Judgment of 17 March 2016

Document Number
154-20160317-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
QUESTION DE LA DÉLIMITATION
DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
ENTRE LE NICARAGUA ET LA COLOMBIE
AU‑DELÀ DE 200 MILLES MARINS
DE LA CÔTE NICARAGUAYENNE
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARRÊT DU 17 MARS 2016
2016
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
QUESTION OF THE DELIMITATION
OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COLOMBIA
BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES
FROM THE NICARAGUAN COAST
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 17 MARCH 2016
Mode officiel de citation :
Question de la délimitation du plateau continental entre le Nicaragua
et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
(Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016, p. 100
Official citation :
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua
and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 100
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-157288-9
No de vente:
Sales number 1093
QUESTION DE LA DÉLIMITATION
DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
ENTRE LE NICARAGUA ET LA COLOMBIE
AU-DELÀ DE 200 MILLES MARINS
DE LA CÔTE NICARAGUAYENNE
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
QUESTION OF THE DELIMITATION
OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COLOMBIA
BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES
FROM THE NICARAGUAN COAST
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
17 MARS 2016
ARRÊT
17 MARCH 2016
JUDGMENT
100
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-12
I. Introduction 13-17
II. First Preliminary Objection 18-46
III. Third Preliminary Objection 47-88
1. The res judicata principle 55-61
2. The decision adopted by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012 62-84
3. Application of the res judicata principle in the case 85-88
IV. Fourth Preliminary Objection 89-90
V. Second Preliminary Objection 91-94
VI. Fifth Preliminary Objection 95-125
1. The preliminary objection to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s
First Request 97-115
2. The preliminary objection to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s
Second Request 116-125
Operative Clause 126
101
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
17 March 2016
QUESTION OF THE DELIMITATION
OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COLOMBIA
BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES
FROM THE NICARAGUAN COAST
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Colombia’s first preliminary objection.
Contentions by Colombia — The Court lacks jurisdiction ratione temporis
under Pact of Bogotá — Denunciation of Pact governed by Article LVI —
Immediate
effect of notification of denunciation.
Contentions by Nicaragua — Article XXXI of Pact grants jurisdiction so long
as treaty remains in force — Under Article LVI, Pact remains in force for one
year from date of notification of denunciation — The Court has jurisdiction
ratione
temporis as Nicaragua’s Application was filed less than one year after
Colombia gave notification of denunciation.
Analysis of the Court — Critical date for establishing jurisdiction — Effects of
denunciation determined by first paragraph of Article LVI — Question whether
second paragraph of Article LVI alters effect of first paragraph — Second paragraph
confirms that procedures instituted before notification of denunciation can
continue irrespective of that denunciation — Proceedings instituted during one‑year
notice period are proceedings instituted while Pact still in force — Colombia’s
interpretation would result in most of the Articles of the Pact losing effect while
Pact still in force — Colombia’s interpretation not consistent with object and
purpose
of Pact — Colombia’s interpretation not necessary to give effet utile to
second paragraph of Article LVI — Colombia’s first preliminary objection
rejected.
*
2016
17 March
General List
No. 154
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 102
6
Colombia’s third preliminary objection according to which the Court lacks jurisdiction
because Nicaragua’s Application is barred by res judicata.
Objection characterized by the Court as objection to admissibility.
Contentions by Colombia — Nicaragua’s First Request in its 2013 Application
reiterates its claim contained in final submission I (3) of 2012 relating to delimitation
of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from Nicaragua’s coast — In
2012 Judgment, that claim found admissible but not upheld on the merits — First
Request barred by res judicata — Second Request asks the Court to declare principles
and rules of international law governing rights and duties of the two States
in relevant area pending delimitation — Nicaragua’s Second Request linked to
First Request and also barred by res judicata.
Contentions by Nicaragua — The Court’s decision in subparagraph 3 of operative
clause of 2012 Judgment did not amount to a rejection on the merits of the
claim for delimitation of continental shelf — Court’s 2012 decision based on fact
that Nicaragua had not completed its submission to CLCS — Nicaragua has since
discharged its obligation under Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS — Operative
clause of 2012 Judgment takes no position on delimitation of continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles — The Court not prevented from entertaining Nicaragua’s
claim for such delimitation in its 2013 Application.
Analysis by the Court — Principle of res judicata — Finality of decision
adopted in a particular case — Identity between parties, object and legal ground —
Identity between successive claims not sufficient — Need to determine to what
extent first claim already definitively settled — Ascertainment of what is covered
by res judicata — Meaning of operative clause may need to be established by reference
to reasoning of Judgment.
Content and scope of subparagraph 3 of operative clause of 2012 Judgment —
Meaning to be attributed to words “cannot uphold” — Examination of reasoning
in Section IV of 2012 Judgment — The fact that Colombia not a party to
UNCLOS did not relieve Nicaragua of its obligations under Article 76 of
UNCLOS — At time of 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua had only submitted “Preliminary
Information” to CLCS — Finding of the Court in paragraph 129 of
2012 Judgment — The Court did not take a decision on whether or not Nicaragua
had an entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its
coast — Nicaragua’s claim in final submission I (3) of 2012 not upheld because it
had yet to discharge its obligation under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS —
Any delimitation conditional on fulfilment of this obligation.
Application of res judicata principle in the case — Nicaragua submitted “final”
information to CLCS in 2013 — Fulfilment of condition imposed in 2012 Judgment
— The Court not precluded by res judicata from ruling on Nicaragua’s
Application — Colombia’s third preliminary objection rejected.
*
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 103
7
Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection according to which the Court lacks
jurisdiction over a claim that is an attempt to appeal and revise 2012 Judgment —
Nicaragua does not request the Court to revise 2012 Judgment, nor does it frame
Application as an “appeal” — Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection not founded
and therefore rejected.
*
Colombia’s second preliminary objection according to which 2012 Judgment
does not grant the Court continuing jurisdiction — Jurisdiction already established
on basis of Article XXXI of Pact — No need to consider whether an additional
basis of jurisdiction exists — No ground for the Court to rule upon Colombia’s
second preliminary objection.
*
Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection.
Question of inadmissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request — Whether recommendation
by CLCS is a prerequisite for the Court to delimit continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles — Role and function of CLCS — Delimitation of
continental
shelf distinct from delineation of its outer limits — Delimitation of
continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles can be undertaken independently of a
recommendation from CLCS — Recommendation not a prerequisite — Preliminary
objection to admissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request rejected.
Question of inadmissibility of Nicaragua’s Second Request — Second Request
does not relate to an actual dispute between the Parties — Preliminary objection
to admissibility of Nicaragua’s Second Request upheld.
JUDGMENT
Present: President Abraham ; Vice‑President Yusuf ; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judges ad hoc
Brower, Skotnikov ; Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning the question of the delimitation of the continental shelf
between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan
coast,
between
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 104
8
the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nicaragua
to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent and Counsel ;
Mr. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., member of the Bar of England and Wales, Emeritus
Professor of International Law, Oxford University, member of the
Institut de droit international,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the
Sea, Professor of International Law of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor at the Université Paris Ouest,
Nanterre‑La
Défense, former member and Chairman of the International
Law Commission, member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
Mr. César Vega Masís, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Director of
Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Territory, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Walner Molina Pérez, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Counsel ;
Mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, Counsellor, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Claudia Loza Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Benjamin Samson, Ph.D. Candidate, Centre de droit international de
Nanterre (CEDIN), Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La Défense,
Ms Gimena González,
as Assistant Counsel ;
Ms Sherly Noguera de Argüello, Consul General of the Republic of Nicaragua,
as Administrator,
and
the Republic of Colombia,
represented by
H.E. Ms María Angela Holguín Cuéllar, Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Hon. Ms Aury Guerrero Bowie, Governor of the Archipelago of San Andrés,
Providencia and Santa Catalina,
H.E. Mr. Francisco Echeverri Lara, Vice-Minister
of Multilateral Affairs,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as National Authorities ;
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 105
9
H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla, former Judge of the Council of
State of Colombia, former Attorney General of Colombia and former
Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent ;
H.E. Mr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa, former President of the Constitutional
Court of Colombia, former Permanent Delegate of Colombia to
UNESCO and former Ambassador of Colombia to the Swiss Confederation,
as Co‑Agent ;
Mr. W. Michael Reisman, McDougal Professor of International Law at Yale
Law School, member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, former avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, member of
the New York Bar, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the Bar of England and Wales,
member of the International Law Commission,
Mr. Tullio Treves, member of the Institut de droit international, Senior
Public
International Law Consultant, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan, Professor, University of Milan,
Mr. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina, member of the International Law Commission,
President of the Latin American Society of International Law,
Mr. Matthias Herdegen, Dr. h.c., Professor of International Law, Director of
the Institute of International Law at the University of Bonn,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren, Ambassador of the Republic of
Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative
of Colombia to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons,
former Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations
in Geneva,
H.E. Mr. Andelfo García González, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia
to the Kingdom of Thailand, Professor of International Law, former
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, Embassy of the Republic of Colombia
in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Lucía Solano Ramírez, Second Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of
Colombia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Andrés Villegas Jaramillo, Co‑ordinator, Group of Affairs before the
ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Giovanny Andrés Vega Barbosa, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Ana María Durán López, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Camilo Alberto Gómez Niño, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Juan David Veloza Chará, Third Secretary, Group of Affairs before the
ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Legal Advisers ;
Rear Admiral Luís Hernán Espejo, National Navy of Colombia,
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 106
10
CN William Pedroza, International Affairs Bureau, National Navy of Colombia,
CF Hermann León, National Maritime Authority (DIMAR), National Navy
of Colombia,
Mr. Scott Edmonds, Cartographer, International Mapping,
Mr. Thomas Frogh, Cartographer, International Mapping,
as Technical Advisers ;
Ms Charis Tan, Advocate and Solicitor, Singapore, member of the New York
Bar, Solicitor, England and Wales, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,
Mr. Eran Sthoeger, LL.M., New York University School of Law,
Mr. Renato Raymundo Treves, Associate, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan,
Mr. Lorenzo Palestini, Ph.D. Candidate, Graduate Institute of International
and Development Studies, Geneva,
as Legal Assistants,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 16 September 2013, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua
(hereinafter “Nicaragua”) filed with the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”)
with regard to a “dispute [which] concerns the delimitation of the boundaries
between, on the one hand, the continental shelf of Nicaragua beyond the
200‑nautical‑mile limit from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial
sea of Nicaragua is measured, and on the other hand, the continental shelf
of Colombia”.
In its Application, Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“Pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such).
In addition, Nicaragua contends that the subject‑matter of its Application
remains within the jurisdiction of the Court established in the case concerning
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In particular, it
maintains that the Court, in its Judgment dated 19 November 2012 (hereinafter
the “2012 Judgment”), did not definitively determine the question of the delimitation
of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia in the area
beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, “which question was and
remains before the Court”.
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court,
the Registrar immediately communicated the Application to the Government of
Colombia ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 107
11
by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Nicaragua chose Mr. Leonid Skotnikov and Colombia Mr. Charles N. Brower.
4. By an Order of 9 December 2013, the Court fixed 9 December 2014 as the
time‑limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 9 December 2015 for
the filing of the Counter‑Memorial of Colombia.
5. On 14 August 2014, before the expiry of the time‑limit for the filing of the
Memorial of Nicaragua, Colombia, referring to Article 79 of the Rules of Court,
raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and to the admissibility
of the Application. For its part, Nicaragua, by letter dated 16 September
2014, though expressing its surprise that the said objections were raised four
months before the expiry of the time‑limit for the filing of its Memorial,
requested the Court, in the event that the proceedings on the merits were suspended,
to give it a sufficient period of time to present a written statement of its
observations and submissions on those objections.
Consequently, by an Order of 19 September 2014, the Court, noting that, by
virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the
merits were suspended, fixed 19 January 2015 as the time‑limit for the presentation
by Nicaragua of a written statement of its observations and submissions on
the preliminary objections raised by Colombia. Nicaragua filed such a statement
within the prescribed time‑limit. The case thus became ready for hearing in
respect of the preliminary objections.
6. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of Bogotá the notifications
provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In
accordance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court,
the Registrar, by letter dated 10 November 2014, moreover addressed to the
Organization of American States (hereinafter the “OAS”) the notification provided
for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court, explaining that
copies of the preliminary objections filed by Colombia and the written statement
to be filed by Nicaragua would be communicated in due course. By letter dated
5 January 2015, and before having received copies of these pleadings, the
Secretary-General
of the OAS indicated that the Organization did not intend to
submit any observations in writing within the meaning of Article 69, paragraph 3,
of the Rules of Court. By letter dated 30 January 2015, the Registrar, taking note
of the fact that the OAS did not intend to present any such observations, and
bearing in mind the confidentiality of the pleadings, advised the Secretary-General
of the OAS that, unless there was a specific reason why that Organization
wished to receive copies of the written proceedings, no copies thereof would
be provided.
7. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Government
of the Republic of Chile asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the Parties
in accordance with that same provision, the President of the Court decided to
grant that request. The Registrar duly communicated that decision to the Government
of Chile and to the Parties.
8. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the preliminary
objections of Colombia and the written observations of Nicaragua would be
made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 108
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9. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Colombia were
held from Monday 5 October 2015 to Friday 9 October 2015, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For Colombia: H.E. Mr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Matthias Herdegen,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. W. Michael Reisman,
Mr. Tullio Treves,
H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla.
For Nicaragua: H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe.
*
10. In the Application, the following claims were presented by Nicaragua :
“Nicaragua requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
First : The precise course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua
and Colombia in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each
of them beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012.
Second : The principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the delimitation
of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical miles
from Nicaragua’s coast.”
11. In the written pleadings, the following submissions were presented on
behalf of the Parties :
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
in the preliminary objections :
“The Republic of Colombia requests the Court to adjudge and declare,
for the reasons set forth in this Pleading,
1. That it lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought by Nicaragua
in its Application of 16 September 2013 ; or, in the alternative,
2. That the claims brought against Colombia in the Application of 16 September
2013 are inadmissible.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
in the written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by Colombia :
“For the above reasons, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that the Preliminary Objections submitted by the
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 109
13
Republic of Colombia, both in respect of the jurisdiction of the Court and
of the admissibility of the case, are invalid.”
12. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following submissions
were presented by the Parties :
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 7 October 2015 :
“For the reasons set forth in [its] written and oral pleadings on preliminary
objections, the Republic of Colombia requests the Court to adjudge
and declare :
1. That it lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought by Nicaragua
in its Application of 16 September 2013 ; or, in the alternative,
2. That the claims brought against Colombia in the Application of 16 September
2013 are inadmissible.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 9 October 2015 :
“In view of the reasons Nicaragua has presented in its written observations
and during the hearings, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the
Court :
— to reject the preliminary objections of the Republic of Colombia ;
and
— to proceed with the examination of the merits of the case.”
* * *
I. Introduction
13. It is recalled that in the present proceedings, Nicaragua seeks to
found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
According to this provision, the parties to the Pact recognize the Court’s
jurisdiction as compulsory in “all disputes of a juridical nature” (see paragraph
19 below).
14. In addition, Nicaragua maintains that the subject‑matter of its
Application remains within the jurisdiction of the Court, as established in
the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), because in its 2012 Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 624), the Court did not definitively determine the question — of which
it was seised — of the delimitation of the continental shelf between Nicaragua
and Colombia in the area beyond 200 nautical miles of the Nicaraguan
coast.
15. Colombia has raised five preliminary objections to the jurisdiction
of the Court or to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s Application. According
to the first objection put forward by Colombia, the Court lacks jurisdiction
ratione temporis under the Pact of Bogotá because the proceedings
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 110
14
were instituted by Nicaragua on 16 September 2013, after Colombia’s
notice of denunciation of the Pact became effective on 27 November 2012.
In its second objection, Colombia argues that the Court does not possess
“continuing jurisdiction” because it fully dealt with Nicaragua’s claims in
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute case with regard to the delimitation
of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia in the area
beyond 200 nautical miles of the Nicaraguan coast. Colombia contends in
its third objection that the issues raised in Nicaragua’s Application of
16 September 2013 were “explicitly decided” by the Court in its 2012 Judgment
; the Court therefore lacks jurisdiction because Nicaragua’s claim is
barred by the principle of res judicata. In its fourth objection, Colombia
submits that Nicaragua’s Application is an attempt to appeal and revise
the Court’s 2012 Judgment, and, as such, the Court has no jurisdiction to
entertain the Application. Finally, according to Colombia’s fifth objection,
Nicaragua’s First Request (regarding the delimitation of the continental
shelf between the Parties in the area beyond 200 nautical miles
from Nicaragua’s baselines) and Second Request (regarding the determination
of the principles and rules of international law governing the rights
and duties of the two States in the relevant area pending the delimitation)
in its Application (see paragraph 10 above) are inadmissible. The First
Request is, in Colombia’s view, inadmissible because the Commission on
the Limits of the Continental Shelf (hereinafter the “CLCS”) has not
made recommendations to Nicaragua with respect to whether, and if so
how far, Nicaragua’s claimed outer continental shelf extends beyond
200 nautical miles. According to Colombia, the Second Request is inadmissible
because, if “the Court decides that it has no jurisdiction over the
First Request or that such request is inadmissible, no delimitation issue
will be pending before the Court”. Colombia adds that there would be no
time‑frame within which to apply any decision on the Second Request, as
the Court would deal with both requests simultaneously ; consequently,
the Second Request is also inadmissible because, even if the Court were
able to entertain it, the Court’s decision would be without object.
16. In its written observations and final submissions during the oral
proceedings, Nicaragua requested the Court to reject Colombia’s preliminary
objections in their entirety (see paragraphs 11 and 12 above).
17. Since Colombia’s second preliminary objection is concerned exclusively
with the additional basis for jurisdiction suggested by Nicaragua,
the Court will address it after it has considered the first, third and fourth
objections. The fifth preliminary objection, which concerns the admissibility
of Nicaragua’s claims, will be considered last.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 111
15
II. First Preliminary Objection
18. Colombia’s first preliminary objection is that Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogotá cannot provide a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court,
because Colombia had given notification of denunciation of the Pact before
Nicaragua filed its Application in the present case. According to Colombia,
that notification had an immediate effect upon the jurisdiction of the Court
under Article XXXI, with the result that the Court lacks jurisdiction in
respect of any proceedings instituted after the notification was transmitted.
19. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá provides :
“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare
that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the
jurisdiction
of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the
necessity
of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in
force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them
concerning
:
(a) [t]he interpretation of a treaty ;
(b) [a]ny question of international law ;
(c) [t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
the breach of an international obligation ;
(d) [t]he nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach
of an international obligation.”
20. Denunciation of the Pact of Bogotá is governed by Article LVI,
which reads :
“The present Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be
denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall
cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall
continue in force for the remaining signatories. The denunciation
shall be addressed to the Pan American Union, which shall transmit
it to the other Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures
initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification.”
21. On 27 November 2012, Colombia gave notice of denunciation by
means of a diplomatic Note from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to the
Secretary-General
of the OAS as head of the General Secretariat of the
OAS (the successor to the Pan American Union). That notice stated that
Colombia’s denunciation “takes effect as of today with regard to procedures
that are initiated after the present notice, in conformity with [the]
second paragraph of Article LVI”.
22. The Application in the present case was submitted to the Court after
the transmission of Colombia’s notification of denunciation but before the
one‑year period referred to in the first paragraph of Article LVI had elapsed.
* *
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 112
16
23. Colombia maintains that Article LVI of the Pact of Bogotá should
be interpreted in accordance with the customary international law rules
on treaty interpretation enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the 1969 Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter, the “Vienna Convention”).
Colombia relies, in particular, on the general rule of interpretation
in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, which requires that “[a] treaty
shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning
to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light
of its object and purpose”. According to Colombia, the application of the
general rule of treaty interpretation must lead to the conclusion that procedures
initiated after transmission of a notification of denunciation are
affected by the denunciation.
24. Colombia contends that the natural implication of the express provision
in the second paragraph of Article LVI of the Pact that denunciation
shall have no effect on pending procedures initiated before the transmission
of a notification is that denunciation is effective with regard to procedures
initiated after that date. Such effect must follow, according to Colombia,
from the application to the second paragraph of Article LVI of an a contrario
interpretation of the kind applied by the Court in its Judgment of
16 April 2013 in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/
Niger) (I.C.J. Reports 2013, pp. 81‑82, paras. 87‑88). Moreover, to adopt a
different interpretation would deny effet utile to the second paragraph and
thus run counter to the principle that all of the words in a treaty should be
given effect. Colombia refutes the suggestion that its interpretation of the
second paragraph of Article LVI would deny effet utile to the first paragraph
of that provision. Even though Colombia accepts that its interpretation
would mean that none of the different procedures provided for in
Chapters Two to Five of the Pact could be initiated by, or against, a State
which had given notification of denunciation during the year that the treaty
remained in force in accordance with the first paragraph of Article LVI, it
maintains that important substantive obligations contained in the other
chapters of the Pact would nevertheless remain in force during the one‑year
period, so that the first paragraph of Article LVI would have a clear effect.
25. Colombia argues that its interpretation of Article LVI is confirmed
by the fact that if the parties to the Pact had wanted to provide that
denunciation would not affect any procedures initiated during the
one‑year period of notice, they could easily have said so expressly,
namely by adopting a wording similar to provisions in other treaties,
such as Article 58, paragraph 2, of the 1950 European Convention on
Human Rights, or Article 40, paragraph 2, of the 1972 European Convention
on State Immunity. Colombia also observes that the function and
language of Article XXXI are very similar to those of Article 36, paragraph
2, of the Statute of the Court and that States generally reserve the
right to withdraw their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, without
notice.
26. Finally, Colombia maintains that its interpretation is “also consistent
with the State practice of the parties to the Pact” and the travaux
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 113
17
préparatoires. With regard to the first argument, it points to the absence
of any reaction, including from Nicaragua, to Colombia’s notice of
denunciation, notwithstanding the clear statement therein that the denunciation
was to take effect as of the date of the notice “with regard to
procedures . . . initiated after the present notice”. It also emphasizes that
there was no reaction from other parties to the Pact when El Salvador
gave notice of denunciation in 1973, notwithstanding that El Salvador’s
notification of denunciation stated that the denunciation “will begin to
take effect as of today”. With regard to the travaux préparatoires, Colombia
contends that the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken from Article
9 of the 1929 General Treaty of Inter‑American Arbitration (and the
parallel provision in Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention of
Inter‑American Conciliation). Colombia maintains that what became the
second paragraph of Article LVI was added as the result of an initiative
taken by the United States of America in 1938 which was accepted by the
Inter‑American Juridical Committee in 1947 and incorporated into the
text which was signed in 1948. According to Colombia, this history shows
that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to incorporate a provision
which limited the effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI.
*
27. Nicaragua contends that the jurisdiction of the Court is determined
by Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, according to which Colombia
and Nicaragua had each recognized the jurisdiction of the Court “so long
as the present Treaty is in force”. How long the treaty remains in force is
determined by the first paragraph of Article LVI, which provides that the
Pact remains in force for a State which has given notification of denunciation
for one year from the date of that notification. Since the date on
which the jurisdiction of the Court has to be established is that on which
the Application is filed, and since Nicaragua’s Application was filed less
than one year after Colombia gave notification of its denunciation of the
Pact, it follows — according to Nicaragua — that the Court has jurisdiction
in the present case. Nicaragua maintains that nothing in the second
paragraph of Article LVI runs counter to that conclusion and no inference
should be drawn from the silence of that paragraph regarding procedures
commenced between the transmission of the notification of
denunciation and the date on which the treaty is terminated for the
denouncing State ; in any event, such inference could not prevail over the
express language of Article XXXI and the first paragraph of Article LVI.
28. That conclusion is reinforced, in Nicaragua’s view, by consideration
of the object and purpose of the Pact. Nicaragua recalls that, according to
the Court, “[i]t is . . . quite clear from the Pact that the purpose of the
American States in drafting it was to reinforce their mutual commitments
with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46). Colombia’s interpretation of the sec‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 114
18
ond paragraph of Article LVI would, Nicaragua maintains, deprive of all
meaning the express provision of Article XXXI that the parties to the Pact
accept the jurisdiction of the Court so long as the Pact is in force between
them, as well as the express provision of Article LVI that the Pact remains
in force for one year after notification of denunciation. According to Nicaragua,
it would also render the purpose of the Pact — as defined by the
Court — unachievable during the one‑year notice period.
29. Nicaragua disputes Colombia’s argument that the Colombian
interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would still leave
important obligations in place during the one‑year period of notice.
According to Nicaragua, the Colombian interpretation would remove
from the effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI all of the procedures
for good offices and mediation (Chapter Two of the Pact), investigation
and conciliation (Chapter Three), judicial settlement (Chapter Four) and
arbitration (Chapter Five), which together comprise forty‑one of the
sixty Articles of the Pact. Of the remaining provisions, several — such as
Article LII on ratification of the Pact and Article LIV on adherence to the
Pact — are provisions which have entirely served their purpose and would
fulfil no function during the one‑year period of notice, while others —
such as Articles III to VI — are inextricably linked to the procedures in
Chapters Two to Five and impose no obligations independent of those
procedures. Colombia’s interpretation of Article LVI would thus leave
only six of the Pact’s sixty Articles with any function during the period of
one year prescribed by the first paragraph of Article LVI. Nicaragua also
notes that the title of Chapter One of the Pact is “General Obligation to
Settle Disputes by Pacific Means” and contends that it would be strange
to interpret Article LVI of the Pact as maintaining this chapter in force
between a State which had given notice of denunciation and the other
parties to the Pact, but not the chapters containing the very means to
which Chapter One refers.
30. Finally, Nicaragua denies that the practice of the parties to the
Pact of Bogotá or the travaux préparatoires support Colombia’s interpretation.
So far as practice is concerned, Nicaragua maintains that nothing
can be read into the absence of a response to the notices of denunciation
by El Salvador and Colombia as there was no obligation on other parties
to the Pact to respond. As for the travaux préparatoires, they suggest no
reason why what became the second paragraph of Article LVI was
included or what it was intended to mean. Most importantly, the travaux
préparatoires contain nothing which suggests that the parties to the Pact
intended, by the addition of what became the second paragraph, to
restrict the scope of the first paragraph of Article LVI. In Nicaragua’s
view, the second paragraph of Article LVI, while not necessary, serves a
useful purpose in making clear that denunciation does not affect pending
procedures.
* *
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 115
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31. The Court recalls that the date at which its jurisdiction has to be
established is the date on which the application is filed with the Court
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, pp. 437‑438, paras. 79‑80 ; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 613, para. 26). One consequence of this rule
is that “the removal, after an application has been filed, of an element on
which the Court’s jurisdiction is dependent does not and cannot have any
retroactive effect” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 80). Thus, even if
the treaty provision by which jurisdiction is conferred on the Court ceases
to be in force between the applicant and the respondent, or either party’s
declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
expires or is withdrawn, after the application has been filed, that fact does
not deprive the Court of jurisdiction. As the Court held, in the Nottebohm
case :
“When an Application is filed at a time when the law in force
between the parties entails the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court . . . the filing of the Application is merely the condition required
to enable the clause of compulsory jurisdiction to produce its effects
in respect of the claim advanced in the Application. Once this condition
has been satisfied, the Court must deal with the claim ; it has
jurisdiction to deal with all its aspects, whether they relate to jurisdiction,
to admissibility or to the merits. An extrinsic fact such as the
subsequent lapse of the Declaration, by reason of the expiry of the
period or by denunciation, cannot deprive the Court of the jurisdiction
already established.” (Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala),
Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 123.)
32. By Article XXXI, the parties to the Pact of Bogotá recognize as
compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court, “so long as the present Treaty
is in force”. The first paragraph of Article LVI provides that, following
the denunciation of the Pact by a State party, the Pact shall remain in
force between the denouncing State and the other parties for a period of
one year following the notification of denunciation. It is not disputed
that, if these provisions stood alone, they would be sufficient to confer
jurisdiction in the present case. The Pact was still in force between Colombia
and Nicaragua on the date that the Application was filed and, in
accordance with the rule considered in paragraph 31 above, the fact that
the Pact subsequently ceased to be in force between them would not affect
that jurisdiction. The only question raised by Colombia’s first preliminary
objection, therefore, is whether the second paragraph of Article LVI so
alters what would otherwise have been the effect of the first paragraph as
to require the conclusion that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of the
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 116
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proceedings, notwithstanding that those proceedings were instituted while
the Pact was still in force between Nicaragua and Colombia.
33. That question has to be answered by the application to the relevant
provisions of the Pact of Bogotá of the rules on treaty interpretation
enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention. Although that
Convention is not in force between the Parties and is not, in any event,
applicable to treaties concluded before it entered into force, such as the
Pact of Bogotá, it is well established that Articles 31 to 33 of the Convention
reflect rules of customary international law (Avena and Other
Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 48, para. 83 ; LaGrand (Germany v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 502, para. 101 ; Oil Platforms
(Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 812, para. 23 ; Territorial
Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994,
pp. 21‑22, para. 41 ; Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea‑Bissau v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 70, para. 48). The Parties
agree that these rules are applicable. Article 31, which states the general
rule of interpretation, requires that “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in good
faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of
the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”.
34. Colombia’s argument regarding the interpretation of the second
paragraph of Article LVI is based not upon the ordinary meaning of the
terms used in that provision but upon an inference which might be drawn
from what that paragraph does not say. That paragraph is silent with regard
to procedures initiated after the transmission of the notification of denunciation
but before the expiration of the one‑year period referred to in the first
paragraph of Article LVI. Colombia asks the Court to draw from that
silence the inference that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of proceedings
initiated after notification of denunciation has been given. According to
Colombia, that inference should be drawn even though the Pact remains in
force for the State making that denunciation, because the one‑year period of
notice stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI has not yet elapsed.
That inference is said to follow from an a contrario reading of the provision.
35. An a contrario reading of a treaty provision — by which the fact
that the provision expressly provides for one category of situations is said
to justify the inference that other comparable categories are excluded —
has been employed by both the present Court (see, e.g., Territorial and
Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application by Honduras for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 432,
para. 29) and the Permanent Court of International Justice (S.S. “Wimbledon”,
Judgments, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1, pp. 23‑24). Such an
interpretation is only warranted, however, when it is appropriate in light
of the text of all the provisions concerned, their context and the object
and purpose of the treaty. Moreover, even where an a contrario interpretation
is justified, it is important to determine precisely what inference its
application requires in any given case.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 117
21
36. The second paragraph of Article LVI states that “[t]he denunciation
shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures initiated prior to the
transmission of the particular notification”. However, it is not the denunciation
per se that is capable of having an effect upon the jurisdiction of the
Court under Article XXXI of the Pact, but the termination of the treaty (as
between the denouncing State and the other parties) which results from the
denunciation. That follows both from the terms of Article XXXI, which
provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction of the Court
as compulsory inter se “so long as the present Treaty is in force”, and from
the ordinary meaning of the words used in Article LVI. The first paragraph
of Article LVI provides that the treaty may be terminated by denunciation,
but that termination will occur only after a period of one year from the
notification of denunciation. It is, therefore, this first paragraph which
determines the effects of denunciation. The second paragraph of Article
LVI confirms that procedures instituted before the transmission of the
notification of denunciation can continue irrespective of the denunciation
and thus that their continuation is ensured irrespective of the provisions of
the first paragraph on the effects of denunciation as a whole.
37. Colombia’s argument is that if one applies an a contrario interpretation
to the second paragraph of Article LVI, then it follows from the
statement that “denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending
procedures initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification
[of denunciation]” that denunciation does have an effect upon procedures
instituted after the transmission of that notification. Colombia
maintains that the effect is that any procedures instituted after that date
fall altogether outside the treaty. In the case of proceedings at the Court
commenced after that date, Colombia maintains that they would, therefore,
fall outside the jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI. However,
such an interpretation runs counter to the language of Article XXXI,
which provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction of
the Court as compulsory “so long as the present Treaty is in force”.
The second paragraph of Article LVI is open to a different interpretation,
which is compatible with the language of Article XXXI. According
to this interpretation, whereas proceedings instituted before transmission
of notification of denunciation can continue in any event and are thus not
subject to the first paragraph of Article LVI, the effect of denunciation on
proceedings instituted after that date is governed by the first paragraph.
Since the first paragraph provides that denunciation terminates the treaty
for the denouncing State only after a period of one year has elapsed, proceedings
instituted during that year are instituted while the Pact is still in
force. They are thus within the scope of the jurisdiction conferred by
Article XXXI.
38. Moreover, in accordance with the rule of interpretation enshrined
in Article 31, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention, the text of the second
paragraph of Article LVI has to be examined in its context. Colombia
admits (see paragraph 28 above) that its reading of the second
paragraph has the effect that, during the one‑year period which the first
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 118
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paragraph of Article LVI establishes between the notification of denunciation
and the termination of the treaty for the denouncing State, none
of the procedures for settlement of disputes established by Chapters Two
to Five of the Pact could be invoked as between a denouncing State and
any other party to the Pact. According to Colombia, only the provisions
of the other Chapters of the Pact would remain in force between a
denouncing State and the other parties, during the one‑year period of
notice. However, Chapters Two to Five contain all of the provisions of
the Pact dealing with the different procedures for the peaceful settlement
of disputes and, as the Court will explain, play a central role within the
structure of obligations laid down by the Pact. The result of Colombia’s
proposed interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would be
that, during the year following notification of denunciation, most of the
Articles of the Pact, containing its most important provisions, would not
apply between the denouncing State and the other parties. Such a result is
difficult to reconcile with the express terms of the first paragraph of Article
LVI, which provides that “the present Treaty” shall remain in force
during the one‑year period without distinguishing between different parts
of the Pact as Colombia seeks to do.
39. It is also necessary to consider whether Colombia’s interpretation
is consistent with the object and purpose of the Pact of Bogotá. That
object and purpose are suggested by the full title of the Pact, namely the
American Treaty on Pacific Settlement. The preamble indicates that the
Pact was adopted in fulfilment of Article 23 of the Charter of the OAS.
Article 23 (now Article 27) provides that :
“A special treaty will establish adequate means for the settlement
of disputes and will determine pertinent procedures for each peaceful
means such that no dispute between American States may remain
without definitive settlement within a reasonable period of time.”
That emphasis on establishing means for the peaceful settlement of disputes
as the object and purpose of the Pact is reinforced by the provisions
of Chapter One of the Pact, which is entitled “General Obligation to Settle
Disputes by Pacific Means”. Article I provides :
“The High Contracting Parties, solemnly reaffirming their commitments
made in earlier international conventions and declarations, as
well as in the Charter of the United Nations, agree to refrain from
the threat or the use of force, or from any other means of coercion
for the settlement of their controversies, and to have recourse at all
times to pacific procedures.”
Article II provides :
“The High Contracting Parties recognize the obligation to settle
international controversies by regional pacific procedures before
referring them to the Security Council of the United Nations.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 119
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Consequently, in the event that a controversy arises between two
or more signatory States which, in the opinion of the parties, cannot
be settled by direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels,
the parties bind themselves to use the procedures established in
the present Treaty, in the manner and under the conditions provided
for in the following articles, or, alternatively, such special procedures
as, in their opinion, will permit them to arrive at a solution.”
Finally, the Court recalls that, in its 1988 Judgment in the Armed Actions
case, quoted at paragraph 28 above, it held that “the purpose of the
American States in drafting [the Pact] was to reinforce their mutual commitments
with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46).
40. These factors make clear that the object and purpose of the Pact is
to further the peaceful settlement of disputes through the procedures provided
for in the Pact. Although Colombia argues that the reference to
“regional . . . procedures” in the first paragraph of Article II is not confined
to the procedures set out in the Pact, Article II has to be interpreted
as a whole. It is clear from the use of the word “consequently” at the
beginning of the second paragraph of Article II that the obligation to
resort to regional procedures, which the parties “recognize” in the first
paragraph, is to be given effect by employing the procedures laid down in
Chapters Two to Five of the Pact. Colombia maintains that its interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI would leave Article II —
which contains one of the core obligations in the Pact — in effect during
the one‑year period. The Court observes, however, that Colombia’s interpretation
would deprive both the denouncing State and, to the extent that
they have a controversy with the denouncing State, all other parties of
access to the very procedures designed to give effect to that obligation to
resort to regional procedures. As the Court has already explained (see
paragraph 34 above), that interpretation is said to follow not from the
express terms of the second paragraph of Article LVI but from an inference
which, according to Colombia, must be drawn from the silence of
that paragraph regarding proceedings instituted during the one‑year
period. The Court sees no basis on which to draw from that silence an
inference that would not be consistent with the object and purpose of the
Pact of Bogotá.
41. An essential part of Colombia’s argument is that its interpretation
is necessary to give effet utile to the second paragraph of Article LVI.
Colombia maintains that if the effect of the second paragraph is confined
to ensuring that procedures commenced before the date of transmission
of the notification of denunciation can continue after that date, then the
provision is superfluous. The rule that events occurring after the date on
which an application is filed do not deprive the Court of jurisdiction
which existed on that date (see paragraph 31 above) would ensure, in any
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 120
24
event, that denunciation of the Pact would not affect procedures already
instituted prior to denunciation.
The Court has recognized that, in general, the interpretation of a treaty
should seek to give effect to every term in that treaty and that no provision
should be interpreted in a way that renders it devoid of purport or effect
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 125‑126, para. 133 ;
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgments,
I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 24). There are occasions, however, when the parties
to a treaty adopt a provision for the avoidance of doubt even if such a
provision is not strictly necessary. For example, Article LVIII of the Pact
of Bogotá provides that certain earlier Inter‑American treaties shall cease
to have effect with respect to parties to the Pact as soon as the Pact comes
into force. Article LIX then provides that the provisions of Article LVIII
“shall not apply to procedures already initiated or agreed upon” in accordance
with any of those earlier treaties. While neither Party made reference
to these provisions, if one applies to them the approach suggested by
Colombia with regard to Article LVI, then Article LIX must be considered
unnecessary. It appears that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá considered
that it was desirable to include Article LIX out of an abundance of caution.
The fact that the parties to the Pact considered that including Article
LIX served a useful purpose even though it was not strictly necessary
undermines Colombia’s argument that the similar provision in the second
paragraph of Article LVI could not have been included for that reason.
42. The Court also considers that, in seeking to determine the meaning
of the second paragraph of Article LVI, it should not adopt an interpretation
which renders the first paragraph of that Article devoid of purport or
effect. The first paragraph provides that the Pact shall remain in force for
a period of one year following notification of denunciation. Colombia’s
interpretation would, however, confine the effect of that provision to
Chapters One, Six, Seven, and Eight. Chapter Eight contains the formal
provisions on such matters as ratification, entry into force and registration
and imposes no obligations during the period following a notification
of denunciation. Chapter Seven (entitled “Advisory Opinions”)
contains only one Article and is purely permissive. Chapter Six also
contains
one provision, which requires only that before a party resorts to
the Security Council regarding the failure of another party to comply
with a judgment of the Court or an arbitration award, it shall first propose
a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the
parties.
Chapter One (“General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific
Means”) contains eight Articles which impose important obligations
upon the parties but, as has already been shown (see paragraph 40 above),
Article II is concerned with the obligation to use the procedures in the
Pact (none of which would be available during the one‑year period if
Colombia’s interpretation were accepted), while Articles III to VI have no
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 121
25
effect independent of the procedures in Chapters Two to Five. That leaves
only three provisions. Article I provides that the Parties,
“solemnly reaffirming their commitments made in earlier international
conventions and declarations, as well as in the Charter of
the United Nations, agree to refrain from the threat of the use of
force, or from any other means of coercion for the settlement of their
controversies,
and to have recourse at all times to pacific procedures”.
Article VII binds the parties not to exercise diplomatic protection in
respect of their nationals when those nationals have had available the
means to place their cases before competent domestic courts. Article VIII
provides that recourse to pacific means shall not preclude recourse to
self‑defence in the case of an armed attack.
Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI
would thus confine the application of the first paragraph of Article LVI
to these few provisions.
43. Colombia, basing itself on the language employed in other treaties,
argues that, had the parties to the Pact of Bogotá wished to provide that
proceedings instituted at any time before the expiry of the one‑year period
stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI would be unaffected, they
could easily have made express provision to that effect. Conversely, however,
had the parties to the Pact intended the result for which Colombia
contends, they could easily have made express provision to that effect —
but they chose not to do so. The comparison with those other treaties is
not, therefore, a persuasive argument in favour of Colombia’s interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI. Nor is the fact that many
declarations made under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court are terminable without notice. Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
and Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá both provide for the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. However, Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute confers jurisdiction only between States which have made a declaration
recognizing that jurisdiction. In its declaration under Article 36,
paragraph 2, a State is free to provide that that declaration may be withdrawn
with immediate effect. By contrast, Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogotá is a treaty commitment, not dependent upon unilateral declarations
for its implementation (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 84, para. 32). The conditions under which a State
party to the Pact may withdraw from that commitment are determined by
the relevant provisions of the Pact. The fact that many States choose to
frame their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, in such a way that
they may terminate their acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court with
immediate effect thus sheds no light on the interpretation of the provisions
of the Pact.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 122
26
44. The Court has noted Colombia’s argument (see paragraph 26
above) regarding the State practice in the form of the denunciation of the
Pact by El Salvador in 1973 and Colombia itself in 2012, together with
what Colombia describes as the absence of any reaction to the notification
of those denunciations.
The two notifications of denunciation are not in the same terms. While
El Salvador’s notification stated that its denunciation “will begin to take
effect as of today”, there is no indication of what effect was to follow
immediately upon the denunciation. Since the first paragraph of Article
LVI requires one year’s notice in order to terminate the treaty, any
notification of denunciation begins to take effect immediately in the sense
that the transmission of that notification causes the one‑year period to
begin. Accordingly, neither El Salvador’s notification, nor the absence of
any comment thereon by the other parties to the Pact, sheds any light on
the question currently before the Court.
Colombia’s own notification of denunciation specified that “[t]he denunciation
[of the Pact] takes effect as of today with regard to procedures that
are initiated after the present notice, in conformity with the second paragraph
of Article LVI”. Nevertheless, the Court is unable to read into the
absence of any objection on the part of the other parties to the Pact with
respect to that notification an agreement, within the meaning of Article
31 (3) (b) of the Vienna Convention, regarding Colombia’s interpretation
of Article LVI. Nor does the Court consider that the absence of any
comment by Nicaragua amounted to acquiescence. The fact that Nicaragua
commenced proceedings in the case concerning Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia) and in the present case within one year of the transmission of
Colombia’s notification of denunciation reinforces this conclusion.
45. Turning to Colombia’s argument regarding the travaux préparatoires,
the Court considers that the travaux préparatoires of the Pact demonstrate
that what became the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken over from
Article 9 of the 1929 General Treaty of Inter‑American Arbitration and
Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention of Inter‑American Conciliation.
The second paragraph of Article LVI originated with a proposal from the
United States in 1938 which had no counterpart in the 1929 Treaties. However,
the travaux préparatoires give no indication as to the precise purpose
behind the addition of what became the second paragraph of Article LVI.
The Court also notes that, if Colombia’s view as to the significance of the
second paragraph were correct, then the insertion of the new paragraph
would have operated to restrict the effect of the provision which, even before
the United States made its proposal, the parties were contemplating carrying
over from the 1929 Treaty. Yet there is no indication anywhere in the
travaux préparatoires that anyone considered that incorporating this new
paragraph would bring about such an important change.
46. For all of the foregoing reasons the Court considers that Colombia’s
interpretation of Article LVI cannot be accepted. Taking Article LVI
as a whole, and in light of its context and the object and purpose of the
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 123
27
Pact, the Court concludes that Article XXXI conferring jurisdiction upon
the Court remained in force between the Parties on the date that the
Application in the present case was filed. The subsequent termination of
the Pact as between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect the jurisdiction
which existed on the date that the proceedings were instituted.
Colombia’s first preliminary objection must therefore be rejected.
III. Third Preliminary Objection
47. In its third preliminary objection, Colombia contests the jurisdiction
of the Court on the ground that the Court has already adjudicated
on Nicaragua’s requests in its 2012 Judgment. Colombia therefore argues
that the principle of res judicata bars the Court from examining Nicaragua’s
requests.
48. The Court first observes that it is not bound by the characterization
of a preliminary objection made by the party raising it, and may, if
necessary, recharacterize such an objection (Interhandel (Switzerland v.
United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 26). The Court considers that Colombia’s third
preliminary objection has the characteristics of an objection to admissibility,
which “consists in the contention that there exists a legal reason,
even when there is jurisdiction, why the Court should decline to hear the
case, or more usually, a specific claim therein” (Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia
v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 456, para. 120 ; in the same sense, see Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic
of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003,
p. 177, para. 29). The Court will deal with Colombia’s third preliminary
objection as an objection to admissibility.
49. The Court will now examine the res judicata principle and its application
to subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, in
which the Court found “that it cannot uphold the Republic of Nicaragua’s
claim contained in its final submission I (3)” (Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 719). In its final submission I (3), Nicaragua requested the Court to
adjudge and declare that :
“[t]he appropriate form of delimitation, within the geographical and
legal framework constituted by the mainland coasts of Nicaragua and
Colombia, is a continental shelf boundary dividing by equal parts the
overlapping entitlements to a continental shelf of both Parties” (ibid.,
p. 636, para. 17).
The Court described this submission as a request “to define ‘a continental
shelf boundary dividing by equal parts the overlapping entitlements to a
continental shelf of both Parties’” (ibid., p. 664, para. 106).
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 124
28
50. Colombia considers that Nicaragua’s First Request, in its Application
of 16 September 2013 instituting the present proceedings, “is no
more than a reincarnation of Nicaragua’s claim contained in its final submission
I (3)” of 2012, in so far as it asks the Court to declare “[t]he
precise course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia
in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them
beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012”.
51. Colombia adds that the Court, in its 2012 Judgment, decided that
the claim by Nicaragua contained in final submission I (3) was admissible,
but it did not uphold it on the merits. That fact is said to prevent
the Court, by virtue of res judicata, from entertaining it in the present
case.
52. Colombia argues that the fate of the Second Request contained in
the Application of 16 September 2013 is entirely linked to that of the
first. In its Second Request, Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and
declare
“[t]he principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the
delimitation of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s coast”.
53. The question as to the effect of the res judicata principle relates to
the admissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request. The Second Request forms
the subject, as such, of the fifth objection by Colombia, so the Court will
examine it under that heading.
54. Even if their views converge on the elements that constitute the
principle of res judicata, the Parties disagree on the meaning of the decision
adopted by the Court in subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of its
2012 Judgment, and hence on what falls within the scope of res judicata
in that decision.
1. The Res Judicata Principle
55. The Parties agree that the principle of res judicata requires an identity
between the parties (personae), the object (petitum) and the legal
ground (causa petendi). They likewise accept that this principle is reflected
in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court. These Articles provide,
respectively, that “[t]he decision of the Court has no binding force except
between the parties and in respect of that particular case”, and that “[t]he
judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute as to
the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon
the request of any party.” As the Court underlined in its Judgment on
the preliminary objections in the case concerning the Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 125
29
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), “[t]he language
and structure of Article 60 reflect the primacy of the principle of res judicata”
(I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 36, para. 12).
56. For Colombia, there must be an identity between the parties, the
object and the legal ground in order for the principle of res judicata to
apply. Colombia adds that it is not possible for the Court, having found in
the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, which possesses the force of res
judicata, that it “cannot uphold” Nicaragua’s claim for lack of evidence,
then to decide in a subsequent judgment to uphold an identical claim.
57. Nicaragua considers that an identity between the personae, the
petitum and the causa petendi, though necessary for the application of the
res judicata principle, is not sufficient. It is also necessary that the question
raised in a subsequent case should previously have been disposed of
by the Court finally and definitively. Relying on the Judgment rendered
on the merits in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Serbia and Montenegro), Nicaragua argues that no force of
res judicata can be attached to a matter which has not been decided by the
Court. Consequently, Nicaragua considers that, in order to determine
whether the 2012 Judgment has the force of res judicata in respect of the
First Request by Nicaragua in the present case, the central question is
whether the Court, in that Judgment, made a decision on the delimitation
of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan
coast.
For Nicaragua, it is not sufficient to demonstrate that, in the case concerning
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
the Parties developed arguments similar to those on which its First
Request is founded in these proceedings ; it is also necessary to determine
what the Court actually decided on the basis of those arguments.
* *
58. The Court recalls that the principle of res judicata, as reflected in
Articles 59 and 60 of its Statute, is a general principle of law which protects,
at the same time, the judicial function of a court or tribunal and the
parties to a case which has led to a judgment that is final and without
appeal (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), pp. 90‑91, para. 116). This
principle establishes the finality of the decision adopted in a particular
case (ibid., p. 90, para. 115 ; Request for Interpretation of the Judgment
of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 36, para. 12 ; Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Assessment
of Amount of Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 248).
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 126
30
59. It is not sufficient, for the application of res judicata, to identify the
case at issue, characterized by the same parties, object and legal ground ;
it is also necessary to ascertain the content of the decision, the finality of
which is to be guaranteed. The Court cannot be satisfied merely by an
identity between requests successively submitted to it by the same parties ;
it must determine whether and to what extent the first claim has already
been definitively settled.
60. The Court underlined in its Judgment of 26 February 2007, rendered
in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), that “[i]f a matter has not in fact been determined,
expressly or by necessary implication, then no force of res judicata
attaches to it ; and a general finding may have to be read in context in
order to ascertain whether a particular matter is or is not contained in it”
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 95, para. 126).
61. The decision of the Court is contained in the operative clause of
the judgment. However, in order to ascertain what is covered by res judicata,
it may be necessary to determine the meaning of the operative clause
by reference to the reasoning set out in the judgment in question. The
Court is faced with such a situation in the present case, since the Parties
disagree as to the content and scope of the decision that was adopted in
subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment.
2. The Decision Adopted by the Court in Its Judgment
of 19 November 2012
62. The Parties, in both their written and oral pleadings, have presented
divergent readings of the decision adopted in subparagraph 3 of
the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, and of the reasons underpinning
it. They draw opposing conclusions as to precisely what that decision
covers and which issues the Court has definitively settled.
63. Colombia attempts to show, in essence, that the grounds of Nicaragua’s
First Request, its petitum and causa petendi, had already been put
forward in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute
(Nicaragua v. Colombia). Colombia contends that, having tried and
failed to meet its burden of proof in that case, Nicaragua is asking for
“another chance” in the present proceedings. Colombia further argues
that, since the Court did not uphold the arguments made by Nicaragua in
its 2012 Judgment, it is barred by the effect of the res judicata principle
from dealing with Nicaragua’s Application in the present case.
64. Colombia contends that, in the written and oral proceedings which
preceded the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua developed arguments identical to
those that it puts forward in the present case. Colombia maintains that
these arguments had already been presented in the Reply, where Nicaragua
had claimed an extended continental shelf on the basis of Article 76
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) by
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 127
31
virtue of geological and geomorphological criteria. Colombia adds that,
in reliance on the Preliminary Information provided by it to the CLCS,
Nicaragua had then proceeded to claim an equal share of the areas in
which the continental shelves of the two States overlapped.
65. Colombia stresses that, during the oral proceedings which preceded
the 2012 Judgment, it disputed the “tentative data” submitted by Nicaragua,
which it contended were incapable of supporting Nicaragua’s position.
According to Colombia, those data did not satisfy the criteria
required by the CLCS, as detailed in its Guidelines.
66. In Colombia’s view, Nicaragua had not demonstrated, as it was
obliged to do, that its continental margin extended sufficiently far to overlap
with the continental shelf that Colombia was entitled to claim up to
200 nautical miles from its mainland coast. Colombia maintains that the
Court, having found Nicaragua’s claim to be admissible, settled it on the
merits in 2012 by deciding not to uphold it. According to Colombia, that
decision, whereby the Court effected a full delimitation of the maritime
boundary between the Parties, was both expressly and by necessary implication
a final one. Hence, when the Court held that it “[was] not in a
position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between Nicaragua and
Colombia” (paragraph 129 of the 2012 Judgment), what it meant was
that its examination of the facts and arguments presented by Nicaragua
impelled it to reject the latter’s claim.
67. Colombia furthermore cites the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment in
order to show that the Court’s decision “was the culmination of a process
of reasoning”.
Colombia points to paragraph 126 of the Judgment, which, in its view,
sets out the applicable law and makes it clear that Nicaragua is bound by
its obligations under Article 76 of UNCLOS. Colombia further relies on
paragraph 129, in which it claims the Court decided that Nicaragua had
not established that it had a continental margin extending far enough to
overlap with the continental shelf that Colombia was entitled to claim.
Colombia concludes from its reading of this part of the reasoning that the
Court did indeed settle the question submitted to it in the present case.
*
68. For its part, Nicaragua contends that the Court’s decision, in subparagraph
3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, not to uphold
its claim did not amount to a rejection of that claim on the merits. The
Court expressly refused to rule on the issue because Nicaragua had not
completed its submission to the CLCS.
69. Citing the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua maintains
that the Court limited its examination to the question of whether it was
“in a position to determine ‘a continental shelf boundary dividing by
equal parts the overlapping entitlements to a continental shelf of both
Parties’” (paragraph 113 of the 2012 Judgment). Nicaragua argues that
the Court concluded that it was not in a position to delimit each Party’s
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 128
32
continental shelf, as a result of its finding in paragraph 127 of the Judgment’s
reasoning, that Nicaragua had only provided the CLCS with “Preliminary
Information”. Thus, the Court had not been in a position to
delimit, because Nicaragua had failed to establish that its continental
margin extended far enough to create an overlap of entitlements of the
Parties (paragraph 129 of the 2012 Judgment).
70. Nicaragua considers that, on 24 June 2013, it discharged the procedural
obligation imposed upon it under Article 76, paragraph 8, of
UNCLOS to provide the CLCS with information on the limits of its continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, and that the Court now has all
the necessary information to carry out the delimitation and settle the
dispute.
71. Nicaragua admits that the phrase “cannot uphold” might appear
“ambiguous” from a reading of subparagraph 3 of the operative clause
alone, but it contends that such ambiguity is dispelled if one looks at the
reasoning of the decision. Moreover, Nicaragua continues, the reasoning is
inseparable from the operative clause, for which it provides the necessary
underpinning, and must be taken into account in order to determine the
scope of the operative clause of the Judgment. It follows from the reasoning
of the Judgment that the operative clause takes no position on the delimitation
beyond 200 nautical miles. Nicaragua is therefore of the view that the
Court is not prevented, in the present case, from entertaining its claim relating
to the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.
* *
72. The Court first notes that, although in its 2012 Judgment it declared
Nicaragua’s submission to be admissible, it did so only in response to the
objection to admissibility raised by Colombia that this submission was
new and changed the subject‑matter of the dispute. However, it does not
follow that the Court ruled on the merits of the claim relating to the
delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the
Nicaraguan coast.
73. The Court must now examine the content and scope of subparagraph
3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment. As a result of the
disagreement between the Parties on the matter, the Court must determine
the content of the decision adopted by it in response to Nicaragua’s
request for delimitation of “a continental shelf boundary dividing . . . the
overlapping entitlements . . . of both Parties”. As the Permanent Court of
International Justice stated in the context of a request for interpretation,
where there is a “difference of opinion [between the parties] as to whether
a particular point has or has not been decided with binding force . . . the
Court cannot avoid the duty incumbent upon it of interpreting the judgment
in so far as necessary, in order to adjudicate upon such a difference
of opinion” (Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at
Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, pp. 11‑12,
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 129
33
cited by the Court in the case concerning Application of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I),
p. 95, para. 126 ; see also Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of
15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia
v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013,
p. 296, para. 34). That statement is relevant for the present case.
74. Nicaragua has placed great emphasis upon the fact that, in subparagraph
3 of the operative clause, the Court decides that it “cannot
uphold” Nicaragua’s claim contained in its final submission I (3). Nicaragua
maintains that this decision is quite different from one to “reject” the
submission. The Court is not, however, persuaded that the use of that
formula leads to the conclusion suggested by Nicaragua. Nor is the Court
convinced by Colombia’s argument that “cannot uphold” automatically
equates to a rejection by the Court of the merits of a claim. The Court
will not, therefore, linger over the meaning of the phrase “cannot uphold”,
taken in isolation, in the way the Parties have done. It will examine this
phrase in its context, in order to determine the meaning of the decision
not to uphold Nicaragua’s request for the Court to delimit the continental
shelf between the Parties. In particular, the Court will determine
whether subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of its 2012 Judgment
must be understood as a straightforward dismissal of Nicaragua’s request
for lack of evidence, as Colombia claims, or a refusal to rule on the
request because a procedural and institutional requirement had not been
fulfilled, as Nicaragua argues.
75. In order to do this, the Court will examine subparagraph 3 of the
operative clause of the 2012 Judgment in its context, namely by reference
to the reasoning which underpins its adoption and accordingly serves to
clarify its meaning. As the Permanent Court of International Justice recognized
in its Advisory Opinion of 16 May 1925 on the Polish Postal
Service in Danzig, “all the parts of a judgment concerning the points in
dispute explain and complete each other and are to be taken into account
in order to determine the precise meaning and scope of the operative portion”
(P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 11, p. 30). Moreover, “[i]n determining the
meaning and scope of the operative clause of the original Judgment, the
Court, in accordance with its practice, will have regard to the reasoning
of that Judgment to the extent that it sheds light on the proper interpretation
of the operative clause” (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment
of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia
v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2013, p. 306, para. 68). While that remark was made in the context of a
request for interpretation of a judgment under Article 60 of the Statute
(something which is not sought in the present case), the requirement that
the meaning of the operative part of a judgment be ascertained through
an examination of the reasoning on which the operative part is based is of
more general application.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 130
34
76. The reasoning may relate to points debated by the Parties in the
course of the proceedings, but the fact that a point was argued by the
Parties does not necessarily mean that it was definitively decided by the
Court.
77. The Court devoted Section IV of its 2012 Judgment to the “[c]onsideration
of Nicaragua’s claim for delimitation of a continental shelf
extending beyond 200 nautical miles”. That section consists of paragraphs
113 to 131 of the Judgment.
78. Paragraph 113 defines the question examined by the Court as
whether “it [the Court] is in a position to determine ‘a continental shelf
boundary dividing by equal parts the overlapping entitlements to a continental
shelf of both Parties’” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 665, para. 113).
In paragraphs 114 to 118, the Court then concludes that the law applicable
in the case, which is between a State party to UNCLOS (Nicaragua)
and a non‑party State (Colombia), is customary international law relating
to the definition of the continental shelf, as reflected in Article 76, paragraph
1, of that Convention. The Court indicates that
“in view of the fact that the Court’s task is limited to the examination
of whether it is in a position to carry out a continental shelf delimitation
as requested by Nicaragua, it does not need to decide whether
other provisions of Article 76 of UNCLOS form part of customary
international law” (ibid., p. 666, para. 118).
79. Paragraphs 119 to 121 summarize Nicaragua’s arguments regarding
the criteria for determining the existence of a continental shelf and the
procedural conditions, laid down in Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS,
for a State to be able to establish the outer limits of the continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles and the steps which Nicaragua had taken to
that end (ibid., pp. 666‑667).
80. Paragraphs 122 to 124 set out Colombia’s arguments opposing
Nicaragua’s request for delimitation of the continental shelf (ibid.,
pp. 667‑668). Colombia contended that Nicaragua’s rights to an extended
shelf “ha[d] never been recognized or even submitted to the Commission”
(ibid., p. 667, para. 122), and that “the information provided to the Court
[by Nicaragua]. . . based on the ‘Preliminary Information’ submitted by
Nicaragua to the Commission, [was] ‘woefully deficient’” (ibid.). Colombia
emphasized that “the ‘Preliminary Information’ [did] not fulfil the
requirements for the Commission to make recommendations” (ibid.). It
added that, in any event, Nicaragua could not rely on Article 76 in order
to encroach on other States’ 200‑mile limits, particularly when it “[had]
not followed the procedures of the Convention” (ibid., p. 668, para. 123).
81. In paragraphs 126 and 127 respectively, the Court points out that
the fact that Colombia is not a party to UNCLOS “does not relieve Nicaragua
of its obligations under Article 76 of that Convention”, and it
observes that, at the time of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua had only submitted
to the CLCS “Preliminary Information”, which, by its own admis‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 131
35
sion, “falls short of meeting the requirements” under paragraph 8 of
Article 76 of UNCLOS (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 669).
82. At the close of this section of its reasoning, the Court reaches the
following conclusion at paragraph 129 :
“However, since Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not
established that it has a continental margin that extends far enough to
overlap with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental
shelf, measured from Colombia’s mainland coast, the Court is
not in a position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between
Nicaragua and Colombia, as requested by Nicaragua, even using the
general formulation proposed by it.” (Ibid.)
This paragraph must be read in the light of those preceding it in the reasoning
of the 2012 Judgment. Three features of that reasoning stand out.
First, although the Parties made extensive submissions regarding the geological
and geomorphological evidence of an extension of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles submitted by Nicaragua, the Judgment
contains no analysis by the Court of that evidence. Secondly, the Court
considered (see paragraph 78 above) that, in view of the limited nature of
the task before it, there was no need to consider whether the provisions of
Article 76 of UNCLOS which lay down the criteria which a State must
meet if it is to establish continental shelf limits more than 200 nautical
miles from its coast reflected customary international law, which it
had already determined was the applicable law in the case. The Court did
not, therefore, consider it necessary to decide the substantive legal standards
which Nicaragua had to meet if it was to prove vis‑à‑vis Colombia
that it had an entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
from its coast. Thirdly, what the Court did emphasize was the obligation
on Nicaragua, as a party to UNCLOS, to submit information on the limits
of the continental shelf it claims beyond 200 nautical miles, in accordance
with Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS, to the CLCS. It is
because, at the time of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua had not yet submitted
such information that the Court concluded, in paragraph 129, that
“Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not established that it has a
continental margin that extends far enough to overlap with Colombia’s
200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental shelf, measured from
Colombia’s mainland coast”.
83. The conclusions of the Court in paragraph 129 can only be understood
in the light of those features of its reasoning. They indicate that the
Court did not take a decision on whether or not Nicaragua had an entitlement
to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its coast.
That is confirmed by the language of paragraph 129 itself. The first sentence
of that paragraph states that
“Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not established that it has
a continental margin that extends far enough to overlap with Colom‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 132
36
bia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental shelf, measured
from Colombia’s mainland coast”.
Not only does the reference to “the present proceedings” seem to contemplate
the possibility of future proceedings, but the Court there speaks
only of a continental margin which overlaps with the 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement from the Colombian mainland. The Judgment says nothing
about the maritime areas located to the east of the line lying 200 nautical
miles from the islands fringing the Nicaraguan coast, beyond which the
Court did not continue its delimitation exercise, and to the west of the
line lying 200 nautical miles from Colombia’s mainland. Yet, the Court
was, as regards these areas, faced with competing claims by the Parties
concerning the continental shelf : Nicaragua, on the one hand, claimed an
extended continental shelf in these areas, and Colombia, on the other,
maintained that it had rights in the same areas generated by the islands
over which it claimed sovereignty, and that the Court indeed declared to
be under its sovereignty.
84. It therefore follows that while the Court decided, in subparagraph
3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, that Nicaragua’s
claim could not be upheld, it did so because the latter had yet to discharge
its obligation, under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS, to
deposit with the CLCS the information on the limits of its continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles required by that provision and by Article
4 of Annex II of UNCLOS.
3. Application of the Res Judicata Principle in the Case
85. The Court has clarified the content and scope of subparagraph 3 of
the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, taking into account the differing
views expressed by the Parties on the subject. It has found that delimitation
of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the
Nicaraguan coast was conditional on the submission by Nicaragua of
information on the limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical
miles, provided for in paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS, to the
CLCS. The Court thus did not settle the question of delimitation in 2012
because it was not, at that time, in a position to do so.
86. The Court recalls that, in its Application, Nicaragua states that on
24 June 2013 it provided the CLCS with “final” information. This statement
has not been contested by Colombia.
87. The Court accordingly considers that the condition imposed by it
in its 2012 Judgment in order for it to be able to examine the claim of
Nicaragua contained in final submission I (3) has been fulfilled in the
present case.
88. The Court concludes that it is not precluded by the res judicata
principle from ruling on the Application submitted by Nicaragua on
16 September 2013. In light of the foregoing, the Court finds that Colombia’s
third preliminary objection must be rejected.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 133
37
IV. Fourth Preliminary Objection
89. Colombia bases its fourth preliminary objection on the assertion
that, in its 2012 Judgment, the Court rejected Nicaragua’s request for
delimitation of the continental shelf between the Parties beyond 200 nautical
miles, and fixed the boundary between each Party’s maritime spaces.
According to Colombia, that decision was “final and without appeal”
pursuant to Article 60 of the Statute, so that, through its Application of
16 September 2013, Nicaragua was seeking to “appeal” the previous
Judgment, or to have it revised.
90. Nicaragua does not request the Court to revise the 2012 Judgment,
nor does it frame its Application as an “appeal”. Accordingly, the Court
finds that the fourth preliminary objection is not founded.
V. Second Preliminary Objection
91. Colombia’s second preliminary objection concerns Nicaragua’s
argument that, independent of the applicability of Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogotá between Colombia and Nicaragua, the Court possesses
continuing jurisdiction over the subject‑matter of the Application.
According to Nicaragua, this continuing jurisdiction is based on the
Court’s jurisdiction in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), given that the Court, in its 2012 Judgment,
did not definitively determine the question of the delimitation of
the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia in the area beyond
200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, so that this question
remains pending.
92. Colombia denies that any such continuing jurisdiction exists in the
present case. In Colombia’s view, unless the Court expressly reserves its
jurisdiction, which it did not do in the 2012 Judgment, there is no basis
on which the Court can exercise continuing jurisdiction once it has delivered
its judgment on the merits. According to Colombia, the Statute provides
only two procedures by which the Court can act, without an
independent basis of jurisdiction, in respect of matters which have previously
been the subject of a judgment of the Court in a case between the
same parties : requests under Article 60 of the Statute for interpretation of
the earlier judgment and requests under Article 61 for revision of the earlier
judgment. Since the present case falls within neither Article 60, nor
Article 61, Colombia contends that the Court lacks jurisdiction on the
additional basis advanced by Nicaragua.
93. Nicaragua rejects Colombia’s analysis. According to Nicaragua,
the Court has an obligation to exercise to the full its jurisdiction in any
case properly submitted to it. The Court declined, in its 2012 Judgment,
to exercise its jurisdiction in respect of the part of Nicaragua’s case that is
the subject of the current proceedings for reasons which, according to
Nicaragua, no longer appertain. Nicaragua maintains that the Court
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 134
38
must now exercise the jurisdiction which it possessed at the time of the
2012 Judgment. Accordingly, Nicaragua argues that the Court possesses
continuing jurisdiction over the issues raised by its present Application,
irrespective of whether it expressly reserved that jurisdiction in its earlier
judgment. Nicaragua maintains that this basis of jurisdiction is additional
to the jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
* *
94. The Court recalls that it has already held (see paragraphs 46, 88 and
90, above) that Article XXXI confers jurisdiction upon it in respect of the
present proceedings since Nicaragua’s Application was filed before the
Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force between Nicaragua and Colombia. It
is therefore unnecessary to consider whether an additional basis of jurisdiction
exists. Consequently, there is no ground for the Court to rule upon
the second preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia.
VI. Fifth Preliminary Objection
95. Colombia contends, in the alternative, on the hypothesis that the
four other objections raised by it were to be rejected, that neither of the
two requests put forward in Nicaragua’s Application is admissible.
Colombia considers that the First Request is inadmissible due to the fact
that Nicaragua has not secured the requisite recommendation on the
establishment of the outer limits of its continental shelf from the CLCS,
and that the Second Request is inadmissible because, if it were to be
granted, the decision of the Court would be inapplicable and would
concern
a non‑existent dispute.
96. The Court will examine in turn the question of the admissibility of
each of those two requests.
1. The Preliminary Objection to the Admissibility
of Nicaragua’s First Request
97. In its First Request, Nicaragua asks the Court to determine “[t]he
precise course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia
in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them
beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012”. Colombia maintains that “the [Court] cannot consider
the Application by Nicaragua because the CLCS has not ascertained
that the conditions for determining the extension of the outer edge of
Nicaragua’s continental shelf beyond the 200‑nautical‑mile line are satisfied
and, consequently, has not made a recommendation”.
98. Citing Article 76, paragraph 1, of UNCLOS, Colombia argues that
there is a distinction between a coastal State’s entitlement to the continental
shelf up to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines, which
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 135
39
exists automatically, ipso jure, and its entitlement to the shelf beyond
200 nautical miles, as far as the outer edge of the continental margin,
which is subject to the conditions set out in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of that
Article.
99. Colombia recognizes that, in accordance with Article 76, it is for
the coastal State, as a party to UNCLOS, to establish the outer limits of
its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. It nonetheless considers
that, in order to do so, the latter must follow the procedure prescribed in
paragraph 8 of the same Article. In particular, the relevant coastal State
requires a recommendation of the CLCS in order to establish, on the
basis thereof, a “final and binding” outer limit.
100. Thus, in Colombia’s view, Nicaragua, as a party to UNCLOS,
needs to obtain a recommendation from the CLCS if it wishes to claim an
entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Colombia
adds that, in the present case, Nicaragua “requests a continental shelf
delimitation between opposite coasts, which cannot be done without first
identifying the extent, or limit, of each State’s shelf entitlement”. The
absence of a recommendation from the CLCS must therefore result in the
inadmissibility of the First Request contained in the Application of
16 September 2013.
*
101. Nicaragua responds that a coastal State has inherent rights over
the continental shelf, which exist ipso facto and ab initio, and that its own
rights over its continental shelf vest in it automatically, ipso jure, by operation
of law. Furthermore, the CLCS is concerned only with the precise
location of the outer limits of the continental shelf ; it does not grant or
recognize the rights of a coastal State over its shelf and is not empowered
to delimit boundaries in the shelf.
102. According to Nicaragua, the role of the CLCS is to protect the
common heritage of mankind against possible encroachments by coastal
States. It adds that, even though the role of the CLCS is to protect the
international community from excessive claims, its recommendations are
not binding on the submitting State. If that State disagrees with the recommendations,
it can make a revised or new submission.
103. Furthermore, Nicaragua considers that State practice shows that
States have concluded delimitation agreements on the continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles in the absence of recommendations from the
CLCS. In certain cases, they are said to have concluded such agreements
without even having submitted information to the CLCS. Nicaragua
accordingly argues that an international court or tribunal would equally
be in a position to settle a delimitation dispute regarding the extended
continental shelf before the CLCS has issued its recommendations.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 136
40
104. Nicaragua adds that, in the event of a dispute over its extended
continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, the CLCS, in accordance
with its own rules and established practice, would not address a recommendation
to Nicaragua. And if the Court were to refuse to act because
the CLCS had not issued such a recommendation, the result would be an
impasse, as had been pointed out by the International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea in its Judgment of 14 March 2012 in the Dispute concerning
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar
in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar).
* *
105. The Court has already established (see paragraph 82) that Nicaragua
was under an obligation, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Article 76 of
UNCLOS, to submit information on the limits of the continental shelf it
claims beyond 200 nautical miles to the CLCS. The Court held, in its
2012 Judgment, that Nicaragua had to submit such information as a prerequisite
for the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical
miles by the Court.
106. The Court must now determine whether a recommendation made
by the CLCS, pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS, is a prerequisite
in order for the Court to be able to entertain the Application
filed by Nicaragua in 2013.
107. The Court notes that Nicaragua, as a State party to UNCLOS, is
under an obligation to communicate to the CLCS the information on the
limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, which is provided
for in paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS, whereas the making of a
recommendation, following examination of that information, is a prerogative
of the CLCS.
108. When the CLCS addresses its recommendations on questions
concerning the outer limits of its continental shelf to coastal States, those
States establish, on that basis, limits which, pursuant to paragraph 8 of
Article 76 of UNCLOS, are “final and binding” upon the States parties to
that instrument.
109. The Court furthermore emphasizes that this procedure enables
the CLCS to perform its main role, which consists of ensuring that the
continental shelf of a coastal State does not extend beyond the limits provided
for in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of Article 76 of UNCLOS and thus
preventing the continental shelf from encroaching on the “area and its
resources”, which are “the common heritage of mankind” (UNCLOS,
Article 136).
110. Because the role of the CLCS relates only to the delineation of the
outer limits of the continental shelf, and not delimitation, Article 76 of
UNCLOS states in paragraph 10 that “[t]he provisions of this article are
without prejudice to the question of delimitation of the continental shelf
between States with opposite or adjacent coasts”.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 137
41
111. Indeed, Article 76 of UNCLOS, which contains the definition of
the continental shelf, makes provision, in view of the technical complexity
of determining the outer edge of the continental margin and of the outer
limits of the continental shelf, for a Commission whose function, pursuant
to Annex II of UNCLOS establishing the statute of the CLCS, is “to
consider the data and other material submitted by coastal States concerning
the outer limits of the continental shelf in areas where those limits
extend beyond 200 nautical miles, and to make recommendations in
accordance with Article 76 [of UNCLOS]” (Article 3, paragraph 1 (a) of
Annex II of UNCLOS).
112. The procedure before the CLCS relates to the delineation of the
outer limits of the continental shelf, and hence to the determination of the
extent of the sea‑bed under national jurisdiction. It is distinct from the
delimitation of the continental shelf, which is governed by Article 83 of
UNCLOS and effected by agreement between the States concerned, or by
recourse to dispute resolution procedures.
113. Notwithstanding the fact that UNCLOS distinguishes between
the establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf and its delimitation
between States with adjacent or opposite coasts, it is possible that
the two operations may impact upon one another. The CLCS has, in its
internal rules (Article 46 and Annex 1), established procedures, in accordance
with Article 9 of Annex II to UNCLOS, to ensure that its actions
do not prejudice matters relating to delimitation.
114. The Court accordingly considers that, since the delimitation of
the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles can be undertaken independently
of a recommendation from the CLCS, the latter is not a prerequisite
that needs to be satisfied by a State party to UNCLOS before it
can ask the Court to settle a dispute with another State over such a delimitation.
115. In light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the preliminary
objection to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request must be
rejected.
2. The Preliminary Objection to the Admissibility
of Nicaragua’s Second Request
116. In its Second Request, Nicaragua asks the Court to determine
“[t]he principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the
delimitation of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s coast”.
117. Colombia contends that Nicaragua’s Second Request invites the
Court to make a ruling pending its decision on the First Request, and
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 138
42
that, since the Court would have to rule on both requests simultaneously,
it could not accept the Second Request, because it would be without
object.
118. Colombia is also of the view that Nicaragua’s Second Request is
a disguised request for provisional measures and that it should therefore
be dismissed.
119. Finally, Colombia argues that there is no dispute between the
Parties concerning a hypothetical legal régime to be applied pending the
decision on the maritime boundary beyond 200 nautical miles of Nicaragua’s
coast.
*
120. Nicaragua considers that the relevance of the Second Request
depends on the Court’s decision on the merits in respect of the question
of the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
from Nicaragua’s coast between the Parties. It maintains that arguments
as to the content of the duties of restraint and co‑operation that may be
incumbent on the Parties are a matter for the merits stage, and not for
preliminary objections.
121. Nicaragua disagrees with Colombia that its Second Request is a
disguised request for provisional measures. It asserts that there is indeed
a dispute between the Parties, since Colombia denies that Nicaragua has
any legal rights — or even any claims — beyond 200 nautical miles from
its coast. According to Nicaragua, its Second Request is an issue which is
subsumed within the dispute that is the subject‑matter of this case.
* *
122. The Court notes that, in its Second Request, Nicaragua invites it
to determine the principles and rules of international law governing a
situation that will be clarified and settled only at the merits stage of the
case.
123. However, it is not for the Court to determine the applicable law
with regard to a hypothetical situation. It recalls that its function is “to
state the law, but it may pronounce judgment only in connection with
concrete cases where there exists at the time of the adjudication an actual
controversy involving a conflict of legal interests between the parties”
(Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, pp. 33‑34).
124. This is not the case, at this stage of the proceedings, in respect of
Nicaragua’s Second Request. This request does not relate to an actual
dispute between the Parties, that is, “a disagreement on a point of law or
fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons” (Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 139
43
No. 2, p. 11), nor does it specify what exactly the Court is being asked to
decide.
125. Accordingly, the Court finds that the preliminary objection to the
admissibility of Nicaragua’s Second Request must be upheld.
* * *
126. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) (a) Unanimously,
Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia
;
(b) By eight votes to eight, by the President’s casting vote,
Rejects the third preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Sebutinde, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov ;
against : Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson ; Judge ad hoc Brower ;
(c) Unanimously,
Rejects the fourth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
(d) Unanimously,
Finds that there is no ground to rule upon the second preliminary
objection raised by the Republic of Colombia ;
(e) By eleven votes to five,
Rejects the fifth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia
in so far as it concerns the First Request put forward by Nicaragua in
its Application ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Gevorgian ; Judges ad hoc
Brower, Skotnikov ;
against : Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Bhandari,
Robinson ;
(f) Unanimously,
Upholds the fifth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia in so far as it concerns the Second Request put forward by
Nicaragua in its Application ;
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 140
44
(2) (a) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá, to entertain the First Request put forward by the Republic of
Nicaragua ;
(b) By eight votes to eight, by the President’s casting vote,
Finds that the First Request put forward by the Republic of Nicaragua
in its Application is admissible.
in favour : President Abraham ; Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Sebutinde, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov ;
against : Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson ; Judge ad hoc Brower.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of March, two thousand
and sixteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic of Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of
Colombia, respectively.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Vice-President
Yusuf, Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Gaja,
Bhandari, Robinson and Judge ad hoc Brower append a joint
dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ; Judges Owada and
Greenwood append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judge Donoghue appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the
Court ; Judges Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson and Judge ad hoc Brower
append declarations to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R.A.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
QUESTION DE LA DÉLIMITATION
DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
ENTRE LE NICARAGUA ET LA COLOMBIE
AU‑DELÀ DE 200 MILLES MARINS
DE LA CÔTE NICARAGUAYENNE
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARRÊT DU 17 MARS 2016
2016
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
QUESTION OF THE DELIMITATION
OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COLOMBIA
BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES
FROM THE NICARAGUAN COAST
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 17 MARCH 2016
Mode officiel de citation :
Question de la délimitation du plateau continental entre le Nicaragua
et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
(Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016, p. 100
Official citation :
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua
and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 100
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-157288-9
No de vente:
Sales number 1093
QUESTION DE LA DÉLIMITATION
DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
ENTRE LE NICARAGUA ET LA COLOMBIE
AU-DELÀ DE 200 MILLES MARINS
DE LA CÔTE NICARAGUAYENNE
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
QUESTION OF THE DELIMITATION
OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COLOMBIA
BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES
FROM THE NICARAGUAN COAST
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
17 MARS 2016
ARRÊT
17 MARCH 2016
JUDGMENT
100
4
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-12
I. Introduction 13-17
II. Première exception préliminaire 18-46
III. Troisième exception préliminaire 47-88
1. Le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée (res judicata) 55‑61
2. La décision adoptée par la Cour dans son arrêt du
19 novembre 2012 62‑84
3. L’application du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée en
l’espèce 85‑88
IV. Quatrième exception préliminaire 89‑90
V. Deuxième exception préliminaire 91‑94
VI. Cinquième exception préliminaire 95‑125
1. L’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité de la première
demande du Nicaragua 97‑115
2. L’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité de la seconde
demande du Nicaragua 116‑125
Dispositif 126
100
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-12
I. Introduction 13-17
II. First Preliminary Objection 18-46
III. Third Preliminary Objection 47-88
1. The res judicata principle 55-61
2. The decision adopted by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012 62-84
3. Application of the res judicata principle in the case 85-88
IV. Fourth Preliminary Objection 89-90
V. Second Preliminary Objection 91-94
VI. Fifth Preliminary Objection 95-125
1. The preliminary objection to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s
First Request 97-115
2. The preliminary objection to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s
Second Request 116-125
Operative Clause 126
101
5
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2016
17 mars 2016
QUESTION DE LA DÉLIMITATION
DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
ENTRE LE NICARAGUA ET LA COLOMBIE
AU-DELÀ DE 200 MILLES MARINS
DE LA CÔTE NICARAGUAYENNE
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
Première exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
Arguments de la Colombie — Cour n’ayant pas compétence ratione temporis
au titre du pacte de Bogotá — Dénonciation du pacte étant régie par l’article
LVI — Effet immédiat de l’avis de dénonciation.
Arguments du Nicaragua — Article XXXI du pacte conférant compétence à la
Cour tant que cet instrument reste en vigueur — Pacte demeurant en vigueur pendant
un an à compter de la date de l’avis de dénonciation, conformément à l’article
LVI — Cour ayant compétence ratione temporis, la requête du Nicaragua
ayant été déposée moins d’un an après la notification par la Colombie de sa dénonciation
du pacte.
Analyse de la Cour — Date critique pour l’établissement de la compétence —
Effets de la dénonciation déterminés par le premier alinéa de l’article LVI —
Question de savoir si le second alinéa de l’article LVI peut modifier l’effet du premier
— Second alinéa confirmant que les procédures entamées avant la notification
de la dénonciation peuvent se poursuivre indépendamment de cette dernière — Procédures
entamées au cours du préavis d’un an devant être considérées comme
l’ayant été alors que le pacte était toujours en vigueur — Interprétation de la
Colombie revenant à priver d’effet la plupart des articles du pacte alors que celui‑ci
serait toujours en vigueur — Interprétation de la Colombie incompatible avec l’objet
et le but du pacte — Nul besoin d’une telle interprétation pour donner un effet
utile au second alinéa de l’article LVI — Rejet de la première exception préliminaire
de la Colombie.
*
2016
17 mars
Rôle général
no 154
101
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
17 March 2016
QUESTION OF THE DELIMITATION
OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COLOMBIA
BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES
FROM THE NICARAGUAN COAST
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Colombia’s first preliminary objection.
Contentions by Colombia — The Court lacks jurisdiction ratione temporis
under Pact of Bogotá — Denunciation of Pact governed by Article LVI —
Immediate
effect of notification of denunciation.
Contentions by Nicaragua — Article XXXI of Pact grants jurisdiction so long
as treaty remains in force — Under Article LVI, Pact remains in force for one
year from date of notification of denunciation — The Court has jurisdiction
ratione
temporis as Nicaragua’s Application was filed less than one year after
Colombia gave notification of denunciation.
Analysis of the Court — Critical date for establishing jurisdiction — Effects of
denunciation determined by first paragraph of Article LVI — Question whether
second paragraph of Article LVI alters effect of first paragraph — Second paragraph
confirms that procedures instituted before notification of denunciation can
continue irrespective of that denunciation — Proceedings instituted during one‑year
notice period are proceedings instituted while Pact still in force — Colombia’s
interpretation would result in most of the Articles of the Pact losing effect while
Pact still in force — Colombia’s interpretation not consistent with object and
purpose
of Pact — Colombia’s interpretation not necessary to give effet utile to
second paragraph of Article LVI — Colombia’s first preliminary objection
rejected.
*
2016
17 March
General List
No. 154
102 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
6
Troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, selon laquelle la Cour n’a pas
compétence en l’espèce car la requête du Nicaragua tombe sous le coup de l’autorité
de la chose jugée.
Exception qualifiée par la Cour d’exception d’irrecevabilité.
Arguments de la Colombie — Première demande formulée par le Nicaragua dans
sa requête de 2013 étant une réitération de la demande formulée au point I. 3) de
ses conclusions finales de 2012, relative à la délimitation du plateau continental
au-
delà de 200 milles marins à partir de la côte nicaraguayenne — Ladite demande
ayant été jugée recevable mais non accueillie sur le fond dans l’arrêt de 2012 —
Première demande du Nicaragua en l’espèce tombant sous le coup de l’autorité de
la chose jugée — Seconde demande du Nicaragua en l’espèce visant à ce que la Cour
détermine les principes et les règles de droit international régissant les droits et les
obligations des deux Etats dans la zone concernée, dans l’attente de la délimitation
— Seconde demande étant liée à la première et tombant également sous le coup
de l’autorité de la chose jugée.
Arguments du Nicaragua — Décision adoptée par la Cour au point 3 du dispositif
de l’arrêt de 2012 ne constituant pas un rejet sur le fond de la demande de
délimitation du plateau continental — Décision adoptée par la Cour en 2012 étant
fondée sur le fait que le Nicaragua n’avait pas soumis une demande complète à la
Commission des limites du plateau continental — Nicaragua s’étant depuis lors
acquitté de son obligation au titre du paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM —
Cour n’ayant pas pris position sur la délimitation du plateau continental au‑delà de
200 milles marins dans le dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012 — Cour n’étant pas empêchée
de connaître de la demande relative à une telle délimitation qui est formulée
par le Nicaragua dans sa requête de 2013.
Analyse de la Cour — Principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée (res judicata) —
Caractère définitif d’une décision adoptée dans une affaire donnée — Identité de
parties, d’objet et de base juridique — Identité de demandes successives n’étant pas
suffisante — Nécessité de rechercher dans quelle mesure la première demande a
déjà été tranchée définitivement — Détermination de ce qui est couvert par l’autorité
de la chose jugée — Nécessité de déterminer éventuellement le sens du dispositif
par référence aux motifs de l’arrêt.
Contenu et portée du point 3 du dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012 — Sens à attribuer
à l’expression « ne peut accueillir » — Examen des motifs de la partie IV de l’arrêt
de 2012 — Fait que la Colombie ne soit pas partie à la CNUDM n’exonérant pas
le Nicaragua des obligations qu’il tient de l’article 76 de cet instrument — Nicaragua
n’ayant soumis que des « informations préliminaires » à la Commission des
limites du plateau continental au moment du prononcé de l’arrêt de 2012 —
Conclusion de la Cour au paragraphe 129 de l’arrêt de 2012 — Cour n’ayant pas
tranché la question de savoir si le Nicaragua pouvait se prévaloir d’un plateau
continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins de sa côte — Cour n’ayant pas accueilli
la demande formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales
de 2012 parce que celui‑ci devait encore satisfaire à l’obligation lui incombant au
titre du paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM — Ladite obligation devant
être satisfaite préalablement à toute délimitation.
Application du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée en l’espèce — Nicaragua
ayant communiqué en 2013 ses informations « finales » à la Commission des limites du
plateau continental — Condition requise dans l’arrêt de 2012 étant remplie — Cour
n’étant pas empêchée, par l’effet de l’autorité de la chose jugée, de se prononcer sur la
requête du Nicaragua — Rejet de la troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
*
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 102
6
Colombia’s third preliminary objection according to which the Court lacks jurisdiction
because Nicaragua’s Application is barred by res judicata.
Objection characterized by the Court as objection to admissibility.
Contentions by Colombia — Nicaragua’s First Request in its 2013 Application
reiterates its claim contained in final submission I (3) of 2012 relating to delimitation
of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from Nicaragua’s coast — In
2012 Judgment, that claim found admissible but not upheld on the merits — First
Request barred by res judicata — Second Request asks the Court to declare principles
and rules of international law governing rights and duties of the two States
in relevant area pending delimitation — Nicaragua’s Second Request linked to
First Request and also barred by res judicata.
Contentions by Nicaragua — The Court’s decision in subparagraph 3 of operative
clause of 2012 Judgment did not amount to a rejection on the merits of the
claim for delimitation of continental shelf — Court’s 2012 decision based on fact
that Nicaragua had not completed its submission to CLCS — Nicaragua has since
discharged its obligation under Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS — Operative
clause of 2012 Judgment takes no position on delimitation of continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles — The Court not prevented from entertaining Nicaragua’s
claim for such delimitation in its 2013 Application.
Analysis by the Court — Principle of res judicata — Finality of decision
adopted in a particular case — Identity between parties, object and legal ground —
Identity between successive claims not sufficient — Need to determine to what
extent first claim already definitively settled — Ascertainment of what is covered
by res judicata — Meaning of operative clause may need to be established by reference
to reasoning of Judgment.
Content and scope of subparagraph 3 of operative clause of 2012 Judgment —
Meaning to be attributed to words “cannot uphold” — Examination of reasoning
in Section IV of 2012 Judgment — The fact that Colombia not a party to
UNCLOS did not relieve Nicaragua of its obligations under Article 76 of
UNCLOS — At time of 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua had only submitted “Preliminary
Information” to CLCS — Finding of the Court in paragraph 129 of
2012 Judgment — The Court did not take a decision on whether or not Nicaragua
had an entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its
coast — Nicaragua’s claim in final submission I (3) of 2012 not upheld because it
had yet to discharge its obligation under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS —
Any delimitation conditional on fulfilment of this obligation.
Application of res judicata principle in the case — Nicaragua submitted “final”
information to CLCS in 2013 — Fulfilment of condition imposed in 2012 Judgment
— The Court not precluded by res judicata from ruling on Nicaragua’s
Application — Colombia’s third preliminary objection rejected.
*
103 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
7
Quatrième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, selon laquelle la Cour n’a pas
compétence pour connaître d’une demande par laquelle le Nicaragua entend faire
appel et obtenir la revision de l’arrêt de 2012 — Nicaragua ne demandant pas à la
Cour de reviser l’arrêt de 2012, et ne donnant pas à sa requête la forme d’un
« appel » contre celui‑ci — Rejet de la quatrième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie comme non fondée.
*
Deuxième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, selon laquelle l’arrêt de 2012
ne confère pas à la Cour de compétence continue — Compétence déjà établie sur
la base de l’article XXXI du pacte — Nul besoin de se pencher sur la question de
savoir s’il existe une base de compétence additionnelle — Cour concluant qu’il n’y
a pas lieu pour elle de se prononcer sur la deuxième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie.
*
Cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
Question de l’irrecevabilité de la première demande du Nicaragua — Question
de savoir si une recommandation de la Commission des limites du plateau continental
est un préalable à la délimitation du plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles
marins par la Cour — Rôle et fonction de la Commission des limites du plateau
continental — Délimitation du plateau continental étant distincte de la délinéation
de sa limite extérieure — Délimitation du plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles
marins pouvant être effectuée indépendamment d’une recommandation de la Commission
des limites du plateau continental — Recommandation n’étant pas un préalable
— Rejet de l’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité de la première demande
du Nicaragua.
Question de l’irrecevabilité de la seconde demande du Nicaragua — Seconde
demande ne portant pas sur un différend réel entre les Parties — Cour retenant
l’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité de la seconde demande du Nicaragua.
ARRÊT
Présents : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice‑président ; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Mmes Xue,
Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson,
Gevorgian, juges ; MM. Brower, Skotnikov, juges ad hoc ;
M. Couvreur, greffier.
En l’affaire relative à la question de la délimitation du plateau continental
entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne,
entre
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 103
7
Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection according to which the Court lacks
jurisdiction over a claim that is an attempt to appeal and revise 2012 Judgment —
Nicaragua does not request the Court to revise 2012 Judgment, nor does it frame
Application as an “appeal” — Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection not founded
and therefore rejected.
*
Colombia’s second preliminary objection according to which 2012 Judgment
does not grant the Court continuing jurisdiction — Jurisdiction already established
on basis of Article XXXI of Pact — No need to consider whether an additional
basis of jurisdiction exists — No ground for the Court to rule upon Colombia’s
second preliminary objection.
*
Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection.
Question of inadmissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request — Whether recommendation
by CLCS is a prerequisite for the Court to delimit continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles — Role and function of CLCS — Delimitation of
continental
shelf distinct from delineation of its outer limits — Delimitation of
continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles can be undertaken independently of a
recommendation from CLCS — Recommendation not a prerequisite — Preliminary
objection to admissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request rejected.
Question of inadmissibility of Nicaragua’s Second Request — Second Request
does not relate to an actual dispute between the Parties — Preliminary objection
to admissibility of Nicaragua’s Second Request upheld.
JUDGMENT
Present: President Abraham ; Vice‑President Yusuf ; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judges ad hoc
Brower, Skotnikov ; Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning the question of the delimitation of the continental shelf
between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan
coast,
between
104 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
8
la République du Nicaragua,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, ambassadeur de la République du
Nicaragua auprès du Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
comme agent et conseil ;
M. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles, professeur émérite de droit international, Oxford University,
membre de l’Institut de droit international,
M. Alex Oude Elferink, directeur de l’Institut néerlandais du droit de la mer,
professeur de droit international de la mer, Université d’Utrecht,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur émérite à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La
Défense, ancien membre et ancien président de la Commission du droit
international, membre de l’Institut de droit international,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professeur de droit international à l’Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, membre de l’Institut de droit international,
comme conseils et avocats ;
M. César Vega Masís, vice-ministre
des affaires étrangères, directeur des
affaires juridiques, de la souveraineté et du territoire au ministère des
affaires étrangères,
M. Walner Molina Pérez, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Julio César Saborio, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme conseils ;
M. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, conseiller à l’ambassade du Nicaragua au
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
Mme Claudia Loza Obregon, première secrétaire de l’ambassade du Nicaragua
au Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
M. Benjamin Samson, doctorant au Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mme Gimena González,
comme conseils adjoints ;
Mme Sherly Noguera de Argüello, consul général de la République du Nicaragua,
comme administrateur,
et
la République de Colombie,
représentée par
S. Exc. Mme María Angela Holguín Cuéllar, ministre des affaires étrangères,
Mme Aury Guerrero Bowie, gouverneur de l’archipel de San Andrés, Providencia
et Santa Catalina,
S. Exc. M. Francisco Echeverri Lara, vice‑ministre des affaires multilatérales,
ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme autorités nationales ;
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 104
8
the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nicaragua
to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent and Counsel ;
Mr. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., member of the Bar of England and Wales, Emeritus
Professor of International Law, Oxford University, member of the
Institut de droit international,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the
Sea, Professor of International Law of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor at the Université Paris Ouest,
Nanterre‑La
Défense, former member and Chairman of the International
Law Commission, member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
Mr. César Vega Masís, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Director of
Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Territory, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Walner Molina Pérez, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Counsel ;
Mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, Counsellor, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Claudia Loza Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Benjamin Samson, Ph.D. Candidate, Centre de droit international de
Nanterre (CEDIN), Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La Défense,
Ms Gimena González,
as Assistant Counsel ;
Ms Sherly Noguera de Argüello, Consul General of the Republic of Nicaragua,
as Administrator,
and
the Republic of Colombia,
represented by
H.E. Ms María Angela Holguín Cuéllar, Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Hon. Ms Aury Guerrero Bowie, Governor of the Archipelago of San Andrés,
Providencia and Santa Catalina,
H.E. Mr. Francisco Echeverri Lara, Vice-Minister
of Multilateral Affairs,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as National Authorities ;
105 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
9
S. Exc. M. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla, ancien juge au Conseil d’Etat de
Colombie, ancien Procurador General de la Nación et ancien ambassadeur
de la Colombie auprès du Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
comme agent ;
S. Exc. M. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa, ancien président de la Cour constitutionnelle
de Colombie, ancien délégué permanent de la Colombie auprès
de l’UNESCO et ancien ambassadeur de la Colombie auprès de la Confédération
suisse,
comme coagent ;
M. W. Michael Reisman, professeur de droit international à la faculté de
droit de Yale, titulaire de la chaire McDougal, membre de l’Institut de
droit international,
M. Rodman R. Bundy, ancien avocat à la cour d’appel de Paris, membre du
barreau de New York, cabinet Eversheds LLP, Singapour,
sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles, membre de la Commission du droit international,
M. Tullio Treves, membre de l’Institut de droit international, conseiller principal
en droit international public, cabinet Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan, professeur à l’Université de Milan,
M. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina, membre de la Commission du droit international,
président de la société latino‑américaine de droit international,
M. Matthias Herdegen, docteur honoris causa, professeur de droit international,
directeur de l’Institut de droit international de l’Université de Bonn,
comme conseils et avocats ;
S. Exc. M. Juan José Quintana Aranguren, ambassadeur de la Colombie
auprès du Royaume des Pays‑Bas, représentant permanent de la Colombie
auprès de l’Organisation pour l’interdiction des armes chimiques, ancien
représentant permanent de la Colombie auprès des Nations Unies à
Genève,
S. Exc. M. Andelfo García González, ambassadeur de la Colombie auprès
du Royaume de Thaïlande, professeur de droit international, ancien
vice‑ministre des affaires étrangères,
Mme Andrea Jiménez Herrera, conseiller, ambassade de Colombie au
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
Mme Lucía Solano Ramírez, deuxième secrétaire, ambassade de Colombie au
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
M. Andrés Villegas Jaramillo, coordinateur, division des affaires portées
devant la CIJ, ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Giovanny Andrés Vega Barbosa, division des affaires portées devant la
CIJ, ministère des affaires étrangères,
Mme Ana María Durán López, division des affaires portées devant la CIJ,
ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Camilo Alberto Gómez Niño, division des affaires portées devant la CIJ,
ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Juan David Veloza Chará, troisième secrétaire, division des affaires portées
devant la CIJ, ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme conseillers juridiques ;
le contre‑amiral Luís Hernán Espejo, marine nationale de Colombie,
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 105
9
H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla, former Judge of the Council of
State of Colombia, former Attorney General of Colombia and former
Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent ;
H.E. Mr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa, former President of the Constitutional
Court of Colombia, former Permanent Delegate of Colombia to
UNESCO and former Ambassador of Colombia to the Swiss Confederation,
as Co‑Agent ;
Mr. W. Michael Reisman, McDougal Professor of International Law at Yale
Law School, member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, former avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, member of
the New York Bar, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the Bar of England and Wales,
member of the International Law Commission,
Mr. Tullio Treves, member of the Institut de droit international, Senior
Public
International Law Consultant, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan, Professor, University of Milan,
Mr. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina, member of the International Law Commission,
President of the Latin American Society of International Law,
Mr. Matthias Herdegen, Dr. h.c., Professor of International Law, Director of
the Institute of International Law at the University of Bonn,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren, Ambassador of the Republic of
Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative
of Colombia to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons,
former Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations
in Geneva,
H.E. Mr. Andelfo García González, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia
to the Kingdom of Thailand, Professor of International Law, former
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, Embassy of the Republic of Colombia
in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Lucía Solano Ramírez, Second Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of
Colombia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Andrés Villegas Jaramillo, Co‑ordinator, Group of Affairs before the
ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Giovanny Andrés Vega Barbosa, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Ana María Durán López, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Camilo Alberto Gómez Niño, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Juan David Veloza Chará, Third Secretary, Group of Affairs before the
ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Legal Advisers ;
Rear Admiral Luís Hernán Espejo, National Navy of Colombia,
106 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
10
le capitaine de vaisseau William Pedroza, bureau des affaires internationales,
marine nationale de Colombie,
le capitaine de frégate Hermann León, autorité maritime nationale (DIMAR),
marine nationale de Colombie,
M. Scott Edmonds, cartographe, International Mapping,
M. Thomas Frogh, cartographe, International Mapping,
comme conseillers techniques ;
Mme Charis Tan, avocat et Solicitor, Singapour, membre du barreau de
New York, Solicitor, Angleterre et pays de Galles, cabinet Eversheds LLP,
Singapour,
M. Eran Sthoeger, LL.M., faculté de droit de l’Université de New York,
M. Renato Raymundo Treves, collaborateur du cabinet Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost,
Colt & Mosle LLP, Milan,
M. Lorenzo Palestini, doctorant, Institut de hautes études internationales et
du développement, Genève,
comme assistants juridiques,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 16 septembre 2013, le Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua
(dénommée ci‑après le « Nicaragua ») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête
introductive d’instance contre la République de Colombie (dénommée ci‑après
la « Colombie ») au sujet d’un « différend port[ant] sur la délimitation entre,
d’une part, le plateau continental du Nicaragua s’étendant au‑delà de 200 milles
marins des lignes de base à partir desquelles est mesurée la largeur de la mer
territoriale du Nicaragua et, d’autre part, le plateau continental de la Colombie
».
Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua entend fonder la compétence de la Cour sur
l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique signé le 30 avril 1948,
dénommé officiellement, aux termes de son article LX, le « pacte de Bogotá » (et
ci‑après ainsi désigné).
Le Nicaragua avance par ailleurs que l’objet de sa requête demeure dans le
champ de la compétence de la Cour telle que celle‑ci l’a établie dans l’affaire du
Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie). Il soutient notamment
que la Cour, dans son arrêt du 19 novembre 2012 (dénommé ci-
après l’« arrêt de
2012 »), n’a pas tranché de manière définitive la question de la délimitation du
plateau continental entre la Colombie et lui‑même dans la zone située à plus de
200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne, « question dont elle était et reste
saisie ».
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, le
greffier a immédiatement communiqué la requête au Gouvernement de la
Colombie ; conformément au paragraphe 3 du même article, il en a également
informé tous les autres Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des Parties,
chacune d’elles a fait usage du droit que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 106
10
CN William Pedroza, International Affairs Bureau, National Navy of Colombia,
CF Hermann León, National Maritime Authority (DIMAR), National Navy
of Colombia,
Mr. Scott Edmonds, Cartographer, International Mapping,
Mr. Thomas Frogh, Cartographer, International Mapping,
as Technical Advisers ;
Ms Charis Tan, Advocate and Solicitor, Singapore, member of the New York
Bar, Solicitor, England and Wales, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,
Mr. Eran Sthoeger, LL.M., New York University School of Law,
Mr. Renato Raymundo Treves, Associate, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan,
Mr. Lorenzo Palestini, Ph.D. Candidate, Graduate Institute of International
and Development Studies, Geneva,
as Legal Assistants,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 16 September 2013, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua
(hereinafter “Nicaragua”) filed with the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”)
with regard to a “dispute [which] concerns the delimitation of the boundaries
between, on the one hand, the continental shelf of Nicaragua beyond the
200‑nautical‑mile limit from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial
sea of Nicaragua is measured, and on the other hand, the continental shelf
of Colombia”.
In its Application, Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“Pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such).
In addition, Nicaragua contends that the subject‑matter of its Application
remains within the jurisdiction of the Court established in the case concerning
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In particular, it
maintains that the Court, in its Judgment dated 19 November 2012 (hereinafter
the “2012 Judgment”), did not definitively determine the question of the delimitation
of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia in the area
beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, “which question was and
remains before the Court”.
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court,
the Registrar immediately communicated the Application to the Government of
Colombia ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it
107 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
11
du Statut de désigner un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire ; le Nicaragua a désigné
à cet effet M. Leonid Skotnikov, et la Colombie, M. Charles N. Brower.
4. Par ordonnance du 9 décembre 2013, la Cour a fixé au 9 décembre 2014 et
au 9 décembre 2015, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt du mémoire du Nicaragua et pour le dépôt du contre‑mémoire de la
Colombie.
5. Le 14 août 2014, avant l’expiration du délai prescrit pour le dépôt du
mémoire du Nicaragua, la Colombie, se référant à l’article 79 du Règlement, a
soulevé des exceptions préliminaires à la compétence de la Cour et à la recevabilité
de la requête. Le Nicaragua, tout en exprimant sa surprise devant le dépôt
de ces exceptions quatre mois avant la date d’expiration du délai pour celui de
son mémoire, a, quant à lui, prié la Cour, par lettre datée du 16 septembre 2014,
de lui accorder un délai suffisant pour la préparation de l’exposé écrit contenant
ses observations et conclusions sur lesdites exceptions dans le cas où la procédure
sur le fond serait suspendue.
En conséquence, par ordonnance du 19 septembre 2014, la Cour, constatant
qu’en vertu des dispositions du paragraphe 5 de l’article 79 du Règlement
la procédure
sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé au 19 janvier 2015 la date d’expiration
du délai dans lequel le Nicaragua pourrait présenter un exposé écrit
contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires
soulevées
par la Colombie. Le Nicaragua a déposé son exposé dans le délai ainsi
fixé. L’affaire s’est alors trouvée en état pour ce qui est des exceptions préliminaires.
6. Sur les instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’article 43 de son
Règlement, le greffier a adressé aux Etats parties au pacte de Bogotá la notification
prévue au paragraphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut. En application des dispositions
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement, il a en outre adressé, par
lettre du 10 novembre 2014, la notification prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article 34
du Statut à l’Organisation des Etats américains (dénommée ci‑après l’« OEA »),
en indiquant à celle‑ci que des exemplaires des exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par la Colombie et de l’exposé écrit sur ces exceptions déposé par le Nicaragua
lui seraient transmis en temps voulu. Par lettre du 5 janvier 2015, et avant
d’avoir reçu des exemplaires de ces pièces, le secrétaire général de l’OEA a indiqué
que l’organisation n’entendait présenter aucune observation écrite au sens
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement. Par lettre du 30 janvier 2015, le
greffier, prenant note du fait que l’OEA n’entendait pas présenter de telles
observations, et compte tenu du caractère confidentiel des pièces de procédure,
a fait savoir au secrétaire général de l’OEA que, à moins que l’Organisation ne
souhaite recevoir des exemplaires des pièces écrites pour une raison particulière,
il ne lui en serait pas transmis.
7. Se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 53 du Règlement, le Gouvernement
de la République du Chili a demandé à avoir communication des pièces de procédure
et documents annexés produits en l’espèce. S’étant renseigné auprès des
Parties conformément à cette même disposition, le président de la Cour a décidé
d’accéder à cette demande. Le greffier a dûment communiqué cette décision au
Gouvernement du Chili et aux Parties.
8. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour,
après avoir consulté les Parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des exceptions
préliminaires de la Colombie et de l’exposé écrit du Nicaragua sur ces exceptions
seraient rendus accessibles au public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 107
11
by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Nicaragua chose Mr. Leonid Skotnikov and Colombia Mr. Charles N. Brower.
4. By an Order of 9 December 2013, the Court fixed 9 December 2014 as the
time‑limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 9 December 2015 for
the filing of the Counter‑Memorial of Colombia.
5. On 14 August 2014, before the expiry of the time‑limit for the filing of the
Memorial of Nicaragua, Colombia, referring to Article 79 of the Rules of Court,
raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and to the admissibility
of the Application. For its part, Nicaragua, by letter dated 16 September
2014, though expressing its surprise that the said objections were raised four
months before the expiry of the time‑limit for the filing of its Memorial,
requested the Court, in the event that the proceedings on the merits were suspended,
to give it a sufficient period of time to present a written statement of its
observations and submissions on those objections.
Consequently, by an Order of 19 September 2014, the Court, noting that, by
virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the
merits were suspended, fixed 19 January 2015 as the time‑limit for the presentation
by Nicaragua of a written statement of its observations and submissions on
the preliminary objections raised by Colombia. Nicaragua filed such a statement
within the prescribed time‑limit. The case thus became ready for hearing in
respect of the preliminary objections.
6. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of Bogotá the notifications
provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In
accordance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court,
the Registrar, by letter dated 10 November 2014, moreover addressed to the
Organization of American States (hereinafter the “OAS”) the notification provided
for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court, explaining that
copies of the preliminary objections filed by Colombia and the written statement
to be filed by Nicaragua would be communicated in due course. By letter dated
5 January 2015, and before having received copies of these pleadings, the
Secretary-General
of the OAS indicated that the Organization did not intend to
submit any observations in writing within the meaning of Article 69, paragraph 3,
of the Rules of Court. By letter dated 30 January 2015, the Registrar, taking note
of the fact that the OAS did not intend to present any such observations, and
bearing in mind the confidentiality of the pleadings, advised the Secretary-General
of the OAS that, unless there was a specific reason why that Organization
wished to receive copies of the written proceedings, no copies thereof would
be provided.
7. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Government
of the Republic of Chile asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the Parties
in accordance with that same provision, the President of the Court decided to
grant that request. The Registrar duly communicated that decision to the Government
of Chile and to the Parties.
8. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the preliminary
objections of Colombia and the written observations of Nicaragua would be
made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings.
108 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
12
9. Des audiences publiques sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la
Colombie ont été tenues du lundi 5 octobre 2015 au vendredi 9 octobre 2015, au
cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses :
Pour la Colombie : S. Exc. M. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa,
sir Michael Wood,
M. Matthias Herdegen,
M. Rodman R. Bundy,
M. W. Michael Reisman,
M. Tullio Treves,
S. Exc. M. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla.
Pour le Nicaragua : S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Alex Oude Elferink,
M. Vaughan Lowe.
*
10. Dans la requête, les demandes ci‑après ont été formulées par le Nicaragua
:
« Le Nicaragua prie la Cour de déterminer :
Premièrement : Le tracé précis de la frontière maritime entre les portions
de plateau continental relevant du Nicaragua et de la Colombie au‑delà des
limites établies par la Cour dans son arrêt du 19 novembre 2012.
Deuxièmement : Les principes et les règles de droit international régissant
les droits et obligations des deux Etats concernant la zone de plateau
continental où leurs revendications se chevauchent et l’utilisation des ressources
qui s’y trouvent, et ce, dans l’attente de la délimitation de leur frontière
maritime au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne. »
11. Dans les pièces de procédure, les conclusions ci‑après ont été présentées
au nom des Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,
dans les exceptions préliminaires :
« La République de Colombie prie la Cour de dire et juger, pour les raisons
exposées ci‑dessus,
1. Qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître de l’instance introduite par
la requête du Nicaragua en date du 16 septembre 2013 ou, à titre subsidiaire,
2. Que les demandes formulées à l’encontre de la Colombie dans la requête
du 16 septembre 2013 sont irrecevables. »
Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
dans l’exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions
préliminaires soulevées par la Colombie :
« Pour les raisons exposées ci‑dessus, la République du Nicaragua prie la
Cour de dire et juger que les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 108
12
9. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Colombia were
held from Monday 5 October 2015 to Friday 9 October 2015, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For Colombia: H.E. Mr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Matthias Herdegen,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. W. Michael Reisman,
Mr. Tullio Treves,
H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla.
For Nicaragua: H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe.
*
10. In the Application, the following claims were presented by Nicaragua :
“Nicaragua requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
First : The precise course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua
and Colombia in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each
of them beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012.
Second : The principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the delimitation
of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical miles
from Nicaragua’s coast.”
11. In the written pleadings, the following submissions were presented on
behalf of the Parties :
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
in the preliminary objections :
“The Republic of Colombia requests the Court to adjudge and declare,
for the reasons set forth in this Pleading,
1. That it lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought by Nicaragua
in its Application of 16 September 2013 ; or, in the alternative,
2. That the claims brought against Colombia in the Application of 16 September
2013 are inadmissible.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
in the written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by Colombia :
“For the above reasons, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that the Preliminary Objections submitted by the
109 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
13
République de Colombie, tant à la compétence de la Cour qu’à la recevabilité
de la demande, sont infondées. »
12. Dans la procédure orale sur les exceptions préliminaires, les conclusions
ci‑après ont été présentées par les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,
à l’audience du 7 octobre 2015 :
« Pour les raisons exposées dans ses écritures et ses plaidoiries relatives
aux exceptions préliminaires, la République de Colombie prie la Cour de
dire et juger :
1. qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître de l’instance introduite par
la requête du Nicaragua du 16 septembre 2013 ou, à titre subsidiaire,
2. que les demandes formulées à l’encontre de la Colombie dans la requête
du 16 septembre 2013 sont irrecevables. »
Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
à l’audience du 9 octobre 2015 :
« Pour les raisons exposées dans ses observations écrites et ses plaidoiries,
la République du Nicaragua prie la Cour :
— de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la République de
Colombie ; et
— de procéder à l’examen du fond de l’affaire. »
* * *
I. Introduction
13. Il est rappelé que, en l’espèce, le Nicaragua entend fonder la compétence
de la Cour sur l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá. Aux termes de
cette disposition, les parties au pacte reconnaissent comme obligatoire la
juridiction de la Cour « sur tous les différends d’ordre juridique » (voir le
paragraphe 19 ci-
après).
14. En outre, le Nicaragua soutient que l’objet de la requête demeure
dans le champ de la compétence de la Cour telle que celle‑ci l’a établie
dans l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
la Cour n’ayant pas, dans son arrêt de 2012 (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II),
p. 624), tranché de manière définitive la question — dont elle était saisie
— de la délimitation du plateau continental entre la Colombie et
lui‑même dans la zone située au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne.
15. La Colombie a soulevé cinq exceptions préliminaires à la compétence
de la Cour ou à la recevabilité de la requête du Nicaragua. Dans la
première, elle soutient que la Cour n’a pas compétence ratione temporis
au titre du pacte de Bogotá, le Nicaragua ayant introduit l’instance le
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 109
13
Republic of Colombia, both in respect of the jurisdiction of the Court and
of the admissibility of the case, are invalid.”
12. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following submissions
were presented by the Parties :
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 7 October 2015 :
“For the reasons set forth in [its] written and oral pleadings on preliminary
objections, the Republic of Colombia requests the Court to adjudge
and declare :
1. That it lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought by Nicaragua
in its Application of 16 September 2013 ; or, in the alternative,
2. That the claims brought against Colombia in the Application of 16 September
2013 are inadmissible.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 9 October 2015 :
“In view of the reasons Nicaragua has presented in its written observations
and during the hearings, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the
Court :
— to reject the preliminary objections of the Republic of Colombia ;
and
— to proceed with the examination of the merits of the case.”
* * *
I. Introduction
13. It is recalled that in the present proceedings, Nicaragua seeks to
found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
According to this provision, the parties to the Pact recognize the Court’s
jurisdiction as compulsory in “all disputes of a juridical nature” (see paragraph
19 below).
14. In addition, Nicaragua maintains that the subject‑matter of its
Application remains within the jurisdiction of the Court, as established in
the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), because in its 2012 Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 624), the Court did not definitively determine the question — of which
it was seised — of the delimitation of the continental shelf between Nicaragua
and Colombia in the area beyond 200 nautical miles of the Nicaraguan
coast.
15. Colombia has raised five preliminary objections to the jurisdiction
of the Court or to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s Application. According
to the first objection put forward by Colombia, the Court lacks jurisdiction
ratione temporis under the Pact of Bogotá because the proceedings
110 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
14
16 septembre 2013, après que la dénonciation du pacte par la Colombie
eut pris effet le 27 novembre 2012. Aux termes de sa deuxième exception,
la Colombie soutient que la Cour n’a pas de compétence continue, parce
qu’elle a examiné exhaustivement les demandes formulées par le Nicaragua
en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime en ce qui concerne la
délimitation du plateau continental entre ces deux Etats dans la zone
située au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne. Par sa troisième
exception, la Colombie soutient que les questions soulevées par le
Nicaragua dans sa requête du 16 septembre 2013 ont été « expressément
tranchées » par la Cour dans son arrêt de 2012 ; par conséquent, la Cour
n’a pas compétence, la demande du Nicaragua tombant sous le coup du
principe de la chose jugée. Dans sa quatrième exception, la Colombie
avance que, par sa requête, le Nicaragua entend faire appel de l’arrêt
de 2012 et en obtenir la revision, et que, dès lors, la Cour n’a pas compétence
pour connaître de la requête. Enfin, dans sa cinquième exception, la
Colombie invoque l’irrecevabilité de la première demande (tendant à ce
que la Cour délimite le plateau continental entre les Parties dans la zone
située au‑delà de 200 milles marins des lignes de base nicaraguayennes) et
de la seconde demande (tendant à ce que la Cour détermine les principes
et les règles de droit international régissant les droits et obligations des
deux Etats dans la zone concernée, dans l’attente de la délimitation) formulées
dans la requête du Nicaragua (voir le paragraphe 10 ci‑dessus). De
l’avis de la Colombie, la première demande est irrecevable parce que la
Commission des limites du plateau continental (ci‑après, la « Commission
») n’a pas fait de recommandation au Nicaragua concernant le point
de savoir si le plateau continental extérieur revendiqué par celui‑ci s’étendait
au‑delà de 200 milles marins et, le cas échéant, sur quelle distance ;
quant à la seconde, elle l’est parce que, si « la Cour décide qu’elle n’a pas
compétence pour connaître de la première demande ou que celle‑ci est
irrecevable, … aucune question de délimitation ne sera en attente devant
la Cour ». La Colombie ajoute que, la Cour devant examiner simultanément
les deux demandes, il n’y aurait pas lieu d’appliquer une quelconque
décision concernant la seconde « dans l’attente » de la décision sur la première
; en conséquence, la seconde demande est elle aussi irrecevable
puisque, même si la Cour pouvait en connaître, toute décision à cet égard
serait sans objet.
16. Dans son exposé écrit et dans ses conclusions finales formulées à
l’audience, le Nicaragua a prié la Cour de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires
de la Colombie dans leur intégralité (voir les paragraphes 11 et 12
ci-dessus).
17. Puisque la deuxième exception préliminaire vise exclusivement
le titre de compétence additionnel avancé par le Nicaragua, la Cour
l’examinera
après s’être penchée, respectivement, sur les première, troisième
et quatrième exceptions. La cinquième exception préliminaire, qui
concerne la recevabilité des demandes du Nicaragua, sera traitée en
dernier.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 110
14
were instituted by Nicaragua on 16 September 2013, after Colombia’s
notice of denunciation of the Pact became effective on 27 November 2012.
In its second objection, Colombia argues that the Court does not possess
“continuing jurisdiction” because it fully dealt with Nicaragua’s claims in
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute case with regard to the delimitation
of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia in the area
beyond 200 nautical miles of the Nicaraguan coast. Colombia contends in
its third objection that the issues raised in Nicaragua’s Application of
16 September 2013 were “explicitly decided” by the Court in its 2012 Judgment
; the Court therefore lacks jurisdiction because Nicaragua’s claim is
barred by the principle of res judicata. In its fourth objection, Colombia
submits that Nicaragua’s Application is an attempt to appeal and revise
the Court’s 2012 Judgment, and, as such, the Court has no jurisdiction to
entertain the Application. Finally, according to Colombia’s fifth objection,
Nicaragua’s First Request (regarding the delimitation of the continental
shelf between the Parties in the area beyond 200 nautical miles
from Nicaragua’s baselines) and Second Request (regarding the determination
of the principles and rules of international law governing the rights
and duties of the two States in the relevant area pending the delimitation)
in its Application (see paragraph 10 above) are inadmissible. The First
Request is, in Colombia’s view, inadmissible because the Commission on
the Limits of the Continental Shelf (hereinafter the “CLCS”) has not
made recommendations to Nicaragua with respect to whether, and if so
how far, Nicaragua’s claimed outer continental shelf extends beyond
200 nautical miles. According to Colombia, the Second Request is inadmissible
because, if “the Court decides that it has no jurisdiction over the
First Request or that such request is inadmissible, no delimitation issue
will be pending before the Court”. Colombia adds that there would be no
time‑frame within which to apply any decision on the Second Request, as
the Court would deal with both requests simultaneously ; consequently,
the Second Request is also inadmissible because, even if the Court were
able to entertain it, the Court’s decision would be without object.
16. In its written observations and final submissions during the oral
proceedings, Nicaragua requested the Court to reject Colombia’s preliminary
objections in their entirety (see paragraphs 11 and 12 above).
17. Since Colombia’s second preliminary objection is concerned exclusively
with the additional basis for jurisdiction suggested by Nicaragua,
the Court will address it after it has considered the first, third and fourth
objections. The fifth preliminary objection, which concerns the admissibility
of Nicaragua’s claims, will be considered last.
111 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
15
II. Première exception préliminaire
18. Aux termes de sa première exception préliminaire, la Colombie dit
que la compétence de la Cour ne saurait être fondée sur l’article XXXI du
pacte de Bogotá, parce que l’avis par lequel elle a dénoncé cet instrument
a été transmis avant que le Nicaragua ne dépose sa requête en la présente
instance. Selon elle, cet avis de dénonciation avait un effet immédiat sur
la juridiction de la Cour au titre de l’article XXXI, privant la Cour de
compétence à l’égard de toute procédure introduite après sa transmission.
19. L’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá est ainsi libellé :
« Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour internationale de Justice, les Hautes Parties Contractantes en
ce qui concerne tout autre Etat américain déclarent reconnaître
comme obligatoire de plein droit, et sans convention spéciale tant
que le présent Traité restera en vigueur, la juridiction de la Cour sur
tous les différends d’ordre juridique surgissant entre elles et ayant
pour objet :
a) [l]’interprétation d’un traité ;
b) [t]oute question de droit international ;
c) [l]’existence de tout fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la violation
d’un engagement international ;
d) [l]a nature ou l’étendue de la réparation qui découle de la rupture
d’un engagement international. »
20. La dénonciation du pacte de Bogotá est régie par l’article LVI, qui
se lit comme suit :
« La durée du présent Traité sera indéfinie, mais il pourra être
dénoncé moyennant un préavis d’un an ; passé ce délai il cessera de
produire ses effets par rapport à la partie qui l’a dénoncé, et demeurera
en vigueur en ce qui concerne les autres signataires. L’avis de
dénonciation sera adressé à l’Union Panaméricaine qui le transmettra
aux autres Parties Contractantes.
La dénonciation n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours
entamées avant la transmission de l’avis en question. »
21. Le 27 novembre 2012, la Colombie a dénoncé le pacte au moyen
d’une note diplomatique adressée par son ministre des affaires étrangères
au secrétaire général de l’OEA, en sa qualité de dirigeant du secrétariat
général de cette organisation (qui a succédé à l’Union panaméricaine),
dans laquelle elle indiquait que sa dénonciation « pre[nait] effet à compter
d[u] jour [même] à l’égard des procédures introduites postérieurement
[à l’]avis, conformément au second alinéa de l’article LVI ».
22. La requête en la présente instance a été soumise à la Cour après la
transmission de l’avis de dénonciation de la Colombie, mais avant l’expiration
du préavis d’un an prévu au premier alinéa de l’article LVI.
* *
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 111
15
II. First Preliminary Objection
18. Colombia’s first preliminary objection is that Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogotá cannot provide a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court,
because Colombia had given notification of denunciation of the Pact before
Nicaragua filed its Application in the present case. According to Colombia,
that notification had an immediate effect upon the jurisdiction of the Court
under Article XXXI, with the result that the Court lacks jurisdiction in
respect of any proceedings instituted after the notification was transmitted.
19. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá provides :
“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare
that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the
jurisdiction
of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the
necessity
of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in
force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them
concerning
:
(a) [t]he interpretation of a treaty ;
(b) [a]ny question of international law ;
(c) [t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
the breach of an international obligation ;
(d) [t]he nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach
of an international obligation.”
20. Denunciation of the Pact of Bogotá is governed by Article LVI,
which reads :
“The present Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be
denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall
cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall
continue in force for the remaining signatories. The denunciation
shall be addressed to the Pan American Union, which shall transmit
it to the other Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures
initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification.”
21. On 27 November 2012, Colombia gave notice of denunciation by
means of a diplomatic Note from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to the
Secretary-General
of the OAS as head of the General Secretariat of the
OAS (the successor to the Pan American Union). That notice stated that
Colombia’s denunciation “takes effect as of today with regard to procedures
that are initiated after the present notice, in conformity with [the]
second paragraph of Article LVI”.
22. The Application in the present case was submitted to the Court after
the transmission of Colombia’s notification of denunciation but before the
one‑year period referred to in the first paragraph of Article LVI had elapsed.
* *
112 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
16
23. La Colombie soutient qu’il convient d’interpréter l’article LVI du
pacte de Bogotá conformément aux règles du droit international coutumier
relatives à l’interprétation des traités, telles qu’elles sont consacrées
aux articles 31 à 33 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités de
1969 (dénommée ci-
après la « convention de Vienne »). Elle invoque
notamment la règle générale d’interprétation énoncée à l’article 31 de cet
instrument, qui dispose qu’« [u]n traité doit être interprété de bonne foi
suivant le sens ordinaire à attribuer [à ses] termes … dans leur contexte et
à la lumière de son objet et de son but ». Selon elle, l’application de la
règle générale d’interprétation des traités conduit nécessairement à la
conclusion que la dénonciation a un effet sur les procédures introduites
après la transmission de l’avis correspondant.
24. La Colombie affirme ainsi qu’il découle naturellement du libellé
exprès du second alinéa de l’article LVI du pacte, selon lequel la dénonciation
n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours entamées avant la transmission
d’un avis, que ladite dénonciation a un effet à l’égard des procédures
entamées après cette date. Tel est, selon elle, l’effet du second alinéa dès lors
qu’on lui applique une interprétation a contrario comme celle que la Cour
a retenue dans son arrêt du 16 avril 2013 en l’affaire du Différend frontalier
(Burkina Faso/Niger) (C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 81‑82, par. 87‑88). En outre,
adopter une interprétation différente priverait le second alinéa d’effet utile
et irait donc à l’encontre du principe selon lequel il convient de donner effet
à tous les termes d’un traité. La Colombie rejette l’idée que son interprétation
du second alinéa de l’article LVI aurait pour conséquence d’ôter tout
effet utile au premier alinéa de cette même disposition. Tout en reconnaissant
qu’il s’ensuit de cette interprétation que, pendant l’année au cours de
laquelle le traité demeurerait en vigueur en application du premier alinéa de
l’article LVI, aucune des différentes procédures visées aux chapitres deux à
cinq du pacte ne pourrait être engagée par ou contre un Etat ayant notifié
une dénonciation, elle soutient que d’importantes obligations de fond énoncées
dans d’autres chapitres du pacte continueraient néanmoins d’être
applicables pendant cette période d’un an, de sorte que le premier alinéa de
l’article LVI aurait manifestement un effet.
25. La Colombie allègue que son interprétation de l’article LVI est
confirmée par le fait qu’il aurait été aisé pour les parties au pacte, si elles
avaient voulu que la dénonciation n’ait d’incidence sur aucune procédure
introduite pendant le préavis d’un an, de le dire expressément en adoptant
un libellé similaire à celui des dispositions d’autres traités, telles que le
paragraphe 2 de l’article 58 de la convention européenne des droits de
l’homme de 1950 et le paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 de la convention européenne
sur l’immunité des Etats de 1972. La Colombie fait observer en
outre que la fonction et le libellé de l’article XXXI sont très similaires à
ceux du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour et que les Etats
se réservent généralement le droit de retirer sans préavis les déclarations
qu’ils font au titre de cette dernière disposition.
26. Enfin, la Colombie affirme que son interprétation « est également
en accord avec la pratique des Etats parties au pacte » et les travaux pré‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 112
16
23. Colombia maintains that Article LVI of the Pact of Bogotá should
be interpreted in accordance with the customary international law rules
on treaty interpretation enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the 1969 Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter, the “Vienna Convention”).
Colombia relies, in particular, on the general rule of interpretation
in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, which requires that “[a] treaty
shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning
to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light
of its object and purpose”. According to Colombia, the application of the
general rule of treaty interpretation must lead to the conclusion that procedures
initiated after transmission of a notification of denunciation are
affected by the denunciation.
24. Colombia contends that the natural implication of the express provision
in the second paragraph of Article LVI of the Pact that denunciation
shall have no effect on pending procedures initiated before the transmission
of a notification is that denunciation is effective with regard to procedures
initiated after that date. Such effect must follow, according to Colombia,
from the application to the second paragraph of Article LVI of an a contrario
interpretation of the kind applied by the Court in its Judgment of
16 April 2013 in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/
Niger) (I.C.J. Reports 2013, pp. 81‑82, paras. 87‑88). Moreover, to adopt a
different interpretation would deny effet utile to the second paragraph and
thus run counter to the principle that all of the words in a treaty should be
given effect. Colombia refutes the suggestion that its interpretation of the
second paragraph of Article LVI would deny effet utile to the first paragraph
of that provision. Even though Colombia accepts that its interpretation
would mean that none of the different procedures provided for in
Chapters Two to Five of the Pact could be initiated by, or against, a State
which had given notification of denunciation during the year that the treaty
remained in force in accordance with the first paragraph of Article LVI, it
maintains that important substantive obligations contained in the other
chapters of the Pact would nevertheless remain in force during the one‑year
period, so that the first paragraph of Article LVI would have a clear effect.
25. Colombia argues that its interpretation of Article LVI is confirmed
by the fact that if the parties to the Pact had wanted to provide that
denunciation would not affect any procedures initiated during the
one‑year period of notice, they could easily have said so expressly,
namely by adopting a wording similar to provisions in other treaties,
such as Article 58, paragraph 2, of the 1950 European Convention on
Human Rights, or Article 40, paragraph 2, of the 1972 European Convention
on State Immunity. Colombia also observes that the function and
language of Article XXXI are very similar to those of Article 36, paragraph
2, of the Statute of the Court and that States generally reserve the
right to withdraw their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, without
notice.
26. Finally, Colombia maintains that its interpretation is “also consistent
with the State practice of the parties to the Pact” and the travaux
113 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
17
paratoires. Sur le premier point, elle fait valoir l’absence totale de réaction,
y compris de la part du Nicaragua, à son avis de dénonciation,
nonobstant le fait qu’il y était clairement précisé que la dénonciation
prendrait effet à compter du jour même « à l’égard des procédures introduites
postérieurement au[dit] … avis ». Elle souligne également que l’avis
de dénonciation transmis par El Salvador en 1973 n’a suscité aucune
réaction de la part des autres parties au pacte, bien qu’il y était indiqué
que la dénonciation « pren[drait] effet à compter d[u] jour [même] ».
S’agissant des travaux préparatoires, la Colombie soutient que le premier
alinéa de l’article LVI s’inspirait de l’article 9 du traité général d’arbitrage
interaméricain de 1929 (et de la disposition équivalente figurant à l’article
16 de la convention générale de conciliation interaméricaine de 1929).
Selon la Colombie, ce qui est devenu le second alinéa de l’article LVI a été
ajouté à la suite d’une proposition faite en 1938 par les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique,
laquelle a été acceptée par le comité juridique interaméricain en
1947 puis incorporée dans le texte signé en 1948. La Colombie tire de
cette évolution du texte de l’article LVI la conclusion que les parties au
pacte de Bogotá avaient l’intention d’y incorporer une disposition limitant
l’effet du premier alinéa.
*
27. Selon le Nicaragua, la compétence de la Cour est régie par l’article
XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, aux termes duquel la Colombie et
lui‑même ont tous deux reconnu la juridiction de la Cour « tant que le …
Traité [en question] restera[it] en vigueur ». La durée d’applicabilité dudit
traité est déterminée par le premier alinéa de l’article LVI, qui dispose
que, pour un Etat l’ayant dénoncé, le pacte demeure en vigueur un an à
compter de la date de transmission de l’avis de dénonciation. La date à
laquelle la compétence de la Cour doit être établie étant celle du dépôt de
la requête, et le Nicaragua ayant procédé à ce dépôt moins d’un an après
la notification par la Colombie de sa dénonciation du pacte, il s’ensuit
— selon lui — que la Cour a compétence en l’espèce. Le Nicaragua
soutient
que rien dans le second alinéa de l’article LVI ne vient contredire
cette conclusion et que l’on ne saurait rien inférer du silence de cet alinéa
sur les procédures entamées entre la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation
et la date à laquelle le pacte cesse d’être en vigueur à l’égard de
l’Etat qui l’a dénoncé ; en tout état de cause, pareille inférence ne saurait
primer le libellé exprès de l’article XXXI et du premier alinéa de
l’article
LVI.
28. Le Nicaragua affirme que l’examen de l’objet et du but du pacte
vient confirmer cette conclusion. Il rappelle que, selon la Cour, « il ressort
nettement du pacte que les Etats américains, en élaborant cet instrument,
ont entendu renforcer leurs engagements mutuels en matière de règlement
judiciaire » (Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua
c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 89,
par. 46). De l’avis du Nicaragua, l’interprétation que fait la Colombie du
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 113
17
préparatoires. With regard to the first argument, it points to the absence
of any reaction, including from Nicaragua, to Colombia’s notice of
denunciation, notwithstanding the clear statement therein that the denunciation
was to take effect as of the date of the notice “with regard to
procedures . . . initiated after the present notice”. It also emphasizes that
there was no reaction from other parties to the Pact when El Salvador
gave notice of denunciation in 1973, notwithstanding that El Salvador’s
notification of denunciation stated that the denunciation “will begin to
take effect as of today”. With regard to the travaux préparatoires, Colombia
contends that the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken from Article
9 of the 1929 General Treaty of Inter‑American Arbitration (and the
parallel provision in Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention of
Inter‑American Conciliation). Colombia maintains that what became the
second paragraph of Article LVI was added as the result of an initiative
taken by the United States of America in 1938 which was accepted by the
Inter‑American Juridical Committee in 1947 and incorporated into the
text which was signed in 1948. According to Colombia, this history shows
that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to incorporate a provision
which limited the effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI.
*
27. Nicaragua contends that the jurisdiction of the Court is determined
by Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, according to which Colombia
and Nicaragua had each recognized the jurisdiction of the Court “so long
as the present Treaty is in force”. How long the treaty remains in force is
determined by the first paragraph of Article LVI, which provides that the
Pact remains in force for a State which has given notification of denunciation
for one year from the date of that notification. Since the date on
which the jurisdiction of the Court has to be established is that on which
the Application is filed, and since Nicaragua’s Application was filed less
than one year after Colombia gave notification of its denunciation of the
Pact, it follows — according to Nicaragua — that the Court has jurisdiction
in the present case. Nicaragua maintains that nothing in the second
paragraph of Article LVI runs counter to that conclusion and no inference
should be drawn from the silence of that paragraph regarding procedures
commenced between the transmission of the notification of
denunciation and the date on which the treaty is terminated for the
denouncing State ; in any event, such inference could not prevail over the
express language of Article XXXI and the first paragraph of Article LVI.
28. That conclusion is reinforced, in Nicaragua’s view, by consideration
of the object and purpose of the Pact. Nicaragua recalls that, according to
the Court, “[i]t is . . . quite clear from the Pact that the purpose of the
American States in drafting it was to reinforce their mutual commitments
with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46). Colombia’s interpretation of the sec‑
114 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
18
second alinéa de l’article LVI priverait de tout sens le libellé exprès de
l’article XXXI, qui dispose que les parties au pacte reconnaissent la juridiction
de la Cour tant que ledit instrument demeure en vigueur entre
elles, ainsi que celui de l’article LVI, qui dispose que le pacte demeure en
vigueur un an à compter de la notification de la dénonciation. Selon lui,
cela rendrait également irréalisable, pendant le préavis d’un an, le but du
pacte tel qu’il a été défini par la Cour.
29. Le Nicaragua conteste l’argument de la Colombie selon lequel l’interprétation
qu’elle fait du second alinéa de l’article LVI maintiendrait en
vigueur d’importantes obligations pendant le préavis d’un an. A son sens,
l’interprétation de la Colombie soustrairait aux effets du premier alinéa de
l’article LVI toutes les procédures de bons offices et de médiation (chapitre
deux du pacte), d’enquête et de conciliation (chapitre trois), de règlement
judiciaire (chapitre quatre) et d’arbitrage (chapitre cinq), qui, ensemble,
représentent quarante et un des soixante articles du pacte. Parmi les dispositions
restantes, plusieurs — comme l’article LII sur la ratification du
pacte et l’article LIV sur l’adhésion à celui‑ci — ont entièrement rempli
leur fonction et n’auraient donc plus de rôle à jouer pendant le préavis
d’un an, tandis que d’autres — comme les articles III à VI — sont indissociablement
liées aux procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq et n’imposent
aucune obligation indépendante de celles‑ci. Par conséquent, selon
l’interprétation que fait la Colombie de l’article LVI, seuls six des
soixante articles du pacte conserveraient une quelconque fonction pendant
le préavis d’un an prévu au premier alinéa. Le Nicaragua fait observer de
surcroît que le chapitre premier s’intitule « Obligation générale de régler les
différends par des moyens pacifiques », et qu’il serait donc singulier d’interpréter
l’article LVI de telle sorte que ledit chapitre demeurerait en vigueur
entre un Etat ayant dénoncé le pacte et les autres parties à celui‑ci, alors
qu’il n’en irait plus de même de ceux qui contiennent précisément les
moyens auxquels le chapitre premier renvoie.
30. Enfin, le Nicaragua conteste que l’interprétation de la Colombie
soit étayée par la pratique des parties au pacte de Bogotá ou par les travaux
préparatoires. En ce qui concerne la pratique, il affirme que l’on ne
saurait rien inférer de l’absence de réaction aux avis de dénonciation
transmis par El Salvador et la Colombie, puisque les autres parties au
pacte n’étaient pas tenues d’y réagir. Quant aux travaux préparatoires, ils
ne donnent aucune indication sur la raison pour laquelle ce qui est devenu
le second alinéa de l’article LVI a été ajouté ni sur ce qu’il était censé
signifier. Plus important encore, rien dans les travaux préparatoires ne
donne à penser que les parties au pacte entendaient, en ajoutant ce qui est
devenu le second alinéa, restreindre la portée du premier alinéa de l’article
LVI. De l’avis du Nicaragua, le second alinéa de l’article LVI, s’il
n’est pas nécessaire, est néanmoins utile en ce qu’il précise clairement que
la dénonciation n’a pas d’incidence sur les procédures en cours.
* *
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 114
18
ond paragraph of Article LVI would, Nicaragua maintains, deprive of all
meaning the express provision of Article XXXI that the parties to the Pact
accept the jurisdiction of the Court so long as the Pact is in force between
them, as well as the express provision of Article LVI that the Pact remains
in force for one year after notification of denunciation. According to Nicaragua,
it would also render the purpose of the Pact — as defined by the
Court — unachievable during the one‑year notice period.
29. Nicaragua disputes Colombia’s argument that the Colombian
interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would still leave
important obligations in place during the one‑year period of notice.
According to Nicaragua, the Colombian interpretation would remove
from the effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI all of the procedures
for good offices and mediation (Chapter Two of the Pact), investigation
and conciliation (Chapter Three), judicial settlement (Chapter Four) and
arbitration (Chapter Five), which together comprise forty‑one of the
sixty Articles of the Pact. Of the remaining provisions, several — such as
Article LII on ratification of the Pact and Article LIV on adherence to the
Pact — are provisions which have entirely served their purpose and would
fulfil no function during the one‑year period of notice, while others —
such as Articles III to VI — are inextricably linked to the procedures in
Chapters Two to Five and impose no obligations independent of those
procedures. Colombia’s interpretation of Article LVI would thus leave
only six of the Pact’s sixty Articles with any function during the period of
one year prescribed by the first paragraph of Article LVI. Nicaragua also
notes that the title of Chapter One of the Pact is “General Obligation to
Settle Disputes by Pacific Means” and contends that it would be strange
to interpret Article LVI of the Pact as maintaining this chapter in force
between a State which had given notice of denunciation and the other
parties to the Pact, but not the chapters containing the very means to
which Chapter One refers.
30. Finally, Nicaragua denies that the practice of the parties to the
Pact of Bogotá or the travaux préparatoires support Colombia’s interpretation.
So far as practice is concerned, Nicaragua maintains that nothing
can be read into the absence of a response to the notices of denunciation
by El Salvador and Colombia as there was no obligation on other parties
to the Pact to respond. As for the travaux préparatoires, they suggest no
reason why what became the second paragraph of Article LVI was
included or what it was intended to mean. Most importantly, the travaux
préparatoires contain nothing which suggests that the parties to the Pact
intended, by the addition of what became the second paragraph, to
restrict the scope of the first paragraph of Article LVI. In Nicaragua’s
view, the second paragraph of Article LVI, while not necessary, serves a
useful purpose in making clear that denunciation does not affect pending
procedures.
* *
115 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
19
31. La Cour rappelle que la date à laquelle s’apprécie sa compétence
est celle du dépôt de la requête (Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 437‑438, par. 79-80 ;
Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 613, par. 26). Cette règle a notamment
pour conséquence que « la disparition postérieure à l’introduction d’une
instance d’un élément qui conditionne la compétence de la Cour ne produit
pas et ne saurait produire d’effet rétroactif » (Application de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie
c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 438,
par. 80). Ainsi, le fait qu’une disposition conventionnelle conférant compétence
à la Cour cesse d’être en vigueur entre le demandeur et le
défendeur,
que l’une ou l’autre des parties retire la déclaration qu’elle
avait formulée au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut ou que
celle-
ci vienne à expirer, s’il intervient après le dépôt de la requête, ne
prive pas la Cour de compétence. Comme l’a déclaré la Cour en l’affaire
Nottebohm,
« [l]orsque la requête est déposée à un moment où le droit en
vigueur entre les parties comporte la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour… le dépôt de la requête n’est que la condition pour que la
clause de juridiction obligatoire produise effet à l’égard de la demande
qui fait l’objet de la requête. Cette condition remplie, la Cour doit
connaître de la demande ; elle a compétence pour en examiner tous
les aspects, qu’ils touchent à la compétence, à la recevabilité ou au
fond. Un fait extérieur tel que la caducité ultérieure de la déclaration
par échéance du terme ou par dénonciation ne saurait retirer à la
Cour une compétence déjà établie. » (Nottebohm (Liechtenstein
c. Guatemala), exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1953,
p. 123.)
32. Aux termes de l’article XXXI, les parties au pacte de Bogotá reconnaissent
comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour « tant que le[dit]
Traité restera en vigueur ». Le premier alinéa de l’article LVI dispose que
le pacte, lorsqu’il est dénoncé par un Etat partie, demeure en vigueur
entre ce dernier et les autres parties pour une durée d’un an à compter de
la notification de la dénonciation. Il n’est pas contesté que, en elles‑mêmes,
ces dispositions suffiraient à conférer à la Cour compétence pour connaître
de la présente affaire. Le pacte était toujours en vigueur entre la Colombie
et le Nicaragua à la date du dépôt de la requête et, conformément à la
règle exposée au paragraphe 31 ci‑dessus, le fait qu’il a par la suite cessé
de produire ses effets entre ces deux Etats n’aurait pas d’incidence sur
cette compétence. La seule question soulevée par la première exception de
la Colombie est, dès lors, celle de savoir si le second alinéa de l’article LVI
modifie ce qui aurait autrement été l’effet du premier au point d’imposer
à la Cour de se déclarer incompétente pour connaître de l’instance, même
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 115
19
31. The Court recalls that the date at which its jurisdiction has to be
established is the date on which the application is filed with the Court
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, pp. 437‑438, paras. 79‑80 ; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 613, para. 26). One consequence of this rule
is that “the removal, after an application has been filed, of an element on
which the Court’s jurisdiction is dependent does not and cannot have any
retroactive effect” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 80). Thus, even if
the treaty provision by which jurisdiction is conferred on the Court ceases
to be in force between the applicant and the respondent, or either party’s
declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
expires or is withdrawn, after the application has been filed, that fact does
not deprive the Court of jurisdiction. As the Court held, in the Nottebohm
case :
“When an Application is filed at a time when the law in force
between the parties entails the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court . . . the filing of the Application is merely the condition required
to enable the clause of compulsory jurisdiction to produce its effects
in respect of the claim advanced in the Application. Once this condition
has been satisfied, the Court must deal with the claim ; it has
jurisdiction to deal with all its aspects, whether they relate to jurisdiction,
to admissibility or to the merits. An extrinsic fact such as the
subsequent lapse of the Declaration, by reason of the expiry of the
period or by denunciation, cannot deprive the Court of the jurisdiction
already established.” (Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala),
Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 123.)
32. By Article XXXI, the parties to the Pact of Bogotá recognize as
compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court, “so long as the present Treaty
is in force”. The first paragraph of Article LVI provides that, following
the denunciation of the Pact by a State party, the Pact shall remain in
force between the denouncing State and the other parties for a period of
one year following the notification of denunciation. It is not disputed
that, if these provisions stood alone, they would be sufficient to confer
jurisdiction in the present case. The Pact was still in force between Colombia
and Nicaragua on the date that the Application was filed and, in
accordance with the rule considered in paragraph 31 above, the fact that
the Pact subsequently ceased to be in force between them would not affect
that jurisdiction. The only question raised by Colombia’s first preliminary
objection, therefore, is whether the second paragraph of Article LVI so
alters what would otherwise have been the effect of the first paragraph as
to require the conclusion that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of the
116 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
20
si celle‑ci a été introduite alors que le pacte était toujours en vigueur entre
les Parties.
33. Pour répondre à cette question, il convient d’appliquer aux dispositions
pertinentes du pacte de Bogotá les règles d’interprétation des traités
énoncées aux articles 31 à 33 de la convention de Vienne. Bien que
cette convention ne soit pas en vigueur entre les Parties et qu’elle ne
couvre de toute façon pas les traités conclus avant son entrée en vigueur,
tels que le pacte de Bogotá, il est constant que ses articles 31 à 33 reflètent
des règles de droit international coutumier (Avena et autres ressortissants
mexicains (Mexique c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2004 (I), p. 48, par. 83 ; LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 502, par. 101 ; Plates-formes
pétrolières
(République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), exception préliminaire,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 812, par. 23 ; Différend territorial
(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Tchad), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 21‑22,
par. 41 ; Sentence arbitrale du 31 juillet 1989 (Guinée-Bissau
c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1991, p. 70, par. 48). Les Parties conviennent que ces
règles sont applicables. L’article 31, qui énonce la règle générale d’interprétation,
dispose qu’« [u]n traité doit être interprété de bonne foi suivant
le sens ordinaire à attribuer aux termes du traité dans leur contexte et à la
lumière de son objet et de son but ».
34. L’argument de la Colombie relatif à l’interprétation du second alinéa
de l’article LVI repose non sur le sens ordinaire des termes de cette
disposition, mais sur une conclusion que l’on pourrait tirer, selon elle, du
silence de cet alinéa. Celui‑ci est muet sur les procédures introduites après
la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation mais avant l’expiration du préavis
d’un an visé au premier alinéa de ce même article. La Colombie invite
la Cour à inférer de ce silence qu’elle n’a pas compétence à l’égard des
procédures introduites après la notification de la dénonciation. Cette
conclusion vaut, selon elle, même lorsque, ledit préavis n’étant pas encore
expiré, le pacte est toujours en vigueur pour l’Etat qui l’a dénoncé. Elle
découle, d’après la Colombie, d’une interprétation a contrario de cette
disposition.
35. L’interprétation a contrario d’une disposition conventionnelle — en
vertu de laquelle le fait que la disposition mentionne expressément un cas de
figure donné justifierait la conclusion que d’autres cas comparables sont
exclus de ses prévisions — a été employée tant par la Cour (voir, par
exemple, Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), requête
du Honduras à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 432,
par. 29) que par sa devancière, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
(Vapeur Wimbledon, arrêts, 1923, C.P.J.I. série A no 1, p. 23‑24). Une telle
interprétation ne peut toutefois être retenue que si elle se justifie à la lumière
du libellé de l’ensemble des dispositions pertinentes, de leur contexte ainsi
que de l’objet et du but du traité. Cependant, même dans le cas où le recours
à une telle interprétation est justifié, il importe de déterminer en quoi consiste
exactement, dans chaque cas, la conclusion qu’il y a lieu d’inférer.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 116
20
proceedings, notwithstanding that those proceedings were instituted while
the Pact was still in force between Nicaragua and Colombia.
33. That question has to be answered by the application to the relevant
provisions of the Pact of Bogotá of the rules on treaty interpretation
enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention. Although that
Convention is not in force between the Parties and is not, in any event,
applicable to treaties concluded before it entered into force, such as the
Pact of Bogotá, it is well established that Articles 31 to 33 of the Convention
reflect rules of customary international law (Avena and Other
Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 48, para. 83 ; LaGrand (Germany v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 502, para. 101 ; Oil Platforms
(Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 812, para. 23 ; Territorial
Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994,
pp. 21‑22, para. 41 ; Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea‑Bissau v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 70, para. 48). The Parties
agree that these rules are applicable. Article 31, which states the general
rule of interpretation, requires that “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in good
faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of
the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”.
34. Colombia’s argument regarding the interpretation of the second
paragraph of Article LVI is based not upon the ordinary meaning of the
terms used in that provision but upon an inference which might be drawn
from what that paragraph does not say. That paragraph is silent with regard
to procedures initiated after the transmission of the notification of denunciation
but before the expiration of the one‑year period referred to in the first
paragraph of Article LVI. Colombia asks the Court to draw from that
silence the inference that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of proceedings
initiated after notification of denunciation has been given. According to
Colombia, that inference should be drawn even though the Pact remains in
force for the State making that denunciation, because the one‑year period of
notice stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI has not yet elapsed.
That inference is said to follow from an a contrario reading of the provision.
35. An a contrario reading of a treaty provision — by which the fact
that the provision expressly provides for one category of situations is said
to justify the inference that other comparable categories are excluded —
has been employed by both the present Court (see, e.g., Territorial and
Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application by Honduras for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 432,
para. 29) and the Permanent Court of International Justice (S.S. “Wimbledon”,
Judgments, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1, pp. 23‑24). Such an
interpretation is only warranted, however, when it is appropriate in light
of the text of all the provisions concerned, their context and the object
and purpose of the treaty. Moreover, even where an a contrario interpretation
is justified, it is important to determine precisely what inference its
application requires in any given case.
117 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
21
36. Le second alinéa de l’article LVI dispose que « [l]a dénonciation
n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours entamées avant la transmission
de l’avis en question ». C’est toutefois non pas la dénonciation en soi
qui peut avoir un effet sur la juridiction que la Cour tient de l’article XXXI
de cet instrument, mais l’extinction du traité (entre l’Etat qui l’a dénoncé
et les autres parties) qui en résulte. Cette conclusion découle à la fois des
termes de l’article XXXI, qui dispose que les parties au pacte reconnaissent
comme obligatoire entre elles la juridiction de la Cour « tant que
le[dit] Traité restera en vigueur » et du sens ordinaire des termes employés
à l’article LVI. Le premier alinéa de l’article LVI prévoit qu’il peut être
mis fin au traité par voie de dénonciation, mais que l’extinction n’interviendra
qu’au terme d’un délai d’un an courant à compter de la notification
de la dénonciation. C’est par conséquent ce premier alinéa qui
détermine les effets de la dénonciation. Le second confirme que les procédures
entamées avant la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation peuvent se
poursuivre indépendamment de cette dernière et donc indépendamment
des prévisions du premier alinéa quant aux effets de la dénonciation dans
leur ensemble.
37. L’argument de la Colombie est qu’une interprétation a contrario
du second alinéa de l’article LVI conduit à conclure que, s’il est dit que
« [l]a dénonciation n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours entamées
avant la transmission de l’avis [de dénonciation] », il s’ensuit que la
dénonciation a bien un effet sur les procédures introduites après la transmission
dudit avis. La Colombie soutient que cet effet réside en ceci que
toute procédure introduite après la date de la notification se trouvera
purement et simplement exclue du cadre du traité. Selon elle, toute procédure
introduite devant la Cour après cette date serait donc exclue de la
compétence conférée par l’article XXXI. Pareille interprétation, toutefois,
va à l’encontre des termes de l’article XXXI, qui dispose que les parties au
pacte reconnaissent la juridiction de la Cour comme obligatoire « tant que
le[dit] Traité restera en vigueur ».
Le second alinéa de l’article LVI se prête à une autre interprétation, qui
est compatible avec les termes de l’article XXXI. Selon cette interprétation,
tandis que les procédures introduites avant la transmission de l’avis
de dénonciation peuvent en tout état de cause se poursuivre et ne tombent
donc pas sous le coup du premier alinéa de l’article LVI, l’effet de la
dénonciation sur les procédures introduites après cette date, lui, est régi
par le premier alinéa. Puisque celui‑ci prévoit que la dénonciation n’entraîne,
pour l’Etat qui en est l’auteur, l’extinction du traité qu’au terme
d’un délai d’un an, les procédures introduites pendant cette année de préavis
le sont alors que le pacte est toujours en vigueur. Elles relèvent donc
du champ de compétence défini à l’article XXXI.
38. En outre, conformément à la règle d’interprétation consacrée au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne, le texte du second
alinéa de l’article LVI doit être examiné dans son contexte. La Colombie
admet (voir le paragraphe 28 ci‑dessus) que l’interprétation qu’elle en fait
exclut, entre l’Etat ayant dénoncé le pacte et toute autre partie à celui‑ci,
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 117
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36. The second paragraph of Article LVI states that “[t]he denunciation
shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures initiated prior to the
transmission of the particular notification”. However, it is not the denunciation
per se that is capable of having an effect upon the jurisdiction of the
Court under Article XXXI of the Pact, but the termination of the treaty (as
between the denouncing State and the other parties) which results from the
denunciation. That follows both from the terms of Article XXXI, which
provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction of the Court
as compulsory inter se “so long as the present Treaty is in force”, and from
the ordinary meaning of the words used in Article LVI. The first paragraph
of Article LVI provides that the treaty may be terminated by denunciation,
but that termination will occur only after a period of one year from the
notification of denunciation. It is, therefore, this first paragraph which
determines the effects of denunciation. The second paragraph of Article
LVI confirms that procedures instituted before the transmission of the
notification of denunciation can continue irrespective of the denunciation
and thus that their continuation is ensured irrespective of the provisions of
the first paragraph on the effects of denunciation as a whole.
37. Colombia’s argument is that if one applies an a contrario interpretation
to the second paragraph of Article LVI, then it follows from the
statement that “denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending
procedures initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification
[of denunciation]” that denunciation does have an effect upon procedures
instituted after the transmission of that notification. Colombia
maintains that the effect is that any procedures instituted after that date
fall altogether outside the treaty. In the case of proceedings at the Court
commenced after that date, Colombia maintains that they would, therefore,
fall outside the jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI. However,
such an interpretation runs counter to the language of Article XXXI,
which provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction of
the Court as compulsory “so long as the present Treaty is in force”.
The second paragraph of Article LVI is open to a different interpretation,
which is compatible with the language of Article XXXI. According
to this interpretation, whereas proceedings instituted before transmission
of notification of denunciation can continue in any event and are thus not
subject to the first paragraph of Article LVI, the effect of denunciation on
proceedings instituted after that date is governed by the first paragraph.
Since the first paragraph provides that denunciation terminates the treaty
for the denouncing State only after a period of one year has elapsed, proceedings
instituted during that year are instituted while the Pact is still in
force. They are thus within the scope of the jurisdiction conferred by
Article XXXI.
38. Moreover, in accordance with the rule of interpretation enshrined
in Article 31, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention, the text of the second
paragraph of Article LVI has to be examined in its context. Colombia
admits (see paragraph 28 above) that its reading of the second
paragraph has the effect that, during the one‑year period which the first
118 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
22
toute possibilité de recourir à l’une quelconque des procédures de règlement
des différends visées aux chapitres deux à cinq durant le délai d’un
an prévu par le premier alinéa de l’article LVI entre la notification de
dénonciation et l’extinction du traité pour l’Etat en question. Selon elle,
seules les dispositions des autres chapitres du pacte demeureraient en
vigueur entre l’auteur de la dénonciation et les autres parties pendant
cette période. Or, les chapitres deux à cinq contiennent l’ensemble des
dispositions du pacte relatives aux différentes procédures de règlement
pacifique des différends et, comme l’exposera la Cour, ils jouent un rôle
clef dans le système d’obligations instauré par le pacte. L’interprétation
du second alinéa de l’article LVI proposée par la Colombie aurait pour
conséquence que, pendant l’année suivant la notification de la dénonciation,
l’essentiel des articles du pacte, contenant ses dispositions les plus
importantes, ne s’appliqueraient pas entre l’Etat auteur de la dénonciation
et les autres parties. Pareil résultat est difficile à concilier avec le
libellé exprès du premier alinéa de l’article LVI, qui prévoit le maintien en
vigueur du « présent Traité » pendant le préavis d’un an, sans faire de
distinction entre les différentes parties du pacte comme le voudrait la
Colombie.
39. Il est aussi nécessaire de rechercher si l’interprétation de la Colombie
est compatible avec l’objet et le but du pacte de Bogotá. Ceux‑ci ressortent
de son titre complet — traité américain de règlement pacifique. Le
préambule précise que le pacte a été adopté conformément à l’article 23
de la Charte de l’OEA. Cet article 23 (devenu l’article 27) dispose que :
« [u]n traité spécial établira les moyens propres à régler les différends
et fixera les procédures qui conviennent à chacun des moyens pacifiques,
de façon qu’aucun différend entre les Etats américains ne
reste sans règlement définitif au-
delà d’une période raisonnable ».
Le fait que la mise en place de moyens de règlement pacifique des différends
constitue bien l’objet et le but du pacte est encore confirmé par les
dispositions du chapitre premier, intitulé « Obligation générale de régler
les différends par des moyens pacifiques ». L’article I est ainsi libellé :
« Les Hautes Parties Contractantes réaffirment solennellement les
obligations qu’elles ont acceptées dans des conventions et des déclarations
internationales antérieures ainsi que dans la Charte des
Nations Unies ; elles décident de s’abstenir de la menace, de l’emploi
de la force ou de n’importe quel autre moyen de coercition pour
régler leurs différends et de recourir, en toutes circonstances, à des
moyens pacifiques. »
Quant à l’article II, il se lit comme suit :
« Les Hautes Parties Contractantes acceptent l’obligation de résoudre
les différends internationaux à l’aide des procédures pacifiques régionales
avant de recourir au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 118
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paragraph of Article LVI establishes between the notification of denunciation
and the termination of the treaty for the denouncing State, none
of the procedures for settlement of disputes established by Chapters Two
to Five of the Pact could be invoked as between a denouncing State and
any other party to the Pact. According to Colombia, only the provisions
of the other Chapters of the Pact would remain in force between a
denouncing State and the other parties, during the one‑year period of
notice. However, Chapters Two to Five contain all of the provisions of
the Pact dealing with the different procedures for the peaceful settlement
of disputes and, as the Court will explain, play a central role within the
structure of obligations laid down by the Pact. The result of Colombia’s
proposed interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would be
that, during the year following notification of denunciation, most of the
Articles of the Pact, containing its most important provisions, would not
apply between the denouncing State and the other parties. Such a result is
difficult to reconcile with the express terms of the first paragraph of Article
LVI, which provides that “the present Treaty” shall remain in force
during the one‑year period without distinguishing between different parts
of the Pact as Colombia seeks to do.
39. It is also necessary to consider whether Colombia’s interpretation
is consistent with the object and purpose of the Pact of Bogotá. That
object and purpose are suggested by the full title of the Pact, namely the
American Treaty on Pacific Settlement. The preamble indicates that the
Pact was adopted in fulfilment of Article 23 of the Charter of the OAS.
Article 23 (now Article 27) provides that :
“A special treaty will establish adequate means for the settlement
of disputes and will determine pertinent procedures for each peaceful
means such that no dispute between American States may remain
without definitive settlement within a reasonable period of time.”
That emphasis on establishing means for the peaceful settlement of disputes
as the object and purpose of the Pact is reinforced by the provisions
of Chapter One of the Pact, which is entitled “General Obligation to Settle
Disputes by Pacific Means”. Article I provides :
“The High Contracting Parties, solemnly reaffirming their commitments
made in earlier international conventions and declarations, as
well as in the Charter of the United Nations, agree to refrain from
the threat or the use of force, or from any other means of coercion
for the settlement of their controversies, and to have recourse at all
times to pacific procedures.”
Article II provides :
“The High Contracting Parties recognize the obligation to settle
international controversies by regional pacific procedures before
referring them to the Security Council of the United Nations.
119 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
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En conséquence, au cas où surgirait, entre deux ou plusieurs Etats
signataires, un différend qui, de l’avis de l’une des parties, ne pourrait
être résolu au moyen de négociations directes suivant les voies
diplomatiques ordinaires, les parties s’engagent à employer les procédures
établies dans ce Traité sous la forme et dans les conditions
prévues aux articles suivants, ou les procédures spéciales qui, à leur
avis, leur permettront d’arriver à une solution. »
Enfin, la Cour rappellera que, dans son arrêt de 1988 en l’affaire relative
à des Actions armées, cité au paragraphe 28 ci‑dessus, elle a conclu que
« les Etats américains, en élaborant [le pacte], [avaient] entendu renforcer
leurs engagements mutuels en matière de règlement judiciaire » (Actions
armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 89, par. 46).
40. Il est clair, au vu de ces facteurs, que l’objet et le but du pacte sont
de promouvoir le règlement pacifique des différends au moyen des procédures
prévues par celui‑ci. Bien que la Colombie soutienne que les « procédures
… régionales » visées au premier alinéa de l’article II ne sont pas
limitées aux procédures énoncées dans le pacte, l’article II doit être interprété
comme un tout. Or, il ressort clairement de l’emploi de la locution
« en conséquence » au début du second alinéa de l’article II que c’est au
moyen des procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq du pacte qu’il doit
être donné effet à l’obligation de recourir aux procédures régionales que
les parties ont « accept[ée] » à l’alinéa précédent. La Colombie affirme
que, suivant son interprétation du second alinéa de l’article LVI, l’article
II — qui énonce l’une des obligations fondamentales du pacte —
demeurerait en vigueur pendant le préavis d’un an. La Cour note
cependant qu’il s’ensuit de cette interprétation que non seulement l’Etat
qui a dénoncé le pacte, mais aussi, dans la mesure où un différend les
opposerait à cet Etat, toutes les autres parties à cet instrument seraient
privées de la possibilité d’utiliser les procédures qui ont justement été
conçues pour donner effet à cette obligation de recourir aux procédures
régionales. Comme la Cour l’a déjà indiqué (voir le paragraphe 34 ci‑dessus),
cette interprétation ne se fonde pas sur les termes exprès du
second alinéa de l’article LVI, mais sur la conclusion qu’il y a lieu,
selon la Colombie, de tirer de l’absence de toute référence dans l’alinéa
en question aux procédures introduites pendant le délai d’un an. La Cour
ne voit pas sur quel fondement elle pourrait tirer de ce silence une conclusion
qui serait incompatible avec l’objet et le but du pacte de Bogotá.
41. La Colombie argue en substance que son interprétation est nécessaire
pour conférer au second alinéa de l’article LVI un effet utile. Elle
soutient que, si l’effet du second alinéa se limitait à permettre aux procédures
entamées avant la date de la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation
de se poursuivre après celle‑ci, cette disposition serait superflue. La règle
selon laquelle des faits postérieurs à la date du dépôt d’une requête ne
sauraient priver la Cour d’une compétence qui existait à cette date (voir le
paragraphe 31 ci‑dessus) garantirait, de toute façon, l’absence d’incidence
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 119
23
Consequently, in the event that a controversy arises between two
or more signatory States which, in the opinion of the parties, cannot
be settled by direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels,
the parties bind themselves to use the procedures established in
the present Treaty, in the manner and under the conditions provided
for in the following articles, or, alternatively, such special procedures
as, in their opinion, will permit them to arrive at a solution.”
Finally, the Court recalls that, in its 1988 Judgment in the Armed Actions
case, quoted at paragraph 28 above, it held that “the purpose of the
American States in drafting [the Pact] was to reinforce their mutual commitments
with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46).
40. These factors make clear that the object and purpose of the Pact is
to further the peaceful settlement of disputes through the procedures provided
for in the Pact. Although Colombia argues that the reference to
“regional . . . procedures” in the first paragraph of Article II is not confined
to the procedures set out in the Pact, Article II has to be interpreted
as a whole. It is clear from the use of the word “consequently” at the
beginning of the second paragraph of Article II that the obligation to
resort to regional procedures, which the parties “recognize” in the first
paragraph, is to be given effect by employing the procedures laid down in
Chapters Two to Five of the Pact. Colombia maintains that its interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI would leave Article II —
which contains one of the core obligations in the Pact — in effect during
the one‑year period. The Court observes, however, that Colombia’s interpretation
would deprive both the denouncing State and, to the extent that
they have a controversy with the denouncing State, all other parties of
access to the very procedures designed to give effect to that obligation to
resort to regional procedures. As the Court has already explained (see
paragraph 34 above), that interpretation is said to follow not from the
express terms of the second paragraph of Article LVI but from an inference
which, according to Colombia, must be drawn from the silence of
that paragraph regarding proceedings instituted during the one‑year
period. The Court sees no basis on which to draw from that silence an
inference that would not be consistent with the object and purpose of the
Pact of Bogotá.
41. An essential part of Colombia’s argument is that its interpretation
is necessary to give effet utile to the second paragraph of Article LVI.
Colombia maintains that if the effect of the second paragraph is confined
to ensuring that procedures commenced before the date of transmission
of the notification of denunciation can continue after that date, then the
provision is superfluous. The rule that events occurring after the date on
which an application is filed do not deprive the Court of jurisdiction
which existed on that date (see paragraph 31 above) would ensure, in any
120 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
24
de la dénonciation du pacte sur les procédures déjà entamées avant cette
dénonciation.
La Cour a reconnu qu’il convenait, en général, d’interpréter un traité
en cherchant à donner effet à chacun de ses termes et en veillant à ce
qu’aucune de ses dispositions ne soit privée de portée ou d’effet (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 125‑126, par. 133 ; Détroit de
Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949, p. 24).
Il arrive néanmoins que les parties à un traité adoptent une disposition
afin d’éviter tout doute, même si celle-
ci n’est pas strictement nécessaire.
Ainsi, le pacte de Bogotá, en son article LVIII, prévoit que certains traités
interaméricains plus anciens cesseront de produire leurs effets à l’égard
des parties dès son entrée en vigueur. Il précise ensuite, à l’article LIX,
que les dispositions de l’article LVIII « ne s’appliqueront pas aux procédures
déjà entamées ou réglées » conformément à l’un de ces traités antérieurs.
Si l’on devait appliquer à ces dispositions (auxquelles aucune des
Parties ne s’est référée) la logique suivie par la Colombie à l’égard de
l’article LVI, l’article LIX ne serait pas nécessaire. Il semble que les parties
au pacte de Bogotá aient jugé souhaitable de l’inclure par surcroît de
prudence. Le fait que les parties au pacte aient estimé utile d’ajouter cet
article alors qu’il n’était pas strictement nécessaire amoindrit l’argument
de la Colombie selon lequel elles n’auraient pu ajouter pour la même raison
la disposition analogue figurant au second alinéa de l’article LVI.
42. La Cour considère également que, en cherchant à déterminer le
sens du second alinéa de l’article LVI, elle ne doit pas adopter une interprétation
qui prive de portée ou d’effet le premier alinéa de ce même
article. Or, si le premier alinéa dispose que le pacte demeurera en vigueur
un an à compter de la notification de la dénonciation, l’interprétation
proposée par la Colombie en circonscrirait l’effet aux chapitres premier,
six, sept et huit. Le chapitre huit contient les dispositions formelles touchant
par exemple à la ratification, à l’entrée en vigueur et à l’enregistrement
du traité et n’impose aucune obligation au cours de la période
suivant la notification de la dénonciation. Le chapitre sept (intitulé « Avis
consultatifs ») n’est composé que d’un seul article, de nature purement
permissive. Le chapitre six contient lui aussi une seule disposition prévoyant
uniquement que, en cas de non-respect,
par une partie, d’un arrêt
de la Cour ou d’une sentence arbitrale, l’autre ou les autres parties, avant
de recourir au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, demanderont une
réunion de consultation de leurs ministres des relations extérieures.
Le chapitre premier (« Obligation générale de régler les différends par
des moyens pacifiques ») comporte quant à lui huit articles qui imposent
aux parties d’importantes obligations. Toutefois, comme cela a déjà été
démontré (voir le paragraphe 40 ci‑dessus), l’article II concerne l’obligation
de recourir aux procédures prévues par le pacte (dont aucune ne serait
ouverte aux parties au cours de l’année de préavis si l’interprétation pro‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 120
24
event, that denunciation of the Pact would not affect procedures already
instituted prior to denunciation.
The Court has recognized that, in general, the interpretation of a treaty
should seek to give effect to every term in that treaty and that no provision
should be interpreted in a way that renders it devoid of purport or effect
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 125‑126, para. 133 ;
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgments,
I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 24). There are occasions, however, when the parties
to a treaty adopt a provision for the avoidance of doubt even if such a
provision is not strictly necessary. For example, Article LVIII of the Pact
of Bogotá provides that certain earlier Inter‑American treaties shall cease
to have effect with respect to parties to the Pact as soon as the Pact comes
into force. Article LIX then provides that the provisions of Article LVIII
“shall not apply to procedures already initiated or agreed upon” in accordance
with any of those earlier treaties. While neither Party made reference
to these provisions, if one applies to them the approach suggested by
Colombia with regard to Article LVI, then Article LIX must be considered
unnecessary. It appears that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá considered
that it was desirable to include Article LIX out of an abundance of caution.
The fact that the parties to the Pact considered that including Article
LIX served a useful purpose even though it was not strictly necessary
undermines Colombia’s argument that the similar provision in the second
paragraph of Article LVI could not have been included for that reason.
42. The Court also considers that, in seeking to determine the meaning
of the second paragraph of Article LVI, it should not adopt an interpretation
which renders the first paragraph of that Article devoid of purport or
effect. The first paragraph provides that the Pact shall remain in force for
a period of one year following notification of denunciation. Colombia’s
interpretation would, however, confine the effect of that provision to
Chapters One, Six, Seven, and Eight. Chapter Eight contains the formal
provisions on such matters as ratification, entry into force and registration
and imposes no obligations during the period following a notification
of denunciation. Chapter Seven (entitled “Advisory Opinions”)
contains only one Article and is purely permissive. Chapter Six also
contains
one provision, which requires only that before a party resorts to
the Security Council regarding the failure of another party to comply
with a judgment of the Court or an arbitration award, it shall first propose
a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the
parties.
Chapter One (“General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific
Means”) contains eight Articles which impose important obligations
upon the parties but, as has already been shown (see paragraph 40 above),
Article II is concerned with the obligation to use the procedures in the
Pact (none of which would be available during the one‑year period if
Colombia’s interpretation were accepted), while Articles III to VI have no
121 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
25
posée par la Colombie était retenue), tandis que les articles III à VI n’ont
aucun effet indépendant des procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq.
Ne restent donc que trois dispositions. L’article I dispose que les parties
« réaffirment solennellement les obligations qu’elles ont acceptées
dans des conventions et des déclarations internationales antérieures
ainsi que dans la Charte des Nations Unies ; … décident de s’abstenir
de la menace, de l’emploi de la force ou de n’importe quel autre
moyen de coercition pour régler leurs différends et de recourir, en
toutes circonstances, à des moyens pacifiques ».
L’article VII impose aux parties de ne pas exercer la protection diplomatique
à l’égard de leurs nationaux tant que ceux‑ci n’auront pas épuisé
leurs voies de recours par‑devant les tribunaux locaux compétents. L’article
VIII précise que le recours aux moyens pacifiques ne saurait faire
obstacle à l’exercice du droit de légitime défense en cas d’attaque armée.
Dès lors, l’interprétation du second alinéa de l’article LVI proposée par
la Colombie circonscrirait l’application du premier alinéa de l’article LVI
à ce petit nombre de dispositions.
43. Citant les termes employés dans d’autres traités, la Colombie soutient
que, si elles avaient entendu assurer l’absence d’incidence sur les procédures
introduites à tout moment avant l’expiration du préavis d’un an
visé au premier alinéa de l’article LVI, les parties au pacte de Bogotá
auraient aisément pu inclure une disposition expresse en ce sens. A l’inverse,
toutefois, si le résultat recherché avait été celui que prétend la Colombie, les
parties au pacte auraient aisément pu inclure une disposition expresse à cet
effet ; or, elles ont choisi de ne pas le faire. La comparaison avec ces autres
traités ne plaide donc pas de manière convaincante en faveur de l’interprétation
que la Colombie donne du second alinéa de l’article LVI. L’argument
mettant en avant le fait que de nombreuses déclarations formulées au
titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour sont dénonçables
sans préavis n’est pas plus convaincant. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du
Statut et l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá prévoient tous deux la reconnaissance
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Toutefois, le premier ne
confère compétence à la Cour qu’à l’égard d’Etats ayant reconnu sa juridiction
par une déclaration. Dans la déclaration qu’il fait au titre du paragraphe
2 de l’article 36 du Statut, un Etat est libre de dire que sa déclaration
pourra être retirée sans préavis. L’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, en
revanche, est un engagement conventionnel, dont la mise en oeuvre ne
dépend pas des effets des déclarations unilatérales (Actions armées frontalières
et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 84, par. 32). Les conditions auxquelles un
Etat partie au pacte peut retirer cet engagement sont régies par les dispositions
pertinentes de cet instrument. Le fait que de nombreux Etats choisissent
de formuler leur déclaration au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
de manière à pouvoir mettre un terme à leur acceptation de la compétence
de la Cour avec effet immédiat n’apporte donc aucun éclairage sur la
manière dont il convient d’interpréter les dispositions du pacte.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 121
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effect independent of the procedures in Chapters Two to Five. That leaves
only three provisions. Article I provides that the Parties,
“solemnly reaffirming their commitments made in earlier international
conventions and declarations, as well as in the Charter of
the United Nations, agree to refrain from the threat of the use of
force, or from any other means of coercion for the settlement of their
controversies,
and to have recourse at all times to pacific procedures”.
Article VII binds the parties not to exercise diplomatic protection in
respect of their nationals when those nationals have had available the
means to place their cases before competent domestic courts. Article VIII
provides that recourse to pacific means shall not preclude recourse to
self‑defence in the case of an armed attack.
Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI
would thus confine the application of the first paragraph of Article LVI
to these few provisions.
43. Colombia, basing itself on the language employed in other treaties,
argues that, had the parties to the Pact of Bogotá wished to provide that
proceedings instituted at any time before the expiry of the one‑year period
stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI would be unaffected, they
could easily have made express provision to that effect. Conversely, however,
had the parties to the Pact intended the result for which Colombia
contends, they could easily have made express provision to that effect —
but they chose not to do so. The comparison with those other treaties is
not, therefore, a persuasive argument in favour of Colombia’s interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI. Nor is the fact that many
declarations made under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court are terminable without notice. Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
and Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá both provide for the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. However, Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute confers jurisdiction only between States which have made a declaration
recognizing that jurisdiction. In its declaration under Article 36,
paragraph 2, a State is free to provide that that declaration may be withdrawn
with immediate effect. By contrast, Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogotá is a treaty commitment, not dependent upon unilateral declarations
for its implementation (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 84, para. 32). The conditions under which a State
party to the Pact may withdraw from that commitment are determined by
the relevant provisions of the Pact. The fact that many States choose to
frame their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, in such a way that
they may terminate their acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court with
immediate effect thus sheds no light on the interpretation of the provisions
of the Pact.
122 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
26
44. La Cour a pris note de l’argument de la Colombie (voir le paragraphe
26 ci‑dessus) relatif à la pratique des Etats, en l’occurrence les avis
de dénonciation du pacte transmis par El Salvador en 1973 et par
elle‑même en 2012, ainsi que ce qu’elle décrit comme l’absence de toute
réaction à la notification de ces dénonciations.
Les deux avis ne sont pas libellés dans les mêmes termes. Si, dans le
sien, El Salvador a déclaré que la dénonciation « pren[drait] effet à compter
d[u] jour [même] », rien n’indique en quoi consistait l’effet immédiat de
cette dénonciation. Puisque le premier alinéa de l’article LVI impose un
préavis d’un an pour mettre fin au traité, tout avis de dénonciation prend
effet immédiatement en ce sens que sa transmission déclenche le commencement
de la période d’un an. Par conséquent, ni l’avis de dénonciation
d’El Salvador, ni l’absence de tout commentaire des autres parties au
pacte à ce sujet, n’apporte le moindre éclairage sur la question dont la
Cour est saisie.
L’avis transmis par la Colombie précisait que « la dénonciation [du
pacte] pre[nait] effet à compter d[u] jour [même] à l’égard des procédures
introduites postérieurement [audit] avis, conformément au second alinéa
de l’article LVI ». Cependant, la Cour ne saurait voir dans l’absence de
toute objection des autres parties au pacte à son sujet un accord, au sens
de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne,
à l’égard de l’interprétation que la Colombie donne de l’article LVI. Elle
ne considère pas davantage comme valant acquiescement l’absence de
tout commentaire du Nicaragua. Le fait que celui‑ci ait saisi la Cour de
l’affaire relative à des Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces
maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie) et de la présente
affaire moins d’un an avant la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation
de la Colombie vient renforcer cette conclusion.
45. En ce qui concerne l’argument que la Colombie tire des travaux
préparatoires du pacte, la Cour constate qu’il ressort de ceux‑ci que le
texte du premier alinéa de l’article LVI a été repris de l’article 9 du traité
général d’arbitrage interaméricain de 1929 et de l’article 16 de la convention
générale de conciliation interaméricaine de 1929. Le second alinéa de
l’article LVI trouve son origine dans un texte proposé par les Etats‑Unis
en 1938, sans équivalent dans ces autres traités. Les travaux préparatoires
ne permettent toutefois pas de savoir dans quel but précis a été ajouté ce
qui allait devenir le second alinéa de l’article LVI. La Cour relève également
que, si la signification que la Colombie attribue au second alinéa
était correcte, l’insertion de cette nouvelle disposition aurait eu pour
conséquence de limiter l’effet d’une disposition que les parties, avant
même que les Etats‑Unis eussent présenté leur proposition, envisageaient
de reprendre du traité de 1929. Or il ne ressort nullement des travaux
préparatoires que quiconque ait considéré que l’incorporation de ce nouvel
alinéa entraînerait une modification aussi importante.
46. Pour toutes les raisons qui précèdent, la Cour estime que l’interprétation
de l’article LVI proposée par la Colombie ne saurait être accueillie.
Au vu de l’article LVI pris dans son ensemble, et à la lumière de son
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 122
26
44. The Court has noted Colombia’s argument (see paragraph 26
above) regarding the State practice in the form of the denunciation of the
Pact by El Salvador in 1973 and Colombia itself in 2012, together with
what Colombia describes as the absence of any reaction to the notification
of those denunciations.
The two notifications of denunciation are not in the same terms. While
El Salvador’s notification stated that its denunciation “will begin to take
effect as of today”, there is no indication of what effect was to follow
immediately upon the denunciation. Since the first paragraph of Article
LVI requires one year’s notice in order to terminate the treaty, any
notification of denunciation begins to take effect immediately in the sense
that the transmission of that notification causes the one‑year period to
begin. Accordingly, neither El Salvador’s notification, nor the absence of
any comment thereon by the other parties to the Pact, sheds any light on
the question currently before the Court.
Colombia’s own notification of denunciation specified that “[t]he denunciation
[of the Pact] takes effect as of today with regard to procedures that
are initiated after the present notice, in conformity with the second paragraph
of Article LVI”. Nevertheless, the Court is unable to read into the
absence of any objection on the part of the other parties to the Pact with
respect to that notification an agreement, within the meaning of Article
31 (3) (b) of the Vienna Convention, regarding Colombia’s interpretation
of Article LVI. Nor does the Court consider that the absence of any
comment by Nicaragua amounted to acquiescence. The fact that Nicaragua
commenced proceedings in the case concerning Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia) and in the present case within one year of the transmission of
Colombia’s notification of denunciation reinforces this conclusion.
45. Turning to Colombia’s argument regarding the travaux préparatoires,
the Court considers that the travaux préparatoires of the Pact demonstrate
that what became the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken over from
Article 9 of the 1929 General Treaty of Inter‑American Arbitration and
Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention of Inter‑American Conciliation.
The second paragraph of Article LVI originated with a proposal from the
United States in 1938 which had no counterpart in the 1929 Treaties. However,
the travaux préparatoires give no indication as to the precise purpose
behind the addition of what became the second paragraph of Article LVI.
The Court also notes that, if Colombia’s view as to the significance of the
second paragraph were correct, then the insertion of the new paragraph
would have operated to restrict the effect of the provision which, even before
the United States made its proposal, the parties were contemplating carrying
over from the 1929 Treaty. Yet there is no indication anywhere in the
travaux préparatoires that anyone considered that incorporating this new
paragraph would bring about such an important change.
46. For all of the foregoing reasons the Court considers that Colombia’s
interpretation of Article LVI cannot be accepted. Taking Article LVI
as a whole, and in light of its context and the object and purpose of the
123 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
27
contexte ainsi que de l’objet et du but du pacte, la Cour conclut que l’article
XXXI qui lui confère compétence demeurait en vigueur entre les Parties
à la date du dépôt de la requête en la présente affaire. L’extinction
ultérieure du pacte entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie n’a pas d’incidence
sur la compétence qui existait à la date à laquelle l’instance a été introduite.
Par conséquent, la première exception préliminaire de la Colombie
doit être rejetée.
III. Troisième exception préliminaire
47. Par sa troisième exception préliminaire, la Colombie conteste la
compétence de la Cour au motif que la Cour aurait déjà statué sur les
demandes du Nicaragua dans son arrêt de 2012. Elle soutient par conséquent
que le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée empêche la Cour
d’examiner les demandes du Nicaragua.
48. La Cour observe d’abord qu’elle n’est pas liée par la qualification
d’une exception préliminaire par la partie qui la soulève et peut, si nécessaire,
requalifier une telle exception (Interhandel (Suisse c. Etats-Unis
d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 26).
La Cour considère que la troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie
présente les caractéristiques d’une exception d’irrecevabilité, qui « revien[t]
à affirmer qu’il existe une raison juridique pour laquelle la Cour, même si
elle a compétence, devrait refuser de connaître de l’affaire ou, plus communément,
d’une demande spécifique y relative » (Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie
c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 456,
par. 120 ; voir dans le même sens, Plates‑formes pétrolières (République
islamique d’Iran c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2003,
p. 177, par. 29). La Cour traitera la troisième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie comme une exception d’irrecevabilité.
49. La Cour examinera à présent le principe de l’autorité de la chose
jugée et son application au point 3 du dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012, dans
lequel la Cour a dit « ne [pouvoir] accueillir la demande formulée par la
République du Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales » (Différend
territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 719). Au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales,
le Nicaragua priait la Cour de dire et juger que,
« dans le cadre géographique et juridique constitué par les côtes
continentales du Nicaragua et de la Colombie, la méthode de délimitation
à retenir consiste à tracer une limite opérant une division par
parts égales de la zone du plateau continental où les droits des deux
Parties sur celui-
ci se chevauchent » (ibid., p. 636, par. 17).
La Cour a vu dans cette conclusion une invitation à « tracer « une limite opérant
une division par parts égales de la zone du plateau continental où les
droits des deux Parties sur celui-
ci se chevauchent » » (ibid., p. 664, par. 106).
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 123
27
Pact, the Court concludes that Article XXXI conferring jurisdiction upon
the Court remained in force between the Parties on the date that the
Application in the present case was filed. The subsequent termination of
the Pact as between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect the jurisdiction
which existed on the date that the proceedings were instituted.
Colombia’s first preliminary objection must therefore be rejected.
III. Third Preliminary Objection
47. In its third preliminary objection, Colombia contests the jurisdiction
of the Court on the ground that the Court has already adjudicated
on Nicaragua’s requests in its 2012 Judgment. Colombia therefore argues
that the principle of res judicata bars the Court from examining Nicaragua’s
requests.
48. The Court first observes that it is not bound by the characterization
of a preliminary objection made by the party raising it, and may, if
necessary, recharacterize such an objection (Interhandel (Switzerland v.
United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 26). The Court considers that Colombia’s third
preliminary objection has the characteristics of an objection to admissibility,
which “consists in the contention that there exists a legal reason,
even when there is jurisdiction, why the Court should decline to hear the
case, or more usually, a specific claim therein” (Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia
v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 456, para. 120 ; in the same sense, see Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic
of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003,
p. 177, para. 29). The Court will deal with Colombia’s third preliminary
objection as an objection to admissibility.
49. The Court will now examine the res judicata principle and its application
to subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, in
which the Court found “that it cannot uphold the Republic of Nicaragua’s
claim contained in its final submission I (3)” (Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 719). In its final submission I (3), Nicaragua requested the Court to
adjudge and declare that :
“[t]he appropriate form of delimitation, within the geographical and
legal framework constituted by the mainland coasts of Nicaragua and
Colombia, is a continental shelf boundary dividing by equal parts the
overlapping entitlements to a continental shelf of both Parties” (ibid.,
p. 636, para. 17).
The Court described this submission as a request “to define ‘a continental
shelf boundary dividing by equal parts the overlapping entitlements to a
continental shelf of both Parties’” (ibid., p. 664, para. 106).
124 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
28
50. La Colombie considère que la première demande du Nicaragua,
dans sa requête du 16 septembre 2013 introduisant la présente instance,
« n’est qu’une nouvelle version de la demande formulée par le Nicaragua
au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales » en 2012, dans la mesure où elle
prie la Cour de déterminer « [l]e tracé précis de la frontière maritime entre
les portions du plateau continental relevant du Nicaragua et de la
Colombie
au‑delà des limites établies par la Cour dans son arrêt du
19 novembre 2012 ».
51. La Colombie ajoute que la Cour, dans son arrêt de 2012, a décidé
que la demande formulée au point I. 3) des conclusions finales du Nicaragua
était recevable, mais qu’elle n’y a pas fait droit au fond, ce qui l’empêcherait,
par l’effet de l’autorité de la chose jugée, d’en connaître en la
présente espèce.
52. La Colombie soutient que le sort de la seconde demande figurant
dans la requête du 16 septembre 2013 est entièrement lié à celui de la
première.
Dans sa seconde demande, le Nicaragua prie la Cour de déterminer
« [l]es principes et les règles de droit international régissant les droits
et obligations des deux Etats concernant la zone du plateau continental
où leurs revendications se chevauchent et l’utilisation des ressources
qui s’y trouvent, et ce, dans l’attente de la délimitation de
leur frontière maritime au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
».
53. La question de l’effet du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée vise
la recevabilité de la première demande du Nicaragua. La seconde demande
fait l’objet, en tant que telle, de la cinquième exception de la Colombie, la
Cour l’examinera donc à ce titre.
54. Si elles convergent sur les éléments constitutifs du principe de l’autorité
de la chose jugée, les Parties se sont opposées sur le sens de la décision
que la Cour a adoptée au point 3 du dispositif de son arrêt de 2012
et, partant, sur ce qui relève de l’autorité de la chose jugée dans cette
décision.
1. Le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée (res judicata)
55. Les Parties conviennent que le principe de l’autorité de la chose
jugée repose sur l’identité des parties (personae), de l’objet (petitum) et
de la base juridique (causa petendi). Elles admettent également que les
articles 59 et 60 du Statut de la Cour traduisent ce principe. Ces articles
disposent respectivement que « [l]a décision de la Cour n’est obligatoire
que pour les parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été décidé », et que « [l]’arrêt
est définitif et sans recours. En cas de contestation sur le sens et la
portée de l’arrêt, il appartient à la Cour de l’interpréter, à la demande de
toute partie. » Ainsi que la Cour l’a souligné dans l’arrêt sur les exceptions
préliminaires rendu en l’affaire relative à la Demande en interprétation
de l’arrêt du 11 juin 1998 en l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 124
28
50. Colombia considers that Nicaragua’s First Request, in its Application
of 16 September 2013 instituting the present proceedings, “is no
more than a reincarnation of Nicaragua’s claim contained in its final submission
I (3)” of 2012, in so far as it asks the Court to declare “[t]he
precise course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia
in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them
beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012”.
51. Colombia adds that the Court, in its 2012 Judgment, decided that
the claim by Nicaragua contained in final submission I (3) was admissible,
but it did not uphold it on the merits. That fact is said to prevent
the Court, by virtue of res judicata, from entertaining it in the present
case.
52. Colombia argues that the fate of the Second Request contained in
the Application of 16 September 2013 is entirely linked to that of the
first. In its Second Request, Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and
declare
“[t]he principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the
delimitation of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s coast”.
53. The question as to the effect of the res judicata principle relates to
the admissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request. The Second Request forms
the subject, as such, of the fifth objection by Colombia, so the Court will
examine it under that heading.
54. Even if their views converge on the elements that constitute the
principle of res judicata, the Parties disagree on the meaning of the decision
adopted by the Court in subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of its
2012 Judgment, and hence on what falls within the scope of res judicata
in that decision.
1. The Res Judicata Principle
55. The Parties agree that the principle of res judicata requires an identity
between the parties (personae), the object (petitum) and the legal
ground (causa petendi). They likewise accept that this principle is reflected
in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court. These Articles provide,
respectively, that “[t]he decision of the Court has no binding force except
between the parties and in respect of that particular case”, and that “[t]he
judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute as to
the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon
the request of any party.” As the Court underlined in its Judgment on
the preliminary objections in the case concerning the Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land
125 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
29
maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions
préliminaires (Nigéria c. Cameroun), « [l]e libellé et la structure de
l’article 60 traduisent la primauté du principe de l’autorité de la chose
jugée » (C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 36, par. 12).
56. Pour la Colombie, il doit y avoir une identité des parties, de l’objet
et de la base juridique pour que le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée
s’applique. Elle ajoute que la Cour ne peut avoir décidé dans le dispositif
de l’arrêt de 2012, qui est revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée, qu’elle
« ne pouvait accueillir » la demande du Nicaragua pour absence de preuve,
puis décider, dans un arrêt ultérieur, d’accueillir une demande identique.
57. Le Nicaragua considère que l’identité des personae, du petitum et
de la causa petendi, bien qu’elle soit nécessaire à l’application du principe
de l’autorité de la chose jugée, n’est pas suffisante. Il faudrait encore que
la question soulevée dans une affaire ultérieure ait été auparavant finalement
et définitivement tranchée par la Cour. S’appuyant sur l’arrêt rendu
au fond en l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro),
le Nicaragua soutient qu’un point qui n’a pas été décidé
par la Cour n’est pas revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Par conséquent,
le Nicaragua considère que, pour déterminer si l’arrêt de 2012 est
revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée en ce qui concerne la première
demande du Nicaragua en l’espèce, la question centrale est de savoir si la
Cour a pris, dans cet arrêt, une décision au sujet de la délimitation du
plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne.
Pour le Nicaragua, il n’est pas suffisant de démontrer que, en l’affaire
relative au Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), les
Parties ont développé des arguments similaires à ceux sur lesquels repose
sa première demande en l’espèce ; il faut également déterminer ce que la
Cour a effectivement décidé sur la base de ces arguments.
* *
58. La Cour rappelle que le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée, tel
que réflété aux articles 59 et 60 de son Statut, est un principe général de
droit qui protège en même temps la fonction judiciaire d’une cour ou d’un
tribunal et les parties à une affaire qui a donné lieu à un jugement définitif
et sans recours (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 90‑91, par. 116). Ce principe consacre le
caractère définitif de la décision adoptée dans une affaire déterminée
(ibid., p. 90, par. 115 ; Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 11 juin 1998
en l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires (Nigéria
c. Cameroun), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 36, par. 12 ; Détroit de
Corfou (Royaume‑Uni c. Albanie), fixation du montant des réparations,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949, p. 248).
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 125
29
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), “[t]he language
and structure of Article 60 reflect the primacy of the principle of res judicata”
(I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 36, para. 12).
56. For Colombia, there must be an identity between the parties, the
object and the legal ground in order for the principle of res judicata to
apply. Colombia adds that it is not possible for the Court, having found in
the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, which possesses the force of res
judicata, that it “cannot uphold” Nicaragua’s claim for lack of evidence,
then to decide in a subsequent judgment to uphold an identical claim.
57. Nicaragua considers that an identity between the personae, the
petitum and the causa petendi, though necessary for the application of the
res judicata principle, is not sufficient. It is also necessary that the question
raised in a subsequent case should previously have been disposed of
by the Court finally and definitively. Relying on the Judgment rendered
on the merits in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Serbia and Montenegro), Nicaragua argues that no force of
res judicata can be attached to a matter which has not been decided by the
Court. Consequently, Nicaragua considers that, in order to determine
whether the 2012 Judgment has the force of res judicata in respect of the
First Request by Nicaragua in the present case, the central question is
whether the Court, in that Judgment, made a decision on the delimitation
of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan
coast.
For Nicaragua, it is not sufficient to demonstrate that, in the case concerning
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
the Parties developed arguments similar to those on which its First
Request is founded in these proceedings ; it is also necessary to determine
what the Court actually decided on the basis of those arguments.
* *
58. The Court recalls that the principle of res judicata, as reflected in
Articles 59 and 60 of its Statute, is a general principle of law which protects,
at the same time, the judicial function of a court or tribunal and the
parties to a case which has led to a judgment that is final and without
appeal (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), pp. 90‑91, para. 116). This
principle establishes the finality of the decision adopted in a particular
case (ibid., p. 90, para. 115 ; Request for Interpretation of the Judgment
of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 36, para. 12 ; Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Assessment
of Amount of Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 248).
126 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
30
59. Il ne suffit pas, pour l’application de l’autorité de la chose jugée,
d’identifier l’affaire en cause, caractérisée par les mêmes parties, le même
objet et la même base juridique, il faut encore déterminer le contenu de la
décision dont il convient de garantir le caractère définitif. La Cour ne
saurait se contenter de l’identité des demandes qui lui ont été présentées
successivement par les mêmes parties, elle doit rechercher si et dans quelle
mesure la première demande a déjà été tranchée définitivement.
60. La Cour a souligné dans son arrêt du 26 février 2007, rendu en
l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro),
que, « [s]i un point n’a en fait pas été tranché, ni expressément
ni par implication logique, l’arrêt n’a pas force de chose jugée sur
celui‑ci ; et il peut être nécessaire de lire une conclusion générale dans
son contexte afin de déterminer si elle recouvre tel point en particulier »
(C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 95, par. 126).
61. La décision de la Cour est contenue dans le dispositif de l’arrêt.
Cependant, afin de préciser ce qui est couvert par l’autorité de la chose
jugée, il peut s’avérer nécessaire de déterminer le sens du dispositif par
référence aux motifs de l’arrêt en question. La Cour est confrontée à cette
situation, en l’espèce, puisque les Parties s’opposent sur le point de savoir
quels sont le contenu et la portée de la décision adoptée au point 3 du
dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012.
2. La décision adoptée par la Cour dans son arrêt
du 19 novembre 2012
62. Les Parties ont présenté, dans leurs exposés écrits et dans leurs plaidoiries,
des lectures divergentes de la décision adoptée au point 3 du dispositif
de l’arrêt de 2012, et des motifs qui lui servent de support. Elles en tirent
des conclusions opposées sur le point de savoir ce que cette décision recouvre
exactement et sur les questions que la Cour a tranchées définitivement.
63. La Colombie s’attache à démontrer, pour l’essentiel, que les fondements
de la première demande du Nicaragua, qui seraient le petitum et la
causa petendi de celle‑ci, ont déjà été mis en avant en l’affaire du Différend
territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie). La Colombie soutient
que le Nicaragua demande une « deuxième chance » parce qu’il a tenté,
sans y parvenir, de prouver ce qu’il lui revenait de prouver dans cette
affaire. La Colombie avance par ailleurs que la Cour, n’ayant pas fait
droit à ces arguments du Nicaragua dans son arrêt de 2012, est empêchée,
par l’effet du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée, de connaître de la
requête introduite par celui‑ci en la présente affaire.
64. La Colombie soutient que le Nicaragua a développé, lors de la procédure
écrite et orale qui a précédé l’arrêt de 2012, des arguments identiques
à ceux qu’il présente en l’espèce. Ces arguments auraient été développés dès
la phase de la réplique, dans laquelle le Nicaragua aurait revendiqué un
plateau
continental étendu fondé sur l’article 76 de la convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (CNUDM), sur la base de critères géo‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 126
30
59. It is not sufficient, for the application of res judicata, to identify the
case at issue, characterized by the same parties, object and legal ground ;
it is also necessary to ascertain the content of the decision, the finality of
which is to be guaranteed. The Court cannot be satisfied merely by an
identity between requests successively submitted to it by the same parties ;
it must determine whether and to what extent the first claim has already
been definitively settled.
