Judgment of 17 March 2016

Document Number
155-20160317-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

17 MARCH 2016

JUDGMENT

ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS AND
MARITIME SPACES IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

___________

VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES DE DROITS SOUVERAINS ET
D’ESPACES MARITIMES DANS LA MER DES CARAÏBES

(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)

EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES

17 MARS 2016

ARRÊT TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-14

I. NTRODUCTION 15-19

II. IRST PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 20-48

III. ECOND PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 49-79
IV. THIRD PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 80-101

V. FOURTH PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 102-104

VI. FIFTH PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 105-110

O PERATIVE CLAUSE 111

___________ INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2016
2016
17 March
General List
No. 155
17 March 2016

ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS AND
MARITIME SPACES IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

Colombia’s first preliminary objection.

Contentions by Colombia  The Court lacks jurisdiction ratione temporis under Pact of
Bogotá  Denunciation of Pact governed by Article LVI  Immediate effect of notification of
denunciation.

Contentions by Nicaragua  Article XXXI of Pact grants jurisdiction so long as treaty

remains in force  Under Article LVI, Pact remains in force for one year from date of notification
of denunciation  The Court has jurisdiction ratione temporis as Nicaragua’s Application was
filed less than one year after Colombia gave notification of denunciation.

Analysis of the Court  Critical date for establishing jurisdiction  Effects of denunciation
determined by first paragraph of Article LVI  Question whether second paragraph of Article LVI

alters effect of first paragraph  Second paragraph confirms that procedures instituted before
notification of denunciation can continue irrespective of that denunciation  Proceedings
instituted during one-year notice period are proceedings instituted while Pact still in force  - 2 -

Colombia’s interpretation would result in most of the Articles of the Pact losing effect while Pact

still in force  Colombia’s interpretation not consistent with object and purpose of Pact 
Colombia’s interpretation not necessary to give effet utile to second paragraph of Article LVI 
Colombia’s first preliminary objection rejected.

*

Colombia’s second preliminary objection according to which no dispute existed between the
Parties prior to filing of Application.

Critical date  Existence of a dispute between the parties a condition of the Court’s
jurisdiction  Two principal claims submitted by Nicaragua  First claim concerns Colombia’s
alleged violations of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones declared by the Court in

2012 Judgment to appertain to Nicaragua  Second claim concerns alleged breach of Colombia’s
obligation not to use or threaten to use force.

Contentions by Colombia  Prior to critical date, Nicaragua never raised any complaints
regarding alleged violations by Colombia  Colombia never repudiated 2012 Judgment 
Presidential Decree 1946 on an “Integral Contiguous Zone” did not concern any issue addressed

by the Court  No evidence of confrontation between naval forces of both Parties.

Contentions by Nicaragua  Senior Government officials of Colombia publicly repudiated
2012 Judgment  “Integral Contiguous Zone” contained in Decree 1946 not consistent with
international law  Decree 1946 purports to attribute to Colombia maritime areas that the Court

determined in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua  Colombia alleged to have regularly
harassed Nicaraguan fishing vessels in Nicaraguan waters.

Analysis of the Court  Nicaragua’s first claim  Parties took different positions on legal
implications of Colombia’s proclamation of an “Integral Contiguous Zone” in Decree 1946  No
rebuttal by Colombia that it continued exercising jurisdiction in maritime spaces that Nicaragua

claimed as its own  Formal protest not a necessary condition for existence of a dispute  At
date of filing of Application, a dispute existed concerning Nicaragua’s first claim  Nicaragua’s
second claim  No evidence that Colombia used or threatened to use force in area in question
before critical date  Colombia’s second preliminary objection rejected with regard to
Nicaragua’s first claim and upheld with regard to its second claim.

* - 3 -

Colombia’s third preliminary objection.

Contentions by Colombia  The Court lacks jurisdiction because requirements contained in
Article II of Pact have not been met  Opinion of both parties that dispute could not be settled by
negotiations is necessary  The two sides remained willing to settle their differences through
direct negotiations.

Contentions by Nicaragua  Article II of Pact requires that one of the parties was of

opinion that dispute could not be settled by negotiations  Parties did not consider settlement of
dispute possible  Nicaragua’s willingness to negotiate a treaty with Colombia limited to
implementation of 2012 Judgment  Subject-matter for negotiations between the Parties entirely
unrelated to subject-matter of dispute.

The Court’s consideration of Article II of Pact  Discrepancy between French text and
other three official texts of Article II  Approach taken in 1988 Judgment  No need to resolve
problem posed by textual discrepancy  The issues identified for possible dialogue between the
Parties are different to subject-matter of dispute  No evidence that the Parties contemplated
negotiations on subject-matter of dispute at date of filing of Application  Colombia’s third

preliminary objection rejected.

*

Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection according to which the Court has no “inherent
jurisdiction” to entertain dispute.

Jurisdiction already established on basis of Article XXXI of Pact to entertain Nicaragua’s
first claim  No need for the Court to deal with Nicaragua’s allegation of “inherent
jurisdiction”  No ground for the Court to rule upon Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection.

*

Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection according to which the Court cannot entertain a
dispute related to compliance with a prior judgment.

No need to rule on Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection in so far as it relates to inherent
jurisdiction  The fifth preliminary objection to be addressed in so far as it relates to jurisdiction

under Pact of Bogotá  Nicaragua does not seek to enforce 2012 Judgment  Colombia’s fifth
preliminary objection rejected. - 4 -

JUDGMENT

Present: President ABRAHAM ; Vice-President Y USUF; Judges O WADA , TOMKA , ENNOUNA ,

C ANÇADO T RINDADE , GREENWOOD , XUE , ONOGHUE , GAJA , EBUTINDE , BHANDARI ,
R OBINSON , GEVORGIAN ; Judges ad hoc DAUDET , CARON ; Registrar OUVREUR .

In the case concerning alleged violations of sovereign rights and maritime spaces in the
Caribbean Sea,

between

the Republic of Nicaragua,

represented by

H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nicaragua to the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

as Agent and Counsel;

Mr. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., member of the Bar of England and Wales, Emeritus Professor of
International Law, Oxford University, member of the Institut de droit international,

Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea, Professor of
International Law of the Sea, Utrecht University,

Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor at the Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
former member and Chairman of the International Law Commission, member of the
Institut de droit international,

Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, Professor of International Law, Universidad Autónoma de
Madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,

as Counsel and Advocates;

Mr. César Vega Masís, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Director of Juridical Affairs,
Sovereignty and Territory, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Walner Molina Pérez, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Counsel; - 5 -

Mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, Counsellor, Embassy of Nicaragua in the Kingdomof the
Netherlands,

Ms Claudia Loza Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,

Mr. Benjamin Samson, Ph.D. Candidate, Centre de droit international de Nanterre (CEDIN),
Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,

Ms Gimena González,

as Assistant Counsel;

Ms Sherly Noguera de Argüello, Consul General of the Republic of Nicaragua,

as Administrator,

and

the Republic of Colombia,

represented by

H.E. Ms María Ángela Holguín Cuéllar, Minister for Foreign Affairs,

H.E. Mr. Francisco Echeverri Lara, Vice Minister of Multilateral Affairs, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,

as National Authorities;

H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla, former Judge of the Council of State of Colombia,
former Attorney General of Colombia and former Ambassador of Colombia to the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

as Agent;

H.E. Mr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa, former President of the Constitutional Court of
Colombia, former Permanent Delegate of Colombia to UNESCO and former Ambassador
of Colombia to the Swiss Confederation,

as Co-Agent;

Mr. W. Michael Reisman, McDougal Professor of International Law at Yale Law School,
member of the Institut de droit international,

Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, former avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, member of the New York
Bar, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,

Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the Bar of England and Wales, member of the
International Law Commission, - 6 -

Mr. Tullio Treves, member of the Institut de droit international, Senior Public International
Law Consultant, Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, Milan, Professor, University

of Milan,

Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, member of the International Law Commission, President of
the Latin American Society of International Law,

Mr. Matthias Herdegen, Dr. h.c., Professor of International Law, Director of the Institute of
International Law at the University of Bonn,

as Counsel and Advocates;

H.E. Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia to the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative of Colombia to the Organisation
for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, former Permanent Representative of Colombia
to the United Nations in Geneva,

H.E. Mr. Andelfo García González, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia to the

Kingdom of Thailand, Professor of International Law, former Deputy Minister for
Foreign Affairs,

Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, Embassy of the Republic of Colombia in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

Ms Lucía Solano Ramírez, Second Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Colombia in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

Mr. Andrés Villegas Jaramillo, Co-ordinator, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Giovanny Andrés Vega Barbosa, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,

Ms Ana María Durán López, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Camilo Alberto Gómez Niño, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,

Mr. Juan David Veloza Chará, Third Secretary, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,

as Legal Advisers;

Rear Admiral Luís Hernán Espejo, National Navy of Colombia,

CN William Pedroza, International Affairs Bureau, National Navy of Colombia, - 7 -

CF Hermann León, National Maritime Authority (DIMAR), National Navy of Colombia,

Mr. Scott Edmonds, Cartographer, International Mapping,

Mr. Thomas Frogh, Cartographer, International Mapping,

as Technical Advisers;

Ms Charis Tan, Advocate and Solicitor, Singapore, member of the New York Bar, Solicitor,

England and Wales, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,

Mr. Eran Sthoeger, LL.M., New York University School of Law,

Mr. Renato Raymundo Treves, Associate, Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, Milan,

Mr. Lorenzo Palestini, Ph.D. Candidate, Graduate Institute of International and Development
Studies, Geneva,

as Legal Assistants,

T HE COURT ,

composed as above,

after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:

1. On 26 November 2013, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter
“Nicaragua”) filed with the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the

Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) concerning a dispute in relation to “the violations
of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and maritime zones declared by the Court’s Judgment of
19 November 2012 [in the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia)] and the threat of the use of force by Colombia in order to implement these violations”.

In its Application, Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on Article XXXI of
the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement signed on 30 April 1948, officially designated,

according to Article LX thereof, as the “Pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such).

Nicaragua states that, alternatively, the jurisdiction of the Court “lies in its inherent power to
pronounce on the actions required by its Judgments”. - 8 -

2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Registrar

immediately communicated the Application to the Government of Colombia; and, under
paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the
Application.

3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of either of the
Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of
the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. Nicaragua first chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume,

who resigned on 8 September 2015, and subsequently Mr. Yves Daudet. Colombia chose
Mr. David Caron.

4. By an Order of 3 February 2014, the Court fixed 3 October 2014 as the time-limit for the
filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 3 June 2015 for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of
Colombia. Nicaragua filed its Memorial within the time-limit so prescribed.

5. On 19 December 2014, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. Consequently, by
an Order of 19 December 2014, the President, noting that, by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended, and taking account of Practice
Direction V, fixed 20 April 2015 as the time-limit for the presentation by Nicaragua of a written
statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by Colombia.
Nicaragua filed its statement within the prescribed time-limit. The case thus became ready for

hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.

6. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of Bogotá the notifications provided for in
Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In accordance with the provisions of
Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar moreover addressed to the
Organization of American States (hereinafter the “OAS”) the notification provided for in

Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court. As provided for in Article 69, paragraph 3, of
the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted the written pleadings to the OAS and asked that
Organization whether or not it intended to furnish observations in writing within the meaning of
that Article. The Registrar further stated that, in view of the fact that the current phase of the
proceedings related to the question of jurisdiction, any written observations should be limited to
that question. The Secretary General of the OAS indicated that the Organization did not intend to
submit any such observations.

7. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Government of the
Republic of Chile asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the
case. Having ascertained the views of the Parties in accordance with that same provision, the
President of the Court decided to grant that request. The Registrar duly communicated that
decision to the Government of Chile and to the Parties. - 9 -

Pursuant to the same provision of the Rules, the Government of the Republic of Panama also
asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the case. This

request was communicated to the Parties in order to ascertain their views. By letter dated
22 July 2015, the Agent of Nicaragua stated that his Government had no objection to Panama being
furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the case. For its part, by letter
dated 27 July 2015, the Agent of Colombia indicated that although his Government had no
objection to Panama being furnished with copies of the preliminary objections filed by Colombia
and Nicaragua’s written statement of its observations and submissions, it did object to the
Memorial of Nicaragua being made available to Panama. Taking into account the views of the

Parties, the Court decided that copies of the preliminary objections filed by Colombia and
Nicaragua’s written statement of its observations and submissions on those objections would be
made available to the Government of Panama. The Court, however, decided that it would not be
appropriate to furnish Panama with copies of the Memorial of Nicaragua. The Registrar duly
communicated that decision to the Government of Panama and to the Parties.

8. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court, after ascertaining the

views of the Parties, decided that copies of the preliminary objections of Colombia and the written
observations of Nicaragua would be made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral
proceedings.

9. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Colombia were held from Monday
28 September 2015 to Friday 2 October 2015, at which the Court heard the oral arguments and
replies of:

For Colombia: H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. W. Michael Reisman,
Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina,
Mr. Tullio Treves.

For Nicaragua: H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe,
Mr. Alain Pellet.

10. At the hearings, a Member of the Court put questions to the Parties, to which replies

were given in writing, within the time-limit fixed by the President in accordance with Article 61,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. Pursuant to Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each of the Parties
submitted comments on the written replies provided by the other.

* - 10 -

11. In the Application, the following claims were presented by Nicaragua:

“On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, Nicaragua, while
reserving the right to supplement, amend or modify this Application, requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia is in breach of:

 its obligation not to use or threaten to use force under Article 2 (4) of the
UN Charter and international customary law;

 its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited in
paragraph 251 of the ICJ Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones;

 its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s rights under customary international law
as reflected in Parts V and VI of UNCLOS;

 and that, consequently, Colombia is bound to comply with the Judgment of
19 November 2012, wipe out the legal and material consequences of its
internationally wrongful acts, and make full reparation for the harm caused by
those acts.”

12. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions were presented on

behalf of the Government of Nicaragua in its Memorial:

“1. For the reasons given in the present Memorial, the Republic of Nicaragua
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that, by its conduct, the Republic of
Colombia has breached:

(a) its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited in
paragraph 251 of the Court Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as Nicaragua’s

sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones;

(b) its obligation not to use or threaten to use force under Article 2 (4) of the
UN Charter and international customary law;

(c) and that, consequently, Colombia has the obligation to wipe out the legal and
material consequences of its internationally wrongful acts, and make full
reparation for the harm caused by those acts.

2. Nicaragua also requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia must: - 11 -

(a) cease all its continuing internationally wrongful acts that affect or are likely to
affect the rights of Nicaragua.

(b) Inasmuch as possible, restore the situation to the status quo ante, in

(i) revoking laws and regulations enacted by Colombia, which are incompatible
with the Court’s Judgment of 19 November 2012 including the provisions in
the Decrees 1946 of 9 September 2013 and 1119 of 17 June 2014 to maritime
areas which have been recognized as being under the jurisdiction or
sovereign rights of Nicaragua;

(ii) revoking permits granted to fishing vessels operating in Nicaraguan waters;
and

(iii) ensuring that the decision of the Constitutional Court of Colombia of
2 May 2014 or of any other National Authority will not bar compliance with
the 19 November 2012 Judgment of the Court.

(c) Compensate for all damages caused in so far as they are not made good by
restitution, including loss of profits resulting from the loss of investment caused
by the threatening statements of Colombia’s highest authorities, including the
threat or use of force by the Colombian Navy against Nicaraguan fishing boats [or
ships exploring and exploiting the soil and subsoil of Nicaragua’s continental
shelf] and third State fishing boats licensed by Nicaragua as well as from the
exploitation of Nicaraguan waters by fishing vessels unlawfully ‘authorized’ by

Colombia, with the amount of the compensation to be determined in a subsequent
phase of the case.

(d) Give appropriate guarantees of non-repetition of its internationally wrongful acts.”

13. In the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the
Government of Colombia:

“For the reasons set forth in this Pleading, the Republic of Colombia requests
the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought
by Nicaragua in its Application of 26 November 2013.”

In the written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections
raised by Colombia, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of
Nicaragua: - 12 -

“For the above reasons, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court to adjudge

and declare that the Preliminary Objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia in
respect of the jurisdiction of the Court are invalid.”

14. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties:

On behalf of the Government of Colombia,

at the hearing of 30 September 2015:

“For the reasons set forth in [its] written and oral pleadings on preliminary
objections, the Republic of Colombia requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it
lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought by Nicaragua in its Application of
26 November 2013 and that said Application should be dismissed.”

On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,

at the hearing of 2 October 2015:

“In view of the reasons Nicaragua has presented in its Written Observations and
during the hearings, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court:

 to reject the preliminary objections of the Republic of Colombia; and

 to proceed with the examination of the merits of the case.”

*

* *

I. NTRODUCTION

15. It is recalled that in the present proceedings, Nicaragua seeks to found the Court’s
jurisdiction on Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. According to this provision, the parties to the
Pact recognize the Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory in “all disputes of a juridical nature” (see
paragraph 21 below). - 13 -

16. Alternatively, Nicaragua maintains that the Court has an inherent jurisdiction to entertain

disputes regarding non-compliance with its judgments and that in the present proceedings, such an
inherent jurisdiction exists, given that the current dispute arises from non-compliance by Colombia
with its Judgment of 19 November 2012 in the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute
(Nicaragua v. Colombia) (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 624) (hereinafter the “2012 Judgment”).

17. Colombia has raised five preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court.
According to the first objection, the Court lacks jurisdiction ratione temporis under the Pact of

Bogotá because the proceedings were instituted by Nicaragua on 26 November 2013, after
Colombia’s notice of denunciation of the Pact on 27 November 2012. In its second objection,
Colombia argues that, even if the Court does not uphold the first objection, the Court still has no
jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá because there was no dispute between the Parties as at
26 November 2013, the date when the Application was filed. Colombia contends in its third
objection that, even if the Court does not uphold the first objection, the Court still has no
jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá because, at the time of the filing of the Application, the

Parties were not of the opinion that the purported controversy “[could not] be settled by direct
negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels”, as is required, in Colombia’s view, by
Article II of the Pact of Bogotá before resorting to the dispute resolution procedures of the Pact. In
its fourth objection, Colombia contests Nicaragua’s assertion that the Court has an “inherent
jurisdiction” enabling it to pronounce itself on the alleged non-compliance with a previous
judgment. Finally, according to Colombia’s fifth objection, the Court has no jurisdiction with
regard to compliance with a prior judgment, which is, in its opinion, the real subject-matter of

Nicaragua’s claims in the present proceedings.

18. In its written observations and final submissions during the oral proceedings, Nicaragua
requested the Court to reject Colombia’s preliminary objections in their entirety (see paragraphs 13
and 14 above).

19. The Court will now consider these objections in the order presented by Colombia.

II.F IRST PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

20. Colombia’s first preliminary objection is that Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá cannot
provide a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, because Colombia had given notification of
denunciation of the Pact before Nicaragua filed its Application in the present case. According to
Colombia, that notification had an immediate effect upon the jurisdiction of the Court under

Article XXXI, with the result that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of any proceedings
instituted after the notification was transmitted.

21. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá provides: - 14 -

“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare that they recognize, in relation

to any other American State, the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory ipso facto,
without the necessity of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in
force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning:

(a) [t]he interpretation of a treaty;

(b) [a]ny question of international law;

(c) [t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an
international obligation;

(d) [t]he nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an
international obligation.”

22. Denunciation of the Pact of Bogotá is governed by Article LVI, which reads:

“The present treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be denounced
upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall cease to be in force with
respect to the State denouncing it, but shall continue in force for the remaining
signatories. The denunciation shall be addressed to the Pan American Union, which
shall transmit it to the other Contracting Parties.

The denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures

initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification.”

23. On 27 November 2012, Colombia gave notice of denunciation by means of a diplomatic
Note from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to the Secretary General of the OAS as head of the
General Secretariat of the OAS (the successor to the Pan American Union). That notice stated that
Colombia’s denunciation “takes effect as of today with regard to procedures that are initiated after
the present notice, in conformity with [the] second paragraph of Article LVI”.

24. The Application in the present case was submitted to the Court after the transmission of
Colombia’s notification of denunciation but before the one-year period referred to in the first
paragraph of Article LVI had elapsed.

* * - 15 -

25. Colombia maintains that Article LVI of the Pact of Bogotá should be interpreted in

accordance with the customary international law rules on treaty interpretation enshrined in
Articles 31 to 33 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter, the “Vienna
Convention”). Colombia relies, in particular, on the general rule of interpretation in Article 31 of
the Vienna Convention, which requires that “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in
accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in
the light of its object and purpose”. According to Colombia, the application of the general rule of
treaty interpretation must lead to the conclusion that procedures initiated after transmission of a

notification of denunciation are affected by the denunciation.

26. Colombia contends that the natural implication of the express provision in the second
paragraph of Article LVI of the Pact that denunciation shall have no effect on pending procedures
initiated before the transmission of a notification is that denunciation is effective with regard to
procedures initiated after that date. Such effect must follow, according to Colombia, from the
application to the second paragraph of Article LVI of an a contrario interpretation of the kind

applied by the Court in its Judgment of 16 April 2013 in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute
(Burkina Faso/Niger) (I.C.J. Reports 2013, pp. 81-82, paras. 87-88). Moreover, to adopt a
different interpretation would deny effet utile to the second paragraph and thus run counter to the
principle that all of the words in a treaty should be given effect. Colombia refutes the suggestion
that its interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would deny effet utile to the first
paragraph of that provision. Even though Colombia accepts that its interpretation would mean that
none of the different procedures provided for in Chapters Two to Five of the Pact could be initiated

by, or against, a State which had given notification of denunciation during the year that the treaty
remained in force in accordance with the first paragraph of Article LVI, it maintains that important
substantive obligations contained in the other Chapters of the Pact would nevertheless remain in
force during the one-year period, so that the first paragraph of Article LVI would have a clear
effect.

27. Colombia argues that its interpretation of Article LVI is confirmed by the fact that if the

parties to the Pact had wanted to provide that denunciation would not affect any procedures
initiated during the one-year period of notice, they could easily have said so expressly, namely by
adopting a wording similar to provisions in other treaties, such as Article 58, paragraph 2, of the
1950 European Convention on Human Rights, or Article 40, paragraph 2, of the 1972 European
Convention on State Immunity. Colombia also observes that the function and language of
Article XXXI are very similar to those of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and
that States generally reserve the right to withdraw their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2,

without notice.

28. Finally, Colombia maintains that its interpretation is “also consistent with the State
practice of the parties to the Pact” and the travaux préparatoires. With regard to the first
argument, it points to the absence of any reaction, including from Nicaragua, to Colombia’s notice
of denunciation, notwithstanding the clear statement therein that the denunciation was to take effect
as of the date of the notice “with regard to procedures . . . initiated after the present notice”. It also

emphasizes that there was no reaction from other parties to the Pact when El Salvador gave notice
of denunciation in 1973, notwithstanding that El Salvador’s notification of denunciation stated that
the denunciation “will begin to take effect as of today”. With regard to the travaux préparatoires, - 16 -

Colombia contends that the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken from Article 9 of the
1929 General Treaty of Inter-American Arbitration (and the parallel provision in Article 16 of the

1929 General Convention of Inter-American Conciliation). Colombia maintains that what became
the second paragraph of Article LVI was added as the result of an initiative taken by the United
States of America in 1938 which was accepted by the Inter-American Juridical Committee in 1947
and incorporated into the text which was signed in 1948. According to Colombia, this history
shows that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to incorporate a provision which limited the
effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI.

*

29. Nicaragua contends that the jurisdiction of the Court is determined by Article XXXI of
the Pact of Bogotá, according to which Colombia and Nicaragua had each recognized the
jurisdiction of the Court “so long as the present Treaty is in force”. How long the treaty remains in

force is determined by the first paragraph of Article LVI, which provides that the Pact remains in
force for a State which has given notification of denunciation for one year from the date of that
notification. Since the date on which the jurisdiction of the Court has to be established is that on
which the Application is filed, and since Nicaragua’s Application was filed less than one year after
Colombia gave notification of its denunciation of the Pact, it follows  according to Nicaragua 
that the Court has jurisdiction in the present case. Nicaragua maintains that nothing in the second
paragraph of Article LVI runs counter to that conclusion and no inference should be drawn from

the silence of that paragraph regarding procedures commenced between the transmission of the
notification of denunciation and the date on which the treaty is terminated for the denouncing State;
in any event, such inference could not prevail over the express language of Article XXXI and the
first paragraph of Article LVI.

30. That conclusion is reinforced, in Nicaragua’s view, by consideration of the object and
purpose of the Pact. Nicaragua recalls that, according to the Court, “[i]t is . . . quite clear from the

Pact that the purpose of the American States in drafting it was to reinforce their mutual
commitments with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89,
para. 46). Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would, Nicaragua
maintains, deprive of all meaning the express provision of Article XXXI that the parties to the Pact
accept the jurisdiction of the Court so long as the Pact is in force between them, as well as the
express provision of Article LVI that the Pact remains in force for one year after notification of

denunciation. According to Nicaragua, it would also render the purpose of the Pact  as defined
by the Court  unachievable during the one-year notice period.

31. Nicaragua disputes Colombia’s argument that the Colombian interpretation of the second
paragraph of Article LVI would still leave important obligations in place during the one-year
period of notice. According to Nicaragua, the Colombian interpretation would remove from the

effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI all of the procedures for good offices and mediation
(Chapter Two of the Pact), investigation and conciliation (Chapter Three), judicial settlement - 17 -

(Chapter Four) and arbitration (Chapter Five), which together comprise forty-one of the

sixty articles of the Pact. Of the remaining provisions, several  such as Article LII on ratification
of the Pact and Article LIV on adherence to the Pact  are provisions which have entirely served
their purpose and would fulfil no function during the one-year period of notice, while others 
such as Articles III to VI  are inextricably linked to the procedures in Chapters Two to Five and
impose no obligations independent of those procedures. Colombia’s interpretation of Article LVI
would thus leave only six of the Pact’s sixty articles with any function during the period of one

year prescribed by the first paragraph of Article LVI. Nicaragua also notes that the title of
Chapter One of the Pact is “General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific Means” and contends
that it would be strange to interpret Article LVI of the Pact as maintaining this Chapter in force
between a State which had given notice of denunciation and the other parties to the Pact, but not
the Chapters containing the very means to which Chapter One refers.

32. Finally, Nicaragua denies that the practice of the parties to the Pact of Bogotá or the

travaux préparatoires support Colombia’s interpretation. So far as practice is concerned,
Nicaragua maintains that nothing can be read into the absence of a response to the notices of
denunciation by El Salvador and Colombia as there was no obligation on other parties to the Pact to
respond. As for the travaux préparatoires, they suggest no reason why what became the second
paragraph of Article LVI was included or what it was intended to mean. Most importantly, the
travaux préparatoires contain nothing which suggests that the parties to the Pact intended, by the
addition of what became the second paragraph, to restrict the scope of the first paragraph of

Article LVI. In Nicaragua’s view, the second paragraph of Article LVI, while not necessary,
serves a useful purpose in making clear that denunciation does not affect pending procedures.

* *

33. The Court recalls that the date at which its jurisdiction has to be established is the date on
which the application is filed with the Court (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, pp. 437-438, paras. 79-80; Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 613, para. 26). One consequence of this rule is
that “the removal, after an application has been filed, of an element on which the Court’s

jurisdiction is dependent does not and cannot have any retroactive effect” (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 80). Thus, even if the treaty
provision by which jurisdiction is conferred on the Court ceases to be in force between the
applicant and the respondent, or either party’s declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court expires or is withdrawn, after the application has been filed, that fact does not
deprive the Court of jurisdiction. As the Court held, in the Nottebohm case: - 18 -

“When an Application is filed at a time when the law in force between the
parties entails the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court . . . the filing of the Application

is merely the condition required to enable the clause of compulsory jurisdiction to
produce its effects in respect of the claim advanced in the Application. Once this
condition has been satisfied, the Court must deal with the claim; it has jurisdiction to
deal with all its aspects, whether they relate to jurisdiction, to admissibility or to the
merits. An extrinsic fact such as the subsequent lapse of the Declaration, by reason of
the expiry of the period or by denunciation, cannot deprive the Court of the
jurisdiction already established.” (Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala),

Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 123.)

34. By Article XXXI, the Parties to the Pact of Bogotá recognize as compulsory the
jurisdiction of the Court, “so long as the present Treaty is in force”. The first paragraph of
Article LVI provides that, following the denunciation of the Pact by a State party, the Pact shall
remain in force between the denouncing State and the other parties for a period of one year
following the notification of denunciation. It is not disputed that, if these provisions stood alone,

they would be sufficient to confer jurisdiction in the present case. The Pact was still in force
between Colombia and Nicaragua on the date that the Application was filed and, in accordance
with the rule considered in paragraph 33 above, the fact that the Pact subsequently ceased to be in
force between them would not affect that jurisdiction. The only question raised by Colombia’s first
preliminary objection, therefore, is whether the second paragraph of Article LVI so alters what
would otherwise have been the effect of the first paragraph as to require the conclusion that the
Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of the proceedings, notwithstanding that those proceedings were

instituted while the Pact was still in force between Nicaragua and Colombia.

35. That question has to be answered by the application to the relevant provisions of the Pact
of Bogotá of the rules on treaty interpretation enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the
Vienna Convention. Although that Convention is not in force between the Parties and is not, in any
event, applicable to treaties concluded before it entered into force, such as the Pact of Bogotá, it is
well established that Articles 31 to 33 of the Convention reflect rules of customary international

law (Avena and other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2004 (I), p. 48, para. 83; LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 502, para. 101; Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 812, para. 23; Territorial
Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 21, para. 41; Arbitral
Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 70, para. 48).
The Parties agree that these rules are applicable. Article 31, which states the general rule of

interpretation, requires that “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the
ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object
and purpose”.

36. Colombia’s argument regarding the interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI
is based not upon the ordinary meaning of the terms used in that provision but upon an inference
which might be drawn from what that paragraph does not say. That paragraph is silent with regard

to procedures initiated after the transmission of the notification of denunciation but before the - 19 -

expiration of the one-year period referred to in the first paragraph of Article LVI. Colombia asks
the Court to draw from that silence the inference that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of

proceedings initiated after notification of denunciation has been given. According to Colombia,
that inference should be drawn even though the Pact remains in force for the State making that
denunciation, because the one-year period of notice stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI
has not yet elapsed. That inference is said to follow from an a contrario reading of the provision.

37. An a contrario reading of a treaty provision  by which the fact that the provision

expressly provides for one category of situations is said to justify the inference that other
comparable categories are excluded  has been employed by both the present Court (see,
e.g., Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application by Honduras for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 432, para. 29) and the Permanent
Court of International Justice (S.S. “Wimbledon”, Judgment, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1,
pp. 23-24). Such an interpretation is only warranted, however, when it is appropriate in light of the
text of all the provisions concerned, their context and the object and purpose of the treaty.

Moreover, even where an a contrario interpretation is justified, it is important to determine
precisely what inference its application requires in any given case.

38. The second paragraph of Article LVI states that “[t]he denunciation shall have no effect
with respect to pending procedures initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification”.
However, it is not the denunciation per se that is capable of having an effect upon the jurisdiction
of the Court under Article XXXI of the Pact, but the termination of the treaty (as between the

denouncing State and the other parties) which results from the denunciation. That follows both
from the terms of Article XXXI, which provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the
jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory inter se “so long as the present Treaty is in force”, and from
the ordinary meaning of the words used in Article LVI. The first paragraph of Article LVI
provides that the treaty may be terminated by denunciation, but that termination will occur only
after a period of one year from the notification of denunciation. It is, therefore, this first paragraph
which determines the effects of denunciation. The second paragraph of Article LVI confirms that

procedures instituted before the transmission of the notification of denunciation can continue
irrespective of the denunciation and thus that their continuation is ensured irrespective of the
provisions of the first paragraph on the effects of denunciation as a whole.

39. Colombia’s argument is that if one applies an a contrario interpretation to the second
paragraph of Article LVI, then it follows from the statement that “denunciation shall have no effect
with respect to pending procedures initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification

[of denunciation]” that denunciation does have an effect upon procedures instituted after the
transmission of that notification. Colombia maintains that the effect is that any procedures
instituted after that date fall altogether outside the treaty. In the case of proceedings at the Court
commenced after that date, Colombia maintains that they would, therefore, fall outside the
jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI. However, such an interpretation runs counter to the
language of Article XXXI, which provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction of
the Court as compulsory “so long as the present Treaty is in force”. - 20 -

The second paragraph of Article LVI is open to a different interpretation, which is
compatible with the language of Article XXXI. According to this interpretation, whereas

proceedings instituted before transmission of notification of denunciation can continue in any event
and are thus not subject to the first paragraph of Article LVI, the effect of denunciation on
proceedings instituted after that date is governed by the first paragraph. Since the first paragraph
provides that denunciation terminates the treaty for the denouncing State only after a period of one
year has elapsed, proceedings instituted during that year are instituted while the Pact is still in
force. They are thus within the scope of the jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI.

40. Moreover, in accordance with the rule of interpretation enshrined in Article 31,
paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention, the text of the second paragraph of Article LVI has to be
examined in its context. Colombia admits (see paragraph 26 above) that its reading of the second
paragraph has the effect that, during the one-year period which the first paragraph of Article LVI
establishes between the notification of denunciation and the termination of the treaty for the
denouncing State, none of the procedures for settlement of disputes established by Chapters Two to
Five of the Pact could be invoked as between a denouncing State and any other party to the Pact.

