COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DU DIFFE uREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS uLIMINAIRES
ARR|TDU13DEuCEMBRE 2007
2007
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING THE TERRITORIAL
AND MARITIME DISPUTE
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 13 DECEMBER 2007 Mode officiel de citation:
Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 ,p.832
Official citation:
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 ,p.832
o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 931
ISBN 978-92-1-071038-1 13 DuCEMBRE 2007
ARRE|T
DIFFuREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PREuLIMINAIRES
TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
13 DECEMBER 2007
JUDGMENTPRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-071038-1 832
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
1. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-14
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 15-32
3. SUBJECTMATTER OF THE D ISPUTE 33-42
4. FIRSTP RELIMINARY OBJECTION 43-120
4.1. General overview of the arguments of the Parties on the first
preliminary objection 43-44
4.2. The appropriate stage of proceedings for examination of the
preliminary objection 45-52
4.3. Jurisdictional system of the Pact of Bogotá 53-59
4.4. The question whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol set-
tled the matters in dispute between the Parties 60-120
4.4.1. Arguments of the Parties 60-61
4.4.2. The conclusion of the 1928 Treaty and signature of the
1930 Protocol 62-72
4.4.3. The question whether the 1928 Treaty was in force in
1948 73-82
4.4.4. Examining the preliminary objection in relation to dif-
ferent elements of the dispute 83-85
4.4.5. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over the named islands of the San Andrés
Archipelago 86-90
4.4.6. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
the scope and composition of the rest of the San Andrés
Archipelago 91-97
4.4.7. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana
98-104
4.4.8. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
maritime delimitation 105-120
5. SECOND P RELIMINARY OBJECTION 121-140
6. OPERATIVE CLAUSE 142
4 833
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2007 2007
13 December
General List
13 December 2007 No. 124
CASE CONCERNING THE TERRITORIAL
AND MARITIME DISPUTE
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT
Present: President IGGINS; Vice-PresidentL-K HASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEVA,
SHI,K OROMA ,P ARRA-A RANGUREN ,B UERGENTHAL,O WADA,S IMMA ,
TOMKA ,A BRAHAM ,K EIT,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV ;
Judges ad hoc ORTIER,G AJA; Registrar OUVREUR.
In the case concerning the territorial and maritime dispute,
between
the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nicara-
gua to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent and Counsel;
H.E. Mr. Samuel Santos, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of
Nicaragua,
Mr. Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., member of the English Bar, Chair-
man of the United Nations International Law Commission, Emeritus
Chichele Professor of Public International Law, University of Oxford,
member of the Institut de droit international, Distinguished Fellow, All
Souls College, Oxford,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Research Associate, Netherlands Institute for the
Law of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University Paris X-Nanterre, Member and
former Chairman of the United Nations International Law Commission,
5 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 834
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Autónoma, Madrid,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Ms Irene Blázquez Navarro, Doctor of Public International Law, Universi-
dad Autónoma, Madrid,
Ms Tania Elena Pacheco Blandino, Counsellor, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Netherlands,
Ms Nadine Susani, Doctor of Public Law, Centre de droit international de
Nanterre (CEDIN), University of Paris X-Nanterre,
as Assistant Advisers,
and
the Republic of Colombia,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño Paredes, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia
to the Republic of Cuba,
as Agent;
H.E. Mr. Guillermo Fernández de Soto, Ambassador of the Republic of
Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, member of the Permanent
Court of Arbitration and former Minister for Foreign Affairs,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Stephen M. Schwebel, member of the Bars of the State of New York, the
District of Columbia, and the Supreme Court of the United States of
America; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the
Institut de droit international,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., member of the English Bar; member of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the Institut de droit inter-
national,
Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor Emeritus, University of Paris II; member of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the Institut de droit interna-
tional; member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques (Insti-
tut de France),
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, Member of the United Nations International
Law Commission,
Mr. Rafael Nieto Navia, former Judge of the International Criminal Tribu-
nal for the former Yugoslavia; former Judge of the Inter-American Court
of Human Rights; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; mem-
ber of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Andelfo García González, Professor of International Law, Deputy Chief
of Mission of the Embassy of Colombia in the Kingdom of Spain, former
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Colombia,
Mr. Enrique Gaviria Liévano, Professor of Public International Law; former
Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative of Colombia to the
United Nations; former Chairman of the Sixth Committee of the United
Nations General Assembly; former Ambassador of Colombia to Greece
and to the Czech Republic,
6 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 835
Mr. Juan Carlos Galindo Vacha, former Deputy Inspector-General before
the Council of State of the Republic of Colombia, National Head of the
Civil Registry,
as Advocates;
Ms Sonia Pereira Portilla, Minister Plenipotentiary, Embassy of Colombia in
the Netherlands,
Mr. Juan José Quintana, Minister Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Republic of Colombia,
Ms Mirza Gnecco Plá, Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Repub-
lic of Colombia,
Mr. Julián Guerrero Orozco, Counsellor, Embassy of Colombia in the Neth-
erlands,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, First Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Republic of Colombia,
Ms Daphné Richemond, member of the Bars of Paris and the State of New
York,
as Legal Advisers;
Mr. Scott Edmonds, Cartographer, International Mapping,
as Technical Adviser;
Ms Stacey Donison,
as Stenographer,
T HE C OURT,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 6 December 2001, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicara-
gua”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings
against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) in respect of a
dispute consisting of “a group of related legal issues subsisting” between the
two States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” in the
western Caribbean (for the geographical context of the case, see below, p. 836,
sketch-map).