60. The Court underlined in its Judgment of 26 February 2007, rendered
in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), that “[i]f a matter has not in fact been determined,
expressly or by necessary implication, then no force of res judicata
attaches to it ; and a general finding may have to be read in context in
order to ascertain whether a particular matter is or is not contained in it”
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 95, para. 126).
61. The decision of the Court is contained in the operative clause of
the judgment. However, in order to ascertain what is covered by res judicata,
it may be necessary to determine the meaning of the operative clause
by reference to the reasoning set out in the judgment in question. The
Court is faced with such a situation in the present case, since the Parties
disagree as to the content and scope of the decision that was adopted in
subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment.
2. The Decision Adopted by the Court in Its Judgment
of 19 November 2012
62. The Parties, in both their written and oral pleadings, have presented
divergent readings of the decision adopted in subparagraph 3 of
the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, and of the reasons underpinning
it. They draw opposing conclusions as to precisely what that decision
covers and which issues the Court has definitively settled.
63. Colombia attempts to show, in essence, that the grounds of Nicaragua’s
First Request, its petitum and causa petendi, had already been put
forward in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute
(Nicaragua v. Colombia). Colombia contends that, having tried and
failed to meet its burden of proof in that case, Nicaragua is asking for
“another chance” in the present proceedings. Colombia further argues
that, since the Court did not uphold the arguments made by Nicaragua in
its 2012 Judgment, it is barred by the effect of the res judicata principle
from dealing with Nicaragua’s Application in the present case.
64. Colombia contends that, in the written and oral proceedings which
preceded the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua developed arguments identical to
those that it puts forward in the present case. Colombia maintains that
these arguments had already been presented in the Reply, where Nicaragua
had claimed an extended continental shelf on the basis of Article 76
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) by
127 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
31
logiques et géomorphologiques. La Colombie ajoute que le Nicaragua s’était
appuyé à cette époque sur les informations préliminaires qu’il avait fournies
à la Commission, pour demander un partage égal des zones dans lesquelles
les plateaux continentaux des deux Etats se chevauchent.
65. La Colombie souligne avoir contesté, lors de la procédure orale qui
a précédé l’arrêt de 2012, les « ébauches de données » soumises par le
Nicaragua, qui ne sauraient, selon elle, étayer la thèse du Nicaragua. De
telles données, de l’avis de la Colombie, ne rempliraient pas les critères
édictés par la Commission, tels qu’ils sont précisés dans ses directives.
66. Pour la Colombie, le Nicaragua n’avait pas démontré, comme il lui
revenait de le faire, que sa marge continentale s’étendait suffisamment
loin pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie pouvait se
prévaloir sur 200 milles marins, à partir de sa côte continentale. Elle
estime que la Cour, en 2012, après avoir déclaré la demande soumise par
le Nicaragua recevable, l’a tranchée au fond, en décidant de ne pas l’accueillir.
Elle ajoute que cette décision, par laquelle la Cour aurait fixé
entièrement la frontière maritime entre les Parties, était, à la fois explicitement
et par implication logique, définitive. Selon la Colombie, lorsque
la Cour a conclu qu’elle « n’[était] pas en mesure de délimiter les portions
du plateau continental relevant de chacune des Parties » (paragraphe 129
de l’arrêt de 2012), elle a signifié par là que l’examen des faits et arguments
présentés par le Nicaragua devait conduire au rejet de sa demande.
67. La Colombie se réfère par ailleurs aux motifs de l’arrêt de 2012
pour démontrer que la décision de la Cour est « l’aboutissement d’un raisonnement
».
La Colombie se réfère au paragraphe 126 de l’arrêt, qui détermine,
selon elle, le droit applicable, et précise que le Nicaragua est tenu par les
obligations que lui impose l’article 76 de la CNUDM. Elle se réfère également
au paragraphe 129, où la Cour aurait décidé que le Nicaragua
n’avait pas apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étendait suffisamment
loin pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie
pouvait se prévaloir. La Colombie déduit de la lecture de ces motifs que
la Cour a bien tranché la question qui lui a été soumise en l’espèce.
*
68. Le Nicaragua, de son côté, soutient que la décision de la Cour de
ne pas accueillir sa demande, au point 3 du dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012,
n’équivaut pas à un rejet de celle‑ci au fond. La Cour se serait expressément
refusée à se prononcer sur cette question dans la mesure où le Nicaragua
n’avait pas soumis à la Commission une demande complète.
69. Le Nicaragua se réfère aux motifs de l’arrêt de 2012 pour considérer
que la Cour avait limité son examen à la question de savoir si elle était
« en mesure de tracer « une limite opérant une division par parts égales de
la zone du plateau continental où les droits des deux Parties sur celui‑ci se
chevauchent » » (paragraphe 113 de l’arrêt de 2012). Il soutient que la
Cour a conclu qu’elle n’était pas en mesure de délimiter les portions du
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 127
31
virtue of geological and geomorphological criteria. Colombia adds that,
in reliance on the Preliminary Information provided by it to the CLCS,
Nicaragua had then proceeded to claim an equal share of the areas in
which the continental shelves of the two States overlapped.
65. Colombia stresses that, during the oral proceedings which preceded
the 2012 Judgment, it disputed the “tentative data” submitted by Nicaragua,
which it contended were incapable of supporting Nicaragua’s position.
According to Colombia, those data did not satisfy the criteria
required by the CLCS, as detailed in its Guidelines.
66. In Colombia’s view, Nicaragua had not demonstrated, as it was
obliged to do, that its continental margin extended sufficiently far to overlap
with the continental shelf that Colombia was entitled to claim up to
200 nautical miles from its mainland coast. Colombia maintains that the
Court, having found Nicaragua’s claim to be admissible, settled it on the
merits in 2012 by deciding not to uphold it. According to Colombia, that
decision, whereby the Court effected a full delimitation of the maritime
boundary between the Parties, was both expressly and by necessary implication
a final one. Hence, when the Court held that it “[was] not in a
position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between Nicaragua and
Colombia” (paragraph 129 of the 2012 Judgment), what it meant was
that its examination of the facts and arguments presented by Nicaragua
impelled it to reject the latter’s claim.
67. Colombia furthermore cites the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment in
order to show that the Court’s decision “was the culmination of a process
of reasoning”.
Colombia points to paragraph 126 of the Judgment, which, in its view,
sets out the applicable law and makes it clear that Nicaragua is bound by
its obligations under Article 76 of UNCLOS. Colombia further relies on
paragraph 129, in which it claims the Court decided that Nicaragua had
not established that it had a continental margin extending far enough to
overlap with the continental shelf that Colombia was entitled to claim.
Colombia concludes from its reading of this part of the reasoning that the
Court did indeed settle the question submitted to it in the present case.
*
68. For its part, Nicaragua contends that the Court’s decision, in subparagraph
3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, not to uphold
its claim did not amount to a rejection of that claim on the merits. The
Court expressly refused to rule on the issue because Nicaragua had not
completed its submission to the CLCS.
69. Citing the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua maintains
that the Court limited its examination to the question of whether it was
“in a position to determine ‘a continental shelf boundary dividing by
equal parts the overlapping entitlements to a continental shelf of both
Parties’” (paragraph 113 of the 2012 Judgment). Nicaragua argues that
the Court concluded that it was not in a position to delimit each Party’s
128 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
32
plateau continental relevant de chacune des deux Parties puisqu’elle a
relevé au paragraphe 127 des motifs de l’arrêt que le Nicaragua n’avait
communiqué à la Commission que des « informations préliminaires ».
Ainsi, la Cour n’aurait pas été en mesure de délimiter parce que le Nicaragua
n’avait pas apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étendait
suffisamment loin pour donner lieu à un chevauchement des droits des
Parties (paragraphe 129 de l’arrêt de 2012).
70. Le Nicaragua estime s’être acquitté, le 24 juin 2013, de l’obligation
procédurale que lui imposait le paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM
de communiquer à la Commission les informations sur les limites de son
plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins. Selon lui, la Cour disposerait
donc désormais de tous les éléments nécessaires pour procéder à
la délimitation et régler le différend.
71. Le Nicaragua admet que l’expression « ne pas accueillir » peut sembler
« ambigu[ë] » à la lecture du seul point 3 du dispositif, mais il estime
que cette ambiguïté est dissipée si l’on se réfère aux motifs de la décision.
Le Nicaragua ajoute que les motifs sont inséparables du dispositif dont ils
constituent le support nécessaire et qu’il faut les prendre en compte pour
déterminer la portée du dispositif de l’arrêt. Il découlerait des motifs de
l’arrêt que le dispositif ne prend pas position sur la délimitation au‑delà
des 200 milles marins. Le Nicaragua estime par conséquent que la Cour
n’est pas empêchée de connaître de sa demande relative à la délimitation
du plateau continental au‑delà des 200 milles marins en la présente
instance.
* *
72. La Cour relève tout d’abord que, si elle a, dans son arrêt de 2012,
déclaré recevable la demande soumise par le Nicaragua, elle l’a fait seulement
en réponse à l’exception d’irrecevabilité soulevée par la Colombie
aux termes de laquelle cette demande était nouvelle et modifiait l’objet du
différend. Il ne s’ensuit pas, pour autant, que la Cour a tranché au fond
la demande relative à la délimitation du plateau continental au-
delà des
200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne.
73. La Cour doit, à ce stade, se pencher sur le contenu et la portée du
point 3 du dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012. Du fait de la divergence de vues
entre les Parties à ce sujet, la Cour doit déterminer le contenu de la décision
qu’elle a adoptée en réponse à la demande du Nicaragua de délimiter
« la zone du plateau continental où les droits des deux Parties sur celui‑ci
se chevauchent ». La Cour permanente de Justice internationale a déclaré,
dans le contexte d’une demande en interprétation, qu’en cas de « divergence
de vues [entre les parties sur la question de savoir] si tel ou tel point
a été décidé avec force obligatoire … la Cour ne pourrait se soustraire à
l’obligation d’interpréter l’arrêt dans la mesure nécessaire pour … se prononcer
sur [cette] divergence » (Interprétation des arrêts nos 7 et 8 (Usine
de Chorzów), arrêt no 11, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A no 13, p. 11‑12 ; cité par la
Cour en l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 128
32
continental shelf, as a result of its finding in paragraph 127 of the Judgment’s
reasoning, that Nicaragua had only provided the CLCS with “Preliminary
Information”. Thus, the Court had not been in a position to
delimit, because Nicaragua had failed to establish that its continental
margin extended far enough to create an overlap of entitlements of the
Parties (paragraph 129 of the 2012 Judgment).
70. Nicaragua considers that, on 24 June 2013, it discharged the procedural
obligation imposed upon it under Article 76, paragraph 8, of
UNCLOS to provide the CLCS with information on the limits of its continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, and that the Court now has all
the necessary information to carry out the delimitation and settle the
dispute.
71. Nicaragua admits that the phrase “cannot uphold” might appear
“ambiguous” from a reading of subparagraph 3 of the operative clause
alone, but it contends that such ambiguity is dispelled if one looks at the
reasoning of the decision. Moreover, Nicaragua continues, the reasoning is
inseparable from the operative clause, for which it provides the necessary
underpinning, and must be taken into account in order to determine the
scope of the operative clause of the Judgment. It follows from the reasoning
of the Judgment that the operative clause takes no position on the delimitation
beyond 200 nautical miles. Nicaragua is therefore of the view that the
Court is not prevented, in the present case, from entertaining its claim relating
to the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.
* *
72. The Court first notes that, although in its 2012 Judgment it declared
Nicaragua’s submission to be admissible, it did so only in response to the
objection to admissibility raised by Colombia that this submission was
new and changed the subject‑matter of the dispute. However, it does not
follow that the Court ruled on the merits of the claim relating to the
delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the
Nicaraguan coast.
73. The Court must now examine the content and scope of subparagraph
3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment. As a result of the
disagreement between the Parties on the matter, the Court must determine
the content of the decision adopted by it in response to Nicaragua’s
request for delimitation of “a continental shelf boundary dividing . . . the
overlapping entitlements . . . of both Parties”. As the Permanent Court of
International Justice stated in the context of a request for interpretation,
where there is a “difference of opinion [between the parties] as to whether
a particular point has or has not been decided with binding force . . . the
Court cannot avoid the duty incumbent upon it of interpreting the judgment
in so far as necessary, in order to adjudicate upon such a difference
of opinion” (Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at
Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, pp. 11‑12,
129 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
33
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 95, par. 126 ; voir, également,
Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire du
Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge c. Thaïlande),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 296, par. 34). Cette constatation est
pertinente en l’espèce.
74. Le Nicaragua a beaucoup insisté sur le fait que, au point 3 du dispositif
de l’arrêt, la Cour a estimé « ne p[ouvoir] accueillir » la demande
qu’il avait formulée au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales ; selon lui, elle
n’a pas décidé de la « rejeter », ce qui eût été fort différent. La Cour, toutefois,
n’est pas convaincue que l’utilisation de la formule que le Nicaragua
met en exergue mène à la conclusion que celui-
ci en tire. Elle ne l’est
pas davantage par l’argument de la Colombie selon lequel « ne pouvoir
accueillir » vaudrait automatiquement rejet par la Cour de la demande au
fond. La Cour ne s’attardera donc pas, contrairement aux Parties, sur le
sens de l’expression « ne peut accueillir » en tant que telle. Elle examinera
cette expression dans son contexte, pour déterminer ce que signifie la
décision de ne pas accueillir la demande soumise par le Nicaragua à la
Cour aux fins de la délimitation du plateau continental entre les Parties.
En particulier, la Cour recherchera si le point 3 du dispositif de son arrêt
de 2012 doit être compris comme un rejet pur et simple de la demande
nicaraguayenne pour insuffisance de preuves, comme le prétend la Colombie,
ou bien s’il s’agit d’un refus de se prononcer sur ladite demande parce
qu’une condition procédurale et institutionnelle n’était pas remplie,
comme le soutient le Nicaragua.
75. Pour ce faire, la Cour examinera le point 3 du dispositif de l’arrêt
de 2012 dans son contexte, soit en se référant aux motifs qui ont servi de
support à son adoption et qui permettent, par conséquent, d’en éclairer le
sens. En effet, ainsi que la Cour permanente de Justice internationale l’a
reconnu dans son avis consultatif du 16 mai 1925 sur le Service postal
polonais à Dantzig, « toutes les parties d’un jugement visant les points en
litige s’expliquent et se complètent l’une l’autre et doivent être prises en
considération, afin d’établir la portée et le sens précis du dispositif »
(C.P.J.I. série B no 11, p. 30). De plus, « [a]ux fins de déterminer le sens et
la portée du dispositif de l’arrêt initial, la Cour, conformément à sa
pratique,
tiendra compte des motifs de ce dernier dans la mesure où
ils éclairent l’interprétation à donner au dispositif » (Demande en interprétation
de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire du Temple de Préah
Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 306, par. 68). Si la Cour s’est exprimée ainsi dans
le contexte d’une demande en interprétation d’un arrêt au titre de l’article
60 du Statut
(contexte qui n’est pas celui de la présente espèce), la
règle qui veut que, pour déterminer le sens du dispositif, elle analyse les
motifs qui en constituent le support n’en est pas moins d’application plus
générale.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 129
33
cited by the Court in the case concerning Application of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I),
p. 95, para. 126 ; see also Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of
15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia
v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013,
p. 296, para. 34). That statement is relevant for the present case.
74. Nicaragua has placed great emphasis upon the fact that, in subparagraph
3 of the operative clause, the Court decides that it “cannot
uphold” Nicaragua’s claim contained in its final submission I (3). Nicaragua
maintains that this decision is quite different from one to “reject” the
submission. The Court is not, however, persuaded that the use of that
formula leads to the conclusion suggested by Nicaragua. Nor is the Court
convinced by Colombia’s argument that “cannot uphold” automatically
equates to a rejection by the Court of the merits of a claim. The Court
will not, therefore, linger over the meaning of the phrase “cannot uphold”,
taken in isolation, in the way the Parties have done. It will examine this
phrase in its context, in order to determine the meaning of the decision
not to uphold Nicaragua’s request for the Court to delimit the continental
shelf between the Parties. In particular, the Court will determine
whether subparagraph 3 of the operative clause of its 2012 Judgment
must be understood as a straightforward dismissal of Nicaragua’s request
for lack of evidence, as Colombia claims, or a refusal to rule on the
request because a procedural and institutional requirement had not been
fulfilled, as Nicaragua argues.
75. In order to do this, the Court will examine subparagraph 3 of the
operative clause of the 2012 Judgment in its context, namely by reference
to the reasoning which underpins its adoption and accordingly serves to
clarify its meaning. As the Permanent Court of International Justice recognized
in its Advisory Opinion of 16 May 1925 on the Polish Postal
Service in Danzig, “all the parts of a judgment concerning the points in
dispute explain and complete each other and are to be taken into account
in order to determine the precise meaning and scope of the operative portion”
(P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 11, p. 30). Moreover, “[i]n determining the
meaning and scope of the operative clause of the original Judgment, the
Court, in accordance with its practice, will have regard to the reasoning
of that Judgment to the extent that it sheds light on the proper interpretation
of the operative clause” (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment
of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia
v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2013, p. 306, para. 68). While that remark was made in the context of a
request for interpretation of a judgment under Article 60 of the Statute
(something which is not sought in the present case), the requirement that
the meaning of the operative part of a judgment be ascertained through
an examination of the reasoning on which the operative part is based is of
more general application.
130 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
34
76. Ces motifs peuvent se rapporter à des points qui ont été débattus
par les Parties au cours de la procédure, mais ce n’est pas parce qu’un
point a fait l’objet d’un échange d’arguments entre les Parties qu’il a
nécessairement été tranché définitivement par la Cour.
77. La Cour a consacré la section IV de son arrêt de 2012 à l’« [e]xamen
de la demande du Nicaragua tendant à la délimitation d’un plateau continental
s’étendant au‑delà de 200 milles marins ». Cette section est constituée
par les paragraphes 113 à 131 de l’arrêt.
78. Le paragraphe 113 définit la question examinée comme étant celle de
savoir si la Cour « est en mesure de tracer « une limite opérant une division
par parts égales de la zone du plateau continental où les droits des deux
Parties sur celui‑ci se chevauchent » » (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 665,
par. 113). Aux paragraphes 114 à 118, la Cour précise ensuite que le droit
applicable à cette affaire, opposant un Etat partie à la CNUDM (le Nicaragua)
à un Etat qui ne l’est pas (la Colombie), est le droit international
coutumier relatif à la définition du plateau continental, tel que reflété au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de cette convention. Elle indique que,
« la Cour ayant simplement à examiner la question de savoir si elle
est en mesure de délimiter le plateau continental, comme le lui
demande le Nicaragua, point n’est besoin pour elle de déterminer si
d’autres dispositions de l’article 76 de la CNUDM font partie du
droit international coutumier » (ibid., p. 666, par. 118).
79. Aux paragraphes 119 à 121 sont résumés les arguments du Nicaragua
concernant les critères à appliquer pour déterminer l’existence d’un
plateau continental et les conditions procédurales, telles que prévues au
paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, qu’un Etat doit respecter
pour en fixer les limites extérieures au‑delà de 200 milles marins, ainsi que
les démarches effectuées par le Nicaragua à cette fin (ibid., p. 666‑667).
80. Les paragraphes 122 à 124 font état des arguments avancés par la
Colombie pour contester la délimitation du plateau continental invoquée
par le Nicaragua (ibid., p. 667‑668). Pour la Colombie, le droit du Nicaragua
à un plateau étendu n’a « jamais été reconnu ni même soumis pour
examen à la Commission » (ibid., p. 667, par. 122) et « les données communiquées
à la Cour par le Nicaragua, sur la base des « informations préliminaires
» qu’il a soumises à la Commission, sont « totalement insuffisantes » »
(ibid.). La Colombie ajoute que « ces « informations préliminaires » ne
satisfont pas aux exigences requises pour que la Commission puisse formuler
des recommandations » (ibid.), et que de toute façon le Nicaragua
ne peut se réclamer de l’article 76 pour empiéter sur la zone de 200 milles
marins d’autres Etats, « a fortiori lorsqu’il ne respecte pas les procédures
prévues par la convention » (ibid., p. 668, par. 123).
81. Aux paragraphes 126 et 127, respectivement, la Cour souligne que
le fait que la Colombie ne soit pas partie à la CNUDM n’exonère pas « le
Nicaragua des obligations qu’il tient de l’article 76 de cet instrument », et
elle relève que, au moment du prononcé de l’arrêt en 2012, le Nicaragua
n’avait communiqué à la Commission que des informations « prélimi‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 130
34
76. The reasoning may relate to points debated by the Parties in the
course of the proceedings, but the fact that a point was argued by the
Parties does not necessarily mean that it was definitively decided by the
Court.
77. The Court devoted Section IV of its 2012 Judgment to the “[c]onsideration
of Nicaragua’s claim for delimitation of a continental shelf
extending beyond 200 nautical miles”. That section consists of paragraphs
113 to 131 of the Judgment.
78. Paragraph 113 defines the question examined by the Court as
whether “it [the Court] is in a position to determine ‘a continental shelf
boundary dividing by equal parts the overlapping entitlements to a continental
shelf of both Parties’” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 665, para. 113).
In paragraphs 114 to 118, the Court then concludes that the law applicable
in the case, which is between a State party to UNCLOS (Nicaragua)
and a non‑party State (Colombia), is customary international law relating
to the definition of the continental shelf, as reflected in Article 76, paragraph
1, of that Convention. The Court indicates that
“in view of the fact that the Court’s task is limited to the examination
of whether it is in a position to carry out a continental shelf delimitation
as requested by Nicaragua, it does not need to decide whether
other provisions of Article 76 of UNCLOS form part of customary
international law” (ibid., p. 666, para. 118).
79. Paragraphs 119 to 121 summarize Nicaragua’s arguments regarding
the criteria for determining the existence of a continental shelf and the
procedural conditions, laid down in Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS,
for a State to be able to establish the outer limits of the continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles and the steps which Nicaragua had taken to
that end (ibid., pp. 666‑667).
80. Paragraphs 122 to 124 set out Colombia’s arguments opposing
Nicaragua’s request for delimitation of the continental shelf (ibid.,
pp. 667‑668). Colombia contended that Nicaragua’s rights to an extended
shelf “ha[d] never been recognized or even submitted to the Commission”
(ibid., p. 667, para. 122), and that “the information provided to the Court
[by Nicaragua]. . . based on the ‘Preliminary Information’ submitted by
Nicaragua to the Commission, [was] ‘woefully deficient’” (ibid.). Colombia
emphasized that “the ‘Preliminary Information’ [did] not fulfil the
requirements for the Commission to make recommendations” (ibid.). It
added that, in any event, Nicaragua could not rely on Article 76 in order
to encroach on other States’ 200‑mile limits, particularly when it “[had]
not followed the procedures of the Convention” (ibid., p. 668, para. 123).
81. In paragraphs 126 and 127 respectively, the Court points out that
the fact that Colombia is not a party to UNCLOS “does not relieve Nicaragua
of its obligations under Article 76 of that Convention”, and it
observes that, at the time of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua had only submitted
to the CLCS “Preliminary Information”, which, by its own admis‑
131 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
35
naires » qui, comme il l’a admis, « [étaient] loin de satisfaire aux exigences
requises » par le paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM (C.I.J. Recueil
2012 (II), p. 669).
82. A l’issue de ce raisonnement et de ces motifs, la Cour en vient à
conclure au paragraphe 129 :
« Toutefois, le Nicaragua n’ayant pas, dans la présente instance,
apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étend suffisamment loin
pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir
sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale, la Cour n’est
pas en mesure de délimiter les portions du plateau continental relevant
de chacune des Parties, comme le lui demande le Nicaragua, même en
utilisant la formulation générale proposée par ce dernier. » (Ibid.)
Ce paragraphe doit être lu à la lumière de ceux qui le précèdent, dans les
motifs de l’arrêt de 2012. Trois points ressortent de ces derniers. Premièrement,
bien que les Parties eussent abondamment débattu la question des
données géologiques et géomorphologiques produites par le Nicaragua pour
prouver l’extension de son plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins,
la Cour n’a pas analysé ces éléments de preuve dans son arrêt. Deuxièmement,
la Cour a estimé (voir le paragraphe 78 ci‑dessus) que, au vu du caractère
limité de la question qu’elle était appelée à trancher, point n’était besoin
pour elle d’examiner si les dispositions de l’article 76 de la CNUDM énonçant
les conditions à remplir par un Etat qui entend fixer les limites de son
plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins de sa côte relevaient du droit
international coutumier, dont elle avait déjà établi qu’il était le droit applicable
en l’affaire. La Cour n’a donc pas jugé nécessaire de déterminer à quelles
prescriptions de fond le Nicaragua devait satisfaire pour établir vis-
à-vis de
la Colombie son droit à un plateau continental au-
delà de 200 milles marins
de sa côte. Troisièmement, ce sur quoi la Cour a mis l’accent, en revanche,
c’est l’obligation qu’avait le Nicaragua, en tant que partie à la CNUDM, de
soumettre à la Commission des informations sur les limites du plateau continental
qu’il revendique au‑delà de 200 milles marins, conformément au paragraphe
8 de l’article 76 de la convention. C’est parce qu’au moment du
prononcé de l’arrêt, en 2012, il n’avait pas encore soumis ces informations que
la Cour a conclu, au paragraphe 129, que le Nicaragua « [n’avait] pas, dans
la présente instance, apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étend[ait]
suffisamment loin pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie
p[ouvait] se prévaloir sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale ».
83. Les conclusions formulées par la Cour au paragraphe 129 ne
peuvent être comprises qu’à la lumière de ces points du raisonnement. Il
en ressort que la Cour n’a pas tranché la question de savoir si le Nicaragua
pouvait se prévaloir d’un plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles
marins de sa côte. Le libellé même du paragraphe 129 le confirme, la
Cour y disant, à la première phrase, que
« le Nicaragua n’[a] pas, dans la présente instance, apporté la preuve
que sa marge continentale s’étend suffisamment loin pour chevau‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 131
35
sion, “falls short of meeting the requirements” under paragraph 8 of
Article 76 of UNCLOS (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 669).
82. At the close of this section of its reasoning, the Court reaches the
following conclusion at paragraph 129 :
“However, since Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not
established that it has a continental margin that extends far enough to
overlap with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental
shelf, measured from Colombia’s mainland coast, the Court is
not in a position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between
Nicaragua and Colombia, as requested by Nicaragua, even using the
general formulation proposed by it.” (Ibid.)
This paragraph must be read in the light of those preceding it in the reasoning
of the 2012 Judgment. Three features of that reasoning stand out.
First, although the Parties made extensive submissions regarding the geological
and geomorphological evidence of an extension of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles submitted by Nicaragua, the Judgment
contains no analysis by the Court of that evidence. Secondly, the Court
considered (see paragraph 78 above) that, in view of the limited nature of
the task before it, there was no need to consider whether the provisions of
Article 76 of UNCLOS which lay down the criteria which a State must
meet if it is to establish continental shelf limits more than 200 nautical
miles from its coast reflected customary international law, which it
had already determined was the applicable law in the case. The Court did
not, therefore, consider it necessary to decide the substantive legal standards
which Nicaragua had to meet if it was to prove vis‑à‑vis Colombia
that it had an entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
from its coast. Thirdly, what the Court did emphasize was the obligation
on Nicaragua, as a party to UNCLOS, to submit information on the limits
of the continental shelf it claims beyond 200 nautical miles, in accordance
with Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS, to the CLCS. It is
because, at the time of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua had not yet submitted
such information that the Court concluded, in paragraph 129, that
“Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not established that it has a
continental margin that extends far enough to overlap with Colombia’s
200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental shelf, measured from
Colombia’s mainland coast”.
83. The conclusions of the Court in paragraph 129 can only be understood
in the light of those features of its reasoning. They indicate that the
Court did not take a decision on whether or not Nicaragua had an entitlement
to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its coast.
That is confirmed by the language of paragraph 129 itself. The first sentence
of that paragraph states that
“Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not established that it has
a continental margin that extends far enough to overlap with Colom‑
132 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
36
cher le plateau continental dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir sur
200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale ».
Outre qu’elle semble envisager, par sa mention de « la présente instance »,
la possibilité d’une procédure ultérieure, la Cour ne fait ici référence qu’à
une marge continentale qui chevaucherait le plateau continental dont la
Colombie peut se prévaloir sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale.
L’arrêt ne dit rien des espaces maritimes situés à l’est de la ligne
des 200 milles à partir des îles côtières nicaraguayennes, ligne au‑delà de
laquelle la Cour n’a pas poursuivi son opération de délimitation, et à
l’ouest de la ligne des 200 milles à partir de la côte continentale de la
Colombie. Or, dans cette zone intermédiaire, la Cour était en présence de
prétentions concurrentes des Parties concernant le plateau continental : le
Nicaragua, d’une part, y revendiquait un plateau continental étendu, la
Colombie, d’autre part, alléguait qu’elle y possédait des droits générés par
les îles sur lesquelles elle revendiquait la souveraineté et que la Cour a
effectivement déclaré relever de sa souveraineté.
84. Il en résulte que, si la Cour a décidé, au point 3 du dispositif,
qu’elle ne pouvait accueillir la demande du Nicaragua, c’est parce que
celui‑ci devait encore satisfaire à l’obligation lui incombant en vertu du
paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM de déposer, auprès de la Commission,
les informations sur les limites de son plateau continental au‑delà
de 200 milles marins prévues par cette disposition et par l’article 4 de l’annexe
II de la convention.
3. L’application du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée en l’espèce
85. La Cour a clarifié le contenu et la portée du point 3 du dispositif de
l’arrêt de 2012, en prenant en compte la divergence de vues exprimée par
les Parties à ce sujet. Elle a conclu que la délimitation du plateau continental
au‑delà des 200 milles marins des côtes nicaraguayennes était
conditionnée par la soumission, de la part du Nicaragua, des informations
sur les limites de son plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles
marins, prévues au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, à la Commission.
La Cour n’a donc pas tranché la question de la délimitation,
en 2012, parce qu’elle n’était pas, alors, en mesure de le faire.
86. La Cour rappelle que, dans sa requête, le Nicaragua a souligné
avoir transmis à la Commission, le 24 juin 2013, les informations
« finales ». Cette affirmation n’a pas été contredite par la Colombie.
87. La Cour considère, par conséquent, que la condition à laquelle elle
a subordonné, dans son arrêt de 2012, l’examen de la demande formulée
par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales est remplie dans
la présente instance.
88. La Cour conclut qu’elle n’est pas empêchée, par l’effet de l’autorité
de la chose jugée, de se prononcer sur la requête introduite par le Nicaragua
le 16 septembre 2013. A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour considère
que la troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie doit être rejetée.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 132
36
bia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental shelf, measured
from Colombia’s mainland coast”.
Not only does the reference to “the present proceedings” seem to contemplate
the possibility of future proceedings, but the Court there speaks
only of a continental margin which overlaps with the 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement from the Colombian mainland. The Judgment says nothing
about the maritime areas located to the east of the line lying 200 nautical
miles from the islands fringing the Nicaraguan coast, beyond which the
Court did not continue its delimitation exercise, and to the west of the
line lying 200 nautical miles from Colombia’s mainland. Yet, the Court
was, as regards these areas, faced with competing claims by the Parties
concerning the continental shelf : Nicaragua, on the one hand, claimed an
extended continental shelf in these areas, and Colombia, on the other,
maintained that it had rights in the same areas generated by the islands
over which it claimed sovereignty, and that the Court indeed declared to
be under its sovereignty.
84. It therefore follows that while the Court decided, in subparagraph
3 of the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, that Nicaragua’s
claim could not be upheld, it did so because the latter had yet to discharge
its obligation, under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS, to
deposit with the CLCS the information on the limits of its continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles required by that provision and by Article
4 of Annex II of UNCLOS.
3. Application of the Res Judicata Principle in the Case
85. The Court has clarified the content and scope of subparagraph 3 of
the operative clause of the 2012 Judgment, taking into account the differing
views expressed by the Parties on the subject. It has found that delimitation
of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the
Nicaraguan coast was conditional on the submission by Nicaragua of
information on the limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical
miles, provided for in paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS, to the
CLCS. The Court thus did not settle the question of delimitation in 2012
because it was not, at that time, in a position to do so.
86. The Court recalls that, in its Application, Nicaragua states that on
24 June 2013 it provided the CLCS with “final” information. This statement
has not been contested by Colombia.
87. The Court accordingly considers that the condition imposed by it
in its 2012 Judgment in order for it to be able to examine the claim of
Nicaragua contained in final submission I (3) has been fulfilled in the
present case.
88. The Court concludes that it is not precluded by the res judicata
principle from ruling on the Application submitted by Nicaragua on
16 September 2013. In light of the foregoing, the Court finds that Colombia’s
third preliminary objection must be rejected.
133 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
37
IV. Quatrième exception préliminaire
89. La Colombie fonde sa quatrième exception sur l’affirmation selon
laquelle, dans son arrêt de 2012, la Cour a rejeté la demande du Nicaragua
la priant de délimiter le plateau continental entre les Parties au‑delà
de 200 milles marins et a fixé la frontière maritime entre les espaces qui
reviennent à chacune d’entre elles. Cette décision étant, selon la Colombie,
« définiti[ve] et sans recours » en vertu de l’article 60 du Statut, le
Nicaragua tenterait, par sa requête du 16 septembre 2013, de « faire
appel » contre l’arrêt précédent ou d’en obtenir la revision.
90. Le Nicaragua ne demande pas à la Cour de reviser l’arrêt de 2012,
et ne donne pas à sa requête la forme d’un « appel » contre celui‑ci. Aussi,
la Cour conclut que la quatrième exception préliminaire n’est pas fondée.
V. Deuxième exception préliminaire
91. La deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée par la Colombie
concerne la thèse du Nicaragua selon laquelle, indépendamment de l’applicabilité
de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá pour les Parties, la Cour
a une compétence continue à l’égard de l’objet de la requête. Selon le
Nicaragua, cette compétence continue est fondée sur la compétence
qu’avait la Cour en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua
c. Colombie), puisque la Cour n’a pas, dans son arrêt de 2012, tranché
de manière définitive la question de la délimitation du plateau
continental entre la Colombie et lui‑même dans la zone située à plus de
200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne, si bien que cette question
demeure pendante.
92. La Colombie dément l’existence d’une telle compétence continue
en l’espèce. Selon elle, hormis si la Cour a expressément réservé sa compétence,
ce qu’elle n’a pas fait dans l’arrêt de 2012, il n’existe aucune base
qui lui permettrait d’exercer une compétence continue après avoir rendu
son arrêt au fond. Selon la Colombie, le Statut ne prévoit que deux procédures
dans lesquelles la Cour peut, sans devoir invoquer une base de
compétence indépendante, examiner des questions qui ont déjà été l’objet
d’un arrêt rendu par elle dans une affaire opposant les mêmes parties : la
demande en interprétation d’un arrêt antérieur prévue à l’article 60 et la
demande en revision d’un arrêt antérieur prévue à l’article 61. La présente
instance ne relevant ni de l’article 60 ni de l’article 61, la Colombie affirme
que la Cour n’a pas compétence en vertu du titre additionnel invoqué par
le Nicaragua.
93. Le Nicaragua réfute l’analyse de la Colombie. Il estime que la Cour
a le devoir d’exercer pleinement sa compétence à l’égard de tout différend
qui lui est soumis dans les règles. Selon lui, c’est pour des raisons qui
n’ont plus lieu d’être que la Cour, dans son arrêt de 2012, a décidé de ne
pas exercer sa compétence à l’égard de celle de ses demandes qui est l’objet
de la présente instance. Le Nicaragua affirme que la Cour doit mainte‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 133
37
IV. Fourth Preliminary Objection
89. Colombia bases its fourth preliminary objection on the assertion
that, in its 2012 Judgment, the Court rejected Nicaragua’s request for
delimitation of the continental shelf between the Parties beyond 200 nautical
miles, and fixed the boundary between each Party’s maritime spaces.
According to Colombia, that decision was “final and without appeal”
pursuant to Article 60 of the Statute, so that, through its Application of
16 September 2013, Nicaragua was seeking to “appeal” the previous
Judgment, or to have it revised.
90. Nicaragua does not request the Court to revise the 2012 Judgment,
nor does it frame its Application as an “appeal”. Accordingly, the Court
finds that the fourth preliminary objection is not founded.
V. Second Preliminary Objection
91. Colombia’s second preliminary objection concerns Nicaragua’s
argument that, independent of the applicability of Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogotá between Colombia and Nicaragua, the Court possesses
continuing jurisdiction over the subject‑matter of the Application.
According to Nicaragua, this continuing jurisdiction is based on the
Court’s jurisdiction in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), given that the Court, in its 2012 Judgment,
did not definitively determine the question of the delimitation of
the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia in the area beyond
200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, so that this question
remains pending.
92. Colombia denies that any such continuing jurisdiction exists in the
present case. In Colombia’s view, unless the Court expressly reserves its
jurisdiction, which it did not do in the 2012 Judgment, there is no basis
on which the Court can exercise continuing jurisdiction once it has delivered
its judgment on the merits. According to Colombia, the Statute provides
only two procedures by which the Court can act, without an
independent basis of jurisdiction, in respect of matters which have previously
been the subject of a judgment of the Court in a case between the
same parties : requests under Article 60 of the Statute for interpretation of
the earlier judgment and requests under Article 61 for revision of the earlier
judgment. Since the present case falls within neither Article 60, nor
Article 61, Colombia contends that the Court lacks jurisdiction on the
additional basis advanced by Nicaragua.
93. Nicaragua rejects Colombia’s analysis. According to Nicaragua,
the Court has an obligation to exercise to the full its jurisdiction in any
case properly submitted to it. The Court declined, in its 2012 Judgment,
to exercise its jurisdiction in respect of the part of Nicaragua’s case that is
the subject of the current proceedings for reasons which, according to
Nicaragua, no longer appertain. Nicaragua maintains that the Court
134 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
38
nant exercer la compétence qu’elle possédait à la date de cet arrêt.
En conséquence, il soutient que la Cour possède une compétence continue
à l’égard des questions soulevées par la présente requête, qu’elle ait ou
non réservé expressément cette compétence dans un arrêt antérieur. Pour
le Nicaragua, ce fondement de compétence s’ajoute à celui que constitue
l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá.
* *
94. La Cour rappelle qu’elle a déjà conclu (voir les paragraphes 46, 88
et 90 ci‑dessus) que l’article XXXI lui confère compétence à l’égard de la
présente instance puisque le Nicaragua a introduit sa requête avant que le
pacte de Bogotá n’ait cessé d’être en vigueur entre la Colombie et lui‑même.
La Cour n’a donc pas à se pencher sur la question de savoir s’il existe une
base de compétence additionnelle. Par conséquent, il n’y a pas lieu pour elle
de se prononcer sur la deuxième exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
VI. Cinquième exception préliminaire
95. La Colombie soutient, à titre subsidiaire, pour le cas où les
quatre autres exceptions qu’elle a soulevées seraient rejetées, qu’aucune
des deux demandes formulées dans la requête du Nicaragua n’est recevable.
Elle considère que la première demande est irrecevable parce que le
Nicaragua n’a pas obtenu la recommandation requise sur la fixation de la
limite extérieure de son plateau continental de la part de la Commission
et que la seconde demande est irrecevable car, s’il y était fait droit, la
décision de la Cour serait inapplicable et porterait sur un différend
inexistant.
96. La Cour examinera successivement la question de la recevabilité de
ces deux demandes.
1. L’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité
de la première demande du Nicaragua
97. Dans sa première demande, le Nicaragua prie la Cour de déterminer
« [l]e tracé précis de la frontière maritime entre les portions de plateau
continental relevant du Nicaragua et de la Colombie au-
delà des limites
établies par la Cour dans son arrêt du 19 novembre 2012 ». La Colombie
considère que « la Cour ne peut examiner la requête du Nicaragua, étant
donné que la Commission ne s’est pas assurée qu’étaient remplies les
conditions auxquelles il peut être établi que le plateau continental s’étend
au‑delà de 200 milles marins et, partant, n’a pas formulé de recommandation
».
98. Elle distingue, en se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de la
CNUDM, entre le droit de l’Etat côtier sur le plateau continental jusqu’à
une distance de 200 milles marins des lignes de base, qui existerait auto‑
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 134
38
must now exercise the jurisdiction which it possessed at the time of the
2012 Judgment. Accordingly, Nicaragua argues that the Court possesses
continuing jurisdiction over the issues raised by its present Application,
irrespective of whether it expressly reserved that jurisdiction in its earlier
judgment. Nicaragua maintains that this basis of jurisdiction is additional
to the jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
* *
94. The Court recalls that it has already held (see paragraphs 46, 88 and
90, above) that Article XXXI confers jurisdiction upon it in respect of the
present proceedings since Nicaragua’s Application was filed before the
Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force between Nicaragua and Colombia. It
is therefore unnecessary to consider whether an additional basis of jurisdiction
exists. Consequently, there is no ground for the Court to rule upon
the second preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia.
VI. Fifth Preliminary Objection
95. Colombia contends, in the alternative, on the hypothesis that the
four other objections raised by it were to be rejected, that neither of the
two requests put forward in Nicaragua’s Application is admissible.
Colombia considers that the First Request is inadmissible due to the fact
that Nicaragua has not secured the requisite recommendation on the
establishment of the outer limits of its continental shelf from the CLCS,
and that the Second Request is inadmissible because, if it were to be
granted, the decision of the Court would be inapplicable and would
concern
a non‑existent dispute.
96. The Court will examine in turn the question of the admissibility of
each of those two requests.
1. The Preliminary Objection to the Admissibility
of Nicaragua’s First Request
97. In its First Request, Nicaragua asks the Court to determine “[t]he
precise course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia
in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them
beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012”. Colombia maintains that “the [Court] cannot consider
the Application by Nicaragua because the CLCS has not ascertained
that the conditions for determining the extension of the outer edge of
Nicaragua’s continental shelf beyond the 200‑nautical‑mile line are satisfied
and, consequently, has not made a recommendation”.
98. Citing Article 76, paragraph 1, of UNCLOS, Colombia argues that
there is a distinction between a coastal State’s entitlement to the continental
shelf up to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines, which
135 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
39
matiquement, ipso jure, et le droit sur le plateau au‑delà de 200 milles
marins, jusqu’au rebord externe de la marge continentale, qui serait
fonction
des conditions énoncées aux paragraphes 4, 5 et 6 de cette
disposition.
99. La Colombie reconnaît que, conformément à l’article 76, c’est à
l’Etat côtier, partie à la CNUDM, de fixer la limite extérieure de son plateau
continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins. Elle estime néanmoins que
celui‑ci doit suivre, pour ce faire, la procédure prévue au paragraphe 8 du
même article. En particulier, l’Etat côtier concerné a besoin d’une recommandation
de la Commission pour fixer, sur cette base, une limite extérieure
« définitiv[e] et de caractère obligatoire ».
100. Ainsi, pour la Colombie, le Nicaragua, en tant que partie à la
CNUDM, devrait obtenir une recommandation de la Commission s’il
veut faire valoir un droit à un plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles
marins. La Colombie ajoute qu’en l’espèce le Nicaragua « demande la
délimitation d’un plateau continental situé entre des côtes qui se font
face. Or, il est impossible d’opérer une telle délimitation sans avoir identifié
au préalable l’étendue, ou la limite, du plateau continental auquel
chacun des Etats peut prétendre. » L’absence d’une recommandation de
la Commission devrait donc entraîner l’irrecevabilité de la première
demande figurant dans la requête du 16 septembre 2013.
*
101. Le Nicaragua considère qu’un Etat côtier possède sur le plateau
continental des droits inhérents qui existent ipso facto et ab initio et que
ses propres droits sur son plateau lui sont dévolus automatiquement,
ipso jure, de plein droit. Il ajoute que la Commission des limites du plateau
continental se préoccupe uniquement de l’emplacement exact des
limites extérieures du plateau et qu’elle n’accorde ni ne reconnaît à un
Etat des droits sur celui‑ci et n’est pas davantage habilitée à le délimiter.
102. Selon le Nicaragua, le rôle de la Commission est de protéger le
patrimoine commun de l’humanité contre les empiètements éventuels des
Etats côtiers. Il ajoute que, même si le rôle de la Commission est de prémunir
la communauté internationale contre des demandes excessives, les
recommandations de la Commission ne s’imposent pas à l’Etat présentant
la demande. Si ce dernier n’en approuve pas la teneur, il peut soumettre
une demande revisée ou une nouvelle demande.
103. La pratique des Etats montrerait d’ailleurs, selon le Nicaragua,
que ceux‑ci ont conclu des accords de délimitation sur la partie de leur
plateau continental située au‑delà de la limite des 200 milles marins en
l’absence de recommandation de la Commission. Dans certains cas, ils
auraient conclu ces accords sans même avoir déposé d’informations
auprès de la Commission. Le Nicaragua estime, en conséquence, qu’un
tribunal ou une cour international pourrait également résoudre un différend
de délimitation portant sur le plateau continental étendu sans
attendre que la Commission émette ses recommandations.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 135
39
exists automatically, ipso jure, and its entitlement to the shelf beyond
200 nautical miles, as far as the outer edge of the continental margin,
which is subject to the conditions set out in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of that
Article.
99. Colombia recognizes that, in accordance with Article 76, it is for
the coastal State, as a party to UNCLOS, to establish the outer limits of
its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. It nonetheless considers
that, in order to do so, the latter must follow the procedure prescribed in
paragraph 8 of the same Article. In particular, the relevant coastal State
requires a recommendation of the CLCS in order to establish, on the
basis thereof, a “final and binding” outer limit.
100. Thus, in Colombia’s view, Nicaragua, as a party to UNCLOS,
needs to obtain a recommendation from the CLCS if it wishes to claim an
entitlement to a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Colombia
adds that, in the present case, Nicaragua “requests a continental shelf
delimitation between opposite coasts, which cannot be done without first
identifying the extent, or limit, of each State’s shelf entitlement”. The
absence of a recommendation from the CLCS must therefore result in the
inadmissibility of the First Request contained in the Application of
16 September 2013.
*
101. Nicaragua responds that a coastal State has inherent rights over
the continental shelf, which exist ipso facto and ab initio, and that its own
rights over its continental shelf vest in it automatically, ipso jure, by operation
of law. Furthermore, the CLCS is concerned only with the precise
location of the outer limits of the continental shelf ; it does not grant or
recognize the rights of a coastal State over its shelf and is not empowered
to delimit boundaries in the shelf.
102. According to Nicaragua, the role of the CLCS is to protect the
common heritage of mankind against possible encroachments by coastal
States. It adds that, even though the role of the CLCS is to protect the
international community from excessive claims, its recommendations are
not binding on the submitting State. If that State disagrees with the recommendations,
it can make a revised or new submission.
103. Furthermore, Nicaragua considers that State practice shows that
States have concluded delimitation agreements on the continental shelf
beyond 200 nautical miles in the absence of recommendations from the
CLCS. In certain cases, they are said to have concluded such agreements
without even having submitted information to the CLCS. Nicaragua
accordingly argues that an international court or tribunal would equally
be in a position to settle a delimitation dispute regarding the extended
continental shelf before the CLCS has issued its recommendations.
136 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
40
104. Le Nicaragua ajoute que, dans le cas où le plateau étendu, au‑delà
de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne, ferait l’objet d’un différend,
la Commission, d’après son propre règlement et sa pratique constante,
n’adressera pas au Nicaragua de recommandation. Et si la Cour devait
refuser d’agir tant que la Commission ne serait pas intervenue, on se trouverait
dans une impasse, ainsi que l’avait souligné le Tribunal international
du droit de la mer dans l’arrêt du 14 mars 2012 rendu en l’affaire du Différend
relatif à la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Bangladesh et le
Myanmar dans le golfe du Bengale (Bangladesh/Myanmar).
* *
105. La Cour a déjà établi précédemment (voir le paragraphe 82) que
le Nicaragua était dans l’obligation, conformément au paragraphe 8 de
l’article 76 de la CNUDM, d’adresser à la Commission les informations
sur les limites du plateau continental qu’il revendique au‑delà de 200 milles
marins. La Cour a jugé, dans son arrêt de 2012, que la communication de
ces informations par le Nicaragua était un préalable à la délimitation du
plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins par la Cour.
106. La Cour doit maintenant déterminer si, pour qu’elle puisse
connaître de la requête introduite par le Nicaragua en 2013, la recommandation
de la Commission, prévue au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la
CNUDM, est un préalable nécessaire.
107. La Cour relève que la communication à la Commission des informations
sur les limites de son plateau continental au-
delà de 200 milles
marins, qui sont visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, est
une obligation qui pèse sur le Nicaragua, en tant qu’Etat partie à la
CNUDM, alors que l’adoption d’une recommandation par la Commission,
après examen de ces informations, est une prérogative de celle‑ci.
108. Lorsque la Commission adresse aux Etats côtiers des recommandations
sur des questions concernant les limites extérieures de leur plateau
continental, ceux‑ci fixent, sur cette base, des limites, lesquelles sont,
conformément au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, « définitives
et de caractère obligatoire » à l’égard des Etats parties à cet instrument.
109. La Cour souligne, par ailleurs, que cette procédure permet à la
Commission de s’acquitter de son rôle principal qui consiste à veiller à ce
que le plateau continental d’un Etat côtier ne dépasse pas les limites prévues
aux paragraphes 4, 5 et 6 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM et à éviter
ainsi que le plateau continental n’empiète sur la « Zone et ses ressources
[qui] sont le patrimoine commun de l’humanité » (article 136 de la
CNUDM).
110. Etant donné que le rôle de la Commission concerne exclusivement
la délinéation des limites extérieures du plateau continental, et non la
délimitation, l’article 76 de la CNUDM précise en son paragraphe 10 que
« [l]e présent article ne préjuge pas de la question de la délimitation du
plateau continental entre des Etats dont les côtes sont adjacentes ou se
font face ».
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 136
40
104. Nicaragua adds that, in the event of a dispute over its extended
continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, the CLCS, in accordance
with its own rules and established practice, would not address a recommendation
to Nicaragua. And if the Court were to refuse to act because
the CLCS had not issued such a recommendation, the result would be an
impasse, as had been pointed out by the International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea in its Judgment of 14 March 2012 in the Dispute concerning
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar
in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar).
* *
105. The Court has already established (see paragraph 82) that Nicaragua
was under an obligation, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Article 76 of
UNCLOS, to submit information on the limits of the continental shelf it
claims beyond 200 nautical miles to the CLCS. The Court held, in its
2012 Judgment, that Nicaragua had to submit such information as a prerequisite
for the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical
miles by the Court.
106. The Court must now determine whether a recommendation made
by the CLCS, pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS, is a prerequisite
in order for the Court to be able to entertain the Application
filed by Nicaragua in 2013.
107. The Court notes that Nicaragua, as a State party to UNCLOS, is
under an obligation to communicate to the CLCS the information on the
limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, which is provided
for in paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS, whereas the making of a
recommendation, following examination of that information, is a prerogative
of the CLCS.
108. When the CLCS addresses its recommendations on questions
concerning the outer limits of its continental shelf to coastal States, those
States establish, on that basis, limits which, pursuant to paragraph 8 of
Article 76 of UNCLOS, are “final and binding” upon the States parties to
that instrument.
109. The Court furthermore emphasizes that this procedure enables
the CLCS to perform its main role, which consists of ensuring that the
continental shelf of a coastal State does not extend beyond the limits provided
for in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of Article 76 of UNCLOS and thus
preventing the continental shelf from encroaching on the “area and its
resources”, which are “the common heritage of mankind” (UNCLOS,
Article 136).
110. Because the role of the CLCS relates only to the delineation of the
outer limits of the continental shelf, and not delimitation, Article 76 of
UNCLOS states in paragraph 10 that “[t]he provisions of this article are
without prejudice to the question of delimitation of the continental shelf
between States with opposite or adjacent coasts”.
137 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
41
111. En effet, l’article 76 de la CNUDM, qui contient la définition du
plateau continental, prévoit qu’une commission, en considération de la
complexité technique de la détermination du rebord externe de la marge
continentale et de la limite du plateau continental, sera chargée, aux
termes de l’annexe II de la CNUDM portant statut de la Commission,
« [d’]examiner les données et autres renseignements présentés par les Etats
côtiers en ce qui concerne la limite extérieure du plateau continental
lorsque ce plateau s’étend au‑delà de 200 milles marins et soumettre des
recommandations conformément à l’article 76 [de la CNUDM] » (article 3,
paragraphe 1 a), de l’annexe II de la CNUDM).
112. La procédure devant la Commission vise la délinéation de la
limite extérieure du plateau continental et, par conséquent, la détermination
de l’étendue des fonds marins qui relèvent des juridictions nationales.
Elle est distincte de la délimitation du plateau continental, régie par l’article
83 de la CNUDM, qui est effectuée par voie d’accord entre les Etats
concernés ou par le recours aux procédures de règlement des différends.
113. Cependant, le fait que la CNUDM distingue entre la fixation de
la limite extérieure du plateau continental et la délimitation de celui‑ci,
entre Etats dont les côtes sont adjacentes ou se font face, n’empêche pas
que ces deux opérations puissent interférer l’une avec l’autre. La Commission
a prévu dans son règlement intérieur (article 46 et annexe 1) des
modalités de fonctionnement, conformément à l’article 9 de l’annexe II de
la CNUDM, pour garantir que ses actes ne préjugent pas des questions
de délimitation.
114. La Cour considère, en conséquence, que, dès lors que la délimitation
du plateau continental au-
delà de 200 milles marins peut s’effectuer
indépendamment de la recommandation de la Commission, celle-
ci n’est
pas un prérequis pour qu’un Etat partie à la CNUDM puisse demander à
la Cour de régler un différend avec un autre Etat relatif à une telle délimitation.
115. La Cour, au vu de ce qui précède, conclut que l’exception préliminaire
d’irrecevabilité de la première demande du Nicaragua doit être
rejetée.
2. L’exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité
de la seconde demande du Nicaragua
116. Dans sa seconde demande, le Nicaragua prie la Cour de déterminer
« [l]es principes et les règles de droit international régissant les droits
et obligations des deux Etats concernant la zone du plateau continental
où leurs revendications se chevauchent et l’utilisation des
ressources
qui s’y trouvent, et ce, dans l’attente de la délimitation de
leur frontière maritime au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte
nicaraguayenne
».
117. La Colombie soutient que la seconde demande du Nicaragua
invite la Cour à statuer dans l’attente de sa décision sur la première
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 137
41
111. Indeed, Article 76 of UNCLOS, which contains the definition of
the continental shelf, makes provision, in view of the technical complexity
of determining the outer edge of the continental margin and of the outer
limits of the continental shelf, for a Commission whose function, pursuant
to Annex II of UNCLOS establishing the statute of the CLCS, is “to
consider the data and other material submitted by coastal States concerning
the outer limits of the continental shelf in areas where those limits
extend beyond 200 nautical miles, and to make recommendations in
accordance with Article 76 [of UNCLOS]” (Article 3, paragraph 1 (a) of
Annex II of UNCLOS).
112. The procedure before the CLCS relates to the delineation of the
outer limits of the continental shelf, and hence to the determination of the
extent of the sea‑bed under national jurisdiction. It is distinct from the
delimitation of the continental shelf, which is governed by Article 83 of
UNCLOS and effected by agreement between the States concerned, or by
recourse to dispute resolution procedures.
113. Notwithstanding the fact that UNCLOS distinguishes between
the establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf and its delimitation
between States with adjacent or opposite coasts, it is possible that
the two operations may impact upon one another. The CLCS has, in its
internal rules (Article 46 and Annex 1), established procedures, in accordance
with Article 9 of Annex II to UNCLOS, to ensure that its actions
do not prejudice matters relating to delimitation.
114. The Court accordingly considers that, since the delimitation of
the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles can be undertaken independently
of a recommendation from the CLCS, the latter is not a prerequisite
that needs to be satisfied by a State party to UNCLOS before it
can ask the Court to settle a dispute with another State over such a delimitation.
115. In light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the preliminary
objection to the admissibility of Nicaragua’s First Request must be
rejected.
2. The Preliminary Objection to the Admissibility
of Nicaragua’s Second Request
116. In its Second Request, Nicaragua asks the Court to determine
“[t]he principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the
delimitation of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s coast”.
117. Colombia contends that Nicaragua’s Second Request invites the
Court to make a ruling pending its decision on the First Request, and
138 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
42
demande de celui‑ci. La Cour étant amenée à statuer simultanément sur
les deux demandes, elle ne pourrait par conséquent accueillir la seconde
demande car celle‑ci serait sans objet.
118. La Colombie considère aussi que la seconde demande du Nicaragua
est une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires déguisée et
qu’elle devrait être écartée de ce fait.
119. Enfin, la Colombie avance qu’il n’existerait pas de différend entre
les Parties concernant un hypothétique régime juridique à appliquer dans
l’attente de la décision sur la frontière maritime au‑delà de 200 milles
marins de la côte du Nicaragua.
*
120. Le Nicaragua estime que la pertinence de cette seconde demande
dépend de la décision de la Cour sur le fond au sujet de la question de la
délimitation du plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins à partir
de la côte nicaraguayenne entre les Parties. Il souligne que c’est au stade
du fond, et non à celui des exceptions préliminaires, que pourra être discutée
la question de la nature des devoirs de réserve et de coopération qui
pourraient s’imposer aux Parties.
121. Le Nicaragua réfute la thèse de la Colombie selon laquelle sa
seconde demande constituerait une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires qui ne dit pas son nom. Il estime qu’il y a bien un différend
entre les Parties dans la mesure où la Colombie refuse au Nicaragua le
moindre droit — voire celui de prétendre — à des espaces maritimes
au‑delà de 200 milles marins de sa côte. La seconde demande du Nicaragua
serait une question comprise dans ce différend, objet de la présente
instance.
* *
122. La Cour relève que le Nicaragua, dans sa seconde demande, l’invite
à déterminer les principes et les règles de droit international régissant
une situation qui ne serait clarifiée et tranchée qu’au stade du fond de
cette affaire.
123. Or, il n’appartient pas à la Cour de déterminer le droit applicable
en fonction d’une situation hypothétique. Elle rappelle que sa fonction est
« de dire le droit, mais elle ne peut rendre des arrêts qu’à l’occasion de cas
concrets dans lesquels il existe, au moment du jugement, un litige réel
impliquant un conflit d’intérêts juridiques entre les parties » (Cameroun
septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 33‑34).
124. Telle n’est pas la situation à ce stade de la procédure en ce qui
concerne la seconde demande du Nicaragua. Celle-
ci ne porte pas sur un
différend réel entre les Parties, soit « un désaccord sur un point de droit
ou de fait, une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts
» (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 138
42
that, since the Court would have to rule on both requests simultaneously,
it could not accept the Second Request, because it would be without
object.
118. Colombia is also of the view that Nicaragua’s Second Request is
a disguised request for provisional measures and that it should therefore
be dismissed.
119. Finally, Colombia argues that there is no dispute between the
Parties concerning a hypothetical legal régime to be applied pending the
decision on the maritime boundary beyond 200 nautical miles of Nicaragua’s
coast.
*
120. Nicaragua considers that the relevance of the Second Request
depends on the Court’s decision on the merits in respect of the question
of the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
from Nicaragua’s coast between the Parties. It maintains that arguments
as to the content of the duties of restraint and co‑operation that may be
incumbent on the Parties are a matter for the merits stage, and not for
preliminary objections.
121. Nicaragua disagrees with Colombia that its Second Request is a
disguised request for provisional measures. It asserts that there is indeed
a dispute between the Parties, since Colombia denies that Nicaragua has
any legal rights — or even any claims — beyond 200 nautical miles from
its coast. According to Nicaragua, its Second Request is an issue which is
subsumed within the dispute that is the subject‑matter of this case.
* *
122. The Court notes that, in its Second Request, Nicaragua invites it
to determine the principles and rules of international law governing a
situation that will be clarified and settled only at the merits stage of the
case.
123. However, it is not for the Court to determine the applicable law
with regard to a hypothetical situation. It recalls that its function is “to
state the law, but it may pronounce judgment only in connection with
concrete cases where there exists at the time of the adjudication an actual
controversy involving a conflict of legal interests between the parties”
(Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, pp. 33‑34).
124. This is not the case, at this stage of the proceedings, in respect of
Nicaragua’s Second Request. This request does not relate to an actual
dispute between the Parties, that is, “a disagreement on a point of law or
fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons” (Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
139 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
43
série A no 2, p. 11) ; elle ne comporte en outre aucune précision sur ce qu’il
est demandé à la Cour de décider.
125. La Cour conclut, en conséquence, que l’exception préliminaire
d’irrecevabilité de la seconde demande du Nicaragua doit être retenue.
* * *
126. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) a) A l’unanimité,
Rejette la première exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie ;
b) Par huit voix contre huit, par la voix prépondérante du président,
Rejette la troisième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie ;
pour : M. Abraham, président ; MM. Owada, Tomka, Bennouna, Greenwood,
Mme Sebutinde, M. Gevorgian, juges ; M. Skotnikov, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, vice-président
; M. Cançado Trindade, Mmes Xue, Donoghue,
MM. Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson, juges ; M. Brower, juge ad hoc ;
c) A l’unanimité,
Rejette la quatrième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie ;
d) A l’unanimité,
Dit qu’il n’y a pas lieu de se prononcer sur la deuxième exception préliminaire
soulevée par la République de Colombie ;
e) Par onze voix contre cinq,
Rejette la cinquième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à la première demande formulée par le
Nicaragua dans sa requête ;
pour : M. Abraham, président ; MM. Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Mme Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, M. Gevorgian,
juges ; MM. Brower, Skotnikov, juges ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, vice-président
; M. Cançado Trindade, Mme Xue,
MM. Bhandari, Robinson, juges ;
f) A l’unanimité,
Retient la cinquième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à la seconde demande formulée par le
Nicaragua dans sa requête ;
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 139
43
No. 2, p. 11), nor does it specify what exactly the Court is being asked to
decide.
125. Accordingly, the Court finds that the preliminary objection to the
admissibility of Nicaragua’s Second Request must be upheld.
* * *
126. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) (a) Unanimously,
Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia
;
(b) By eight votes to eight, by the President’s casting vote,
Rejects the third preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Sebutinde, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov ;
against : Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson ; Judge ad hoc Brower ;
(c) Unanimously,
Rejects the fourth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
(d) Unanimously,
Finds that there is no ground to rule upon the second preliminary
objection raised by the Republic of Colombia ;
(e) By eleven votes to five,
Rejects the fifth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia
in so far as it concerns the First Request put forward by Nicaragua in
its Application ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Gevorgian ; Judges ad hoc
Brower, Skotnikov ;
against : Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Bhandari,
Robinson ;
(f) Unanimously,
Upholds the fifth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia in so far as it concerns the Second Request put forward by
Nicaragua in its Application ;
140 délimitation du plateau continental (arrêt)
44
2) a) A l’unanimité,
Dit qu’elle a compétence, sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá, pour connaître de la première demande formulée par la République
du Nicaragua ;
b) Par huit voix contre huit, par la voix prépondérante du président,
Dit que la première demande formulée par la République du Nicaragua
dans sa requête est recevable.
pour : M. Abraham, président ; MM. Owada, Tomka, Bennouna, Greenwood,
Mme Sebutinde, M. Gevorgian, juges ; M. Skotnikov, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, vice-président
; M. Cançado Trindade, Mmes Xue,
Donoghue, MM. Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson, juges ; M. Brower, juge ad hoc.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le dix-sept mars deux mille seize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua et
au Gouvernement de la République de Colombie.
Le président,
(Signé) Ronny Abraham.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
M. le juge Yusuf, vice-président,
M. le juge Cançado Trindade,
Mme la juge Xue, MM. les juges Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson et M. le juge
ad hoc Brower joignent à l’arrêt l’exposé de leur opinion dissidente commune
; MM. les juges Owada et Greenwood joignent à l’arrêt les exposés
de leur opinion individuelle ; Mme la juge Donoghue joint à l’arrêt l’exposé
de son opinion dissidente ; MM. les juges Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson
et M. le juge ad hoc Brower joignent des déclarations à l’arrêt.
(Paraphé) R.A.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
delimitation of the continental shelf (judgment) 140
44
(2) (a) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá, to entertain the First Request put forward by the Republic of
Nicaragua ;
(b) By eight votes to eight, by the President’s casting vote,
Finds that the First Request put forward by the Republic of Nicaragua
in its Application is admissible.
in favour : President Abraham ; Judges Owada, Tomka, Bennouna,
Greenwood, Sebutinde, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Skotnikov ;
against : Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson ; Judge ad hoc Brower.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of March, two thousand
and sixteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic of Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of
Colombia, respectively.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Vice-President
Yusuf, Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Gaja,
Bhandari, Robinson and Judge ad hoc Brower append a joint
dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ; Judges Owada and
Greenwood append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judge Donoghue appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the
Court ; Judges Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson and Judge ad hoc Brower
append declarations to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R.A.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary objections

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 17 March 2016

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