According to Colombia, only the provisions of the other chapters of the Pact would remain in force
between a denouncing State and the other parties, during the one-year period of notice. However,
Chapters Two to Five contain all of the provisions of the Pact dealing with the different procedures
for the peaceful settlement of disputes and, as the Court will explain, play a central role within the
structure of obligations laid down by the Pact. The result of Colombia’s proposed interpretation of
the second paragraph of Article LVI would be that, during the year following notification of
denunciation, most of the Articles of the Pact, containing its most important provisions, would not

apply between the denouncing State and the other parties. Such a result is difficult to reconcile
with the express terms of the first paragraph of Article LVI, which provides that “the present
Treaty” shall remain in force during the one-year period without distinguishing between different
parts of the Pact as Colombia seeks to do.

41. It is also necessary to consider whether Colombia’s interpretation is consistent with the
object and purpose of the Pact of Bogotá. That object and purpose are suggested by the full title of

the Pact, namely the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement. The preamble indicates that the Pact
was adopted in fulfilment of Article XXIII of the Charter of the OAS. Article XXIII (now
Article XXVII) provides that:

“A special treaty will establish adequate means for the settlement of disputes
and will determine pertinent procedures for each peaceful means such that no dispute
between American States may remain without definitive settlement within a

reasonable period of time.”

That emphasis on establishing means for the peaceful settlement of disputes as the object and
purpose of the Pact is reinforced by the provisions of Chapter One of the Pact, which is entitled
“General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific Means”. Article I provides:

“The High Contracting Parties, solemnly reaffirming their commitments made
in earlier international conventions and declarations, as well as in the Charter of the

United Nations, agree to refrain from the threat or the use of force, or from any other
means of coercion for the settlement of their controversies, and to have recourse at all
times to pacific procedures.” - 21 -

Article II provides:

“The High Contracting Parties recognize the obligation to settle international
controversies by regional pacific procedures before referring them to the Security
Council of the United Nations.

Consequently, in the event that a controversy arises between two or more
signatory States which, in the opinion of the parties, cannot be settled by direct
negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels, the parties bind themselves to use
the procedures established in the present Treaty, in the manner and under the

conditions provided for in the following articles, or, alternatively, such special
procedures as, in their opinion, will permit them to arrive at a solution.”

Finally, the Court recalls that, in its 1988 Judgment in the Armed Actions case, quoted at
paragraph 30 above, it held that “the purpose of the American States in drafting [the Pact] was to
reinforce their mutual commitments with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J.

Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46).

42. These factors make clear that the object and purpose of the Pact is to further the peaceful
settlement of disputes through the procedures provided for in the Pact. Although Colombia argues
that the reference to “regional . . . procedures” in the first paragraph of Article II is not confined to
the procedures set out in the Pact, Article II has to be interpreted as a whole. It is clear from the
use of the word “consequently” at the beginning of the second paragraph of Article II that the

obligation to resort to regional procedures, which the parties “recognize” in the first paragraph, is
to be given effect by employing the procedures laid down in Chapters Two to Five of the Pact.
Colombia maintains that its interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would leave
Article II  which contains one of the core obligations in the Pact  in effect during the one-year
period. The Court observes, however, that Colombia’s interpretation would deprive both the
denouncing State and, to the extent that they have a controversy with the denouncing State, all
other parties of access to the very procedures designed to give effect to that obligation to resort to

regional procedures. As the Court has already explained (see paragraph 36 above), that
interpretation is said to follow not from the express terms of the second paragraph of Article LVI
but from an inference which, according to Colombia, must be drawn from the silence of that
paragraph regarding proceedings instituted during the one-year period. The Court sees no basis on
which to draw from that silence an inference that would not be consistent with the object and
purpose of the Pact of Bogotá.

43. An essential part of Colombia’s argument is that its interpretation is necessary to give
effet utile to the second paragraph of Article LVI. Colombia maintains that if the effect of the
second paragraph is confined to ensuring that procedures commenced before the date of
transmission of the notification of denunciation can continue after that date, then the provision is
superfluous. The rule that events occurring after the date on which an application is filed do not
deprive the Court of jurisdiction which existed on that date (see paragraph 33 above) would ensure,
in any event, that denunciation of the Pact would not affect procedures already instituted prior to

denunciation. - 22 -

The Court has recognized that, in general, the interpretation of a treaty should seek to give
effect to every term in that treaty and that no provision should be interpreted in a way that renders

it devoid of purport or effect (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 125-126, para. 133; Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v.
Albania), Merits, Judgments, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 24). There are occasions, however, when the
parties to a treaty adopt a provision for the avoidance of doubt even if such a provision is not
strictly necessary. For example, Article LVIII of the Pact of Bogotá provides that certain earlier
Inter-American treaties shall cease to have effect with respect to parties to the Pact as soon as the

Pact comes into force. Article LIX then provides that the provisions of Article LVIII “shall not
apply to procedures already initiated or agreed upon” in accordance with any of those earlier
treaties. While neither Party made reference to these provisions, if one applies to them the
approach suggested by Colombia with regard to Article LVI, then Article LIX must be considered
unnecessary. It appears that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá considered that it was desirable to
include Article LIX out of an abundance of caution. The fact that the parties to the Pact considered
that including Article LIX served a useful purpose even though it was not strictly necessary

undermines Colombia’s argument that the similar provision in the second paragraph of Article LVI
could not have been included for that reason.

44. The Court also considers that, in seeking to determine the meaning of the second
paragraph of Article LVI, it should not adopt an interpretation which renders the first paragraph of
that Article devoid of purport or effect. The first paragraph provides that the Pact shall remain in
force for a period of one year following notification of denunciation. Colombia’s interpretation

would, however, confine the effect of that provision to Chapters One, Six, Seven, and Eight.
Chapter Eight contains the formal provisions on such matters as ratification, entry into force and
registration and imposes no obligations during the period following a notification of denunciation.
Chapter Seven (entitled “Advisory Opinions”) contains only one Article and is purely permissive.
Chapter Six also contains one provision, which requires only that before a party resorts to the
Security Council regarding the failure of another party to comply with a judgment of the Court or
an arbitration award, it shall first propose a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs

of the parties.

Chapter One (“General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific Means”) contains eight
articles which impose important obligations upon the parties but, as has already been shown (see
paragraph 42 above), Article II is concerned with the obligation to use the procedures in the Pact
(none of which would be available during the one-year period if Colombia’s interpretation were
accepted), while Articles III to VI have no effect independent of the procedures in Chapters Two to

Five. That leaves only three provisions. Article I provides that the Parties,

“solemnly reaffirming their commitments made in earlier international conventions
and declarations, as well as in the Charter of the United Nations, agree to refrain from
the threat of the use of force, or from any other means of coercion for the settlement of
their controversies, and to have recourse at all times to pacific procedures”. - 23 -

Article VII binds the parties not to exercise diplomatic protection in respect of their nationals when
those nationals have had available the means to place their cases before competent domestic courts.

Article VIII provides that recourse to pacific means shall not preclude recourse to self-defence in
the case of an armed attack.

Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would thus confine
application of the first paragraph of Article LVI to these few provisions.

45. Colombia, basing itself on the language employed in other treaties, argues that, had the

parties to the Pact of Bogotá wished to provide that proceedings instituted at any time before the
expiry of the one-year period stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI would be unaffected,
they could easily have made express provision to that effect. Conversely, however, had the parties
to the Pact intended the result for which Colombia contends, they could easily have made express
provision to that effect  but they chose not to do so. The comparison with those other treaties is
not, therefore, a persuasive argument in favour of Colombia’s interpretation of the second
paragraph of Article LVI. Nor is the fact that many declarations made under Article 36,

paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court are terminable without notice. Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute and Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá both provide for the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Court. However, Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute confers jurisdiction only between
States which have made a declaration recognizing that jurisdiction. In its declaration under
Article 36, paragraph 2, a State is free to provide that that declaration may be withdrawn with
immediate effect. By contrast, Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá is a treaty commitment, not
dependent upon unilateral declarations for its implementation (Border and Transborder Armed

Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988,
p. 84, para. 32). The conditions under which a State party to the Pact may withdraw from that
commitment are determined by the relevant provisions of the Pact. The fact that many States
choose to frame their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, in such a way that they may
terminate their acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court with immediate effect thus sheds no light
on the interpretation of the provisions of the Pact.

46. The Court has noted Colombia’s argument (see paragraph 28 above) regarding State
practice in the form of the denunciation of the Pact by El Salvador in 1973 and Colombia itself
in 2012, together with what Colombia describes as the absence of any reaction to the notification of
those denunciations.

The two notifications of denunciation are not in the same terms. While El Salvador’s
notification stated that its denunciation “will begin to take effect as of today”, there is no indication

of what effect was to follow immediately upon the denunciation. Since the first paragraph of
Article LVI requires one year’s notice in order to terminate the treaty, any notification of
denunciation begins to take effect immediately in the sense that the transmission of that notification
causes the one-year period to begin. Accordingly, neither El Salvador’s notification, nor the
absence of any comment thereon by the other parties to the Pact, sheds any light on the question
currently before the Court. - 24 -

Colombia’s own notification of denunciation specified that “[t]he denunciation [of the Pact]
takes effect as of today with regard to procedures that are initiated after the present notice, in

conformity with the second paragraph of Article LVI”. Nevertheless, the Court is unable to read
into the absence of any objection on the part of the other parties to the Pact with respect to that
notification an agreement, within the meaning of Article 31 (3) (b) of the Vienna Convention,
regarding Colombia’s interpretation of Article LVI. Nor does the Court consider that the absence
of any comment by Nicaragua amounted to acquiescence. The fact that Nicaragua commenced
proceedings in the case concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and
Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) and in

the present case within one year of the transmission of Colombia’s notification of denunciation
reinforces this conclusion.

47. Turning to Colombia’s argument regarding the travaux préparatoires, the Court
considers that the travaux préparatoires of the Pact demonstrate that what became the first
paragraph of Article LVI was taken over from Article 9 of the 1929 General Treaty of
Inter-American Arbitration and Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention of Inter-American

Conciliation. The second paragraph of Article LVI originated with a proposal from the
United States in 1938 which had no counterpart in the 1929 Treaties. However, the travaux
préparatoires give no indication as to the precise purpose behind the addition of what became the
second paragraph of Article LVI. The Court also notes that, if Colombia’s view as to the
significance of the second paragraph were correct, then the insertion of the new paragraph would
have operated to restrict the effect of the provision which, even before the United States made its
proposal, the parties were contemplating carrying over from the 1929 Treaties. Yet there is no

indication anywhere in the travaux préparatoires that anyone considered that incorporating this
new paragraph would bring about such an important change.

48. For all of the foregoing reasons the Court considers that Colombia’s interpretation of
Article LVI cannot be accepted. Taking Article LVI as a whole, and in light of its context and the
object and purpose of the Pact, the Court concludes that Article XXXI conferring jurisdiction upon
the Court remained in force between the Parties on the date that the Application in the present case

was filed. The subsequent termination of the Pact as between Nicaragua and Colombia does not
affect the jurisdiction which existed on the date that the proceedings were instituted. Colombia’s
first preliminary objection must therefore be rejected.

III. SECOND PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

49. In its second preliminary objection to the jurisdiction of the Court, Colombia contends

that prior to the filing of Nicaragua’s Application on 26 November 2013, there was no dispute
between the Parties with respect to the claims advanced in the Application that could trigger the
dispute resolution provisions of the Pact of Bogotá, in particular, those concerning the Court’s
jurisdiction.

50. Under Article 38 of the Statute, the function of the Court is to decide in accordance with
international law disputes that States submit to it. By virtue of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá,

the States parties agreed to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, in conformity with
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, for “all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them”. - 25 -

The existence of a dispute between the parties is a condition of the Court’s jurisdiction. Such a
dispute, according to the established case law of the Court, is “a disagreement on a point of law or

fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons” (Mavrommatis Palestine
Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11; see also Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v.
Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30).
“It must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other.” (South West
Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.) It does not matter which one of them advances a claim and which one

opposes it. What matters is that “the two sides hold clearly opposite views concerning the question
of the performance or non-performance of certain” international obligations (Interpretation of
Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1950, p. 74).

The Court recalls that “[w]hether there exists an international dispute is a matter for
objective determination” by the Court (ibid.; see also Questions relating to the Obligation to

Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46;
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30; Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 271, para. 55; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476,
para. 58). “The Court’s determination must turn on an examination of the facts. The matter is one
of substance, not of form.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30.)

51. According to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute and Article 38, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court, the Applicant is required to indicate the “subject of the dispute” in the Application,
specifying the “precise nature of the claim” (see also Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific
Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment of 24 September 2015, para. 25;

Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998,
p. 448, para. 29). However, “[i]t is for the Court itself . . . to determine on an objective basis the
subject-matter of the dispute between the parties, that is, to ‘isolate the real issue in the case and to
identify the object of the claim’ (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30)” (Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v.
Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment of 24 September 2015, para. 26).

52. In principle, the critical date for determining the existence of a dispute is the date on
which the application is submitted to the Court (Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30; Questions of Interpretation and - 26 -

Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998,

pp. 25-26, paras. 43-45; Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal
Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States
of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 130-131, paras. 42-44).

* *

53. In its Application, Nicaragua indicates that the subject of the dispute it submits to the
Court is as follows: “The dispute concerns the violations of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and
maritime zones declared by the Court’s Judgment of 19 November 2012 and the threat of the use of
force by Colombia in order to implement these violations.”

In the submissions set out in the Memorial (see paragraph 12 above), Nicaragua requests the
Court to determine two principal claims; one relates to Colombia’s alleged violations of

Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited by the Court in its 2012 Judgment “as well as Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones”, and the other concerns Colombia’s alleged breach
of its obligation not to use or threaten to use force under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of
the United Nations and customary international law.

54. Nicaragua claims that, in the period between the delivery of the 2012 Judgment and the
date of the filing of the Application on 26 November 2013, Colombia first asserted that the

2012 Judgment was not applicable. On 9 September 2013, it enacted Presidential Decree 1946 on
the establishment of an “Integral Contiguous Zone” (hereinafter “Decree 1946”) that partially
overlapped with the maritime zones that the Court declared appertain to Nicaragua. Moreover,
according to Nicaragua, Colombia started a programme of military and surveillance operations in
those maritime areas. Nicaragua also states that Colombia took steps using military vessels and
aircraft to intimidate Nicaraguan vessels and that it continued to issue licenses authorizing fishing
in the waters concerned.

*

55. In supporting its second preliminary objection, Colombia contends that at no time up to
the critical date of 26 November 2013, the date on which Nicaragua filed its Application, did

Nicaragua ever indicate to Colombia, by any modality, that Colombia was violating Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and maritime zones declared by the 2012 Judgment or that it was threatening to - 27 -

use force. It argues that Nicaragua had not raised any complaints with Colombia, either in writing
or orally until almost ten months after it filed the Application and three weeks before it submitted

its Memorial, namely, until it sent a diplomatic Note to Colombia on 13 September 2014.
Colombia alleges that this Note “is a transparent effort to manufacture a case where none exists”.

56. Colombia claims that Nicaragua’s Application came as a “complete surprise”, given the
peaceful situation at sea and the Parties’ repeated statements that they were intent on negotiating a
treaty to implement the 2012 Judgment. It contends that, prior to the filing of the Application, and
even for a significant period afterwards, there was no dispute over any allegations of violation by

Colombia of Nicaragua’s maritime spaces, or threat of the use of force, that could have formed the
basis of negotiations.

57. With regard to Nicaragua’s allegation that Colombia had repudiated the 2012 Judgment,
Colombia states that

“Colombia accepts that the Judgment [of 2012] is binding upon it in

international law. The Colombian Constitutional Court took the same position in its
decision of 2 May 2014. The question that has arisen in Colombia is how to
implement the 2012 Judgment domestically, having regard to the relevant
constitutional provisions and the nature of Colombia’s legal system with respect to
boundaries.”

Colombia maintains that, under Article 101 of its Constitution, a change to its boundaries can only
be effected by the conclusion of a treaty and that Nicaragua had expressed its willingness to enter

into negotiations with Colombia regarding the possibility of concluding such a treaty.

58. With regard to Presidential Decree 1946 on an “Integral Contiguous Zone” enacted on
9 September 2013 and subsequently amended by Decree 1119 of 17 June 2014, Colombia argues
that although its own entitlement to a contiguous zone around its islands was fully addressed by the
Parties in the case concluded with the 2012 Judgment, the delimitation of that zone was not an

issue addressed or decided by the Court. Colombia claims that, like all other States, it is entitled to
such a maritime zone, which is governed by customary international law. It states that its

“Integral Contiguous Zone (i) is necessary for the orderly management, policing
and maintenance of public order in the maritime spaces in the Archipelago of
San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, (ii) is to be applied in conformity with
international law having due regard to the rights of other States, (iii) is in conformity
with customary international law, and (iv) consequently, cannot be said to be contrary

to the Court’s Judgment of 19 November 2012.”

59. Moreover, Colombia maintains that, under Decree 1946, its right to sanction
infringements of laws and regulations concerning the matters mentioned in the Decree would only
be exercised in relation to acts committed in its insular territories or in their territorial sea, which,
according to Colombia, “corresponds to customary international law”. - 28 -

60. Finally, Colombia denies that there existed, at the date of the filing of the Application,

any dispute between the Parties concerning a threat of use of force at sea, let alone any violation of
Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations. It maintains that it had given
instructions to its naval forces to avoid any risk of confrontation with Nicaragua at sea. It claims
that, as confirmed by members of Nicaragua’s Executive and Military, “the situation in the
south-western Caribbean was calm, and that no problems existed”.

*

61. Nicaragua, for its part, first points to the declarations and statements of Colombia’s
senior officials, including its Head of State, its Foreign Minister and the Chief of its Navy, which, it
claims, indicate that Colombia would not accept the delimitation of the maritime zones as
determined by the Court in the 2012 Judgment. It particularly refers to the declaration made on
9 September 2013 by the President of Colombia on the “integral strategy of Colombia on the

Judgment of the International Court of Justice”, in which the President announced, inter alia, that
the 2012 Judgment would not be applicable until a treaty had been concluded with Nicaragua.
Nicaragua contends that, with the “integral strategy” and the subsequent actions taken in line with
the instructions of the President, Colombia hardened its position in defiance of the 2012 Judgment.
Nicaragua claims that Colombia could not fail to see that there was a dispute between the Parties.

62. Nicaragua states that Decree 1946 draws a contiguous zone joining together the

contiguous zones of all the islands and cays of Colombia in the Western Caribbean Sea. It argues
that neither the size of the contiguous zone, nor the nature of the rights and jurisdiction that
Colombia claims within it, are consistent with the definition of the contiguous zone recognized by
international law. Moreover, according to Nicaragua, Decree 1946 purports to attribute to
Colombia maritime areas that the Court determined in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua.
By issuing that Decree, Nicaragua alleges, “Colombia transformed into national law its rejection
and defiance of the . . . 2012 Judgment” of the Court.

63. Nicaragua also alleges that a series of incidents involving vessels or aircraft of Colombia
occurred at sea. According to Nicaragua, a number of such incidents took place between the date
of the 2012 Judgment and the date of the filing of the Application in the waters declared by the
2012 Judgment to be Nicaraguan. It claims that the conversations between the commanders of the
Colombian Navy frigates and the agents of Nicaragua’s Coast Guard during these alleged incidents
demonstrate that the Parties held conflicting claims of maritime entitlements to the areas

concerned.

64. Nicaragua points out that since the maritime boundary between the Parties out to
200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast was fixed by the Court, both Nicaragua and
Colombia have known for almost three years the geographical extent of each other’s maritime - 29 -

rights. According to Nicaragua, after the 2012 Judgment was rendered, however, Colombia has
continued to assert its “sovereignty” and maritime entitlements in Nicaragua’s waters and to issue

fishing permits to its nationals to exploit the resources in Nicaragua’s maritime area. Nicaragua
explains that its purpose in referring to facts having occurred after the date of the filing of its
Application is to demonstrate that the problem is a continuing one.

65. In relation to its allegations of Colombia’s threat of use of force, Nicaragua contends that
in furtherance of its assertion of “sovereignty”, Colombia has regularly “harassed” Nicaraguan
fishing vessels in Nicaraguan waters, particularly in the rich fishing ground known as “Luna

Verde”, located around the intersection of meridian 82° with parallel 15° in waters the Court
declared to belong to Nicaragua. It asserts that Colombia has done so by directing Colombian navy
frigates to chase away Nicaraguan fishing boats and fishing vessels licensed by Nicaragua, as well
as by commanding its military aircraft to “harass” Nicaraguan fishing vessels by air.

66. Nicaragua claims that it “has consistently met Colombia’s refusal to comply with the . . .
2012 Judgment and its provocative conduct within Nicaragua’s waters with patience and restraint”.

Nicaraguan naval forces have been ordered to avoid any engagement with Colombia’s navy and, in
fact, have kept their distance from the Colombian navy as far as possible. Nicaragua emphasizes,
however, that its “conciliatory, non-escalatory position . . . has in no way reduced the disagreement
or made the dispute go away”.

* *

67. The Court recalls (see paragraph 53 above) that Nicaragua makes two distinct claims 
one that Colombia has violated Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and maritime zones, and the other that
Colombia has breached its obligation not to use or threaten to use force. The Court will examine
these two claims separately in order to determine, with respect to each of them, whether there
existed a dispute within the meaning set out in paragraphs 50 to 52 above at the date of filing of the

Application.

68. The Court notes that, in support of their respective positions on the existence of a dispute
with regard to Nicaragua’s first claim, the Parties primarily refer to declarations and statements
made by the highest representatives of the Parties, to Colombia’s enactment of Decree 1946, and to
the alleged incidents at sea.

69. Considering, first, the declarations and statements of the senior officials of the two
States, the Court observes that, following the delivery of the 2012 Judgment, the President of
Colombia proposed to Nicaragua to negotiate a treaty concerning the effects of that Judgment,
while the Nicaraguan President, on a number of occasions, expressed a willingness to enter into
negotiations for the conclusion of a treaty to give effect to the Judgment, by addressing Colombia’s - 30 -

concerns in relation to fishing, environmental protection and drug trafficking. The Court considers
that the fact that the Parties remained open to a dialogue does not by itself prove that, at the date of

the filing of the Application, there existed no dispute between them concerning the subject-matter
of Nicaragua’s first claim.

The Court notes that Colombia took the view that its rights were “infringed” as a result of the
maritime delimitation by the 2012 Judgment. After his meeting with the President of Nicaragua on
1 December 2012, President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia stated that “we will continue  and

we said this clearly to President Ortega  looking for the reestablishment of the rights that this
Judgment breached in a grave matter for the Colombians”.

Nicaragua, for its part, insisted that the maritime zones declared by the Court in the
2012 Judgment must be respected. On 10 September 2013, following Colombia’s issuance of
Decree 1946, when President Santos reiterated Colombia’s position on the implementation of the
2012 Judgment, President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua reportedly stated that:

“We understand the position taken by President Santos, but we cannot say that
we agree with the position of President Santos . . . We do agree that it is necessary to
dialogue, we do agree that it is necessary to look for some kind of agreement, treaty,
whatever we want to call it, to put into practice in a harmonious way . . . the Judgment
of the International Court of Justice . . .”

It is apparent from these statements that the Parties held opposing views on the question of their
respective rights in the maritime areas covered by the 2012 Judgment.

70. With regard to Colombia’s proclamation of an “Integral Contiguous Zone”, the Court
notes that the Parties took different positions on the legal implications of such action in
international law. While Colombia maintained that it was entitled to such a contiguous zone as
defined by Decree 1946 under customary international law, Nicaragua contended that Decree 1946
violated its “sovereign rights and maritime zones” as adjudged by the Court in the 2012 Judgment.

71. Regarding the incidents at sea alleged to have taken place before the critical date, the
Court considers that, although Colombia rejects Nicaragua’s characterization of what happened at
sea as “incidents”, it does not rebut Nicaragua’s allegation that it continued exercising jurisdiction
in the maritime spaces that Nicaragua claimed as its own on the basis of the 2012 Judgment.

72. Concerning Colombia’s argument that Nicaragua did not lodge a complaint of alleged

violations with Colombia through diplomatic channels until long after it filed the Application, the
Court is of the view that although a formal diplomatic protest may be an important step to bring a
claim of one party to the attention of the other, such a formal protest is not a necessary condition.
As the Court held in the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the - 31 -

Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), in determining
whether a dispute exists or not, “[t]he matter is one of substance, not of form” (Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30).

73. The Court notes that, although Nicaragua did not send its formal diplomatic Note to
Colombia in protest at the latter’s alleged violations of its maritime rights at sea until
13 September 2014, almost ten months after the filing of the Application, in the specific
circumstances of the present case, the evidence clearly indicates that, at the time when the
Application was filed, Colombia was aware that its enactment of Decree 1946 and its conduct in

the maritime areas declared by the 2012 Judgment to belong to Nicaragua were positively opposed
by Nicaragua. Given the public statements made by the highest representatives of the Parties, such
as those referred to in paragraph 69, Colombia could not have misunderstood the position of
Nicaragua over such differences.

74. Based on the evidence examined above, the Court finds that, at the date on which the
Application was filed, there existed a dispute concerning the alleged violations by Colombia of

Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its
2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua.

75. The Court now turns to the question of the existence of a dispute with regard to
Nicaragua’s second claim, namely that Colombia, by its conduct, has breached its obligation not to
use or threaten to use force under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations and
customary international law.

76. Although Nicaragua refers to a number of incidents which allegedly occurred at sea, the
Court observes that, with regard to those which allegedly occurred before the critical date, nothing
in the evidence suggests that Nicaragua had indicated that Colombia had violated its obligations
under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations or under customary international
law regarding the threat or use of force. On the contrary, members of Nicaragua’s executive and
military authorities confirmed that the situation at sea was calm and stable. On 14 August 2013, on

the occasion of the 33rd anniversary of Nicaragua’s naval forces, the President of Nicaragua stated
that:

“[W]e must recognize that in the middle of all this media turbulence, the Naval
Force of Colombia, which is very powerful, that certainly has a very large military
power, has been careful, has been respectful and there has not been any kind of
confrontation between the Colombian and Nicaraguan Navy . . .”

On 18 November 2013, the Chief of the Nicaraguan Naval Force stated that “in one year of
being there we have not had any problems with the Colombian Naval Forces”, that the forces of the
two countries “maintain[ed] a continuous communication” and that “we have not had any conflicts
in those waters”. - 32 -

77. Furthermore, the Court observes that the alleged incidents that were said to have

occurred before Nicaragua filed its Application relate to Nicaragua’s first claim rather than a claim
concerning a threat of use of force under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United
Nations and customary international law.

78. Given these facts, the Court considers that, at the date on which the Application was
filed, the dispute that existed between Colombia and Nicaragua did not concern Colombia’s
possible violations of Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations and customary

international law prohibiting the use or threat of use of force.

79. In light of the foregoing considerations, the Court concludes that, at the time Nicaragua
filed its Application, there existed a dispute concerning the alleged violations by Colombia of
Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its
2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua. Consequently, Colombia’s second preliminary objection
must be rejected with regard to Nicaragua’s first claim and upheld with regard to its second claim.

IV. T HIRD PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

80. In its third preliminary objection, Colombia argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction
because Article II of the Pact of Bogotá imposes a precondition on the recourse by the States
parties to judicial settlement, which was not met at the date of Nicaragua’s filing of its Application.

81. Article II of the Pact of Bogotá, which has already been quoted in paragraph 41, reads as
follows:

“The High Contracting Parties recognize the obligation to settle international
controversies by regional pacific procedures before referring them to the Security
Council of the United Nations.

Consequently, in the event that a controversy arises between two or more

signatory States which, in the opinion of the parties, cannot be settled by direct
negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels, the parties bind themselves to use
the procedures established in the present Treaty, in the manner and under the
conditions provided for in the following articles, or, alternatively, such special
procedures as, in their opinion, will permit them to arrive at a solution.”

82. Referring to the 1988 Judgment in the Border and Transborder Armed Actions

(Nicaragua v. Honduras) case (hereinafter the “1988 Judgment”), Colombia claims that recourse to
the pacific procedures of the Pact would be in conformity with Article II only if an attempt at
negotiating a settlement had been made in good faith, and it is clear, after reasonable efforts, that a
deadlock had been reached and that there was no likelihood of resolving the dispute by such means.
Colombia asserts that, contrary to what Nicaragua claims, the term “in the opinion of the parties” in - 33 -

Article II should refer to the opinion of both parties, as stated in the English, Portuguese and
Spanish versions of the Pact, rather than the opinion of one of the parties. Colombia contends that,

based on the conduct of both itself and Nicaragua, it could not be concluded that the alleged
controversy, in the opinion of the Parties, could not be settled by direct negotiations through the
usual diplomatic channels at the time of Nicaragua’s filing of the Application.

83. Colombia claims that the fact that the Parties had been engaged in dialogue on the
possibility of negotiating a treaty with a view to implementing the 2012 Judgment indicates that the
two sides remained willing to settle their differences through direct negotiations. To demonstrate

such intention on the part of Nicaragua, Colombia in its written pleadings refers to a number of
statements and declarations made by the Nicaraguan President to that effect.

84. Colombia contends that even after the filing of its Application, it was reported that the
Nicaraguan President on several occasions still talked about signing agreements with Colombia and
proposed to set up a bi-national commission to co-ordinate the fishing operations, antidrug
patrolling and the joint administration for the Seaflower Biosphere Marine Reserve in the

Caribbean Sea, on the basis of the delimitation established by the Court.

85. Colombia asserts that the Chief of the Nicaraguan Naval Force and the Chief of
Nicaragua’s Army held the same view about peace and stability in the waters concerned. This fact
confirms, according to Colombia, that up to the filing of the Application, Nicaragua was of the
opinion that the two maritime neighbours maintained good relations, there had been no naval
“incidents”, and they could resolve their differences by way of negotiations. Colombia argues that

Nicaragua’s filing of its Application “was completely at odds with reality”.

86. Colombia maintains that it also held the opinion that any maritime issues between the
two Parties arising as a result of the Court’s 2012 Judgment could be settled by way of direct
negotiations. It claims that Nicaragua incorrectly inferred from the Colombian President’s
declaration of 19 November 2012 that Colombia rejected the Court’s 2012 Judgment. Colombia

points out that, upon instruction from its President, its Foreign Minister had already commenced
discussions with her Nicaraguan counterpart on 20 November 2012. It further refers to the
statement by its Foreign Minister on 14 September 2013, where she reiterated that “Colombia is
open to dialogue with Nicaragua to sign a treaty that establishes the boundaries and a legal regime
that contributes to the security and stability in the region”.

87. Colombia explains that the protection of the historic fishing rights of the people of the

Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is of paramount importance for the
country. It underscores that the declarations made by Colombia’s highest authorities in the wake of
the 2012 Judgment must be understood in that context and, contrary to what Nicaragua seeks to - 34 -

portray, they in no way imply any disregard for the Judgment of the Court. Colombia contends that
the timing of Nicaragua’s Application was due not to allegedly futile negotiations, but to the fact

that the Pact of Bogotá would soon cease to be in force between the Parties.

*

88. For its part, Nicaragua rejects the interpretation of Article II advanced by Colombia,

maintaining that Colombia misreads the Court’s 1988 Judgment. It contends that the Court, in that
Judgment, explicitly declined to apply the jurisprudence relating to compromissory clauses in other
treaties but referred to the opinion of the parties regarding the possibility of a negotiated settlement
as provided for by Article II. Relying on the French version of the Pact, Nicaragua argues that
Article II of the Pact requires the Court to determine whether, from an objective standpoint, one of
the parties was of the opinion that the dispute could not be settled by direct negotiations.

89. Nicaragua contends that the present dispute arose from Colombia’s actions subsequent to
the delivery of the 2012 Judgment, with Colombia first rejecting the 2012 Judgment, then asserting
new claims to the waters adjudged by the Court to appertain to Nicaragua and exercising purported
sovereign rights and jurisdiction in those waters. According to Nicaragua, the events which
occurred in the two and a half months leading up to the Application demonstrate that the Parties
were of the opinion that their dispute concerning Colombia’s violation of Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and maritime zones could not be settled by direct negotiations. It points out that three days

after the issuance of Decree 1946, President Juan Manuel Santos asked the Colombian
Constitutional Court to declare Articles XXXI and L of the Pact of Bogotá unconstitutional, for, in
his view, the Colombian Constitution only permits national boundaries to be modified by means of
duly ratified treaties.

Nicaragua alleges that the President of Colombia also stated that, without a treaty with
Nicaragua, Colombia would continue to “exercise sovereignty right up to the 82nd Meridian”
which it had historically claimed as a maritime frontier, notwithstanding the Court’s

2012 Judgment.

90. With regard to Colombia’s reference to the declaration of its Foreign Minister that her
country was open to dialogue (see paragraph 86 above), Nicaragua points out that following those
remarks the Minister also added that the Government of Colombia “awaits the decision of the
Constitutional Court before initiating any action”. Nicaragua claims that, based on these
declarations and statements, it was apparent to Nicaragua that Colombia was of the opinion that no

negotiation was possible between the Parties to settle the dispute relating to Colombia’s violations
of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and maritime zones at the time of its filing of the Application. - 35 -

91. Nicaragua, while reiterating its willingness to negotiate a treaty with Colombia for the

implementation of the 2012 Judgment, emphasizes that the subject-matter for negotiations between
the Parties is entirely unrelated to the subject-matter of the dispute in the present case. It claims
that Colombia in its preliminary objections has “carefully chosen to elide the critical differences”
between the two subject-matters. Nicaragua maintains that it is  and has always been  open to
discussion with Colombia on the arrangements for fishing, environmental protection of the
Seaflower Biosphere Marine Reserve and the fight against drug-trafficking in the Caribbean Sea,
but it “is absolutely not prepared to give up the maritime boundaries that the Court has drawn”

between the Parties.

* *

92. The Court recalls that in the 1988 Judgment, it decided that, for the purpose of

determining the application of Article II of the Pact, it was not “bound by the mere assertion of the
one [p]arty or the other that its opinion [was] to a particular effect”. The Court emphasized that “it
must, in the exercise of its judicial function, be free to make its own determination of that question
on the basis of such evidence as is available to it” (Border and Transborder Armed Actions,
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 95,
para. 65).

93. The Court made clear that the parties are expected to provide substantive evidence to
demonstrate that they considered in good faith that their dispute could or could not be settled by
direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels. The critical date at which “the opinion
of the parties” has to be ascertained for the application of Article II of the Pact is the date on which
proceedings are instituted.

94. Moreover, in its 1988 Judgment, the Court took note of the discrepancy between the

French text and the other three official texts (English, Portuguese and Spanish) of Article II; the
former refers to the opinion of one of the parties (“de l’avis de l’une des parties”), while the latter
three refer to the opinion of both parties. The Court, however, did not consider it necessary to
resolve the problem posed by that textual discrepancy before proceeding to the consideration of the
application of Article II of the Pact in that case. It proceeded on the basis that it would consider
whether the “opinion” of both parties was that it was not possible to settle the dispute by
negotiation, subject to demonstration of evidence by the parties.

95. In the present case, as in the 1988 Judgment, it will not be necessary for the Court to
rehearse the arguments put forward by the Parties with regard to the interpretation of the term “in
the opinion of the parties” (“de l’avis de l’une des parties”) in Article II of the Pact. The Court will
begin by determining whether the evidence provided demonstrates that, at the date of Nicaragua’s
filing of the Application, neither of the Parties could plausibly maintain that the dispute between
them could be settled by direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels (see, in this

regard, ibid., p. 99, para. 75). - 36 -

96. The Court recalls that statements and declarations referred to by the Parties in their

written and oral pleadings are all made by the highest representatives of the two States. As the
Court stated in the Georgia v. Russian Federation case,

“in general, in international law and practice, it is the Executive of the State that
represents the State in its international relations and speaks for it at the international
level (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 27, paras. 46-47). Accordingly, primary attention
will be given to statements made or endorsed by the Executives of the two Parties.”
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 87, para. 37.)

The Court therefore considers that, in determining the Parties’ positions with regard to the

possibility of a negotiated settlement, it may rely on such statements and declarations to draw its
findings.

97. The Court observes that, through various communications between the Heads of State of
the two countries since the delivery of the 2012 Judgment, each Party had indicated that it was
open to dialogue to address some issues raised by Colombia as a result of the Judgment.

The Nicaraguan President expressed Nicaragua’s willingness to negotiate a treaty or
agreement with Colombia so as to accommodate the latter’s domestic requirement under national
law for the implementation of the Judgment. The issues that the Parties identified for possible
dialogue include fishing activities of the inhabitants of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
in waters that have been recognized as appertaining to Nicaragua by the Court, the protection of the
Seaflower Biosphere Marine Reserve, and the fight against drug trafficking in the Caribbean Sea.

98. The Court notes, however, that the above-mentioned subject-matter for negotiation is
different from the subject-matter of the dispute between the Parties. According to Nicaragua,
negotiations between the Parties should have been conducted on the basis that the prospective
treaty would not affect the maritime zones as declared by the 2012 Judgment. In other words, for
Nicaragua, such negotiations had to be restricted to the modalities or mechanisms for the
implementation of the said Judgment.

Colombia did not define the subject-matter of the negotiations in the same way. In the words

of its Foreign Minister, it intended to “sign a treaty that establishes the boundaries and a legal
regime that contributes to the security and stability in the region” (emphasis added).

99. The Court considers that Colombia’s argument that the Parties remained open to
dialogue, at least on the date of the filing of the Application, is not a decisive factor, because what
is essential for the Court to decide is whether, on that date, given the positions and conduct of the - 37 -

Parties in respect of Colombia’s alleged violations of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and maritime
zones delimited by the Court in 2012, the Parties considered in good faith a certain possibility of a

negotiated settlement to exist or not to exist.

100. The Court notes that the Parties do not dispute that the situation at sea was “calm” and
“stable” throughout the relevant period. That fact, nevertheless, is not necessarily indicative that,
in the opinion of the Parties, the dispute in the present case could be settled by negotiations. From
the inception of the events following the delivery of the 2012 Judgment, Nicaragua was firmly
opposed to Colombia’s conduct in the areas that the 2012 Judgment declared appertain to

Nicaragua. Colombia’s position on the negotiation of a treaty was equally firm during the entire
course of its communications with Nicaragua. No evidence submitted to the Court indicates that,
on the date of Nicaragua’s filing of the Application, the Parties had contemplated, or were in a
position, to hold negotiations to settle the dispute concerning the alleged violations by Colombia of
Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its
2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua.

101. Given the above considerations, the Court concludes that at the date on which
Nicaragua filed its Application, the condition set out in Article II was met. Therefore, Colombia’s
third preliminary objection must be rejected.

V. FOURTH PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

102. Nicaragua claims two bases for the jurisdiction of the Court. It states that, should the

Court find that it has no jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, its jurisdiction
could be founded on “its inherent power to pronounce on the actions required by its Judgment[]”.
In its fourth preliminary objection, Colombia contends that the Court has no “inherent jurisdiction”
upon which Nicaragua can rely.

103. Colombia maintains that Nicaragua’s claim of “inherent jurisdiction” can find no
support either in the Statute of the Court or in its case law. It argues that, if Nicaragua’s position is

to be taken seriously, it would strike at the foundation of consensual jurisdiction under Article 36
of the Statute of the Court, for Nicaragua’s theory of “inherent jurisdiction” ignores any conditions
which States may have attached to their consent to jurisdiction. It argues that, instead of applying
the law and practice of this Court, Nicaragua referred to the law and practice of the European Court
of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; even by doing so, Nicaragua
ignores the explicit statutory authority afforded to those courts for monitoring the implementation
of their decisions.

* * - 38 -

104. The Court notes that “inherent jurisdiction” claimed by Nicaragua is an alternative

ground that it invokes for the establishment of the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case.
Nicaragua’s argument, could, in any event, apply only to the dispute that existed at the time of
filing of the Application. Since the Court has founded its jurisdiction with regard to that dispute on
the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, it considers that there is no need to deal with
Nicaragua’s claim of “inherent jurisdiction”, and therefore will not take any position on it.
Consequently, there is no ground for the Court to rule upon Colombia’s fourth preliminary
objection.

VI. F IFTH PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

105. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection is that the present Application is an attempt to
enforce the 2012 Judgment even though the Court has no post-adjudication enforcement
jurisdiction. Colombia maintains that the Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the
Court are based upon a division of functions according to which the Court is entrusted with the task
of adjudication, while post-adjudication enforcement is reserved for the Security Council in

accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 94 of the Charter, which provides:

“If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a
judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security
Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon
measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.”

According to Colombia, the same division of functions is recognized in the Pact of Bogotá,

Article L of which provides:

“If one of the High Contracting Parties should fail to carry out the obligations
imposed upon it by a decision of the International Court of Justice or by an arbitral
award, the other party or parties concerned shall, before resorting to the Security
Council of the United Nations, propose a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of
Foreign Affairs to agree upon appropriate measures to ensure the fulfilment of the

judicial decision or arbitral award.”

Colombia’s position is that the heart of Nicaragua’s case is an allegation that Colombia is in breach
of the 2012 Judgment and that Nicaragua is entitled to obtain further relief from the Court to
enforce compliance with that Judgment.

*

106. Nicaragua denies that its Application in the present proceedings represents an attempt to
obtain post-adjudicative enforcement measures. It maintains that the subject-matter of its
Application is the violation by Colombia of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights in maritime spaces
adjudged by the Court in 2012 to belong to Nicaragua. Nicaragua also rejects Colombia’s analysis - 39 -

of Article 94, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations and Article L of the Pact of Bogotá.
According to Nicaragua, neither provision operates in such a way as to preclude either the inherent

jurisdiction of the Court (see paragraphs 102 to 104 above) or jurisdiction conferred by
Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.

* *

107. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection is directed first at Nicaragua’s alternative
argument that the Court has an inherent jurisdiction in relation to the present case. Colombia
submits that, even if the Court were to find  contrary to Colombia’s fourth preliminary
objection  that it possesses an inherent jurisdiction, such “inherent jurisdiction” does not extend
to a post-adjudicative enforcement jurisdiction.

The Court has already held that it does not need to determine whether it possesses an

inherent jurisdiction, because of its finding that its jurisdiction is founded upon Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogotá (see paragraph 104 above). Accordingly, it is unnecessary to rule on Colombia’s
fifth preliminary objection in so far as it relates to inherent jurisdiction.

108. Nevertheless, Colombia indicated in its pleadings that its fifth preliminary objection
was also raised as an objection to the jurisdiction of the Court under Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogotá. Colombia argues that “[e]ven assuming . . . that the Court still has jurisdiction in the

instant case under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, such jurisdiction . . . would not extend to
Nicaragua’s claims for enforcement by the Court premised on Colombia’s alleged non-compliance
with the Judgment of 2012”.

Since the Court has concluded that it has jurisdiction under Article XXXI, the fifth
preliminary objection must be addressed in so far as it relates to jurisdiction under the Pact of
Bogotá.

109. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection rests on the premise that the Court is being
asked to enforce its 2012 Judgment. The Court agrees with Colombia that it is for the Court, not
Nicaragua, to decide the real character of the dispute before it (see paragraph 51 above).
Nevertheless, as the Court has held (see paragraph 79 above), the dispute before it in the present
proceedings concerns the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime
zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its 2012 Judgment appertain to

Nicaragua. As between Nicaragua and Colombia, those rights are derived from customary
international law. The 2012 Judgment of the Court is undoubtedly relevant to that dispute in that it
determines the maritime boundary between the Parties and, consequently, which of the Parties
possesses sovereign rights under customary international law in the maritime areas with which the
present case is concerned. In the present case, however, Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and - 40 -

declare that Colombia has breached “its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as

delimited in paragraph 251 of the Court[’s] Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones” and “that, consequently, Colombia has the
obligation to wipe out the legal and material consequences of its internationally wrongful acts, and
make full reparation for the harm caused by those acts” (see paragraph 12 above). Nicaragua does
not seek to enforce the 2012 Judgment as such. The Court is not, therefore, called upon to consider

the respective roles accorded to the Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (by
Article L of the Pact of Bogotá), the Security Council (by Article 94, paragraph 2, of the Charter)
and the Court.

110. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection must therefore be rejected.

*

* *

111. For these reasons,

THE C OURT ,

(1) (a) Unanimously,

Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia;

(b) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects the second preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia in so far as
it concerns the existence of a dispute regarding the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s
rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its

2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua;

IN FAVOUR : President Abraham; Vice-President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde,
Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian; Judge ad hoc Daudet;

AGAINST : Judge ad hoc Caron; - 41 -

(c) Unanimously,

Upholds the second preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia in so far
as it concerns the existence of a dispute regarding alleged violations by Colombia of its obligation
not to use force or threaten to use force;

(d) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects the third preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia;

IN FAVOUR : President Abraham; Vice-President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde,
Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian; Judge ad hoc Daudet;

AGAINST : Judge ad hoc Caron;

(e) Unanimously,

Finds that there is no ground to rule upon the fourth preliminary objection raised by the
Republic of Colombia;

(f) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects the fifth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of Colombia;

IN FAVOUR : President Abraham; Vice-President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde,

Robinson, Gevorgian; Judges ad hoc Daudet, Caron;

AGAINST : Judge Bhandari;

(2) By fourteen votes to two,

Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, to

adjudicate upon the dispute between the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of Colombia
referred to in subparagraph 1 (b) above.

IN FAVOUR : President Abraham; Vice-President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde,
Robinson, Gevorgian; Judge ad hoc Daudet;

AGAINST : Judge Bhandari; Judge ad hoc Caron. - 42 -

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace,
The Hague, this seventeenth day of March, two thousand and sixteen, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Republic of Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Colombia, respectively.

(Signed) Ronny A BRAHAM ,

President.

(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar.

Judge C ANÇADO TRINDADE appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge BHANDARI appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc C ARON
appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) R. A.

(Initialled) Ph. C.

___________

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS
OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS AND MARITIME SPACES
IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 17 MARCH 2016
2016
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES
DE DROITS SOUVERAINS ET D’ESPACES MARITIMES
DANS LA MER DES CARAÏBES
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARRÊT DU 17 MARS 2016
Official citation :
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces
in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 3
Mode officiel de citation :
Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes
dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016, p. 3
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-157287-2
Sales number
No de vente: 1092
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS
OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS AND MARITIME SPACES
IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES
DE DROITS SOUVERAINS ET D’ESPACES MARITIMES
DANS LA MER DES CARAÏBES
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
17 MARCH 2016
JUDGMENT
17 MARS 2016
ARRÊT
3
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-14
I. Introduction 15-19
II. First Preliminary Objection 20-48
III. Second Preliminary Objection 49-79
IV. Third Preliminary Objection 80-101
V. Fourth Preliminary Objection 102-104
VI. Fifth Preliminary Objection 105-110
Operative Clause 111
3
4
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-14
I. Introduction 15-19
II. Première exception préliminaire 20-48
III. Deuxième exception préliminaire 49-79
IV. Troisième exception préliminaire 80-101
V. Quatrième exception préliminaire 102-104
VI. Cinquième exception préliminaire 105-110
Dispositif 111
4
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
17 March 2016
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS
OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS AND MARITIME SPACES
IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Colombia’s first preliminary objection.
Contentions by Colombia — The Court lacks jurisdiction ratione temporis
under Pact of Bogotá — Denunciation of Pact governed by Article LVI — Immediate
effect of notification of denunciation.
Contentions by Nicaragua — Article XXXI of Pact grants jurisdiction so long
as treaty remains in force — Under Article LVI, Pact remains in force for one
year from date of notification of denunciation — The Court has jurisdiction
ratione
temporis as Nicaragua’s Application was filed less than one year after
Colombia gave notification of denunciation.
Analysis of the Court — Critical date for establishing jurisdiction — Effects of
denunciation determined by first paragraph of Article LVI — Question whether
second paragraph of Article LVI alters effect of first paragraph — Second paragraph
confirms that procedures instituted before notification of denunciation can
continue irrespective of that denunciation — Proceedings instituted during one‑year
notice period are proceedings instituted while Pact still in force — Colombia’s
interpretation would result in most of the Articles of the Pact losing effect while
Pact still in force — Colombia’s interpretation not consistent with object and purpose
of Pact — Colombia’s interpretation not necessary to give effet utile to second
paragraph of Article LVI — Colombia’s first preliminary objection rejected.
*
Colombia’s second preliminary objection according to which no dispute existed
between the Parties prior to filing of Application.
Critical date — Existence of a dispute between the Parties a condition of the
Court’s jurisdiction — Two principal claims submitted by Nicaragua — First
2016
17 March
General List
No. 155
4
5
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2016
17 mars 2016
VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES
DE DROITS SOUVERAINS ET D’ESPACES MARITIMES
DANS LA MER DES CARAÏBES
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
Première exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
Arguments de la Colombie — Cour n’ayant pas compétence ratione temporis
au titre du pacte de Bogotá — Dénonciation du pacte étant régie par l’article
LVI — Effet immédiat de l’avis de dénonciation.
Arguments du Nicaragua — Article XXXI du pacte conférant compétence à la
Cour tant que cet instrument reste en vigueur — Pacte demeurant en vigueur pendant
un an à compter de la date de l’avis de dénonciation, conformément à l’article LVI —
Cour ayant compétence ratione temporis, la requête du Nicaragua ayant été déposée
moins d’un an après la notification par la Colombie de sa dénonciation du pacte.
Analyse de la Cour — Date critique pour l’établissement de la compétence —
Effets de la dénonciation déterminés par le premier alinéa de l’article LVI — Question
de savoir si le second alinéa de l’article LVI peut modifier l’effet du premier —
Second alinéa confirmant que les procédures entamées avant la notification de la
dénonciation peuvent se poursuivre indépendamment de cette dernière — Procédures
entamées au cours du préavis d’un an devant être considérées comme l’ayant été alors
que le pacte était toujours en vigueur — Interprétation de la Colombie revenant à
priver d’effet la plupart des articles du pacte alors que celui‑ci serait toujours en
vigueur — Interprétation de la Colombie incompatible avec l’objet et le but du
pacte — Nul besoin d’une telle interprétation pour donner un effet utile au second
alinéa de l’article LVI — Rejet de la première exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
*
Deuxième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, selon laquelle il n’existait pas
de différend entre les Parties avant le dépôt de la requête.
Date critique — Compétence de la Cour étant subordonnée à l’existence d’un
différend entre les Parties — Deux demandes principales présentées par le Nicara‑
2016
17 mars
Rôle général
no 155
5 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
6
claim concerns Colombia’s alleged violations of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime
zones declared by the Court in 2012 Judgment to appertain to Nicaragua — Second
claim concerns alleged breach of Colombia’s obligation not to use or threaten
to use force.
Contentions by Colombia — Prior to critical date, Nicaragua never raised any
complaints regarding alleged violations by Colombia — Colombia never repudiated
2012 Judgment — Presidential Decree 1946 on an “Integral Contiguous
Zone” did not concern any issue addressed by the Court — No evidence of confrontation
between naval forces of both Parties.
Contentions by Nicaragua — Senior Government officials of Colombia publicly
repudiated 2012 Judgment — “Integral Contiguous Zone” contained in
Decree 1946 not consistent with international law — Decree 1946 purports to
attribute to Colombia maritime areas that the Court determined in its 2012 Judgment
appertain to Nicaragua — Colombia alleged to have regularly harassed
Nicaraguan fishing vessels in Nicaraguan waters.
Analysis of the Court — Nicaragua’s first claim — Parties took different positions
on legal implications of Colombia’s proclamation of an “Integral Contiguous
Zone” in Decree 1946 — No rebuttal by Colombia that it continued exercising
jurisdiction in maritime spaces that Nicaragua claimed as its own — Formal protest
not a necessary condition for existence of a dispute — At date of filing of
Application, a dispute existed concerning Nicaragua’s first claim — Nicaragua’s
second claim — No evidence that Colombia used or threatened to use force in area
in question before critical date — Colombia’s second preliminary objection rejected
with regard to Nicaragua’s first claim and upheld with regard to its second claim.
*
Colombia’s third preliminary objection.
Contentions by Colombia — The Court lacks jurisdiction because requirements
contained in Article II of Pact have not been met — Opinion of both Parties that
dispute could not be settled by negotiations is necessary — The two sides remained
willing to settle their differences through direct negotiations.
Contentions by Nicaragua — Article II of Pact requires that one of the Parties
was of opinion that dispute could not be settled by negotiations — Parties did not
consider settlement of dispute possible — Nicaragua’s willingness to negotiate a
treaty with Colombia limited to implementation of 2012 Judgment — Subject‑matter
for negotiations between the Parties entirely unrelated to subject‑matter of
dispute.
The Court’s consideration of Article II of Pact — Discrepancy between French
text and other three official texts of Article II — Approach taken in 1988 Judgment
— No need to resolve problem posed by textual discrepancy — The issues
identified for possible dialogue between the Parties are different to subject‑matter
of dispute — No evidence that the Parties contemplated negotiations on subject‑matter
of dispute at date of filing of Application — Colombia’s third preliminary
objection rejected.
*
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 5
6
gua –– Première demande relative à de supposées violations, par la Colombie, des
droits du Nicaragua dans les espaces maritimes adjugés à celui-
ci par la Cour dans
son arrêt de 2012 — Seconde demande relative à un supposé manquement de la
Colombie à l’obligation de ne pas recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force.
Arguments de la Colombie — Absence totale, avant la date critique, d’une quelconque
protestation du Nicaragua quant aux violations reprochées à la Colombie —
Colombie n’ayant jamais rejeté l’arrêt de 2012 — Décret présidentiel 1946 portant
création d’une « zone contiguë unique » étranger aux questions examinées par la
Cour — Absence de preuves d’affrontements entre les forces navales des deux Parties.
Arguments du Nicaragua — Arrêt de 2012 rejeté publiquement par de hauts
fonctionnaires colombiens — « Zone contiguë unique » établie par le décret 1946
étant non conforme au droit international — Décret 1946 visant à attribuer à la
Colombie des espaces maritimes dont la Cour a déclaré dans son arrêt de 2012
qu’ils appartenaient au Nicaragua — Colombie accusée de s’être livrée à un harcèlement
continu des bateaux de pêche nicaraguayens dans les eaux du Nicaragua.
Analyse de la Cour — Première demande du Nicaragua — Positions divergentes
des Parties quant aux implications en droit de la proclamation par la
Colombie d’une « zone contiguë unique » par le décret 1946 — Colombie ne s’étant
pas défendue d’avoir continué à exercer sa juridiction dans des espaces maritimes
que le Nicaragua considérait comme siens — Existence d’un différend n’étant pas
nécessairement subordonnée à l’expression d’une protestation officielle — Existence,
à la date du dépôt de la requête, d’un différend relatif à la première demande
du Nicaragua — Seconde demande du Nicaragua — Absence d’éléments démontrant
que la Colombie ait recouru à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force dans les
espaces en cause avant la date critique — Deuxième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie rejetée en ce qu’elle a trait à la première demande du Nicaragua, mais
retenue en ce qu’elle a trait à la seconde.
*
Troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
Arguments de la Colombie — Cour n’ayant pas compétence car les conditions
énoncées à l’article II du pacte n’étaient pas remplies — Nécessité que les deux
Parties aient été d’avis que le différend ne pouvait être réglé au moyen de négociations
— Deux Parties étant demeurées disposées à régler leurs divergences au
moyen de négociations directes.
Arguments du Nicaragua — Article II du pacte disposant que l’une des deux
Parties doit avoir été d’avis que le différend ne pouvait être réglé au moyen de
négociations — Unanimité des Parties quant à l’impossibilité de régler le différend
par ce moyen — Nicaragua disposé à négocier un traité avec la Colombie s’agissant
uniquement de l’exécution de l’arrêt de 2012 — Objet des négociations entre
les Parties sans rapport aucun avec celui du différend en l’espèce.
Examen par la Cour de l’article II du pacte — Différence entre le texte français et
les trois autres versions officielles de l’article II — Démarche suivie dans l’arrêt de
1988 — Nul besoin de résoudre le problème posé par la divergence linguistique —
Questions sur lesquelles les Parties étaient prêtes à engager un dialogue étant dépourvues
de rapport avec l’objet du différend en l’espèce — Absence d’éléments démontrant
que les Parties avaient envisagé de négocier sur l’objet du différend à la date du
dépôt de la requête — Rejet de la troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
*
6 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
7
Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection according to which the Court has no
“inherent jurisdiction” to entertain dispute.
Jurisdiction already established on basis of Article XXXI of Pact to entertain
Nicaragua’s first claim — No need for the Court to deal with Nicaragua’s allegation
of “inherent jurisdiction” — No ground for the Court to rule upon Colombia’s
fourth preliminary objection.
*
Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection according to which the Court cannot
entertain a dispute related to compliance with a prior judgment.
No need to rule on Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection in so far as it relates
to inherent jurisdiction — The fifth preliminary objection to be addressed in so far
as it relates to jurisdiction under Pact of Bogotá — Nicaragua does not seek to
enforce 2012 Judgment — Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection rejected.
JUDGMENT
Present: President Abraham ; Vice‑President Yusuf ; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judges ad hoc
Daudet, Caron ; Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning alleged violations of sovereign rights and maritime
spaces in the Caribbean Sea,
between
the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nicaragua
to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent and Counsel ;
Mr. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., member of the Bar of England and Wales, Emeritus
Professor of International Law, Oxford University, member of the
Institut de droit international,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the
Sea, Professor of International Law of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor at the Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑
La Défense, former member and Chairman of the International Law Commission,
member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 6
7
Quatrième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, selon laquelle la Cour n’a pas
de « pouvoir inhérent » lui permettant de connaître du différend.
Compétence de la Cour déjà établie sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte à
l’égard de la première demande du Nicaragua — Nul besoin pour la Cour d’examiner
l’argument du « pouvoir inhérent » avancé par le Nicaragua — Cour concluant
qu’il n’y a pas lieu pour elle de se prononcer sur la quatrième exception préliminaire
de la Colombie.
*
Cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, selon laquelle la Cour ne saurait
connaître d’un différend relatif à l’exécution de l’une de ses décisions antérieures.
Nul besoin pour la Cour de se prononcer sur la cinquième exception préliminaire
de la Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait au pouvoir inhérent — Examen de la cinquième
exception préliminaire en ce qu’elle a trait à la compétence conférée par le pacte
de Bogotá — Nicaragua ne cherchant pas à obtenir l’exécution de l’arrêt de
2012 — Rejet de la cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
ARRÊT
Présents : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice‑président ; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood,
Mmes Xue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari,
Robinson, Gevorgian, juges ; MM. Daudet, Caron, juges ad hoc ;
M. Couvreur, greffier.
En l’affaire relative à des violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces
maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes,
entre
la République du Nicaragua,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, ambassadeur de la République du
Nicaragua auprès du Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
comme agent et conseil ;
M. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles, professeur émérite de droit international, Oxford University,
membre de l’Institut de droit international,
M. Alex Oude Elferink, directeur de l’Institut néerlandais du droit de la mer,
professeur de droit international de la mer, Université d’Utrecht,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur émérite à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑
La Défense, ancien membre et ancien président de la Commission du
droit international, membre de l’Institut de droit international,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professeur de droit international à l’Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, membre de l’Institut de droit international,
7 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
8
as Counsel and Advocates ;
Mr. César Vega Masís, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Director of
Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Territory, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Walner Molina Pérez, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Counsel ;
Mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, Counsellor, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Claudia Loza Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Benjamin Samson, Ph.D. Candidate, Centre de droit international de
Nanterre (CEDIN), Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La Défense,
Ms Gimena González,
as Assistant Counsel ;
Ms Sherly Noguera de Argüello, Consul General of the Republic of Nicaragua,
as Administrator,
and
the Republic of Colombia,
represented by
H.E. Ms María Angela Holguín Cuéllar, Minister for Foreign Affairs,
H.E. Mr. Francisco Echeverri Lara, Vice-Minister
of Multilateral Affairs,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as National Authorities ;
H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla, former Judge of the Council of
State of Colombia, former Attorney General of Colombia and former
Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent ;
H.E. Mr. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa, former President of the Constitutional
Court of Colombia, former Permanent Delegate of Colombia to
UNESCO and former Ambassador of Colombia to the Swiss Confederation,
as Co‑Agent ;
Mr. W. Michael Reisman, McDougal Professor of International Law at Yale
Law School, member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, former avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, member of
the New York Bar, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the Bar of England and Wales,
member of the International Law Commission,
Mr. Tullio Treves, member of the Institut de droit international, Senior
Public
International Law Consultant, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan, Professor, University of Milan,
Mr. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina, member of the International Law Commission,
President of the Latin American Society of International Law,
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 7
8
comme conseils et avocats ;
M. César Vega Masís, vice-ministre
des affaires étrangères, directeur des
affaires juridiques, de la souveraineté et du territoire au ministère des
affaires étrangères,
M. Walner Molina Pérez, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Julio César Saborio, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme conseils ;
M. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, conseiller à l’ambassade du Nicaragua au
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
Mme Claudia Loza Obregon, première secrétaire de l’ambassade du Nicaragua
au Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
M. Benjamin Samson, doctorant au Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mme Gimena González,
comme conseils adjoints ;
Mme Sherly Noguera de Argüello, consul général de la République du Nicaragua,
comme administrateur,
et
la République de Colombie,
représentée par
S. Exc. Mme María Angela Holguín Cuéllar, ministre des affaires étrangères,
S. Exc. M. Francisco Echeverri Lara, vice‑ministre des affaires multilatérales,
ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme autorités nationales ;
S. Exc. M. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla, ancien juge au Conseil d’Etat de
Colombie, ancien Procurador General de la Nación et ancien ambassadeur
de la Colombie auprès du Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
comme agent ;
S. Exc. M. Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa, ancien président de la Cour constitutionnelle
de Colombie, ancien délégué permanent de la Colombie auprès
de l’UNESCO et ancien ambassadeur de la Colombie auprès de la Confédération
suisse,
comme coagent ;
M. W. Michael Reisman, professeur de droit international à la faculté de
droit de Yale, titulaire de la chaire McDougal, membre de l’Institut de
droit international,
M. Rodman R. Bundy, ancien avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, membre du
barreau de New York, cabinet Eversheds LLP, Singapour,
sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., membre du barreau d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles, membre de la Commission du droit international,
M. Tullio Treves, membre de l’Institut de droit international, conseiller principal
en droit international public, cabinet Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan, professeur à l’Université de Milan,
M. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina, membre de la Commission du droit international,
président de la société latino‑américaine de droit international,
8 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
9
Mr. Matthias Herdegen, Dr. h.c., Professor of International Law, Director of
the Institute of International Law at the University of Bonn,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren, Ambassador of the Republic of
Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative of
Colombia to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, former
Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations in Geneva,
H.E. Mr. Andelfo García González, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia
to the Kingdom of Thailand, Professor of International Law, former
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, Embassy of the Republic of Colombia
in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Lucía Solano Ramírez, Second Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of
Colombia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Andrés Villegas Jaramillo, Co‑ordinator, Group of Affairs before the
ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Giovanny Andrés Vega Barbosa, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Ana María Durán López, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Camilo Alberto Gómez Niño, Group of Affairs before the ICJ, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Juan David Veloza Chará, Third Secretary, Group of Affairs before the
ICJ, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Legal Advisers ;
Rear Admiral Luís Hernán Espejo, National Navy of Colombia,
CN William Pedroza, International Affairs Bureau, National Navy of Colombia,
CF Hermann León, National Maritime Authority (DIMAR), National Navy
of Colombia,
Mr. Scott Edmonds, Cartographer, International Mapping,
Mr. Thomas Frogh, Cartographer, International Mapping,
as Technical Advisers ;
Ms Charis Tan, Advocate and Solicitor, Singapore, member of the New York
Bar, Solicitor, England and Wales, Eversheds LLP, Singapore,
Mr. Eran Sthoeger, LL.M., New York University School of Law,
Mr. Renato Raymundo Treves, Associate, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt &
Mosle LLP, Milan,
Mr. Lorenzo Palestini, Ph.D. Candidate, Graduate Institute of International
and Development Studies, Geneva,
as Legal Assistants,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 8
9
M. Matthias Herdegen, docteur honoris causa, professeur de droit international,
directeur de l’Institut de droit international de l’Université de Bonn,
comme conseils et avocats ;
S. Exc. M. Juan José Quintana Aranguren, ambassadeur de Colombie auprès
du Royaume des Pays‑Bas, représentant permanent de la Colombie auprès
de l’Organisation pour l’interdiction des armes chimiques, ancien représentant
permanent de la Colombie auprès des Nations Unies à Genève,
S. Exc. M. Andelfo García González, ambassadeur de la Colombie auprès
du Royaume de Thaïlande, professeur de droit international, ancien vice‑ministre
des affaires étrangères,
Mme Andrea Jiménez Herrera, conseiller, ambassade de Colombie au
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
Mme Lucía Solano Ramírez, deuxième secrétaire, ambassade de Colombie au
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
M. Andrés Villegas Jaramillo, coordinateur, division des affaires portées
devant la CIJ, ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Giovanny Andrés Vega Barbosa, division des affaires portées devant la
CIJ, ministère des affaires étrangères,
Mme Ana María Durán López, division des affaires portées devant la CIJ,
ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Camilo Alberto Gómez Niño, division des affaires portées devant la CIJ,
ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Juan David Veloza Chará, troisième secrétaire, division des affaires portées
devant la CIJ, ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme conseillers juridiques ;
le contre‑amiral Luís Hernán Espejo, marine nationale de Colombie,
le capitaine de vaisseau William Pedroza, bureau des affaires internationales,
marine nationale de Colombie,
le capitaine de frégate Hermann León, autorité maritime nationale (DIMAR),
marine nationale de Colombie,
M. Scott Edmonds, cartographe, International Mapping,
M. Thomas Frogh, cartographe, International Mapping,
comme conseillers techniques ;
Mme Charis Tan, avocat et Solicitor, Singapour, membre du barreau de
New York, Solicitor, Angleterre et pays de Galles, cabinet Eversheds LLP,
Singapour,
M. Eran Sthoeger, LL.M., faculté de droit de l’Université de New York,
M. Renato Raymundo Treves, collaborateur du cabinet Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost,
Colt & Mosle LLP, Milan,
M. Lorenzo Palestini, doctorant, Institut de hautes études internationales et
du développement, Genève,
comme assistants juridiques,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
9 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
10
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 26 November 2013, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua
(hereinafter “Nicaragua”) filed with the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”)
concerning a dispute in relation to “the violations of Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and maritime zones declared by the Court’s Judgment of
19 November 2012 [in the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute
(Nicaragua v. Colombia)] and the threat of the use of force by Colombia in
order to implement these violations”.
In its Application, Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“Pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such).
Nicaragua states that, alternatively, the jurisdiction of the Court “lies in its
inherent power to pronounce on the actions required by its Judgments”.
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court,
the Registrar immediately communicated the Application to the Government of
Colombia ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon
it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Nicaragua first chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume, who resigned on 8 September
2015, and subsequently Mr. Yves Daudet. Colombia chose Mr. David
Caron.
4. By an Order of 3 February 2014, the Court fixed 3 October 2014 as the
time‑limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 3 June 2015 for the
filing of the Counter‑Memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed its Memorial
within the time‑limit so prescribed.
5. On 19 December 2014, within the time‑limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction
of the Court. Consequently, by an Order of 19 December 2014, the President,
noting that, by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the
proceedings on the merits were suspended, and taking account of Practice
Direction V, fixed 20 April 2015 as the time‑limit for the presentation by Nicaragua
of a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by Colombia. Nicaragua filed its statement within the
prescribed time‑limit. The case thus became ready for hearing in respect of the
preliminary objections.
6. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of Bogotá the notifications
provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In accordance
with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American States (hereinafter
the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute
of the Court. As provided for in Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar transmitted the written pleadings to the OAS and asked that Organization
whether or not it intended to furnish observations in writing within the meaning
of that Article. The Registrar further stated that, in view of the fact that the
current phase of the proceedings related to the question of jurisdiction, any written
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 9
10
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 26 novembre 2013, le Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua
(dénommée ci‑après le « Nicaragua ») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête
introductive d’instance contre la République de Colombie (dénommée ci‑après
la « Colombie ») au sujet d’un différend portant sur des « violations des droits
souverains et des espaces maritimes du Nicaragua qui lui ont été reconnus par
la Cour dans son arrêt du 19 novembre 2012 [en l’affaire du Différend territorial
et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie)] ainsi que sur la menace de la Colombie de
recourir à la force pour commettre ces violations ».
Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua entend fonder la compétence de la Cour sur
l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique signé le 30 avril 1948,
dénommé officiellement, aux termes de son article LX, le « pacte de Bogotá » (et
ci‑après ainsi désigné).
Le Nicaragua précise à titre subsidiaire que la compétence de la Cour « réside
dans le pouvoir inhérent qui est le sien de se prononcer sur les mesures requises
par ses arrêts ».
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, le
greffier a immédiatement communiqué la requête au Gouvernement de la
Colombie ; conformément au paragraphe 3 du même article, il en a également
informé tous les autres Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des Parties,
chacune d’elles a fait usage du droit que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’article
31 du Statut de désigner un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire. Le Nicaragua
a d’abord désigné à cet effet M. Gilbert Guillaume, qui a démissionné de ses
fonctions le 8 septembre 2015, puis M. Yves Daudet. La Colombie a désigné
M. David Caron.
4. Par ordonnance du 3 février 2014, la Cour a fixé au 3 octobre 2014 et au
3 juin 2015, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le dépôt du
mémoire du Nicaragua et pour le dépôt du contre‑mémoire de la Colombie. Le
Nicaragua a déposé son mémoire dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
5. Le 19 décembre 2014, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79
du Règlement, la Colombie a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires à la compétence
de la Cour. En conséquence, par ordonnance du 19 décembre 2014, le président,
constatant que la procédure sur le fond était suspendue en application du
paragraphe 5 de l’article 79 du Règlement, et compte tenu de l’instruction de
procédure V, a fixé au 20 avril 2015 la date d’expiration du délai dans lequel le
Nicaragua pourrait présenter un exposé écrit contenant ses observations et
conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Colombie. Le Nicaragua
a déposé son exposé dans le délai ainsi fixé. L’affaire s’est alors trouvée en
état pour ce qui est des exceptions préliminaires.
6. Sur les instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’article 43 de son
Règlement, le greffier a adressé aux Etats parties au pacte de Bogotá la notification
prévue au paragraphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut. En application des dispositions
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement, il a en outre adressé la
notification prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article 34 du Statut à l’Organisation
des Etats américains (dénommée ci‑après l’« OEA »). Conformément au paragraphe
3 de l’article 69 du Règlement, le greffier a communiqué les pièces de
procédure écrite à l’OEA et lui a demandé de lui faire savoir si elle entendait
présenter des observations écrites au sens de cette disposition. Il a par ailleurs
précisé que, la procédure ne portant à ce stade que sur la compétence, les observations
écrites devaient être limitées à cette question. Le secrétaire général de
10 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
11
observations should be limited to that question. The Secretary-General
of the OAS
indicated that the Organization did not intend to submit any such observations.
7. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Government
of the Republic of Chile asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the Parties
in accordance with that same provision, the President of the Court decided to
grant that request. The Registrar duly communicated that decision to the Government
of Chile and to the Parties.
Pursuant to the same provision of the Rules, the Government of the Republic
of Panama also asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents
annexed in the case. This request was communicated to the Parties in
order to ascertain their views. By letter dated 22 July 2015, the Agent of Nicaragua
stated that his Government had no objection to Panama being furnished
with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the case. For its part, by
letter dated 27 July 2015, the Agent of Colombia indicated that although his
Government had no objection to Panama being furnished with copies of the
preliminary objections filed by Colombia and Nicaragua’s written statement of
its observations and submissions, it did object to the Memorial of Nicaragua
being made available to Panama. Taking into account the views of the Parties,
the Court decided that copies of the preliminary objections filed by Colombia
and Nicaragua’s written statement of its observations and submissions on those
objections would be made available to the Government of Panama. The Court,
however, decided that it would not be appropriate to furnish Panama with copies
of the Memorial of Nicaragua. The Registrar duly communicated that decision
to the Government of Panama and to the Parties.
8. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the preliminary
objections of Colombia and the written observations of Nicaragua would be
made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings.
9. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Colombia were
held from Monday 28 September 2015 to Friday 2 October 2015, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For Colombia: H.E. Mr. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. W. Michael Reisman,
Mr. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina,
Mr. Tullio Treves.
For Nicaragua: H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
10. At the hearings, a Member of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
which replies were given in writing, within the time‑limit fixed by the President
in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. Pursuant to
Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each of the Parties submitted comments on the
written replies provided by the other.
*
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 10
11
l’OEA a indiqué que l’organisation n’avait pas l’intention de présenter de telles
observations.
7. Se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 53 du Règlement de la Cour, le
Gouvernement de la République du Chili a demandé à avoir communication des
pièces de procédure et documents annexés produits en l’espèce. S’étant renseigné
auprès des Parties conformément à la disposition susvisée, le président de la
Cour a décidé d’accéder à cette demande. Le greffier a dûment communiqué
cette décision au Gouvernement du Chili et aux Parties.
En application de la même disposition du Règlement, le Gouvernement de la
République du Panama a également demandé à avoir communication des pièces de
procédure et documents produits en l’espèce. Cette demande a été communiquée
aux Parties afin de recueillir leurs vues. Par lettre en date du 22 juillet 2015, l’agent
du Nicaragua a précisé que son gouvernement ne voyait pas d’objection à ce que
soient communiqués au Panama des exemplaires des pièces de procédure et des
documents annexés en l’affaire. Par lettre en date du 27 juillet 2015, l’agent de la
Colombie, quant à lui, a indiqué que, bien que ne voyant pas non plus d’objection
à ce que soient communiqués au Panama des exemplaires des exceptions préliminaires
soulevées par la Colombie et de l’exposé écrit du Nicaragua contenant les
observations et conclusions de celui‑ci, son gouvernement s’opposait à ce que le
mémoire du Nicaragua soit tenu à la disposition du Panama. Compte tenu des
vues exprimées par les Parties, la Cour a décidé que des exemplaires des exceptions
préliminaires soulevées par la Colombie et de l’exposé écrit du Nicaragua contenant
les observations et conclusions de celui‑ci seraient tenus à la disposition du
Gouvernement du Panama. Elle a toutefois décidé qu’il ne serait pas approprié de
communiquer au Panama des exemplaires du mémoire du Nicaragua. Le greffier a
dûment communiqué cette décision au Gouvernement du Panama et aux Parties.
8. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la
Cour, après avoir consulté les Parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des exceptions
préliminaires de la Colombie et de l’exposé écrit du Nicaragua sur ces exceptions
seraient rendus accessibles au public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
9. Des audiences publiques sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la
Colombie ont été tenues du lundi 28 septembre 2015 au vendredi 2 octobre 2015,
au cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses :
Pour la Colombie : S. Exc. M. Carlos Gustavo Arrieta Padilla,
sir Michael Wood,
M. Rodman R. Bundy,
M. W. Michael Reisman,
M. Eduardo Valencia‑Ospina,
M. Tullio Treves.
Pour le Nicaragua : S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
M. Vaughan Lowe,
M. Alain Pellet.
10. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées aux Parties par un membre de
la Cour, auxquelles il a été répondu par écrit, dans le délai fixé par le président
conformément au paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du Règlement de la Cour. Conformément
à l’article 72 du Règlement, chacune des Parties a présenté des observations
sur les réponses écrites fournies par la Partie adverse.
*
11 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
12
11. In the Application, the following claims were presented by Nicaragua :
“On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, Nicaragua,
while reserving the right to supplement, amend or modify this Application,
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia is in breach of :
— its obligation not to use or threaten to use force under Article 2 (4) of
the UN Charter and international customary law ;
— its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited in
paragraph 251 of the ICJ Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as
Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones ;
— its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s rights under customary international
law as reflected in Parts V and VI of UNCLOS ;
— and that, consequently, Colombia is bound to comply with the Judgment
of 19 November 2012, wipe out the legal and material consequences
of its internationally wrongful acts, and make full reparation
for the harm caused by those acts.”
12. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions were
presented on behalf of the Government of Nicaragua in its Memorial :
“1. For the reasons given in the present Memorial, the Republic of Nicaragua
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that, by its conduct, the
Republic of Colombia has breached :
(a) its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited in
paragraph 251 of the Court Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as
Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones ;
(b) its obligation not to use or threaten to use force under Article 2 (4) of
the UN Charter and international customary law ;
(c) and that, consequently, Colombia has the obligation to wipe out the
legal and material consequences of its internationally wrongful acts,
and make full reparation for the harm caused by those acts.
2. Nicaragua also requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia
must :
(a) cease all its continuing internationally wrongful acts that affect or are
likely to affect the rights of Nicaragua.
(b) Inasmuch as possible, restore the situation to the status quo ante, in
(i) revoking laws and regulations enacted by Colombia, which are
incompatible with the Court’s Judgment of 19 November 2012
including the provisions in the Decrees 1946 of 9 September 2013
and 1119 of 17 June 2014 to maritime areas which have been recognized
as being under the jurisdiction or sovereign rights of Nicaragua
;
(ii) revoking permits granted to fishing vessels operating in Nicaraguan
waters ; and
(iii) ensuring that the decision of the Constitutional Court of Colombia
of 2 May 2014 or of any other National Authority will not bar
compliance with the 19 November 2012 Judgment of the Court.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 11
12
11. Dans la requête, les demandes ci‑après ont été formulées par le Nicaragua :
« Au vu de l’exposé des éléments factuels et juridiques qui précède, le
Nicaragua, tout en se réservant le droit de compléter ou de modifier la
présente requête, prie la Cour de dire et juger que la Colombie :
— manque à l’obligation qui lui incombe en vertu du paragraphe 4 de
l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies et du droit international coutumier
de s’abstenir de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force ;
— manque à l’obligation qui lui incombe de ne pas violer les espaces maritimes
du Nicaragua tels que délimités au paragraphe 251 de l’arrêt
rendu par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012, ainsi que les droits souverains
et la juridiction du Nicaragua sur lesdits espaces ;
— manque à l’obligation qui lui incombe de ne pas violer les droits du
Nicaragua en vertu du droit international coutumier tel que reflété dans
les parties V et VI de la CNUDM ;
— est en conséquence tenue de se conformer à l’arrêt du 19 novembre 2012,
d’effacer les conséquences juridiques et matérielles de ses actes internationalement
illicites, et de réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par
lesdits actes. »
12. Au cours de la procédure écrite sur le fond, les conclusions ci‑après ont
été présentées au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua dans le mémoire :
« 1. Pour les motifs exposés dans le présent mémoire, la République du
Nicaragua prie la Cour de dire et juger que, par son comportement, la
République de Colombie :
a) a manqué à l’obligation lui incombant de ne pas violer les espaces maritimes
du Nicaragua tels que délimités au paragraphe 251 de l’arrêt rendu
par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012, ainsi que les droits souverains et la
juridiction du Nicaragua sur lesdits espaces ;
b) a manqué à l’obligation lui incombant en vertu du paragraphe 4 de
l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies et du droit international coutumier
de s’abstenir de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force ;
c) se trouve, partant, tenue d’effacer les conséquences juridiques et matérielles
de ses faits internationalement illicites, et de réparer intégralement
le préjudice causé par ceux‑ci.
2. Le Nicaragua prie également la Cour de dire et juger que la Colombie
doit :
a) cesser tous ses faits internationalement illicites de caractère continu portant
atteinte ou susceptibles de porter atteinte aux droits du Nicaragua ;
b) dans toute la mesure du possible, rétablir le statu quo ante,
i) en abrogeant les lois et règlements promulgués par elle qui sont
incompatibles avec l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012,
notamment les dispositions des décrets 1946 du 9 septembre 2013
et 1119 du 17 juin 2014 relatives aux zones maritimes qui ont été
reconnues comme relevant de la juridiction ou des droits souverains
du Nicaragua ;
ii) en révoquant les permis délivrés à des navires de pêche opérant dans
les eaux nicaraguayennes ; et
iii) en faisant en sorte que ni la décision rendue le 2 mai 2014 par la
Cour constitutionnelle de la Colombie ni aucune autre décision rendue
par une autorité nationale n’empêche l’exécution de l’arrêt
rendu par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012 ;
12 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
13
(c) Compensate for all damages caused in so far as they are not made good
by restitution, including loss of profits resulting from the loss of investment
caused by the threatening statements of Colombia’s highest
authorities, including the threat or use of force by the Colombian Navy
against Nicaraguan fishing boats [or ships exploring and exploiting the
soil and subsoil of Nicaragua’s continental shelf] and third State fishing
boats licensed by Nicaragua as well as from the exploitation of
Nicaraguan
waters by fishing vessels unlawfully ‘authorized’ by Colombia,
with the amount of the compensation to be determined in a subsequent
phase of the case.
(d) Give appropriate guarantees of non‑repetition of its internationally
wrongful acts.”
13. In the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented
on behalf of the Government of Colombia:
“For the reasons set forth in this Pleading, the Republic of Colombia
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the
proceedings brought by Nicaragua in its Application of 26 November
2013.”
In the written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by Colombia, the following submissions were presented
on behalf of the Government of Nicaragua :
“For the above reasons, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that the preliminary objections submitted by the
Republic of Colombia in respect of the jurisdiction of the Court are invalid.”
14. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following submissions
were presented by the Parties :
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 30 September 2015 :
“For the reasons set forth in [its] written and oral pleadings on preliminary
objections, the Republic of Colombia requests the Court to adjudge
and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the proceedings brought by Nicaragua
in its Application of 26 November 2013 and that said Application
should be dismissed.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 2 October 2015 :
“In view of the reasons Nicaragua has presented in its written observations
and during the hearings, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court :
— to reject the preliminary objections of the Republic of Colombia ; and
— to proceed with the examination of the merits of the case.”
* * *
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 12
13
c) l’indemniser au titre de l’ensemble des dommages causés dans la mesure
où ceux‑ci n’auront pas été réparés par la restitution, à savoir le manque
à gagner résultant, d’une part, des pertes d’investissements qu’ont entraînées
les déclarations à caractère comminatoire faites par les plus hautes
autorités colombiennes et le recours, par les forces navales colombiennes,
à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force à l’encontre de navires de pêche
nicaraguayens [ou de navires explorant ou exploitant le sol et le sous‑sol
du plateau continental du Nicaragua] et de navires de pêche d’Etats tiers
détenteurs d’un permis délivré par le Nicaragua, et, d’autre part, de l’exploitation
des eaux nicaraguayennes par des navires de pêche agissant en
vertu d’une « autorisation » illicite de la Colombie, le montant de l’indemnité
devant être déterminé lors d’une phase ultérieure de la procédure ;
d) donner des garanties appropriées de non‑répétition de ses faits internationalement
illicites. »
13. Les conclusions ci‑après ont été présentées au nom du Gouvernement de
la Colombie dans les exceptions préliminaires :
« Pour les raisons exposées dans la présente pièce de procédure, la République
de Colombie prie la Cour de dire et juger qu’elle n’a pas compétence
pour connaître de l’instance introduite par la requête du Nicaragua en date
du 26 novembre 2013. »
Les conclusions ci‑après ont été présentées au nom du Gouvernement du
Nicaragua dans l’exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les
exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Colombie :
« Pour les motifs exposés ci‑dessus, la République du Nicaragua prie la
Cour de dire et juger que les exceptions préliminaires d’incompétence soulevées
par la République de Colombie sont infondées. »
14. Dans la procédure orale sur les exceptions préliminaires, les conclusions
ci‑après ont été présentées par les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,
à l’audience du 30 septembre 2015 :
« Pour les raisons exposées dans ses écritures et ses plaidoiries relatives
aux exceptions préliminaires, la République de Colombie prie la Cour de
dire et juger qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître de l’instance introduite
par la requête du Nicaragua en date du 26 novembre 2013 et que
ladite requête doit être rejetée. »
Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
à l’audience du 2 octobre 2015 :
« Pour les raisons exposées dans ses observations écrites et ses plaidoiries,
la République du Nicaragua prie la Cour :
— de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la République de
Colombie ; et
— de procéder à l’examen du fond de l’affaire. »
* * *
13 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
14
I. Introduction
15. It is recalled that in the present proceedings, Nicaragua seeks to
found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
According to this provision, the parties to the Pact recognize the Court’s
jurisdiction as compulsory in “all disputes of a juridical nature” (see paragraph
21 below).
16. Alternatively, Nicaragua maintains that the Court has an inherent
jurisdiction to entertain disputes regarding non‑compliance with its
judgments and that in the present proceedings, such an inherent
jurisdiction
exists, given that the current dispute arises from non‑compliance
by Colombia with its Judgment of 19 November 2012 in the case
concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 624) (hereinafter the “2012 Judgment”).
17. Colombia has raised five preliminary objections to the jurisdiction
of the Court. According to the first objection, the Court lacks jurisdiction
ratione temporis under the Pact of Bogotá because the proceedings were
instituted by Nicaragua on 26 November 2013, after Colombia’s notice of
denunciation of the Pact on 27 November 2012. In its second objection,
Colombia argues that, even if the Court does not uphold the first objection,
the Court still has no jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá because
there was no dispute between the Parties as at 26 November 2013, the
date when the Application was filed. Colombia contends in its third
objection that, even if the Court does not uphold the first objection, the
Court still has no jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá because, at the
time of the filing of the Application, the Parties were not of the opinion
that the purported controversy “[could not] be settled by direct negotiations
through the usual diplomatic channels”, as is required, in Colombia’s
view, by Article II of the Pact of Bogotá before resorting to the
dispute resolution procedures of the Pact. In its fourth objection, Colombia
contests Nicaragua’s assertion that the Court has an “inherent jurisdiction”
enabling it to pronounce itself on the alleged non‑compliance
with a previous judgment. Finally, according to Colombia’s fifth objection,
the Court has no jurisdiction with regard to compliance with a prior
judgment, which is, in its opinion, the real subject‑matter of Nicaragua’s
claims in the present proceedings.
18. In its written observations and final submissions during the oral
proceedings, Nicaragua requested the Court to reject Colombia’s preliminary
objections in their entirety (see paragraphs 13 and 14 above).
19. The Court will now consider these objections in the order presented
by Colombia.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 13
14
I. Introduction
15. Il est rappelé que, en l’espèce, le Nicaragua entend fonder la compétence
de la Cour sur l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá. Aux termes de
cette disposition, les parties au pacte reconnaissent comme obligatoire la
juridiction de la Cour « sur tous les différends d’ordre juridique » (voir le
paragraphe 21 ci‑après).
16. A titre subsidiaire, le Nicaragua soutient que la Cour possède un
pouvoir inhérent pour connaître de différends concernant un défaut
d’exécution de ses arrêts ; et que, en l’espèce, pareil pouvoir inhérent
existe, puisque le différend en cause découle de la non-exécution
par
la Colombie de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012 en l’affaire
du Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie)
(C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 624) (dénommé ci‑après l’« arrêt de 2012 »).
17. La Colombie a soulevé cinq exceptions préliminaires à la compétence
de la Cour. Dans la première, elle soutient que la Cour n’a pas
compétence ratione temporis au titre du pacte de Bogotá, le Nicaragua
ayant introduit l’instance le 26 novembre 2013, après que la Colombie
eut dénoncé le pacte le 27 novembre 2012. Aux termes de sa deuxième
exception, la Colombie soutient que la Cour, quand bien même elle ne
retiendrait pas sa première exception, n’aurait pas non plus compétence
au titre du pacte de Bogotá, parce qu’il n’existait pas de différend entre les
Parties au 26 novembre 2013, date à laquelle la requête a été déposée.
Par sa troisième
exception, la Colombie affirme que la Cour, toujours
dans l’hypothèse
où elle n’accueillerait pas la première exception,
n’aurait
pas non plus compétence au titre du pacte de Bogotá, parce
que, moment du dépôt de la requête, les Parties n’étaient pas
d’avis que le prétendu différend
« ne pou[v]ait être résolu au moyen
de négociations directes suivant
les voies diplomatiques ordinaires »,
ce qui est, selon la Colombie, une condition exigée par l’article II
du pacte pour recourir aux procédures
de règlement des différends
établies
dans celui‑ci. Dans sa quatrième exception, la Colombie
conteste l’affirmation du Nicaragua selon laquelle la Cour disposerait
d’un « pouvoir inhérent » lui permettant de se prononcer sur
la non-exécution
alléguée d’un arrêt rendu par elle. Enfin, selon la
cinquième
exception préliminaire, la Cour n’a pas compétence en ce qui
concerne l’exécution d’un arrêt antérieur, ce qui est, de l’avis
de la Colombie, le véritable objet des demandes du Nicaragua en
l’espèce.
18. Dans son exposé écrit et dans ses conclusions finales formulées à
l’audience, le Nicaragua a prié la Cour de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires
de la Colombie dans leur intégralité (voir les paragraphes 13 et 14
ci-
dessus).
19. La Cour examinera à présent lesdites exceptions dans l’ordre dans
lequel la Colombie les a présentées.
14 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
15
II. First Preliminary Objection
20. Colombia’s first preliminary objection is that Article XXXI of the
Pact of Bogotá cannot provide a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court,
because Colombia had given notification of denunciation of the Pact before
Nicaragua filed its Application in the present case. According to Colombia,
that notification had an immediate effect upon the jurisdiction of the Court
under Article XXXI, with the result that the Court lacks jurisdiction in
respect of any proceedings instituted after the notification was transmitted.
21. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá provides :
“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare
that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the jurisdiction
of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the necessity
of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in force, in
all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning :
(a) [t]he interpretation of a treaty ;
(b) [a]ny question of international law ;
(c) [t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
the breach of an international obligation ;
(d) [t]he nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach
of an international obligation.”
22. Denunciation of the Pact of Bogotá is governed by Article LVI,
which reads :
“The present treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be
denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall
cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall
continue in force for the remaining signatories. The denunciation
shall be addressed to the Pan-American
Union, which shall transmit
it to the other Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures
initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification.”
23. On 27 November 2012, Colombia gave notice of denunciation by
means of a diplomatic Note from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to the
Secretary-General
of the OAS as head of the General Secretariat of the
OAS (the successor to the Pan-American
Union). That notice stated that
Colombia’s denunciation “takes effect as of today with regard to procedures
that are initiated after the present notice, in conformity with [the]
second paragraph of Article LVI”.
24. The Application in the present case was submitted to the Court after
the transmission of Colombia’s notification of denunciation but before the
one‑year period referred to in the first paragraph of Article LVI had elapsed.
* *
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 14
15
II. Première exception préliminaire
20. Aux termes de sa première exception préliminaire, la Colombie dit
que la compétence de la Cour ne saurait être fondée sur l’article XXXI du
pacte de Bogotá, parce que l’avis par lequel elle a dénoncé cet instrument
a été transmis avant que le Nicaragua ne dépose sa requête en la présente
instance. Selon elle, cet avis de dénonciation avait un effet immédiat
sur la juridiction de la Cour au titre de l’article XXXI, privant la Cour de
compétence à l’égard de toute procédure introduite après sa transmission.
21. L’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá est ainsi libellé :
« Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour internationale de Justice, les Hautes Parties Contractantes en ce
qui concerne tout autre Etat américain déclarent reconnaître comme
obligatoire de plein droit, et sans convention spéciale tant que le présent
Traité restera en vigueur, la juridiction de la Cour sur tous les
différends d’ordre juridique surgissant entre elles et ayant pour objet :
a) [l]’interprétation d’un traité ;
b) [t]oute question de droit international ;
c) [l]’existence de tout fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la violation
d’un engagement international ;
d) [l]a nature ou l’étendue de la réparation qui découle de la rupture
d’un engagement international. »
22. La dénonciation du pacte de Bogotá est régie par l’article LVI, qui
se lit comme suit :
« La durée du présent Traité sera indéfinie, mais il pourra être
dénoncé moyennant un préavis d’un an ; passé ce délai il cessera de
produire ses effets par rapport à la partie qui l’a dénoncé, et demeurera
en vigueur en ce qui concerne les autres signataires. L’avis de
dénonciation sera adressé à l’Union Panaméricaine qui le transmettra
aux autres Parties Contractantes.
La dénonciation n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours
entamées avant la transmission de l’avis en question. »
23. Le 27 novembre 2012, la Colombie a dénoncé le pacte au moyen
d’une note diplomatique adressée par son ministre des affaires étrangères
au secrétaire général de l’OEA, en sa qualité de dirigeant du secrétariat
général de cette organisation (qui a succédé à l’Union panaméricaine),
dans laquelle elle indiquait que sa dénonciation « pre[nait] effet à compter
d[u] jour [même] à l’égard des procédures introduites postérieurement
[à l’]avis, conformément au second alinéa de l’article LVI ».
24. La requête en la présente instance a été soumise à la Cour après la
transmission de l’avis de dénonciation de la Colombie, mais avant l’expiration
du préavis d’un an prévu au premier alinéa de l’article LVI.
* *
15 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
16
25. Colombia maintains that Article LVI of the Pact of Bogotá should be
interpreted in accordance with the customary international law rules on
treaty interpretation enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the 1969 Vienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter, the “Vienna Convention”).
Colombia relies, in particular, on the general rule of interpretation in Article
31 of the Vienna Convention, which requires that “[a] treaty shall be
interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be
given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object
and purpose”. According to Colombia, the application of the general rule of
treaty interpretation must lead to the conclusion that procedures initiated
after transmission of a notification of denunciation are affected by the
denunciation.
26. Colombia contends that the natural implication of the express provision
in the second paragraph of Article LVI of the Pact that denunciation
shall have no effect on pending procedures initiated before the
transmission of a notification is that denunciation is effective with
regard to procedures initiated after that date. Such effect must follow,
according to Colombia, from the application to the second paragraph of
Article LVI of an a contrario interpretation of the kind applied by the
Court in its Judgment of 16 April 2013 in the case concerning the Frontier
Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) (I.C.J. Reports 2013, pp. 81‑82,
paras. 87‑88). Moreover, to adopt a different interpretation would
deny effet utile to the second paragraph and thus run counter to the principle
that all of the words in a treaty should be given effect. Colombia
refutes the suggestion that its interpretation of the second paragraph of
Article
LVI would deny effet utile to the first paragraph of that provision.
Even though Colombia accepts that its interpretation would mean that
none of the different procedures provided for in Chapters Two to Five
of the Pact could be initiated by, or against, a State which had given
notification
of denunciation during the year that the treaty remained in
force in accordance with the first paragraph of Article LVI, it maintains
that important substantive obligations contained in the other chapters
of the Pact would nevertheless remain in force during the one‑year
period, so that the first paragraph of Article LVI would have a clear
effect.
27. Colombia argues that its interpretation of Article LVI is confirmed
by the fact that if the parties to the Pact had wanted to provide that
denunciation would not affect any procedures initiated during the
one‑year period of notice, they could easily have said so expressly, namely
by adopting a wording similar to provisions in other treaties, such as
Article 58, paragraph 2, of the 1950 European Convention on Human
Rights, or Article 40, paragraph 2, of the 1972 European Convention on
State Immunity. Colombia also observes that the function and language
of Article XXXI are very similar to those of Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the Court and that States generally reserve the right
to withdraw their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, without
notice.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 15
16
25. La Colombie soutient qu’il convient d’interpréter l’article LVI du
pacte de Bogotá conformément aux règles du droit international coutumier
relatives à l’interprétation des traités, telles qu’elles sont consacrées
aux articles 31 à 33 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités
(dénommée ci‑après la « convention de Vienne »). Elle invoque notamment
la règle générale d’interprétation énoncée à l’article 31 de cet instrument,
qui dispose qu’« [u]n traité doit être interprété de bonne foi suivant
le sens ordinaire à attribuer [à ses] termes … dans leur contexte et à la
lumière de son objet et de son but ». Selon elle, l’application de la règle
générale d’interprétation des traités conduit nécessairement à la conclusion
que la dénonciation a un effet sur les procédures introduites après la
transmission de l’avis correspondant.
26. La Colombie affirme ainsi qu’il découle naturellement du libellé
exprès du second alinéa de l’article LVI du pacte, selon lequel la dénonciation
n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours entamées avant la
transmission d’un avis, que ladite dénonciation a un effet à l’égard des
procédures entamées après cette date. Tel est, selon elle, l’effet du second
alinéa dès lors qu’on lui applique une interprétation a contrario comme
celle que la Cour a retenue dans son arrêt du 16 avril 2013 en l’affaire du
Différend frontalier (Burkina Faso/Niger) (C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 81‑82,
par. 87‑88). En outre, adopter une interprétation différente priverait le
second alinéa d’effet utile et irait donc à l’encontre du principe selon
lequel il convient de donner effet à tous les termes d’un traité. La Colombie
rejette l’idée que son interprétation du second alinéa de l’article LVI
aurait pour conséquence d’ôter tout effet utile au premier alinéa de cette
même disposition. Tout en reconnaissant qu’il s’ensuit de cette interprétation
que, pendant l’année au cours de laquelle le traité demeurerait en
vigueur en application du premier alinéa de l’article LVI, aucune des différentes
procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq du pacte ne pourrait
être engagée par ou contre un Etat ayant notifié une dénonciation, elle
soutient que d’importantes obligations de fond énoncées dans d’autres
chapitres du pacte continueraient néanmoins d’être applicables pendant
cette période d’un an, de sorte que le premier alinéa de l’article LVI aurait
manifestement un effet.
27. La Colombie allègue que son interprétation de l’article LVI est
confirmée par le fait qu’il aurait été aisé pour les parties au pacte, si elles
avaient voulu que la dénonciation n’ait d’incidence sur aucune procédure
introduite pendant le préavis d’un an, de le dire expressément en adoptant
un libellé similaire à celui des dispositions d’autres traités, telles que le paragraphe
2 de l’article 58 de la convention européenne des droits de l’homme
de 1950 et le paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 de la convention européenne sur
l’immunité des Etats de 1972. La Colombie fait observer en outre que la
fonction et le libellé de l’article XXXI sont très similaires à ceux du paragraphe
2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour et que les Etats se réservent
généralement le droit de retirer sans préavis les déclarations qu’ils font au
titre de cette dernière disposition.
16 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
17
28. Finally, Colombia maintains that its interpretation is “also consistent
with the State practice of the parties to the Pact” and the travaux
préparatoires. With regard to the first argument, it points to the absence
of any reaction, including from Nicaragua, to Colombia’s notice of
denunciation, notwithstanding the clear statement therein that the denunciation
was to take effect as of the date of the notice “with regard to
procedures . . . initiated after the present notice”. It also emphasizes that
there was no reaction from other parties to the Pact when El Salvador
gave notice of denunciation in 1973, notwithstanding that El Salvador’s
notification of denunciation stated that the denunciation “will begin to
take effect as of today”. With regard to the travaux préparatoires,
Colombia contends that the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken
from Article 9 of the 1929 General Treaty of Inter‑American Arbitration
(and the parallel provision in Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention
of Inter‑American Conciliation). Colombia maintains that what became
the second paragraph of Article LVI was added as the result of an initiative
taken by the United States of America in 1938 which was accepted by
the Inter‑American Juridical Committee in 1947 and incorporated into
the text which was signed in 1948. According to Colombia, this history
shows that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to incorporate a
provision which limited the effect of the first paragraph of Article LVI.
*
29. Nicaragua contends that the jurisdiction of the Court is determined
by Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, according to which Colombia
and Nicaragua had each recognized the jurisdiction of the Court “so long
as the present Treaty is in force”. How long the treaty remains in force is
determined by the first paragraph of Article LVI, which provides that the
Pact remains in force for a State which has given notification of denunciation
for one year from the date of that notification. Since the date on
which the jurisdiction of the Court has to be established is that on which
the Application is filed, and since Nicaragua’s Application was filed less
than one year after Colombia gave notification of its denunciation of the
Pact, it follows — according to Nicaragua — that the Court has jurisdiction
in the present case. Nicaragua maintains that nothing in the second
paragraph of Article LVI runs counter to that conclusion and no inference
should be drawn from the silence of that paragraph regarding procedures
commenced between the transmission of the notification of
denunciation and the date on which the treaty is terminated for the
denouncing State ; in any event, such inference could not prevail over the
express language of Article XXXI and the first paragraph of Article LVI.
30. That conclusion is reinforced, in Nicaragua’s view, by consideration
of the object and purpose of the Pact. Nicaragua recalls that, according to
the Court, “[i]t is . . . quite clear from the Pact that the purpose of the
American States in drafting it was to reinforce their mutual commitments
with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 16
17
28. Enfin, la Colombie affirme que son interprétation « est également
en accord avec la pratique des Etats parties au pacte » et les travaux préparatoires.
Sur le premier point, elle fait valoir l’absence totale de réaction,
y compris de la part du Nicaragua, à son avis de dénonciation,
nonobstant le fait qu’il y était clairement précisé que la dénonciation
prendrait effet à compter du jour même « à l’égard des procédures introduites
postérieurement au[dit] … avis ». Elle souligne également que l’avis
de dénonciation transmis par El Salvador en 1973 n’a suscité aucune
réaction de la part des autres parties au pacte, bien qu’il y était indiqué
que la dénonciation « pren[drait] effet à compter d[u] jour [même] ».
S’agissant des travaux préparatoires, la Colombie soutient que le premier
alinéa de l’article LVI s’inspirait de l’article 9 du traité général d’arbitrage
interaméricain de 1929 (et de la disposition équivalente figurant à l’article
16 de la convention générale de conciliation interaméricaine de 1929).
Selon la Colombie, ce qui est devenu le second alinéa de l’article LVI a été
ajouté à la suite d’une proposition faite en 1938 par les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique,
laquelle a été acceptée par le comité juridique interaméricain en
1947 puis incorporée dans le texte signé en 1948. La Colombie tire de
cette évolution du texte de l’article LVI la conclusion que les parties au
pacte de Bogotá avaient l’intention d’y incorporer une disposition limitant
l’effet du premier alinéa.
*
29. Selon le Nicaragua, la compétence de la Cour est régie par l’article
XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, aux termes duquel la Colombie et
lui‑même ont tous deux reconnu la juridiction de la Cour « tant que le …
Traité [en question] restera[it] en vigueur ». La durée d’applicabilité dudit
traité est déterminée par le premier alinéa de l’article LVI, qui dispose
que, pour un Etat l’ayant dénoncé, le pacte demeure en vigueur un an à
compter de la date de transmission de l’avis de dénonciation. La date à
laquelle la compétence de la Cour doit être établie étant celle du dépôt de
la requête, et le Nicaragua ayant procédé à ce dépôt moins d’un an après
la notification par la Colombie de sa dénonciation du pacte, il s’ensuit
— selon lui — que la Cour a compétence en l’espèce. Le Nicaragua soutient
que rien dans le second alinéa de l’article LVI ne vient contredire
cette conclusion et que l’on ne saurait rien inférer du silence de cet alinéa
sur les procédures entamées entre la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation
et la date à laquelle le pacte cesse d’être en vigueur à l’égard de
l’Etat qui l’a dénoncé ; en tout état de cause, pareille inférence ne saurait
primer le libellé exprès de l’article XXXI et du premier alinéa de l’article
LVI.
30. Le Nicaragua affirme que l’examen de l’objet et du but du pacte
vient confirmer cette conclusion. Il rappelle que, selon la Cour, « il ressort
nettement du pacte que les Etats américains, en élaborant cet instrument,
ont entendu renforcer leurs engagements mutuels en matière de règlement
judiciaire » (Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua
17 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
18
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46). Colombia’s interpretation of the second
paragraph of Article LVI would, Nicaragua maintains, deprive of all
meaning the express provision of Article XXXI that the parties to the Pact
accept the jurisdiction of the Court so long as the Pact is in force between
them, as well as the express provision of Article LVI that the Pact remains
in force for one year after notification of denunciation. According to Nicaragua,
it would also render the purpose of the Pact — as defined by the
Court — unachievable during the one‑year notice period.
31. Nicaragua disputes Colombia’s argument that the Colombian interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI would still leave important
obligations in place during the one‑year period of notice. According to
Nicaragua, the Colombian interpretation would remove from the effect of
the first paragraph of Article LVI all of the procedures for good offices and
mediation (Chapter Two of the Pact), investigation and conciliation (Chapter
Three), judicial settlement (Chapter Four) and arbitration (Chapter
Five), which together comprise forty‑one of the sixty Articles of the Pact.
Of the remaining provisions, several — such as Article LII on ratification of
the Pact and Article LIV on adherence to the Pact — are provisions which
have entirely served their purpose and would fulfil no function during the
one‑year period of notice, while others — such as Articles III to VI — are
inextricably linked to the procedures in Chapters Two to Five and impose
no obligations independent of those procedures. Colombia’s interpretation
of Article LVI would thus leave only six of the Pact’s sixty Articles with any
function during the period of one year prescribed by the first paragraph of
Article LVI. Nicaragua also notes that the title of Chapter One of the Pact
is “General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific Means” and contends
that it would be strange to interpret Article LVI of the Pact as maintaining
this Chapter in force between a State which had given notice of denunciation
and the other parties to the Pact, but not the chapters containing the
very means to which Chapter One refers.
32. Finally, Nicaragua denies that the practice of the parties to the
Pact of Bogotá or the travaux préparatoires support Colombia’s interpretation.
So far as practice is concerned, Nicaragua maintains that nothing
can be read into the absence of a response to the notices of denunciation
by El Salvador and Colombia as there was no obligation on other parties
to the Pact to respond. As for the travaux préparatoires, they suggest no
reason why what became the second paragraph of Article LVI was
included or what it was intended to mean. Most importantly, the travaux
préparatoires contain nothing which suggests that the parties to the Pact
intended, by the addition of what became the second paragraph, to
restrict the scope of the first paragraph of Article LVI. In Nicaragua’s
view, the second paragraph of Article LVI, while not necessary, serves a
useful purpose in making clear that denunciation does not affect pending
procedures.
* *
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 17
18
c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 89,
par. 46). De l’avis du Nicaragua, l’interprétation que fait la Colombie du
second alinéa de l’article LVI priverait de tout sens le libellé exprès de
l’article XXXI, qui dispose que les parties au pacte reconnaissent la juridiction
de la Cour tant que ledit instrument demeure en vigueur entre
elles, ainsi que celui de l’article LVI, qui dispose que le pacte demeure en
vigueur un an à compter de la notification de la dénonciation. Selon lui,
cela rendrait également irréalisable, pendant le préavis d’un an, le but du
pacte tel qu’il a été défini par la Cour.
31. Le Nicaragua conteste l’argument de la Colombie selon lequel l’interprétation
qu’elle fait du second alinéa de l’article LVI maintiendrait en
vigueur d’importantes obligations pendant le préavis d’un an. A son sens,
l’interprétation de la Colombie soustrairait aux effets du premier alinéa de
l’article LVI toutes les procédures de bons offices et de médiation (chapitre
deux du pacte), d’enquête et de conciliation (chapitre trois), de règlement
judiciaire (chapitre quatre) et d’arbitrage (chapitre cinq), qui, ensemble,
représentent quarante et un des soixante articles du pacte. Parmi les dispositions
restantes, plusieurs — comme l’article LII sur la ratification du pacte
et l’article LIV sur l’adhésion à celui‑ci — ont entièrement rempli leur fonction
et n’auraient donc plus de rôle à jouer pendant le préavis d’un an, tandis
que d’autres — comme les articles III à VI — sont indissociablement liées
aux procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq et n’imposent aucune obligation
indépendante de celles‑ci. Par conséquent, selon l’interprétation que
fait la Colombie de l’article LVI, seuls six des soixante articles du pacte
conserveraient une quelconque fonction pendant le préavis d’un an prévu au
premier alinéa. Le Nicaragua fait observer de surcroît que le chapitre premier
s’intitule « Obligation générale de régler les différends par des moyens pacifiques
», et qu’il serait donc singulier d’interpréter l’article LVI de telle sorte
que ledit chapitre demeurerait en vigueur entre un Etat ayant dénoncé le
pacte et les autres parties à celui‑ci, alors qu’il n’en irait plus de même de ceux
qui contiennent précisément les moyens auxquels le chapitre premier renvoie.
32. Enfin, le Nicaragua conteste que l’interprétation de la Colombie
soit étayée par la pratique des parties au pacte de Bogotá ou par les travaux
préparatoires. En ce qui concerne la pratique, il affirme que l’on ne
saurait rien inférer de l’absence de réaction aux avis de dénonciation
transmis par El Salvador et la Colombie, puisque les autres parties au
pacte n’étaient pas tenues d’y réagir. Quant aux travaux préparatoires, ils
ne donnent aucune indication sur la raison pour laquelle ce qui est devenu
le second alinéa de l’article LVI a été ajouté ni sur ce qu’il était censé
signifier. Plus important encore, rien dans les travaux préparatoires ne
donne à penser que les parties au pacte entendaient, en ajoutant ce qui est
devenu le second alinéa, restreindre la portée du premier alinéa de l’article
LVI. De l’avis du Nicaragua, le second alinéa de l’article LVI, s’il
n’est pas nécessaire, est néanmoins utile en ce qu’il précise clairement que
la dénonciation n’a pas d’incidence sur les procédures en cours.
* *
18 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
19
33. The Court recalls that the date at which its jurisdiction has to be
established is the date on which the application is filed with the Court
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, pp. 437‑438, paras. 79‑80 ; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1996 (II), p. 613, para. 26). One consequence of this rule is that
“the removal, after an application has been filed, of an element on which
the Court’s jurisdiction is dependent does not and cannot have any retroactive
effect” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 80). Thus, even if the treaty
provision by which jurisdiction is conferred on the Court ceases to be in
force between the applicant and the respondent, or either party’s declaration
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court expires or is
withdrawn, after the application has been filed, that fact does not deprive
the Court of jurisdiction. As the Court held, in the Nottebohm case :
“When an Application is filed at a time when the law in force
between the parties entails the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court . . . the filing of the Application is merely the condition required
to enable the clause of compulsory jurisdiction to produce its effects
in respect of the claim advanced in the Application. Once this condition
has been satisfied, the Court must deal with the claim ; it has
jurisdiction to deal with all its aspects, whether they relate to jurisdiction,
to admissibility or to the merits. An extrinsic fact such as the
subsequent lapse of the Declaration, by reason of the expiry of the
period or by denunciation, cannot deprive the Court of the jurisdiction
already established.” (Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala),
Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 123.)
34. By Article XXXI, the parties to the Pact of Bogotá recognize as
compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court, “so long as the present Treaty
is in force”. The first paragraph of Article LVI provides that, following
the denunciation of the Pact by a State party, the Pact shall remain in
force between the denouncing State and the other parties for a period of
one year following the notification of denunciation. It is not disputed
that, if these provisions stood alone, they would be sufficient to confer
jurisdiction in the present case. The Pact was still in force between Colombia
and Nicaragua on the date that the Application was filed and, in
accordance with the rule considered in paragraph 33 above, the fact that
the Pact subsequently ceased to be in force between them would not affect
that jurisdiction. The only question raised by Colombia’s first preliminary
objection, therefore, is whether the second paragraph of Article LVI so
alters what would otherwise have been the effect of the first paragraph as
to require the conclusion that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of the
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 18
19
33. La Cour rappelle que la date à laquelle s’apprécie sa compétence
est celle du dépôt de la requête (Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 437‑438, par. 79-80 ;
Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 613, par. 26). Cette règle a notamment
pour conséquence que « la disparition postérieure à l’introduction d’une
instance d’un élément qui conditionne la compétence de la Cour ne
produit
pas et ne saurait produire d’effet rétroactif » (Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie
c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 438,
par. 80). Ainsi, le fait qu’une disposition conventionnelle conférant
compétence
à la Cour cesse d’être en vigueur entre le demandeur et le
défendeur, que l’une ou l’autre des parties retire la déclaration qu’elle
avait formulée au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut ou que
celle-
ci vienne à expirer, s’il intervient après le dépôt de la requête, ne
prive pas la Cour de compétence. Comme l’a déclaré la Cour en l’affaire
Nottebohm,
« [l]orsque la requête est déposée à un moment où le droit en vigueur
entre les parties comporte la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour …, le
dépôt de la requête n’est que la condition pour que la clause de juridiction
obligatoire produise effet à l’égard de la demande qui fait
l’objet de la requête. Cette condition remplie, la Cour doit connaître
de la demande ; elle a compétence pour en examiner tous les aspects,
qu’ils touchent à la compétence, à la recevabilité ou au fond. Un fait
extérieur tel que la caducité ultérieure de la déclaration par échéance
du terme ou par dénonciation ne saurait retirer à la Cour une compétence
déjà établie. » (Nottebohm (Liechtenstein c. Guatemala),
exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1953, p. 123.)
34. Aux termes de l’article XXXI, les parties au pacte de Bogotá reconnaissent
comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour « tant que le[dit]
Traité restera en vigueur ». Le premier alinéa de l’article LVI dispose que
le pacte, lorsqu’il est dénoncé par un Etat partie, demeure en vigueur
entre ce dernier et les autres parties pour une durée d’un an à compter de
la notification de la dénonciation. Il n’est pas contesté que, en ellesmêmes,
ces dispositions suffiraient à conférer à la Cour compétence pour
connaître de la présente affaire. Le pacte était toujours en vigueur entre la
Colombie et le Nicaragua à la date du dépôt de la requête et, conformément
à la règle exposée au paragraphe 33 ci‑dessus, le fait qu’il a par la
suite cessé de produire ses effets entre ces deux Etats n’aurait pas d’incidence
sur cette compétence. La seule question soulevée par la première
exception de la Colombie est, dès lors, celle de savoir si le second alinéa
de l’article LVI modifie ce qui aurait autrement été l’effet du premier au
point d’imposer à la Cour de se déclarer incompétente pour connaître de
19 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
20
proceedings, notwithstanding that those proceedings were instituted while
the Pact was still in force between Nicaragua and Colombia.
35. That question has to be answered by the application to the relevant
provisions of the Pact of Bogotá of the rules on treaty interpretation
enshrined in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention. Although that
Convention is not in force between the Parties and is not, in any event,
applicable to treaties concluded before it entered into force, such as the
Pact of Bogotá, it is well established that Articles 31 to 33 of the Convention
reflect rules of customary international law (Avena and Other Mexican
Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 48, para. 83 ; LaGrand (Germany v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 502, para. 101 ; Oil
Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 812, para. 23 ; Territorial
Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1994, p. 21, para. 41 ; Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea‑Bissau v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 70, para. 48). The Parties
agree that these rules are applicable. Article 31, which states the general
rule of interpretation, requires that “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in good
faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of
the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”.
36. Colombia’s argument regarding the interpretation of the second
paragraph of Article LVI is based not upon the ordinary meaning of the
terms used in that provision but upon an inference which might be drawn
from what that paragraph does not say. That paragraph is silent with regard
to procedures initiated after the transmission of the notification of denunciation
but before the expiration of the one‑year period referred to in the first
paragraph of Article LVI. Colombia asks the Court to draw from that
silence the inference that the Court lacks jurisdiction in respect of proceedings
initiated after notification of denunciation has been given. According to
Colombia, that inference should be drawn even though the Pact remains in
force for the State making that denunciation, because the one‑year period of
notice stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI has not yet elapsed.
That inference is said to follow from an a contrario reading of the provision.
37. An a contrario reading of a treaty provision — by which the fact
that the provision expressly provides for one category of situations is said
to justify the inference that other comparable categories are excluded —
has been employed by both the present Court (see, e.g., Territorial and
Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application by Honduras for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 432,
para. 29) and the Permanent Court of International Justice (S.S. “Wimbledon”,
Judgment, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1, pp. 23‑24). Such an
interpretation is only warranted, however, when it is appropriate in light
of the text of all the provisions concerned, their context and the object
and purpose of the treaty. Moreover, even where an a contrario interpretation
is justified, it is important to determine precisely what inference its
application requires in any given case.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 19
20
l’instance, même si celle‑ci a été introduite alors que le pacte était toujours
en vigueur entre les Parties.
35. Pour répondre à cette question, il convient d’appliquer aux dispositions
pertinentes du pacte de Bogotá les règles d’interprétation des traités
énoncées aux articles 31 à 33 de la convention de Vienne. Bien que
cette convention ne soit pas en vigueur entre les Parties et qu’elle ne
couvre de toute façon pas les traités conclus avant son entrée en vigueur,
tels que le pacte de Bogotá, il est constant que ses articles 31 à 33 reflètent
des règles de droit international coutumier (Avena et autres ressortissants
mexicains (Mexique c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2004 (I), p. 48, par. 83 ; LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 502, par. 101 ; Plates‑formes pétrolières
(République islamique d’Iran c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), exception préliminaire,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 812, par. 23 ; Différend territorial
(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Tchad), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 21‑22,
par. 41 ; Sentence arbitrale du 31 juillet 1989 (Guinée‑Bissau c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1991, p. 70, par. 48). Les Parties conviennent que ces
règles sont applicables. L’article 31, qui énonce la règle générale d’interprétation,
dispose qu’« [u]n traité doit être interprété de bonne foi suivant
le sens ordinaire à attribuer aux termes du traité dans leur contexte et à la
lumière de son objet et de son but ».
36. L’argument de la Colombie relatif à l’interprétation du second alinéa
de l’article LVI repose non sur le sens ordinaire des termes de cette
disposition, mais sur une conclusion que l’on pourrait tirer, selon elle, du
silence de cet alinéa. Celui‑ci est muet sur les procédures introduites après
la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation mais avant l’expiration du préavis
d’un an visé au premier alinéa de ce même article. La Colombie invite
la Cour à inférer de ce silence qu’elle n’a pas compétence à l’égard des
procédures introduites après la notification de la dénonciation. Cette
conclusion vaut, selon elle, même lorsque, ledit préavis n’étant pas encore
expiré, le pacte est toujours en vigueur pour l’Etat qui l’a dénoncé. Elle
découle, d’après la Colombie, d’une interprétation a contrario de cette
disposition.
37. L’interprétation a contrario d’une disposition conventionnelle — en
vertu de laquelle le fait que la disposition mentionne expressément un cas
de figure donné justifierait la conclusion que d’autres cas comparables sont
exclus de ses prévisions — a été employée tant par la Cour (voir, par
exemple, Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), requête
du Honduras à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 432,
par. 29) que par sa devancière, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
(Vapeur Wimbledon, arrêt, 1923, C.P.J.I. série A no 1, p. 23‑24). Une telle
interprétation ne peut toutefois être retenue que si elle se justifie à la lumière
du libellé de l’ensemble des dispositions pertinentes, de leur contexte ainsi
que de l’objet et du but du traité. Cependant, même dans le cas où le recours
à une telle interprétation est justifié, il importe de déterminer en quoi consiste
exactement, dans chaque cas, la conclusion qu’il y a lieu d’inférer.
20 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
21
38. The second paragraph of Article LVI states that “[t]he denunciation
shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures initiated prior
to the transmission of the particular notification”. However, it is not the
denunciation per se that is capable of having an effect upon the jurisdiction
of the Court under Article XXXI of the Pact, but the termination of
the treaty (as between the denouncing State and the other parties) which
results from the denunciation. That follows both from the terms of Article
XXXI, which provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction
of the Court as compulsory inter se “so long as the present Treaty
is in force”, and from the ordinary meaning of the words used in Article
LVI. The first paragraph of Article LVI provides that the treaty may
be terminated by denunciation, but that termination will occur only after
a period of one year from the notification of denunciation. It is, therefore,
this first paragraph which determines the effects of denunciation. The second
paragraph of Article LVI confirms that procedures instituted before
the transmission of the notification of denunciation can continue irrespective
of the denunciation and thus that their continuation is ensured
irrespective
of the provisions of the first paragraph on the effects of
denunciation as a whole.
39. Colombia’s argument is that if one applies an a contrario interpretation
to the second paragraph of Article LVI, then it follows from the
statement that “denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending
procedures initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification
[of denunciation]” that denunciation does have an effect upon procedures
instituted after the transmission of that notification. Colombia
maintains that the effect is that any procedures instituted after that date
fall altogether outside the treaty. In the case of proceedings at the Court
commenced after that date, Colombia maintains that they would, therefore,
fall outside the jurisdiction conferred by Article XXXI. However,
such an interpretation runs counter to the language of Article XXXI,
which provides that the parties to the Pact recognize the jurisdiction of
the Court as compulsory “so long as the present Treaty is in force”.
The second paragraph of Article LVI is open to a different interpretation,
which is compatible with the language of Article XXXI. According
to this interpretation, whereas proceedings instituted before transmission
of notification of denunciation can continue in any event and are thus not
subject to the first paragraph of Article LVI, the effect of denunciation on
proceedings instituted after that date is governed by the first paragraph.
Since the first paragraph provides that denunciation terminates the treaty
for the denouncing State only after a period of one year has elapsed, proceedings
instituted during that year are instituted while the Pact is still in
force. They are thus within the scope of the jurisdiction conferred by
Article XXXI.
40. Moreover, in accordance with the rule of interpretation enshrined
in Article 31, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention, the text of the second
paragraph of Article LVI has to be examined in its context. Colombia
admits (see paragraph 26 above) that its reading of the second
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 20
21
38. Le second alinéa de l’article LVI dispose que « [l]a dénonciation
n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours entamées avant la transmission
de l’avis en question ». Ce n’est toutefois pas la dénonciation en soi
qui peut avoir un effet sur la juridiction que la Cour tient de l’article XXXI
de cet instrument, mais l’extinction du traité (entre l’Etat qui l’a dénoncé
et les autres parties) qui en résulte. Cette conclusion découle à la fois des
termes de l’article XXXI, qui dispose que les parties au pacte reconnaissent
comme obligatoire entre elles la juridiction de la Cour « tant que
le[dit] Traité restera en vigueur » et du sens ordinaire des termes employés
à l’article LVI. Le premier alinéa de l’article LVI prévoit qu’il peut être
mis fin au traité par voie de dénonciation, mais que l’extinction n’interviendra
qu’au terme d’un délai d’un an courant à compter de la notification
de la dénonciation. C’est par conséquent ce premier alinéa qui
détermine les effets de la dénonciation. Le second confirme que les procédures
entamées avant la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation peuvent se
poursuivre indépendamment de cette dernière et donc indépendamment
des prévisions du premier alinéa quant aux effets de la dénonciation dans
leur ensemble.
39. L’argument de la Colombie est qu’une interprétation a contrario
du second alinéa de l’article LVI conduit à conclure que, s’il est dit que
« [l]a dénonciation n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours entamées
avant la transmission de l’avis [de dénonciation] », il s’ensuit que la
dénonciation a bien un effet sur les procédures introduites après la transmission
dudit avis. La Colombie soutient que cet effet réside en ceci que
toute procédure introduite après la date de la notification se trouvera
purement et simplement exclue du cadre du traité. Selon elle, toute procédure
introduite devant la Cour après cette date serait donc exclue de la
compétence conférée par l’article XXXI. Pareille interprétation, toutefois,
va à l’encontre des termes de l’article XXXI, qui dispose que les parties au
pacte reconnaissent la juridiction de la Cour comme obligatoire « tant que
le[dit] Traité restera en vigueur ».
Le second alinéa de l’article LVI se prête à une autre interprétation, qui
est compatible avec les termes de l’article XXXI. Selon cette interprétation,
tandis que les procédures introduites avant la transmission de l’avis
de dénonciation peuvent en tout état de cause se poursuivre et ne tombent
donc pas sous le coup du premier alinéa de l’article LVI, l’effet de la
dénonciation sur les procédures introduites après cette date, lui, est régi
par le premier alinéa. Puisque celui-
ci prévoit que la dénonciation n’entraîne,
pour l’Etat qui en est l’auteur, l’extinction du traité qu’au terme
d’un délai d’un an, les procédures introduites pendant cette année de préavis
le sont alors que le pacte est toujours en vigueur. Elles relèvent donc
du champ de compétence défini à l’article XXXI.
40. En outre, conformément à la règle d’interprétation consacrée au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne, le texte du second
alinéa de l’article LVI doit être examiné dans son contexte. La Colombie
admet (voir le paragraphe 26 ci-
dessus)
que l’interprétation qu’elle en fait
21 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
22
paragraph has the effect that, during the one‑year period which the first
paragraph of Article LVI establishes between the notification of denunciation
and the termination of the treaty for the denouncing State, none
of the procedures for settlement of disputes established by Chapters Two
to Five of the Pact could be invoked as between a denouncing State and
any other party to the Pact. According to Colombia, only the provisions
of the other chapters of the Pact would remain in force between a
denouncing State and the other parties, during the one‑year period of
notice. However, Chapters Two to Five contain all of the provisions of
the Pact dealing with the different procedures for the peaceful settlement
of disputes and, as the Court will explain, play a central role within the
structure of obligations laid down by the Pact. The result of Colombia’s
proposed interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI would be
that, during the year following notification of denunciation, most of the
Articles of the Pact, containing its most important provisions, would not
apply between the denouncing State and the other parties. Such a result is
difficult to reconcile with the express terms of the first paragraph of Article
LVI, which provides that “the present Treaty” shall remain in force
during the one‑year period without distinguishing between different parts
of the Pact as Colombia seeks to do.
41. It is also necessary to consider whether Colombia’s interpretation
is consistent with the object and purpose of the Pact of Bogotá. That
object and purpose are suggested by the full title of the Pact, namely the
American Treaty on Pacific Settlement. The preamble indicates that the
Pact was adopted in fulfilment of Article XXIII of the Charter of the
OAS. Article XXIII (now Article XXVII) provides that :
“A special treaty will establish adequate means for the settlement
of disputes and will determine pertinent procedures for each peaceful
means such that no dispute between American States may remain
without definitive settlement within a reasonable period of time.”
That emphasis on establishing means for the peaceful settlement of
disputes
as the object and purpose of the Pact is reinforced by the provisions
of Chapter One of the Pact, which is entitled “General Obligation
to Settle Disputes by Pacific Means”. Article I provides :
“The High Contracting Parties, solemnly reaffirming their commitments
made in earlier international conventions and declarations, as
well as in the Charter of the United Nations, agree to refrain from
the threat or the use of force, or from any other means of coercion
for the settlement of their controversies, and to have recourse at all
times to pacific procedures.”
Article II provides :
“The High Contracting Parties recognize the obligation to settle
international controversies by regional pacific procedures before
referring them to the Security Council of the United Nations.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 21
22
exclut, entre l’Etat ayant dénoncé le pacte et toute autre partie à celui‑ci,
toute possibilité de recourir à l’une quelconque des procédures de règlement
des différends visées aux chapitres deux à cinq durant le délai d’un
an prévu par le premier alinéa de l’article LVI entre la notification de
dénonciation et l’extinction du traité pour l’Etat en question. Selon elle,
seules les dispositions des autres chapitres du pacte demeureraient en
vigueur entre l’auteur de la dénonciation et les autres parties pendant
cette période. Or, les chapitres deux à cinq contiennent l’ensemble des
dispositions du pacte relatives aux différentes procédures de règlement
pacifique des différends et, comme l’exposera la Cour, ils jouent un rôle
clef dans le système d’obligations instauré par le pacte. L’interprétation
du second alinéa de l’article LVI proposée par la Colombie aurait pour
conséquence que, pendant l’année suivant la notification de la dénonciation,
l’essentiel des articles du pacte, contenant ses dispositions les plus
importantes, ne s’appliqueraient pas entre l’Etat auteur de la dénonciation
et les autres parties. Pareil résultat est difficile à concilier avec le
libellé exprès du premier alinéa de l’article LVI, qui prévoit le maintien en
vigueur du « présent Traité » pendant le préavis d’un an, sans faire de
distinction entre les différentes parties du pacte comme le voudrait la
Colombie.
41. Il est aussi nécessaire de rechercher si l’interprétation de la Colombie
est compatible avec l’objet et le but du pacte de Bogotá. Ceux‑ci
ressortent
de son titre complet — traité américain de règlement pacifique.
Le préambule précise que le pacte a été adopté conformément à
l’article
XXIII de la Charte de l’OEA. Cet article XXIII (devenu
l’article
XXVII) dispose que :
« [u]n traité spécial établira les moyens propres à régler les différends
et fixera les procédures qui conviennent à chacun des moyens pacifiques,
de façon qu’aucun différend entre les Etats américains ne
reste sans règlement définitif au-
delà d’une période raisonnable ».
Le fait que la mise en place de moyens de règlement pacifique des différends
constitue bien l’objet et le but du pacte est encore confirmé par les
dispositions du chapitre premier, intitulé « Obligation générale de régler
les différends par des moyens pacifiques ». L’article I est ainsi libellé :
« Les Hautes Parties Contractantes réaffirment solennellement les
obligations qu’elles ont acceptées dans des conventions et des déclarations
internationales antérieures ainsi que dans la Charte des
Nations Unies ; elles décident de s’abstenir de la menace, de l’emploi
de la force ou de n’importe quel autre moyen de coercition pour
régler leurs différends et de recourir, en toutes circonstances, à des
moyens pacifiques. »
Quant à l’article II, il se lit comme suit :
« Les Hautes Parties Contractantes acceptent l’obligation de résoudre
les différends internationaux à l’aide des procédures pacifiques régionales
avant de recourir au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies.
22 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
23
Consequently, in the event that a controversy arises between two
or more signatory States which, in the opinion of the parties, cannot
be settled by direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels,
the parties bind themselves to use the procedures established in
the present Treaty, in the manner and under the conditions provided
for in the following articles, or, alternatively, such special procedures
as, in their opinion, will permit them to arrive at a solution.”
Finally, the Court recalls that, in its 1988 Judgment in the Armed Actions
case, quoted at paragraph 30 above, it held that “the purpose of the
American States in drafting [the Pact] was to reinforce their mutual commitments
with regard to judicial settlement” (Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 89, para. 46).
42. These factors make clear that the object and purpose of the Pact is
to further the peaceful settlement of disputes through the procedures provided
for in the Pact. Although Colombia argues that the reference to
“regional . . . procedures” in the first paragraph of Article II is not confined
to the procedures set out in the Pact, Article II has to be interpreted
as a whole. It is clear from the use of the word “consequently” at the
beginning of the second paragraph of Article II that the obligation to
resort to regional procedures, which the parties “recognize” in the first
paragraph, is to be given effect by employing the procedures laid down in
Chapters Two to Five of the Pact. Colombia maintains that its interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI would leave Article II —
which contains one of the core obligations in the Pact — in effect during
the one‑year period. The Court observes, however, that Colombia’s interpretation
would deprive both the denouncing State and, to the extent that
they have a controversy with the denouncing State, all other parties of
access to the very procedures designed to give effect to that obligation to
resort to regional procedures. As the Court has already explained (see
paragraph 36 above), that interpretation is said to follow not from the
express terms of the second paragraph of Article LVI but from an inference
which, according to Colombia, must be drawn from the silence of
that paragraph regarding proceedings instituted during the one‑year
period. The Court sees no basis on which to draw from that silence an
inference that would not be consistent with the object and purpose of the
Pact of Bogotá.
43. An essential part of Colombia’s argument is that its interpretation
is necessary to give effet utile to the second paragraph of Article LVI.
Colombia maintains that if the effect of the second paragraph is confined
to ensuring that procedures commenced before the date of transmission
of the notification of denunciation can continue after that date, then the
provision is superfluous. The rule that events occurring after the date on
which an application is filed do not deprive the Court of jurisdiction
which existed on that date (see paragraph 33 above) would ensure, in any
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 22
23
En conséquence, au cas où surgirait, entre deux ou plusieurs Etats
signataires, un différend qui, de l’avis de l’une des parties, ne pourrait
être résolu au moyen de négociations directes suivant les voies
diplomatiques ordinaires, les parties s’engagent à employer les procédures
établies dans ce Traité sous la forme et dans les conditions
prévues aux articles suivants, ou les procédures spéciales qui, à leur
avis, leur permettront d’arriver à une solution. »
Enfin, la Cour rappellera que, dans son arrêt de 1988 en l’affaire relative
à des Actions armées, cité au paragraphe 30 ci‑dessus, elle a conclu que
« les Etats américains, en élaborant [le pacte], [avaient] entendu renforcer
leurs engagements mutuels en matière de règlement judiciaire » (Actions
armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 89, par. 46).
42. Il est clair, au vu de ces facteurs, que l’objet et le but du pacte sont
de promouvoir le règlement pacifique des différends au moyen des procédures
prévues par celui-
ci. Bien que la Colombie soutienne que les « procédures
… régionales » visées au premier alinéa de l’article II ne sont pas
limitées aux procédures énoncées dans le pacte, l’article II doit être interprété
comme un tout. Or, il ressort clairement de l’emploi de la locution
« en conséquence » au début du second alinéa de l’article II que c’est au
moyen des procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq du pacte qu’il doit
être donné effet à l’obligation de recourir aux procédures régionales que
les parties ont « accept[ée] » à l’alinéa précédent. La Colombie affirme
que, suivant son interprétation du second alinéa de l’article LVI, l’article
II — qui énonce l’une des obligations fondamentales du pacte —
demeurerait en vigueur pendant le préavis d’un an. La Cour note
cependant qu’il s’ensuit de cette interprétation que non seulement l’Etat
qui a dénoncé le pacte, mais aussi, dans la mesure où un différend les
opposerait à cet Etat, toutes les autres parties à cet instrument seraient
privées de la possibilité d’utiliser les procédures qui ont justement été
conçues pour donner effet à cette obligation de recourir aux procédures
régionales. Comme la Cour l’a déjà indiqué (voir le paragraphe 36 ci‑dessus),
cette interprétation ne se fonde pas sur les termes exprès du
second alinéa de l’article LVI, mais sur la conclusion qu’il y a lieu, selon
la Colombie, de tirer de l’absence de toute référence dans l’alinéa en question
aux procédures introduites pendant le délai d’un an. La Cour ne voit
pas sur quel fondement elle pourrait tirer de ce silence une conclusion qui
serait incompatible avec l’objet et le but du pacte de Bogotá.
43. La Colombie argue en substance que son interprétation est nécessaire
pour conférer au second alinéa de l’article LVI un effet utile. Elle
soutient que, si l’effet du second alinéa se limitait à permettre aux procédures
entamées avant la date de la transmission de l’avis de dénonciation
de se poursuivre après celle‑ci, cette disposition serait superflue. La règle
selon laquelle des faits postérieurs à la date du dépôt d’une requête ne
sauraient priver la Cour d’une compétence qui existait à cette date (voir le
paragraphe 33 ci‑dessus) garantirait, de toute façon, l’absence d’incidence
23 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
24
event, that denunciation of the Pact would not affect procedures already
instituted prior to denunciation.
The Court has recognized that, in general, the interpretation of a treaty
should seek to give effect to every term in that treaty and that no provision
should be interpreted in a way that renders it devoid of purport or effect
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 125‑126, para. 133 ;
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgments, I.C.J.
Reports 1949, p. 24). There are occasions, however, when the parties to a
treaty adopt a provision for the avoidance of doubt even if such a provision
is not strictly necessary. For example, Article LVIII of the Pact of
Bogotá provides that certain earlier Inter‑American treaties shall cease to
have effect with respect to parties to the Pact as soon as the Pact comes
into force. Article LIX then provides that the provisions of Article LVIII
“shall not apply to procedures already initiated or agreed upon” in accordance
with any of those earlier treaties. While neither Party made reference
to these provisions, if one applies to them the approach suggested by
Colombia with regard to Article LVI, then Article LIX must be considered
unnecessary. It appears that the parties to the Pact of Bogotá considered
that it was desirable to include Article LIX out of an abundance of caution.
The fact that the parties to the Pact considered that including Article
LIX served a useful purpose even though it was not strictly necessary
undermines Colombia’s argument that the similar provision in the second
paragraph of Article LVI could not have been included for that reason.
44. The Court also considers that, in seeking to determine the meaning
of the second paragraph of Article LVI, it should not adopt an interpretation
which renders the first paragraph of that Article devoid of purport or
effect. The first paragraph provides that the Pact shall remain in force for
a period of one year following notification of denunciation. Colombia’s
interpretation would, however, confine the effect of that provision to
Chapters One, Six, Seven, and Eight. Chapter Eight contains the formal
provisions on such matters as ratification, entry into force and registration
and imposes no obligations during the period following a notification
of denunciation. Chapter Seven (entitled “Advisory Opinions”)
contains only one article and is purely permissive. Chapter Six also contains
one provision, which requires only that before a party resorts to the
Security Council regarding the failure of another party to comply with a
judgment of the Court or an arbitration award, it shall first propose a
Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the parties.
Chapter One (“General Obligation to Settle Disputes by Pacific
Means”) contains eight Articles which impose important obligations
upon the parties but, as has already been shown (see paragraph 42 above),
Article II is concerned with the obligation to use the procedures in the
Pact (none of which would be available during the one‑year period if
Colombia’s interpretation were accepted), while Articles III to VI have no
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 23
24
de la dénonciation du pacte sur les procédures déjà entamées avant cette
dénonciation.
La Cour a reconnu qu’il convenait, en général, d’interpréter un traité
en cherchant à donner effet à chacun de ses termes et en veillant à ce
qu’aucune de ses dispositions ne soit privée de portée ou d’effet (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes
de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 125‑126, par. 133 ; Détroit de
Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949, p. 24).
Il arrive néanmoins que les parties à un traité adoptent une disposition
afin d’éviter tout doute, même si celle-
ci n’est pas strictement nécessaire.
Ainsi, le pacte de Bogotá, en son article LVIII, prévoit que certains traités
interaméricains plus anciens cesseront de produire leurs effets à l’égard
des parties dès son entrée en vigueur. Il précise ensuite, à l’article LIX,
que les dispositions de l’article LVIII « ne s’appliqueront pas aux procédures
déjà entamées ou réglées » conformément à l’un de ces traités antérieurs.
Si l’on devait appliquer à ces dispositions (auxquelles aucune des
Parties ne s’est référée) la logique suivie par la Colombie à l’égard de
l’article LVI, l’article LIX ne serait pas nécessaire. Il semble que les parties
au pacte de Bogotá aient jugé souhaitable de l’inclure par surcroît de
prudence. Le fait que les parties au pacte aient estimé utile d’ajouter cet
article alors qu’il n’était pas strictement nécessaire amoindrit l’argument
de la Colombie selon lequel elles n’auraient pu ajouter pour la même raison
la disposition analogue figurant au second alinéa de l’article LVI.
44. La Cour considère également que, en cherchant à déterminer le
sens du second alinéa de l’article LVI, elle ne doit pas adopter une interprétation
qui prive de portée ou d’effet le premier alinéa de ce même
article. Or, si le premier alinéa dispose que le pacte demeurera en vigueur
un an à compter de la notification de la dénonciation, l’interprétation
proposée par la Colombie en circonscrirait l’effet aux chapitres premier,
six, sept et huit. Le chapitre huit contient les dispositions formelles touchant
par exemple à la ratification, à l’entrée en vigueur et à l’enregistrement
du traité et n’impose aucune obligation au cours de la période
suivant la notification de la dénonciation. Le chapitre sept (intitulé « Avis
consultatifs ») n’est composé que d’un seul article, de nature purement
permissive. Le chapitre six contient lui aussi une seule disposition prévoyant
uniquement que, en cas de non‑respect, par une partie, d’un arrêt
de la Cour ou d’une sentence arbitrale, l’autre ou les autres parties, avant
de recourir au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, demanderont une
réunion de consultation de leurs ministres des relations extérieures.
Le chapitre premier (« Obligation générale de régler les différends par
des moyens pacifiques ») comporte quant à lui huit articles qui imposent
aux parties d’importantes obligations. Toutefois, comme cela a déjà été
démontré (voir le paragraphe 42 ci‑dessus), l’article II concerne l’obligation
de recourir aux procédures prévues par le pacte (dont aucune ne serait
ouverte aux parties au cours de l’année de préavis si l’interprétation pro-
24 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
25
effect independent of the procedures in Chapters Two to Five. That leaves
only three provisions. Article I provides that the parties,
“solemnly reaffirming their commitments made in earlier international
conventions and declarations, as well as in the Charter of the
United Nations, agree to refrain from the threat of the use of force,
or from any other means of coercion for the settlement of their controversies,
and to have recourse at all times to pacific procedures”.
Article VII binds the parties not to exercise diplomatic protection in
respect of their nationals when those nationals have had available the
means to place their cases before competent domestic courts. Article VIII
provides that recourse to pacific means shall not preclude recourse to
self‑defence in the case of an armed attack.
Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph of Article LVI
would thus confine application of the first paragraph of Article LVI to
these few provisions.
45. Colombia, basing itself on the language employed in other treaties,
argues that, had the parties to the Pact of Bogotá wished to provide that
proceedings instituted at any time before the expiry of the one‑year period
stipulated by the first paragraph of Article LVI would be unaffected, they
could easily have made express provision to that effect. Conversely, however,
had the parties to the Pact intended the result for which Colombia
contends, they could easily have made express provision to that effect —
but they chose not to do so. The comparison with those other treaties is
not, therefore, a persuasive argument in favour of Colombia’s interpretation
of the second paragraph of Article LVI. Nor is the fact that many
declarations made under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court are terminable without notice. Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
and Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá both provide for the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. However, Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute confers jurisdiction only between States which have made a declaration
recognizing that jurisdiction. In its declaration under Article 36,
paragraph 2, a State is free to provide that that declaration may be withdrawn
with immediate effect. By contrast, Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogotá is a treaty commitment, not dependent upon unilateral declarations
for its implementation (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 84, para. 32). The conditions under which a State
party to the Pact may withdraw from that commitment are determined by
the relevant provisions of the Pact. The fact that many States choose to
frame their declarations under Article 36, paragraph 2, in such a way that
they may terminate their acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court with
immediate effect thus sheds no light on the interpretation of the provisions
of the Pact.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 24
25
posée par la Colombie était retenue), tandis que les articles III à VI n’ont
aucun effet indépendant des procédures visées aux chapitres deux à cinq.
Ne restent donc que trois dispositions. L’article I dispose que les parties
« réaffirment solennellement les obligations qu’elles ont acceptées
dans des conventions et des déclarations internationales antérieures
ainsi que dans la Charte des Nations Unies ; … décident de s’abstenir
de la menace, de l’emploi de la force ou de n’importe quel autre
moyen de coercition pour régler leurs différends et de recourir, en
toutes circonstances, à des moyens pacifiques ».
L’article VII impose aux parties de ne pas exercer la protection diplomatique
à l’égard de leurs nationaux tant que ceux‑ci n’auront pas épuisé
leurs voies de recours par-devant les tribunaux locaux compétents. L’article
VIII précise que le recours aux moyens pacifiques ne saurait faire
obstacle à l’exercice du droit de légitime défense en cas d’attaque armée.
Dès lors, l’interprétation du second alinéa de l’article LVI proposée par
la Colombie circonscrirait l’application du premier alinéa de l’article LVI
à ce petit nombre de dispositions.
45. Citant les termes employés dans d’autres traités, la Colombie soutient
que, si elles avaient entendu assurer l’absence d’incidence sur les procédures
introduites à tout moment avant l’expiration du préavis d’un an
visé au premier alinéa de l’article LVI, les parties au pacte de Bogotá
auraient aisément pu inclure une disposition expresse en ce sens. A l’inverse,
toutefois, si le résultat recherché avait été celui que prétend la Colombie, les
parties au pacte auraient aisément pu inclure une disposition expresse à cet
effet ; or, elles ont choisi de ne pas le faire. La comparaison avec ces autres
traités ne plaide donc pas de manière convaincante en faveur de l’interprétation
que la Colombie donne du second alinéa de l’article LVI. L’argument
mettant en avant le fait que de nombreuses déclarations formulées au
titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour sont dénonçables
sans préavis n’est pas plus convaincant. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du
Statut et l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá prévoient tous deux la reconnaissance
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Toutefois, le premier ne
confère compétence à la Cour qu’à l’égard d’Etats ayant reconnu sa juridiction
par une déclaration. Dans la déclaration qu’il fait au titre du paragraphe
2 de l’article 36 du Statut, un Etat est libre de dire que sa déclaration
pourra être retirée sans préavis. L’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, en
revanche, est un engagement conventionnel, dont la mise en oeuvre ne
dépend pas des effets des déclarations unilatérales (Actions armées frontalières
et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 84, par. 32). Les conditions auxquelles un
Etat partie au pacte peut retirer cet engagement sont régies par les dispositions
pertinentes de cet instrument. Le fait que de nombreux Etats choisissent
de formuler leur déclaration au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
de manière à pouvoir mettre un terme à leur acceptation de la compétence
de la Cour avec effet immédiat n’apporte donc aucun éclairage sur la
manière dont il convient d’interpréter les dispositions du pacte.
25 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
26
46. The Court has noted Colombia’s argument (see paragraph 28
above) regarding State practice in the form of the denunciation of the
Pact by El Salvador in 1973 and Colombia itself in 2012, together with
what Colombia describes as the absence of any reaction to the notification
of those denunciations.
The two notifications of denunciation are not in the same terms. While
El Salvador’s notification stated that its denunciation “will begin to take
effect as of today”, there is no indication of what effect was to follow
immediately upon the denunciation. Since the first paragraph of Article
LVI requires one year’s notice in order to terminate the treaty, any
notification of denunciation begins to take effect immediately in the sense
that the transmission of that notification causes the one‑year period to
begin. Accordingly, neither El Salvador’s notification, nor the absence of
any comment thereon by the other parties to the Pact, sheds any light on
the question currently before the Court.
Colombia’s own notification of denunciation specified that “[t]he
denunciation [of the Pact] takes effect as of today with regard to procedures
that are initiated after the present notice, in conformity with the
second paragraph of Article LVI”. Nevertheless, the Court is unable to
read into the absence of any objection on the part of the other parties to
the Pact with respect to that notification an agreement, within the meaning
of Article 31 (3) (b) of the Vienna Convention, regarding Colombia’s
interpretation of Article LVI. Nor does the Court consider that the
absence of any comment by Nicaragua amounted to acquiescence. The
fact that Nicaragua commenced proceedings in the case concerning
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia
beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v.
Colombia) and in the present case within one year of the transmission of
Colombia’s notification of denunciation reinforces this conclusion.
47. Turning to Colombia’s argument regarding the travaux préparatoires,
the Court considers that the travaux préparatoires of the Pact demonstrate
that what became the first paragraph of Article LVI was taken over from
Article 9 of the 1929 General Treaty of Inter‑American Arbitration and
Article 16 of the 1929 General Convention of Inter‑American Conciliation.
The second paragraph of Article LVI originated with a proposal from the
United States in 1938 which had no counterpart in the 1929 Treaties. However,
the travaux préparatoires give no indication as to the precise purpose
behind the addition of what became the second paragraph of Article LVI.
The Court also notes that, if Colombia’s view as to the significance of the
second paragraph were correct, then the insertion of the new paragraph
would have operated to restrict the effect of the provision which, even before
the United States made its proposal, the parties were contemplating carrying
over from the 1929 Treaties. Yet there is no indication anywhere in the
travaux préparatoires that anyone considered that incorporating this new
paragraph would bring about such an important change.
48. For all of the foregoing reasons the Court considers that Colombia’s
interpretation of Article LVI cannot be accepted. Taking Article LVI
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 25
26
46. La Cour a pris note de l’argument de la Colombie (voir le paragraphe
28 ci‑dessus) relatif à la pratique des Etats, en l’occurrence les avis
de dénonciation du pacte transmis par El Salvador en 1973 et par
elle‑même en 2012, ainsi que ce qu’elle décrit comme l’absence de toute
réaction à la notification de ces dénonciations.
Les deux avis ne sont pas libellés dans les mêmes termes. Si, dans le
sien, El Salvador a déclaré que la dénonciation « pren[drait] effet à compter
d[u] jour [même] », rien n’indique en quoi consistait l’effet immédiat de
cette dénonciation. Puisque le premier alinéa de l’article LVI impose un
préavis d’un an pour mettre fin au traité, tout avis de dénonciation prend
effet immédiatement en ce sens que sa transmission déclenche le commencement
de la période d’un an. Par conséquent, ni l’avis de dénonciation
d’El Salvador, ni l’absence de tout commentaire des autres parties au
pacte à ce sujet, n’apporte le moindre éclairage sur la question dont la
Cour est saisie.
L’avis transmis par la Colombie précisait que « la dénonciation [du
pacte] pre[nait] effet à compter d[u] jour [même] à l’égard des procédures
introduites postérieurement [audit] avis, conformément au second alinéa
de l’article LVI ». Cependant, la Cour ne saurait voir dans l’absence de
toute objection des autres parties au pacte à son sujet un accord, au sens
de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne,
à l’égard de l’interprétation que la Colombie donne de l’article LVI. Elle
ne considère pas davantage comme valant acquiescement l’absence de
tout commentaire du Nicaragua. Le fait que celui-
ci ait saisi la Cour de
l’affaire relative à la Délimitation du plateau continental entre le Nicaragua
et la Colombie au-
delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
(Nicaragua c. Colombie) et de la présente affaire moins d’un an avant la
transmission de l’avis de dénonciation de la Colombie vient renforcer
cette conclusion.
47. En ce qui concerne l’argument que la Colombie tire des travaux
préparatoires du pacte, la Cour constate qu’il ressort de ceux‑ci que le
texte du premier alinéa de l’article LVI a été repris de l’article 9 du traité
général d’arbitrage interaméricain de 1929 et de l’article 16 de la convention
générale de conciliation interaméricaine de 1929. Le second alinéa de
l’article LVI trouve son origine dans un texte proposé par les Etats‑Unis
en 1938, sans équivalent dans ces autres traités. Les travaux préparatoires
ne permettent toutefois pas de savoir dans quel but précis a été ajouté ce
qui allait devenir le second alinéa de l’article LVI. La Cour relève également
que, si la signification que la Colombie attribue au second alinéa
était correcte, l’insertion de cette nouvelle disposition aurait eu pour
conséquence de limiter l’effet d’une disposition que les parties, avant
même que les Etats‑Unis eussent présenté leur proposition, envisageaient
de reprendre des traités de 1929. Or il ne ressort nullement des travaux
préparatoires que quiconque ait considéré que l’incorporation de ce nouvel
alinéa entraînerait une modification aussi importante.
48. Pour toutes les raisons qui précèdent, la Cour estime que l’interprétation
de l’article LVI proposée par la Colombie ne saurait être accueillie.
26 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
27
as a whole, and in light of its context and the object and purpose of the
Pact, the Court concludes that Article XXXI conferring jurisdiction upon
the Court remained in force between the Parties on the date that the
Application in the present case was filed. The subsequent termination of
the Pact as between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect the jurisdiction
which existed on the date that the proceedings were instituted.
Colombia’s first preliminary objection must therefore be rejected.
III. Second Preliminary Objection
49. In its second preliminary objection to the jurisdiction of the Court,
Colombia contends that prior to the filing of Nicaragua’s Application on
26 November 2013, there was no dispute between the Parties with respect
to the claims advanced in the Application that could trigger the dispute
resolution provisions of the Pact of Bogotá, in particular, those concerning
the Court’s jurisdiction.
50. Under Article 38 of the Statute, the function of the Court is to
decide in accordance with international law disputes that States submit to
it. By virtue of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, the States parties
agreed to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, in conformity
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, for “all disputes of a juridical
nature that arise among them”. The existence of a dispute between the
parties is a condition of the Court’s jurisdiction. Such a dispute, according
to the established case law of the Court, is “a disagreement on a point
of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons”
(Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 2, p. 11 ; see also Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). “It must be shown that the claim of one party
is positively opposed by the other.” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.) It does not matter which one of them
advances a claim and which one opposes it. What matters is that “the two
sides hold clearly opposite views concerning the question of the performance
or non‑performance of certain” international obligations (Interpretation
of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First
Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).
The Court recalls that “[w]hether there exists an international dispute is
a matter for objective determination” by the Court (ibid. ; see also Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46 ; Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 26
27
Au vu de l’article LVI pris dans son ensemble, et à la lumière de son
contexte ainsi que de l’objet et du but du pacte, la Cour conclut que l’article
XXXI qui lui confère compétence demeurait en vigueur entre les Parties
à la date du dépôt de la requête en la présente affaire. L’extinction
ultérieure du pacte entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie n’a pas d’incidence
sur la compétence qui existait à la date à laquelle l’instance a été introduite.
Par conséquent, la première exception préliminaire de la Colombie
doit être rejetée.
III. Deuxième exception préliminaire
49. Par sa deuxième exception préliminaire d’incompétence de la Cour,
la Colombie soutient que, avant le dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua, le
26 novembre 2013, il n’existait entre les Parties aucun différend en rapport
avec les demandes formulées dans ladite requête qui pût déclencher
l’application des dispositions du pacte de Bogotá relatives au règlement
des différends, en particulier celles concernant la compétence de la Cour.
50. Aux termes de l’article 38 de son Statut, la Cour a pour mission de
régler conformément au droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis.
Au titre de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, les Etats parties sont
convenus de reconnaître, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
du Statut, sa juridiction obligatoire à l’égard de « tous les différends
d’ordre juridique surgissant entre [eux] ». L’existence d’un différend entre
les parties est une condition à la compétence de la Cour. Un tel différend,
selon la jurisprudence constante de la Cour, est « un désaccord sur un
point de droit ou de fait, une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques
ou d’intérêts entre deux personnes » (Concessions Mavrommatis en
Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11 ; voir aussi Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30). Il doit avoir été
établi « que la réclamation de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition
manifeste de l’autre » (Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ;
Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1962, p. 328). Il importe peu de savoir laquelle d’entre elles est à l’origine
de la réclamation, et laquelle s’y oppose. Ce qui importe, c’est que « les
points de vue des deux parties, quant à l’exécution ou à la non‑exécution »
de certaines obligations internationales, « so[ie]nt nettement opposés »
(Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la
Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74).
La Cour rappelle que « [l]’existence d’un différend international
demande à être établie objectivement » par elle (ibid. ; voir aussi Questions
concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 442, par. 46 ; Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
27 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
28
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30 ; Nuclear Tests (Australia
v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271, para. 55 ; Nuclear
Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476,
para. 58). “The Court’s determination must turn on an examination of
the facts. The matter is one of substance, not of form.” (Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30.)
51. According to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute and Article 38,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Applicant is required to indicate the
“subject of the dispute” in the Application, specifying the “precise nature of
the claim” (see also Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean
(Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015
(II), p. 602, para. 25 ; Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction
of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 448, para. 29). However,
“[i]t is for the Court itself . . . to determine on an objective basis the
subject‑matter of the dispute between the parties, that is, to ‘isolate
the real issue in the case and to identify the object of the claim’
(Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 262, para. 29 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30)” (Obligation to Negotiate Access
to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 26).
52. In principle, the critical date for determining the existence of a dispute
is the date on which the application is submitted to the Court (Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30 ; Questions of
Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising
from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United
Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998,
pp. 25‑26, paras. 43‑45 ; Questions of Interpretation and Application of the
1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 130‑131, paras. 42‑44).
* *
53. In its Application, Nicaragua indicates that the subject of the dispute
it submits to the Court is as follows: “The dispute concerns the violations
of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and maritime zones declared by
the Court’s Judgment of 19 November 2012 and the threat of the use of
force by Colombia in order to implement these violations.”
In the submissions set out in the Memorial (see paragraph 12 above),
Nicaragua requests the Court to determine two principal claims ; one
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 27
28
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30 ; Essais nucléaires (Australie
c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 271, par. 55 ; Essais nucléaires
(Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 476, par. 58).
La Cour, « pour se prononcer, doit s’attacher aux faits. Il s’agit d’une
question de fond, et non de forme. » (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30.)
51. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour
et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 38 du Règlement, le demandeur doit indiquer
dans sa requête « l’objet du différend » et spécifier « la nature précise de la
demande » (voir aussi Obligation de négocier un accès à l’océan Pacifique
(Bolivie c. Chili), exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II),
p. 602, par. 25 ; Compétence en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada),
compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 448, par. 29). Toutefois,
« [c]’est … à la Cour qu’il appartient de définir, sur une base objective,
l’objet du différend qui oppose les parties, c’est‑à‑dire de « circonscrire
le véritable problème en cause et de préciser l’objet de la
demande » (Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1974, p. 262, par. 29 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande
c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 466, par. 30) » (Obligation de
négocier un accès à l’océan Pacifique (Bolivie c. Chili), exception préliminaire,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 602, par. 26).
52. En principe, la date critique aux fins d’apprécier l’existence d’un
différend est celle à laquelle la requête est soumise à la Cour (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 85, par. 30 ; Questions
d’interprétation et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant
de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne
c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998,
p. 25‑26, par. 43‑45 ; Questions d’interprétation et d’application de la
convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie
(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 130‑131, par. 42‑44).
* *
53. Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua expose en ces termes l’objet du différend
qu’il soumet à la Cour : « Le différend porte sur des violations des
droits souverains et des espaces maritimes du Nicaragua qui lui ont été
reconnus par la Cour dans son arrêt du 19 novembre 2012 ainsi que
sur la menace de la Colombie de recourir à la force pour commettre ces
violations. »
Dans les conclusions formulées dans son mémoire (voir le paragraphe
12 ci‑dessus), le Nicaragua prie la Cour de se prononcer sur deux
28 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
29
relates to Colombia’s alleged violations of Nicaragua’s maritime zones as
delimited by the Court in its 2012 Judgment “as well as Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and jurisdiction in these zones”, and the other concerns
Colombia’s alleged breach of its obligation not to use or threaten to use
force under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations
and customary international law.
54. Nicaragua claims that, in the period between the delivery of the
2012 Judgment and the date of the filing of the Application on 26 November
2013, Colombia first asserted that the 2012 Judgment was not applicable.
On 9 September 2013, it enacted Presidential Decree 1946 on the
establishment of an “Integral Contiguous Zone” (hereinafter “Decree
1946”) that partially overlapped with the maritime zones that the Court
declared appertain to Nicaragua. Moreover, according to Nicaragua,
Colombia started a programme of military and surveillance operations in
those maritime areas. Nicaragua also states that Colombia took steps
using military vessels and aircraft to intimidate Nicaraguan vessels and
that it continued to issue licenses authorizing fishing in the waters concerned.
*
55. In supporting its second preliminary objection, Colombia contends
that at no time up to the critical date of 26 November 2013, the date on
which Nicaragua filed its Application, did Nicaragua ever indicate to
Colombia, by any modality, that Colombia was violating Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and maritime zones declared by the 2012 Judgment or
that it was threatening to use force. It argues that Nicaragua had not
raised any complaints with Colombia, either in writing or orally until
almost ten months after it filed the Application and three weeks before it
submitted its Memorial, namely, until it sent a diplomatic Note to Colombia
on 13 September 2014. Colombia alleges that this Note “is a transparent
effort to manufacture a case where none exists”.
56. Colombia claims that Nicaragua’s Application came as a “complete
surprise”, given the peaceful situation at sea and the Parties’ repeated
statements that they were intent on negotiating a treaty to implement the
2012 Judgment. It contends that, prior to the filing of the Application,
and even for a significant period afterwards, there was no dispute over
any allegations of violation by Colombia of Nicaragua’s maritime spaces,
or threat of the use of force, that could have formed the basis of negotiations.
57. With regard to Nicaragua’s allegation that Colombia had repudiated
the 2012 Judgment, Colombia states that
“Colombia accepts that the Judgment [of 2012] is binding upon it in
international law. The Colombian Constitutional Court took the
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 28
29
demandes principales ; l’une concerne les violations alléguées de ses
espaces maritimes tels que délimités par la Cour dans son arrêt de 2012
« ainsi que [de ses] droits souverains et [de sa] juridiction … sur lesdits
espaces », l’autre est relative à la violation par la Colombie de l’obligation
lui incombant en vertu du paragraphe 4 de l’article 2 de la Charte des
Nations Unies et du droit international coutumier de s’abstenir de recourir
à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force.
54. Le Nicaragua soutient que, pendant la période comprise entre le
prononcé de l’arrêt de 2012 et la date à laquelle il a déposé sa requête, le
26 novembre 2013, la Colombie a d’abord affirmé que l’arrêt de 2012
n’était pas applicable. Le 9 septembre 2013, elle a promulgué le décret
présidentiel
1946 portant création d’une « zone contiguë unique » (ci‑après
le « décret 1946 ») empiétant partiellement sur les espaces maritimes dont
la Cour avait reconnu l’appartenance au Nicaragua. Au surplus, selon le
Nicaragua, la Colombie aurait lancé un programme d’opérations militaires
et de surveillance dans lesdits espaces maritimes. Le Nicaragua allègue
aussi que la Colombie s’est livrée, au moyen de navires et d’aéronefs
militaires,
à une intimidation de bateaux nicaraguayens et qu’elle a continué à
délivrer des permis autorisant la pêche dans les eaux en question.
*
55. A l’appui de sa deuxième exception préliminaire, la Colombie soutient
que, à aucun moment jusqu’à la date critique du 26 novembre 2013,
jour où il a déposé sa requête, le Nicaragua ne lui avait indiqué, sous
quelque forme que ce fût, qu’elle violait ses droits souverains et ses
espaces maritimes tels que reconnus dans l’arrêt de 2012 ou le menaçait
de recourir à la force. Elle plaide que c’est seulement près de dix mois
après le dépôt de sa requête, et trois semaines avant celui de son mémoire,
que le Nicaragua qui, jusque‑là, ne lui avait jamais fait part, ni par écrit
ni oralement, du moindre grief, a protesté pour la première fois par la
note diplomatique qu’il lui a adressée le 13 septembre 2014. Elle soutient
que cette note « constitue à l’évidence … une tentative de créer de toutes
pièces une affaire qui en réalité n’existe pas ».
56. La Colombie affirme que la requête du Nicaragua fut « une totale
surprise », puisque la situation en mer était paisible et que les Parties
avaient maintes fois exprimé leur intention de négocier un traité en vue de
donner effet à l’arrêt de 2012. Elle fait valoir que, avant le dépôt de cette
requête — et, du reste, encore longtemps après —, il n’existait entre les
Parties aucun différend concernant des allégations de violation par la
Colombie des espaces maritimes nicaraguayens, ou de menace de recourir
à la force, qui eût pu servir de base à des négociations.
57. S’agissant de l’allégation du Nicaragua selon laquelle la Colombie
aurait rejeté l’arrêt de 2012, celle-
ci indique qu’elle
« admet que [cet] arrêt … lui est opposable en droit international.
Telle est également la position que la Cour constitutionnelle a adop-
29 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
30
same position in its decision of 2 May 2014. The question that has
arisen in Colombia is how to implement the 2012 Judgment domestically,
having regard to the relevant constitutional provisions and the
nature of Colombia’s legal system with respect to boundaries.”
Colombia maintains that, under Article 101 of its Constitution, a change
to its boundaries can only be effected by the conclusion of a treaty and
that Nicaragua had expressed its willingness to enter into negotiations
with Colombia regarding the possibility of concluding such a treaty.
58. With regard to Presidential Decree 1946 on an “Integral Contiguous
Zone” enacted on 9 September 2013 and subsequently amended by
Decree 1119 of 17 June 2014, Colombia argues that although its own
entitlement to a contiguous zone around its islands was fully addressed by
the Parties in the case concluded with the 2012 Judgment, the delimitation
of that zone was not an issue addressed or decided by the Court.
Colombia claims that, like all other States, it is entitled to such a maritime
zone, which is governed by customary international law. It states
that its
“Integral Contiguous Zone (i) is necessary for the orderly management,
policing and maintenance of public order in the maritime spaces
in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina,
(ii) is to be applied in conformity with international law having due
regard to the rights of other States, (iii) is in conformity with customary
international law, and (iv) consequently, cannot be said to be
contrary to the Court’s Judgment of 19 November 2012”.
59. Moreover, Colombia maintains that, under Decree 1946, its right
to sanction infringements of laws and regulations concerning the matters
mentioned in the Decree would only be exercised in relation to acts committed
in its insular territories or in their territorial sea, which, according
to Colombia, “corresponds to customary international law”.
60. Finally, Colombia denies that there existed, at the date of the filing
of the Application, any dispute between the Parties concerning a threat of
use of force at sea, let alone any violation of Article 2, paragraph 4, of the
Charter of the United Nations. It maintains that it had given instructions
to its naval forces to avoid any risk of confrontation with Nicaragua at
sea. It claims that, as confirmed by members of Nicaragua’s Executive
and Military, “the situation in the south‑western Caribbean was calm,
and that no problems existed”.
*
61. Nicaragua, for its part, first points to the declarations and statements
of Colombia’s senior officials, including its Head of State, its Foreign
Minister and the Chief of its Navy, which, it claims, indicate that
Colombia would not accept the delimitation of the maritime zones as
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 29
30
tée dans son arrêt du 2 mai 2014. La question qui s’est posée à la
Colombie est de savoir comment donner effet à cet arrêt sur le plan
interne, eu égard aux dispositions constitutionnelles pertinentes et à
la nature de son régime juridique en matière de frontières. »
Elle soutient que, d’après l’article 101 de sa Constitution, toute modification
de ses frontières passe nécessairement par la conclusion d’un traité et
que le Nicaragua s’était déclaré disposé à entamer avec elle des négociations
sur l’éventualité de conclure un tel traité.
58. A propos du décret présidentiel 1946 relatif à une « zone contiguë
unique », promulgué le 9 septembre 2013 et modifié ensuite par le
décret 1119 du 17 juin 2014, la Colombie affirme que, si la question de
son droit à une zone contiguë lui revenant autour de ses îles a exhaustivement
été traitée par les Parties dans le cadre de la procédure qui s’est
conclue par l’arrêt de 2012, celle de la délimitation de cette zone n’a pas
été abordée ni tranchée par la Cour. Elle soutient qu’elle peut, comme les
autres Etats, se prévaloir d’une telle zone maritime, qui relève du droit
international coutumier. Elle expose que sa
« zone contiguë unique … i) est nécessaire aux fins de la gestion
ordonnée, de la surveillance et du maintien de l’ordre public dans les
espaces maritimes de l’archipel de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa
Catalina, ii) doit être conforme au droit international, étant dûment
tenu compte des droits d’Etats tiers, iii) est conforme au droit international
coutumier, et iv) ne peut donc être tenue pour contraire aux
dispositions de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012 ».
59. La Colombie soutient en outre que, conformément au décret 1946,
le droit qu’elle a de réprimer les infractions aux lois ou règlements relatifs
aux questions visées dans ledit décret ne peut être exercé qu’à l’égard
d’actes commis dans ses territoires insulaires ou dans leur mer territoriale,
ce qui, selon elle, « est conforme au droit international coutumier ».
60. Enfin, la Colombie conteste l’existence, à la date du dépôt de la
requête, d’un différend entre les Parties concernant une menace de recourir
à la force en mer et, à plus forte raison, d’une quelconque violation du
paragraphe 4 de l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Elle affirme
qu’elle avait donné instruction à ses forces navales d’éviter tout risque
d’affrontement en mer avec le Nicaragua. Elle indique que « le calme
régnait dans le sud‑ouest des Caraïbes et qu’il n’existait aucun problème »,
ce qui aurait été confirmé par de hauts responsables politiques et militaires
du Nicaragua.
*
61. Le Nicaragua, pour sa part, se réfère tout d’abord aux déclarations
de hauts responsables colombiens, dont le président, la ministre des
affaires étrangères et le commandant en chef de la marine, faisant état,
selon lui, du refus de la Colombie de donner effet à la délimitation mari-
30 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
31
determined by the Court in the 2012 Judgment. It particularly refers to
the declaration made on 9 September 2013 by the President of Colombia
on the “integral strategy of Colombia on the Judgment of the International
Court of Justice”, in which the President announced, inter alia, that
the 2012 Judgment would not be applicable until a treaty had been concluded
with Nicaragua. Nicaragua contends that, with the “integral strategy”
and the subsequent actions taken in line with the instructions of the
President, Colombia hardened its position in defiance of the 2012 Judgment.
Nicaragua claims that Colombia could not fail to see that there was
a dispute between the Parties.
62. Nicaragua states that Decree 1946 draws a contiguous zone joining
together the contiguous zones of all the islands and cays of Colombia in
the Western Caribbean Sea. It argues that neither the size of the contiguous
zone, nor the nature of the rights and jurisdiction that Colombia
claims within it, are consistent with the definition of the contiguous zone
recognized by international law. Moreover, according to Nicaragua,
Decree 1946 purports to attribute to Colombia maritime areas that the
Court determined in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua. By issuing
that Decree, Nicaragua alleges, “Colombia transformed into national
law its rejection and defiance of the . . . 2012 Judgment” of the Court.
63. Nicaragua also alleges that a series of incidents involving vessels or
aircraft of Colombia occurred at sea. According to Nicaragua, a number
of such incidents took place between the date of the 2012 Judgment and
the date of the filing of the Application in the waters declared by the
2012 Judgment to be Nicaraguan. It claims that the conversations between
the commanders of the Colombian navy frigates and the agents of Nicaragua’s
Coast Guard during these alleged incidents demonstrate that the
Parties held conflicting claims of maritime entitlements to the areas concerned.
64. Nicaragua points out that since the maritime boundary between the
Parties out to 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast was fixed by
the Court, both Nicaragua and Colombia have known for almost three
years the geographical extent of each other’s maritime rights. According to
Nicaragua, after the 2012 Judgment was rendered, however, Colombia has
continued to assert its “sovereignty” and maritime entitlements in Nicaragua’s
waters and to issue fishing permits to its nationals to exploit the
resources in Nicaragua’s maritime area. Nicaragua explains that its purpose
in referring to facts having occurred after the date of the filing of its
Application is to demonstrate that the problem is a continuing one.
65. In relation to its allegations of Colombia’s threat of use of force,
Nicaragua contends that in furtherance of its assertion of “sovereignty”,
Colombia has regularly “harassed” Nicaraguan fishing vessels in Nicaraguan
waters, particularly in the rich fishing ground known as “Luna
Verde”, located around the intersection of meridian 82° with parallel 15°
in waters the Court declared to belong to Nicaragua. It asserts that
Colombia has done so by directing Colombian navy frigates to chase
away Nicaraguan fishing boats and fishing vessels licensed by Nicaragua,
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 30
31
time telle que fixée par la Cour dans l’arrêt de 2012. Il renvoie en particulier
à la déclaration présidentielle du 9 septembre 2013 sur « la stratégie
globale de la Colombie face à l’arrêt de la Cour internationale de Justice
», dans laquelle le chef de l’Etat colombien affirmait notamment que
l’arrêt de 2012 ne serait pas applicable tant qu’un traité n’aurait pas été
conclu avec le Nicaragua. Il soutient que cette « stratégie globale » et les
mesures prises ensuite conformément aux directives du président étaient
autant de signes que la Colombie durcissait sa position de rejet vis‑à‑vis
de l’arrêt. Le Nicaragua affirme que la Colombie ne pouvait ignorer qu’il
existait un différend entre les Parties.
62. Le Nicaragua indique que le décret 1946 établit une zone contiguë
réunissant les zones contiguës de toutes les îles et cayes colombiennes
dans la mer des Caraïbes occidentale. Il fait valoir que ni la taille de la
zone contiguë ni la nature des droits et de la juridiction que la Colombie
y revendique ne correspondent à la définition que le droit international
donne d’une telle zone, et soutient que le décret 1946 vise à attribuer à la
Colombie des espaces maritimes dont la Cour a reconnu, dans son arrêt
de 2012, qu’ils lui appartenaient. Selon le Nicaragua, la Colombie, en
prenant ce décret, a « inscri[t] dans son droit national son rejet de l’arrêt
de 2012 ».
63. Le Nicaragua invoque également une série d’incidents en mer mettant
en cause des navires ou aéronefs colombiens. Selon lui, un certain
nombre d’entre eux se seraient produits entre la date du prononcé de l’arrêt
de 2012 et celle du dépôt de la requête, dans les eaux que l’arrêt en
question avait reconnues comme étant nicaraguayennes. Le Nicaragua
prétend que les propos échangés à ces occasions entre les commandants
des frégates colombiennes et les gardes‑côtes nicaraguayens attestent que
les Parties nourrissaient, au sujet de leurs droits sur les espaces maritimes
en cause, des prétentions concurrentes.
64. Le Nicaragua fait remarquer que, la Cour ayant tracé la frontière
maritime entre les Parties jusqu’à une distance de 200 milles marins de sa
côte, l’une et l’autre savent depuis près de trois ans quelle est la portée
géographique de leurs droits maritimes respectifs. Or, soutient‑il, après le
prononcé de l’arrêt de 2012, la Colombie a continué de se prévaloir d’une
« souveraineté » et de droits maritimes dans les eaux nicaraguayennes et
de délivrer à ses ressortissants des permis de pêche leur permettant d’exploiter
les ressources de l’espace maritime nicaraguayen. Le Nicaragua
précise que c’est pour démontrer que le problème persiste qu’il se réfère à
des faits postérieurs à la date du dépôt de sa requête.
65. S’agissant de l’allégation de menace de recours à la force par la
Colombie, le Nicaragua affirme que celle‑ci, afin d’asseoir sa revendication
de « souveraineté », s’est livrée à un « harcèlement » continu des
bateaux de pêche nicaraguayens dans les eaux nicaraguayennes, et en
particulier
dans la zone riche en poissons dite « Luna Verde », située
autour de l’intersection entre le 82e méridien et le 15e parallèle — zone
dont la Cour a jugé qu’elle était nicaraguayenne —, donnant ordre à ses
frégates d’en chasser ces bateaux ainsi que des bateaux de pêche s’étant
31 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
32
as well as by commanding its military aircraft to “harass” Nicaraguan
fishing vessels by air.
66. Nicaragua claims that it “has consistently met Colombia’s refusal
to comply with the . . . 2012 Judgment and its provocative conduct within
Nicaragua’s waters with patience and restraint”. Nicaraguan naval forces
have been ordered to avoid any engagement with Colombia’s navy
and, in fact, have kept their distance from the Colombian navy as far as
possible. Nicaragua emphasizes, however, that its “conciliatory, non‑escalatory
position . . . has in no way reduced the disagreement or made
the dispute go away”.
* *
67. The Court recalls (see paragraph 53 above) that Nicaragua makes
two distinct claims — one that Colombia has violated Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and maritime zones, and the other that Colombia has breached
its obligation not to use or threaten to use force. The Court will examine
these two claims separately in order to determine, with respect to each of
them, whether there existed a dispute within the meaning set out in paragraphs
50 to 52 above at the date of filing of the Application.
68. The Court notes that, in support of their respective positions on
the existence of a dispute with regard to Nicaragua’s first claim, the Parties
primarily refer to declarations and statements made by the highest
representatives of the Parties, to Colombia’s enactment of Decree 1946,
and to the alleged incidents at sea.
69. Considering, first, the declarations and statements of the senior officials
of the two States, the Court observes that, following the delivery of the
2012 Judgment, the President of Colombia proposed to Nicaragua to negotiate
a treaty concerning the effects of that Judgment, while the Nicaraguan
President, on a number of occasions, expressed a willingness to enter into
negotiations for the conclusion of a treaty to give effect to the Judgment,
by addressing Colombia’s concerns in relation to fishing, environmental
protection and drug trafficking. The Court considers that the fact that
the Parties remained open to a dialogue does not by itself prove that, at the
date of the filing of the Application, there existed no dispute between them
concerning the subject‑matter of Nicaragua’s first claim.
The Court notes that Colombia took the view that its rights were
“infringed” as a result of the maritime delimitation by the 2012 Judgment.
After his meeting with the President of Nicaragua on 1 December
2012, President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia stated that “we will
continue — and we said this clearly to President Ortega — looking for
the reestablishment of the rights that this Judgment breached in a grave
matter for the Colombians”.
Nicaragua, for its part, insisted that the maritime zones declared by the
Court in the 2012 Judgment must be respected. On 10 September 2013,
following Colombia’s issuance of Decree 1946, when President Santos
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 31
32
vu octroyer une licence par le Nicaragua, et à ses forces aériennes de les
« harceler ».
66. Le Nicaragua soutient que, « face au refus de la Colombie de respecter
l’arrêt de … 2012 et aux provocations [de] cette dernière … dans les
eaux nicaraguayennes, [il] a toujours réagi avec patience et modération ».
Ses forces navales ont reçu pour instruction d’éviter tout affrontement
avec celles de la Colombie et s’en sont, de fait, tenues aussi éloignées que
possible. Il souligne toutefois que la « position conciliante [qu’il a adoptée]
en vue d’éviter l’escalade … n’a nullement atténué le désaccord ni fait
disparaître le différend ».
* *
67. La Cour rappelle (voir le paragraphe 53 ci‑dessus) que le Nicaragua
formule deux demandes distinctes, faisant grief à la Colombie, d’une
part, d’avoir violé ses droits souverains et ses espaces maritimes et, d’autre
part, d’avoir manqué à l’obligation lui incombant de s’abstenir de recourir
à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force. La Cour examinera ces deux
demandes séparément afin de déterminer s’il existait, au sujet de chacune
d’elles, un différend au sens des paragraphes 50 à 52 ci‑dessus à la date du
dépôt de la requête.
68. La Cour constate que les Parties, pour étayer leurs positions respectives
quant à l’existence d’un différend au sujet de la première demande
du Nicaragua, se réfèrent principalement aux déclarations faites par
leurs plus hauts représentants, à la promulgation, par la Colombie, du
décret 1946, et aux prétendus incidents survenus en mer.
69. S’agissant tout d’abord des déclarations des hauts responsables des
deux pays, la Cour relève que, à la suite du prononcé de l’arrêt de 2012,
le président colombien a proposé au Nicaragua de négocier un traité
concernant les effets dudit arrêt, et que le président nicaraguayen s’est,
quant à lui, maintes fois montré disposé à engager des négociations en
vue de conclure un traité qui permettrait de donner effet à l’arrêt, en
tenant compte des préoccupations de la Colombie en matière de pêche, de
protection de l’environnement et de trafic de drogue. La Cour estime que
le fait que les Parties restaient disposées à dialoguer ne prouve pas en soi
que, à la date du dépôt de la requête, il n’existait pas entre elles de différend
en rapport avec l’objet de la première demande du Nicaragua.
La Cour note que la Colombie a affirmé avoir été « atteinte » dans ses
droits en conséquence de la délimitation maritime établie par l’arrêt
de 2012. Après avoir rencontré le président nicaraguayen le 1er décembre
2012, le président colombien Juan Manuel Santos a déclaré : « [N]ous
continuerons à rechercher — et nous l’avons dit clairement au président
Ortega — le rétablissement des droits auxquels cet arrêt a porté
atteinte sur une question chère aux Colombiens. »
Le Nicaragua a quant à lui insisté sur l’obligation de respecter les
espaces maritimes que la Cour lui avait reconnus dans l’arrêt de 2012. Le
10 septembre 2013, au lendemain de la promulgation par la Colombie du
32 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
33
reiterated
Colombia’s position on the implementation of the 2012 Judgment,
President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua reportedly stated that :
“We understand the position taken by President Santos, but we
cannot say that we agree with the position of President Santos . . .
We do agree that it is necessary to dialogue, we do agree that it is
necessary to look for some kind of agreement, treaty, whatever we
want to call it, to put into practice in a harmonious way . . . the Judgment
of the International Court of Justice . . .”
It is apparent from these statements that the Parties held opposing views
on the question of their respective rights in the maritime areas covered by
the 2012 Judgment.
70. With regard to Colombia’s proclamation of an “Integral Contiguous
Zone”, the Court notes that the Parties took different positions on
the legal implications of such action in international law. While Colombia
maintained that it was entitled to such a contiguous zone as defined by
Decree 1946 under customary international law, Nicaragua contended
that Decree 1946 violated its “sovereign rights and maritime zones” as
adjudged by the Court in the 2012 Judgment.
71. Regarding the incidents at sea alleged to have taken place before
the critical date, the Court considers that, although Colombia rejects
Nicaragua’s characterization of what happened at sea as “incidents”, it
does not rebut Nicaragua’s allegation that it continued exercising jurisdiction
in the maritime spaces that Nicaragua claimed as its own on the
basis of the 2012 Judgment.
72. Concerning Colombia’s argument that Nicaragua did not lodge a
complaint of alleged violations with Colombia through diplomatic channels
until long after it filed the Application, the Court is of the view that
although a formal diplomatic protest may be an important step to bring
a claim of one party to the attention of the other, such a formal protest is
not a necessary condition. As the Court held in the case concerning Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), in determining
whether a dispute exists or not, “[t]he matter is one of substance, not of
form” (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84,
para. 30).
73. The Court notes that, although Nicaragua did not send its formal
diplomatic Note to Colombia in protest at the latter’s alleged violations
of its maritime rights at sea until 13 September 2014, almost ten months
after the filing of the Application, in the specific circumstances of the
present case, the evidence clearly indicates that, at the time when the
Application was filed, Colombia was aware that its enactment of
Decree 1946 and its conduct in the maritime areas declared by the
2012 Judgment to belong to Nicaragua were positively opposed by Nicaragua.
Given the public statements made by the highest representatives of
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 32
33
décret 1946, alors que le président Santos venait de réaffirmer la position
de cet Etat à l’égard de l’exécution de l’arrêt, le président Ortega aurait
tenu les propos suivants :
« Nous comprenons la position du président Santos, mais nous ne
pouvons dire que nous l’approuvons. Nous convenons que le dialogue
est nécessaire et qu’il faut rechercher un genre d’accord ou de
traité — qu’importe le nom qu’on lui donnera — afin d’assurer la
mise en oeuvre harmonieuse de l’arrêt de la Cour internationale de
Justice. »
Il ressort de ces déclarations que les Parties avaient des points de vue
opposés sur la question de leurs droits respectifs dans les espaces maritimes
visés par l’arrêt de 2012.
70. En ce qui concerne la proclamation, par la Colombie, d’une « zone
contiguë unique », la Cour note que les Parties ont adopté des positions
différentes quant aux implications de cet acte en droit international. Si la
Colombie soutenait qu’elle avait droit à cette zone contiguë, telle que
définie dans le décret 1946, en vertu du droit international coutumier, le
Nicaragua affirmait quant à lui que ledit décret emportait violation de ses
« droits souverains et des espaces maritimes » qui lui avaient été reconnus
par la Cour dans son arrêt de 2012.
71. En ce qui concerne les incidents qui se seraient produits en mer
avant la date critique, la Cour note que la Colombie, si elle rejette la qualification
d’« incidents » employée par le Nicaragua pour décrire ce qui s’y
est passé, ne se défend pas d’avoir continué à exercer sa juridiction dans
les espaces maritimes que le Nicaragua considère comme siens sur le fondement
de l’arrêt de 2012.
72. S’agissant de l’argument de la Colombie selon lequel le Nicaragua
ne s’est, par la voie diplomatique, plaint auprès d’elle de violations que
longtemps après avoir déposé sa requête, la Cour estime que, si la protestation
diplomatique officielle peut constituer un moyen important pour
une partie de porter à l’attention de l’autre une prétention, pareille protestation
officielle n’est pas une condition nécessaire. Comme elle l’a
affirmé dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie
c. Fédération de Russie), la Cour, lorsqu’elle détermine s’il existe ou non
un différend, s’attache au « fond, et non [à la] forme » (exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30).
73. La Cour relève que, même si ce n’est que le 13 septembre 2014 — soit
près de dix mois après le dépôt de la requête — que le Nicaragua a envoyé
à la Colombie une note diplomatique officielle pour protester contre les
violations de ses droits maritimes auxquelles celle‑ci se serait livrée en mer,
les éléments de preuve indiquent clairement, dans les circonstances propres
à l’affaire, que, à la date de ce dépôt, la Colombie savait que la promulgation
du décret 1946 et son comportement dans les espaces maritimes que la
Cour avait reconnus au Nicaragua dans son arrêt de 2012 se heurtaient
à l’opposition manifeste du Nicaragua. Compte tenu des déclarations
33 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
34
the Parties, such as those referred to in paragraph 69, Colombia could
not have misunderstood the position of Nicaragua over such differences.
74. Based on the evidence examined above, the Court finds that, at the
date on which the Application was filed, there existed a dispute concerning
the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime
zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its
2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua.
75. The Court now turns to the question of the existence of a dispute
with regard to Nicaragua’s second claim, namely that Colombia, by its
conduct, has breached its obligation not to use or threaten to use force
under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations and
customary international law.
76. Although Nicaragua refers to a number of incidents which allegedly
occurred at sea, the Court observes that, with regard to those which
allegedly occurred before the critical date, nothing in the evidence suggests
that Nicaragua had indicated that Colombia had violated its obligations
under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations
or under customary international law regarding the threat or use of force.
On the contrary, members of Nicaragua’s executive and military authorities
confirmed that the situation at sea was calm and stable. On 14 August
2013, on the occasion of the 33rd anniversary of Nicaragua’s naval forces,
the President of Nicaragua stated that :
“[W]e must recognize that in the middle of all this media turbulence,
the Naval Force of Colombia, which is very powerful, that
certainly has a very large military power, has been careful, has been
respectful and there has not been any kind of confrontation between
the Colombian and Nicaraguan Navy . . .”
On 18 November 2013, the Chief of the Nicaraguan Naval Force stated
that “in one year of being there we have not had any problems with the
Colombian Naval Forces”, that the forces of the two countries
“maintain[ed] a continuous communication” and that “we have not had
any conflicts in those waters”.
77. Furthermore, the Court observes that the alleged incidents that
were said to have occurred before Nicaragua filed its Application relate to
Nicaragua’s first claim rather than a claim concerning a threat of use of
force under Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations
and customary international law.
78. Given these facts, the Court considers that, at the date on which
the Application was filed, the dispute that existed between Colombia and
Nicaragua did not concern Colombia’s possible violations of Article 2,
paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations and customary international
law prohibiting the use or threat of use of force.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 33
34
publiques faites par les plus hauts représentants des Parties, telles que
celles qui sont mentionnées au paragraphe 69, la Colombie n’aurait pu
se méprendre sur la position du Nicaragua quant à leurs divergences.
74. A partir des éléments de preuve examinés plus haut, la Cour
constate que, à la date du dépôt de la requête, il existait un différend relatif
à de prétendues violations par la Colombie des droits du Nicaragua
dans les zones maritimes dont celui-
ci affirme qu’elles lui ont été reconnues
par l’arrêt de 2012.
75. La Cour examinera à présent la question de l’existence d’un différend
au sujet de la seconde demande du Nicaragua, à savoir que la
Colombie, par son comportement, a manqué à l’obligation de ne pas
recourir à la force ou à la menace de l’emploi de la force lui incombant en
vertu du paragraphe 4 de l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies et du
droit international coutumier.
76. Si le Nicaragua mentionne un certain nombre d’incidents qui
seraient survenus en mer, la Cour relève que, en ce qui concerne ceux qui
se seraient produits avant la date critique, rien dans les éléments de
preuve produits ne laisse entendre que le Nicaragua avait indiqué que la
Colombie avait manqué à ses obligations au titre du paragraphe 4 de
l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies ou du droit international
coutumier
en matière de recours à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force.
Au contraire, de hauts responsables politiques et militaires nicaraguayens
avaient confirmé que la situation en mer était calme et stable. Le
14 août 2013, à l’occasion du 33e anniversaire de la création des forces
navales nicaraguayennes, le président du Nicaragua avait déclaré ce qui
suit :
« Nous devons reconnaître que, au milieu de tout ce tourbillon
médiatique, la marine colombienne, qui est très puissante, qui dispose
assurément d’une très grande puissance militaire, s’est montrée
prudente et respectueuse, et qu’aucune confrontation n’a eu lieu
entre les forces navales colombiennes et nicaraguayennes… »
Le 18 novembre 2013, le commandant en chef de la marine nicaraguayenne
déclarait n’avoir, « en une année de présence, … rencontré
aucun problème avec les forces navales colombiennes », ajoutant que les
marines des deux pays étaient en « contact permanent » et qu’il n’y avait
eu entre elles « aucun conflit dans ces eaux ».
77. Par ailleurs, la Cour fait observer que les prétendus incidents antérieurs
au dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua relèvent de la première
demande du Nicaragua, et non d’une demande relative à la menace de
l’emploi de la force proscrite par le paragraphe 4 de l’article 2 de la Charte
des Nations Unies et le droit international coutumier.
78. Au vu de ces faits, la Cour considère que, à la date du dépôt de la
requête, le différend qui opposait le Nicaragua à la Colombie ne portait
pas sur d’éventuelles violations, par celle‑ci, du paragraphe 4 de l’article 2
de la Charte des Nations Unies ou des règles de droit international coutumier
interdisant le recours à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force.
34 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
35
79. In light of the foregoing considerations, the Court concludes that,
at the time Nicaragua filed its Application, there existed a dispute
concerning
the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in
the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in
its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua. Consequently, Colombia’s
second preliminary objection must be rejected with regard to Nicaragua’s
first claim and upheld with regard to its second claim.
IV. Third Preliminary Objection
80. In its third preliminary objection, Colombia argues that the Court
lacks jurisdiction because Article II of the Pact of Bogotá imposes a precondition
on the recourse by the States parties to judicial settlement,
which was not met at the date of Nicaragua’s filing of its Application.
81. Article II of the Pact of Bogotá, which has already been quoted in
paragraph 41, reads as follows :
“The High Contracting Parties recognize the obligation to settle
international controversies by regional pacific procedures before
referring them to the Security Council of the United Nations.
Consequently, in the event that a controversy arises between two
or more signatory States which, in the opinion of the parties, cannot
be settled by direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels,
the parties bind themselves to use the procedures established in
the present Treaty, in the manner and under the conditions provided
for in the following articles, or, alternatively, such special procedures
as, in their opinion, will permit them to arrive at a solution.”
82. Referring to the 1988 Judgment in the Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) case (hereinafter the “1988 Judgment”),
Colombia claims that recourse to the pacific procedures of the
Pact would be in conformity with Article II only if an attempt at negotiating
a settlement had been made in good faith, and it is clear, after reasonable
efforts, that a deadlock had been reached and that there was no
likelihood of resolving the dispute by such means. Colombia asserts that,
contrary to what Nicaragua claims, the term “in the opinion of the parties”
in Article II should refer to the opinion of both parties, as stated in
the English, Portuguese and Spanish versions of the Pact, rather than the
opinion of one of the parties. Colombia contends that, based on the conduct
of both itself and Nicaragua, it could not be concluded that the
alleged controversy, in the opinion of the Parties, could not be settled by
direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels at the time of
Nicaragua’s filing of the Application.
83. Colombia claims that the fact that the Parties had been engaged in
dialogue on the possibility of negotiating a treaty with a view to implementing
the 2012 Judgment indicates that the two sides remained willing
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 34
35
79. A la lumière des considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que,
à la date du dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua, il existait un différend
relatif à de prétendues violations par la Colombie des droits du Nicaragua
dans les zones maritimes dont celui-
ci affirme qu’elles lui ont été
reconnues par l’arrêt de 2012. Par conséquent, la deuxième exception préliminaire
de la Colombie doit être rejetée en ce qu’elle a trait à la première
demande du Nicaragua, et accueillie en ce qu’elle a trait à la seconde.
IV. Troisième exception préliminaire
80. Par sa troisième exception préliminaire, la Colombie soutient que
la Cour n’a pas compétence parce que l’article II du pacte de Bogotá
assujettit le recours au règlement judiciaire par les Etats parties à une
condition préalable qui n’était pas remplie à la date où le Nicaragua a
déposé sa requête.
81. L’article II du pacte de Bogotá, déjà cité au paragraphe 41, est
ainsi libellé :
« Les Hautes Parties Contractantes acceptent l’obligation de résoudre
les différends internationaux à l’aide des procédures pacifiques régionales
avant de recourir au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies.
En conséquence, au cas où surgirait, entre deux ou plusieurs Etats
signataires, un différend qui, de l’avis de l’une des parties, ne pourrait
être résolu au moyen de négociations directes suivant les voies
diplomatiques ordinaires, les parties s’engagent à employer les procédures
établies dans ce Traité sous la forme et dans les conditions
prévues aux articles suivants, ou les procédures spéciales qui, à leur
avis, leur permettront d’arriver à une solution. »
82. Faisant référence à l’arrêt rendu en 1988 en l’affaire relative à des
Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras)
(dénommé ci-
après l’« arrêt de 1988 »), la Colombie soutient que le recours
aux procédures pacifiques du pacte ne serait conforme à l’article II que si
un règlement négocié avait été recherché de bonne foi et qu’il était devenu
clair, au terme d’efforts raisonnables, que les parties étaient dans l’impasse
et que le différend ne pouvait être résolu par cette voie. Elle affirme
que, contrairement à ce que prétend le Nicaragua, l’expression « de l’avis
d[es] parties » à l’article II doit se comprendre comme désignant l’avis non
pas de l’une mais des deux parties, ce qui correspond aux termes des versions
anglaise, portugaise et espagnole du pacte. Elle argue que son
propre comportement et celui du Nicaragua ne permettaient pas de
conclure que, de l’avis des Parties, le prétendu différend ne pouvait être
résolu au moyen de négociations directes suivant les voies diplomatiques
ordinaires au moment du dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua.
83. La Colombie soutient que le fait que les Parties avaient entrepris de
dialoguer sur la possibilité de conclure un traité aux fins de l’exécution de
l’arrêt de 2012 montre qu’elles restaient toutes deux disposées à régler
35 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
36
to settle their differences through direct negotiations. To demonstrate
such intention on the part of Nicaragua, Colombia in its written pleadings
refers to a number of statements and declarations made by the Nicaraguan
President to that effect.
84. Colombia contends that even after the filing of its Application, it
was reported that the Nicaraguan President on several occasions still
talked about signing agreements with Colombia and proposed to set up a
bi‑national commission to co‑ordinate the fishing operations, antidrug
patrolling and the joint administration for the Seaflower Biosphere
Marine Reserve in the Caribbean Sea, on the basis of the delimitation
established by the Court.
85. Colombia asserts that the Chief of the Nicaraguan Naval Force
and the Chief of Nicaragua’s army held the same view about peace and
stability in the waters concerned. This fact confirms, according to Colombia,
that up to the filing of the Application, Nicaragua was of the opinion
that the two maritime neighbours maintained good relations, there had
been no naval “incidents”, and they could resolve their differences by way
of negotiations. Colombia argues that Nicaragua’s filing of its Application
“was completely at odds with reality”.
86. Colombia maintains that it also held the opinion that any maritime
issues between the two Parties arising as a result of the Court’s 2012 Judgment
could be settled by way of direct negotiations. It claims that Nicaragua
incorrectly inferred from the Colombian President’s declaration of
19 November 2012 that Colombia rejected the Court’s 2012 Judgment.
Colombia points out that, upon instruction from its President, its Foreign
Minister had already commenced discussions with her Nicaraguan
counterpart
on 20 November 2012. It further refers to the statement by
its Foreign Minister on 14 September 2013, where she reiterated that
“Colombia is open to dialogue with Nicaragua to sign a treaty that establishes
the boundaries and a legal regime that contributes to the security
and stability in the region”.
87. Colombia explains that the protection of the historic fishing rights
of the people of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina is of paramount importance for the country. It underscores that
the declarations made by Colombia’s highest authorities in the wake of
the 2012 Judgment must be understood in that context and, contrary to
what Nicaragua seeks to portray, they in no way imply any disregard for
the Judgment of the Court. Colombia contends that the timing of Nicaragua’s
Application was due not to allegedly futile negotiations, but to the
fact that the Pact of Bogotá would soon cease to be in force between the
Parties.
*
88. For its part, Nicaragua rejects the interpretation of Article II
advanced by Colombia, maintaining that Colombia misreads the Court’s
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 35
36
leurs divergences au moyen de négociations directes. Pour établir que
telle était bien l’intention du Nicaragua, la Colombie, dans ses exposés
écrits, fait référence à plusieurs déclarations en ce sens du président
nicaraguayen.
84. La Colombie affirme que, même après le dépôt de la requête, le
président du Nicaragua aurait encore évoqué à plusieurs reprises la possibilité
de signer des accords avec elle et proposé d’instaurer une commission
binationale pour coordonner les activités de pêche, les patrouilles
effectuées dans le cadre de la lutte contre le trafic de stupéfiants et l’administration
conjointe de la réserve de biosphère marine Seaflower dans la
mer des Caraïbes, sur la base de la délimitation effectuée par la Cour.
85. La Colombie soutient que le commandant en chef de la marine et le
chef des armées du Nicaragua s’accordaient à qualifier de paisible et stable
la situation dans les eaux en cause, fait qui confirme, selon la Colombie, que,
jusqu’au dépôt de sa requête, le Nicaragua était d’avis que les deux voisins
maritimes entretenaient de bonnes relations, qu’il n’y avait eu aucun « incident
» entre leurs forces navales et qu’ils pouvaient résoudre leurs divergences
par la voie de négociations. La Colombie considère que le dépôt de
la requête du Nicaragua était donc « en rupture totale avec la réalité ».
86. La Colombie affirme qu’elle était également d’avis que tout désaccord
entre les deux Parties sur des questions d’ordre maritime découlant de
l’arrêt rendu par la Cour en 2012 pouvait être réglé au moyen de négociations
directes. Elle soutient que c’est à tort que le Nicaragua a conclu, au vu
de la déclaration faite le 19 novembre 2012 par le président colombien,
qu’elle rejetait l’arrêt de 2012. Elle souligne que, sur instruction de son président,
la ministre colombienne des affaires étrangères avait déjà entamé, le
20 novembre 2012, des discussions avec son homologue nicaraguayen. Elle
fait en outre référence à la déclaration dans laquelle, le 14 septembre 2013,
la ministre a réaffirmé que « la Colombie était prête à dialoguer avec le
Nicaragua en vue de signer un traité qui établ[ît] les frontières et un régime
juridique contribuant à la sécurité et à la stabilité de la région ».
87. La Colombie fait valoir que la protection des droits de pêche historiques
des habitants de l’archipel de San Andrés, Providencia et
Santa Catalina revêt pour le pays une importance cruciale. Elle souligne
que les déclarations faites par les plus hauts responsables colombiens au
lendemain de l’arrêt de 2012 doivent être lues dans ce contexte et que,
contrairement à ce que le Nicaragua tente de faire accroire, elles n’impliquent
en aucun cas un refus de tenir compte de l’arrêt de la Cour. Elle
soutient que, si le Nicaragua a choisi de déposer sa requête au moment où
il l’a fait, ce n’est pas en raison du caractère prétendument inutile des
négociations, mais parce que le pacte de Bogotá devait bientôt cesser de
produire ses effets entre les Parties.
*
88. Le Nicaragua, pour sa part, rejette l’interprétation de l’article II
que défend la Colombie, affirmant que celle‑ci donne une lecture erronée
36 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
37
1988 Judgment. It contends that the Court, in that Judgment, explicitly
declined to apply the jurisprudence relating to compromissory clauses in
other treaties but referred to the opinion of the parties regarding the possibility
of a negotiated settlement as provided for by Article II. Relying
on the French version of the Pact, Nicaragua argues that Article II of the
Pact requires the Court to determine whether, from an objective standpoint,
one of the parties was of the opinion that the dispute could not be
settled by direct negotiations.
89. Nicaragua contends that the present dispute arose from Colombia’s
actions subsequent to the delivery of the 2012 Judgment, with
Colombia first rejecting the 2012 Judgment, then asserting new claims to
the waters adjudged by the Court to appertain to Nicaragua and exercising
purported sovereign rights and jurisdiction in those waters. According
to Nicaragua, the events which occurred in the two and a half months
leading up to the Application demonstrate that the Parties were of the
opinion that their dispute concerning Colombia’s violation of Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and maritime zones could not be settled by direct
negotiations. It points out that three days after the issuance of Decree 1946,
President Juan Manuel Santos asked the Colombian Constitutional Court
to declare Articles XXXI and L of the Pact of Bogotá unconstitutional,
for, in his view, the Colombian Constitution only permits national boundaries
to be modified by means of duly ratified treaties.
Nicaragua alleges that the President of Colombia also stated that, without
a treaty with Nicaragua, Colombia would continue to “exercise sovereignty
right up to the 82nd Meridian” which it had historically claimed
as a maritime frontier, notwithstanding the Court’s 2012 Judgment.
90. With regard to Colombia’s reference to the declaration of its Foreign
Minister that her country was open to dialogue (see paragraph 86
above), Nicaragua points out that following those remarks the Minister
also added that the Government of Colombia “awaits the decision of the
Constitutional Court before initiating any action”. Nicaragua claims
that, based on these declarations and statements, it was apparent to Nicaragua
that Colombia was of the opinion that no negotiation was possible
between the Parties to settle the dispute relating to Colombia’s violations
of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and maritime zones at the time of its filing
of the Application.
91. Nicaragua, while reiterating its willingness to negotiate a treaty
with Colombia for the implementation of the 2012 Judgment, emphasizes
that the subject‑matter for negotiations between the Parties is entirely
unrelated to the subject‑matter of the dispute in the present case. It claims
that Colombia in its preliminary objections has “carefully chosen to elide
the critical differences” between the two subject‑matters. Nicaragua maintains
that it is — and has always been — open to discussion with Colombia
on the arrangements for fishing, environmental protection of the
Seaflower Biosphere Marine Reserve and the fight against drug‑trafficking
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 36
37
de l’arrêt de 1988. Il soutient que la Cour a expressément refusé dans cet
arrêt d’appliquer la jurisprudence relative aux clauses compromissoires
figurant dans d’autres traités, mais qu’elle s’est référée à l’avis des parties
quant à la possibilité d’un règlement négocié, comme il est prévu à l’article
II. S’appuyant sur la version française du pacte, il soutient que, selon
l’article II, la Cour doit déterminer si, objectivement, l’une des parties
était d’avis que le différend ne pouvait pas être réglé au moyen de négociations
directes.
89. Le Nicaragua soutient que le présent différend trouve son origine
dans certaines réactions de la Colombie à l’arrêt de 2012, celle‑ci ayant
commencé par rejeter cet arrêt, puis fait valoir de nouvelles prétentions
sur les eaux dont la Cour avait reconnu l’appartenance au Nicaragua et
exercé les droits souverains et la juridiction qu’elle prétendait y posséder.
Selon lui, les événements qui se sont produits dans les deux mois et demi
ayant précédé le dépôt de la requête montrent que les Parties étaient
d’avis que leur différend concernant la violation, par la Colombie, des
droits souverains et des espaces maritimes du Nicaragua ne pouvait être
réglé par la voie de négociations directes. Il souligne que, trois jours après
la promulgation du décret 1946, le président Juan Manuel Santos a saisi
la Cour constitutionnelle colombienne d’une demande tendant à ce que
les articles XXXI et L du pacte de Bogotá soient déclarés contraires à la
Constitution car celle‑ci, selon lui, ne permet de modifier les frontières
nationales qu’au moyen d’un traité dûment ratifié.
Le Nicaragua prétend que le président colombien a également déclaré
que, en l’absence de traité avec le Nicaragua, la Colombie continuerait à
« exercer sa souveraineté jusqu’au 82e méridien » qu’elle avait toujours
revendiqué comme frontière maritime, et ce, nonobstant l’arrêt rendu par
la Cour en 2012.
90. En ce qui concerne la référence que fait la Colombie à la déclaration
de sa ministre des affaires étrangères exprimant la volonté de dialoguer
de son pays (voir le paragraphe 86 ci‑dessus), le Nicaragua relève
que, à la suite de ces propos, la ministre a également ajouté que le Gouvernement
colombien « attendait la décision de la Cour constitutionnelle
avant de prendre la moindre mesure ». Selon le Nicaragua, il était évident,
au vu de ces déclarations, que la Colombie était d’avis, au moment où il
a déposé sa requête, qu’aucune négociation ne pouvait être menée entre
les Parties pour régler le différend relatif aux violations, par la Colombie,
des droits souverains et des espaces maritimes du Nicaragua.
91. Le Nicaragua, tout en réaffirmant être disposé à négocier un traité
avec la Colombie aux fins de l’exécution de l’arrêt de 2012, souligne que
l’objet des négociations envisagées entre les Parties est sans rapport aucun
avec l’objet du différend en l’espèce. Il avance que la Colombie, dans ses
exceptions préliminaires, a « pris grand soin [d’]escamot[er] les différences
essentielles » entre ces deux objets. Il maintient qu’il est — et a toujours
été — prêt à discuter avec elle des arrangements en matière de pêche, de
protection de la réserve de biosphère marine Seaflower et de lutte contre
le trafic de drogue dans la mer des Caraïbes, mais n’est « absolument pas
37 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
38
in the Caribbean Sea, but it “is absolutely not prepared to give up the
maritime boundaries that the Court has drawn” between the Parties.
* *
92. The Court recalls that in the 1988 Judgment, it decided that, for
the purpose of determining the application of Article II of the Pact, it was
not “bound by the mere assertion of the one [p]arty or the other that its
opinion [was] to a particular effect”. The Court emphasized that “it must,
in the exercise of its judicial function, be free to make its own determination
of that question on the basis of such evidence as is available to it”
(Border and Transborder Armed Actions, (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 95, para. 65).
93. The Court made clear that the parties are expected to provide substantive
evidence to demonstrate that they considered in good faith that
their dispute could or could not be settled by direct negotiations through
the usual diplomatic channels. The critical date at which “the opinion of
the parties” has to be ascertained for the application of Article II of the
Pact is the date on which proceedings are instituted.
94. Moreover, in its 1988 Judgment, the Court took note of the discrepancy
between the French text and the other three official texts (English,
Portuguese and Spanish) of Article II ; the former refers to the opinion of
one of the parties (“de l’avis de l’une des parties”), while the latter three
refer to the opinion of both parties. The Court, however, did not consider
it necessary to resolve the problem posed by that textual discrepancy before
proceeding to the consideration of the application of Article II of the Pact
in that case. It proceeded on the basis that it would consider whether the
“opinion” of both parties was that it was not possible to settle the dispute
by negotiation, subject to demonstration of evidence by the parties.
95. In the present case, as in the 1988 Judgment, it will not be necessary
for the Court to rehearse the arguments put forward by the Parties
with regard to the interpretation of the term “in the opinion of the parties”
(“de l’avis de l’une des parties”) in Article II of the Pact. The Court
will begin by determining whether the evidence provided demonstrates
that, at the date of Nicaragua’s filing of the Application, neither of the
Parties could plausibly maintain that the dispute between them could be
settled by direct negotiations through the usual diplomatic channels (see,
in this regard, ibid., p. 99, para. 75).
96. The Court recalls that statements and declarations referred to by
the Parties in their written and oral pleadings are all made by the highest
representatives of the two States. As the Court stated in the Georgia v.
Russian Federation case,
“in general, in international law and practice, it is the Executive of
the State that represents the State in its international relations and
speaks for it at the international level (Armed Activities on the Territory
of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of
the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 37
38
disposé à renoncer à la délimitation maritime établie par la Cour » entre
les Parties.
* *
92. La Cour rappelle que, dans l’arrêt de 1988, elle a jugé que, pour se
prononcer sur l’application de l’article II du pacte, elle n’était « pas
tenue par la simple affirmation de l’une ou l’autre Partie qu’elle est de
tel ou tel avis ». Elle a souligné qu’elle devait, « dans l’exercice de sa fonction
judiciaire, … être libre de porter sa propre appréciation sur cette
question, sur la base des preuves dont elle dispose » (Actions armées
frontalières
et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 95, par. 65).
93. La Cour a clairement dit que les parties étaient censées donner la
preuve concrète qu’elles considéraient de bonne foi que leur différend
pouvait, ou non, être résolu au moyen de négociations directes suivant les
voies diplomatiques ordinaires. La date critique à laquelle il faut s’assurer
de « l’avis des parties » aux fins de l’application de l’article II du pacte est
la date d’introduction de l’instance.
94. En outre, dans son arrêt de 1988, la Cour a relevé la différence qui
existe entre le texte français et les autres versions officielles (anglaise,
espagnole et portugaise) de l’article II ; le premier fait référence à « l’avis
de l’une des parties », tandis qu’il est question, dans les trois autres, de
l’avis des deux parties. La Cour n’a toutefois pas estimé nécessaire de
résoudre le problème posé par cette divergence des textes avant de se pencher
sur la question de l’application de l’article II du pacte dans cette
affaire. Elle a pris le parti de rechercher si les deux Etats étaient d’« avis »
que le différend ne pouvait être résolu par la voie de négociations, en se
fondant sur les éléments de preuve qu’ils avaient fournis.
95. En la présente espèce, comme dans l’arrêt de 1988, il ne sera pas
nécessaire pour la Cour de répéter les arguments avancés de part et d’autre
quant à l’interprétation de l’expression « de l’avis de l’une des parties » (« in
the opinion of the parties ») employée à l’article II du pacte. La Cour commencera
par déterminer si les éléments de preuve qui lui ont été soumis
démontrent que, à la date du dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua, aucune des
deux Parties ne pouvait soutenir de manière plausible que le différend qui
les opposait pouvait être résolu au moyen de négociations directes suivant
les voies diplomatiques ordinaires (voir, en ce sens, ibid., p. 99, par. 75).
96. La Cour relève que les déclarations invoquées par les Parties dans
leurs exposés écrits et oraux émanent toutes des plus hauts représentants
des deux Etats. Ainsi qu’elle l’a dit dans l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de
Russie,
« en droit international comme dans la pratique, c’est en règle générale
l’exécutif qui représente l’Etat dans ses relations internationales
et s’exprime en son nom sur le plan international (Activités armées
sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique
du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,
38 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
39
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 27, paras. 46‑47). Accordingly, primary attention
will be given to statements made or endorsed by the Executives
of the two Parties.” (Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (I), p. 87, para. 37.)
The Court therefore considers that, in determining the Parties’ positions
with regard to the possibility of a negotiated settlement, it may rely on
such statements and declarations to draw its findings.
97. The Court observes that, through various communications between
the Heads of State of the two countries since the delivery of the 2012 Judgment,
each Party had indicated that it was open to dialogue to address
some issues raised by Colombia as a result of the Judgment.
The Nicaraguan President expressed Nicaragua’s willingness to negotiate
a treaty or agreement with Colombia so as to accommodate the latter’s
domestic requirement under national law for the implementation of the
Judgment. The issues that the Parties identified for possible dialogue
include fishing activities of the inhabitants of San Andrés, Providencia and
Santa Catalina in waters that have been recognized as appertaining to
Nicaragua by the Court, the protection of the Seaflower Biosphere Marine
Reserve, and the fight against drug trafficking in the Caribbean Sea.
98. The Court notes, however, that the above‑mentioned subject‑matter
for negotiation is different from the subject‑matter of the dispute between
the Parties. According to Nicaragua, negotiations between the Parties
should have been conducted on the basis that the prospective treaty would
not affect the maritime zones as declared by the 2012 Judgment. In other
words, for Nicaragua, such negotiations had to be restricted to the modalities
or mechanisms for the implementation of the said Judgment.
Colombia did not define the subject‑matter of the negotiations in the
same way. In the words of its Foreign Minister, it intended to “sign a
treaty that establishes the boundaries and a legal regime that contributes
to the security and stability in the region” (emphasis added).
99. The Court considers that Colombia’s argument that the Parties
remained open to dialogue, at least on the date of the filing of the Application,
is not a decisive factor, because what is essential for the Court to
decide is whether, on that date, given the positions and conduct of the
Parties in respect of Colombia’s alleged violations of Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and maritime zones delimited by the Court in 2012, the Parties
considered in good faith a certain possibility of a negotiated settlement to
exist or not to exist.
100. The Court notes that the Parties do not dispute that the situation
at sea was “calm” and “stable” throughout the relevant period. That fact,
nevertheless, is not necessarily indicative that, in the opinion of the Parties,
the dispute in the present case could be settled by negotiations. From
the inception of the events following the delivery of the 2012 Judgment,
Nicaragua was firmly opposed to Colombia’s conduct in the areas that
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 38
39
C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 27, par. 46‑47). Une attention toute particulière
sera donc accordée aux déclarations faites ou entérinées par
l’exécutif de chacune des Parties. » (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 87, par. 37.)
La Cour estime donc pouvoir s’appuyer sur de telles déclarations pour
formuler ses conclusions sur les positions respectives des Parties quant à
la possibilité d’un règlement négocié.
97. La Cour constate que, par divers échanges qu’ont eus leurs chefs
d’Etat depuis le prononcé de l’arrêt de 2012, l’une et l’autre des Parties
avaient indiqué être prêtes à engager un dialogue pour examiner certaines
questions soulevées par la Colombie conséquemment à l’arrêt.
Le président du Nicaragua a exprimé le souhait de son pays de négocier
un traité ou un accord avec la Colombie de manière que celle‑ci puisse exécuter
l’arrêt dans le respect des prescriptions de son droit interne. Parmi les
questions au sujet desquelles les Parties envisageaient de dialoguer, figuraient
notamment les activités de pêche des habitants de San Andrés, Providencia
et Santa Catalina dans des eaux dont la Cour a reconnu qu’elles
appartenaient au Nicaragua, la protection de la réserve de biosphère marine
Seaflower et la lutte contre le trafic de drogue dans la mer des Caraïbes.
98. La Cour note, toutefois, que l’objet des négociations tel que susmentionné
diffère de l’objet du différend qui oppose les Parties. Selon le
Nicaragua, ces négociations devaient être menées étant entendu que le
traité qu’il s’agissait de conclure n’aurait pas d’incidence sur les espaces
maritimes au sujet desquels la Cour s’était prononcée dans son arrêt de
2012. En d’autres termes, elles devaient, dans son esprit, se limiter aux
modalités ou mécanismes d’exécution de cet arrêt.
La Colombie ne circonscrivait pas ainsi l’objet des négociations. Son
intention, selon les mots de sa ministre des affaires étrangères, était de « signer
un traité qui établ[ît] les frontières et un régime juridique contribuant à la
sécurité et à la stabilité de la région » (les italiques sont de la Cour).
99. La Cour juge non déterminant l’argument de la Colombie selon
lequel les Parties restaient disposées à dialoguer, tout au moins à la date du
dépôt de la requête, car la question essentielle qu’il incombe à la Cour de
trancher est celle de savoir si, à cette date, et compte tenu de leurs positions
et comportement face aux violations alléguées des droits souverains du
Nicaragua et des espaces maritimes délimités par l’arrêt de 2012, les Parties
considéraient de bonne foi qu’une certaine possibilité de parvenir à un règlement
négocié existait ou, au contraire, que cette possibilité n’existait pas.
100. La Cour note que les Parties ne contestent pas que la situation en
mer était « calme » et « stable » tout au long de la période concernée. Ce
fait, toutefois, n’indique pas nécessairement que, de l’avis des Parties, le
différend ici en cause pouvait être résolu par la voie de négociations. Dès
les premiers événements qui ont suivi le prononcé de l’arrêt de 2012, le
Nicaragua s’est résolument opposé au comportement de la Colombie
39 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
40
the 2012 Judgment declared appertain to Nicaragua. Colombia’s position
on the negotiation of a treaty was equally firm during the entire course of
its communications with Nicaragua. No evidence submitted to the Court
indicates that, on the date of Nicaragua’s filing of the Application, the
Parties had contemplated, or were in a position, to hold negotiations to
settle the dispute concerning the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s
rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the
Court declared in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua.
101. Given the above considerations, the Court concludes that at the
date on which Nicaragua filed its Application, the condition set out in
Article II was met. Therefore, Colombia’s third preliminary objection
must be rejected.
V. Fourth Preliminary Objection
102. Nicaragua claims two bases for the jurisdiction of the Court. It
states that, should the Court find that it has no jurisdiction under Article
XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, its jurisdiction could be founded on “its
inherent power to pronounce on the actions required by its Judgment[]”.
In its fourth preliminary objection, Colombia contends that the Court
has no “inherent jurisdiction” upon which Nicaragua can rely.
103. Colombia maintains that Nicaragua’s claim of “inherent jurisdiction”
can find no support either in the Statute of the Court or in its case
law. It argues that, if Nicaragua’s position is to be taken seriously, it would
strike at the foundation of consensual jurisdiction under Article 36 of the
Statute of the Court, for Nicaragua’s theory of “inherent jurisdiction”
ignores any conditions which States may have attached to their consent to
jurisdiction. It argues that, instead of applying the law and practice of this
Court, Nicaragua referred to the law and practice of the European Court
of Human Rights and the Inter‑American Court of Human Rights ; even
by doing so, Nicaragua ignores the explicit statutory authority afforded to
those courts for monitoring the implementation of their decisions.
* *
104. The Court notes that “inherent jurisdiction” claimed by Nicaragua
is an alternative ground that it invokes for the establishment of the
Court’s jurisdiction in the present case. Nicaragua’s argument, could, in
any event, apply only to the dispute that existed at the time of filing of the
Application. Since the Court has founded its jurisdiction with regard to
that dispute on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, it considers
that there is no need to deal with Nicaragua’s claim of “inherent jurisdiction”,
and therefore will not take any position on it. Consequently,
there is no ground for the Court to rule upon Colombia’s fourth preliminary
objection.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 39
40
dans les secteurs que la Cour avait attribués au Nicaragua. La Colombie,
tout au long des échanges entre les deux pays, a été tout aussi ferme en ce
qui concerne la négociation d’un traité. Aucun élément soumis à la Cour
n’indique que, à la date du dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua, les Parties
avaient envisagé, ou étaient en mesure, de tenir des négociations en vue
de régler le différend relatif à de prétendues violations par la Colombie
des droits du Nicaragua dans les zones maritimes dont celui-
ci affirme
qu’elles lui ont été reconnues par l’arrêt de 2012.
101. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que, à la date à
laquelle le Nicaragua a déposé sa requête, la condition énoncée à l’article
II était remplie. Par conséquent, la troisième exception préliminaire
de la Colombie doit être rejetée.
V. Quatrième exception préliminaire
102. Le Nicaragua invoque deux bases de compétence. Il affirme que,
quand bien même la Cour estimerait ne pas avoir compétence au titre de
l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, sa compétence pourrait être fondée
sur « le pouvoir qui est le sien de se prononcer sur les mesures requises par
ses arrêts ». Dans sa quatrième exception préliminaire, la Colombie soutient
que la Cour ne possède pas de « pouvoir inhérent » dont le Nicaragua
pourrait se prévaloir.
103. La Colombie soutient que la thèse du « pouvoir inhérent » que
défend le Nicaragua ne trouve appui ni dans le Statut ni dans la jurisprudence
de la Cour. Elle avance que, si cette thèse devait être prise au sérieux,
les fondements de la compétence consensuelle prévue à l’article 36 du Statut
s’en trouveraient sapés, puisque cela reviendrait à ne tenir aucun compte des
conditions dont les Etats peuvent avoir assorti leur consentement à la compétence
de la Cour. La Colombie soutient que, au lieu de suivre la jurisprudence
et la pratique de la Cour, le Nicaragua invoque celles de la Cour
européenne des droits de l’homme et de la Cour interaméricaine des droits
de l’homme, mais en passant sous silence le pouvoir statutaire de contrôler
l’exécution de leurs décisions dont ces juridictions sont expressément dotées.
* *
104. La Cour relève que c’est à titre subsidiaire que le Nicaragua
invoque son « pouvoir inhérent » pour établir sa compétence en l’espèce.
L’argument du Nicaragua ne pourrait, en tout état de cause, s’appliquer
qu’au différend qui existait au moment du dépôt de la requête. Or, dès
lors qu’elle a fondé sa compétence à l’égard de ce différend sur l’article
XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, la Cour considère qu’il n’est pas nécessaire
d’examiner l’argument du « pouvoir inhérent » avancé par le
Nicaragua. Elle ne prendra donc pas position à son égard. Par conséquent,
il n’y a pas lieu pour la Cour de se prononcer sur la quatrième
exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
40 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
41
VI. Fifth Preliminary Objection
105. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection is that the present Application
is an attempt to enforce the 2012 Judgment even though the Court
has no post‑adjudication enforcement jurisdiction. Colombia maintains
that the Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the Court are
based upon a division of functions according to which the Court is
entrusted with the task of adjudication, while post‑adjudication enforcement
is reserved for the Security Council in accordance with paragraph 2
of Article 94 of the Charter, which provides :
“If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent
upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may
have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary,
make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to
give effect to the judgment.”
According to Colombia, the same division of functions is recognized in
the Pact of Bogotá, Article L of which provides :
“If one of the High Contracting Parties should fail to carry out the
obligations imposed upon it by a decision of the International Court
of Justice or by an arbitral award, the other party or parties concerned
shall, before resorting to the Security Council of the United Nations,
propose a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs to
agree upon appropriate measures to ensure the fulfilment of the judicial
decision or arbitral award.”
Colombia’s position is that the heart of Nicaragua’s case is an allegation
that Colombia is in breach of the 2012 Judgment and that Nicaragua is
entitled to obtain further relief from the Court to enforce compliance
with that Judgment.
*
106. Nicaragua denies that its Application in the present proceedings
represents an attempt to obtain post‑adjudicative enforcement measures.
It maintains that the subject‑matter of its Application is the violation by
Colombia of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights in maritime spaces adjudged by
the Court in 2012 to belong to Nicaragua. Nicaragua also rejects Colombia’s
analysis of Article 94, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United
Nations and Article L of the Pact of Bogotá. According to Nicaragua,
neither provision operates in such a way as to preclude either the inherent
jurisdiction of the Court (see paragraphs 102 to 104 above) or jurisdiction
conferred by Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
* *
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 40
41
VI. Cinquième exception préliminaire
105. A titre de cinquième exception préliminaire, la Colombie soutient
que le Nicaragua, par le dépôt de sa requête, cherche à obtenir l’exécution
de l’arrêt de 2012 alors que la Cour n’a pas compétence pour faire
exécuter
ses décisions après leur prononcé. Selon elle, la Charte
des Nations Unies et le Statut de la Cour sont fondés sur une séparation
des fonctions, en vertu de laquelle la Cour a pour tâche de régler les différends,
tandis qu’il appartient au Conseil de sécurité de veiller à l’exécution
des arrêts une fois qu’elle a statué, conformément au paragraphe 2 de
l’article 94 de la Charte qui dispose que
« [s]i une partie à un litige ne satisfait pas aux obligations qui lui
incombent en vertu d’un arrêt rendu par la Cour, l’autre partie peut
recourir au Conseil de sécurité et celui‑ci, s’il le juge nécessaire, peut
faire des recommandations ou décider des mesures à prendre pour
faire exécuter l’arrêt ».
Selon la Colombie, la même séparation des fonctions est prévue dans le
pacte de Bogotá, dont l’article L dispose que
«[s]i l’une des Hautes Parties Contractantes ne remplit pas les obligations
découlant d’un jugement de la Cour internationale de Justice
ou d’un jugement arbitral, l’autre ou les autres parties intéressées,
avant de recourir au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, demanderont
une Réunion de Consultation des Ministres des Relations
Extérieures afin que celle‑ci convienne des mesures à prendre en vue
d’assurer l’exécution de la décision juridique ou arbitrale ».
La position de la Colombie est que l’instance introduite par le Nicaragua
vise essentiellement le prétendu non‑respect, par elle‑même, de l’arrêt de
2012, et le prétendu droit du Nicaragua à obtenir une nouvelle décision
de la Cour tendant à assurer l’exécution de cet arrêt.
*
106. Le Nicaragua conteste que sa requête en la présente instance soit
une tentative d’obtenir des mesures pour faire exécuter un arrêt déjà
rendu. Il soutient que l’objet en est la violation de ses droits souverains,
par la Colombie, dans les espaces maritimes dont la Cour a décidé en 2012
qu’ils appartenaient au Nicaragua. Le Nicaragua réfute également l’analyse
que fait la Colombie du paragraphe 2 de l’article 94 de la Charte des
Nations Unies et de l’article L du pacte de Bogotá. Selon lui, aucune de
ces dispositions ne permet d’exclure le pouvoir inhérent de la Cour (voir
les paragraphes 102‑104 ci-
dessus)
ou la compétence que celle‑ci tient de
l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá.
* *
41 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
42
107. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection is directed first at Nicaragua’s
alternative argument that the Court has an inherent jurisdiction in
relation to the present case. Colombia submits that, even if the Court
were to find — contrary to Colombia’s fourth preliminary objection —
that it possesses an inherent jurisdiction, such “inherent jurisdiction”
does not extend to a post‑adjudicative enforcement jurisdiction.
The Court has already held that it does not need to determine whether
it possesses an inherent jurisdiction, because of its finding that its jurisdiction
is founded upon Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá (see paragraph
104 above). Accordingly, it is unnecessary to rule on Colombia’s
fifth preliminary objection in so far as it relates to inherent jurisdiction.
108. Nevertheless, Colombia indicated in its pleadings that its fifth preliminary
objection was also raised as an objection to the jurisdiction of
the Court under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. Colombia argues
that
“[e]ven assuming . . . that the Court still has jurisdiction in the instant
case under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, such jurisdiction . . .
would not extend to Nicaragua’s claims for enforcement by the Court
premised on Colombia’s alleged non‑compliance with the Judgment
of 2012”.
Since the Court has concluded that it has jurisdiction under Article
XXXI, the fifth preliminary objection must be addressed in so far as it
relates to jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá.
109. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection rests on the premise that
the Court is being asked to enforce its 2012 Judgment. The Court agrees
with Colombia that it is for the Court, not Nicaragua, to decide the real
character of the dispute before it (see paragraph 51 above). Nevertheless,
as the Court has held (see paragraph 79 above), the dispute before it in
the present proceedings concerns the alleged violations by Colombia of
Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua,
the Court declared in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua. As
between Nicaragua and Colombia, those rights are derived from customary
international law. The 2012 Judgment of the Court is undoubtedly
relevant to that dispute in that it determines the maritime boundary
between the Parties and, consequently, which of the Parties possesses sovereign
rights under customary international law in the maritime areas
with which the present case is concerned. In the present case, however,
Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia has
breached “its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as
delimited in paragraph 251 of the Court[’s] Judgment of 19 November
2012 as well as Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these
zones” and “that, consequently, Colombia has the obligation to wipe out
the legal and material consequences of its internationally wrongful acts,
and make full reparation for the harm caused by those acts” (see para-
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 41
42
107. La cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie porte d’abord
sur l’argument que le Nicaragua invoque à titre subsidiaire, à savoir que
la Cour a un pouvoir inhérent en la présente instance. La Colombie soutient
que, même à supposer que la Cour considère — au rebours de la
quatrième exception préliminaire — qu’elle a un « pouvoir inhérent »,
celui‑ci n’engloberait pas une compétence lui permettant d’assurer l’exécution
de ses arrêts une fois ceux‑ci rendus.
La Cour a déjà dit qu’elle n’avait pas besoin de se prononcer sur la
question de son pouvoir inhérent, puisqu’elle a conclu que sa compétence
est fondée sur l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá (voir le paragraphe 104
ci‑dessus). Par conséquent, il n’y a pas lieu pour elle de statuer sur la partie
de la cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie qui concerne ce
pouvoir inhérent.
108. Cependant, la Colombie a indiqué, dans ses exposés, que sa cinquième
exception préliminaire constituait également une exception à la
compétence que la Cour tient de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá. Elle
soutient que,
« [m]ême à supposer … que la Cour ait conservé, en la présente
affaire, une compétence au titre de l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá, cette compétence ne saurait s’étendre aux demandes du
Nicaragua tendant à ce que la Cour remédie à une prétendue inexécution
de la part de la Colombie de l’arrêt de 2012 ».
La Cour étant parvenue à la conclusion qu’elle avait compétence au titre
de l’article XXXI, il y a lieu d’examiner la cinquième exception préliminaire
dans la mesure où elle concerne la compétence au titre du pacte de Bogotá.
109. La cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie repose sur le
postulat qu’il est demandé à la Cour d’assurer l’exécution de son arrêt
de 2012. Comme l’a rappelé la Colombie, c’est à la Cour, et non au Nicaragua,
qu’il appartient de déterminer le caractère véritable du différend
dont elle est saisie (voir le paragraphe 51 ci‑dessus). Cependant, ainsi que
la Cour l’a conclu (voir le paragraphe 79 ci‑dessus), le différend en la présente
instance concerne de prétendues violations par la Colombie des
droits du Nicaragua dans les zones maritimes dont celui‑ci affirme qu’elles
lui ont été reconnues par l’arrêt de 2012. Dans les relations entre le Nicaragua
et la Colombie, ces droits existent en vertu du droit international
coutumier. L’arrêt rendu en 2012 est incontestablement pertinent en la
présente affaire, en ce qu’il détermine la frontière maritime entre les Parties
et établit donc laquelle d’entre elles a des droits souverains en vertu du
droit international coutumier dans les espaces maritimes qui font l’objet de
la présente affaire. Dans le cas d’espèce, toutefois, le Nicaragua prie la
Cour de dire et juger que la Colombie « a manqué à l’obligation lui incombant
de ne pas violer les espaces maritimes du Nicaragua tels que délimités
au paragraphe 251 de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 19 novembre 2012, ainsi
que les droits souverains et la juridiction du Nicaragua sur lesdits espaces »
et « se trouve, partant, tenue d’effacer les conséquences juridiques et matérielles
de ses faits internationalement illicites, et de réparer intégralement le
42 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
43
graph 12 above). Nicaragua does not seek to enforce the 2012 Judgment
as such. The Court is not, therefore, called upon to consider the respective
roles accorded to the Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign
Affairs (by Article L of the Pact of Bogotá), the Security Council (by
Article 94, paragraph 2, of the Charter) and the Court.
110. Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection must therefore be rejected.
* * *
111. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) (a) Unanimously,
Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
(b) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects the second preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia in so far as it concerns the existence of a dispute regarding the
alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime
zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its 2012 Judgment
appertain to Nicaragua ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde,
Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Daudet ;
against : Judge ad hoc Caron ;
(c) Unanimously,
Upholds the second preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia in so far as it concerns the existence of a dispute regarding
alleged violations by Colombia of its obligation not to use force or
threaten to use force ;
(d) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects the third preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde,
Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Daudet ;
against : Judge ad hoc Caron ;
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 42
43
préjudice causé par ceux‑ci » (voir le paragraphe 12 ci‑dessus). Le Nicaragua
ne cherche pas à faire exécuter l’arrêt de 2012 en tant que tel. La Cour
n’est donc pas appelée à examiner les rôles conférés respectivement à la
réunion de consultation des ministres des relations extérieures (par

article L du pacte de Bogotá), au Conseil de sécurité (par le paragraphe 2
de l’article 94 de la Charte des Nations Unies) et à la Cour.
110. Par conséquent, la cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie
doit être rejetée.
* * *
111. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) a) A l’unanimité,
Rejette la première exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie ;
b) Par quinze voix contre une,
Rejette la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à l’existence d’un différend relatif à de
prétendues violations par la Colombie des droits du Nicaragua dans les
zones maritimes dont celui-
ci affirme qu’elles lui ont été reconnues par
l’arrêt de 2012 ;
pour : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice-président
; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Mmes Xue, Donoghue,
M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian, juges ;
M. Daudet, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Caron, juge ad hoc ;
c) A l’unanimité,
Retient la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à l’existence d’un différend relatif aux
prétendues violations par la Colombie de l’obligation lui incombant de
s’abstenir de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force ;
d) Par quinze voix contre une,
Rejette la troisième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie ;
pour : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice-président
; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Mmes Xue, Donoghue,
M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian, juges ;
M. Daudet, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Caron, juge ad hoc ;
43 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (judgment)
44
(e) Unanimously,
Finds that there is no ground to rule upon the fourth preliminary objection
raised by the Republic of Colombia ;
(f) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects the fifth preliminary objection raised by the Republic of
Colombia ;
in favour : President Abraham ; Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judges ad hoc Daudet, Caron ;
against : Judge Bhandari ;
(2) By fourteen votes to two,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute between the Republic of Nicaragua
and the Republic of Colombia referred to in subparagraph 1 (b) above.
in favour : President Abraham ; Vice-President
Yusuf ; Judges Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Robinson, Gevorgian ; Judge ad hoc Daudet ;
against : Judge Bhandari ; Judge ad hoc Caron.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of March, two thousand
and sixteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Colombia, respectively.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Judgment
of the Court ; Judge Bhandari appends a declaration to the Judgment
of the Court ; Judge ad hoc Caron appends a dissenting opinion to the
Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R.A.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (arrêt) 43
44
e) A l’unanimité,
Dit qu’il n’y a pas lieu de se prononcer sur la quatrième exception préliminaire
soulevée par la République de Colombie ;
f) Par quinze voix contre une,
Rejette la cinquième exception préliminaire soulevée par la République
de Colombie ;
pour : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice-président
; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Mmes Xue, Donoghue,
M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Robinson, Gevorgian, juges ; MM. Daudet,
Caron, juges ad hoc ;
contre : M. Bhandari, juge ;
2) Par quatorze voix contre deux,
Dit qu’elle a compétence, sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá, pour statuer sur le différend entre la République du Nicaragua et
la République de Colombie auquel renvoie le point 1 b) ci-
dessus.
pour : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice-président
; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Mmes Xue, Donoghue,
M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Robinson, Gevorgian, juges ; M. Daudet,
juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Bhandari, juge ; M. Caron, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le dix-sept mars deux mille seize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua et
au Gouvernement de la République de Colombie.
Le président,
(Signé) Ronny Abraham.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
M. le juge Cançado Trindade joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion
individuelle ; M. le juge Bhandari joint une déclaration à l’arrêt ;
M. le juge ad hoc Caron joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) R.A.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary objections

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 17 March 2016

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