In its Application, Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
the provisions of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
signed on 30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof,
as the “Pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such) as well as on the dec-
larations made by the Parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent
Court of International Justice, which are deemed, for the period which they still
have to run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present
Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Reg-
istrar immediately communicated the Application to the Government of Colom-
bia; and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of Bogotá the noti-
7TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 836
8 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 837
fications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In
accordance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American
States (hereinafter the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, para-
graph 3, of the Statute. The Registrar subsequently transmitted to that organi-
zation copies of the pleadings filed in the case and asked its Secretary-General
to inform him whether or not it intended to present observations in writing
within the meaning of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court. The OAS
indicated that it did not intend to submit any such observations.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Nicaragua first chose Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui, who resigned on
2 May 2006, and subsequently Mr. Giorgio Gaja. Colombia chose Mr. Yves
Fortier.
5. By an Order dated 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 as the
time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 28 June 2004 as the
time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed
its Memorial within the time-limit so prescribed.
6. On 21 July 2003, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 December 2000, Colombia raised prelimi-
nary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. Consequently, by an Order
dated 24 September 2003, the Court, noting that by virtue of Article 79, para-
graph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended,
fixed 26 January 2004 as the time-limit for the presentation by Nicaragua of a
written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objec-
tions made by Colombia. Nicaragua filed such a statement within the time-limit
so prescribed, and the case thus became ready for hearing in respect of the pre-
liminary objections.
7. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Govern-
ments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Venezuela asked to be
furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the case.
Having ascertained the views of the Parties pursuant to Article 53, para-
graph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Court decided to grant these requests. The
Registrar duly communicated these decisions to the said Governments and to
the Parties.
8. On 4 June 2007, Colombia, referring to Article 56, paragraph 4, of the
Rules of Court and Practice Directions IXbis and IXter, transmitted to the
Court four documents and the certified English translations thereof, to which it
intended to refer during the oral proceedings.
9. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court decided, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, that copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on
the opening of the oral proceedings.
10. Public hearings were held between 4 June and 8 June 2007, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:
For Colombia: H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño Paredes,
Sir Arthur Watts,
Mr. Prosper Weil,
Mr. Stephen M. Schwebel.
9 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 838
For Nicaragua: H.E. Mr. Carlos Argüello Gómez,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
Mr. Ian Brownlie.
*
11. In its Application, the following requests were made by Nicaragua:
“[T]he Court is asked to adjudge and declare:
First, that the Republic of Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of
Providencia, San Andrés and Santa Catalina and all the appurtenant
islands and keys, and also over the Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and
Quitasueño keys (in so far as they are capable of appropriation);
Second, in the light of the determinations concerning title requested
above, the Court is asked further to determine the course of the single
maritime boundary between the areas of continental shelf and exclusive
economic zone appertaining respectively to Nicaragua and Colombia, in
accordance with equitable principles and relevant circumstances recog-
nized by general international law as applicable to such a delimitation of a
single maritime boundary.”
Nicaragua also stated:
“Whilst the principal purpose of this Application is to obtain declara-
tions concerning title and the determination of maritime boundaries, the
Government of Nicaragua reserves the right to claim compensation for
elements of unjust enrichment consequent upon Colombian possession of
the Islands of San Andrés and Providencia as well as the keys and mari-
time spaces up to the 82 meridian, in the absence of lawful title. The Gov-
ernment of Nicaragua also reserves the right to claim compensation for
interference with fishing vessels of Nicaraguan nationality or vessels
licensed by Nicaragua.
The Government of Nicaragua, further, reserves the rights to supple-
ment or to amend the present Application.”
12. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua ,
in the Memorial:
“Having regard to the legal considerations and evidence set forth in this
Memorial: May it please the Court to adjudge and declare that :
(1) the Republic of Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of San
Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina and the appurtenant islets
and cays;
(2) the Republic of Nicaragua has sovereignty over the following cays:
the Cayos de Albuquerque; the Cayos del Este Sudeste; the Cay of
Roncador; North Cay, Southwest Cay and any other cays on the
bank of Serrana; East Cay, Beacon Cay and any other cays on the
10 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE JUDGMENT ) 839
bank of Serranilla; and Low Cay and any other cays on the bank of
Bajo Nuevo;
(3) if the Court were to find that there are features on the bank of
Quitasueño that qualify as islands under international law, the Court
is requested to find that sovereignty over such features rests with Nica-
ragua;
(4) the Barcenas-Esguerra Treaty signed in Managua on 24 March 1928
was not legally valid and, in particular, did not provide a legal basis
for Colombian claims to San Andrés and Providencia;
(5) in case the Court were to find that the Barcenas-Esguerra Treaty had
been validly concluded, then the breach of this Treaty by Colombia
entitled Nicaragua to declare its termination;
(6) in case the Court were to find that the Barcenas-Esguerra Treaty had
been validly concluded and were still in force, then to determine that
this Treaty did not establish a delimitation of the maritime areas along
the 82° meridian of longitude West;
(7) in case the Court finds that Colombia has sovereignty in respect of the
islands of San Andrés and Providencia, these islands be enclaved and
accorded a territorial sea entitlement of twelve miles, this being the
appropriate equitable solution justified by the geographical and legal
framework;
(8) the equitable solution for the cays, in case they were to be found to be
Colombian, is to delimit a maritime boundary by drawing a 3 nautical
mile enclave around them;
(9) the appropriate form of delimitation, within the geographical and
legal framework constituted by the mainland coasts of Nicaragua and
Colombia, is a single maritime boundary in the form of a median line
between these mainland coasts.”
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
in the preliminary objections:
“For the reasons set out in the preceding Chapters, Colombia respect-
fully requests the Court, in application of Article 79 of the Rules of Court,
to adjudge and declare that :
(1) under the Pact of Bogotá, and in particular in pursuance of Articles VI
and XXXIV, the Court declares itself to be without jurisdiction to
hear the controversy submitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI,
and declares that controversy ended;
(2) under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Court
has no jurisdiction to entertain Nicaragua’s Application; and that
(3) Nicaragua’s Application is dismissed.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
in its written statement of observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections made by Colombia:
“1. For the reasons advanced, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that the Preliminary Objections submitted
by the Republic of Colombia, both in respect of the jurisdiction based
upon the Pact of Bogotá, and in respect of the jurisdiction based upon
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, are invalid.
11 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 840
2. In the alternative, the Court is requested to adjudge and declare, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of
Court that the objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia do not
have an exclusively preliminary character.
3. In addition, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court to reject
the request of the Republic of Colombia to declare the controversy sub-
mitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá
‘ended’, in accordance with Articles VI and XXXIV of the same instru-
ment.
4. Any other matters not explicitly dealt with in the foregoing Written
Statement are expressly reserved for the merits phase of this proceeding.”
13. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 6 June 2007:
“Pursuant to Article 60 of the Rules of the Court, having regard to
Colombia’s pleadings, written and oral, Colombia respectfully requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that:
(1) under the Pact of Bogotá, and in particular in pursuance of Articles VI
and XXXIV, the Court declares itself to be without jurisdiction to hear
the controversy submitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI, and
declares that controversy ended;
(2) under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Court
has no jurisdiction to entertain Nicaragua’s Application; and that
(3) Nicaragua’s Application is dismissed.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 8 June 2007:
“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard
to the pleadings, written and oral, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully
requests the Court, to adjudge and declare that:
1. The Preliminary Objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia,
both in respect of the jurisdiction based upon the Pact of Bogotá, and in
respect of the jurisdiction based upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Stat-
ute of the Court, are invalid.
2. In the alternative, the Court is requested to adjudge and declare, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of
Court that the objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia do not
have an exclusively preliminary character.
3. In addition, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court to reject
the request of the Republic of Colombia to declare the controversy sub-
mitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá
‘ended’, in accordance with Articles VI and XXXIV of the same instru-
ment.
4. Any other matters not explicitly dealt with in the foregoing Written
12 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 841
Statement and oral pleadings, are expressly reserved for the merits phase
of this proceeding.”
*
* *
14. For the sake of convenience, the preliminary objection raised by Colom-
bia relating to the Court’s jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá will hereinafter
be referred to as the “first preliminary objection”. The preliminary objection
raised by Colombia relating to the Court’s jurisdiction under the optional
clause declarations made by the Parties will hereinafter be referred to as the
“second preliminary objection”.
* * *
2. HISTORICAL B ACKGROUND
15. