an objective basis the subject-matter of the dispute between the parties, by isolating the real issue in the case and identifying the object of the claim. In doing so, the Court examines the application as well as the written and oral pleadings of the parties, while giving particular attention to the formulation of the dispute chosen by the applicant. It takes account of the facts that the applicant presents as the basis for its claim. The matter is one of substance, not of form (Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), pp. 308-309, para. 48).
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25. The Court observes that the Parties have expressed divergent views as to the subject-matter of the dispute brought by Ukraine before it.
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26. According to the Applicant, its claims under the ICSFT concern the alleged violations by the Russian Federation of its obligations to take measures and to co-operate under Articles 8, 9, 10, 12 and 18 of the ICSFT in the prevention and suppression of terrorism financing offences, as defined in Article 2 of the Convention. In this regard, Ukraine contends that the Russian Federation has failed to take all practicable measures to prevent and counter preparations in its territory for the commission of terrorism financing offences in the context of the events which occurred in eastern Ukraine starting from the spring of 2014 and to repress them. In its Application, Ukraine also claimed that the Respondent supplied funds to groups that engage in acts of terrorism, but has not put forward the same claim either in its Memorial or in the proceedings on preliminary objections. The Applicant indeed stated that “[its] claim is not that Russia has violated Article 2 of the ICSFT”, but rather “that Russia has violated ICSFT Article 18 and other related cooperation obligations”.
The Applicant submits that its claims on the basis of CERD concern alleged violations by the Russian Federation of its obligations under Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of CERD. In this regard, Ukraine maintains that the Russian Federation engaged in a campaign directed at depriving the Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea of their political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights and pursued a policy and practice of racial discrimination against those communities.
27. For its part, the Russian Federation considers that the dispute submitted by Ukraine to the Court in fact concerns matters which are unconnected to the two conventions relied on by the Applicant. It asserts that the Parties’ rights and obligations under the ICSFT cannot be invoked by Ukraine, since the acts referred to by the Applicant do not constitute offences within the meaning of Article 2 of the Convention. The Russian Federation further asserts that the facts relied on and evidence submitted by the Applicant do not substantiate its claim that funds were provided or collected by various actors in the Russian Federation with the intention or knowledge that they were to be used to carry out acts of terrorism in eastern Ukraine. The Respondent also contends that the dispute does not concern its obligations under CERD and contests allegations that it is subjecting Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea to a systematic campaign of racial discrimination. The Russian Federation argues that, under cover of allegations relating to violations of the ICSFT and CERD, Ukraine is seeking to bring before the Court disputes concerning alleged violations of “different rules of international law”. In particular, the Respondent contends that Ukraine is seeking to seise the Court of disputes over the Russian Federation’s alleged “overt aggression” in eastern Ukraine and over the status of Crimea.
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28. As the Court has observed, applications that are submitted to it often present a particular dispute that arises in the context of a broader disagreement between the parties (Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 13 February 2019, para. 36; Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 604, para. 32). The fact that a dispute before the Court forms part of a complex situation that includes various matters, however important, over which the States concerned hold opposite views, cannot lead the Court to decline to resolve that dispute, provided that the parties have recognized its jurisdiction to do so and the conditions for the exercise of its jurisdiction are otherwise met.
29. In the present case, the Court notes that Ukraine is not requesting that it rule on issues concerning the Russian Federation’s purported “aggression” or its alleged “unlawful occupation” of Ukrainian territory. Nor is the Applicant seeking a pronouncement from the Court on the status of Crimea or on any violations of rules of international law other than those contained in the ICSFT and CERD. These matters therefore do not constitute the subject-matter of the dispute before the Court.
30. The Court observes that Ukraine requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation has violated a number of provisions of the ICSFT and CERD, that it bears international responsibility for those violations, and that it is required to cease such violations and make reparation for the consequences thereof.
31. The Court considers that it follows from the opposing views expressed by the Parties in the present case that the dispute consists of two aspects. First, the Parties differ as to whether any rights and obligations of the Parties under the ICSFT with regard to the prevention and suppression of the financing of terrorism were engaged in the context of events which occurred in eastern Ukraine starting in the spring of 2014, and whether terrorism financing offences, within the meaning of Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT, were committed. As a result of these differences of views, the Parties draw opposite conclusions as to the alleged breaches by the Russian Federation of its obligations under Articles 8, 9, 10, 12 and 18 of the ICSFT and as to its ensuing international responsibility. Secondly, the Parties disagree as to whether the decisions or measures allegedly taken by the Russian Federation against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea constitute acts of racial discrimination and whether the Russian Federation bears responsibility in that regard for the violation of its obligations under Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of CERD.
32. In view of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the subject-matter of the dispute, in so far as its first aspect is concerned, is whether the Russian Federation had the obligation, under the ICSFT, to take measures and to co-operate in the prevention and suppression of the alleged financing of terrorism in the context of events in eastern Ukraine and, if so, whether the Russian Federation breached such an obligation. The subject-matter of the dispute, in so far as its second aspect is concerned, is whether the Russian Federation breached its obligations under CERD through discriminatory measures allegedly taken against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
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B. Bases of jurisdiction invoked by Ukraine
33. The Court recalls that its jurisdiction is based on the consent of the parties and is confined to the extent accepted by them (Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 307, para. 42).
34. To establish the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case, Ukraine invokes Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and Article 22 of CERD (see paragraph 2 above). The first of these provisions reads as follows:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If, within six months from the date of the request for arbitration, the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice, by application, in conformity with the Statute of the Court.”
Article 22 of CERD provides that:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.”
35. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are parties to the ICSFT, which entered into force for them on 5 January 2003 and 27 December 2002 respectively. Neither of them entered any reservations to the ICSFT.
Ukraine and the Russian Federation are also parties to CERD. The Convention entered into force for Ukraine on 6 April 1969. The instrument of ratification, deposited by Ukraine, on 7 March 1969, contained a reservation to Article 22 of the Convention; on 20 April 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation had been withdrawn. The Russian Federation is a party to the Convention as the State continuing the international legal personality of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, for which CERD entered into force on 6 March 1969. The instrument of ratification, deposited by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 4 February 1969, contained a reservation to Article 22 of the Convention; on 8 March 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation had been withdrawn.
36. The Russian Federation contests the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the dispute on the basis of each of the two instruments invoked by Ukraine. In this regard, it argues that the dispute is not one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain, either under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT or under Article 22 of CERD, and that the procedural preconditions set out in these provisions were not met by Ukraine before it seised the Court. The Respondent further contends that Ukraine’s claims under CERD are inadmissible, since, in its view, available local remedies had not been exhausted before Ukraine filed its Application with the Court.
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37. The Court will address the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation to its jurisdiction on the basis of the ICSFT in Part II of the Judgment. It will then address, in Part III, the preliminary objections to its jurisdiction on the basis of CERD and to the admissibility of the Application in so far as it concerns the claims made by Ukraine under CERD.
II. THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
38. The Court will now consider whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and whether the procedural preconditions set forth in that provision have been met.
A. Jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT
39. The Court recalls that its jurisdiction ratione materiae over the dispute under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT covers “[a]ny dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention”.
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40. The Russian Federation contests the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae with regard to all aspects of the dispute submitted by Ukraine to the Court under the ICSFT. In the Russian Federation’s opinion, the fact that the Parties entertain different views on the interpretation of a treaty containing a compromissory clause is not sufficient to establish the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae. According to the Respondent, the Court must interpret the key provisions of the relevant treaty and “[s]atisfy itself that the facts pleaded and the evidence relied on by the applicant State plausibly support the asserted characterisation of its claims” as claims under that treaty. The Russian Federation does not request from the Court a complete analysis of the facts at the stage of a decision on preliminary objections, but contends that some consideration must be given to the facts.
41. The Russian Federation recalls that, in its Order of 19 April 2017 on the Request for the indication of provisional measures in the present case, the Court affirmed that Ukraine’s claimed rights under the ICSFT were not plausible (I.C.J. Reports 2017, pp. 131-132, para. 75). In considering the plausibility of Ukraine’s case at the present stage, the Russian Federation maintains that the Court must rely on its earlier assessment. According to the Respondent, Ukraine has not put forward any new evidence related to elements of intention, knowledge and purpose concerning the funding of acts of terrorism which would allow the Court to depart from the findings made at the stage of its decision on provisional measures.
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42. More specifically, the Respondent maintains that no material evidence has been presented by Ukraine demonstrating that the Russian Federation provided weaponry to any entity “with the requisite specific intent or knowledge” under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT that such weaponry would be used to shoot down flight MH17. With regard to four specific incidents of alleged indiscriminate shelling, the Russian Federation submits that no new evidence has been presented by Ukraine since the stage of provisional measures. In the Respondent’s view, Ukraine fails to present any credible evidence that the perpetrators of the shelling acted with “the requisite specific intent to kill or seriously harm civilians” and that the locations were shelled “for the requisite specific purpose of intimidating the population or to compel a government to do or to abstain from doing any act”. Moreover, even if a plausible case of terrorism could be demonstrated with regard to those incidents, the Russian Federation argues that Ukraine would also be implicated in the commission of indiscriminate shelling during the same conflict. Concerning the further allegation of bombing that took place in Kharkiv, the Respondent maintains that no reliable evidence was submitted to show that the incident was perpetrated with the Russian Federation’s support. The Russian Federation also maintains that, in diplomatic correspondence, it confirmed its interest in receiving from Ukraine “the concrete materials containing evidential data” relating to that incident, which Ukraine failed to provide. Furthermore, with regard to other alleged acts of extrajudicial killing, torture and ill-treatment of civilians, the Respondent contends that the evidence does not demonstrate that they were “plausible ‘terrorist’ acts within the meaning of Article 2 (1) (b) of the ICSFT”. According to the Russian Federation, such acts have in any case been committed by all parties to the armed conflict.
43. The Russian Federation is of the view that the ICSFT is a “law enforcement instrument” which does not cover issues of State responsibility for financing acts of terrorism. It bases its interpretation on a textual analysis of the Convention, as well as on considerations pertaining to the structure of the ICSFT, the preparatory work related to the drafting of specific articles, provisions of other conventions concerned with terrorism and subsequent State practice. The Russian Federation asserts that multiple attempts were made by delegations during the drafting of the ICSFT to bring public officials and State financing within the scope of the Convention, but all attempts failed.
44. The Russian Federation maintains that the Court must at this stage fully interpret the relevant provisions of the ICSFT, especially Article 2, paragraph 1. The Russian Federation submits that the term “any person” in Article 2, paragraph 1, has to be interpreted as meaning “private persons only” and does not cover State officials. It points out that Ukraine is asking the Court to find that the Russian Federation has not prevented its own officials from financing terrorism. In the Respondent’s view, while State responsibility is excluded from the scope of the ICSFT, a finding that State officials are also covered would mean declaring that the Russian Federation is directly responsible for financing terrorism in accordance with Article 4 of the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted by the International Law Commission.
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45. The Russian Federation further argues that, in order to determine the scope of the ICSFT, the mental elements of the offence of terrorism financing must be defined. The terms “intention” and “knowledge” in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT must therefore be interpreted. The Russian Federation maintains that these two terms are not synonymous. It is of the view that “intention” must be understood as “a specific intent requirement”. Following the interpretation given by the Respondent, “knowledge” refers to actual knowledge that the funds will be used to commit acts of terrorism, and not merely that they may be used to do so. According to the Russian Federation, recklessness is insufficient to establish knowledge. The Russian Federation accepts that the requirement of knowledge can be satisfied by the financing of groups that are notorious terrorist organizations. However, the Respondent argues that it is not sufficient for Ukraine to so characterize any entity unilaterally, particularly in the absence of any indication to that effect by an international organization.
46. The Russian Federation notes that an act constitutes an offence within the meaning of Article 2, paragraph 1 (a), of the ICSFT when it is “an offence within the scope of and as defined in one of the treaties listed in the annex” to the Convention. In this regard, the Respondent submits that in order to constitute an offence defined in Article 1, paragraph 1 (b), of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done in Montreal on 23 September 1971 (hereinafter the “Montreal Convention”), relied on by Ukraine with regard to the downing of flight MH17, there must be an intent to destroy or cause damage to a civilian aircraft in service. The Russian Federation also provides an interpretation of Article 2, paragraph 1 (b), of the ICSFT, under which acts of terrorism need to be performed with a specific intention and with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government. According to the Respondent, intention under the same subparagraph refers to a “subjective aim, desire or plan” and “implicitly exclud[es] knowledge-based standards”.
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47. Ukraine contends that the Russian Federation’s preliminary objections “improperly ask the Court to address the merits of the Parties’ dispute”. In the Applicant’s view, the Court should not provide a definitive interpretation of Article 2 of the ICSFT at the present stage of the proceedings, nor should it determine the plausibility of the alleged facts before it, but must only decide whether the dispute is one that concerns the interpretation or application of the ICSFT. Ukraine considers that the Russian Federation’s contention that the Court should examine the plausibility of the case is based “on a flawed analogy between preliminary objections and provisional measures”. It argues that the Court, in determining whether it has jurisdiction, must provisionally assume that the facts alleged by Ukraine are true; it must therefore accept them pro tempore.
48. Despite its view that facts should not be assessed in terms of plausibility at the present stage of the proceedings, Ukraine contends that it has “more than plausibly” demonstrated that acts of terrorism within the meaning of the ICSFT have been committed by the Russian Federation’s “proxies” on Ukrainian territory. The Applicant argues that its Memorial contains an “extraordinary level of evidence”.
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49. Ukraine maintains that a number of events documented by the evidence presented by it establish offences covered by Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT. It asserts that Russian officials supplied the missile launching system that was used to shoot down flight MH17. Ukraine argues that this launching system was “knowingly provided” to a terrorist organization, and that the requirement of knowledge under Article 2, paragraph 1, was amply met. Ukraine contends that the shooting down of the aircraft constituted a violation of the Montreal Convention and that the supply of the launching system was an offence under Article 2, paragraph 1 (a), of the ICSFT. Moreover, Ukraine argues that its Memorial shows that bombing attacks by the Russian Federation’s “proxies” constituted offences under the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings and that the alleged knowledge of financing the attacks, including through the supply of bombs, was covered by Article 2, paragraph 1 (a), of the ICSFT.
50. With regard to other incidents, Ukraine argues that the evidence presented demonstrates that certain events of indiscriminate shelling such as those that occurred in Volnovakha and Mariupol constituted acts of terrorism under Article 2, paragraph 1 (b), of the ICSFT because these acts were performed by the Russian Federation’s “proxies” with the intent to kill civilians and for the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government. Concerning further allegations of acts of torture and killings, Ukraine submits that those acts were performed with the objective of terrorizing a civilian population.
51. Ukraine contends that the Russian Federation’s arguments with regard to the interpretation of the different elements of Article 2 of the ICSFT belong to the merits, and that they do not have an impact on the Court’s jurisdiction. The Applicant argues that, if the Court were now to proceed to such interpretation, it would “prematurely determine some elements of this dispute on the merits”. Ukraine submits that such issues of interpretation are “inseparable from the factual questions” and in any event do not possess an exclusively preliminary character.
52. If however the Court were to find it necessary to give an interpretation of Article 2 of the ICSFT at the present stage of the proceedings, Ukraine argues that the Russian Federation’s restrictive reading should be dismissed. The Applicant submits that Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) and (b), of the ICSFT gives a broad and comprehensive definition of acts of terrorism. It also maintains that the notion of “‘funds’ under Article 1 of the ICSFT is a broad term covering all property, including weapons”.
53. In Ukraine’s view, the term “any person” in Article 2, paragraph 1, includes both private individuals and public or government officials. Relying on a textual interpretation of the treaty provisions, read in their context, Ukraine contends that Article 18 imposes on States an obligation to prevent terrorism financing offences and that, according to Article 2, such offences may be committed by “‘any person’, without qualification”. It maintains that concluding otherwise would be “paradoxical” as the ICSFT would bind a State to prevent the financing of acts of terrorism, but would not prohibit financing by officials of the same State. Ukraine also argues that the Russian Federation’s interpretation undermines the object and purpose of the ICSFT and that its
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own interpretation is, on the contrary, supported by the preamble, the context and the preparatory work of the Convention. The Applicant argues that the Russian Federation is conflating the States’ duty under Article 18 of the ICSFT to prevent terrorism financing with the notion of State responsibility for committing terrorism financing.
54. Ukraine is of the view that providing funds to groups with the knowledge that such groups carry out acts of terrorism is sufficient to fulfil the requirement of knowledge under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT, and that certainty that the funds will be used to commit specific acts is not required. Ukraine contends that the groups in question do not need to be designated as terrorist by, for instance, the Security Council, a competent organization or a considerable number of States, for a financing entity to have knowledge of the terrorist groups’ activities.
55. Ukraine also addresses the terrorism offences referred to in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT. As to the offence defined in Article 1, paragraph 1 (b), of the Montreal Convention, it holds that “the civilian or military status of the aircraft is a jurisdictional element of the offence, not subject to an intent requirement”. The Applicant also maintains that the phrase “act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury” in Article 2, paragraph 1 (b), of the ICSFT, does not refer to a specific mental element; it is “an objective statement, referring to the ordinary consequences of an act”. It points out that this provision further refers to the purpose of an act of terrorism to intimidate a population or compel a government. Ukraine states that in many cases the specific agenda of the perpetrators of acts of terrorism will be unknown, but that in such cases the requisite purpose can be inferred, as the provision suggests, from the “nature or context” of the act.
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56. The Court will now determine whether the dispute between the Parties is one that concerns the interpretation or the application of the ICSFT and, therefore, whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae under Article 24, paragraph 1, of this Convention.
57. As the Court stated in the case concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) (Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 809-810, para. 16) and, more recently, in the case concerning Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 13 February 2019, para. 36), in order to determine the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae under a compromissory clause concerning disputes relating to the interpretation or application of a treaty, it is necessary to ascertain whether the acts of which the applicant complains “fall within the provisions” of the treaty containing the clause. This may require the interpretation of the provisions that define the scope of the treaty. In the present case, the ICSFT has to be interpreted according to the rules contained in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969 (hereinafter the “Vienna Convention”), to which both Ukraine and the Russian Federation are parties as of 1986.
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58. At the present stage of the proceedings, an examination by the Court of the alleged wrongful acts or of the plausibility of the claims is not generally warranted. The Court’s task, as reflected in Article 79 of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February 2001, is to consider the questions of law and fact that are relevant to the objection to its jurisdiction.
59. The ICSFT imposes obligations on States parties with respect to offences committed by a person when “that person by any means, directly or indirectly, unlawfully and wilfully, provides or collects funds with the intention that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be used, in full or in part, in order to carry out” acts of terrorism as described in Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) and (b). As stated in the preamble, the purpose of the Convention is to adopt “effective measures for the prevention of the financing of terrorism, as well as for its suppression through the prosecution and punishment of its perpetrators”. The ICSFT addresses offences committed by individuals. In particular, Article 4 requires each State party to the Convention to establish the offences set forth in Article 2 as criminal offences under its domestic law and to make those offences punishable by appropriate penalties. The financing by a State of acts of terrorism is not addressed by the ICSFT. It lies outside the scope of the Convention. This is confirmed by the preparatory work of the Convention, which indicates that proposals to include financing by States of acts of terrorism were put forward but were not adopted (United Nations, docs. A/C.6/54/SR.32-35 and 37). As was recalled in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee established by the General Assembly which contributed to the drafting of the ICSFT, some delegations even proposed to exclude all matters of State responsibility from the scope of the Convention (United Nations, doc. A/54/37). However, it has never been contested that if a State commits a breach of its obligations under the ICSFT, its responsibility would be engaged.
60. The conclusion that the financing by a State of acts of terrorism lies outside the scope of the ICSFT does not mean that it is lawful under international law. The Court recalls that, in resolution 1373 (2001), the United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter, decided that all States shall “[r]efrain from providing any form of support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist acts”.
61. When defining the perpetrators of offences of financing acts of terrorism, Article 2 of the ICSFT refers to “any person”. According to its ordinary meaning, this term covers individuals comprehensively. The Convention contains no exclusion of any category of persons. It applies both to persons who are acting in a private capacity and to those who are State agents. As the Court noted (see paragraph 59 above), State financing of acts of terrorism is outside the scope of the ICSFT; therefore, the commission by a State official of an offence described in Article 2 does not in itself engage the responsibility of the State concerned under the Convention. However, all States parties to the ICSFT are under an obligation to take appropriate measures and to co-operate in the prevention and suppression of offences of financing acts of terrorism committed by whichever person. Should a State breach such an obligation, its responsibility under the Convention would arise.
62. As the title of the ICSFT indicates, the Convention specifically concerns the support given to acts of terrorism by financing them. Article 2, paragraph 1, refers to the provision or collection of “funds”. This term is defined in Article 1, paragraph 1, as meaning:
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“assets of every kind, whether tangible or intangible, movable or immovable, however acquired, and legal documents or instruments in any form, including electronic or digital, evidencing title to, or interest in, such assets, including, but not limited to, bank credits, travellers cheques, bank cheques, money orders, shares, securities, bonds, drafts, letters of credit”.
This definition covers many kinds of financial instruments and includes also other assets. Since no specific objection to the Court’s jurisdiction was made by the Russian Federation with regard to the scope of the term “funds” and in particular to the reference in Ukraine’s submissions to the provision of weapons, this issue relating to the scope of the ICSFT need not be addressed at the present stage of the proceedings. However, the interpretation of the definition of “funds” could be relevant, as appropriate, at the stage of an examination of the merits.
63. An element of an offence under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT is that the person concerned has provided funds “with the intention that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be used” to commit an act of terrorism. The existence of the requisite intention or knowledge raises complex issues of law and especially of fact that divide the Parties and are properly a matter for the merits. The same may be said of the question whether a specific act falls within the meaning of Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) or (b). This question is largely of a factual nature and is properly a matter for the merits of the case. Within the framework of the ICSFT, questions concerning the existence of the requisite mental elements do not affect the scope of the Convention and therefore are not relevant to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae. Should the case proceed to the examination of the merits, those questions will be decided at that stage.
64. In light of the above, the Court concludes that the objection raised by the Russian Federation to its jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT cannot be upheld.
B. Procedural preconditions under Article 24 of the ICSFT
65. The Court needs now to examine whether the procedural preconditions set forth in Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT (see paragraph 34 above) have been fulfilled. In this context, the Court will consider whether the dispute between the Parties could not be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time and, if so, whether the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of an arbitration within six months from the date of the request for arbitration.
1. Whether the dispute between the Parties could not be settled through negotiation
66. The Russian Federation notes that, under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT, the Parties must pursue negotiations over their dispute and that, in the event of failure, they shall try to agree on a settlement by way of arbitration. It argues that the Court may be seised only if genuine attempts to pursue these procedures have been made and both failed.
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67. The Russian Federation is of the view that it is not sufficient for the Parties simply to enter into negotiations; these must be meaningful and pursued “as far as possible”. The Respondent argues that “mere protests and disputations” are not sufficient to fulfil the precondition relating to negotiation. It maintains that Ukraine did not attempt to negotiate in good faith. The Russian Federation considers that Ukraine only engaged in negotiations “with a view to bring this dispute before this Court” and not with the objective of settling the matters in contention between the Parties. It states that during the negotiations Ukraine did not take into account the Russian Federation’s interests. According to the Respondent, Ukraine also did not contemplate any modification to its position and refused to substantiate some of its allegations, notwithstanding requests to do so made by the Russian Federation. The Respondent points out that negotiations took place in Minsk at its suggestion and that it showed its willingness “to contemplate modifications of its own position”. Furthermore, the Russian Federation contends that, in its Notes Verbales, the Applicant mainly did not address the ICSFT, but rather raised allegations of acts of aggression and of intervention in the internal affairs of Ukraine.
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68. Ukraine points out that the Parties negotiated extensively for two years, even though the dispute ultimately could not be resolved by negotiations. It mentions that it sent more than twenty Notes Verbales to the Russian Federation and that the Parties met in four rounds of in-person negotiations. Ukraine maintains that it has genuinely attempted to negotiate with the Russian Federation and to discuss in good faith all the issues separating them under the ICSFT. Ukraine specifies that the negotiations did not concern acts of aggression and intervention. In the Applicant’s opinion, there was no genuine attempt by the Russian Federation to settle the dispute as it did not meaningfully engage with the claims raised by Ukraine and refused to take account of the latter’s positions. The Applicant is of the view that, when negotiations have been conducted “as far as possible with a view to settling the dispute” but have failed, become futile or reached a deadlock, the precondition of holding negotiations is fulfilled. Ukraine submits that Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT only requires negotiations to be conducted for a “reasonable time” and not to the point of futility. Ukraine contends that it would not have been reasonable to require further negotiations between the Parties for an extended period of time.
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69. The Court considers that Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT requires, as a first procedural precondition to the Court’s jurisdiction, that a State makes a genuine attempt to settle through negotiation the dispute in question with the other State concerned. According to the same provision, the precondition of negotiation is met when the dispute “cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time”. As was observed in the case concerning the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), “the subject-matter of the negotiations must relate to the subject-matter of the dispute which, in turn, must concern the substantive obligations contained in the treaty in question” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 133, para. 161).
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70. The Court recalls that, on 28 July 2014, Ukraine wrote a Note Verbale to the Russian Federation, stating that
“under the provisions of the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the Russian Party is under an obligation to take such measures, which may be necessary under its domestic law to investigate the facts contained in the information submitted by the Ukrainian Party, as well as to prosecute persons involved in financing of terrorism”,
and proposing “to conduct negotiations on the issue of interpretation and application of the [ICSFT]”. On 15 August 2014, the Russian Federation informed Ukraine of its “readiness to conduct negotiations on the issue of interpretation and application of the [ICSFT]”. While exchanges of Notes and meetings between the Parties did not always focus on the interpretation or application of the ICSFT, negotiations over Ukraine’s claims relating to this Convention were a substantial part. In particular, in a Note Verbale of 24 September 2014 Ukraine contended that
“the Russian Side illegally, directly and indirectly, intentionally transfers military equipment, provides the funds for terrorists training on its territory, gives them material support and send[s] them to the territory of Ukraine for participation in the terrorist activities of the DPR and the LPR etc.”.
On 24 November 2014, the Russian Federation contested that the acts alleged by Ukraine could constitute violations of the ICSFT, but accepted that the agenda for bilateral consultations include the “international legal basis for suppression of financing of terrorism as applicable to the Russian-Ukrainian relations”. After that Note, several others followed; moreover, four meetings were held in Minsk, the last one on 17 March 2016. Little progress was made by the Parties during their negotiations. The Court therefore concludes that the dispute could not be settled through negotiation in what has to be regarded as a reasonable time and that the first precondition is accordingly met.
2. Whether the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of an arbitration
71. The Russian Federation contends that Ukraine has also not satisfied the precondition to submit the Parties’ dispute to arbitration. It argues that Ukraine did not properly engage in negotiations with a view to organize an arbitration. It points out that Ukraine insisted that an ad hoc chamber of the Court should be constituted as the forum for arbitration, and in the Russian Federation’s view, this suggestion was not apposite because referral of the dispute to a chamber of the Court cannot be regarded as a form of submission to arbitration.
72. The Russian Federation also points out that, according to Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT, a claim may be brought before the Court only if the Parties have been unable to agree on the organization of an arbitration within six months from the date of the request by one of them for arbitration. It considers that it is not sufficient “as a matter of fact” that the six-month period has elapsed without reaching any agreement on the organization of the arbitration. What is required, the Respondent maintains, is a “genuine attempt” to reach an agreement. In the Russian Federation’s
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view, Ukraine by insisting on some core principles that would govern the arbitration and by not submitting any concrete suggestions for the text of an arbitration agreement while refusing the Russian Federation’s proposals did not genuinely attempt to organize the arbitration pursuant to Article 24 of the ICSFT.
73. The Russian Federation maintains that Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT requires the Parties to negotiate with a view to “agree on the organization of the arbitration” and that accordingly they must decide on the composition of the tribunal, the law applicable, as well as on administrative matters. The Respondent argues that the Parties were in agreement with regard to most issues concerning the organization of the arbitration. It asserts that negotiations with regard to the arbitration had not reached a deadlock. In the Russian Federation’s view, the procedural precondition to submit the Parties’ dispute to arbitration set forth in Article 24 of the ICSFT has not been fulfilled.
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74. Ukraine points out that it submitted to the Russian Federation a Note Verbale dated 19 April 2016 which contained a direct request to have recourse to arbitration with a view to settling their dispute. Contrary to the Russian Federation’s argument, Ukraine maintains that its later suggestion to constitute an ad hoc chamber of the Court was only an alternative option on which it did not insist.
75. Ukraine argues that the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration within the six-month period referred to in Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT. It notes that the Russian Federation responded to its request for arbitration more than two months after receiving it and only offered to meet to discuss the organization of the arbitration a further month later. Ukraine maintains moreover that at the first meeting the Russian Federation did not address Ukraine’s views on the organization of the arbitration. The Applicant asserts that, when negotiations with respect to the organization of the arbitration were discontinued, the Parties had only agreed to discuss the details of the arbitration further and to consider each other’s positions, and had not reached any agreement on the actual organization of the arbitration. Ukraine submits that it genuinely attempted to reach an agreement on the organization of the arbitration within the requisite period.
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76. The Court recalls that, nearly two years after the start of negotiations between the Parties over the dispute, Ukraine sent on 19 April 2016 a Note Verbale in which it stated that those negotiations had “failed” and that, “pursuant to Article 24, paragraph 1 of the Financing Terrorism Convention, [it] request[ed] the Russian Federation to submit the dispute to arbitration under terms
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to be agreed by mutual consent”. Negotiations concerning the organization of the arbitration were subsequently held until a period of six months expired. During these negotiations, Ukraine also suggested to refer the dispute to a procedure other than arbitration, namely the submission of the dispute to a chamber of the Court. In any event, the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration during the requisite period. The second precondition stated in Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT must thus be regarded as fulfilled.
77. The Court therefore considers that the procedural preconditions set forth in Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT were met. The Court thus has jurisdiction to entertain the claims made pursuant to that provision.
III. THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
78. The Court will now examine the Russian Federation’s preliminary objections to the Court’s jurisdiction and the admissibility of Ukraine’s claims under CERD. As stated above (see paragraph 36), the Russian Federation argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD, and that the procedural preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction set out in Article 22 of the Convention are not met; it also argues that Ukraine’s Application with regard to claims under CERD is inadmissible because local remedies had not been exhausted before the dispute was referred to the Court. The Court will deal with each objection in turn.
A. Jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD
79. It is the Russian Federation’s position that the real issue in dispute between the Parties does not concern racial discrimination but the status of Crimea. The Russian Federation contends that the measures which Ukraine characterizes as racial discrimination are not in breach of CERD, since they are not based on any of the grounds set out in Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD. According to the Respondent, Ukraine’s claims of racial discrimination consist in asserting that measures allegedly taken by the Russian Federation in respect of members of certain ethnic communities were motivated by the opposition of these communities to the “purported annexation” of Crimea.
80. According to the Russian Federation, Ukraine’s attempt to define “ethnic groups” within the meaning of CERD on the basis of political self-identification and opinions is misconceived. The Russian Federation argues that Ukraine’s definition of “ethnicity” is not in consonance either with the ordinary meaning of CERD, or with the intention of its drafters, and is also unsupported both by State practice, and by the decisions of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (hereinafter the “CERD Committee”). The Russian Federation does not contest, in any event, that Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea constitute distinct ethnic groups protected by CERD.
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81. The Respondent argues that the claims that it discriminated between citizens and non-citizens are beyond the scope of CERD, in so far as they are incompatible with Article 1, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention, which expressly excludes from its scope “distinctions, exclusions, restrictions or preferences made by a State Party to this Convention between citizens and non-citizens”, and does not affect “in any way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality, citizenship or naturalization”.
82. The Russian Federation further contends that a number of rights invoked by Ukraine are not protected under CERD. According to the Respondent, Ukraine’s argument that Article 5 of CERD includes a right “to return to one’s country”, allegedly breached by Russian citizenship laws, was only made to circumvent Article 1 of the Convention, since such a right is not protected under CERD unless the person concerned is subject to racial discrimination within the meaning of the Convention. On this basis, the Russian Federation argues that the alleged imposition of Russian citizenship in Crimea could not be a breach of CERD.
83. In relation to the ban on the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, the Russian Federation contends that the political right of the Crimean Tatars to retain their representative institutions is not protected under Article 5, paragraphs (c) and (e), of CERD, as those provisions protect only individual and not collective, political rights.
84. The Respondent also states that the right to education and training, to which Article 5, paragraph (e) (v), of CERD refers, does not guarantee an absolute right to be educated in one’s native language, since this provision only aims to ensure the right of everyone to have access to a national educational system, irrespective of ethnic origin.
85. The Russian Federation contends that by claiming that Crimean Tatars have been discriminated against because of their Muslim faith, Ukraine misconstrues the scope of CERD, which does not include discrimination based on religious grounds.
86. According to the Russian Federation, a considerable part of the alleged violations of CERD to which Ukraine refers is based on the assumption that the application of Russian laws in Crimea amounts to a breach of certain rules of international humanitarian law, which, following Ukraine’s logic, would in turn entail a breach of CERD. The Russian Federation contends that Ukraine is seeking to challenge the application of Russian laws in Crimea, purportedly on the basis of CERD, but actually by reference to certain rules of international humanitarian law.
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87. Ukraine argues that, while it is obliged to refer to the Russian Federation’s “intervention” in Crimea in describing the alleged campaign of racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea, neither the substance of Ukraine’s claims, nor the relief requested, concern the status of Crimea.
88. According to Ukraine, its claims under CERD fall squarely within the definition of “racial discrimination” under Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention. Ukraine alleges that the Russian Federation has implemented a “policy of discrimination in political and civil affairs” and a “campaign of cultural erasure” against Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea. The Applicant claims that the Russian Federation has impaired the civil and political rights of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea by a series of targeted murders and acts of torture; forced disappearances and abductions; arbitrary searches and detentions; the imposition of Russian citizenship on the residents of Crimea; and the ban on the Mejlis. The Applicant also claims that the Russian Federation has impaired the economic, social and cultural rights of these communities, by imposing restrictions on Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian media outlets; the degradation of their cultural heritage; the suppression of culturally significant gatherings of these communities; and the suppression of minority rights relating to education, and in particular restrictions placed on education in the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian languages. It is the Applicant’s position that these measures were principally aimed against the ethnic groups of Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea and had the “purpose and/or effect” of disproportionately affecting these communities less favourably than other ethnic groups in Crimea. Accordingly, Ukraine maintains that these measures amount to racial discrimination within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD.
89. Ukraine argues that its Memorial shows, “on an article-by-article basis”, that the Russian Federation’s conduct has resulted in nullifying or limiting the rights and freedoms of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities protected under Articles 2, paragraph (1) (a) and (b), 4, 5 (a) to (e), 6 and 7, of CERD. Ukraine thus asserts that its claims relate to an aspect of the dispute which concerns the interpretation or application of CERD.
90. Moreover, Ukraine argues that freedom from deportation from one’s country by an “occupying State” is a human right or fundamental freedom, the denial of which on a racial or ethnic basis constitutes a breach of CERD. Ukraine further argues that the denial of the right to return to one’s country either by the territorial sovereign or by an “occupying State” also constitutes a breach of CERD. Ukraine also emphasizes that, considering Article 1, paragraph 3, of CERD, citizenship laws passed by States parties to the Convention may constitute a breach of CERD if they “discriminate against any particular nationality”. In this regard, Ukraine maintains that the law granting Russian citizenship to citizens of Ukraine and to stateless persons resident in Crimea, together with the Russian Federation’s enforcement of this law, disproportionately and adversely affects Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea. Ukraine disputes the Russian Federation’s assertion that these measures fall outside of CERD by virtue of paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 1.
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91. Ukraine also submits that the protections provided by CERD do not exist solely with respect to those rights listed in the Convention, but extend to human rights and fundamental freedoms in other fields of public life. It is Ukraine’s position that the Russian Federation’s arguments on the interpretation of certain provisions of CERD confirm that the dispute between the Parties also concerns the interpretation of that Convention. According to Ukraine, the issues in dispute between the Parties concern the respect of the right of indigenous peoples to maintain their representative institutions, the right of minorities to be educated in their native language, the consideration of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention as a rule relevant to the interpretation of Article 5, paragraph (d) (ii), of CERD, and the relevance of Article 1, paragraphs 2 and 3, to claims relating to the imposition of Russian citizenship in Crimea. Ukraine submits that it is appropriate for the Court to decide these disputed issues at the merits stage of the proceedings.
92. In the alternative, Ukraine argues that, should the Court decide to address such issues at the preliminary objections stage, it should decide them in Ukraine’s favour. The Applicant maintains that targeting the Mejlis constitutes an ethnicity-based distinction having the purpose or effect of impairing the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the Crimean Tatar people. Ukraine further states that Article 5 (e) (v) of CERD provides for a broad right to education and training, which also covers the right to be educated in one’s own native language. Ukraine also clarifies that it is not requesting the Court to make any finding or grant any relief in respect of breaches of CERD resulting from discrimination on religious grounds. The Applicant further maintains that it is not asking the Court to decide claims of discrimination on the basis of political opinion.
93. According to Ukraine, the Russian Federation’s claim that the extension of its laws in Crimea is equated by Ukraine to a violation of CERD is inaccurate; the Applicant argues that, in its Memorial, it referred to the introduction of such laws to describe the means by which the Respondent has pursued a campaign of discrimination in Crimea. Using as an example the breach of freedom of peaceful assembly, Ukraine submits that the alleged violations of CERD do not result from breaches of international humanitarian law, but from the discriminatory application by the Russian Federation of its domestic legislation as a means of repressing the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
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94. In order to determine whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD, the Court does not need to satisfy itself that the measures of which Ukraine complains actually constitute “racial discrimination” within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD. Nor does the Court need to establish whether, and, if so, to what extent, certain acts may be covered by Article 1, paragraphs 2 and 3, of CERD. Both determinations concern issues of fact, largely depending on evidence regarding the purpose or effect of the measures alleged by Ukraine, and are thus properly a matter for the merits, should the case proceed to that stage.
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95. At the current stage of the proceedings, the Court only needs to ascertain whether the measures of which Ukraine complains fall within the provisions of the Convention (see paragraph 57 above). In this respect, the Court notes that both Parties agree that Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea constitute ethnic groups protected under CERD. Moreover, Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the Convention set out specific obligations in relation to the treatment of individuals on the basis of “race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin”. Article 2, paragraph 1, of CERD contains a general obligation to pursue by all appropriate means a policy of eliminating racial discrimination, and an obligation to engage in no act or practice of racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or institutions. Article 5 imposes an obligation to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination, and to guarantee the right of everyone to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of rights mentioned therein, including political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights.
96. The Court, taking into account the broadly formulated rights and obligations contained in the Convention, including the obligations under Article 2, paragraph 1, and the non-exhaustive list of rights in Article 5, considers that the measures of which Ukraine complains (see paragraph 88 above) are capable of having an adverse effect on the enjoyment of certain rights protected under CERD. These measures thus fall within the provisions of the Convention.
97. Consequently, the Court concludes that the claims of Ukraine fall within the provisions of CERD.
B. Procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD
98. Having established that the claims of Ukraine fall within the scope of CERD, the Court now turns to the examination of the procedural preconditions under Article 22 of the Convention.
1. The alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions
99. The Russian Federation argues that Article 22 imposes preconditions to the seisin of the Court, and that the Court has jurisdiction only if both preconditions are satisfied. According to the Russian Federation, the conjunction “or” may have an alternative meaning, a cumulative meaning or both; the Respondent further maintains that, in Article 22, the word “or” indicates cumulative, not alternative, preconditions. The Russian Federation also argues that interpreting Article 22 to provide for alternative procedural preconditions would deprive the provision of effet utile, as it would be meaningless if no legal consequences were to be drawn from the reference to two distinct preconditions. The Russian Federation adds that conciliation under the auspices of the CERD Committee cannot be regarded as a kind of negotiation, since, unlike negotiation, it entails third-party intervention, and that reading Article 22 in its context and in light of the object and purpose of CERD confirms that the two procedural preconditions are cumulative.
100. The Respondent contends that its interpretation of Article 22 of CERD is supported by the drafting history of the Convention. The Russian Federation argues that the earliest version of what subsequently became Article 22, proposed by the representative of the Philippines to the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, envisaged that the
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Court could only be seised of a dispute if the CERD Committee had already failed to effect conciliation. According to the Russian Federation, a new proposal for the compromissory clause, prepared by the officers of the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, mentioned only negotiation as a procedural precondition; thereafter, an amendment by Ghana, Mauritania and the Philippines (hereinafter “the Three-Power amendment”), which proposed introducing the words “or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” into Article 22, was adopted unanimously. The Russian Federation infers from this addition that the drafters of CERD intended that resort to those procedures would be compulsory before referral of a dispute to the Court.
101. The Russian Federation also infers the cumulative character of the procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD by comparing the compromissory clauses of other human rights treaties, namely the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. According to the Respondent, the compromissory clauses in these treaties set out a three-step procedure to settle disputes on their interpretation or application, envisaging negotiation as the first step, efforts to set up an arbitration over a certain period of time as the second step, and resort to the Court once that period of time has elapsed as the third step. The Russian Federation states that the dispute settlement system under Article 22 of CERD is similar to, and should be interpreted consistently with, the three-step procedure for which these treaties provide.
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102. Ukraine states that the correct interpretation of Article 22 of CERD is that it contains no preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction. The Applicant argues that should the Court interpret Article 22 as establishing preconditions, the “most natural reading” of Article 22 is that “or” conveys that “negotiation” and the “procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” are two alternative options for resolving a dispute before the seisin of the Court. Ukraine also contends that, in Article 22, the word “or” appears three times, always with disjunctive meaning.
103. Ukraine submits that, if the CERD Committee procedure were to be considered as mandatory, the Convention would have said so explicitly. According to the Applicant, it would not make sense if Article 22 required disputing States first to negotiate within an unspecified period of time only to renegotiate for six more months in accordance with the CERD Committee procedure. Ukraine adds that the CERD Committee only hears complaints by a State party “that another State Party is not giving effect to the provisions of this Convention”, which entails that, if Article 22 required exhaustion of the CERD Committee procedure, a dispute limited to the interpretation of
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CERD would never satisfy the preconditions for States to seise the Court. Ukraine considers that the placement of Article 22 within Part III of CERD, while the CERD Committee procedures are governed by Part II, indicates that Article 22 was not intended to make the procedures before the CERD Committee a necessary precondition for seising the Court. According to the Applicant, as the preamble indicates that CERD was intended to be an effective instrument to eliminate racial discrimination promptly, it would be inconsistent with the object and purpose of CERD if Article 22 delayed the settlement of disputes by imposing cumulative procedural preconditions.
104. Although Ukraine expresses the view that recourse to supplementary means of interpretation is not necessary, it argues that, should recourse be had to the drafting history of CERD, it would not assist the Russian Federation’s case. According to Ukraine, the late addition, by the Three-Power amendment, of a reference to “the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” to the compromissory clause of CERD merely aimed to clarify that the CERD Committee procedure was one of the options available before States referred their disputes to the Court. Ukraine also supports this view by reference to the statement that Ghana made as a sponsor of the Three-Power amendment, according to which the amendment was “self-explanatory” and contained a “simple refer[ence] to the procedures provided for in the Convention”.
105. Ukraine further maintains that the Russian Federation’s reliance on the compromissory clauses in other human rights treaties (see paragraph 101 above) is misplaced, as such treaties contain compromissory clauses which are different from Article 22 of CERD.
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106. Pursuant to Article 22 of CERD, the Court has jurisdiction to decide a dispute brought under the Convention provided that such a dispute is “not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention”. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court found that
“in their ordinary meaning, the terms of Article 22 of CERD, namely ‘[a]ny dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention’, establish preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin of the Court” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 128, para. 141; see also ibid., pp. 129–130, para. 147).
In that case, the Court did not determine whether the preconditions set out in Article 22 of CERD are alternative or cumulative. In order to make this determination, the Court will apply the rules of customary international law on treaty interpretation as reflected in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 116, para. 33).
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107. Concerning the text of Article 22 of CERD, the Parties expressed divergent views on the meaning of the word “or” in the phrase “not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention”. The Court notes that the conjunction “or” appearing between “negotiation” and the “procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” is part of a clause which is introduced by the word “not”, and thus formulated in the negative. While the conjunction “or” should generally be interpreted disjunctively if it appears as part of an affirmative clause, the same view cannot necessarily be taken when the same conjunction is part of a negative clause. Article 22 is an example of the latter. It follows that, in the relevant part of Article 22 of CERD, the conjunction “or” may have either disjunctive or conjunctive meaning. The Court therefore is of the view that while the word “or” may be interpreted disjunctively and envisage alternative procedural preconditions, this is not the only possible interpretation based on the text of Article 22.
108. Article 22 of CERD must be interpreted in its context. Article 22 refers to two preconditions, namely negotiation and the procedure before the CERD Committee governed by Articles 11 to 13 of the Convention. Article 11, paragraph 1, of CERD envisages that, if a State party considers that another State party “is not giving effect to the provisions of [the] Convention, it may bring the matter to the attention of the [CERD] Committee”; the CERD Committee “shall then transmit the communication to the State Party concerned”, which, within three months, “shall submit to the Committee written explanations or statements clarifying the matter and the remedy, if any, that may have been taken”. Under Article 11, paragraph 2, a State has the right to refer the matter back to the CERD Committee through a second communication “[i]f the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of both parties, either by bilateral negotiations or by any other procedure open to them, within six months after the receipt by the receiving State of the initial communication”.
109. Pursuant to Article 12, paragraph 1 (a), of CERD, after the CERD Committee has obtained the necessary information, its chairperson shall appoint an ad hoc Conciliation Commission, the good offices of which shall be made available to the States concerned “with a view to an amicable solution of the matter”. Article 13, paragraph 1, provides that, when the Commission has fully considered the matter, it shall submit to the chairperson of the CERD Committee a report containing “such recommendations as it may think proper for the amicable solution of the dispute”. Pursuant to Article 13, paragraph 2, the States concerned, within three months of receiving such recommendations from the chairperson of the Committee, shall inform the chairperson as to “whether or not they accept the recommendations contained in the report of the Commission”. The references to the “amicable solution” of the dispute and to the States’ communication of acceptance of the Conciliation Commission’s recommendations indicate, in the Court’s view, that the objective of the CERD Committee procedure is for the States concerned to reach an agreed settlement of their dispute.
110. The Court therefore considers that “negotiation” and the “procedures expressly provided for in [the] Convention” are two means to achieve the same objective, namely to settle a dispute by agreement. Both negotiation and the CERD Committee procedure rest on the States parties’ willingness to seek an agreed settlement of their dispute. It follows that should negotiation and the CERD Committee procedure be considered cumulative, States would have to try to negotiate an agreed solution to their dispute and, after negotiation has not been successful, take the matter before the CERD Committee for further negotiation, again in order to reach an agreed
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solution. The Court considers that the context of Article 22 of CERD does not support this interpretation. In the view of the Court, the context of Article 22 rather indicates that it would not be reasonable to require States parties which have already failed to reach an agreed settlement through negotiations to engage in an additional set of negotiations in accordance with the modalities set out in Articles 11 to 13 of CERD.
111. The Court considers that Article 22 of CERD must also be interpreted in light of the object and purpose of the Convention. Article 2, paragraph 1, of CERD provides that States parties to CERD undertake to eliminate racial discrimination “without delay”. Articles 4 and 7 provide that States parties undertake to eradicate incitement to racial discrimination and to combat prejudices leading to racial discrimination by adopting “immediate and positive measures” and “immediate and effective measures” respectively. The preamble to CERD further emphasizes the States’ resolve to adopt all measures for eliminating racial discrimination “speedily”. The Court considers that these provisions show the States parties’ aim to eradicate all forms of racial discrimination effectively and promptly. In the Court’s view, the achievement of such aims could be rendered more difficult if the procedural preconditions under Article 22 were cumulative.
112. The Court notes that both Parties rely on the travaux préparatoires of CERD in support of their respective arguments concerning the alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions under Article 22 of the Convention. Since the alternative character of the procedural preconditions is sufficiently clear from an interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article 22 in their context, and in light of the object and purpose of the Convention, the Court is of the view that there is no need for it to examine the travaux préparatoires of CERD.
113. The Court concludes that Article 22 of CERD imposes alternative preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction. Since the dispute between the Parties was not referred to the CERD Committee, the Court will only examine whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a settlement to their dispute.
2. Whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a settlement to their dispute under CERD
114. The Russian Federation argues that, although the Parties made reciprocal accusations and replies to each other, Ukraine did not negotiate in good faith within the meaning of Article 22 of CERD. According to the Russian Federation, Ukraine’s Notes Verbales were replete with accusations, including of occupation and aggression, which resulted in escalating tensions between the Parties. The Respondent expresses the view that Ukraine had never aimed at solving the dispute between the Parties, but that its only aim was to hold the Russian Federation responsible by bringing the matter before the Court. The Russian Federation also refers to the diplomatic exchanges between the Parties in 2014, emphasizing that Ukraine set very short deadlines for the Parties to organize face-to-face meetings, and that it wrongly accused the Russian Federation of not replying positively to negotiation proposals. The Russian Federation acknowledges that the Parties finally held face-to-face negotiations, but states that Ukraine did not behave in good faith during such negotiations, as it insisted on its positions, refusing to devote the necessary time to examining
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the positions and allegations of both Parties. The Russian Federation also submits that face-to-face negotiations were carried out within an unduly short time frame owing to choices made by Ukraine, which resulted in little progress being made.
*
115. Ukraine states that it engaged in good-faith negotiations by sending multiple Notes Verbales to the Russian Federation, making concrete proposals for the organization of the negotiations and detailing the acts of racial discrimination allegedly being committed against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities of Crimea. Ukraine maintains that its attempts to negotiate directly with the Russian Federation were not met with substantive responses, since there was no reply to any of the Notes Verbales concerning the Russian Federation’s alleged conduct in violation of CERD sent by Ukraine before the filing of the Application. Nonetheless, Ukraine contends that it persisted in its efforts to engage with the Russian Federation, which included three face-to-face meetings in Minsk. The Applicant maintains that it has meticulously put the Russian Federation on notice with respect to the facts which allegedly constitute breaches of CERD and has given the Russian Federation ample opportunity to respond over a two-year period. Ukraine submits that it only filed its Application with the Court when it had become clear that further negotiations would have been fruitless, considering that no progress had been made and that there had been no change in the Parties’ respective positions. The Applicant also rejects the Respondent’s attempts to show that it acted in bad faith while conducting negotiations with respect to CERD.
* *
116. The Court has already had the opportunity to examine the notion of “negotiation” under Article 22 of CERD. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court stated that
“negotiations are distinct from mere protests or disputations. Negotiations entail more than the plain opposition of legal views or interests between two parties, or the existence of a series of accusations and rebuttals, or even the exchange of claims and directly opposed counter-claims. As such, the concept of ‘negotiations’ differs from the concept of ‘dispute’, and requires — at the very least — a genuine attempt by one of the disputing parties to engage in discussions with the other disputing party, with a view to resolving the dispute.” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 132, para. 157; see also Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 68, para. 150; North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, pp. 47–48, para. 87; Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1931, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116.)
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The Court also stated that “evidence of such an attempt to negotiate — or of the conduct of negotiations — does not require the reaching of an actual agreement between the disputing parties” (I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 132, para. 158), and that “to meet the precondition of negotiation in the compromissory clause of a treaty, these negotiations must relate to the subject-matter of the treaty containing the compromissory clause” (ibid., p. 133, para. 161).
117. The Court further held that “the precondition of negotiation is met only when there has been a failure of negotiations, or when negotiations have become futile or deadlocked” (ibid., p. 133, para. 159). This statement was confirmed in the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), in which, despite the fact that Belgium had sent Senegal four Notes Verbales and engaged in negotiations with Senegal, such steps did not lead to a settlement of their dispute (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 446, paras. 58-59).
118. The Court notes that Ukraine sent its first Note Verbale to the Russian Federation concerning alleged violations of CERD on 23 September 2014. In that Note, Ukraine listed a number of measures which, in its view, the Russian Federation was implementing in violation of the Convention, and the rights which such acts were allegedly violating, and went on to state that “the Ukrainian Side offers to the Russian Side to negotiate the use of [CERD], in particular, the implementation of international legal liability in accordance with international law”. On 16 October 2014, the Russian Federation communicated to Ukraine its willingness to hold negotiations on the interpretation and application of CERD. On 29 October 2014, the Applicant sent a second Note Verbale to the Respondent, asking for face-to-face negotiations which it proposed to hold on 21 November 2014. The Russian Federation replied to this Note on 27 November 2014, after Ukraine’s proposed date for the meeting had passed. Ukraine sent a third Note Verbale on 15 December 2014, proposing negotiations on 23 January 2015. The Russian Federation replied to this Note on 11 March 2015, after the date proposed by Ukraine for the negotiations had passed. Eventually, the Parties held three rounds of negotiation in Minsk between April 2015 and December 2016.
119. There are specific references to CERD in the Notes Verbales exchanged between the Parties, which also refer to the rights and obligations arising under that Convention. In those Notes, Ukraine set out its views concerning the alleged violations of the Convention, and the Russian Federation accordingly had a full opportunity to reply to such allegations. The Court is satisfied that the subject-matter of such diplomatic exchanges related to the subject-matter of the dispute currently before the Court, as defined in paragraphs 31-32 of this Judgment.
120. The Court observes that the negotiations between the Parties lasted for approximately two years and included both diplomatic correspondence and face-to-face meetings, which, in the Court’s view, and despite the lack of success in reaching a negotiated solution, indicates that a genuine attempt at negotiation was made by Ukraine. Furthermore, the Court is of the opinion that, during their diplomatic exchanges, the Parties’ respective positions remained substantially the same. The Court thus concludes that the negotiations between the Parties had become futile or deadlocked by the time Ukraine filed its Application under Article 22 of CERD.
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121. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the procedural preconditions for it to have jurisdiction under Article 22 of CERD are satisfied in the circumstances of the present case. As a result, the Court has jurisdiction to consider the claims of Ukraine under CERD.
C. Admissibility
122. The Court will now turn to the objection raised by the Russian Federation to the admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to claims under CERD on the ground that Ukraine did not establish that local remedies had been exhausted before it seised the Court.
* *
123. The Russian Federation contends that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies is well established in international law, and that it also applies to inter-State claims under CERD. The Russian Federation submits that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies requires claims relating to alleged violations of individual rights to be, in essence, the same as those previously submitted to domestic courts. It follows, the Respondent maintains, that the allegations in Ukraine’s Application should have been submitted to domestic courts as claims of racial discrimination. The Russian Federation further submits that, in its Written Statement, Ukraine formulated its claims differently from its Application and Memorial in order to overcome the objection based on the rule of exhaustion of local remedies.
124. According to the Respondent, Articles 11, paragraph 3, and 14, paragraph 7 (a), of CERD make it clear that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies applies to claims under the Convention. The Respondent further submits that the application of the rule of exhaustion of local remedies is consistent with Article 6 of CERD, which imposes an obligation on States parties to provide “effective protection and remedies, through the competent national tribunals and other State institutions”, to everyone within their jurisdiction. The Russian Federation also contends that the application of the rule of exhaustion of local remedies is consistent with the approach of other human rights treaties and is confirmed by the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted by the International Law Commission.
125. The Russian Federation further relies on the approach of the CERD Committee that local remedies must be exhausted even if there are doubts as to their effectiveness. The Respondent argues that Ukraine has not established that local remedies were exhausted, or that cases were submitted before domestic courts, prior to it instituting proceedings under Article 22 of CERD. Moreover, according to the Russian Federation, the claims before domestic courts on which Ukraine relies did not concern allegations of racial discrimination.
*
- 45 -
126. Ukraine argues that local remedies must be exhausted only when a State brings a claim on behalf of one or more of its nationals. According to the Applicant, the rule of exhaustion of local remedies has no application in the present case since Ukraine’s claims relate to an alleged pattern of conduct of the Russian Federation, and Ukraine is invoking the rights it holds as a State under CERD. Ukraine contends that the Russian Federation’s objection is not persuasive because Ukraine did not bring the present case to vindicate individual rights. On the contrary, Ukraine seeks an end to the Russian Federation’s alleged “systematic campaign of racial discrimination” in violation of CERD.
127. Ukraine states that both the structure of CERD and the plain language of its provisions contradict the Russian Federation’s argument. Ukraine emphasizes that references to the rule of exhaustion of local remedies are contained in Part II of CERD concerning the procedure before the CERD Committee, whereas Article 22 is located in Part III of the Convention, which makes no reference to the rule of exhaustion of local remedies. On this basis, Ukraine infers that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies applies only in the context of the CERD Committee procedure. Ukraine further submits that, in any event, Article 11, paragraph 3, and Article 14, paragraph 7 (a), of CERD have no relevance in the present case: first, as a sovereign State, Ukraine cannot be expected to submit itself to the domestic courts of another sovereign State; secondly, bringing a dispute before the courts of the Russian Federation would be futile, as Ukraine could not expect a fair hearing of its claims.
128. Ukraine states that the cases heard by human rights courts on which the Russian Federation relies all concern claims by individuals or non-governmental organizations acting on their behalf. Ukraine relies on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which, in its view, supports its position that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies does not apply in the present case. In particular, Ukraine refers to a decision in which the European Court of Human Rights held that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies “does not apply where the applicant State complains of a practice as such . . . but does not ask the Court to give a decision on each of the cases put forward as proof or illustrations of that practice” (Georgia v. Russia (II), Application No. 38263/08, Decision on Admissibility of 13 December 2011, para. 85). Ukraine concludes that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies does not apply in the present case and that its Application is consequently admissible.
* *
129. The Court recalls that local remedies must be previously exhausted as a matter of customary international law in cases in which a State brings a claim on behalf of one or more of its nationals (Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 27; Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI) (United States of America v. Italy), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1989, p. 42, para. 50; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of
- 46 -
Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 599, para. 42; see also Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2001, Vol. II, Part Two, pp. 120-121; Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with Commentaries, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-eighth session, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2006, Vol. II, Part Two, p. 44).
130. The Court notes that, according to Ukraine, the Russian Federation has engaged in a sustained campaign of racial discrimination, carried out through acts repeated over an appreciable period of time starting in 2014, against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea. The Court also notes that the individual instances to which Ukraine refers in its submissions emerge as illustrations of the acts by which the Russian Federation has allegedly engaged in a campaign of racial discrimination. It follows, in the view of the Court, that, in filing its Application under Article 22 of CERD, Ukraine does not adopt the cause of one or more of its nationals, but challenges, on the basis of CERD, the alleged pattern of conduct of the Russian Federation with regard to the treatment of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea. In view of the above, the Court concludes that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies does not apply in the circumstances of the present case.
131. This conclusion by the Court is without prejudice to the question of whether the Russian Federation has actually engaged in the campaign of racial discrimination alleged by Ukraine, thus breaching its obligations under CERD. This is a question which the Court will address at the merits stage of the proceedings.
132. The Court finds that the Russian Federation’s objection to the admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to CERD must be rejected.
*
133. It follows from the findings made above that the Russian Federation’s objections to the jurisdiction of the Court under Article 22 of CERD and to the admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to CERD must be rejected. Accordingly, the Court concludes that it has jurisdiction to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under CERD and that Ukraine’s Application with regard to those claims is admissible.
*
* *
- 47 -
134. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
(1) By thirteen votes to three,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation that the Court lacks jurisdiction on the basis of Article 24, paragraph 1, of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism;
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Judges Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judge ad hoc Pocar;
AGAINST: Vice-President Xue; Judge Tomka; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov;
(2) By thirteen votes to three,
Finds that it has jurisdiction on the basis of Article 24, paragraph 1, of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under this Convention;
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Judges Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judge ad hoc Pocar;
AGAINST: Vice-President Xue; Judge Tomka; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov;
(3) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation that the Court lacks jurisdiction on the basis of Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judge ad hoc Pocar;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Skotnikov;
(4) Unanimously,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation to the admissibility of the Application of Ukraine in relation to the claims under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;
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(5) By fifteen votes to one,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under this Convention, and that the Application in relation to those claims is admissible.
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judge ad hoc Pocar;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Skotnikov.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of November two thousand and nineteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Russian Federation, respectively.
(Signed) Abdulqawi Ahmed YUSUF,
President.
(Signed) Philippe GAUTIER,
Registrar.
Vice-President XUE appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges TOMKA and CANÇADO TRINDADE append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court; Judges DONOGHUE and ROBINSON append declarations to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc POCAR appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc SKOTNIKOV appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) A.A.Y.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
___________
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
INTERNATIONALE POUR LA RÉPRESSION
DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME
ET DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARRÊT DU 8 NOVEMBRE 2019
2019
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION
OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 8 NOVEMBER 2019
Mode officiel de citation :
Application de la convention internationale pour la répression
du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2019, p. 558
Official citation:
Application of the International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019, p. 558
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-157378-7
No de vente:
Sales number 1176
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
INTERNATIONALE POUR LA RÉPRESSION
DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME
ET DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION
OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
8 NOVEMBRE 2019
ARRÊT
8 NOVEMBER 2019
JUDGMENT
558
4
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-22
I. Introduction 23-37
A. Objet du différend 23-32
B. Bases de compétence invoquées par l’Ukraine 33-37
II. La convention internationale pour la répression du
financement du terrorisme 38-77
A. La compétence ratione materiae au titre de la CIRFT 39-64
B. Les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à
l’article 24 de la CIRFT 65-77
1. La question de savoir si le différend entre les Parties n’a
pas pu être réglé par voie de négociation 66-70
2. La question de savoir si les Parties ne sont pas parvenues
à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation d’un arbitrage 71-77
III. La convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale 78-133
A. La compétence ratione materiae au titre de la CIEDR 79-97
B. Les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à
l’article 22 de la CIEDR 98-121
1. Le caractère alternatif ou cumulatif des conditions
procédurales préalables 99-113
2. La question de savoir si les Parties ont tenté de négocier
un règlement de leur différend relatif à la CIEDR 114-121
C. Recevabilité 122-133
Dispositif 134
558
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-22
I. Introduction 23-37
A. Subject- matter of the dispute 23-32
B. Bases of jurisdiction invoked by Ukraine 33-37
II. The International Convention for the Suppression of the
Financing of Terrorism 38-77
A. Jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT 39-64
B. Procedural preconditions under Article 24 of the ICSFT 65-77
1. Whether the dispute between the Parties could not be
settled through negotiation 66-70
2. Whether the Parties were unable to agree on the organization
of an arbitration 71-77
III. The International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination 78-133
A. Jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD 79-97
B. Procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD 98-121
1. The alternative or cumulative character of the procedural
preconditions 99-113
2. Whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a settlement
to their dispute under CERD 114-121
C. Admissibility 122-133
Operative Clause 134
559
5
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2019
8 novembre 2019
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
INTERNATIONALE POUR LA RÉPRESSION
DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME
ET DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARRÊT
Objet du différend — Instance introduite par l’Ukraine sur le fondement de la
CIRFT et de la CIEDR — Deux aspects du différend — Prétendus manquements
de la Fédération de Russie à ses obligations au titre de la CIRFT et de la CIEDR.
Bases de compétence invoquées par l’Ukraine — Paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de
la CIRFT et article 22 de la CIEDR.
* *
Question de savoir si la Cour a compétence ratione materiae au titre de la CIRFT.
Question de savoir si les actes dont le demandeur tire grief entrent dans les prévisions
de la CIRFT — Interprétation de la CIRFT conformément aux règles
énoncées dans la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités — Portée des obligations
découlant de la CIRFT — CIRFT s’appliquant aux infractions commises par
des individus — Financement par un Etat d’actes de terrorisme non visé par la
CIRFT — Sens ordinaire des termes « toute personne » figurant à l’article 2 de la
CIRFT — Termes s’appliquant tant aux personnes agissant à titre privé qu’à celles
ayant le statut d’agent d’un Etat — Obligation pour les Etats parties à la CIRFT
2019
8 novembre
Rôle général
no 166
559
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2019
8 November 2019
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION
OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT
Subject- matter of the dispute — Proceedings instituted by Ukraine under the
ICSFT and CERD — Two aspects of the dispute — Alleged breaches by the Russian
Federation of its obligations under the ICSFT and CERD.
Bases of jurisdiction invoked by Ukraine — Article 24, paragraph 1, of the
ICSFT and Article 22 of CERD.
* *
Whether the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT.
Whether acts of which Applicant complains fall within provisions of the
ICSFT — Interpretation of the ICSFT according to rules contained in Vienna
Convention on Law of Treaties — Scope of obligations under the ICSFT — The
ICSFT addresses offences committed by individuals — Financing by a State of
acts of terrorism outside scope of the ICSFT — Ordinary meaning of term “any
person” in Article 2 of the ICSFT — Term applies both to persons acting in private
capacity and to those who are State agents — All States parties to the ICSFT
under obligation to take appropriate measures and to co-operate in prevention and
2019
8 November
General List
No. 166
560 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
6
de prendre les mesures nécessaires et de coopérer pour prévenir et réprimer les
infractions de financement d’actes de terrorisme — Définition du terme « fonds » à
l’article premier ne devant pas être traitée au stade actuel de la procédure — Question
de savoir si des actes particuliers entrent dans les prévisions de l’alinéa a)
ou b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT relevant du fond de l’affaire —
Questions concernant l’existence des éléments moraux requis sans pertinence pour
ce qui est de la compétence ratione materiae de la Cour — Exception d’incompétence
ratione materiae au titre de la CIRFT ne pouvant être retenue.
*
Question de savoir si les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées au paragraphe
1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT sont remplies.
Première condition préalable : question de savoir si le différend entre les Parties
n’a pas pu être réglé par voie de négociation — Condition préalable requérant qu’il
ait été véritablement tenté de régler le différend par voie de négociation — Peu de
progrès enregistrés par les Parties lors des négociations — Différend n’ayant pas
pu être réglé par voie de négociation dans un délai raisonnable — Première condition
préalable remplie — Seconde condition préalable : question de savoir si les
Parties ne sont pas parvenues à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation d’un arbitrage
— Impossibilité de parvenir à un accord dans le délai requis malgré les négociations
— Seconde condition préalable remplie.
*
Cour compétente pour connaître des demandes présentées par l’Ukraine sur le
fondement de la CIRFT.
* *
Question de savoir si la Cour a compétence ratione materiae au titre de la
CIEDR.
Question de savoir si les mesures dont le demandeur tire grief entrent dans les
prévisions de la CIEDR — Parties convenant que les Tatars de Crimée et Ukrainiens
de souche en Crimée constituent des groupes ethniques protégés par la
CIEDR — Droits et obligations formulés en termes généraux dans la CIEDR —
Mesures dont l’Ukraine tire grief susceptibles de porter atteinte à la jouissance de
certains droits protégés par la CIEDR — Mesures entrant dans les prévisions de
la CIEDR — Demandes formulées par l’Ukraine entrant dans le champ d’application
de la CIEDR.
*
Question de savoir si les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article
22 de la CIEDR sont remplies.
Question de savoir si les deux conditions préalables ont un caractère alternatif
ou cumulatif — Application des règles du droit international coutumier relatives à
l’interprétation des traités — Signification de la conjonction « ou » dans le membre
de phrase « n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures
expressément prévues par [la CIEDR] » — Terme « ou » pouvant avoir un
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 560
6
suppression of offences of financing acts of terrorism — Definition of “funds” in
Article 1 need not be addressed at present stage of proceedings — Whether specific
act falls within meaning of Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) or (b), of the ICSFT is matter
for the merits — Questions concerning existence of requisite mental elements
not relevant to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae — Objection to the
Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae under the ICSFT cannot be upheld.
*
Whether the procedural preconditions under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the
ICSFT have been met.
First precondition, namely, whether dispute between the Parties could not be
settled through negotiation — Precondition requires genuine attempt to settle dispute
through negotiation — Little progress made by the Parties during negotiations
— Dispute could not be settled through negotiation within reasonable time —
First precondition met — Second precondition, namely, whether the Parties were
unable to agree on organization of arbitration — Failure to reach agreement during
requisite period despite negotiations — Second precondition fulfilled.
*
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain Ukraine’s claims under the ICSFT.
* *
Whether the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae under CERD.
Whether measures of which Ukraine complains fall within provisions of
CERD — Parties agree that Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea
constitute ethnic groups protected under CERD — Rights and obligations contained
in CERD broadly formulated — Measures of which Ukraine complains are
capable of having adverse effect on enjoyment of certain rights protected under
CERD — These measures fall within provisions of CERD — Claims of Ukraine
fall within scope of CERD.
*
Whether the procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD have been met.
Whether two preconditions alternative or cumulative — Application of rules of
customary international law on treaty interpretation — Meaning of conjunction
“or” in phrase “not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided
for in [CERD]” — Term “or” may have either disjunctive or conjunctive meaning
— Article 22 must be interpreted in its context — Negotiation and CERD
561 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
7
sens aussi bien disjonctif que conjonctif — Article 22 devant être interprété dans
son contexte — Négociation et procédure sous les auspices du Comité pour l’élimination
de la discrimination raciale constituant deux moyens de parvenir au même
objectif — Caractère cumulatif des conditions préalables non étayé par le contexte
de l’article 22 — Article 22 devant également être interprété à la lumière de l’objet
et du but de la CIEDR — Etats parties ayant pour objectif d’éliminer effectivement
et rapidement la discrimination raciale — Objectif plus difficile à atteindre si
les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 22 étaient cumulatives
— Nul besoin d’examiner les travaux préparatoires de la CIEDR — Article 22
subordonnant la compétence de la Cour au respect de conditions préalables de
caractère alternatif.
Question de savoir si les Parties ont tenté de négocier un règlement de leur différend
— Notion de « négociation » — Condition préalable de négociation remplie
dès lors que les négociations ont échoué, qu’elles sont devenues inutiles ou qu’elles
ont abouti à une impasse — Ukraine ayant véritablement tenté de négocier —
Négociations entre les Parties devenues inutiles ou en situation d’impasse lorsque
l’Ukraine a déposé sa requête — Conditions procédurales préalables remplies.
*
Cour compétente pour connaître des demandes formulées par l’Ukraine sur le
fondement de la CIEDR.
* *
Exception d’irrecevabilité soulevée par la Fédération de Russie à l’égard de la
partie de la requête de l’Ukraine comportant les demandes fondées sur la CIEDR —
Affirmation selon laquelle la requête serait irrecevable au motif que les voies de
recours internes n’avaient pas été épuisées lorsque la Cour a été saisie du différend
— Droit international coutumier requérant que les recours internes aient été
préalablement épuisés lorsqu’un Etat fait valoir une réclamation au nom de ses
ressortissants — Ukraine reprochant à la Fédération de Russie le comportement
systématique que celle-ci aurait adopté s’agissant du traitement réservé aux communautés
ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée — Non-applicabilité de la règle de
l’épuisement des voies de recours internes dans les circonstances de l’espèce —
Rejet de l’exception d’irrecevabilité soulevée par la Fédération de Russie à l’égard
de la requête de l’Ukraine en ce qu’elle a trait à la CIEDR.
* *
Cour compétente pour connaître des demandes présentées par l’Ukraine sur le
fondement de la CIEDR et requête de l’Ukraine recevable en ce qu’elle a trait à
ces demandes.
ARRÊT
Présents : M. Yusuf, président ; Mme Xue, vice-présidente ; MM. Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Mme Donoghue,
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 561
7
Committee procedure two means to achieve same objective — Context of
Article 22 does not support a reading that preconditions cumulative in nature —
Article 22 must also be interpreted in light of object and purpose of CERD —
Aim of States parties to eradicate racial discrimination effectively and promptly
— Achievement of such aims more difficult if procedural preconditions under
Article 22 cumulative — No need to examine travaux préparatoires of CERD —
Article 22 imposes alternative preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction.
Whether the Parties attempted to negotiate settlement to their dispute — Notion
of “negotiation” — Precondition of negotiation met when there has been a failure
of negotiations, or when negotiations have become futile or deadlocked — Genuine
attempt at negotiation made by Ukraine — Negotiations between the Parties futile
or deadlocked by time Ukraine filed Application — Procedural preconditions satisfied.
*
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain Ukraine’s claims under CERD.
* *
Objection by the Russian Federation to admissibility of Ukraine’s Application
with regard to claims under CERD — Contention that Application inadmissible
because local remedies not exhausted before dispute referred to the Court — When
a State brings claim on behalf of its nationals customary international law requires
previous exhaustion of local remedies — Ukraine challenges alleged pattern of
conduct of the Russian Federation with regard to treatment of Crimean Tatar and
Ukrainian communities in Crimea — Rule of exhaustion of local remedies not
applicable in circumstances of present case — Objection to admissibility of
Ukraine’s Application with regard to CERD rejected.
* *
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under
CERD and Ukraine’s Application with regard to those claims is admissible.
JUDGMENT
Present: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde,
562 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
8
M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford,
Salam, Iwasawa, juges ; MM. Pocar, Skotnikov, juges ad hoc ;
M. Gautier, greffier.
En l’affaire relative à l’application de la convention internationale pour la
répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale,
entre
l’Ukraine,
représentée par
S. Exc. Mme Olena Zerkal, vice-ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
comme agent ;
S. Exc. M. Vsevolod Chentsov, ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire
de l’Ukraine auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
comme coagent ;
M. Harold Hongju Koh, professeur de droit international, titulaire de la
chaire Sterling à la faculté de droit de l’Université de Yale, membre des barreaux
de New York et du district de Columbia,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, professeur à l’Université Paris Nanterre, secrétaire
général de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye,
Mme Marney L. Cheek, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre du barreau
du district de Columbia,
M. Jonathan Gimblett, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia et de Virginie,
M. David M. Zionts, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre des barreaux
de la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis d’Amérique et du district de Columbia,
comme conseils et avocats ;
Mme Oksana Zolotaryova, directrice par intérim de la direction du droit international
au ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
Mme Clovis Trevino, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia, de Floride et de New York,
M. Volodymyr Shkilevych, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre des
barreaux d’Ukraine et de New York,
M. George M. Mackie, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia et de Virginie,
Mme Megan O’Neill, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia et du Texas,
comme conseils ;
M. Taras Kachka, conseiller du ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
M. Roman Andarak, chef adjoint de la mission de l’Ukraine auprès de
l’Union européenne,
M. Refat Chubarov, président du Majlis des Tatars de Crimée, député du
peuple ukrainien,
M. Bohdan Tyvodar, chef adjoint de division au service de sécurité de
l’Ukraine,
M. Ihor Yanovskyi, chef d’unité au service de sécurité de l’Ukraine,
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 562
8
Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judges ad hoc
Pocar, Skotnikov; Registrar Gautier.
In the case concerning the application of the International Convention for the
Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
between
Ukraine,
represented by
H.E. Ms Olena Zerkal, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
as Agent;
H.E. Mr. Vsevolod Chentsov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
of Ukraine to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Harold Hongju Koh, Sterling Professor of International Law at Yale
Law School, member of the Bars of New York and the District of Columbia,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University Paris Nanterre,
Secretary-General of the Hague Academy of International Law,
Ms Marney L. Cheek, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bar of the
District of Columbia,
Mr. Jonathan Gimblett, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of
the District of Columbia and Virginia,
Mr. David M. Zionts, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the
Supreme Court of the United States and the District of Columbia,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Ms Oksana Zolotaryova, Acting Director, International Law Department,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Ms Clovis Trevino, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the
District of Columbia, Florida and New York,
Mr. Volodymyr Shkilevych, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars
of Ukraine and New York,
Mr. George M. Mackie, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of
the District of Columbia and Virginia,
Ms Megan O’Neill, Covington & Burling LLP, member of the Bars of the
District of Columbia and Texas,
as Counsel;
Mr. Taras Kachka, Adviser to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Mr. Roman Andarak, Deputy Head of the Mission of Ukraine to the European
Union,
Mr. Refat Chubarov, Head of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, People’s
Deputy of Ukraine,
Mr. Bohdan Tyvodar, Deputy Head of Division, Security Service of Ukraine,
Mr. Ihor Yanovskyi, Head of Unit, Security Service of Ukraine,
563 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
9
M. Mykola Govorukha, chef adjoint d’unité au parquet général de l’Ukraine,
Mme Myroslava Krasnoborova, procureur de liaison à Eurojust,
comme conseillers ;
Mme Katerina Gipenko, ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
Mme Valeriya Budakova, ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
Mme Olena Vashchenko, consulat général d’Ukraine à Istanbul,
Mme Sofia Shovikova, ambassade d’Ukraine au Royaume des Pays-Bas,
Mme Olga Bondarenko, ambassade d’Ukraine au Royaume des Pays-Bas,
M. Vitalii Stanzhytskyi, ministère de l’intérieur de l’Ukraine,
Mme Angela Gasca, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP,
Mme Rebecca Mooney, cabinet Covington & Burling LLP,
comme assistants,
et
la Fédération de Russie,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Dmitry Lobach, ambassadeur itinérant, ministère des affaires
étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Ilya Rogachev, directeur du département des nouveaux défis et menaces
au ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Grigory Lukiyantsev, PhD, représentant spécial du ministère des affaires
étrangères de la Fédération de Russie pour les droits de l’homme, la démocratie
et la primauté du droit, directeur adjoint du département pour la coopération
humanitaire et les droits de l’homme du ministère des affaires étrangères de la
Fédération de Russie,
comme agents ;
M. Mathias Forteau, professeur à l’Université Paris Nanterre,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur émérite de l’Université Paris Nanterre, ancien président
de la Commission du droit international, membre de l’Institut de droit
international,
M. Samuel Wordsworth, QC, membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles, membre du barreau de Paris, Essex Court Chambers,
M. Andreas Zimmermann, LLM (Université de Harvard), professeur de droit
international et directeur du centre des droits de l’homme de l’Université de
Potsdam, membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage et du Comité des droits de
l’homme,
comme conseils et avocats ;
M. Sean Aughey, membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de Galles,
11KBW Chambers,
Mme Tessa Barsac, consultante en droit international, master (Université
Paris Nanterre), LLM (Université de Leyde),
M. Jean-Baptiste Merlin, docteur en droit (Université Paris Nanterre), consultant
en droit international public,
M. Michael Swainston, QC, membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles, Brick Court Chambers,
M. Vasily Torkanovskiy, membre du barreau de Saint-Pétersbourg, cabinet
Ivanyan & Partners,
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 563
9
Mr. Mykola Govorukha, Deputy Head of Unit, Prosecutor General’s Office
of Ukraine,
Ms Myroslava Krasnoborova, Liaison Prosecutor for Eurojust,
as Advisers;
Ms Katerina Gipenko, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Ms Valeriya Budakova, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
Ms Olena Vashchenko, Consulate General of Ukraine in Istanbul,
Ms Sofia Shovikova, Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Olga Bondarenko, Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Vitalii Stanzhytskyi, Ministry of Interior of Ukraine,
Ms Angela Gasca, Covington & Burling LLP,
Ms Rebecca Mooney, Covington & Burling LLP,
as Assistants,
and
the Russian Federation,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Dmitry Lobach, Ambassador-at-large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Ilya Rogachev, Director, Department of New Challenges and Threats,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Grigory Lukiyantsev, PhD, Special Representative of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation for Human Rights, Democracy and
the Rule of Law, Deputy Director, Department for Humanitarian Co-operation
and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
as Agents;
Mr. Mathias Forteau, Professor at the University Paris Nanterre,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor at the University Paris Nanterre, former
chairperson of the International Law Commission, member of the Institut de
droit international,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth, QC, member of the Bar of England and Wales,
member of the Paris Bar, Essex Court Chambers,
Mr. Andreas Zimmermann, LLM (Harvard University), Professor of International
Law at the University of Potsdam, Director of the Potsdam Centre of
Human Rights, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and of the
Human Rights Committee,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Sean Aughey, member of the Bar of England and Wales, 11KBW Chambers,
Ms Tessa Barsac, consultant in international law, Master (University Paris
Nanterre), LLM (Leiden University),
Mr. Jean-Baptiste Merlin, doctorate in law (University Paris Nanterre), consultant
in public international law,
Mr. Michael Swainston, QC, member of the Bar of England and Wales, Brick
Court Chambers,
Mr. Vasily Torkanovskiy, member of the Saint Petersburg Bar, Ivanyan &
Partners,
564 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
10
M. Sergey Usoskin, membre du barreau de Saint-Pétersbourg,
comme conseils ;
M. Ayder Ablyatipov, vice-ministre de l’éducation, des sciences et de la jeunesse
de la République de Crimée,
M. Andrey Anokhin, expert au comité d’enquête de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Mikhail Averyanov, deuxième secrétaire, mission permanente de la Fédération
de Russie auprès de l’Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en
Europe,
Mme Héloïse Bajer-Pellet, avocate au barreau de Paris,
Mme Maria Barsukova, troisième secrétaire au département pour la coopération
humanitaire et les droits de l’homme du ministère des affaires étrangères de
la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Olga Chekrizova, deuxième secrétaire au département pour la coopération
humanitaire et les droits de l’homme du ministère des affaires étrangères de
la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Ksenia Galkina, troisième secrétaire au département juridique du ministère
des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Alexander Girin, expert au ministère de la défense de la Fédération de
Russie,
Mme Daria Golubkova, assistante administrative au département juridique du
ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Victoria Goncharova, troisième secrétaire à l’ambassade de la Fédération
de Russie au Royaume des Pays-Bas,
Mme Anastasia Gorlanova, attachée au département juridique du ministère
des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Valeria Grishchenko, interprète, comité d’enquête de la Fédération de
Russie,
M. Denis Grunis, expert au parquet général de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Ruslan Kantur, attaché au département des nouveaux défis et menaces du
ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Svetlana Khomutova, expert au service fédéral de surveillance financière
de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Konstantin Kosorukov, chef de division au département juridique du
ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Maria Kuzmina, chef de division par intérim au deuxième département
de la Communauté d’Etats indépendants du ministère des affaires étrangères de
la Fédération de Russie,
M. Petr Litvishko, expert au parquet général de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Timur Makhmudov, attaché au département juridique du ministère des
affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Konstantin Pestchanenko, expert au ministère de la défense de la Fédération
de Russie,
M. Grigory Prozukin, expert au comité d’enquête de la Fédération de
Russie,
Mme Sofia Sarenkova, collaboratrice senior, cabinet Ivanyan & Partners,
Mme Elena Semykina, assistante juridique, cabinet Ivanyan & Partners,
Mme Svetlana Shatalova, première secrétaire au département juridique du
ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 564
10
Mr. Sergey Usoskin, member of the Saint Petersburg Bar,
as Counsel;
Mr. Ayder Ablyatipov, Deputy Minister of Education, Science and Youth of
the Republic of Crimea,
Mr. Andrey Anokhin, expert, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Mikhail Averyanov, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Russian
Federation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,
Ms Héloïse Bajer-Pellet, member of the Paris Bar,
Ms Maria Barsukova, Third Secretary, Department for Humanitarian
Co-operation and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian
Federation,
Ms Olga Chekrizova, Second Secretary, Department for Humanitarian
Co-operation and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian
Federation,
Ms Ksenia Galkina, Third Secretary, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Alexander Girin, expert, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation,
Ms Daria Golubkova, administrative assistant, Legal Department, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Victoria Goncharova, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Russian Federation
in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Anastasia Gorlanova, Attaché, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Valeria Grishchenko, interpreter, Investigative Committee of the Russian
Federation,
Mr. Denis Grunis, expert, Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Ruslan Kantur, Attaché, Department of New Challenges and Threats,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Svetlana Khomutova, expert, Federal Financial Monitoring Service of
the Russian Federation,
Mr. Konstantin Kosorukov, Head of Division, Legal Department, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Maria Kuzmina, Acting Head of Division, Second CIS Department, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Petr Litvishko, expert, Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Timur Makhmudov, Attaché, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Konstantin Pestchanenko, expert, Ministry of Defence of the Russian
Federation,
Mr. Grigory Prozukin, expert, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation,
Ms Sofia Sarenkova, Senior Associate, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Elena Semykina, paralegal, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Svetlana Shatalova, First Secretary, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
565 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
11
Mme Angelina Shchukina, collaboratrice junior, cabinet Ivanyan & Partners,
Mme Kseniia Soloveva, collaboratrice, cabinet Ivanyan & Partners,
Mme Maria Zabolotskaya, chef de division au département juridique du
ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie,
Mme Olga Zinchenko, attachée au département pour la coopération humanitaire
et les droits de l’homme du ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération
de Russie,
comme conseillers,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 16 janvier 2017, le Gouvernement de l’Ukraine a déposé au Greffe de la
Cour une requête introductive d’instance contre la Fédération de Russie concernant
de prétendues violations par cette dernière de ses obligations au titre de la
convention internationale du 9 décembre 1999 pour la répression du financement
du terrorisme (ci-après la « CIRFT ») et de la convention internationale du
21 décembre 1965 sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(ci-après la « CIEDR »).
2. Dans sa requête, l’Ukraine entend fonder la compétence de la Cour, en
vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour, sur le paragraphe 1
de l’article 24 de la CIRFT et sur l’article 22 de la CIEDR.
3. Le 16 janvier 2017, l’Ukraine, se référant à l’article 41 du Statut et aux
articles 73, 74 et 75 du Règlement de la Cour, a également présenté une demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires.
4. Le greffier a immédiatement communiqué au Gouvernement de la Fédération
de Russie la requête, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut,
et la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, conformément au
paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement. Il a en outre informé le Secrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt par l’Ukraine de cette
requête et de cette demande.
5. Par lettre en date du 17 janvier 2017, le greffier a également informé tous
les Etats Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt de la requête
et de la demande susvisées.
6. Conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier a
informé les Etats Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, par l’entremise
du Secrétaire général, du dépôt de la requête par transmission du texte bilingue
imprimé de celle-ci.
7. Par lettres en date du 20 janvier 2017, le greffier a informé les deux Parties
que, se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 du Statut, le membre de la Cour
de nationalité russe avait fait savoir au président de la Cour qu’il estimait devoir
ne pas participer au jugement de l’affaire. Conformément à l’article 31 du Statut
et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 37 du Règlement, la Fédération de Russie a désigné
M. Leonid Skotnikov pour siéger en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire.
8. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité ukrainienne,
l’Ukraine s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère l’article 31 du Statut de procéder
à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire ; elle a désigné
M. Fausto Pocar.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 565
11
Ms Angelina Shchukina, Junior Associate, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Kseniia Soloveva, Associate, Ivanyan & Partners,
Ms Maria Zabolotskaya, Head of Division, Legal Department, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Ms Olga Zinchenko, Attaché, Department for Humanitarian Co-operation
and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
as Advisers,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 16 January 2017, the Government of Ukraine filed in the Registry of
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Russian Federation
with regard to alleged violations by the latter of its obligations under the
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of
9 December 1999 (hereinafter the “ICSFT”) and the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965
(hereinafter “CERD”).
2. In its Application, Ukraine seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article
24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and on Article 22 of CERD, on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court.
3. On 16 January 2017, Ukraine also submitted a Request for the indication
of provisional measures, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73,
74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
4. The Registrar immediately communicated the Application and the Request
for the indication of provisional measures to the Government of the Russian
Federation, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute and
Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, respectively. He also notified the
Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the Application and the
Request for the indication of provisional measures by Ukraine.
5. In addition, by a letter dated 17 January 2017, the Registrar informed all
Member States of the United Nations of the filing of the above-mentioned
Application and Request for the indication of provisional measures.
6. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute, the Registrar notified
the Member States of the United Nations, through the Secretary-General, of the
filing of the Application, by transmission of the printed bilingual text of that
document.
7. By letters dated 20 January 2017, the Registrar informed both Parties that,
referring to Article 24, paragraph 1, of the Statute, the Member of the Court of
Russian nationality informed the President of the Court that he considered that
he should not take part in the decision of the case. Pursuant to Article 31 of the
Statute and Article 37, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Russian Federation
chose Mr. Leonid Skotnikov to sit as judge ad hoc in the case.
8. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of Ukrainian nationality,
Ukraine proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31
of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case; it chose Mr. Fausto
Pocar.
566 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
12
9. Par ordonnance en date du 19 avril 2017, la Cour, ayant entendu les Parties,
a indiqué les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« 1) En ce qui concerne la situation en Crimée, la Fédération de Russie
doit, conformément aux obligations lui incombant au titre de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale,
a) S’abstenir de maintenir ou d’imposer des limitations à la capacité de la
communauté des Tatars de Crimée de conserver ses instances représentatives,
y compris le Majlis ;
b) Faire en sorte de rendre disponible un enseignement en langue ukrainienne
;
2) Les deux Parties doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver
ou d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre la solution
plus difficile. » (C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 140-141, par. 106.)
10. Par lettre en date du 19 avril 2018, l’Ukraine a appelé l’attention de la Cour
sur le prétendu non-respect par la Fédération de Russie du point 1) a) du paragraphe
106 du dispositif de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires
de la Cour. L’Ukraine affirmait que ce non-respect résultait de l’interprétation que
la Fédération de Russie faisait dudit point du dispositif, une interprétation qui allait
à l’encontre de son sens véritable. En conséquence, compte tenu des « interprétations
différentes et opposées » des Parties concernant le point 1) a), l’Ukraine priait
la Cour d’« use[r] de ses pouvoirs pour interpréter l’ordonnance » du 19 avril 2017.
11. A la suite de cette communication, la Cour a, le 17 mai 2018, prié la Fédération
de Russie de lui fournir, le 7 juin 2018 au plus tard, des renseignements
sur les mesures prises par elle aux fins d’assurer la mise en oeuvre du point 1) a)
du paragraphe 106 du dispositif de l’ordonnance de la Cour rendue le 19 avril
2017, et l’Ukraine de lui fournir, dans le même délai, tout renseignement dont
elle pourrait disposer à ce sujet. Ces renseignements ont été dûment communiqués
le 7 juin 2018. La possibilité ayant été donnée à chaque Partie de faire
connaître ses observations, le 21 juin 2018 au plus tard, sur les renseignements
reçus de l’autre, la Cour a reçu de telles observations de l’Ukraine le 12 juin
2018, et de la Fédération de Russie le 21 juin 2018. Le 18 juillet 2018, la Cour,
ayant examiné les renseignements et observations que les Parties lui avaient soumis,
a de nouveau prié la Fédération de Russie de lui fournir, le 18 janvier 2019,
des renseignements sur les mesures prises par elle aux fins d’assurer la mise en
oeuvre du point 1) a) du paragraphe 106 du dispositif de l’ordonnance de la
Cour rendue le 19 avril 2017, et l’Ukraine de lui fournir, dans le même délai,
tout renseignement dont elle pourrait disposer à ce sujet. Ces renseignements
ayant été communiqués à la Cour, chaque Partie a été invitée à faire connaître
ses observations sur ceux reçus de l’autre le 19 mars 2019 au plus tard. Les Parties
ont transmis leurs observations dans ce délai. Par lettres en date du 29 mars
2019, les Parties ont été informées que la Cour avait examiné et dûment pris
note des diverses communications qu’elles lui avaient adressées. Il a été précisé
à cet égard qu’il pourrait se révéler nécessaire, si l’affaire devait se poursuivre
jusqu’à la phase de l’examen au fond, de traiter alors les questions soulevées
dans ces communications. En pareilles circonstances, les Parties auraient la possibilité
de soulever, au sujet des mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour,
toute question présentant pour elles un intérêt.
12. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 43 du Règlement, le greffier a
adressé aux Etats parties à la CIRFT et aux Etats parties à la CIEDR les notifications
prévues au paragraphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut. En outre, s’agissant
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 566
12
9. By an Order of 19 April 2017, the Court, having heard the Parties, indicated
the following provisional measures:
“(1) With regard to the situation in Crimea, the Russian Federation must,
in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, [. . .]
(a) Refrain from maintaining or imposing limitations on the ability of the
Crimean Tatar community to conserve its representative institutions,
including the Mejlis;
(b) [. . .] Ensure the availability of education in the Ukrainian language;
(2) [. . .] Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate
or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.”
(I.C.J. Reports 2017, pp. 140-141, para. 106.)
10. In a letter dated 19 April 2018, Ukraine drew the Court’s attention to the
Russian Federation’s alleged non-compliance with point (1) (a) of operative
paragraph 106 of the Court’s Order on the indication of provisional measures.
Ukraine stated that this lack of compliance stems from the Russian Federation’s
interpretation of the provision in question, which is contrary to its proper meaning.
Consequently, in light of the “different and conflicting interpretations”
ascribed to point (1) (a) by the Parties, Ukraine requested that the Court “exercise
its authority to interpret its Order of 19 April 2017”.
11. Following this communication, on 17 May 2018 the Court requested the
Russian Federation to provide, by 7 June 2018 at the latest, information on
measures that had been taken by it to implement point (1) (a) of operative
paragraph 106 of the Court’s Order of 19 April 2017, and Ukraine to furnish,
by the same date, any information it might have in that regard. This information
was duly provided on 7 June 2018. Each Party having been given until
21 June 2018 to provide comments on the information submitted by the other,
the Court received comments from Ukraine on 12 June 2018 and from the Russian
Federation on 21 June 2018. On 18 July 2018, having considered the information
and comments submitted to it by the Parties, the Court again requested
the Russian Federation to provide, by 18 January 2019, information regarding
measures taken by it to implement point (1) (a) of operative paragraph 106 of
the Court’s Order of 19 April 2017, and Ukraine to furnish, by the same date,
any information it might have in that regard. This information having been
transmitted to the Court, each Party was invited to communicate its comments
on the information received from the other, by 19 March 2019 at the latest.
Both Parties provided their comments on that date. By letters dated 29 March
2019, the Parties were informed that the Court had considered and taken due
note of the various communications submitted by them. It was further indicated
in this respect that the issues raised in these communications may need to be
addressed by the Court at a later juncture, should the case proceed to the merits.
Under such circumstances, the Parties would be at liberty to raise any issues of
concern to them relating to the provisional measures indicated by the Court.
12. Pursuant to Article 43, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar
addressed to States parties to the ICSFT and to States parties to CERD the
notifications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In addition,
567 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
13
de ces deux instruments, il a, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du
Règlement, adressé à l’Organisation des Nations Unies, par l’entremise de son
Secrétaire général, les notifications prévues au paragraphe 3 de l’article 34 du
Statut.
13. Par ordonnance en date du 12 mai 2017, le président de la Cour a fixé au
12 juin 2018 et au 12 juillet 2019, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais
pour le dépôt d’un mémoire par l’Ukraine et d’un contre-mémoire par la Fédération
de Russie. Le mémoire de l’Ukraine a été déposé dans le délai ainsi fixé.
14. Le 12 septembre 2018, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article
79 du Règlement du 14 avril 1978, tel qu’amendé le 1er février 2001, la
Fédération de Russie a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires d’incompétence de
la Cour et d’irrecevabilité de la requête. En conséquence, par ordonnance en
date du 17 septembre 2018, le président de la Cour, notant que, en vertu des
dispositions du paragraphe 5 de l’article 79 du Règlement du 14 avril 1978, tel
qu’amendé le 1er février 2001, la procédure sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé au
14 janvier 2019 la date d’expiration du délai dans lequel l’Ukraine pouvait présenter
un exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions
préliminaires soulevées par la Fédération de Russie. L’Ukraine ayant
déposé ledit exposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit, l’affaire s’est trouvée en état en ce
qui concerne les exceptions préliminaires.
15. Se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 53 du Règlement, le Gouvernement
de l’Etat du Qatar a demandé que lui soient communiqués des exemplaires
du mémoire de l’Ukraine et des exceptions préliminaires de la Fédération de
Russie déposés en l’affaire, ainsi que de tout document y annexé. Après avoir
consulté les Parties conformément à cette même disposition, la Cour, tenant
compte de l’objection formulée par l’une d’elles, a décidé qu’il ne serait pas
opportun de faire droit à cette demande. Le greffier a dûment communiqué cette
décision au Gouvernement de l’Etat du Qatar ainsi qu’aux Parties.
16. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour,
après avoir consulté les Parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des pièces de la procédure
écrite et des documents y annexés, à l’exception des annexes au mémoire,
seraient rendus accessibles au public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
17. Des audiences publiques sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la
Fédération de Russie ont été tenues du 3 au 7 juin 2019, au cours desquelles ont
été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses :
Pour la Fédération de Russie : S. Exc. M. Dmitry Lobach,
M. Samuel Wordsworth,
M. Andreas Zimmermann,
M. Grigory Lukiyantsev,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Mathias Forteau.
Pour l’Ukraine : S. Exc. Mme Olena Zerkal,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Mme Marney L. Cheek,
M. David M. Zionts,
M. Harold Hongju Koh,
M. Jonathan Gimblett.
*
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 567
13
with regard to both of these instruments, in accordance with Article 69, paragraph
3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar addressed to the United Nations,
through its Secretary-General, the notifications provided for in Article 34, paragraph
3, of the Statute.
13. By an Order dated 12 May 2017, the President of the Court fixed 12 June
2018 and 12 July 2019 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial
by Ukraine and a Counter-Memorial by the Russian Federation. The Memorial
of Ukraine was filed within the time-limit thus fixed.
14. On 12 September 2018, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February
2001, the Russian Federation raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of
the Court and the admissibility of the Application. Consequently, by an Order
of 17 September 2018, having noted that, by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5,
of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February 2001, the
proceedings on the merits were suspended, the President of the Court fixed
14 January 2019 as the time-limit within which Ukraine could present a written
statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections
raised by the Russian Federation. Ukraine filed such a statement within the
time-limit so prescribed and the case thus became ready for hearing in respect of
the preliminary objections.
15. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Government
of the State of Qatar asked to be furnished with copies of the Memorial of
Ukraine and the preliminary objections of the Russian Federation filed in the
case, as well as any documents annexed thereto. Having ascertained the views of
the Parties in accordance with the same provision, the Court decided, taking
into account the objection raised by one Party, that it would not be appropriate
to grant that request. The Registrar duly communicated that decision to the
Government of the State of Qatar and to the Parties.
16. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of its Rules, after ascertaining the
views of the Parties, the Court decided that copies of the written pleadings and
documents annexed thereto, with the exception of the annexes to the Memorial,
would be made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings.
17. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation
were held from 3 to 7 June 2019, during which the Court heard the oral
arguments and replies of:
For the Russian Federation: H.E. Mr. Dmitry Lobach,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr. Andreas Zimmermann,
Mr. Grigory Lukiyantsev,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Mathias Forteau.
For Ukraine: H.E. Ms Olena Zerkal,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Ms Marney L. Cheek,
Mr. David M. Zionts,
Mr. Harold Hongju Koh,
Mr. Jonathan Gimblett.
*
568 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
14
18. Dans la requête, les demandes ci-après ont été présentées par l’Ukraine :
S’agissant de la CIRFT :
« 134. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la
Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents d’Etat,
d’autres personnes et entités exerçant des prérogatives de puissance
publique, ainsi que d’agents opérant sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction
et son contrôle, a manqué aux obligations qui lui incombent au regard
de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme :
a) en fournissant des fonds, y compris par des contributions en nature sous
la forme d’armes et de moyens d’entraînement, à des groupes armés
illicites qui se livrent à des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD,
la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes ou personnes qui
y sont associés, en violation de l’article 18 ;
b) en ne prenant pas les mesures appropriées pour détecter, geler et saisir
les fonds utilisés pour assister les groupes armés illicites qui se livrent à
des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans
de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes ou personnes qui y sont associés, en
violation des articles 8 et 18 ;
c) en n’enquêtant pas sur les auteurs du financement du terrorisme découverts
sur son territoire, en n’engageant pas contre eux des poursuites ou
en ne les extradant pas, en violation des articles 9, 10, 11 et 18 ;
d) en n’accordant pas à l’Ukraine l’aide judiciaire la plus large possible
pour toute enquête pénale relative au financement du terrorisme, en
violation des articles 12 et 18 ; et
e) en ne prenant pas toutes les mesures possibles afin d’empêcher et de
contrecarrer les actes de financement du terrorisme commis par des personnes
privées ou publiques russes, en violation de l’article 18.
135. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la
Fédération de Russie a engagé sa responsabilité internationale en soutenant
le terrorisme et en n’en empêchant pas le financement au sens de la
convention, à raison des actes de terrorisme commis par ses intermédiaires
en Ukraine, parmi lesquels :
a) la destruction de l’appareil assurant le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines
;
b) les tirs d’artillerie contre des civils, y compris à Volnovakha, Marioupol
et Kramatorsk ; et
c) les attentats à la bombe contre des civils, y compris à Kharkiv.
136. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de prescrire à la Fédération
de Russie de s’acquitter des obligations qui lui incombent au regard de
la convention contre le financement du terrorisme et, en particulier, de :
a) mettre fin et renoncer, immédiatement et sans condition, à tout appui
— notamment la fourniture d’argent, d’armes et de moyens d’entraînement
— aux groupes armés illicites qui se livrent à des actes de terrorisme
en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv et
d’autres groupes et personnes qui y sont associés ;
b) faire immédiatement tout ce qui est en son pouvoir pour s’assurer que
l’ensemble des armements fournis à ces groupes armés soient retirés
d’Ukraine ;
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 568
14
18. In the Application, the following claims were made by Ukraine:
With regard to the ICSFT:
“134. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that
the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other
persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and through other
agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has violated
its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention by:
(a) supplying funds, including in-kind contributions of weapons and training,
to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine,
including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated
groups and individuals, in violation of Article 18;
(b) failing to take appropriate measures to detect, freeze, and seize funds
used to assist illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in
Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated
groups and individuals, in violation of Articles 8 and 18;
(c) failing to investigate, prosecute, or extradite perpetrators of the financing
of terrorism found within its territory, in violation of Articles 9, 10,
11, and 18;
(d) failing to provide Ukraine with the greatest measure of assistance in
connection with criminal investigations of the financing of terrorism,
in violation of Articles 12 and 18; and
(e) failing to take all practicable measures to prevent and counter acts of
financing of terrorism committed by Russian public and private actors,
in violation of Article 18.
135. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that
the Russian Federation bears international responsibility, by virtue of its
sponsorship of terrorism and failure to prevent the financing of terrorism
under the Convention, for the acts of terrorism committed by its proxies in
Ukraine, including:
(a) the shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(b) the shelling of civilians, including in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and
Kramatorsk; and
(c) the bombing of civilians, including in Kharkiv.
136. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation
to comply with its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention,
including that the Russian Federation:
(a) immediately and unconditionally cease and desist from all support,
including the provision of money, weapons, and training, to illegal
armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the
DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals;
(b) immediately make all efforts to ensure that all weaponry provided to
such armed groups is withdrawn from Ukraine;
569 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
15
c) exercer immédiatement un contrôle approprié sur sa frontière afin d’empêcher
tout nouvel acte de financement du terrorisme, y compris la fourniture
d’armes, depuis le territoire russe vers le territoire ukrainien ;
d) mettre immédiatement fin aux mouvements d’argent, d’armes et de
toutes autres ressources provenant du territoire de la Fédération de Russie
et de la Crimée occupée à destination des groupes armés illicites qui
se livrent à des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL,
les Partisans de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes et personnes qui y sont
associés, y compris en bloquant l’ensemble des comptes bancaires utilisés
pour financer ces groupes ;
e) empêcher immédiatement le financement du terrorisme en Ukraine par
des représentants russes, notamment M. Sergueï Choïgu, ministre de la
défense de la Fédération de Russie ; M. Vladimir Jirinovski, viceprésident
de la Douma d’Etat ; MM. Sergueï Mironov et Guennadi Ziouganov,
députés de la Douma d’Etat ; et engager des poursuites contre
les intéressés et toute autre personne liée au financement du terrorisme ;
f) coopérer pleinement et immédiatement avec l’Ukraine pour toutes les
demandes d’assistance, existantes et à venir, concernant les enquêtes
relatives au financement du terrorisme lié aux groupes armés illicites qui
se livrent à des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL,
les Partisans de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes et personnes qui y sont
associés, ainsi que l’interdiction de ce financement ;
g) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par la destruction de l’appareil
assurant le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines ;
h) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les tirs d’artillerie contre des
civils à Volnovakha ;
i) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les tirs d’artillerie contre des
civils à Marioupol ;
j) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les tirs d’artillerie contre des
civils à Kramatorsk ;
k) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les attentats à la bombe
contre des civils à Kharkiv ; et
l) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par tous autres actes de terrorisme
dont la Fédération de Russie a provoqué, facilité ou soutenu la
réalisation en finançant le terrorisme et en s’abstenant d’empêcher ce
financement ou d’enquêter à cet égard. »
S’agissant de la CIEDR :
« 137. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la
Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents d’Etat,
d’autres personnes et entités exerçant des prérogatives de puissance
publique, dont les autorités de facto qui administrent l’occupation russe
illicite de la Crimée, ainsi que d’agents opérant sur ses instructions ou sous
sa direction et son contrôle, a manqué aux obligations qui lui incombent
au regard de la CIEDR :
a) en soumettant systématiquement à une discrimination et à des mauvais
traitements les communautés des Tatars de Crimée et des Ukrainiens de
souche en Crimée, dans le cadre d’une politique étatique d’annihilation
culturelle de groupes défavorisés perçus comme des opposants au régime
d’occupation ;
b) en organisant un référendum illicite dans un contexte de violences et de
manoeuvres d’intimidation contre les groupes ethniques non russes, sans
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 569
15
(c) immediately exercise appropriate control over its border to prevent
further acts of financing of terrorism, including the supply of weapons,
from the territory of the Russian Federation to the territory of Ukraine;
(d) immediately stop the movement of money, weapons, and all other
assets from the territory of the Russian Federation and occupied
Crimea to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in
Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated
groups and individuals, including by freezing all bank accounts
used to support such groups;
(e) immediately prevent all Russian officials from financing terrorism in
Ukraine, including Sergei Shoigu, Minister of Defence of the Russian
Federation; Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Vice-Chairman of the State
Duma; Sergei Mironov, member of the State Duma; and Gennadiy
Zyuganov, member of the State Duma, and initiate prosecution against
these and other actors responsible for financing terrorism;
(f) immediately provide full co-operation to Ukraine in all pending and
future requests for assistance in the investigation and interdiction of
the financing of terrorism relating to illegal armed groups that engage
in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the
Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals;
(g) make full reparation for the shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines Flight
MH17;
(h) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Volnovakha;
(i) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Mariupol;
(j) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Kramatorsk;
(k) make full reparation for the bombing of civilians in Kharkiv; and
(l) make full reparation for all other acts of terrorism the Russian
Federation has caused, facilitated, or supported through its financing
of terrorism, and failure to prevent and investigate the financing of
terrorism.”
With regard to CERD:
“137. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare
that the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, including the
de facto authorities administering the illegal Russian occupation of Crimea,
and through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction
and control, has violated its obligations under the CERD by:
(a) systematically discriminating against and mistreating the Crimean Tata
and ethnic Ukrainian communities in Crimea, in furtherance of a State
policy of cultural erasure of disfavoured groups perceived to be opponents
of the occupation régime;
(b) holding an illegal referendum in an atmosphere of violence and intimidation
against non-Russian ethnic groups, without any effort to seek
570 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
16
faire le moindre effort afin de trouver une solution consensuelle et inclusive
pour protéger ces groupes, cette démarche étant une première
mesure en vue de priver ces communautés de la protection du droit
ukrainien et de les assujettir à un régime de domination russe ;
c) en privant les Tatars de Crimée des moyens d’exprimer leur identité
politique et culturelle, notamment par la persécution de leurs dirigeants
et l’interdiction du Majlis ;
d) en empêchant les Tatars de Crimée de se rassembler pour célébrer et
commémorer d’importants événements culturels ;
e) en orchestrant et tolérant une campagne de disparitions et de meurtres
visant les Tatars de Crimée ;
f) en harcelant la communauté des Tatars de Crimée en soumettant ces
derniers à un régime arbitraire de perquisitions et de détentions ;
g) en réduisant au silence les médias des Tatars de Crimée ;
h) en privant les Tatars de Crimée de la possibilité de suivre un enseignement
dans leur langue et de leurs établissements d’enseignement ;
i) en privant les Ukrainiens de souche de la possibilité de suivre un enseignement
dans leur langue ;
j) en empêchant les Ukrainiens de souche de se rassembler pour célébrer
et commémorer des événements culturels importants ; et
k) en réduisant au silence les médias des Ukrainiens de souche.
138. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de prescrire à la Fédération
de Russie de s’acquitter des obligations qui lui incombent au regard de
la CIEDR, et, en particulier, de :
a) mettre fin et renoncer immédiatement à sa politique d’annihilation
culturelle, et prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour
que l’ensemble des groupes présents en Crimée sous occupation russe,
dont les Tatars de Crimée et les Ukrainiens de souche, jouissent de la
protection pleine et égale du droit ;
b) rétablir immédiatement les droits du Majlis des Tatars de Crimée et de
leurs dirigeants en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
c) rétablir immédiatement le droit des Tatars de Crimée, en Crimée sous
occupation russe, de prendre part à des rassemblements culturels,
notamment la commémoration annuelle du Sürgün ;
d) prendre immédiatement toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées
pour mettre fin aux disparitions et meurtres de Tatars de Crimée en
Crimée sous occupation russe, et mener une enquête complète et adéquate
sur les disparitions de MM. Reshat Ametov, Timur Shaimardanov,
Ervin Ibragimov et de toutes les autres victimes ;
e) prendre immédiatement toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées
pour mettre fin aux perquisitions et détentions injustifiées et disproportionnées
dont font l’objet les Tatars de Crimée en Crimée sous occupation
russe ;
f) rétablir immédiatement les autorisations des médias des Tatars de Crimée
et prendre toutes les autres mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour
leur permettre de reprendre leurs activités en Crimée sous occupation
russe ;
g) mettre immédiatement fin à son ingérence dans l’éducation des Tatars
de Crimée et prendre toutes les autres mesures nécessaires et appropriées
pour rétablir l’enseignement dans leur langue en Crimée sous occupation
russe ;
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 570
16
a consensual and inclusive solution protecting those groups, and as an
initial step toward depriving these communities of the protection
of Ukrainian law and subjecting them to a régime of Russian dominance;
(c) suppressing the political and cultural expression of Crimean Tatar identity,
including through the persecution of Crimean Tatar leaders and
the ban on the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People;
(d) preventing Crimean Tatars from gathering to celebrate and commemorate
important cultural events;
(e) perpetrating and tolerating a campaign of disappearances and murders
of Crimean Tatars;
(f) harassing the Crimean Tatar community with an arbitrary régime of
searches and detention;
(g) silencing Crimean Tatar media;
(h) suppressing Crimean Tatar language education and the community’s
educational institutions;
(i) suppressing Ukrainian language education relied on by ethnic Ukrainians;
(j) preventing ethnic Ukrainians from gathering to celebrate and commemorate
important cultural events; and
(k) silencing ethnic Ukrainian media.
138. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian
Federation to comply with its obligations under the CERD, including:
(a) immediately cease and desist from the policy of cultural erasure and
take all necessary and appropriate measures to guarantee the full and
equal protection of the law to all groups in Russian-occupied Crimea,
including Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians;
(b) immediately restore the rights of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
and of Crimean Tatar leaders in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(c) immediately restore the rights of the Crimean Tatar People in
Russian-occupied Crimea to engage in cultural gatherings, including
the annual commemoration of the Sürgün;
(d) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end the
disappearance and murder of Crimean Tatars in Russian-occupied
Crimea, and to fully and adequately investigate the disappearances of
Reshat Ametov, Timur Shaimardanov, Ervin Ibragimov, and all other
victims;
(e) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end unjustified
and disproportionate searches and detentions of Crimean Tatars
in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(f) immediately restore licenses and take all other necessary and appropriate
measures to permit Crimean Tatar media outlets to resume operations
in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(g) immediately cease interference with Crimean Tatar education and take
all necessary and appropriate measures to restore education in the
Crimean Tatar language in Russian-occupied Crimea;
571 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
17
h) mettre immédiatement fin à son ingérence dans l’éducation des Ukrainiens
de souche et prendre toutes les autres mesures nécessaires et appropriées
pour rétablir l’enseignement dans leur langue en Crimée sous
occupation russe ;
i) rétablir immédiatement le droit des Ukrainiens de souche de prendre
part à des rassemblements culturels en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
j) prendre immédiatement toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées
pour permettre aux médias des Ukrainiens de souche d’exercer librement
leurs activités en Crimée sous occupation russe ; et
k) réparer intégralement les préjudices causés à l’ensemble des victimes de
la politique et du système d’annihilation culturelle par la discrimination
que la Fédération de Russie a mis en oeuvre en Crimée sous occupation
russe. »
19. Dans le cadre de la procédure écrite sur le fond, les conclusions ci-après
ont été présentées au nom du Gouvernement de l’Ukraine dans le mémoire :
« 653. Pour les raisons exposées dans son mémoire, l’Ukraine prie respectueusement
la Cour de dire et juger que :
S’agissant de la CIRFT :
a) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 18 de la CIRFT en manquant
de coopérer à la prévention des infractions de financement du terrorisme
visées à l’article 2, en tant qu’elle n’a pas pris toutes les mesures possibles
afin d’empêcher et de contrecarrer la préparation sur son territoire de
telles infractions devant être commises à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur de
celui-ci. En particulier, la Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 18 en
manquant de prendre les mesures possibles afin : i) d’empêcher des représentants
ou agents de l’Etat russe de financer le terrorisme en Ukraine ;
ii) de décourager des personnes publiques ou privées ainsi que d’autres
tiers ne relevant pas de l’Etat de financer le terrorisme en Ukraine ; iii) de
surveiller sa frontière avec l’Ukraine afin de mettre un terme au financement
du terrorisme ; et iv) de surveiller et suspendre les activités bancaires
et autres activités de collecte de fonds entreprises par des personnes
privées ou publiques sur son territoire en vue de financer le terrorisme
en Ukraine.
b) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 8 de la CIRFT en manquant
d’identifier et de détecter les fonds utilisés ou destinés à être utilisés pour
financer le terrorisme en Ukraine et en manquant de geler et de saisir de
tels fonds.
c) La Fédération de Russie a violé les articles 9 et 10 de la CIRFT en
manquant d’enquêter sur les faits concernant des personnes qui se sont
ou se seraient livrées au financement du terrorisme en Ukraine, et d’extrader
ou de poursuivre les auteurs présumés de cette infraction.
d) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 12 de la CIRFT en manquant
d’accorder à l’Ukraine l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible pour
toute enquête pénale relative à une infraction de financement du terrorisme.
e) Du fait des violations de la CIRFT commises par la Fédération de Russie,
les intermédiaires de celle-ci en Ukraine ont reçu des fonds qui leur
ont permis de se livrer à de nombreux actes de terrorisme, notamment la
destruction de l’appareil assurant le vol MH17, les tirs d’artillerie contre
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 571
17
(h) immediately cease interference with ethnic Ukrainian education and
take all necessary and appropriate measures to restore education in the
Ukrainian language in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(i) immediately restore the rights of ethnic Ukrainians to engage in cultural
gatherings in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(j) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to permit the
free operation of ethnic Ukrainian media in Russian-occupied Crimea;
and
(k) make full reparation for all victims of the Russian Federation’s policy
and pattern of cultural erasure through discrimination in Russianoccupied
Crimea.”
19. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions were
presented on behalf of the Government of Ukraine in its Memorial:
“653. For the reasons set out in this Memorial, Ukraine respectfully
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
ICSFT
(a) The Russian Federation is responsible for violations of Article 18 of
the ICSFT by failing to co- operate in the prevention of the terrorism
financing offenses set forth in Article 2 by taking all practicable measures
to prevent and counter preparations in its territory for the commission
of those offenses within or outside its territory. Specifically, the
Russian Federation has violated Article 18 by failing to take the practicable
measures of: (i) preventing Russian state officials and agents
from financing terrorism in Ukraine; (ii) discouraging public and private
actors and other non-governmental third parties from financing
terrorism in Ukraine; (iii) policing its border with Ukraine to stop the
financing of terrorism; and (iv) monitoring and suspending banking
activity and other fundraising activities undertaken by private and public
actors on its territory to finance [of] terrorism in Ukraine.
(b) The Russian Federation is responsible for violations of Article 8 of the
ICSFT by failing to identify and detect funds used or allocated for the
purposes of financing terrorism in Ukraine, and by failing to freeze or
seize funds used or allocated for the purpose of financing terrorism in
Ukraine.
(c) The Russian Federation has violated Articles 9 and 10 of the ICSFT
by failing to investigate the facts concerning persons who have committed
or are alleged to have committed terrorism financing in Ukraine,
and to extradite or prosecute alleged offenders.
(d) The Russian Federation has violated Article 12 of the ICSFT by failing
to provide Ukraine the greatest measure of assistance in connection
with criminal investigations in respect of terrorism financing
offenses.
(e) As a consequence of the Russian Federation’s violations of the ICSFT,
its proxies in Ukraine have been provided with funds that enabled them
to commit numerous acts of terrorism, including the downing of
Flight MH17, the shelling of Volnovakha, Mariupol, Kramatorsk, and
572 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
18
Volnovakha, Marioupol, Kramatorsk et Avdiivka, les attentats à la
bombe perpétrés à Kharkiv lors de la marche pour l’unité et au Stena
Rock Club, ainsi que la tentative d’assassinat d’un député ukrainien.
S’agissant de la CIEDR :
f) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 2 de la CIEDR en se livrant à
des actes nombreux et généralisés de discrimination raciale à l’encontre
des communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée et en adoptant envers
celles-ci une politique et une pratique de discrimination raciale.
g) La Fédération de Russie a également violé l’article 2 de la CIEDR en
encourageant, défendant ou appuyant la discrimination raciale pratiquée
par d’autres personnes ou organisations à l’encontre des communautés
ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée.
h) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 4 de la CIEDR en encourageant
la discrimination raciale à l’encontre des communautés ukrainienne et
tatare de Crimée et en incitant à une telle discrimination.
i) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 5 de la CIEDR en manquant
de garantir le droit des membres des communautés ukrainienne et tatare
de Crimée à l’égalité devant la loi, notamment dans la jouissance i) du
droit à un traitement égal devant les tribunaux et tout autre organe
administrant la justice ; ii) du droit à la sûreté de la personne et à la
protection de l’Etat contre les voies de fait ou les sévices de la part soit
de fonctionnaires du gouvernement, soit de tout individu, groupe ou
institution ; iii) de droits politiques ; iv) d’autres droits civils ; et v) de
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels.
j) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 6 de la CIEDR en manquant
d’assurer aux communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée une protection
et une voie de recours effectives contre les actes de discrimination
raciale.
k) La Fédération de Russie a violé l’article 7 de la CIEDR en manquant
de prendre des mesures immédiates et efficaces dans les domaines de
l’enseignement, de l’éducation, de la culture et de l’information pour
lutter contre les préjugés conduisant à la discrimination raciale à l’encontre
des communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée.
654. Les faits susmentionnés constituent des violations de la CIRFT et
de la CIEDR, et donc des faits internationalement illicites à raison desquels
la responsabilité internationale de la Fédération de Russie se trouve
engagée. La Fédération de Russie est par conséquent tenue :
S’agissant de la CIRFT :
a) De mettre immédiatement fin à chacune des violations susmentionnées
des articles 8, 9, 10, 12 et 18 de la CIRFT et de fournir à l’Ukraine des
garanties appropriées et assurances publiques qu’elle s’abstiendra de
commettre de tels actes à l’avenir.
b) De prendre toutes les mesures possibles afin d’empêcher la commission
d’infractions de financement du terrorisme, et notamment i) de veiller à
ce que les représentants de l’Etat russe ou toute autre personne relevant
de sa compétence ne fournissent pas d’armes ou de fonds à des groupes
se livrant au terrorisme en Ukraine, notamment la RPD, la RPL, les
Partisans de Kharkiv ou d’autres groupes armés illicites ; ii) de cesser
d’encourager des personnes privées ou publiques ainsi que d’autres tiers
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 572
18
Avdiivka, the bombings of the Kharkiv unity march and Stena
Rock Club, the attempted assassination of a Ukrainian member of
Parliament, and others.
CERD
(f) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 2 by engaging in
numerous and pervasive acts of racial discrimination against the
Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea and by engaging
in a policy and practice of racial discrimination against those communities.
(g) The Russian Federation has further violated CERD Article 2 by sponsoring,
defending or supporting racial discrimination by other persons
or organizations against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities
in Crimea.
(h) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 4 by promoting
and inciting racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and
Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
(i) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 5 by failing to
guarantee the right of members of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian
communities to equality before the law, notably in their enjoyment of
(i) the right to equal treatment before the tribunals and all other organs
administering justice; (ii) the right to security of person and protection
by the State against violence or bodily harm, whether inflicted by government
officials or by any individual group or institution; (iii) political
rights; (iv) other civil rights; and (v) economic, social and cultural
rights.
(j) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 6 by failing to
assure the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea effective
protection and remedies against acts of racial discrimination.
(k) The Russian Federation has violated CERD Article 7 by failing to
adopt immediate and effective measures in the fields of teaching, education,
culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices
which lead to racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and
Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
654. The aforementioned acts constitute violations of the ICSFT and
CERD, and are therefore internationally wrongful acts for which the Russian
Federation bears international responsibility. The Russian Federation
is therefore required to:
ICSFT
(a) Cease immediately each of the above violations of ICSFT Articles 8, 9,
10, 12, and 18 and provide Ukraine with appropriate guarantees
and public assurances that it will refrain from such actions in the
future.
(b) Take all practicable measures to prevent the commission of terrorism
financing offences, including (i) ensuring that Russian state officials or
any other person under its jurisdiction do not provide weapons or other
funds to groups engaged in terrorism in Ukraine, including without
limitation the DPR, LPR, Kharkiv Partisans, and other illegal armed
groups; (ii) cease encouraging public and private actors and other
non-governmental third parties to finance terrorism in Ukraine;
573 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
19
ne relevant pas de l’Etat à financer le terrorisme en Ukraine ; iii) de
surveiller sa frontière avec l’Ukraine afin d’y empêcher toute livraison
d’armes ; et iv) de surveiller et d’interdire les transactions privées ou
publiques faites depuis le territoire russe ou par des ressortissants russes
en vue de financer le terrorisme en Ukraine, y compris en appliquant
des restrictions bancaires afin de bloquer les transactions faites au profit
de groupes se livrant au terrorisme en Ukraine, notamment la RPD,
la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv ou d’autres groupes armés illicites.
c) De geler ou saisir les biens des personnes soupçonnées de fournir des
fonds à des groupes se livrant au terrorisme en Ukraine, notamment des
groupes armés illicites associés à la RPD, à la RPL ou aux Partisans de
Kharkiv, et de procéder à la confiscation des biens des personnes reconnues
avoir fourni des fonds à de tels groupes.
d) D’accorder à l’Ukraine l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible pour
toute enquête pénale relative à une personne soupçonnée de financer le
terrorisme.
e) De verser à l’Ukraine une indemnisation, pour elle-même et en tant que
parens patriae de ses ressortissants, à raison du préjudice qu’elle a subi
du fait des violations de la CIRFT commises par la Russie, notamment
du préjudice subi par ses ressortissants blessés du fait d’actes de terrorisme
commis en conséquence desdites violations, le montant de l’indemnisation
devant être déterminé lors d’une phase distincte de la
présente procédure.
f) De verser à l’Ukraine, à raison du préjudice moral qu’elle a subi, des
dommages-intérêts d’un montant que la Cour jugera approprié, compte
tenu de la gravité des violations de la CIRFT commises par la Russie,
et qu’elle déterminera dans une phase distincte de la présente procédure.
S’agissant de la CIEDR :
g) De mettre immédiatement en oeuvre les mesures conservatoires prescrites
par la Cour le 19 avril 2017, notamment en levant l’interdiction
imposée aux activités du Majlis des Tatars de Crimée et en faisant en
sorte que soit assuré un enseignement en langue ukrainienne.
h) De mettre immédiatement fin à chacune des violations susmentionnées
des articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de la CIEDR et de fournir à l’Ukraine des
garanties appropriées et assurances publiques qu’elle s’abstiendra de
commettre de tels actes à l’avenir.
i) De garantir le droit des membres des communautés ukrainienne et tatare
de Crimée à l’égalité devant la loi, notamment dans la jouissance des
droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales protégés par la convention.
j) D’assurer à tous les habitants de Crimée relevant de sa juridiction une
protection et une voie de recours effectives contre les actes de discrimination
raciale.
k) De prendre des mesures immédiates et efficaces dans les domaines de
l’enseignement, de l’éducation, de la culture et de l’information pour
lutter contre les préjugés conduisant à la discrimination raciale à l’encontre
des communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée.
l) De verser à l’Ukraine une indemnisation, pour elle-même et en tant que
parens patriae de ses ressortissants, à raison du préjudice qu’elle a subi
du fait des violations de la CIEDR commises par la Russie, notamment
du préjudice subi par les victimes de la violation par la Russie des
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 573
19
(iii) police Russia’s border with Ukraine to stop any supply of weapons
into Ukraine; and (iv) monitor and prohibit private and public transactions
originating in Russian territory, or initiated by Russian nationals,
that finance terrorism in Ukraine, including by enforcing banking
restrictions to block transactions for the benefit of groups engaged in
terrorism in Ukraine, including without limitation the DPR, LPR, the
Kharkiv Partisans, and other illegal armed groups.
(c) Freeze or seize assets of persons suspected of supplying funds to groups
engaged in terrorism in Ukraine, including without limitation illegal
armed groups associated with the DPR, LPR, and Kharkiv Partisans,
and cause the forfeiture of assets of persons found to have supplied
funds to such groups.
(d) Provide the greatest measure of assistance to Ukraine in connection
with criminal investigations of suspected financers of terrorism.
(e) Pay Ukraine financial compensation, in its own right and as
parens patriae for its citizens, for the harm Ukraine has suffered as a
result of Russia’s violations of the ICSFT, including the harm suffered
by its nationals injured by acts of terrorism that occurred as a consequence
of the Russian Federation’s ICSFT violations, with such compensation
to be quantified in a separate phase of these proceedings.
(f) Pay moral damages to Ukraine in an amount deemed appropriate by
the Court, reflecting the seriousness of the Russian Federation’s violations
of the ICSFT, the quantum of which is to be determined in a
separate phase of these proceedings.
CERD
(g) Immediately comply with the provisional measures ordered by the
Court on 19 April 2017, in particular by lifting its ban on the activities
of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People and by ensuring the availability
of education in the Ukrainian language.
(h) Cease immediately each of the above violations of CERD Articles 2, 4,
5, 6, and 7, and provide Ukraine with appropriate guarantees and public
assurances that it will refrain from such actions in the future.
(i) Guarantee the right of members of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian
communities to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of
the human rights and fundamental freedoms protected by the Convention.
(j) Assure to all residents of Crimea within its jurisdiction effective protection
and remedies against acts of racial discrimination.
(k) Adopt immediate and effective measures in the fields of teaching, education,
culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices
which lead to racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and
Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
(l) Pay Ukraine financial compensation, in its own right and as
parens patriae for its citizens, for the harm Ukraine has suffered as a
result of Russia’s violations of the CERD, including the harm suffered
by victims as a result of the Russian Federation’s violations of CERD
574 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
20
articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de ladite convention, le montant de l’indemnisation
devant être déterminé lors d’une phase distincte de la présente procédure.
»
20. Les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées au nom du Gouvernement de
la Fédération de Russie dans les exceptions préliminaires :
« Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Fédération de Russie prie la Cour de
dire et juger qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître des demandes formulées
par l’Ukraine dans sa requête du 16 janvier 2017 à l’encontre de la
Fédération de Russie et/ou que les demandes de l’Ukraine sont irrecevables.
»
21. Les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées au nom du Gouvernement de
l’Ukraine dans l’exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les
exceptions préliminaires :
« Pour les raisons formulées dans le présent exposé écrit, l’Ukraine prie
respectueusement la Cour :
a) de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Fédération de
Russie dans ses écritures du 12 septembre 2018 ;
b) de dire et juger qu’elle a compétence pour connaître des demandes formulées
par l’Ukraine dans sa requête du 16 janvier 2017 et que lesdites
demandes sont recevables ; et
c) de procéder à l’examen au fond de ces demandes. »
22. Lors de la procédure orale sur les exceptions préliminaires, les conclusions
ci-après ont été présentées par les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie,
à l’audience du 6 juin 2019 :
« Compte tenu des arguments exposés dans ses exceptions préliminaires
ainsi qu’à l’audience, la Fédération de Russie prie la Cour de dire et juger
qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître des demandes formulées par
l’Ukraine dans sa requête du 16 janvier 2017 à l’encontre de la Fédération
de Russie et/ou que les demandes de l’Ukraine sont irrecevables. »
Au nom du Gouvernement de l’Ukraine,
à l’audience du 7 juin 2019 :
« L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour :
a) de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Fédération de
Russie dans ses écritures du 12 septembre 2018 ;
b) de dire et juger qu’elle a compétence pour connaître des demandes formulées
par l’Ukraine dans sa requête du 16 janvier 2017 et que lesdites
demandes sont recevables, et de procéder à leur examen au fond ; ou
c) à titre subsidiaire, de dire et juger, en application des dispositions du
paragraphe 9 de l’article 79 de son Règlement, que les exceptions soulevées
par la Fédération de Russie n’ont pas un caractère exclusivement
préliminaire. »
* * *
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 574
20
Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7, with such compensation to be quantified in a
separate phase of these proceedings.”
20. In the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented
on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation:
“In view of the foregoing, the Russian Federation requests the Court to
adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against
the Russian Federation by Ukraine by its Application of 16 January 2017
and/or that Ukraine’s claims are inadmissible.”
21. In the written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the
Government of Ukraine:
“For the reasons set out in this Written Statement, Ukraine respectfully
requests that the Court:
(a) Dismiss the Preliminary Objections submitted by the Russian Federation
in its submission dated 12 September 2018;
(b) Adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction to hear the claims in the
Application submitted by Ukraine, dated 16 January 2017 and that
such claims are admissible; and
(c) Proceed to hear those claims on the merits.”
22. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following submissions
were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation,
at the hearing of 6 June 2019:
“Having regard to the arguments set out in the preliminary objections of
the Russian Federation and during the oral proceedings, the Russian Federation
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over
the claims brought against the Russian Federation by Ukraine by its Application
of 16 January 2017 and/or that Ukraine’s claims are inadmissible.”
On behalf of the Government of Ukraine,
at the hearing of 7 June 2019:
“Ukraine respectfully requests that the Court:
(a) Dismiss the preliminary objections submitted by the Russian Federation
in its submission dated 12 September 2018;
(b) Adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction to hear the claims in the
Application submitted by Ukraine, dated 16 January 2017, that such
claims are admissible, and proceed to hear those claims on the merits; or
(c) In the alternative, to adjudge and declare, in accordance with the provisions
of Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of Court that the objections
submitted by the Russian Federation do not have an exclusively
preliminary character.”
* * *
575 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
21
I. Introduction
A. Objet du différend
23. La présente instance a été introduite par l’Ukraine à la suite des événements
survenus en Ukraine orientale et en Crimée à partir du printemps
2014, au sujet desquels les Parties ont des vues divergentes. Cependant,
l’affaire dont la Cour est saisie est d’une portée limitée. En ce qui concerne
les événements survenus en Ukraine orientale, la partie demanderesse a introduit
la présente instance uniquement sur la base de la CIRFT. S’agissant de
la situation en Crimée, l’Ukraine se fonde exclusivement sur la CIEDR.
24. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut et le paragraphe 1 de l’article
38 du Règlement imposent à l’Etat demandeur de préciser « l’objet
du différend » dans sa requête. Le Règlement prescrit encore que la
requête doit indiquer « la nature précise de la demande et con[tenir] un
exposé succinct des faits et moyens sur lesquels cette demande repose »
(paragraphe 2 de l’article 38 du Règlement), et le mémoire, comporter un
exposé des « faits sur lesquels la demande est fondée » (paragraphe 1 de
l’article 49 du Règlement). Il appartient toutefois à la Cour d’établir
objectivement ce sur quoi porte le différend entre les parties en circonscrivant
le véritable problème en cause et en précisant l’objet de la demande.
Elle examine à cet effet la requête, ainsi que les exposés écrits et oraux des
parties, tout en consacrant une attention particulière à la formulation du
différend utilisée par le demandeur. Elle tient compte des faits que le
demandeur invoque à l’appui de sa demande. Il s’agit là d’une question de
fond, et non de forme (Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale
c. France), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (I),
p. 308-309, par. 48).
25. La Cour observe que les Parties ont exprimé des vues divergentes
quant à l’objet du différend porté par l’Ukraine devant elle.
* *
26. Selon l’Ukraine, les demandes qu’elle formule sur le fondement de la
CIRFT concernent les prétendus manquements de la Fédération de Russie
à ses obligations de prendre des mesures et de coopérer, conformément aux
articles 8, 9, 10, 12 et 18 de la convention, pour prévenir et réprimer les
infractions de financement du terrorisme telles que définies à l’article 2 de la
convention. A cet égard, l’Ukraine soutient que la Fédération de Russie n’a
pas pris toutes les mesures possibles afin d’empêcher et de contrecarrer la
préparation sur son territoire d’infractions de financement du terrorisme
commises dans le contexte des événements qui se sont déroulés dans l’est de
l’Ukraine depuis le printemps 2014, et pour les réprimer. Dans sa requête,
l’Ukraine a également soutenu que le défendeur avait fourni des fonds à des
groupes se livrant à des actes de terrorisme, mais elle n’a présenté une telle
conclusion ni dans son mémoire ni au cours de la procédure concernant les
exceptions préliminaires. La partie demanderesse a en effet indiqué « qu’elle
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 575
21
I. Introduction
A. Subject-Matter of the Dispute
23. The present proceedings were instituted by Ukraine following the
events which occurred in eastern Ukraine and in Crimea from the spring
of 2014, on which the Parties have different views. However, the case
before the Court is limited in scope. With regard to the events in eastern
Ukraine, the Applicant has brought proceedings only under the ICSFT.
With regard to the situation in Crimea, Ukraine’s claims are based solely
upon CERD.
24. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute and Article 38, paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court require an applicant to indicate the “subject of the
dispute” in its application. Furthermore, the Rules require that the application
“specify the precise nature of the claim, together with a succinct
statement of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based” (Article
38, paragraph 2, of the Rules) and that the memorial include a statement
of the “relevant facts” (Article 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules).
However, it is for the Court itself to determine on an objective basis the
subject-matter of the dispute between the parties, by isolating the real
issue in the case and identifying the object of the claim. In doing so, the
Court examines the application as well as the written and oral pleadings
of the parties, while giving particular attention to the formulation of the
dispute chosen by the applicant. It takes account of the facts that the
applicant presents as the basis for its claim. The matter is one of substance,
not of form (Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial
Guinea v. France), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2018 (I), pp. 308-309, para. 48).
25. The Court observes that the Parties have expressed divergent views
as to the subject-matter of the dispute brought by Ukraine before it.
* *
26. According to the Applicant, its claims under the ICSFT concern
the alleged violations by the Russian Federation of its obligations to take
measures and to co-operate under Articles 8, 9, 10, 12 and 18 of the
ICSFT in the prevention and suppression of terrorism financing offences,
as defined in Article 2 of the Convention. In this regard, Ukraine contends
that the Russian Federation has failed to take all practicable measures
to prevent and counter preparations in its territory for the
commission of terrorism financing offences in the context of the events
which occurred in eastern Ukraine starting from the spring of 2014 and to
repress them. In its Application, Ukraine also claimed that the Respondent
supplied funds to groups that engage in acts of terrorism, but has
not put forward the same claim either in its Memorial or in the proceedings
on preliminary objections. The Applicant indeed stated that “[its]
claim is not that Russia has violated Article 2 of the ICSFT”, but rather
576 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
22
n’allégu[ait] pas que la Russie a[vait] violé l’article 2 de la CIRFT », mais
plutôt « que la Russie a[vait] violé l’article 18 de la CIRFT et d’autres obligations
connexes en matière de coopération ».
L’Ukraine avance que les demandes qu’elle formule sur le fondement
de la CIEDR concernent de prétendus manquements de la Fédération de
Russie à ses obligations découlant des articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de cette
convention. A cet égard, le demandeur soutient que la Fédération de Russie
s’est lancée dans une campagne visant à priver les Tatars de Crimée et
les Ukrainiens de souche en Crimée de leurs droits politiques, civils, économiques,
sociaux et culturels, et qu’elle a adopté une politique et une
pratique de discrimination raciale à l’encontre de ces communautés.
27. La Fédération de Russie estime pour sa part que le différend soumis
à la Cour par l’Ukraine porte en réalité sur des questions sans rapport
avec les deux conventions invoquées par le demandeur. Elle affirme
que les droits et obligations des Parties en vertu de la CIRFT ne peuvent
être invoqués par l’Ukraine car les actes auxquels se réfère cette dernière
ne constitueraient pas des infractions au sens de l’article 2 de la convention.
La Fédération de Russie fait valoir en outre que les faits avancés et
les éléments de preuve soumis par le demandeur n’étayent pas ses allégations
selon lesquelles des fonds ont été fournis ou réunis par divers acteurs
au sein de la Fédération de Russie dans l’intention de les voir utilisés pour
commettre des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine orientale ou en sachant
qu’ils le seraient. La partie défenderesse considère par ailleurs que le différend
n’a pas trait à ses obligations au titre de la CIEDR et nie qu’elle
soumette les communautés tatare et ukrainienne de Crimée à une campagne
systématique de discrimination raciale. La Fédération de Russie
soutient que, sous couvert d’allégations relatives à des violations de la
CIRFT et de la CIEDR, l’Ukraine cherche à saisir la Cour de litiges
concernant des violations alléguées « d’autres règles du droit international
». Le défendeur avance en particulier que l’Ukraine chercherait à saisir
la Cour de différends concernant une prétendue « agression ouverte »
de la Fédération de Russie en Ukraine orientale, et le statut de la Crimée.
* *
28. Ainsi que la Cour l’a noté, les requêtes qui lui sont soumises portent
souvent sur un différend particulier qui s’est fait jour dans le cadre d’un
désaccord plus large entre les parties (Certains actifs iraniens (République
islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2019, p. 23, par. 36 ; Obligation de négocier un accès à
l’océan Pacifique (Bolivie c. Chili), exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2015 (II), p. 604, par. 32). Le fait qu’un différend dont est saisie la
Cour ne représente qu’un élément d’une situation complexe dans
laquelle les Etats concernés ont des vues opposées sur diverses questions,
si importantes soient-elles, ne saurait conduire la Cour à refuser de résoudre
ledit différend, dans la mesure où les parties ont reconnu sa compétence
pour ce faire et que les conditions de son exercice sont par ailleurs réunies.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 576
22
“that Russia has violated ICSFT Article 18 and other related cooperation
obligations”.
The Applicant submits that its claims on the basis of CERD concern
alleged violations by the Russian Federation of its obligations under Articles
2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of CERD. In this regard, Ukraine maintains that the
Russian Federation engaged in a campaign directed at depriving the
Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea of their political, civil,
economic, social and cultural rights and pursued a policy and practice of
racial discrimination against those communities.
27. For its part, the Russian Federation considers that the dispute submitted
by Ukraine to the Court in fact concerns matters which are unconnected
to the two conventions relied on by the Applicant. It asserts that
the Parties’ rights and obligations under the ICSFT cannot be invoked by
Ukraine, since the acts referred to by the Applicant do not constitute
offences within the meaning of Article 2 of the Convention. The Russian
Federation further asserts that the facts relied on and evidence submitted
by the Applicant do not substantiate its claim that funds were provided
or collected by various actors in the Russian Federation with the intention
or knowledge that they were to be used to carry out acts of terrorism
in eastern Ukraine. The Respondent also contends that the dispute does
not concern its obligations under CERD and contests allegations that it
is subjecting Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea to a
systematic campaign of racial discrimination. The Russian Federation
argues that, under cover of allegations relating to violations of the ICSFT
and CERD, Ukraine is seeking to bring before the Court disputes concerning
alleged violations of “different rules of international law”. In
particular, the Respondent contends that Ukraine is seeking to seise
the Court of disputes over the Russian Federation’s alleged “overt
aggression” in eastern Ukraine and over the status of Crimea.
* *
28. As the Court has observed, applications that are submitted to it
often present a particular dispute that arises in the context of a broader
disagreement between the parties (Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic
of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019, p. 23, para. 36; Obligation to Negotiate Access to the
Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 604, para. 32). The fact that a dispute before
the Court forms part of a complex situation that includes various matters,
however important, over which the States concerned hold opposite
views, cannot lead the Court to decline to resolve that dispute, provided
that the parties have recognized its jurisdiction to do so and the conditions
for the exercise of its jurisdiction are otherwise met.
577 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
23
29. En l’espèce, la Cour observe que l’Ukraine ne lui demande pas de
régler des questions concernant « l’agression » ou « l’occupation illicite »
du territoire ukrainien dont se serait rendue responsable la Fédération de
Russie. La partie demanderesse ne demande pas non plus à la Cour de se
prononcer sur le statut de la Crimée, ni de juger de quelconques violations
de règles du droit international autres que celles contenues dans la
CIRFT et la CIEDR. De telles questions ne constituent donc pas l’objet
du différend soumis à la Cour.
30. La Cour observe que l’Ukraine lui demande de dire et juger que la
Fédération de Russie a violé plusieurs dispositions de la CIRFT et de la
CIEDR, que la responsabilité internationale de celle-ci se trouve engagée
à raison de ces violations et qu’elle est tenue d’y mettre fin et d’en réparer
les conséquences.
31. La Cour considère que, comme cela ressort de l’opposition des vues
exprimées par les Parties dans la présente affaire, le différend comprend
deux aspects. Premièrement, les Parties s’opposent sur le point de savoir si
les droits et obligations des Parties découlant de la CIRFT en matière de
prévention et de répression du financement du terrorisme se trouvaient
engagés dans le contexte des événements survenus en Ukraine orientale à
partir du printemps 2014, et si des infractions de financement du terrorisme,
au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT, ont été commises. Il
résulte de ces désaccords que les Parties tirent des conclusions opposées
quant aux manquements allégués de la Fédération de Russie aux obligations
qui lui incombent au titre des articles 8, 9, 10, 12 et 18 de la CIRFT, et à
l’engagement de la responsabilité internationale de la Fédération de Russie
à ce titre. Deuxièmement, les Parties sont en désaccord sur la question de
savoir si les décisions ou mesures que l’Ukraine fait grief à la Fédération de
Russie d’avoir prises à l’encontre des communautés tatare et ukrainienne de
Crimée constituent des actes de discrimination raciale, et si la responsabilité
de la Fédération de Russie se trouve engagée, à ce titre, pour la violation de
ses obligations découlant des articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de la CIEDR.
32. A la lumière des considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que
l’objet du différend réside, en ce qui concerne son premier aspect, dans la
question de savoir si la Fédération de Russie avait l’obligation, en application
de la CIRFT, de prendre des mesures et de coopérer pour prévenir
et réprimer le financement allégué du terrorisme dans le contexte des événements
en Ukraine orientale, et si, le cas échéant, la Fédération de Russie
a manqué à une telle obligation. L’objet du différend réside, en ce qui
concerne son second aspect, dans la question de savoir si la Fédération de
Russie a manqué à ses obligations découlant de la CIEDR à raison de
mesures discriminatoires qu’elle aurait prises à l’encontre des communautés
ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée, comme le prétend l’Ukraine.
B. Bases de compétence invoquées par l’Ukraine
33. La Cour rappelle que sa compétence est fondée sur le consentement
des parties, dans la seule mesure reconnue par celles-ci (Immunités
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 577
23
29. In the present case, the Court notes that Ukraine is not requesting
that it rule on issues concerning the Russian Federation’s purported
“aggression” or its alleged “unlawful occupation” of Ukrainian territory.
Nor is the Applicant seeking a pronouncement from the Court on the
status of Crimea or on any violations of rules of international law other
than those contained in the ICSFT and CERD. These matters therefore
do not constitute the subject-matter of the dispute before the Court.
30. The Court observes that Ukraine requests the Court to adjudge
and declare that the Russian Federation has violated a number of provisions
of the ICSFT and CERD, that it bears international responsibility
for those violations, and that it is required to cease such violations and
make reparation for the consequences thereof.
31. The Court considers that it follows from the opposing views
expressed by the Parties in the present case that the dispute consists of
two aspects. First, the Parties differ as to whether any rights and obligations
of the Parties under the ICSFT with regard to the prevention and
suppression of the financing of terrorism were engaged in the context of
events which occurred in eastern Ukraine starting in the spring of 2014,
and whether terrorism financing offences, within the meaning of Article 2,
paragraph 1, of the ICSFT, were committed. As a result of these differences
of views, the Parties draw opposite conclusions as to the alleged
breaches by the Russian Federation of its obligations under Articles 8, 9,
10, 12 and 18 of the ICSFT and as to its ensuing international responsibility.
Secondly, the Parties disagree as to whether the decisions or measures
allegedly taken by the Russian Federation against the Crimean
Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea constitute acts of racial discrimination
and whether the Russian Federation bears responsibility in
that regard for the violation of its obligations under Articles 2, 4, 5, 6
and 7 of CERD.
32. In view of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the subjectmatter
of the dispute, in so far as its first aspect is concerned, is whether
the Russian Federation had the obligation, under the ICSFT, to take
measures and to co-operate in the prevention and suppression of the alleged
financing of terrorism in the context of events in eastern Ukraine and, if
so, whether the Russian Federation breached such an obligation. The
subject-matter of the dispute, in so far as its second aspect is concerned,
is whether the Russian Federation breached its obligations under CERD
through discriminatory measures allegedly taken against the Crimean
Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
B. Bases of Jurisdiction Invoked by Ukraine
33. The Court recalls that its jurisdiction is based on the consent of the
parties and is confined to the extent accepted by them (Immunities and
578 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
24
et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (I), p. 307, par. 42).
34. Pour établir la compétence de la Cour en la présente instance,
l’Ukraine invoque le paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT et l’article
22 de la CIEDR (voir le paragraphe 2 ci-dessus). La première de ces
dispositions se lit comme suit :
« Tout différend entre des Etats Parties concernant l’interprétation
ou l’application de la présente Convention qui ne peut pas être réglé
par voie de négociation dans un délai raisonnable est soumis à l’arbitrage,
à la demande de l’un de ces Etats. Si, dans les six mois qui
suivent la date de la demande d’arbitrage, les Parties ne parviennent
pas à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’une quelconque
d’entre elles peut soumettre le différend à la Cour internationale
de Justice, en déposant une requête conformément au Statut de
la Cour. »
L’article 22 de la CIEDR dispose que :
« Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention, qui
n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures
expressément prévues par ladite Convention, sera porté, à la
requête de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale de
Justice pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties au
différend ne conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement. »
35. L’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie sont parties à la CIRFT, qui
est entrée en vigueur à leur égard, respectivement, le 5 janvier 2003 et le
27 décembre 2002. Ni l’une ni l’autre n’a formulé de réserve à cette
convention.
De même, l’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie sont parties à la
CIEDR. La convention est entrée en vigueur à l’égard de l’Ukraine le
6 avril 1969. L’instrument de ratification, déposé par l’Ukraine le 7 mars
1969, comprenait une réserve à l’article 22 de la convention ; le 20 avril
1989, le dépositaire a reçu notification du retrait de cette réserve. La
Fédération de Russie est partie à la convention, en tant qu’Etat continuateur
de la personnalité juridique internationale de l’Union des républiques
socialistes soviétiques, à l’égard de laquelle la CIEDR était entrée en
vigueur le 6 mars 1969. L’instrument de ratification, déposé par l’Union
des républiques socialistes soviétiques le 4 février 1969, comprenait une
réserve à l’article 22 de la convention ; le 8 mars 1989, le dépositaire a reçu
notification du retrait de cette réserve.
36. La Fédération de Russie conteste la compétence de la Cour pour
connaître du différend sur la base de l’un comme de l’autre des deux instruments
invoqués par l’Ukraine. Elle fait valoir à cet égard que le différend
n’est pas de ceux dont la Cour est compétente pour connaître
ratione materiae, que ce soit au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la
CIRFT ou de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, et que les conditions procédurales
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 578
24
Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 307, para. 42).
34. To establish the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case, Ukraine
invokes Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and Article 22 of CERD
(see paragraph 2 above). The first of these provisions reads as follows:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled
through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request
of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If, within six months from
the date of the request for arbitration, the parties are unable to agree
on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may
refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice, by application,
in conformity with the Statute of the Court.”
Article 22 of CERD provides that:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settled
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.”
35. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are parties to the ICSFT,
which entered into force for them on 5 January 2003 and 27 December
2002 respectively. Neither of them entered any reservations to the
ICSFT.
Ukraine and the Russian Federation are also parties to CERD. The
Convention entered into force for Ukraine on 6 April 1969. The instrument
of ratification, deposited by Ukraine, on 7 March 1969, contained a
reservation to Article 22 of the Convention; on 20 April 1989, the depositary
received notification that this reservation had been withdrawn. The
Russian Federation is a party to the Convention as the State continuing
the international legal personality of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
for which CERD entered into force on 6 March 1969. The instrument
of ratification, deposited by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
on 4 February 1969, contained a reservation to Article 22 of the Convention;
on 8 March 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation
had been withdrawn.
36. The Russian Federation contests the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain
the dispute on the basis of each of the two instruments invoked by
Ukraine. In this regard, it argues that the dispute is not one which the
Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain, either under Article
24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT or under Article 22 of CERD, and that
the procedural preconditions set out in these provisions were not met by
579 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
25
préalables énoncées dans ces dispositions n’ont pas été remplies par
l’Ukraine avant de saisir la Cour. Le défendeur soutient également que les
demandes présentées par l’Ukraine au titre de la CIEDR sont irrecevables,
au motif que les voies de recours internes disponibles n’auraient
pas été épuisées avant que l’Ukraine introduise sa requête devant la Cour.
37. La Cour examinera l’exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédération
de Russie quant à sa compétence en vertu de la CIRFT dans la
partie II de l’arrêt. Elle examinera ensuite, dans la partie III, les exceptions
préliminaires quant à sa compétence en vertu de la CIEDR et à la
recevabilité de la requête en ce qui concerne les demandes formulées par
l’Ukraine sur le fondement de cette convention.
II. La convention internationale pour la répression
du financement du terrorisme
38. La Cour va à présent rechercher si elle a compétence ratione materiae
au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT et si les conditions
procédurales préalables énoncées dans cette disposition sont remplies.
A. La compétence ratione materiae au titre de la CIRFT
39. La Cour rappelle que la compétence ratione materiae que lui
confère le paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT s’étend à « [t]out différend
entre des Etats Parties concernant l’interprétation ou l’application
de [cette] Convention ».
* *
40. La Fédération de Russie conteste la compétence ratione materiae de
la Cour à l’égard de tous les aspects du différend que l’Ukraine a porté
devant elle sur le fondement de la CIRFT. D’après la Fédération de Russie,
le fait que les Parties aient des vues différentes au sujet de l’interprétation
d’un traité contenant une clause compromissoire ne suffit pas à établir
la compétence ratione materiae de la Cour. Selon le défendeur, la Cour
doit interpréter les dispositions pertinentes du traité concerné et « s’assurer
que les faits avancés et les éléments de preuve invoqués par l’Etat demandeur
corroborent de manière plausible la qualification alléguée de ses
griefs » en tant que griefs relevant dudit traité. La Fédération de Russie ne
demande pas à la Cour de se livrer à une analyse exhaustive des faits au
stade d’une décision sur les exceptions préliminaires, mais soutient que les
faits doivent être pris en considération dans une certaine mesure.
41. La Fédération de Russie rappelle que, dans l’ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires rendue le 19 avril 2017 en la présente affaire,
la Cour a affirmé que les droits revendiqués par l’Ukraine sur le fondement
de la CIRFT n’étaient pas plausibles (C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 131-132,
par. 75). La Fédération de Russie soutient que, pour apprécier la plausibi-
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 579
25
Ukraine before it seised the Court. The Respondent further contends that
Ukraine’s claims under CERD are inadmissible, since, in its view, available
local remedies had not been exhausted before Ukraine filed its Application
with the Court.
37. The Court will address the preliminary objection raised by the
Russian Federation to its jurisdiction on the basis of the ICSFT in Part II
of the Judgment. It will then address, in Part III, the preliminary objections
to its jurisdiction on the basis of CERD and to the admissibility of
the Application in so far as it concerns the claims made by Ukraine under
CERD.
II. The International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism
38. The Court will now consider whether it has jurisdiction ratione
materiae under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT and whether the
procedural preconditions set forth in that provision have been met.
A. Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae under the ICSFT
39. The Court recalls that its jurisdiction ratione materiae over the dispute
under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT covers “[a]ny dispute
between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or
application of this Convention”.
* *
40. The Russian Federation contests the Court’s jurisdiction ratione
materiae with regard to all aspects of the dispute submitted by Ukraine
to the Court under the ICSFT. In the Russian Federation’s opinion,
the fact that the Parties entertain different views on the interpretation of a
treaty containing a compromissory clause is not sufficient to establish the
Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae. According to the Respondent,
the Court must interpret the key provisions of the relevant treaty and
“[s]atisfy itself that the facts pleaded and the evidence relied on by the
applicant State plausibly support the asserted characterisation of its
claims” as claims under that treaty. The Russian Federation does not
request from the Court a complete analysis of the facts at the stage of a
decision on preliminary objections, but contends that some consideration
must be given to the facts.
41. The Russian Federation recalls that, in its Order of 19 April 2017
on the Request for the indication of provisional measures in the present
case, the Court affirmed that Ukraine’s claimed rights under the ICSFT
were not plausible (I.C.J. Reports 2017, pp. 131-132, para. 75). In considering
the plausibility of Ukraine’s case at the present stage, the Rus-
580 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
26
lité des thèses de l’Ukraine au stade actuel, la Cour doit s’appuyer sur son
appréciation antérieure. Selon le défendeur, l’Ukraine n’a produit, à l’appui
de ses allégations de financement d’actes de terrorisme, aucun élément de
preuve nouveau concernant les conditions de l’intention, de la connaissance
et du but qui autoriserait la Cour à s’écarter des conclusions auxquelles elle
était parvenue au stade de sa décision sur les mesures conservatoires.
42. Plus précisément, le défendeur soutient qu’aucun élément de preuve
matériel n’a été produit par l’Ukraine à l’effet de démontrer qu’il ait
fourni à une quelconque entité des armes pour abattre l’appareil qui assurait
le vol MH17 « en ayant l’intention ou la connaissance spécifique
requise » par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT. En ce qui
concerne quatre incidents particuliers lors desquels des tirs d’artillerie
auraient été effectués sans discrimination, la Fédération de Russie affirme
que l’Ukraine n’a présenté aucun élément de preuve nouveau depuis le
stade des mesures conservatoires. De son point de vue, l’Ukraine n’a
avancé aucun élément crédible attestant que les auteurs de ces tirs aient
agi dans « l’intention spécifique requise de tuer ou de blesser grièvement
des civils » et que les localités visées aient été bombardées « dans le but
spécifique requis d’intimider la population ou de contraindre un gouvernement
à accomplir ou à s’abstenir d’accomplir un acte quelconque ». La
Fédération de Russie ajoute que, quand bien même la thèse du terrorisme
pourrait être accréditée s’agissant de ces incidents, l’Ukraine se trouverait
impliquée elle aussi dans des tirs d’artillerie sans discrimination au cours
du conflit en cause. A propos de l’allégation relative à l’attentat à la
bombe commis à Kharkiv, le défendeur soutient qu’aucun élément de
preuve fiable n’a été produit qui démontrerait que cet attentat ait été perpétré
avec son appui. La Fédération de Russie soutient également qu’elle
a indiqué dans le cadre de correspondances diplomatiques qu’elle souhaitait
recevoir de l’Ukraine « les documents concrets contenant les éléments
de preuve » relatifs à cet incident, documents que l’Ukraine n’a pas produits.
En outre, en ce qui concerne d’autres faits allégués d’exécutions
extrajudiciaires, de torture et de mauvais traitements de civils, le défendeur
plaide que le dossier n’établit pas qu’il s’agissait d’« actes plausiblement
« terroristes » au sens de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de
la CIRFT ». Selon la Fédération de Russie, pareils actes ont été, en tout
état de cause, perpétrés par toutes les parties au conflit armé.
43. La Fédération de Russie est d’avis que la CIRFT est un « instrument
de nature répressive » qui ne s’applique pas aux questions de responsabilité
de l’Etat pour financement d’actes de terrorisme. Elle fonde son interprétation
sur une analyse du texte de la convention, ainsi que sur des considérations
liées à la structure de cet instrument, aux travaux préparatoires de
certains articles, aux dispositions d’autres conventions de lutte contre le
terrorisme et à la pratique ultérieurement suivie par les Etats. La Fédération
de Russie avance que de multiples tentatives ont été faites par des délégations
lors des travaux de rédaction de la CIRFT en vue de faire entrer le
financement commis par des agents publics ou par l’Etat dans le champ
d’application de la convention, mais que toutes ces tentatives ont échoué.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 580
26
sian Federation maintains that the Court must rely on its earlier
assessment. According to the Respondent, Ukraine has not put forward
any new evidence related to elements of intention, knowledge and purpose
concerning the funding of acts of terrorism which would allow the
Court to depart from the findings made at the stage of its decision on
provisional measures.
42. More specifically, the Respondent maintains that no material evidence
has been presented by Ukraine demonstrating that the Russian
Federation provided weaponry to any entity “with the requisite
specific intent or knowledge” under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT
that such weaponry would be used to shoot down flight MH17. With
regard to four specific incidents of alleged indiscriminate shelling, the
Russian Federation submits that no new evidence has been presented by
Ukraine since the stage of provisional measures. In the Respondent’s
view, Ukraine fails to present any credible evidence that the perpetrators
of the shelling acted with “the requisite specific intent to kill or seriously
harm civilians” and that the locations were shelled “for the requisite specific
purpose of intimidating the population or to compel a government to
do or to abstain from doing any act”. Moreover, even if a plausible case
of terrorism could be demonstrated with regard to those incidents, the
Russian Federation argues that Ukraine would also be implicated in the
commission of indiscriminate shelling during the same conflict. Concerning
the further allegation of bombing that took place in Kharkiv, the
Respondent maintains that no reliable evidence was submitted to show
that the incident was perpetrated with the Russian Federation’s support.
The Russian Federation also maintains that, in diplomatic correspondence,
it confirmed its interest in receiving from Ukraine “the concrete
materials containing evidential data” relating to that incident, which
Ukraine failed to provide. Furthermore, with regard to other alleged acts
of extrajudicial killing, torture and ill-treatment of civilians, the Respondent
contends that the evidence does not demonstrate that they were
“plausible ‘terrorist’ acts within the meaning of Article 2 (1) (b) of the
ICSFT”. According to the Russian Federation, such acts have in any case
been committed by all parties to the armed conflict.
43. The Russian Federation is of the view that the ICSFT is a “law
enforcement instrument” which does not cover issues of State responsibility
for financing acts of terrorism. It bases its interpretation on a textual
analysis of the Convention, as well as on considerations pertaining to the
structure of the ICSFT, the preparatory work related to the drafting of
specific articles, provisions of other conventions concerned with terrorism
and subsequent State practice. The Russian Federation asserts that multiple
attempts were made by delegations during the drafting of the ICSFT
to bring public officials and State financing within the scope of the Convention,
but all attempts failed.
581 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
27
44. La Fédération de Russie affirme que, à ce stade, la Cour doit procéder
à une interprétation complète des dispositions pertinentes de la
CIRFT, et notamment du paragraphe 1 de son article 2. Elle soutient que
l’expression « toute personne » figurant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2
doit être lue comme désignant « uniquement les personnes privées » et
ne s’applique pas aux agents de l’Etat. Elle relève que l’Ukraine prie la
Cour de déclarer que l’Etat russe n’a pas empêché ses propres agents de
financer le terrorisme. Selon le défendeur, le fait de déclarer, alors même
que la responsabilité de l’Etat est exclue du champ d’application de
la CIRFT, que les agents de l’Etat tombent eux aussi sous le coup des
dispositions de la convention reviendrait à déclarer la Fédération de
Russie directement responsable de financement du terrorisme, conformément
à l’article 4 des Articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat pour fait
internationalement illicite qui ont été adoptés par la Commission du
droit international.
45. La Fédération de Russie affirme en outre que, pour déterminer la
portée de la CIRFT, il convient de définir les éléments moraux de l’infraction
de financement du terrorisme, et donc d’interpréter les expressions
« dans l’intention » et « en sachant » qui figurent au paragraphe 1 de l’article
2 de la CIRFT. La Fédération de Russie soutient que ces deux
expressions ne sont pas synonymes. L’« intention », estime-t-elle, doit être
interprétée comme « exige[ant] l’existence d’une intention spécifique ».
Suivant l’interprétation du défendeur, les termes « en sachant » signifient
qu’il doit être effectivement connu que les fonds seront utilisés en vue de
commettre des actes de terrorisme, et non pas simplement qu’ils peuvent
être utilisés à cette fin. Pour la Fédération de Russie, la négligence fautive
(« recklessness ») ne suffit pas à établir une telle connaissance. Le défendeur
admet que la condition de la connaissance peut être remplie en
cas de financement de groupes notoirement tenus pour être des organisations
terroristes. Toutefois, il soutient qu’il ne suffit pas que l’Ukraine
qualifie unilatéralement une entité particulière comme telle, surtout en
l’absence de toute indication en ce sens émanant d’une organisation internationale.
46. La Fédération de Russie relève qu’un acte constitue une infraction
au sens de l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT s’il s’agit
d’« une infraction au regard et selon la définition de l’un des traités énumérés
en annexe » de la convention. A cet égard, le défendeur soutient
que, pour que soit constituée l’infraction visée à l’alinéa b) du paragraphe
1 de l’article premier de la convention pour la répression d’actes
illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile signée à Montréal le
23 septembre 1971 (ci-après la « convention de Montréal »), sur lequel se
fonde l’Ukraine s’agissant de la destruction de l’appareil qui assurait le
vol MH17, l’intention de détruire ou d’endommager un aéronef civil en
service doit être établie. En outre, selon l’interprétation que donne la
Fédération de Russie de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la
CIRFT, les actes de terrorisme doivent être accomplis dans l’intention
spécifique et dans le but d’intimider une population ou de contraindre un
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 581
27
44. The Russian Federation maintains that the Court must at this
stage fully interpret the relevant provisions of the ICSFT, especially Article
2, paragraph 1. The Russian Federation submits that the term “any
person” in Article 2, paragraph 1, has to be interpreted as meaning “private
persons only” and does not cover State officials. It points out that
Ukraine is asking the Court to find that the Russian Federation has not
prevented its own officials from financing terrorism. In the Respondent’s
view, while State responsibility is excluded from the scope of the ICSFT,
a finding that State officials are also covered would mean declaring that
the Russian Federation is directly responsible for financing terrorism in
accordance with Article 4 of the Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted by the International Law Commission.
45. The Russian Federation further argues that, in order to determine
the scope of the ICSFT, the mental elements of the offence of terrorism
financing must be defined. The terms “intention” and “knowledge” in
Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT must therefore be interpreted. The
Russian Federation maintains that these two terms are not synonymous.
It is of the view that “intention” must be understood as “a specific intent
requirement”. Following the interpretation given by the Respondent,
“knowledge” refers to actual knowledge that the funds will be used to
commit acts of terrorism, and not merely that they may be used to do so.
According to the Russian Federation, recklessness is insufficient to establish
knowledge. The Russian Federation accepts that the requirement of
knowledge can be satisfied by the financing of groups that are notorious
terrorist organizations. However, the Respondent argues that it is not sufficient
for Ukraine to so characterize any entity unilaterally, particularly
in the absence of any indication to that effect by an international organization.
46. The Russian Federation notes that an act constitutes an offence
within the meaning of Article 2, paragraph 1 (a), of the ICSFT when it
is “an offence within the scope of and as defined in one of the treaties
listed in the annex” to the Convention. In this regard, the Respondent
submits that in order to constitute an offence defined in Article 1, paragraph
1 (b), of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done in Montreal on 23 September
1971 (hereinafter the “Montreal Convention”), relied on by Ukraine with
regard to the downing of flight MH17, there must be an intent to destroy
or cause damage to a civilian aircraft in service. The Russian Federation
also provides an interpretation of Article 2, paragraph 1 (b), of the
ICSFT, under which acts of terrorism need to be performed with a specific
intention and with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling
a government. According to the Respondent, intention under the
582 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
28
gouvernement. L’intention mentionnée dans cet alinéa fait, de l’avis du
défendeur, référence à un « but, désir ou projet subjectif » et « exclut implicitement
des critères fondés sur la connaissance ».
*
47. L’Ukraine soutient quant à elle que les exceptions préliminaires de
la Fédération de Russie « visent abusivement à amener la Cour à examiner
au fond le différend opposant les Parties ». Selon le demandeur, la
Cour ne doit pas donner d’interprétation définitive de l’article 2 de la
CIRFT à ce stade de la procédure, pas plus qu’elle ne doit apprécier la
plausibilité des faits allégués devant elle, mais doit se borner à dire si le
différend a trait à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la CIRFT.
L’Ukraine considère que l’argument de la Fédération de Russie tendant à
ce que la Cour examine la plausibilité de sa thèse repose sur « une analogie
erronée entre les exceptions préliminaires et les mesures conservatoires
». Elle estime que la Cour, pour déterminer si elle a compétence,
doit tenir provisoirement les faits allégués pour vrais ; elle doit donc les
accepter pro tempore.
48. Bien qu’elle considère que la plausibilité des faits n’a pas à être
appréciée au stade actuel de l’instance, l’Ukraine affirme qu’elle a démontré
« de manière plus que plausible » que des actes de terrorisme, au sens
de la CIRFT, ont été commis sur son sol par des « intermédiaires » de la
Fédération de Russie. Le demandeur soutient que son mémoire offre « un
niveau de preuve extraordinairement élevé ».
49. L’Ukraine plaide qu’un certain nombre d’événements dont il est
rendu compte dans les éléments de preuve qu’elle a présentés attestent
l’existence d’infractions visées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT.
Elle affirme que des agents russes ont fourni le système de lancement de
missiles qui a été utilisé pour abattre l’aéronef qui assurait le vol MH17.
Selon elle, ce système de lancement a été « procuré sciemment » à une
organisation terroriste et il est amplement satisfait à la condition de la
connaissance énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2. L’Ukraine soutient
que la destruction de cet aéronef emportait violation de la convention de
Montréal et que la fourniture du système de lancement constituait une
infraction au regard de l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la
CIRFT. Elle ajoute avoir démontré, dans son mémoire, que des attentats
à la bombe commis par des « intermédiaires » de la Fédération de Russie
constituaient des infractions au regard de la convention internationale
pour la répression des attentats terroristes à l’explosif et que la connaissance
alléguée du financement des attaques, y compris par le biais de la
fourniture d’explosifs, tombait sous le coup de l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1
de l’article 2 de la CIRFT.
50. S’agissant d’autres incidents, l’Ukraine estime qu’il ressort du dossier
que certains épisodes de tirs d’artillerie sans discrimination tels que
ceux qui se sont produits à Volnovakha et à Marioupol constituaient des
actes de terrorisme au sens de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 582
28
same subparagraph refers to a “subjective aim, desire or plan” and
“implicitly exclud[es] knowledge-based standards”.
*
47. Ukraine contends that the Russian Federation’s preliminary objections
“improperly ask the Court to address the merits of the Parties’ dispute”.
In the Applicant’s view, the Court should not provide a definitive
interpretation of Article 2 of the ICSFT at the present stage of the proceedings,
nor should it determine the plausibility of the alleged facts
before it, but must only decide whether the dispute is one that concerns
the interpretation or application of the ICSFT. Ukraine considers that
the Russian Federation’s contention that the Court should examine the
plausibility of the case is based “on a flawed analogy between preliminary
objections and provisional measures”. It argues that the Court, in determining
whether it has jurisdiction, must provisionally assume that the
facts alleged by Ukraine are true; it must therefore accept them pro tempore.
48. Despite its view that facts should not be assessed in terms of plausibility
at the present stage of the proceedings, Ukraine contends that it
has “more than plausibly” demonstrated that acts of terrorism within the
meaning of the ICSFT have been committed by the Russian Federation’s
“proxies” on Ukrainian territory. The Applicant argues that its Memorial
contains an “extraordinary level of evidence”.
49. Ukraine maintains that a number of events documented by the evidence
presented by it establish offences covered by Article 2, paragraph 1,
of the ICSFT. It asserts that Russian officials supplied the missile launching
system that was used to shoot down flight MH17. Ukraine argues
that this launching system was “knowingly provided” to a terrorist
organization, and that the requirement of knowledge under Article 2,
paragraph 1, was amply met. Ukraine contends that the shooting down
of the aircraft constituted a violation of the Montreal Convention and
that the supply of the launching system was an offence under Article 2, paragraph
1 (a), of the ICSFT. Moreover, Ukraine argues that its Memorial
shows that bombing attacks by the Russian Federation’s “proxies” constituted
offences under the International Convention for the Suppression
of Terrorist Bombings and that the alleged knowledge of financing the
attacks, including through the supply of bombs, was covered by Article 2,
paragraph 1 (a), of the ICSFT.
50. With regard to other incidents, Ukraine argues that the evidence
presented demonstrates that certain events of indiscriminate shelling such
as those that occurred in Volnovakha and Mariupol constituted acts of
terrorism under Article 2, paragraph 1 (b), of the ICSFT because these
583 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
29
la CIRFT étant donné que ces tirs ont été effectués par des « intermédiaires
» de la Fédération de Russie dans l’intention de tuer des civils et
dans le but d’intimider une population ou de contraindre un gouvernement.
A propos d’autres allégations relatives à des actes de torture et à
des meurtres, l’Ukraine soutient que les actes en question ont été accomplis
dans l’objectif de répandre la terreur parmi une population civile.
51. L’Ukraine fait valoir que les arguments de la Fédération de Russie
concernant l’interprétation des différents éléments de l’article 2 de la
CIRFT ressortissent au fond et qu’ils n’ont pas d’incidence sur la compétence
de la Cour. Le demandeur soutient que, si la Cour devait entreprendre
une telle interprétation dès à présent, elle « trancherait
prématurément certains éléments du différend relevant du fond ». De son
point de vue, de telles questions d’interprétation sont « indissociables des
points de fait » et n’ont pas, en tout état de cause, un caractère exclusivement
préliminaire.
52. A supposer toutefois que la Cour juge nécessaire d’interpréter l’article
2 de la CIRFT au stade actuel de la procédure, l’Ukraine l’invite à
rejeter l’interprétation restrictive proposée par la Fédération de Russie.
Elle considère que les alinéas a) et b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la
CIRFT donnent une définition générale et exhaustive des actes de terrorisme.
Elle soutient également que la notion de « « fonds » au sens de l’article
premier de la CIRFT [a] une acception large englobant tous types de
biens, y compris les armes ».
53. De l’avis de l’Ukraine, les termes « toute personne » figurant au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 visent aussi bien les personnes privées que les
agents publics ou gouvernementaux. Se fondant sur une interprétation
textuelle des dispositions conventionnelles concernées, lues dans leur
contexte, l’Ukraine soutient que l’article 18 impose aux Etats l’obligation
de prévenir les infractions de financement du terrorisme et que, selon l’article
2, pareilles infractions peuvent être le fait de « « toute personne » sans
limitation ». Elle soutient que toute conclusion contraire serait « paradoxale
» puisqu’elle signifierait que la CIRFT impose à l’Etat de prévenir
le financement d’actes de terrorisme, mais sans interdire aux agents dudit
Etat d’apporter un tel financement. L’Ukraine plaide également que l’interprétation
de la Fédération de Russie va à l’encontre de l’objet et du but
de la CIRFT alors que sa propre interprétation est étayée par le préambule,
le contexte et les travaux préparatoires de la convention. Selon elle,
la Fédération de Russie confond le devoir qu’ont les Etats, au titre de
l’article 18 de la CIRFT, de prévenir le financement du terrorisme avec la
notion de responsabilité de l’Etat pour la commission d’actes de financement
du terrorisme.
54. L’Ukraine estime que fournir des fonds à des groupes en sachant
que ceux-ci se livrent à des actes de terrorisme suffit pour qu’il soit satisfait
à la condition de la connaissance énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article
2 de la CIRFT, et qu’une connaissance certaine de la destination
précise des fonds n’est pas nécessaire. Selon elle, point n’est besoin que les
groupes en question aient été qualifiés de terroristes par le Conseil de
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 583
29
acts were performed by the Russian Federation’s “proxies” with the
intent to kill civilians and for the purpose of intimidating a population or
compelling a government. Concerning further allegations of acts of torture
and killings, Ukraine submits that those acts were performed with
the objective of terrorizing a civilian population.
51. Ukraine contends that the Russian Federation’s arguments with
regard to the interpretation of the different elements of Article 2 of the
ICSFT belong to the merits, and that they do not have an impact on the
Court’s jurisdiction. The Applicant argues that, if the Court were now to
proceed to such interpretation, it would “prematurely determine some
elements of this dispute on the merits”. Ukraine submits that such issues
of interpretation are “inseparable from the factual questions” and in any
event do not possess an exclusively preliminary character.
52. If however the Court were to find it necessary to give an interpretation
of Article 2 of the ICSFT at the present stage of the proceedings,
Ukraine argues that the Russian Federation’s restrictive reading should
be dismissed. The Applicant submits that Article 2, paragraph 1 (a)
and (b), of the ICSFT gives a broad and comprehensive definition of
acts of terrorism. It also maintains that the notion of “‘funds’ under Article
1 of the ICSFT is a broad term covering all property, including weapons”.
53. In Ukraine’s view, the term “any person” in Article 2, paragraph 1,
includes both private individuals and public or government officials.
Relying on a textual interpretation of the treaty provisions, read in their
context, Ukraine contends that Article 18 imposes on States an obligation
to prevent terrorism financing offences and that, according to Article 2,
such offences may be committed by “‘any person’, without qualification”.
It maintains that concluding otherwise would be “paradoxical” as the
ICSFT would bind a State to prevent the financing of acts of terrorism,
but would not prohibit financing by officials of the same State. Ukraine
also argues that the Russian Federation’s interpretation undermines the
object and purpose of the ICSFT and that its own interpretation is, on
the contrary, supported by the preamble, the context and the preparatory
work of the Convention. The Applicant argues that the Russian Federation
is conflating the States’ duty under Article 18 of the ICSFT to prevent
terrorism financing with the notion of State responsibility for
committing terrorism financing.
54. Ukraine is of the view that providing funds to groups with the
knowledge that such groups carry out acts of terrorism is sufficient to
fulfil the requirement of knowledge under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the
ICSFT, and that certainty that the funds will be used to commit specific
acts is not required. Ukraine contends that the groups in question do not
need to be designated as terrorist by, for instance, the Security Council, a
584 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
30
sécurité, une organisation compétente ou un nombre considérable d’Etats,
par exemple, pour que le pourvoyeur des fonds ait connaissance des activités
terroristes desdits groupes.
55. L’Ukraine se penche également sur les infractions de terrorisme
visées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT. S’agissant de l’infraction
définie à l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la convention
de Montréal, elle plaide que « le statut civil ou militaire de l’aéronef
est un critère de compétence à l’égard de l’infraction, qui n’est pas lié à un
élément d’intention ». Le demandeur soutient en outre que l’expression
« acte destiné à tuer ou blesser grièvement » employée à l’alinéa b) du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIRFT ne fait pas référence à un élément
moral spécifique ; il s’agit d’« un constat objectif visant les conséquences
ordinaires d’un acte ». Cette disposition, souligne-t-il, indique également
que l’acte de terrorisme doit viser à intimider une population ou à
contraindre un gouvernement. L’Ukraine fait valoir que les desseins particuliers
des auteurs d’actes de terrorisme sont bien souvent inconnus,
mais que, en pareil cas, il est possible de déduire, comme le suggère cette
disposition, le but requis de la « nature ou [du] contexte » de l’acte.
* *
56. La Cour va à présent déterminer si le différend qui oppose les Parties
concerne l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIRFT et donc si elle
a compétence ratione materiae au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de
cette convention.
57. Comme la Cour l’a déclaré dans l’affaire des Plates-formes pétrolières
(République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) (exception
préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 809-810, par. 16) et, plus
récemment, dans l’affaire relative à Certains actifs iraniens (République
islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2019, p. 23, par. 36), pour déterminer si elle a compétence
ratione materiae au titre d’une clause compromissoire visant les différends
concernant l’interprétation ou l’application d’un traité, il lui faut rechercher
si les actes dont le demandeur tire grief « entrent dans les prévisions »
du traité contenant la clause. Il peut ainsi se révéler nécessaire d’interpréter
les dispositions qui définissent le champ d’application du traité. Dans
la présente affaire, la CIRFT doit être interprétée conformément aux
règles énoncées aux articles 31 à 33 de la convention de Vienne sur le
droit des traités du 23 mai 1969 (ci-après la « convention de Vienne ») à
laquelle l’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie sont toutes deux parties
depuis 1986.
58. A ce stade de la procédure, point n’est généralement besoin pour la
Cour de procéder à un examen des actes illicites allégués ou de la plausibilité
des griefs. La tâche de la Cour, telle que reflétée à l’article 79 du
Règlement du 14 avril 1978, tel qu’amendé le 1er février 2001, est d’examiner
les points de droit et de fait ayant trait à l’exception d’incompétence
soulevée.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 584
30
competent organization or a considerable number of States, for a financing
entity to have knowledge of the terrorist groups’ activities.
55. Ukraine also addresses the terrorism offences referred to in Article
2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT. As to the offence defined in Article 1,
paragraph 1 (b), of the Montreal Convention, it holds that “the civilian
or military status of the aircraft is a jurisdictional element of the offence,
not subject to an intent requirement”. The Applicant also maintains that
the phrase “act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury” in Article
2, paragraph 1 (b), of the ICSFT, does not refer to a specific mental
element; it is “an objective statement, referring to the ordinary consequences
of an act”. It points out that this provision further refers to the
purpose of an act of terrorism to intimidate a population or compel a
government. Ukraine states that in many cases the specific agenda of the
perpetrators of acts of terrorism will be unknown, but that in such cases
the requisite purpose can be inferred, as the provision suggests, from the
“nature or context” of the act.
* *
56. The Court will now determine whether the dispute between the
Parties is one that concerns the interpretation or the application of the
ICSFT and, therefore, whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae under
Article 24, paragraph 1, of this Convention.
57. As the Court stated in the case concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America) (Preliminary Objection,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 809-810, para. 16) and, more
recently, in the case concerning Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic
of Iran v. United States of America) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019, p. 23, para. 36), in order to determine the Court’s
jurisdiction ratione materiae under a compromissory clause concerning
disputes relating to the interpretation or application of a treaty, it is necessary
to ascertain whether the acts of which the applicant complains “fall
within the provisions” of the treaty containing the clause. This may
require the interpretation of the provisions that define the scope of the
treaty. In the present case, the ICSFT has to be interpreted according to
the rules contained in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969 (hereinafter the “Vienna Convention”),
to which both Ukraine and the Russian Federation are parties as
of 1986.
58. At the present stage of the proceedings, an examination by the
Court of the alleged wrongful acts or of the plausibility of the claims is
not generally warranted. The Court’s task, as reflected in Article 79 of the
Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February 2001, is to
consider the questions of law and fact that are relevant to the objection to
its jurisdiction.
585 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
31
59. La CIRFT impose aux Etats parties des obligations s’agissant d’infractions
commises par une personne « qui, par quelque moyen que ce soit,
directement ou indirectement, illicitement et délibérément, fournit ou réunit
des fonds dans l’intention de les voir utilisés ou en sachant qu’ils seront
utilisés, en tout ou partie, en vue de commettre » des actes de terrorisme au
sens de l’alinéa a) ou b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2. Ainsi qu’il est indiqué
dans son préambule, la convention vise l’adoption de « mesures efficaces
destinées à prévenir le financement du terrorisme ainsi qu’à le réprimer
en en poursuivant et punissant les auteurs ». La CIRFT s’applique aux
infractions commises par des individus. L’article 4, en particulier, requiert
que chaque Etat partie à la convention érige en infractions pénales au
regard de son droit interne les infractions visées à l’article 2 et punisse ces
infractions de peines appropriées. Le financement par un Etat d’actes
de terrorisme n’est pas visé par la CIRFT. Un tel financement n’entre pas
dans le champ d’application de cet instrument. Confirmation en est apportée
par les travaux préparatoires de la convention, dont il ressort que des
propositions tendant à étendre la convention au financement par un Etat
d’actes de terrorisme ont été avancées mais non adoptées (Nations Unies,
doc. A/C.6/54/SR.32-35 et 37). Comme l’a rappelé dans son rapport le
comité spécial établi par l’Assemblée générale qui a contribué à l’élaboration
de la CIRFT, certaines délégations avaient même proposé d’exclure
toutes questions touchant la responsabilité de l’Etat du champ d’application
de la convention (Nations Unies, doc. A/54/37). Toutefois, il n’a jamais
été contesté que, dans l’éventualité où un Etat manquerait aux obligations
que lui impose la CIRFT, sa responsabilité se trouverait engagée.
60. La conclusion selon laquelle le financement par un Etat d’actes de
terrorisme n’entre pas dans le champ d’application de la CIRFT ne signifie
pas qu’il est licite en droit international. La Cour rappelle que, par sa résolution
1373 (2001), le Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
agissant en vertu du chapitre VII de la Charte, a décidé que tous les Etats
devaient « s’abstenir d’apporter quelque forme d’appui que ce soit, actif ou
passif, aux entités ou personnes impliquées dans des actes de terrorisme ».
61. Lorsqu’il désigne les auteurs d’infractions de financement d’actes de
terrorisme, l’article 2 de la CIRFT fait référence à « toute personne ». Lus
en leur sens ordinaire, ces termes visent les individus de manière générale.
La convention ne contient aucun élément de nature à exclure quelque catégorie
de personnes que ce soit. Elle s’applique tant aux personnes agissant
à titre privé qu’à celles ayant le statut d’agent d’un Etat. Comme l’a relevé
la Cour (voir le paragraphe 59 ci- dessus), le financement étatique d’actes de
terrorisme n’entre pas dans le champ d’application de la CIRFT ; partant,
la commission par l’agent d’un Etat d’une infraction visée à l’article 2 n’engage
pas par elle-même la responsabilité de l’Etat concerné au titre de la
convention. Toutefois, les Etats parties à la CIRFT sont tenus de prendre
les mesures nécessaires et de coopérer pour prévenir et réprimer les infractions
de financement d’actes de terrorisme commises par quelque personne
que ce soit. Dans l’éventualité où un Etat manquerait à cette obligation, sa
responsabilité au titre de la convention se trouverait engagée.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 585
31
59. The ICSFT imposes obligations on States parties with respect to
offences committed by a person when “that person by any means, directly
or indirectly, unlawfully and wilfully, provides or collects funds with the
intention that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be
used, in full or in part, in order to carry out” acts of terrorism as described
in Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) and (b). As stated in the preamble, the purpose
of the Convention is to adopt “effective measures for the prevention
of the financing of terrorism, as well as for its suppression through the
prosecution and punishment of its perpetrators”. The ICSFT addresses
offences committed by individuals. In particular, Article 4 requires each
State party to the Convention to establish the offences set forth in Article
2 as criminal offences under its domestic law and to make those
offences punishable by appropriate penalties. The financing by a State of
acts of terrorism is not addressed by the ICSFT. It lies outside the scope
of the Convention. This is confirmed by the preparatory work of the Convention,
which indicates that proposals to include financing by States of
acts of terrorism were put forward but were not adopted (United Nations,
docs. A/C.6/54/SR.32-35 and 37). As was recalled in the report of the
Ad Hoc Committee established by the General Assembly which contributed
to the drafting of the ICSFT, some delegations even proposed to
exclude all matters of State responsibility from the scope of the Convention
(United Nations doc. A/54/37). However, it has never been contested
that if a State commits a breach of its obligations under the ICSFT, its
responsibility would be engaged.
60. The conclusion that the financing by a State of acts of terrorism
lies outside the scope of the ICSFT does not mean that it is lawful under
international law. The Court recalls that, in resolution 1373 (2001), the
United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter,
decided that all States shall “[r]efrain from providing any form of
support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist
acts”.
61. When defining the perpetrators of offences of financing acts of terrorism,
Article 2 of the ICSFT refers to “any person”. According to its
ordinary meaning, this term covers individuals comprehensively. The
Convention contains no exclusion of any category of persons. It applies
both to persons who are acting in a private capacity and to those who are
State agents. As the Court noted (see paragraph 59 above), State financing
of acts of terrorism is outside the scope of the ICSFT; therefore, the
commission by a State official of an offence described in Article 2 does
not in itself engage the responsibility of the State concerned under the
Convention. However, all States parties to the ICSFT are under an obligation
to take appropriate measures and to co-operate in the prevention
and suppression of offences of financing acts of terrorism committed by
whichever person. Should a State breach such an obligation, its responsibility
under the Convention would arise.
586 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
32
62. Comme l’indique son intitulé, la CIRFT réprime précisément le
fait d’appuyer la commission d’actes de terrorisme en les finançant. Le
paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 vise la fourniture ou la réunion de « fonds ».
Selon le paragraphe 1 de l’article premier, ce terme s’entend
« des biens de toute nature, corporels ou incorporels, mobiliers ou
immobiliers, acquis par quelque moyen que ce soit, et des documents
ou instruments juridiques sous quelque forme que ce soit, y compris
sous forme électronique ou numérique, qui attestent un droit de propriété
ou un intérêt sur ces biens, et notamment les crédits bancaires,
les chèques de voyage, les chèques bancaires, les mandats, les actions,
les titres, les obligations, les traites et les lettres de crédit, sans que
cette énumération soit limitative ».
Cette définition englobe de nombreuses sortes d’instruments financiers
ainsi que d’autres biens. La Fédération de Russie n’ayant pas soulevé
d’exception d’incompétence particulière au sujet de la portée du terme
« fonds », et en particulier en ce qui concerne la fourniture d’armes mentionnée
par l’Ukraine dans ses conclusions, il n’est nul besoin de traiter de
cette question touchant au champ d’application de la CIRFT au stade
actuel de la procédure. L’interprétation de la définition de ce terme pourrait
toutefois être pertinente, le cas échéant, lors de l’examen au fond.
63. Un élément constitutif d’une infraction visée au paragraphe 1 de
l’article 2 de la CIRFT est que le pourvoyeur doit fournir les fonds « dans
l’intention de les voir utilisés ou en sachant qu’ils seront utilisés » en vue
de commettre un acte de terrorisme. L’existence de l’intention ou de la
connaissance requise soulève des questions complexes de droit et surtout
de fait qui divisent les Parties et relèvent du fond. Cela vaut également
pour la question de savoir si un acte particulier entre dans les prévisions
de l’alinéa a) ou b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2. Cette question est,
dans une large mesure, factuelle et relève du fond de l’affaire. Dans le
cadre de la CIRFT, les questions concernant l’existence des éléments
moraux requis n’ont pas d’incidence sur la portée de la convention et ne
sont donc pas pertinentes pour ce qui est de la compétence ratione materiae
de la Cour. Si l’affaire devait se poursuivre au fond, ces questions
seront tranchées à ce stade.
64. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que l’exception
soulevée par la Fédération de Russie quant à sa compétence ratione materiae
au titre de la CIRFT ne peut être retenue.
B. Les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 24
de la CIRFT
65. La Cour doit à présent rechercher si les conditions procédurales
préalables qui sont énoncées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT
(voir le paragraphe 34 ci- dessus) sont remplies. Dans ce contexte, la Cour
recherchera si le différend entre les Parties n’a pas pu être réglé par voie
de négociation dans un délai raisonnable et, dans ce cas, si les Parties ne
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 586
32
62. As the title of the ICSFT indicates, the Convention specifically
concerns the support given to acts of terrorism by financing them. Article
2, paragraph 1, refers to the provision or collection of “funds”. This
term is defined in Article 1, paragraph 1, as meaning:
“assets of every kind, whether tangible or intangible, movable or
immovable, however acquired, and legal documents or instruments
in any form, including electronic or digital, evidencing title to, or
interest in, such assets, including, but not limited to, bank credits,
travellers cheques, bank cheques, money orders, shares, securities,
bonds, drafts, letters of credit”.
This definition covers many kinds of financial instruments and includes
also other assets. Since no specific objection to the Court’s jurisdiction
was made by the Russian Federation with regard to the scope of the term
“funds” and in particular to the reference in Ukraine’s submissions to the
provision of weapons, this issue relating to the scope of the ICSFT need
not be addressed at the present stage of the proceedings. However, the
interpretation of the definition of “funds” could be relevant, as appropriate,
at the stage of an examination of the merits.
63. An element of an offence under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the
ICSFT is that the person concerned has provided funds “with the intention
that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be
used” to commit an act of terrorism. The existence of the requisite intention
or knowledge raises complex issues of law and especially of fact that
divide the Parties and are properly a matter for the merits. The same may
be said of the question whether a specific act falls within the meaning of
Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) or (b). This question is largely of a factual
nature and is properly a matter for the merits of the case. Within the
framework of the ICSFT, questions concerning the existence of the requisite
mental elements do not affect the scope of the Convention and therefore
are not relevant to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae. Should
the case proceed to the examination of the merits, those questions will be
decided at that stage.
64. In light of the above, the Court concludes that the objection raised
by the Russian Federation to its jurisdiction ratione materiae under the
ICSFT cannot be upheld.
B. Procedural Preconditions under Article 24 of the ICSFT
65. The Court needs now to examine whether the procedural preconditions
set forth in Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT (see paragraph 34
above) have been fulfilled. In this context, the Court will consider whether
the dispute between the Parties could not be settled through negotiation
within a reasonable time and, if so, whether the Parties were unable to
587 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
33
sont pas parvenues à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation d’un arbitrage
dans les six mois suivant la date de la demande d’arbitrage.
1. La question de savoir si le différend entre les Parties n’a pas pu être réglé
par voie de négociation
66. La Fédération de Russie relève que, selon le paragraphe 1 de l’article
24 de la CIRFT, les parties doivent mener des négociations au sujet
de leur différend et doivent, en cas d’échec, s’efforcer de parvenir à un
règlement par voie d’arbitrage. Elle plaide que la Cour ne peut être saisie
que lorsqu’il a été véritablement tenté de suivre ces deux procédures et
que ni l’une ni l’autre n’a donné de résultat.
67. La Fédération de Russie est d’avis qu’il ne suffit pas que les parties
engagent simplement des négociations ; il faut que ces négociations aient
un sens et qu’elles aient été poursuivies « autant que possible ». Elle fait
valoir que de « simples protestations ou contestations » ne suffisent pas
pour qu’il soit satisfait à la condition préalable de négociation. Elle fait
grief à l’Ukraine de n’avoir pas tenté de négocier de bonne foi. De son
point de vue, l’Ukraine ne s’est engagée dans des négociations qu’« en vue
de soumettre le présent différend à la Cour », et non de régler les questions
divisant les Parties. La Fédération de Russie affirme que, lors des
négociations, l’Ukraine n’a fait aucun cas des intérêts russes. Selon elle,
l’Ukraine n’a pas non plus envisagé de modifier sa position en quoi que
ce soit et a refusé d’étayer certaines de ses allégations, bien que la Fédération
de Russie l’en eût priée à plusieurs reprises. La partie défenderesse
fait observer que des négociations ont eu lieu à Minsk, ce qu’elle avait
elle-même proposé, montrant qu’elle était disposée « à reconsidérer sa
propre position ». La Fédération de Russie soutient en outre que, dans ses
notes verbales, l’Ukraine ne s’intéressait pour l’essentiel nullement à la
CIRFT, mais l’accusait d’actes d’agression et d’intervention dans les
affaires intérieures ukrainiennes.
*
68. L’Ukraine indique que les Parties ont négocié de manière approfondie
pendant deux ans, même si le différend n’a finalement pu être réglé
par cette voie. Elle fait observer qu’elle a adressé plus de vingt notes verbales
à la Fédération de Russie et que les représentants des Parties se sont
rencontrés à quatre reprises pour négocier. L’Ukraine affirme qu’elle a
véritablement tenté de négocier avec la Fédération de Russie et de discuter
de bonne foi de l’ensemble des questions qui les divisaient concernant
la CIRFT. Elle précise que les négociations ne portaient pas sur des actes
d’agression et d’intervention. Du point de vue du demandeur, c’est la
Fédération de Russie qui n’a pas véritablement tenté de régler le différend
étant donné qu’elle n’a pas réellement pris ses griefs en considération et
qu’elle a refusé de tenir compte de ses arguments. L’Ukraine est d’avis
que, lorsque des négociations ont été menées « autant que possible dans le
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 587
33
agree on the organization of an arbitration within six months from the
date of the request for arbitration.
1. Whether the dispute between the Parties could not be settled through
negotiation
66. The Russian Federation notes that, under Article 24, paragraph 1,
of the ICSFT, the Parties must pursue negotiations over their dispute and
that, in the event of failure, they shall try to agree on a settlement by way
of arbitration. It argues that the Court may be seised only if genuine
attempts to pursue these procedures have been made and both failed.
67. The Russian Federation is of the view that it is not sufficient for
the Parties simply to enter into negotiations; these must be meaningful
and pursued “as far as possible”. The Respondent argues that “mere protests
and disputations” are not sufficient to fulfil the precondition relating
to negotiation. It maintains that Ukraine did not attempt to negotiate in
good faith. The Russian Federation considers that Ukraine only engaged
in negotiations “with a view to bring this dispute before this Court” and
not with the objective of settling the matters in contention between the
Parties. It states that during the negotiations Ukraine did not take into
account the Russian Federation’s interests. According to the Respondent,
Ukraine also did not contemplate any modification to its position and
refused to substantiate some of its allegations, notwithstanding requests
to do so made by the Russian Federation. The Respondent points out
that negotiations took place in Minsk at its suggestion and that it showed
its willingness “to contemplate modifications of its own position”. Furthermore,
the Russian Federation contends that, in its Notes Verbales,
the Applicant mainly did not address the ICSFT, but rather raised allegations
of acts of aggression and of intervention in the internal affairs of
Ukraine.
*
68. Ukraine points out that the Parties negotiated extensively for two
years, even though the dispute ultimately could not be resolved by
negotiations. It mentions that it sent more than twenty Notes Verbales to
the Russian Federation and that the Parties met in four rounds of in-person
negotiations. Ukraine maintains that it has genuinely attempted to
negotiate with the Russian Federation and to discuss in good faith all
the issues separating them under the ICSFT. Ukraine specifies that the
negotiations did not concern acts of aggression and intervention. In the
Applicant’s opinion, there was no genuine attempt by the Russian Federation
to settle the dispute as it did not meaningfully engage with the
claims raised by Ukraine and refused to take account of the latter’s positions.
The Applicant is of the view that, when negotiations have been
conducted “as far as possible with a view to settling the dispute” but have
588 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
34
but de régler le différend » mais qu’elles ont échoué, sont devenues inutiles
ou ont abouti à une impasse, la condition préalable de négociation est
remplie. L’Ukraine estime que les négociations prescrites par le paragraphe
1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT ne doivent durer que pendant « un
délai raisonnable » et non être poursuivies jusqu’à devenir inutiles. Il
n’aurait, à son sens, pas été raisonnable d’exiger des Parties qu’elles persistent
à négocier pendant un long moment encore.
* *
69. La Cour considère que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT
exige, comme première condition procédurale préalable à la compétence
de la Cour, qu’un Etat ait véritablement tenté de négocier pour régler le
différend en cause avec l’autre Etat concerné. Selon la même disposition,
la condition préalable de négociation est remplie si le différend « ne peut
pas être réglé par voie de négociation dans un délai raisonnable ». Comme
elle l’a fait observer dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), la négociation « doit concerner l’objet
du différend, qui doit lui-même se rapporter aux obligations de fond prévues
par l’instrument en question » (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 133, par. 161).
70. La Cour rappelle que, le 28 juillet 2014, l’Ukraine a adressé à la
Fédération de Russie une note verbale dans laquelle elle déclarait ce qui
suit :
« en vertu des dispositions de la convention internationale de 1999 pour
la répression du financement du terrorisme, la Partie russe doit prendre
les mesures nécessaires au regard de son droit interne pour enquêter sur
les faits dont il est fait mention dans les informations communiquées
par la Partie ukrainienne, et engager des poursuites pénales contre les
personnes impliquées dans le financement du terrorisme ».
Elle y proposait « l’ouverture de négociations sur l’interprétation et l’application
de la [CIRFT] ». Le 15 août 2014, la Fédération de Russie a fait
savoir à l’Ukraine qu’elle était « disposée à mener des négociations sur la
question de l’interprétation et de l’application de la [CIRFT] ». Si les
échanges de notes et les rencontres entre les Parties n’ont pas toujours été
ciblés sur l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIRFT, les négociations
relatives aux griefs de l’Ukraine concernant cette convention y tenaient
toutefois une place importante. En particulier, dans une note verbale du
24 septembre 2014, l’Ukraine affirmait que
« la Partie russe, de façon illicite et délibérée, tant directement qu’indirectement,
transf[érait] du matériel militaire, fourni[ssait] des fonds
aux fins de l’entraînement de terroristes sur son territoire, apport[ait]
à ceux-ci un appui matériel et les envo[yait] en territoire ukrainien
pour qu’ils prennent part aux activités terroristes de la RPD et de la
RPL, entre autres ».
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 588
34
failed, become futile or reached a deadlock, the precondition of holding
negotiations is fulfilled. Ukraine submits that Article 24, paragraph 1, of
the ICSFT only requires negotiations to be conducted for a “reasonable
time” and not to the point of futility. Ukraine contends that it would not
have been reasonable to require further negotiations between the Parties
for an extended period of time.
* *
69. The Court considers that Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT
requires, as a first procedural precondition to the Court’s jurisdiction,
that a State makes a genuine attempt to settle through negotiation the
dispute in question with the other State concerned. According to the same
provision, the precondition of negotiation is met when the dispute “cannot
be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time”. As was
observed in the case concerning the Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), “the subject-matter of the negotiations
must relate to the subject-matter of the dispute which, in turn, must concern
the substantive obligations contained in the treaty in question” (Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 133, para. 161).
70. The Court recalls that, on 28 July 2014, Ukraine wrote a Note Verbale
to the Russian Federation, stating that
“under the provisions of the 1999 International Convention for the
Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the Russian Party is under
an obligation to take such measures, which may be necessary under
its domestic law to investigate the facts contained in the information
submitted by the Ukrainian Party, as well as to prosecute persons
involved in financing of terrorism”,
and proposing “to conduct negotiations on the issue of interpretation and
application of the [ICSFT]”. On 15 August 2014, the Russian Federation
informed Ukraine of its “readiness to conduct negotiations on the issue of
interpretation and application of the [ICSFT]”. While exchanges of Notes
and meetings between the Parties did not always focus on the interpretation
or application of the ICSFT, negotiations over Ukraine’s claims
relating to this Convention were a substantial part. In particular, in a
Note Verbale of 24 September 2014 Ukraine contended that
“the Russian Side illegally, directly and indirectly, intentionally transfers
military equipment, provides the funds for terrorists training on
its territory, gives them material support and send[s] them to the territory
of Ukraine for participation in the terrorist activities of the
DPR and the LPR, etc.”.
589 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
35
Le 24 novembre 2014, la Fédération de Russie a contesté que les actes
allégués par l’Ukraine fussent susceptibles de constituer des violations de
la CIRFT, mais a accepté l’inscription, à l’ordre du jour des consultations
bilatérales, d’un point consacré au « fondement juridique international de
la répression du financement du terrorisme, tel qu’applicable aux relations
russo-ukrainiennes ». Cette note a été suivie de plusieurs autres ; en
outre, quatre rencontres ont eu lieu à Minsk, la dernière à la date du
17 mars 2016. Peu de progrès ont été enregistrés par les Parties lors de
leurs négociations. La Cour conclut en conséquence que le différend n’a
pas pu être réglé par voie de négociation dans ce qui doit être considéré
comme un délai raisonnable, de sorte que la première condition préalable
est remplie.
2. La question de savoir si les Parties ne sont pas parvenues à se mettre
d’accord sur l’organisation d’un arbitrage
71. La Fédération de Russie affirme que l’Ukraine n’a pas non
plus satisfait à la condition préalable requérant que le différend entre les
Parties soit soumis à l’arbitrage. Elle soutient que l’Ukraine n’a pas
dûment mené des négociations en vue de l’organisation d’un arbitrage.
Elle relève que l’Ukraine a insisté pour qu’une chambre ad hoc de la
Cour soit constituée en tant qu’instance d’arbitrage, ce qui, de son point
de vue, était inadéquat puisque le renvoi du différend devant une chambre
de la Cour ne peut être considéré comme une forme de recours à l’arbitrage.
72. La Fédération de Russie relève également que, selon le paragraphe
1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT, une réclamation ne peut être portée
devant la Cour que si les parties ne sont pas parvenues à se mettre d’accord
sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans les six mois qui suivent la date
de la demande d’arbitrage formulée par l’une d’elles. Elle considère qu’il
ne suffit pas que, « de fait », le délai de six mois se soit écoulé sans que
les parties soient parvenues au moindre accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage.
Il doit, de l’avis du défendeur, être « véritablement tenté » de parvenir
à un accord. Or, de son point de vue, en campant sur certains
principes fondamentaux censés régir l’arbitrage et en ne soumettant
aucune proposition concrète de texte de compromis d’arbitrage tout en
refusant les propositions de la Fédération de Russie, l’Ukraine n’a pas
véritablement tenté d’organiser un arbitrage conformément à l’article 24
de la CIRFT.
73. La Fédération de Russie soutient que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 24
de la CIRFT impose aux parties de négocier en vue de « se mettre d’accord
sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage » et donc de décider de la composition
du tribunal, du droit applicable ainsi que des questions administratives.
Le défendeur plaide que les Parties étaient d’accord sur la plupart des
questions concernant l’organisation de l’arbitrage. Selon lui, les négociations
y afférentes n’avaient pas abouti à une impasse. Ainsi, de l’avis de la
Fédération de Russie, la condition procédurale préalable consistant à ce
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 589
35
On 24 November 2014, the Russian Federation contested that the acts
alleged by Ukraine could constitute violations of the ICSFT, but accepted
that the agenda for bilateral consultations include the “international legal
basis for suppression of financing of terrorism as applicable to the
Russian-Ukrainian relations”. After that Note, several others followed;
moreover, four meetings were held in Minsk, the last one on 17 March
2016. Little progress was made by the Parties during their negotiations.
The Court therefore concludes that the dispute could not be settled through
negotiation in what has to be regarded as a reasonable time and that the
first precondition is accordingly met.
2. Whether the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of an
arbitration
71. The Russian Federation contends that Ukraine has also not satisfied
the precondition to submit the Parties’ dispute to arbitration. It
argues that Ukraine did not properly engage in negotiations with a view
to organize an arbitration. It points out that Ukraine insisted that an
ad hoc chamber of the Court should be constituted as the forum for arbitration,
and in the Russian Federation’s view, this suggestion was not
apposite because referral of the dispute to a chamber of the Court cannot
be regarded as a form of submission to arbitration.
72. The Russian Federation also points out that, according to Article
24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT, a claim may be brought before the
Court only if the parties have been unable to agree on the organization of
an arbitration within six months from the date of the request by one of
them for arbitration. It considers that it is not sufficient “as a matter of
fact” that the six-month period has elapsed without reaching any agreement
on the organization of the arbitration. What is required, the Respondent
maintains, is a “genuine attempt” to reach an agreement. In the
Russian Federation’s view, Ukraine — by insisting on some core principles
that would govern the arbitration and by not submitting any concrete
suggestions for the text of an arbitration agreement while refusing
the Russian Federation’s proposals — did not genuinely attempt to organize
the arbitration pursuant to Article 24 of the ICSFT.
73. The Russian Federation maintains that Article 24, paragraph 1, of
the ICSFT requires the parties to negotiate with a view to “agree on the
organization of the arbitration” and that accordingly they must decide on
the composition of the tribunal, the law applicable, as well as on administrative
matters. The Respondent argues that the Parties were in agreement
with regard to most issues concerning the organization of the
arbitration. It asserts that negotiations with regard to the arbitration had
not reached a deadlock. In the Russian Federation’s view, the procedural
590 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
36
que les Parties soumettent leur différend à l’arbitrage, énoncée à l’article
24 de la CIRFT, n’est pas remplie.
*
74. L’Ukraine fait observer qu’elle a, dans une note verbale en date
du 19 avril 2016 adressée à la Fédération de Russie, directement sollicité
le recours à un arbitrage en vue de régler le différend qui opposait les
deux Etats. A rebours de ce qu’affirme la Fédération de Russie, l’Ukraine
soutient que sa proposition ultérieure visant la formation d’une chambre
ad hoc de la Cour n’était qu’une autre possibilité sur laquelle elle n’a pas
insisté.
75. L’Ukraine considère que les Parties ne sont pas parvenues à se
mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans le délai de six
mois visé au paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT. Elle indique que
la Fédération de Russie a répondu à sa demande d’arbitrage plus de
deux mois après l’avoir reçue et qu’elle n’a alors proposé de tenir qu’un
mois plus tard une rencontre afin de discuter de l’organisation d’un
tel arbitrage. L’Ukraine soutient en outre que, lors de leur première réunion,
la Fédération de Russie n’a pas pris en considération les vues
qu’elle avait formulées quant à l’organisation de l’arbitrage. Elle indique
que, lorsque les négociations concernant l’organisation de l’arbitrage
ont été abandonnées, les Parties n’étaient convenues que de discuter
encore des modalités de l’arbitrage et d’examiner leurs positions respectives,
sans être parvenues au moindre accord sur l’organisation concrète de cet
arbitrage. L’Ukraine affirme qu’elle a véritablement tenté de parvenir à un
accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans le délai requis.
* *
76. La Cour rappelle que, le 19 avril 2016, soit près de deux ans après
l’ouverture des négociations entre les Parties à propos de leur différend,
l’Ukraine a indiqué dans une note verbale que ces négociations avaient
« échoué » et que, « en application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la
convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme,
[elle] demand[ait] à la Fédération de Russie de consentir à ce que le
différend [fût] soumis à un arbitrage dont les modalités ser[aient] arrêtées
d’un commun accord ». Les Parties ont ensuite négocié sur l’organisation
de l’arbitrage jusqu’au terme d’une période de six mois. Lors de ces négociations,
l’Ukraine a également proposé que le différend fasse l’objet
d’une procédure autre que l’arbitrage, à savoir qu’il soit porté devant une
chambre de la Cour. En tout état de cause, les Parties ne sont pas parvenues
à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans le délai
requis. La seconde condition préalable énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article
24 de la CIRFT doit donc être tenue pour remplie.
77. La Cour conclut en conséquence qu’il a été satisfait aux conditions
procédurales préalables énoncées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 590
36
precondition to submit the Parties’ dispute to arbitration set forth in Article
24 of the ICSFT has not been fulfilled.
*
74. Ukraine points out that it submitted to the Russian Federation a
Note Verbale dated 19 April 2016 which contained a direct request to
have recourse to arbitration with a view to settling their dispute. Contrary
to the Russian Federation’s argument, Ukraine maintains that its
later suggestion to constitute an ad hoc chamber of the Court was only an
alternative option on which it did not insist.
75. Ukraine argues that the Parties were unable to agree on the organization
of the arbitration within the six-month period referred to in Article
24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT. It notes that the Russian Federation
responded to its request for arbitration more than two months after
receiving it and only offered to meet to discuss the organization of the
arbitration a further month later. Ukraine maintains moreover that at the
first meeting the Russian Federation did not address Ukraine’s views on
the organization of the arbitration. The Applicant asserts that, when
negotiations with respect to the organization of the arbitration were discontinued,
the Parties had only agreed to discuss the details of the arbitration
further and to consider each other’s positions, and had not reached
any agreement on the actual organization of the arbitration. Ukraine submits
that it genuinely attempted to reach an agreement on the organization
of the arbitration within the requisite period.
* *
76. The Court recalls that, nearly two years after the start of negotiations
between the Parties over the dispute, Ukraine sent on 19 April 2016
a Note Verbale in which it stated that those negotiations had “failed” and
that, “pursuant to Article 24, paragraph 1, of the Financing Terrorism
Convention, [it] request[ed] the Russian Federation to submit the dispute
to arbitration under terms to be agreed by mutual consent”. Negotiations
concerning the organization of the arbitration were subsequently held
until a period of six months expired. During these negotiations, Ukraine
also suggested to refer the dispute to a procedure other than arbitration,
namely the submission of the dispute to a chamber of the Court. In any
event, the Parties were unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration
during the requisite period. The second precondition stated in Article
24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT must thus be regarded as fulfilled.
77. The Court therefore considers that the procedural preconditions
set forth in Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT were met. The Court
591 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
37
CIRFT. Elle a donc compétence pour connaître des demandes présentées
sur le fondement de cette disposition.
III. La convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
78. La Cour examinera à présent les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par la Fédération de Russie à l’égard de la compétence de la Cour et
de la recevabilité des demandes de l’Ukraine fondées sur la CIEDR.
Comme il a été indiqué plus haut (voir le paragraphe 36), le défendeur
soutient que la Cour n’a pas compétence ratione materiae au titre de cet
instrument, et que les conditions procédurales préalables à sa saisine
énoncées à l’article 22 de celui-ci ne sont pas remplies ; la Fédération de
Russie plaide également que la requête de l’Ukraine, en ce qu’elle a
trait aux griefs fondés sur la CIEDR, est irrecevable au motif que les
voies de recours internes n’avaient pas été épuisées préalablement à la
saisine de la Cour. La Cour examinera successivement chacune de ces
exceptions.
A. La compétence ratione materiae au titre de la CIEDR
79. La Fédération de Russie estime que la véritable question en litige
entre les Parties n’a pas trait à la discrimination raciale, mais au statut de
la Crimée. Elle soutient que les mesures qualifiées de constitutives de discrimination
raciale par l’Ukraine n’enfreignent pas la CIEDR puisqu’elles
ne se fondent sur aucun des motifs énoncés au paragraphe 1 de l’article
premier de cet instrument. Selon le défendeur, les griefs de l’Ukraine relatifs
à la discrimination raciale consistent à dire que des mesures que la
Fédération de Russie aurait prises à l’encontre de membres de certaines
communautés ethniques étaient motivées par l’opposition de ces communautés
à la « prétendue annexion » de la Crimée.
80. Selon la Fédération de Russie, l’Ukraine se fourvoie lorsqu’elle
tente de fonder la définition des « groupes ethniques » au sens de la
CIEDR sur la manière dont les membres d’un groupe s’identifient
eux-mêmes politiquement et sur leurs convictions politiques. La Fédération
de Russie affirme que la définition que donne l’Ukraine de l’« appartenance
ethnique » ne correspond ni au sens ordinaire de la CIEDR ni à
l’intention de ses auteurs, et qu’elle n’est pas étayée non plus par la pratique
des Etats ou les décisions du Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination
raciale (ci-après le « Comité de la CIEDR » ou le « Comité »). La
Fédération de Russie ne conteste pas, en tout état de cause, que les Tatars
de Crimée et les Ukrainiens de souche en Crimée constituent des groupes
ethniques distincts protégés par la CIEDR.
81. D’après le défendeur, les griefs selon lesquels il aurait pratiqué une
discrimination entre ses ressortissants et les non-ressortissants excèdent le
champ d’application de la CIEDR puisqu’ils ne sont pas compatibles
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 591
37
thus has jurisdiction to entertain the claims made pursuant to that provision.
III. The International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination
78. The Court will now examine the Russian Federation’s preliminary
objections to the Court’s jurisdiction and the admissibility of Ukraine’s
claims under CERD. As stated above (see paragraph 36), the Russian
Federation argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction ratione materiae
under CERD, and that the procedural preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction
set out in Article 22 of the Convention are not met; it also argues
that Ukraine’s Application with regard to claims under CERD is
inadmissible because local remedies had not been exhausted before the
dispute was referred to the Court. The Court will deal with each objection
in turn.
A. Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae under CERD
79. It is the Russian Federation’s position that the real issue in dispute
between the Parties does not concern racial discrimination but the status
of Crimea. The Russian Federation contends that the measures which
Ukraine characterizes as racial discrimination are not in breach of CERD,
since they are not based on any of the grounds set out in Article 1, paragraph
1, of CERD. According to the Respondent, Ukraine’s claims of
racial discrimination consist in asserting that measures allegedly taken by
the Russian Federation in respect of members of certain ethnic communities
were motivated by the opposition of these communities to the “purported
annexation” of Crimea.
80. According to the Russian Federation, Ukraine’s attempt to define
“ethnic groups” within the meaning of CERD on the basis of political
self-identification and opinions is misconceived. The Russian Federation
argues that Ukraine’s definition of “ethnicity” is not in consonance either
with the ordinary meaning of CERD, or with the intention of its drafters,
and is also unsupported both by State practice, and by the decisions of
the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (hereinafter
the “CERD Committee”). The Russian Federation does not contest, in
any event, that Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea constitute
distinct ethnic groups protected by CERD.
81. The Respondent argues that the claims that it discriminated
between citizens and non-citizens are beyond the scope of CERD, in so
far as they are incompatible with Article 1, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the
592 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
38
avec les paragraphes 2 et 3 de son article premier, dont l’un exclut expressément
du champ d’application de la convention les « distinctions, exclusions,
restrictions ou préférences établies par un Etat partie à la convention
selon qu’il s’agit de ses ressortissants ou de non-ressortissants » et l’autre
précise que la CIEDR ne saurait « affect[er] de quelque manière que ce
soit les dispositions législatives des Etats parties à la convention concernant
la nationalité, la citoyenneté ou la naturalisation ».
82. La Fédération de Russie soutient en outre qu’un certain nombre de
droits invoqués par l’Ukraine ne sont pas protégés par la CIEDR. D’après
le défendeur, l’argument de l’Ukraine selon lequel l’article 5 de la CIEDR
inclut le droit « de revenir dans son pays », auquel la législation russe en
matière de citoyenneté porterait atteinte, vise seulement à contourner l’article
premier de la convention puisque la CIEDR ne protège un tel droit
que si son titulaire fait l’objet d’une discrimination raciale au sens de la
convention. Sur cette base, la Fédération de Russie soutient que la prétendue
imposition de la citoyenneté russe en Crimée ne saurait constituer
une violation de la CIEDR.
83. S’agissant de l’interdiction du Majlis des Tatars de Crimée, la
Fédération de Russie affirme que le droit politique des Tatars de Crimée
de conserver leurs instances représentatives n’est pas protégé par les alinéas
c) et e) de l’article 5 de la CIEDR, ces dispositions étant limitées à
la protection des droits politiques individuels et non collectifs.
84. Le défendeur affirme en outre que le droit à l’éducation et à la formation
professionnelle, auquel fait référence le point v) de l’alinéa e) de
l’article 5 de la CIEDR, ne garantit pas un droit absolu à un enseignement
dans sa langue maternelle, l’objectif de cette disposition étant seulement
d’assurer à toute personne, quelle que soit son origine ethnique, un
droit d’accès au système national d’enseignement.
85. La Fédération de Russie soutient que, en plaidant que les Tatars de
Crimée ont fait l’objet de mesures discriminatoires parce qu’ils étaient de
confession musulmane, l’Ukraine interprète de façon erronée la portée de
la CIEDR, laquelle n’englobe pas la discrimination fondée sur des motifs
religieux.
86. Selon la Fédération de Russie, une grande partie des violations de
la CIEDR alléguées par l’Ukraine reposent sur l’hypothèse que l’application
des lois russes en Crimée emporte violation de certaines règles du
droit international humanitaire et, par suite, de la CIEDR, suivant la
logique de l’Ukraine. La Fédération de Russie avance que l’Ukraine
cherche à contester l’application des lois russes en Crimée en prétendant
invoquer la CIEDR, alors qu’elle se réfère en réalité à certaines règles du
droit international humanitaire.
*
87. L’Ukraine fait valoir que, bien qu’elle soit dans l’obligation de
faire référence à l’« intervention » de la Fédération de Russie en Crimée en
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 592
38
Convention, which expressly excludes from its scope “distinctions, exclusions,
restrictions or preferences made by a State Party to this Convention
between citizens and non-citizens”, and does not affect “in any way
the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality, citizenship or
naturalization”.
82. The Russian Federation further contends that a number of rights
invoked by Ukraine are not protected under CERD. According to the
Respondent, Ukraine’s argument that Article 5 of CERD includes a right
“to return to one’s country”, allegedly breached by Russian citizenship
laws, was only made to circumvent Article 1 of the Convention, since
such a right is not protected under CERD unless the person concerned is
subject to racial discrimination within the meaning of the Convention. On
this basis, the Russian Federation argues that the alleged imposition of
Russian citizenship in Crimea could not be a breach of CERD.
83. In relation to the ban on the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People,
the Russian Federation contends that the political right of the Crimean
Tatars to retain their representative institutions is not protected under
Article 5, paragraphs (c) and (e), of CERD, as those provisions protect
only individual and not collective, political rights.
84. The Respondent also states that the right to education and training,
to which Article 5, paragraph (e) (v), of CERD refers, does not
guarantee an absolute right to be educated in one’s native language, since
this provision only aims to ensure the right of everyone to have access to
a national educational system, irrespective of ethnic origin.
85. The Russian Federation contends that by claiming that Crimean
Tatars have been discriminated against because of their Muslim faith,
Ukraine misconstrues the scope of CERD, which does not include discrimination
based on religious grounds.
86. According to the Russian Federation, a considerable part of the
alleged violations of CERD to which Ukraine refers is based on the
assumption that the application of Russian laws in Crimea amounts to
a breach of certain rules of international humanitarian law, which,
following Ukraine’s logic, would in turn entail a breach of CERD. The
Russian Federation contends that Ukraine is seeking to challenge
the application of Russian laws in Crimea, purportedly on the basis of
CERD, but actually by reference to certain rules of international humanitarian
law.
*
87. Ukraine argues that, while it is obliged to refer to the Russian Federation’s
“intervention” in Crimea in describing the alleged campaign of
593 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
39
décrivant la campagne de discrimination raciale que cette dernière aurait
menée contre les communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée, ni le
fond de ses demandes ni la réparation qu’elle sollicite ne se rapportent au
statut de la Crimée.
88. Selon l’Ukraine, ses griefs au titre de la CIEDR relèvent clairement
de la définition de la « discrimination raciale » au sens du paragraphe 1 de
l’article premier de la convention. L’Ukraine allègue que la Fédération de
Russie a mis en oeuvre une « politique de discrimination dans les affaires
politiques et civiles » et une « campagne d’annihilation culturelle » à l’encontre
des Ukrainiens de souche et des Tatars de Crimée. Le demandeur
affirme que la Fédération de Russie a porté atteinte aux droits civils et
politiques des communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée par une série
d’assassinats ciblés et d’actes de torture ; de disparitions forcées et d’enlèvements
; de perquisitions et de détentions arbitraires ; l’imposition de la
citoyenneté russe aux habitants de Crimée ; et l’interdiction du Majlis. Le
demandeur affirme en outre que la Fédération de Russie a porté atteinte
aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de ces communautés par
l’imposition de restrictions aux médias ukrainiens et tatars de Crimée ; la
dégradation du patrimoine culturel de ces communautés ; l’interdiction de
grands rassemblements culturels de ces communautés ; et la négation de
droits des minorités en matière d’éducation et, en particulier, les restrictions
imposées concernant l’enseignement en langues ukrainienne et tatare
de Crimée. Le demandeur estime que ces mesures étaient principalement
dirigées contre deux groupes ethniques, à savoir les communautés ukrainienne
et tatare de Crimée, et qu’elles avaient « pour but ou pour effet »
de toucher de manière disproportionnée ces communautés en leur réservant
un traitement moins favorable que celui dont jouissaient d’autres
groupes ethniques en Crimée. En conséquence, l’Ukraine soutient que ces
mesures constituent une discrimination raciale au sens du paragraphe 1
de l’article premier de la CIEDR.
89. L’Ukraine affirme que son mémoire montre, « article par article »,
que le comportement de la Fédération de Russie a eu pour effet de restreindre
ou de réduire à néant les droits et libertés des communautés
ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée protégés en vertu des alinéas a) et b) du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 2, de l’article 4, des alinéas a) à e) de l’article 5
et des articles 6 et 7 de la CIEDR. Partant, l’Ukraine affirme que ses
demandes ont trait à un aspect du différend qui concerne l’interprétation
ou l’application de la CIEDR.
90. De plus, l’Ukraine avance que le droit de ne pas être déporté de son
propre pays par une « puissance occupante » constitue un droit de l’homme
ou une liberté fondamentale dont le déni pour des motifs raciaux ou ethniques
emporte violation de la CIEDR. L’Ukraine plaide encore que le
déni par le souverain territorial ou une « puissance occupante » du droit de
revenir dans son pays emporte lui aussi violation de la convention.
L’Ukraine souligne également que, au regard du paragraphe 3 de l’article
premier de la CIEDR, les lois sur la citoyenneté adoptées par les Etats
parties à la convention peuvent enfreindre la CIEDR dès lors qu’elles sont
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 593
39
racial discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities
in Crimea, neither the substance of Ukraine’s claims, nor the relief
requested, concern the status of Crimea.
88. According to Ukraine, its claims under CERD fall squarely within
the definition of “racial discrimination” under Article 1, paragraph 1, of
the Convention. Ukraine alleges that the Russian Federation has implemented
a “policy of discrimination in political and civil affairs” and a
“campaign of cultural erasure” against Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians
in Crimea. The Applicant claims that the Russian Federation has
impaired the civil and political rights of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian
communities in Crimea by a series of targeted murders and acts of
torture; forced disappearances and abductions; arbitrary searches and
detentions; the imposition of Russian citizenship on the residents of
Crimea; and the ban on the Mejlis. The Applicant also claims that the
Russian Federation has impaired the economic, social and cultural rights
of these communities, by imposing restrictions on Crimean Tatar and
Ukrainian media outlets; the degradation of their cultural heritage; the
suppression of culturally significant gatherings of these communities; and
the suppression of minority rights relating to education, and in particular
restrictions placed on education in the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian languages.
It is the Applicant’s position that these measures were principally
aimed against the ethnic groups of Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities
in Crimea and had the “purpose and/or effect” of disproportionately
affecting these communities less favourably than other ethnic groups
in Crimea. Accordingly, Ukraine maintains that these measures amount
to racial discrimination within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of
CERD.
89. Ukraine argues that its Memorial shows, “on an article-by-article
basis”, that the Russian Federation’s conduct has resulted in nullifying or
limiting the rights and freedoms of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian
communities protected under Articles 2, paragraph (1) (a) and (b), 4,
5 (a) to (e), 6 and 7, of CERD. Ukraine thus asserts that its claims relate
to an aspect of the dispute which concerns the interpretation or application
of CERD.
90. Moreover, Ukraine argues that freedom from deportation from
one’s country by an “occupying State” is a human right or fundamental
freedom, the denial of which on a racial or ethnic basis constitutes a
breach of CERD. Ukraine further argues that the denial of the right to
return to one’s country either by the territorial sovereign or by an “occupying
State” also constitutes a breach of CERD. Ukraine also emphasizes
that, considering Article 1, paragraph 3, of CERD, citizenship laws
passed by States parties to the Convention may constitute a breach of
CERD if they “discriminate against any particular nationality”. In this
594 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
40
« discriminatoires à l’égard d’une nationalité particulière ». A cet égard,
l’Ukraine soutient que la loi portant octroi de la citoyenneté russe aux
citoyens ukrainiens et aux apatrides résidant en Crimée, ainsi que son
application par la Fédération de Russie, ont des effets disproportionnés et
préjudiciables sur les Tatars de Crimée et les Ukrainiens de souche en Crimée.
L’Ukraine conteste l’affirmation de la Fédération de Russie selon
laquelle ces mesures sortent du champ d’application de la CIEDR par l’effet
des paragraphes 2 et 3 de son article premier.
91. L’Ukraine soutient par ailleurs que la CIEDR ne protège pas seulement
les droits visés dans la convention, mais aussi les droits de l’homme
et les libertés fondamentales dans d’autres domaines de la vie publique.
Elle estime que les arguments avancés par la Fédération de Russie au
sujet de l’interprétation de certaines dispositions de la CIEDR confirment
que le différend opposant les Parties touche également l’interprétation de
la convention. Selon l’Ukraine, les points de divergence entre les Parties
portent sur le respect du droit des peuples autochtones de conserver leurs
instances représentatives, le droit des minorités de bénéficier d’un enseignement
dans leur langue maternelle, le point de savoir si l’article 49 de la
quatrième convention de Genève constitue une règle pertinente aux fins
de l’interprétation du point ii) de l’alinéa d) de l’article 5 de la CIEDR, et
la pertinence des paragraphes 2 et 3 de l’article premier de cet instrument
à l’égard des griefs relatifs à l’imposition de la citoyenneté russe en Crimée.
L’Ukraine soutient que c’est au stade du fond qu’il convient pour la
Cour de trancher ces points en litige.
92. A titre subsidiaire, l’Ukraine plaide que, si elle décidait d’examiner
lesdits points au stade des exceptions préliminaires, la Cour devrait
privilégier l’interprétation de l’Ukraine. Le demandeur maintient que
la prise pour cible du Majlis constitue une distinction fondée sur l’origine
ethnique ayant pour but ou pour effet de porter atteinte aux
droits de l’homme et aux libertés fondamentales des Tatars de Crimée.
L’Ukraine affirme en outre que le point v) de l’alinéa e) de l’article 5 de
la CIEDR établit un droit général à l’éducation et à la formation professionnelle,
lequel englobe le droit de bénéficier d’un enseignement dans la
langue maternelle. L’Ukraine précise par ailleurs qu’elle ne demande pas
à la Cour de statuer sur des violations de la CIEDR pour une discrimination
fondée sur des motifs religieux, ni d’octroyer une quelconque réparation
à ce titre. Le demandeur ne la prie pas non plus de se prononcer sur
des allégations de discrimination fondée sur une conviction politique.
93. Selon l’Ukraine, l’affirmation de la Fédération de Russie selon
laquelle la première assimile l’application en Crimée des lois de la seconde
à une violation de la CIEDR est inexacte ; le demandeur allègue que, dans
son mémoire, il s’est référé à l’introduction de ces lois afin de décrire les
moyens employés par le défendeur pour mener une campagne de discrimination
en Crimée. Citant à titre d’exemple l’atteinte au droit à la liberté
de réunion pacifique, l’Ukraine soutient que les violations alléguées de la
CIEDR découlent non pas de violations du droit international humanitaire,
mais du fait que la Fédération de Russie applique sa législation
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 594
40
regard, Ukraine maintains that the law granting Russian citizenship to
citizens of Ukraine and to stateless persons resident in Crimea, together
with the Russian Federation’s enforcement of this law, disproportionately
and adversely affects Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians in
Crimea. Ukraine disputes the Russian Federation’s assertion that these
measures fall outside of CERD by virtue of paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article
1.
91. Ukraine also submits that the protections provided by CERD do
not exist solely with respect to those rights listed in the Convention, but
extend to human rights and fundamental freedoms in other fields of public
life. It is Ukraine’s position that the Russian Federation’s arguments
on the interpretation of certain provisions of CERD confirm that the dispute
between the Parties also concerns the interpretation of that Convention.
According to Ukraine, the issues in dispute between the Parties
concern the respect of the right of indigenous peoples to maintain their
representative institutions, the right of minorities to be educated in their
native language, the consideration of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva
Convention as a rule relevant to the interpretation of Article 5, paragraph
(d) (ii), of CERD, and the relevance of Article 1, paragraphs 2
and 3, to claims relating to the imposition of Russian citizenship in
Crimea. Ukraine submits that it is appropriate for the Court to decide
these disputed issues at the merits stage of the proceedings.
92. In the alternative, Ukraine argues that, should the Court decide to
address such issues at the preliminary objections stage, it should decide
them in Ukraine’s favour. The Applicant maintains that targeting the
Mejlis constitutes an ethnicity-based distinction having the purpose or
effect of impairing the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the
Crimean Tatar People. Ukraine further states that Article 5 (e) (v) of
CERD provides for a broad right to education and training, which also
covers the right to be educated in one’s own native language. Ukraine
also clarifies that it is not requesting the Court to make any finding or
grant any relief in respect of breaches of CERD resulting from discrimination
on religious grounds. The Applicant further maintains that it is
not asking the Court to decide claims of discrimination on the basis of
political opinion.
93. According to Ukraine, the Russian Federation’s claim that the
extension of its laws in Crimea is equated by Ukraine to a violation
of CERD is inaccurate; the Applicant argues that, in its Memorial, it
referred to the introduction of such laws to describe the means by which
the Respondent has pursued a campaign of discrimination in Crimea.
Using as an example the breach of freedom of peaceful assembly,
Ukraine submits that the alleged violations of CERD do not result from
breaches of international humanitarian law, but from the discriminatory
application by the Russian Federation of its domestic legislation as a
595 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
41
nationale de manière discriminatoire comme un moyen de répression
contre les communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée.
* *
94. Aux fins de déterminer si elle a compétence ratione materiae au
titre de la CIEDR, la Cour n’a pas besoin de s’assurer que les mesures
dont l’Ukraine tire grief constituent effectivement une « discrimination
raciale » au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la CIEDR. Elle
n’a pas non plus à établir si, et, dans l’affirmative, dans quelle mesure,
certains actes pourraient être couverts par les paragraphes 2 et 3 de l’article
premier de la convention. Ces deux questions portent sur des points
de fait, largement tributaires des éléments de preuve relatifs au but ou à
l’effet des mesures alléguées par l’Ukraine, et relèvent donc de l’examen
au fond si l’affaire devait se poursuivre jusqu’à ce stade.
95. Au stade actuel de la procédure, la Cour doit seulement déterminer
si les mesures dont l’Ukraine tire grief entrent dans les prévisions de la
convention (voir le paragraphe 57 ci-dessus). A cet égard, elle relève que
les deux Parties conviennent que les Ukrainiens de souche et les Tatars de
Crimée constituent des groupes ethniques protégés au titre de la CIEDR.
Par ailleurs, les articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de cet instrument énoncent des obligations
spécifiques s’agissant du traitement des personnes sur le fondement
de « la race, la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine nationale ou ethnique ».
Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIEDR établit une obligation générale
de poursuivre par tous les moyens appropriés une politique tendant à éliminer
la discrimination raciale, ainsi qu’une obligation de ne se livrer à
aucun acte ou pratique de discrimination raciale contre des personnes,
groupes de personnes ou institutions. L’article 5 impose d’interdire et d’éliminer
la discrimination raciale, et de garantir le droit de chacun à l’égalité
devant la loi, notamment dans la jouissance des droits qui y sont mentionnés,
dont les droits politiques, civils, économiques, sociaux et culturels.
96. La Cour, tenant compte des droits et obligations formulés en
termes généraux dans la convention, y compris les obligations énoncées
au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et la liste non exhaustive de droits figurant
à l’article 5, considère que les mesures dont l’Ukraine tire grief (voir le
paragraphe 88 ci-dessus) sont susceptibles de porter atteinte à la jouissance
de certains droits protégés par la CIEDR. Ces mesures entrent dès
lors dans les prévisions de cet instrument.
97. La Cour en conclut que les demandes formulées par l’Ukraine
entrent dans les prévisions de la CIEDR.
B. Les conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 22
de la CIEDR
98. Ayant établi que les demandes de l’Ukraine entrent dans le champ
d’application de la CIEDR, la Cour en vient maintenant à l’examen des
conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 22 de la convention.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 595
41
means of repressing the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in
Crimea.
* *
94. In order to determine whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae
under CERD, the Court does not need to satisfy itself that the measures
of which Ukraine complains actually constitute “racial discrimination”
within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD. Nor does the
Court need to establish whether, and, if so, to what extent, certain acts
may be covered by Article 1, paragraphs 2 and 3, of CERD. Both
determinations concern issues of fact, largely depending on evidence
regarding the purpose or effect of the measures alleged by Ukraine, and
are thus properly a matter for the merits, should the case proceed to that
stage.
95. At the current stage of the proceedings, the Court only needs to
ascertain whether the measures of which Ukraine complains fall within
the provisions of the Convention (see paragraph 57 above). In this respect,
the Court notes that both Parties agree that Crimean Tatars and ethnic
Ukrainians in Crimea constitute ethnic groups protected under CERD.
Moreover, Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the Convention set out specific
obligations in relation to the treatment of individuals on the basis of
“race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin”. Article 2, paragraph
1, of CERD contains a general obligation to pursue by all appropriate
means a policy of eliminating racial discrimination, and an
obligation to engage in no act or practice of racial discrimination against
persons, groups of persons or institutions. Article 5 imposes an obligation
to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination, and to guarantee the right
of everyone to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of rights
mentioned therein, including political, civil, economic, social and cultural
rights.
96. The Court, taking into account the broadly formulated rights and
obligations contained in the Convention, including the obligations under
Article 2, paragraph 1, and the non-exhaustive list of rights in Article 5,
considers that the measures of which Ukraine complains (see paragraph
88 above) are capable of having an adverse effect on the enjoyment
of certain rights protected under CERD. These measures thus fall within
the provisions of the Convention.
97. Consequently, the Court concludes that the claims of Ukraine fall
within the provisions of CERD.
B. Procedural Preconditions under Article 22 of CERD
98. Having established that the claims of Ukraine fall within the scope
of CERD, the Court now turns to the examination of the procedural preconditions
under Article 22 of the Convention.
596 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
42
1. Le caractère alternatif ou cumulatif des conditions procédurales préalables
99. La Fédération de Russie affirme que l’article 22 subordonne la saisine
de la Cour à deux conditions préalables dont le non-respect de l’une
ou l’autre suffit à priver celle-ci de sa compétence. Selon elle, la conjonction
« ou » peut être interprétée dans un sens alternatif, dans un sens
cumulatif, ou encore dans ces deux sens ; le défendeur soutient que, dans
l’article 22, la conjonction « ou » exprime le caractère non pas alternatif
mais cumulatif des conditions préalables. La Fédération de Russie plaide
en outre qu’interpréter l’article 22 comme énonçant deux préalables procéduraux
sous forme d’alternative priverait celui-ci d’effet utile, puisqu’il
n’y aurait pas de sens à ce qu’aucune conséquence juridique ne puisse être
tirée de la référence faite à deux conditions préalables distinctes. Elle
ajoute que la conciliation sous les auspices du Comité de la CIEDR ne
peut être considérée comme une forme de négociation étant donné que, à
la différence de celle-ci, elle suppose l’intervention d’un tiers, et qu’une
lecture de l’article 22 dans son contexte, à la lumière de l’objet et du but
de la CIEDR, confirme que les deux conditions procédurales préalables
sont cumulatives.
100. Le défendeur soutient que son interprétation de l’article 22 de la
CIEDR est étayée par les travaux préparatoires de la convention. Il fait
valoir que, dans la toute première version, proposée par le représentant
philippin à la Sous-Commission de la lutte contre les mesures discriminatoires
et de la protection des minorités, de ce qui deviendrait par la suite
l’article 22, la Cour ne pouvait être saisie d’un différend que si le Comité
de la CIEDR avait préalablement échoué dans sa tentative de conciliation.
La Fédération de Russie ajoute que le Bureau de la Troisième Commission
de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies proposa un nouveau texte
de clause compromissoire qui ne mentionnait que la négociation comme
préalable procédural ; un amendement du Ghana, de la Mauritanie et des
Philippines (ci-après l’« amendement des trois puissances »), tendant à l’insertion
du membre de phrase « ou par les procédures expressément prévues
par la présente convention » dans le libellé de l’article 22, fut ensuite adopté
à l’unanimité. La Fédération de Russie déduit de cet ajout au texte que les
rédacteurs de la CIEDR entendaient faire du recours à ces procédures un
préalable obligatoire avant toute saisine de la Cour.
101. La Fédération de Russie déduit également le caractère cumulatif
des conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 22 en comparant
les clauses compromissoires figurant dans d’autres traités relatifs aux
droits de l’homme, à savoir la convention contre la torture et autres
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, la convention
internationale sur la protection des droits de tous les travailleurs migrants
et des membres de leur famille, la convention internationale pour la protection
de toutes les personnes contre les disparitions forcées et la convention
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des
femmes. Selon le défendeur, les clauses compromissoires figurant dans ces
conventions prévoient une procédure en trois étapes aux fins du règle-
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 596
42
1. The alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions
99. The Russian Federation argues that Article 22 imposes preconditions
to the seisin of the Court, and that the Court has jurisdiction only if
both preconditions are satisfied. According to the Russian Federation,
the conjunction “or” may have an alternative meaning, a cumulative
meaning or both; the Respondent further maintains that, in Article 22,
the word “or” indicates cumulative, not alternative, preconditions. The
Russian Federation also argues that interpreting Article 22 to provide for
alternative procedural preconditions would deprive the provision of
effet utile, as it would be meaningless if no legal consequences were to be
drawn from the reference to two distinct preconditions. The Russian Federation
adds that conciliation under the auspices of the CERD Committee
cannot be regarded as a kind of negotiation, since, unlike negotiation,
it entails third-party intervention, and that reading Article 22 in its context
and in light of the object and purpose of CERD confirms that the
two procedural preconditions are cumulative.
100. The Respondent contends that its interpretation of Article 22 of
CERD is supported by the drafting history of the Convention. The Russian
Federation argues that the earliest version of what subsequently
became Article 22, proposed by the representative of the Philippines to
the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities, envisaged that the Court could only be seised of a dispute if
the CERD Committee had already failed to effect conciliation. According
to the Russian Federation, a new proposal for the compromissory clause,
prepared by the officers of the Third Committee of the United Nations
General Assembly, mentioned only negotiation as a procedural precondition;
thereafter, an amendment by Ghana, Mauritania and the Philippines
(hereinafter “the Three-Power amendment”), which proposed
introducing the words “or by the procedures expressly provided for in
this Convention” into Article 22, was adopted unanimously. The Russian
Federation infers from this addition that the drafters of CERD
intended that resort to those procedures would be compulsory before
referral of a dispute to the Court.
101. The Russian Federation also infers the cumulative character of
the procedural preconditions under Article 22 of CERD by comparing
the compromissory clauses of other human rights treaties, namely the
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, the International Convention on the Protection
of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,
the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from
Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women. According to the Respondent,
the compromissory clauses in these treaties set out a three-step procedure
to settle disputes on their interpretation or application, envisaging nego-
597 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
43
ment des différends concernant leur interprétation ou leur application, la
première étape étant la négociation, la deuxième consistant à tenter d’organiser
un arbitrage dans un délai donné et la troisième, à saisir la Cour
une fois ce délai écoulé. La Fédération de Russie indique que le système
de règlement des différends établi à l’article 22 de la CIEDR est similaire
à la procédure en trois étapes prévue dans ces conventions et qu’elle doit
être interprétée de manière cohérente avec celle-ci.
*
102. De l’avis de l’Ukraine, en revanche, l’interprétation correcte de
l’article 22 de la CIEDR consiste à ne lire dans cette disposition aucune
condition préalable à la compétence de la Cour. Le demandeur affirme
que, dans le cas où la Cour estimerait que l’article 22 établit des conditions
préalables, la « lecture la plus naturelle » de cette disposition est que
la conjonction « ou » signifie que la « négociation » et les « procédures
expressément prévues par l[a] convention » forment une alternative, l’une
ou l’autre voie pouvant être utilisée avant d’ester devant la Cour.
L’Ukraine soutient également que, à l’article 22, la conjonction « ou » est
employée à trois reprises, toujours dans un sens disjonctif.
103. L’Ukraine avance que, si la procédure sous les auspices du Comité
de la CIEDR devait être tenue pour obligatoire, la convention le préciserait
expressément. Du point de vue du demandeur, il n’y aurait aucun
sens à ce que l’article 22 impose aux Etats en litige de négocier pendant
une première période de durée indéterminée pour les obliger ensuite à
renégocier pendant six mois encore, conformément à la procédure sous
les auspices du Comité. L’Ukraine ajoute que le Comité ne peut connaître
que de réclamations formulées par un Etat partie qui estime « qu’un autre
Etat également partie n’applique pas les dispositions de la … Convention
», ce qui implique que, si l’article 22 prescrivait l’épuisement de la
procédure devant le Comité, un différend limité à l’interprétation de la
CIEDR ne pourrait jamais satisfaire aux conditions préalables requises
pour que les Etats puissent en référer à la Cour. De l’avis de l’Ukraine, le
fait que l’article 22 ait été placé dans la troisième partie de la CIEDR,
alors que les démarches à entreprendre sous les auspices du Comité sont
régies par la deuxième partie, indique que l’article 22 n’était pas destiné à
faire de ces démarches un préalable incontournable avant toute saisine de
la Cour. Etant donné que, selon le demandeur, il ressort du préambule de
la CIEDR que les auteurs de celle-ci entendaient mettre au point un instrument
efficace pour éliminer rapidement la discrimination raciale, il
serait incompatible avec l’objet et le but de la CIEDR que l’article 22
puisse retarder le règlement des différends en imposant des préalables
procéduraux cumulatifs.
104. Bien qu’elle n’estime pas nécessaire d’avoir recours à des moyens
complémentaires d’interprétation, l’Ukraine plaide que, si les travaux
préparatoires de la CIEDR devaient être consultés, ils ne serviraient pas
la cause de la Fédération de Russie. Du point de vue de l’Ukraine, l’ajout
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 597
43
tiation as the first step, efforts to set up an arbitration over a certain
period of time as the second step, and resort to the Court once that period
of time has elapsed as the third step. The Russian Federation states that
the dispute settlement system under Article 22 of CERD is similar to, and
should be interpreted consistently with, the three-step procedure for
which these treaties provide.
*
102. Ukraine states that the correct interpretation of Article 22 of
CERD is that it contains no preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction.
The Applicant argues that should the Court interpret Article 22 as establishing
preconditions, the “most natural reading” of Article 22 is that
“or” conveys that “negotiation” and the “procedures expressly provided
for in this Convention” are two alternative options for resolving a dispute
before the seisin of the Court. Ukraine also contends that, in Article 22,
the word “or” appears three times, always with disjunctive meaning.
103. Ukraine submits that, if the CERD Committee procedure were to
be considered as mandatory, the Convention would have said so explicitly.
According to the Applicant, it would not make sense if Article 22
required disputing States first to negotiate within an unspecified period of
time only to renegotiate for six more months in accordance with the
CERD Committee procedure. Ukraine adds that the CERD Committee
only hears complaints by a State party “that another State Party is not
giving effect to the provisions of this Convention”, which entails that, if
Article 22 required exhaustion of the CERD Committee procedure, a dispute
limited to the interpretation of CERD would never satisfy the preconditions
for States to seise the Court. Ukraine considers that the
placement of Article 22 within Part III of CERD, while the CERD Committee
procedures are governed by Part II, indicates that Article 22 was
not intended to make the procedures before the CERD Committee a necessary
precondition for seising the Court. According to the Applicant, as
the preamble indicates that CERD was intended to be an effective instrument
to eliminate racial discrimination promptly, it would be inconsistent
with the object and purpose of CERD if Article 22 delayed the settlement
of disputes by imposing cumulative procedural preconditions.
104. Although Ukraine expresses the view that recourse to supplementary
means of interpretation is not necessary, it argues that, should
recourse be had to the drafting history of CERD, it would not assist the
Russian Federation’s case. According to Ukraine, the late addition, by
598 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
44
tardif, préconisé dans l’amendement des trois puissances, d’une référence
aux « procédures expressément prévues par l[a] Convention » dans la
clause compromissoire de la CIEDR visait simplement à préciser que la
procédure sous les auspices du Comité de la CIEDR était l’une des possibilités
offertes aux Etats avant le renvoi de leurs différends devant la
Cour. L’Ukraine en veut notamment pour preuve la déclaration faite par
le Ghana, l’une des trois puissances ayant proposé l’amendement, selon
laquelle celui-ci « s’expliqu[ait] de lui-même » et « se référ[ait] simplement
aux procédures prévues par la convention ».
105. L’Ukraine soutient par ailleurs que la référence faite par la Fédération
de Russie aux clauses compromissoires figurant dans d’autres conventions
relatives aux droits de l’homme (voir le paragraphe 101 ci-dessus)
n’est pas pertinente, lesdites clauses différant de l’article 22 de la CIEDR.
* *
106. En vertu de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, la Cour a compétence pour
trancher un différend porté devant elle sur le fondement de cette convention
dès lors que celui-ci n’a « pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au
moyen des procédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention ».
Dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), la Cour a déclaré ce qui suit :
« dans leur sens ordinaire, les termes de l’article 22, à savoir « [t]out
différend … qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au
moyen des procédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention »,
établissent des conditions préalables auxquelles il doit être satisfait
avant toute saisine de la Cour » (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 128, par. 141 ; voir également ibid.,
p. 129-130, par. 147).
La Cour ne s’est pas prononcée, dans cette affaire, sur la question de
savoir si les conditions préalables énoncées à l’article 22 de la CIEDR
avaient un caractère alternatif ou cumulatif. Pour trancher cette question,
la Cour appliquera les règles du droit international coutumier relatives à
l’interprétation des traités telles que reflétées aux articles 31 à 33 de la
convention de Vienne (Question de la délimitation du plateau continental
entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la côte
nicaraguayenne (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 116, par. 33).
107. Concernant le libellé de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, les Parties ont
exprimé des vues divergentes quant à la signification de la conjonction
« ou » figurant dans le membre de phrase « n’aura pas été réglé par voie de
négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément prévues par ladite
Convention ». La Cour note que le terme « ou », qui apparaît entre la
« négociation » et « au moyen des procédures expressément prévues par
ladite Convention », s’insère dans une clause qui débute par une tournure
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 598
44
the Three-Power amendment, of a reference to “the procedures expressly
provided for in this Convention” to the compromissory clause of CERD
merely aimed to clarify that the CERD Committee procedure was one of
the options available before States referred their disputes to the Court.
Ukraine also supports this view by reference to the statement that Ghana
made as a sponsor of the Three-Power amendment, according to which
the amendment was “self-explanatory” and contained a “simple refer[ence]
to the procedures provided for in the Convention”.
105. Ukraine further maintains that the Russian Federation’s reliance
on the compromissory clauses in other human rights treaties (see paragraph
101 above) is misplaced, as such treaties contain compromissory
clauses which are different from Article 22 of CERD.
* *
106. Pursuant to Article 22 of CERD, the Court has jurisdiction to
decide a dispute brought under the Convention provided that such a dispute
is “not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided
for in this Convention”. In the case concerning Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court found that
“in their ordinary meaning, the terms of Article 22 of CERD, namely
‘[a]ny dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by the procedures
expressly provided for in this Convention’, establish preconditions
to be fulfilled before the seisin of the Court” (Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 128, para. 141; see
also ibid., pp. 129-130, para. 147).
In that case, the Court did not determine whether the preconditions set
out in Article 22 of CERD are alternative or cumulative. In order to
make this determination, the Court will apply the rules of customary
international law on treaty interpretation as reflected in Articles 31 to 33
of the Vienna Convention (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental
Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from
the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 116, para. 33).
107. Concerning the text of Article 22 of CERD, the Parties expressed
divergent views on the meaning of the word “or” in the phrase “not settled
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention”. The Court notes that the conjunction “or” appearing
between “negotiation” and the “procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention” is part of a clause which is introduced by the word “not”,
and thus formulated in the negative. While the conjunction “or” should
599 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
45
négative (« n’aura pas »). Bien que la conjonction « ou » soit généralement
interprétée dans un sens disjonctif lorsqu’elle figure dans une clause affirmative,
il n’en va pas nécessairement de même lorsqu’elle s’insère dans
une tournure négative. L’article 22 en est une illustration. Il s’ensuit que,
dans le passage pertinent de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, le terme « ou » peut
avoir un sens aussi bien disjonctif que conjonctif. La Cour est donc d’avis
que, si le terme « ou » peut s’interpréter de manière disjonctive et prévoir
deux préalables procéduraux de caractère alternatif, il ne s’agit toutefois
pas de la seule interprétation possible sur la base du libellé de l’article 22.
108. L’article 22 de la CIEDR doit être interprété dans son contexte.
Cette disposition fait référence à deux conditions préalables, à savoir la
négociation et la procédure sous les auspices du Comité de la CIEDR qui
est régie par les articles 11 à 13 de la convention. Selon le paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11, si un Etat partie estime qu’un autre Etat partie « n’applique
pas les dispositions de la … Convention, il peut appeler l’attention du
Comité sur la question » ; celui-ci « transmet alors la communication à
l’Etat partie intéressé », lequel doit, dans les trois mois, « soumet[tre] au
Comité des explications ou déclarations écrites éclaircissant la question et
indiquant, le cas échéant, les mesures qui peuvent avoir été prises … pour
remédier à la situation ». Aux termes du paragraphe 2 de l’article 11, « si,
dans un délai de six mois à compter de la date de réception de la communication
originale par l’Etat destinataire, la question n’est pas réglée à la
satisfaction des deux Etats, par voie de négociations bilatérales ou par
toute procédure qui serait à leur disposition », chacun d’eux a le droit de
renvoyer la question devant le Comité par une seconde communication.
109. En application de l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 12 de la
CIEDR, une fois que le Comité a obtenu les renseignements nécessaires,
son président désigne une commission de conciliation ad hoc dont les
bons offices sont mis à la disposition des Etats concernés « afin de parvenir
à une solution amiable de la question ». Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 13
prévoit que la Commission, après avoir étudié la question sous tous ses
aspects, communique au président du Comité un rapport, dans lequel
figurent « les recommandations qu’elle juge opportunes en vue de parvenir
à un règlement amiable du différend ». En application du paragraphe 2
de l’article 13, les Etats concernés doivent, dans les trois mois suivant la
réception de ces recommandations transmises par le président du Comité,
faire savoir à celui-ci « s’ils acceptent, ou non, les recommandations
contenues dans le rapport de la Commission ». Les références au règlement
« amiable » du différend et à l’acceptation des recommandations de
la Commission par les Etats concernés indiquent, de l’avis de la Cour, que
la procédure sous les auspices du Comité vise à permettre à ces Etats de
parvenir à un accord pour régler leur différend.
110. La Cour estime dès lors que la « négociation » et les « procédures
expressément prévues par [la] Convention » constituent deux moyens de
parvenir au même objectif, à savoir le règlement d’un différend par voie
d’accord. La négociation et la procédure sous les auspices du Comité
reposent l’une et l’autre sur la volonté des Etats parties de rechercher un
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 599
45
generally be interpreted disjunctively if it appears as part of an affirmative
clause, the same view cannot necessarily be taken when the same conjunction
is part of a negative clause. Article 22 is an example of the latter. It
follows that, in the relevant part of Article 22 of CERD, the conjunction
“or” may have either disjunctive or conjunctive meaning. The Court
therefore is of the view that while the word “or” may be interpreted disjunctively
and envisage alternative procedural preconditions, this is not
the only possible interpretation based on the text of Article 22.
108. Article 22 of CERD must be interpreted in its context. Article 22
refers to two preconditions, namely negotiation and the procedure before
the CERD Committee governed by Articles 11 to 13 of the Convention.
Article 11, paragraph 1, of CERD envisages that, if a State party considers
that another State party “is not giving effect to the provisions of [the]
Convention, it may bring the matter to the attention of the [CERD] Committee”;
the CERD Committee “shall then transmit the communication
to the State Party concerned”, which, within three months, “shall submit
to the Committee written explanations or statements clarifying the matter
and the remedy, if any, that may have been taken”. Under Article 11,
paragraph 2, a State has the right to refer the matter back to the
CERD Committee through a second communication “[i]f the matter is
not adjusted to the satisfaction of both parties, either by bilateral negotiations
or by any other procedure open to them, within six months after
the receipt by the receiving State of the initial communication”.
109. Pursuant to Article 12, paragraph 1 (a), of CERD, after the
CERD Committee has obtained the necessary information, its chairperson
shall appoint an ad hoc Conciliation Commission, the good offices of
which shall be made available to the States concerned “with a view to an
amicable solution of the matter”. Article 13, paragraph 1, provides that,
when the Commission has fully considered the matter, it shall submit to
the chairperson of the CERD Committee a report containing “such recommendations
as it may think proper for the amicable solution of the
dispute”. Pursuant to Article 13, paragraph 2, the States concerned,
within three months of receiving such recommendations from the chairperson
of the Committee, shall inform the chairperson as to “whether or
not they accept the recommendations contained in the report of the Commission”.
The references to the “amicable solution” of the dispute and to
the States’ communication of acceptance of the Conciliation Commission’s
recommendations indicate, in the Court’s view, that the objective
of the CERD Committee procedure is for the States concerned to reach
an agreed settlement of their dispute.
110. The Court therefore considers that “negotiation” and the “procedures
expressly provided for in [the] Convention” are two means to
achieve the same objective, namely to settle a dispute by agreement. Both
negotiation and the CERD Committee procedure rest on the States parties’
willingness to seek an agreed settlement of their dispute. It follows
600 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
46
accord pour régler leur différend. Il s’ensuit que, si elles devaient être
tenues pour des conditions cumulatives, les Etats devraient tenter de
négocier en vue de convenir d’un règlement de leur différend puis, après
l’échec de leurs négociations, porter la question devant le Comité en vue
d’engager une nouvelle négociation visant, là encore, à convenir d’un
règlement. La Cour estime que pareille interprétation n’est pas étayée par
le contexte de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, dont il ressort plutôt qu’il ne
serait pas raisonnable d’imposer aux Etats parties ayant déjà échoué dans
leur tentative de règlement par voie de négociation d’engager une nouvelle
série de négociations conformément aux modalités prévues aux
articles 11 à 13 de la CIEDR.
111. La Cour estime que l’article 22 de la CIEDR doit également être
interprété à la lumière de l’objet et du but de la convention. Au paragraphe
1 de l’article 2 de la CIEDR, les Etats parties s’engagent à éliminer
la discrimination raciale « sans retard ». Aux articles 4 et 7, ils s’engagent
à éliminer toute incitation à la discrimination raciale et à lutter contre les
préjugés conduisant à une telle discrimination en adoptant « immédiatement
des mesures positives », selon la première de ces dispositions, et des
« mesures immédiates et efficaces », aux termes de la seconde. Le préambule
de la CIEDR met encore en exergue la détermination des Etats à
prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour l’élimination « rapide » de la
discrimination raciale. La Cour considère, au regard de ces dispositions,
que les Etats parties avaient pour objectif d’éliminer effectivement et rapidement
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale. Or un tel objectif
pourrait, de l’avis de la Cour, être plus difficile à atteindre si les conditions
procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 22 étaient cumulatives.
112. La Cour relève que les deux Parties invoquent les travaux préparatoires
de la CIEDR à l’appui de leurs arguments respectifs concernant
le caractère alternatif ou cumulatif des conditions procédurales préalables
énoncées à l’article 22 de cet instrument. Le caractère alternatif des conditions
procédurales préalables ressortant suffisamment clairement de l’interprétation
du sens ordinaire des termes de l’article 22 lus dans leur
contexte et à la lumière de l’objet et du but de la convention, la Cour est
d’avis que point n’est besoin pour elle d’examiner les travaux préparatoires
de la CIEDR.
113. La Cour conclut que l’article 22 de la CIEDR subordonne sa
compétence au respect de conditions préalables de caractère alternatif. Le
Comité de la CIEDR n’ayant pas été saisi du différend entre les Parties,
la Cour recherchera seulement si celles-ci ont tenté d’en négocier le règlement.
2. La question de savoir si les Parties ont tenté de négocier un règlement de
leur différend relatif à la CIEDR
114. La Fédération de Russie fait valoir que, bien que les Parties aient
échangé des accusations et des réponses, l’Ukraine n’a pas négocié de
bonne foi au sens de l’article 22 de la CIEDR. Selon la Fédération de Rus-
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 600
46
that should negotiation and the CERD Committee procedure be considered
cumulative, States would have to try to negotiate an agreed solution
to their dispute and, after negotiation has not been successful, take the
matter before the CERD Committee for further negotiation, again in
order to reach an agreed solution. The Court considers that the context of
Article 22 of CERD does not support this interpretation. In the view of
the Court, the context of Article 22 rather indicates that it would not be
reasonable to require States parties which have already failed to reach an
agreed settlement through negotiations to engage in an additional set of
negotiations in accordance with the modalities set out in Articles 11 to 13
of CERD.
111. The Court considers that Article 22 of CERD must also be interpreted
in light of the object and purpose of the Convention. Article 2,
paragraph 1, of CERD provides that States parties to CERD undertake
to eliminate racial discrimination “without delay”. Articles 4 and 7 provide
that States parties undertake to eradicate incitement to racial discrimination
and to combat prejudices leading to racial discrimination by
adopting “immediate and positive measures” and “immediate and effective
measures” respectively. The preamble to CERD further emphasizes
the States’ resolve to adopt all measures for eliminating racial discrimination
“speedily”. The Court considers that these provisions show the States
parties’ aim to eradicate all forms of racial discrimination effectively and
promptly. In the Court’s view, the achievement of such aims could be
rendered more difficult if the procedural preconditions under Article 22
were cumulative.
112. The Court notes that both Parties rely on the travaux préparatoires
of CERD in support of their respective arguments concerning the
alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions under
Article 22 of the Convention. Since the alternative character of the
procedural preconditions is sufficiently clear from an interpretation of
the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article 22 in their context, and in
light of the object and purpose of the Convention, the Court is of the
view that there is no need for it to examine the travaux préparatoires of
CERD.
113. The Court concludes that Article 22 of CERD imposes alternative
preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction. Since the dispute between the
Parties was not referred to the CERD Committee, the Court will only
examine whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a settlement to their
dispute.
2. Whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a settlement to their dispute
under CERD
114. The Russian Federation argues that, although the Parties made
reciprocal accusations and replies to each other, Ukraine did not negotiate
in good faith within the meaning of Article 22 of CERD. According
601 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
47
sie, les notes verbales de l’Ukraine abondaient en accusations, notamment
d’occupation et d’agression, qui n’ont fait qu’aggraver les tensions entre
les Parties. Le défendeur est d’avis que l’Ukraine n’a jamais cherché à
résoudre le différend qui les oppose, son seul objectif étant que la responsabilité
de la Fédération de Russie soit engagée au moyen de la saisine de
la Cour. Il se réfère également aux échanges diplomatiques qu’ont eus les
Parties en 2014, soulignant que l’Ukraine imposait des délais très courts à
l’organisation de rencontres entre les Parties et qu’elle lui reprochait, à
tort, de ne pas répondre favorablement à ses propositions de négociation.
La Fédération de Russie admet que les représentants des Parties se sont
finalement rencontrés pour négocier face à face, mais affirme que l’Ukraine
n’a pas agi de bonne foi au cours de ces négociations car elle campait sur
ses positions, refusant de prévoir le temps nécessaire à l’examen par chacune
des Parties de la position et des allégations de l’autre. La Fédération
de Russie affirme également que les rencontres aux fins de négociation
étaient beaucoup trop brèves en raison des choix opérés par l’Ukraine, et
que, en conséquence, peu de progrès ont été réalisés.
*
115. L’Ukraine plaide qu’elle a engagé des négociations en toute bonne
foi, adressant de multiples notes verbales à la Fédération de Russie, faisant
des propositions concrètes pour l’organisation des pourparlers et
donnant une liste détaillée des actes de discrimination raciale dont faisaient
l’objet, selon elle, les communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée.
L’Ukraine soutient que ses tentatives de négocier directement avec
la Fédération de Russie sont restées sans réponse sur le fond, puisque
celle-ci n’a répondu à aucune des notes verbales concernant ses violations
alléguées de la CIEDR que l’Ukraine lui a adressées avant le dépôt de la
requête. L’Ukraine avance qu’elle a néanmoins persévéré dans ses efforts
pour dialoguer avec la Fédération de Russie, envoyant notamment ses
représentants à trois réunions à Minsk. Elle affirme avoir bien pris soin de
signifier à la Fédération de Russie les faits qu’elle estimait être des violations
de la CIEDR et lui avoir donné maintes occasions de répondre pendant
une période de deux ans. L’Ukraine fait valoir qu’elle n’a saisi la
Cour que lorsqu’il est devenu manifeste que toute nouvelle tentative de
négocier serait vaine, puisqu’aucun progrès n’avait été accompli et que les
Parties campaient sur leurs positions. Le demandeur conteste également
les allégations du défendeur tendant à le taxer de mauvaise foi dans la
conduite des négociations relatives à la CIEDR.
* *
116. La Cour a déjà eu l’occasion d’examiner la notion de « négociation
» au sens de l’article 22 de la CIEDR. Dans l’affaire relative à l’Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 601
47
to the Russian Federation, Ukraine’s Notes Verbales were replete with
accusations, including of occupation and aggression, which resulted in
escalating tensions between the Parties. The Respondent expresses the
view that Ukraine had never aimed at solving the dispute between the
Parties, but that its only aim was to hold the Russian Federation responsible
by bringing the matter before the Court. The Russian Federation
also refers to the diplomatic exchanges between the Parties in 2014,
emphasizing that Ukraine set very short deadlines for the Parties to
organize face-to-face meetings, and that it wrongly accused the Russian
Federation of not replying positively to negotiation proposals. The
Russian Federation acknowledges that the Parties finally held face-to-face
negotiations, but states that Ukraine did not behave in good faith during
such negotiations, as it insisted on its positions, refusing to devote the
necessary time to examining the positions and allegations of both Parties.
The Russian Federation also submits that face-to-face negotiations were
carried out within an unduly short time frame owing to choices made by
Ukraine, which resulted in little progress being made.
*
115. Ukraine states that it engaged in good-faith negotiations by sending
multiple Notes Verbales to the Russian Federation, making concrete
proposals for the organization of the negotiations and detailing the acts
of racial discrimination allegedly being committed against the Crimean
Tatar and Ukrainian communities of Crimea. Ukraine maintains that its
attempts to negotiate directly with the Russian Federation were not met
with substantive responses, since there was no reply to any of the Notes
Verbales concerning the Russian Federation’s alleged conduct in violation
of CERD sent by Ukraine before the filing of the Application. Nonetheless,
Ukraine contends that it persisted in its efforts to engage with the
Russian Federation, which included three face-to-face meetings in Minsk.
The Applicant maintains that it has meticulously put the Russian
Federation on notice with respect to the facts which allegedly constitute
breaches of CERD and has given the Russian Federation ample opportunity
to respond over a two-year period. Ukraine submits that it only filed
its Application with the Court when it had become clear that further
negotiations would have been fruitless, considering that no progress had
been made and that there had been no change in the Parties’ respective
positions. The Applicant also rejects the Respondent’s attempts to show
that it acted in bad faith while conducting negotiations with respect to
CERD.
* *
116. The Court has already had the opportunity to examine the notion
of “negotiation” under Article 22 of CERD. In the case concerning Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
602 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
48
de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), elle a déclaré
que
« des négociations … se distinguent de simples protestations ou
contestations. Les négociations ne se ramènent pas à une simple
opposition entre les opinions ou intérêts juridiques des deux parties,
ou à l’existence d’une série d’accusations et de réfutations, ni même
à un échange de griefs et de contre-griefs diamétralement opposés.
En cela, la notion de « négociation » se distingue de celle de « différend
» et implique, à tout le moins, que l’une des parties tente vraiment
d’ouvrir le débat avec l’autre partie en vue de régler le
différend. » (Exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I),
p. 132, par. 157 ; voir également Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve
Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I),
p. 68, par. 150 ; Plateau continental de la mer du Nord (République
fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark ; République fédérale d’Allemagne/
Pays-Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 47-48, par. 87 ; Trafic ferroviaire
entre la Lithuanie et la Pologne, avis consultatif, 1931, C.P.J.I.
série A/B no 42, p. 116.)
La Cour a également déclaré qu’« il n’[était] … pas nécessaire qu’un
accord [fût] effectivement conclu entre les parties au différend pour prouver
qu’il y a[vait] eu tentative de négociation ou négociation » (C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), p. 132, par. 158), et que « pour que [fût] remplie la
condition préalable de négociation prévue par [la] clause [compromissoire
d’un traité], ladite négociation d[evait] porter sur l’objet de l’instrument
qui la renferm[ait] » (ibid., p. 133, par. 161).
117. La Cour a en outre jugé qu’« il n’[était] satisfait à la condition
préalable de tenir des négociations que lorsque celles-ci [avaient] échoué,
[étaient] devenues inutiles ou [avaient] abouti à une impasse » (ibid.,
p. 133, par. 159). Elle l’a confirmé dans l’affaire relative à des Questions
concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
où, bien que la Belgique eût adressé au Sénégal quatre notes verbales et
engagé avec lui des négociations, ces démarches n’avaient pas abouti au
règlement de leur différend (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 446,
par. 58-59).
118. La Cour note que, le 23 septembre 2014, l’Ukraine a adressé à la
Fédération de Russie sa première note verbale au sujet de violations alléguées
de la CIEDR. Dans cette note, l’Ukraine énumérait un certain
nombre de mesures mises en oeuvre par la Fédération de Russie qui, à son
sens, étaient contraires à la convention, ainsi que les droits ainsi violés, et
indiquait que « la partie ukrainienne propos[ait] à la partie russe de discuter
de l’application de la [CIEDR] et, en particulier, de l’engagement de la
responsabilité juridique internationale conformément au droit international
». Le 16 octobre 2014, la Fédération de Russie a fait savoir à l’Ukraine
qu’elle était disposée à mener des négociations sur l’interprétation et l’application
de la CIEDR. Le 29 octobre 2014, le demandeur a adressé au
défendeur une deuxième note verbale l’invitant à une rencontre le
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 602
48
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court stated
that
“negotiations are distinct from mere protests or disputations. Negotiations
entail more than the plain opposition of legal views or interests
between two parties, or the existence of a series of accusations
and rebuttals, or even the exchange of claims and directly opposed
counter-claims. As such, the concept of ‘negotiations’ differs from the
concept of ‘dispute’, and requires — at the very least — a genuine
attempt by one of the disputing parties to engage in discussions with
the other disputing party, with a view to resolving the dispute.”
(Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 132,
para. 157; see also Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v.
Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 68, para. 150; North
Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark;
Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1969, pp. 47-48, para. 87; Railway Traffic between Lithuania
and Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1931, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42,
p. 116.)
The Court also stated that “evidence of such an attempt to negotiate —
or of the conduct of negotiations — does not require the reaching of an
actual agreement between the disputing parties” (I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I),
p. 132, para. 158), and that “to meet the precondition of negotiation in
the compromissory clause of a treaty, these negotiations must relate to
the subject-matter of the treaty containing the compromissory clause”
(ibid., p. 133, para. 161).
117. The Court further held that “the precondition of negotiation is
met only when there has been a failure of negotiations, or when negotiations
have become futile or deadlocked” (ibid., p. 133, para. 159). This
statement was confirmed in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), in which,
despite the fact that Belgium had sent Senegal four Notes Verbales and
engaged in negotiations with Senegal, such steps did not lead to a settlement
of their dispute (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 446,
paras. 58-59).
118. The Court notes that Ukraine sent its first Note Verbale to the
Russian Federation concerning alleged violations of CERD on 23 September
2014. In that Note, Ukraine listed a number of measures which, in
its view, the Russian Federation was implementing in violation of the
Convention, and the rights which such acts were allegedly violating, and
went on to state that “the Ukrainian Side offers to the Russian Side to
negotiate the use of [CERD], in particular, the implementation of international
legal liability in accordance with international law”. On 16 October
2014, the Russian Federation communicated to Ukraine its willingness to
hold negotiations on the interpretation and application of CERD. On
29 October 2014, the Applicant sent a second Note Verbale to the
Respondent, asking for face-to-face negotiations which it proposed to
603 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
49
21 novembre 2014 pour négocier face à face. La Fédération de Russie a
répondu le 27 novembre 2014, alors que la date proposée par l’Ukraine
pour la tenue de la réunion était passée. L’Ukraine a envoyé une troisième
note verbale le 15 décembre 2014, proposant une rencontre aux fins
de négociation le 23 janvier 2015. La Fédération de Russie a répondu le
11 mars 2015, alors que la date proposée par l’Ukraine était passée. En
fin de compte, les Parties ont tenu trois cycles de négociations à Minsk
entre avril 2015 et décembre 2016.
119. Les notes verbales échangées entre les Parties mentionnaient
expressément la CIEDR, de même que les droits et obligations découlant
de cette convention. Dans ces notes verbales, l’Ukraine a exprimé ses vues
concernant les violations alléguées de la convention, et la Fédération de
Russie a eu amplement l’occasion de répondre aux allégations ainsi formulées.
La Cour tient donc pour établi que ces échanges diplomatiques
concernaient l’objet du différend dont elle est saisie ici, tel qu’il a été défini
aux paragraphes 31-32 du présent arrêt.
120. La Cour fait observer que les négociations entre les Parties ont
duré environ deux ans et ont consisté à la fois en des échanges de correspondance
diplomatique et en des rencontres entre représentants, ce qui, à
son sens, et malgré l’échec des Parties à parvenir à un règlement négocié,
indique que l’Ukraine a véritablement tenté de négocier. La Cour constate
en outre que les Parties, au fil de leurs échanges diplomatiques, n’ont pas
fondamentalement modifié leurs positions respectives. Elle en déduit que
les négociations entre les Parties étaient devenues inutiles ou avaient
abouti à une impasse lorsque l’Ukraine a déposé sa requête sur le fondement
de l’article 22 de la CIEDR.
121. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que les conditions procédurales
préalables auxquelles est subordonnée sa compétence au titre de l’article
22 de la CIEDR sont remplies dans les circonstances de l’espèce. Elle
a donc compétence pour connaître des demandes formulées par l’Ukraine
sur le fondement de la CIEDR.
C. Recevabilité
122. La Cour se penchera à présent sur l’exception d’irrecevabilité que
la Fédération de Russie a soulevée à l’égard de la partie de la requête de
l’Ukraine comportant les demandes fondées sur la CIEDR au motif que
l’Ukraine n’a pas démontré que les voies de recours internes avaient été
épuisées lorsqu’elle a saisi la Cour.
* *
123. La Fédération de Russie soutient que la règle de l’épuisement des
voies de recours internes est solidement établie en droit international et
qu’elle s’applique aussi aux réclamations interétatiques présentées sur le
fondement de la CIEDR. Cette règle, affirme la Fédération de Russie,
exige que les réclamations à raison de violations alléguées de droits indi-
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 603
49
hold on 21 November 2014. The Russian Federation replied to this Note
on 27 November 2014, after Ukraine’s proposed date for the meeting had
passed. Ukraine sent a third Note Verbale on 15 December 2014, proposing
negotiations on 23 January 2015. The Russian Federation replied to
this Note on 11 March 2015, after the date proposed by Ukraine for the
negotiations had passed. Eventually, the Parties held three rounds of
negotiation in Minsk between April 2015 and December 2016.
119. There are specific references to CERD in the Notes Verbales
exchanged between the Parties, which also refer to the rights and obligations
arising under that Convention. In those Notes, Ukraine set out
its views concerning the alleged violations of the Convention, and the
Russian Federation accordingly had a full opportunity to reply to such
allegations. The Court is satisfied that the subject-matter of such diplomatic
exchanges related to the subject-matter of the dispute currently
before the Court, as defined in paragraphs 31-32 of this Judgment.
120. The Court observes that the negotiations between the Parties
lasted for approximately two years and included both diplomatic correspondence
and face-to-face meetings, which, in the Court’s view, and
despite the lack of success in reaching a negotiated solution, indicates that
a genuine attempt at negotiation was made by Ukraine. Furthermore, the
Court is of the opinion that, during their diplomatic exchanges, the Parties’
respective positions remained substantially the same. The Court thus
concludes that the negotiations between the Parties had become futile or
deadlocked by the time Ukraine filed its Application under Article 22 of
CERD.
121. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the procedural preconditions
for it to have jurisdiction under Article 22 of CERD are satisfied in
the circumstances of the present case. As a result, the Court has jurisdiction
to consider the claims of Ukraine under CERD.
C. Admissibility
122. The Court will now turn to the objection raised by the Russian
Federation to the admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard
to claims under CERD on the ground that Ukraine did not establish that
local remedies had been exhausted before it seised the Court.
* *
123. The Russian Federation contends that the rule of exhaustion of
local remedies is well established in international law, and that it also
applies to inter-State claims under CERD. The Russian Federation submits
that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies requires claims relating
to alleged violations of individual rights to be, in essence, the same as
604 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
50
viduels soient, en substance, identiques à celles portées au préalable
devant les juridictions nationales. Il s’ensuit, de son point de vue, que les
allégations formulées par l’Ukraine dans sa requête auraient dû faire l’objet
d’actions intentées devant des juridictions internes pour discrimination
raciale. La Fédération de Russie plaide en outre que, dans son exposé
écrit, l’Ukraine a formulé ses revendications différemment de celles qui
figuraient dans sa requête et son mémoire afin de faire échec à l’exception
fondée sur la règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes.
124. Pour le défendeur, il ressort clairement du paragraphe 3 de l’article
11 et de l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 7 de l’article 14 de la CIEDR que la
règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes s’applique aux demandes
fondées sur la convention. Le défendeur ajoute que l’application de la règle
de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes s’inscrit dans le droit fil de
l’article 6 de la CIEDR, qui impose aux Etats parties l’obligation d’assurer
« une protection et une voie de recours effectives, devant les tribunaux nationaux
et autres organismes d’Etat compétents », à toute personne relevant de
leur juridiction. La Fédération de Russie considère également que l’application
de la règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes est conforme à
la position adoptée dans d’autres instruments relatifs aux droits de l’homme,
et qu’elle est confirmée par les Articles de la Commission du droit international
sur la responsabilité de l’Etat pour fait internationalement illicite.
125. La Fédération de Russie invoque par ailleurs la position du
Comité de la CIEDR selon laquelle les recours internes doivent être épuisés
même lorsqu’il existe des doutes quant à leur effectivité. Le défendeur
soutient que l’Ukraine n’a pas établi que les recours internes avaient été
épuisés, ou des actions intentées devant des juridictions internes, avant
que soit introduite l’instance sur le fondement de l’article 22 de la CIEDR.
En outre, selon la Fédération de Russie, les réclamations portées devant
des juridictions internes dont l’Ukraine fait état n’avaient pas trait à des
allégations de discrimination raciale.
*
126. L’Ukraine affirme pour sa part que les recours internes ne doivent
avoir été épuisés que lorsqu’un Etat présente une réclamation au nom
d’un ou de plusieurs de ses ressortissants. Selon le demandeur, cette règle
ne trouve nullement à s’appliquer dans la présente affaire, étant donné
que les demandes de l’Ukraine portent sur le comportement systématique
qu’aurait adopté la Fédération de Russie, et que l’Ukraine invoque les
droits qu’elle tient, en tant qu’Etat, de la CIEDR. L’Ukraine soutient que
l’exception de la Fédération de Russie n’emporte pas la conviction
puisqu’elle n’a pas introduit la présente instance pour faire valoir des
droits individuels. Au contraire, l’Ukraine demande qu’il soit mis fin à
« la campagne systématique de discrimination raciale » à laquelle se livrerait
la Fédération de Russie en violation de la CIEDR.
127. L’Ukraine indique que la structure de la CIEDR et le libellé clair
de ses dispositions contredisent l’argument de la Fédération de Russie.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 604
50
those previously submitted to domestic courts. It follows, the Respondent
maintains, that the allegations in Ukraine’s Application should have been
submitted to domestic courts as claims of racial discrimination. The Russian
Federation further submits that, in its written statement, Ukraine
formulated its claims differently from its Application and Memorial in
order to overcome the objection based on the rule of exhaustion of local
remedies.
124. According to the Respondent, Articles 11, paragraph 3, and 14,
paragraph 7 (a), of CERD make it clear that the rule of exhaustion of
local remedies applies to claims under the Convention. The Respondent
further submits that the application of the rule of exhaustion of local
remedies is consistent with Article 6 of CERD, which imposes an obligation
on States parties to provide “effective protection and remedies,
through the competent national tribunals and other State institutions”, to
everyone within their jurisdiction. The Russian Federation also contends
that the application of the rule of exhaustion of local remedies is consistent
with the approach of other human rights treaties and is confirmed by
the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts
adopted by the International Law Commission.
125. The Russian Federation further relies on the approach of the
CERD Committee that local remedies must be exhausted even if there are
doubts as to their effectiveness. The Respondent argues that Ukraine has
not established that local remedies were exhausted, or that cases were
submitted before domestic courts, prior to it instituting proceedings under
Article 22 of CERD. Moreover, according to the Russian Federation, the
claims before domestic courts on which Ukraine relies did not concern
allegations of racial discrimination.
*
126. Ukraine argues that local remedies must be exhausted only when
a State brings a claim on behalf of one or more of its nationals. According
to the Applicant, the rule of exhaustion of local remedies has no
application in the present case since Ukraine’s claims relate to an alleged
pattern of conduct of the Russian Federation, and Ukraine is invoking
the rights it holds as a State under CERD. Ukraine contends that the
Russian Federation’s objection is not persuasive because Ukraine did not
bring the present case to vindicate individual rights. On the contrary,
Ukraine seeks an end to the Russian Federation’s alleged “systematic
campaign of racial discrimination” in violation of CERD.
127. Ukraine states that both the structure of CERD and the plain
language of its provisions contradict the Russian Federation’s argument.
605 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
51
Elle souligne que les références à la règle de l’épuisement des voies de
recours internes figurent dans la deuxième partie de la CIEDR, qui est
consacrée à la procédure devant le Comité de la CIEDR, tandis que l’article
22 se trouve dans la troisième partie de la convention, dans laquelle
il n’est fait aucune mention de cette règle. L’Ukraine en déduit que la
règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes ne s’applique que dans
le cadre de la procédure sous les auspices du Comité. L’Ukraine ajoute
que, en tout état de cause, le paragraphe 3 de l’article 11 et l’alinéa a) du
paragraphe 7 de l’article 14 de la CIEDR n’ont aucune pertinence dans la
présente affaire : tout d’abord, en tant qu’Etat souverain, l’Ukraine ne
saurait être présumée devoir se soumettre aux juridictions internes d’un
autre Etat souverain ; ensuite, il aurait été vain de saisir les tribunaux
russes, étant donné qu’elle ne pouvait attendre de ceux-ci qu’ils examinent
ses réclamations de manière équitable.
128. L’Ukraine affirme que les affaires portées devant des juridictions
compétentes en matière de protection des droits de l’homme que la Fédération
de Russie met en avant concernent toutes des réclamations de particuliers
ou d’organisations non gouvernementales agissant au nom de
particuliers. L’Ukraine s’appuie sur la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne
des droits de l’homme et celle de la Commission africaine des
droits de l’homme et des peuples, qui, selon elle, confirment sa thèse selon
laquelle la règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes ne s’applique
pas dans la présente affaire. Elle se réfère en particulier à une décision
dans laquelle la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme a jugé que
la règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes « ne s’appliqu[ait] …
pas s[i l’Etat demandeur] attaqu[ait] une pratique administrative en
elle-même … sans inviter la Cour à statuer sur chacun des cas qu’il cit[ait]
à titre de preuves ou exemples de cette pratique » (Géorgie c. Fédération de
Russie (II), requête no 38263/08, décision sur la recevabilité, 13 décembre
2011, par. 85). L’Ukraine conclut que la règle de l’épuisement des voies de
recours internes ne s’applique pas dans la présente affaire, de sorte que sa
requête est recevable.
* *
129. La Cour rappelle que, en vertu du droit international coutumier,
les recours internes doivent être préalablement épuisés lorsqu’un Etat fait
valoir une réclamation au nom d’un ou de plusieurs de ses ressortissants
(Interhandel (Suisse c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 27 ; Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI)
(Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Italie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1989, p. 42, par. 50 ;
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République de Guinée c. République démocratique
du Congo), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 599,
par. 42 ; voir également projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat
pour fait internationalement illicite et commentaires y relatifs, Rapport
de la Commission du droit international sur les travaux de sa cinquante-
troisième session, Annuaire de la Commission du droit internatio-
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 605
51
Ukraine emphasizes that references to the rule of exhaustion of local remedies
are contained in Part II of CERD concerning the procedure before
the CERD Committee, whereas Article 22 is located in Part III of the
Convention, which makes no reference to the rule of exhaustion of local
remedies. On this basis, Ukraine infers that the rule of exhaustion of local
remedies applies only in the context of the CERD Committee procedure.
Ukraine further submits that, in any event, Article 11, paragraph 3, and
Article 14, paragraph 7 (a), of CERD have no relevance in the present
case: first, as a sovereign State, Ukraine cannot be expected to submit
itself to the domestic courts of another sovereign State; secondly, bringing
a dispute before the courts of the Russian Federation would be futile,
as Ukraine could not expect a fair hearing of its claims.
128. Ukraine states that the cases heard by human rights courts on
which the Russian Federation relies all concern claims by individuals or
non-governmental organizations acting on their behalf. Ukraine relies on
the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and of the
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which, in its view,
supports its position that the rule of exhaustion of local remedies does
not apply in the present case. In particular, Ukraine refers to a decision
in which the European Court of Human Rights held that the rule of
exhaustion of local remedies “does not apply where the applicant State
complains of a practice as such . . . but does not ask the Court to give a
decision on each of the cases put forward as proof or illustrations of that
practice” (Georgia v. Russia (II), Application No. 38263/08, Decision on
Admissibility of 13 December 2011, para. 85). Ukraine concludes that the
rule of exhaustion of local remedies does not apply in the present case
and that its Application is consequently admissible.
* *
129. The Court recalls that local remedies must be previously exhausted
as a matter of customary international law in cases in which a State brings
a claim on behalf of one or more of its nationals (Interhandel (Switzerland
v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 27; Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI) (United States
of America v. Italy), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1989, p. 42, para. 50;
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the
Congo), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II),
p. 599, para. 42; see also Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, Report of the International
Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session, Yearbook
of the International Law Commission, 2001, Vol. II, Part Two, pp. 120-121;
606 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
52
nal, 2001, vol. II, deuxième partie, p. 120-121 ; projet d’articles sur la
protection diplomatique et commentaires y relatifs, Rapport de la Commission
du droit international sur les travaux de sa cinquante-huitième
session, Annuaire de la Commission du droit international, 2006, vol. II,
deuxième partie, p. 44).
130. La Cour note que, selon l’Ukraine, la Fédération de Russie a
entrepris une campagne soutenue de discrimination raciale, qui s’est traduite
par des actes répétés sur une durée non négligeable, à partir de 2014,
à l’encontre des communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée. La Cour
note également que, si l’Ukraine cite des cas individuels dans ses exposés,
c’est à titre d’exemples des actes par lesquels la Fédération de Russie aurait
mené une campagne de discrimination raciale. La Cour estime donc que,
par sa requête fondée sur l’article 22 de la CIEDR, l’Ukraine ne prend pas
fait et cause pour un ou plusieurs de ses ressortissants, mais reproche à la
Fédération de Russie, sur le fondement de la CIEDR, le comportement
systématique que celle-ci aurait adopté s’agissant du traitement réservé
aux communautés ukrainienne et tatare de Crimée. Compte tenu de ce qui
précède, la Cour conclut que la règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours
internes ne s’applique pas dans les circonstances de l’espèce.
131. Cette conclusion de la Cour est sans préjudice de la question de
savoir si la Fédération de Russie a effectivement entrepris la campagne de
discrimination raciale alléguée par l’Ukraine, manquant de ce fait aux
obligations lui incombant au titre de la CIEDR. Il s’agit là d’une question
que la Cour examinera au stade du fond.
132. La Cour conclut que l’exception d’irrecevabilité que la Fédération
de Russie a soulevée à l’égard de la requête de l’Ukraine en ce qu’elle a
trait à la CIEDR doit être rejetée.
*
133. Il découle des conclusions exposées ci-dessus que les exceptions
soulevées par la Fédération de Russie quant à la compétence de la Cour
au titre de l’article 22 de la CIEDR et à la recevabilité de la requête de
l’Ukraine en ce qu’elle a trait à la CIEDR doivent être rejetées. Partant,
la Cour conclut qu’elle a compétence pour connaître des demandes présentées
par l’Ukraine sur le fondement de la CIEDR, et que la requête de
l’Ukraine, en ce qu’elle a trait à ces demandes, est recevable.
* * *
134. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) Par treize voix contre trois,
Rejette l’exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédération de Russie
selon laquelle la Cour n’a pas compétence sur la base du paragraphe 1 de
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 606
52
Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with Commentaries, Report of
the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-eighth session,
Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2006, Vol. II, Part Two,
p. 44).
130. The Court notes that, according to Ukraine, the Russian Federation
has engaged in a sustained campaign of racial discrimination, carried
out through acts repeated over an appreciable period of time starting in
2014, against the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
The Court also notes that the individual instances to which Ukraine refers
in its submissions emerge as illustrations of the acts by which the
Russian Federation has allegedly engaged in a campaign of racial
discrimination. It follows, in the view of the Court, that, in filing its Application
under Article 22 of CERD, Ukraine does not adopt the cause of
one or more of its nationals, but challenges, on the basis of CERD, the
alleged pattern of conduct of the Russian Federation with regard to
the treatment of the Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities in Crimea.
In view of the above, the Court concludes that the rule of exhaustion of
local remedies does not apply in the circumstances of the present case.
131. This conclusion by the Court is without prejudice to the question
of whether the Russian Federation has actually engaged in the campaign
of racial discrimination alleged by Ukraine, thus breaching its obligations
under CERD. This is a question which the Court will address at the merits
stage of the proceedings.
132. The Court finds that the Russian Federation’s objection to the
admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to CERD must be
rejected.
*
133. It follows from the findings made above that the Russian Federation’s
objections to the jurisdiction of the Court under Article 22 of
CERD and to the admissibility of Ukraine’s Application with regard to
CERD must be rejected. Accordingly, the Court concludes that it has
jurisdiction to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under CERD and
that Ukraine’s Application with regard to those claims is admissible.
* * *
134. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) By thirteen votes to three,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation that
the Court lacks jurisdiction on the basis of Article 24, paragraph 1, of the
607 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
53
l’article 24 de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement
du terrorisme ;
pour : M. Yusuf, président ; MM. Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Mme Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson,
Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa, juges ; M. Pocar, juge ad hoc ;
contre : Mme Xue, vice-présidente ; M. Tomka, juge ; M. Skotnikov,
juge ad hoc ;
2) Par treize voix contre trois,
Dit qu’elle a compétence sur la base du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de
la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme
pour connaître des demandes formulées par l’Ukraine sur le fondement
de cette convention ;
pour : M. Yusuf, président ; MM. Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Mme Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson,
Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa, juges ; M. Pocar, juge ad hoc ;
contre : Mme Xue, vice-présidente ; M. Tomka, juge ; M. Skotnikov,
juge ad hoc ;
3) Par quinze voix contre une,
Rejette l’exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédération de Russie
selon laquelle la Cour n’a pas compétence sur la base de l’article 22 de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale ;
pour : M. Yusuf, président ; Mme Xue, vice-présidente ; MM. Tomka, Abraham,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Mme Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde,
MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa, juges ;
M. Pocar, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Skotnikov, juge ad hoc ;
4) A l’unanimité,
Rejette l’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité soulevée par la Fédération
de Russie à l’égard de la requête de l’Ukraine en ce qu’elle a trait aux
demandes formulées sur le fondement de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale ;
5) Par quinze voix contre une,
Dit qu’elle a compétence sur la base de l’article 22 de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale pour connaître des demandes formulées par l’Ukraine sur le fondement
de cette convention, et que la requête, en ce qu’elle a trait à ces
demandes, est recevable.
pour : M. Yusuf, président ; Mme Xue, vice-présidente ; MM. Tomka, Abraham,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Mme Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde,
MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa, juges ;
M. Pocar, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Skotnikov, juge ad hoc.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 607
53
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism;
in favour: President Yusuf; Judges Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa;
Judge ad hoc Pocar;
against: Vice-President Xue; Judge Tomka; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov;
(2) By thirteen votes to three,
Finds that it has jurisdiction on the basis of Article 24, paragraph 1, of
the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism, to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under this Convention;
in favour: President Yusuf; Judges Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade,
Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa;
Judge ad hoc Pocar;
against: Vice-President Xue; Judge Tomka; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov;
(3) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation that
the Court lacks jurisdiction on the basis of Article 22 of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;
in favour: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judge ad hoc Pocar;
against: Judge ad hoc Skotnikov;
(4) Unanimously,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation to
the admissibility of the Application of Ukraine in relation to the claims
under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination;
(5) By fifteen votes to one,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article 22 of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
to entertain the claims made by Ukraine under this Convention, and
that the Application in relation to those claims is admissible.
in favour: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Crawford, Salam, Iwasawa; Judge ad hoc Pocar;
against: Judge ad hoc Skotnikov.
608 application de la cirft et de la ciedr (arrêt)
54
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le huit novembre deux mille dix-neuf, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de l’Ukraine et au
Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie.
Le président,
(Signé) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
Mme la juge Xue, vice- présidente, joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion
dissidente ; MM. les juges Tomka et Cançado Trindade joignent à
l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion individuelle ; Mme la juge Donoghue et
M. le juge Robinson joignent des déclarations à l’arrêt ; M. le juge ad hoc
Pocar joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ; M. le juge
ad hoc Skotnikov joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) A.A.Y.
(Paraphé) Ph.G.
application of the icsft and cerd (judgment) 608
54
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of November two thousand
and nineteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Ukraine
and the Government of the Russian Federation, respectively.
(Signed) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
Vice- President Xue appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of
the Court; Judges Tomka and Cançado Trindade append separate opinions
to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Donoghue and Robinson
append declarations to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Pocar
appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge ad hoc Skotnikov appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of
the Court.
(Initialled) A.A.Y.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
Preliminary Objections
Judgment of 8 November 2019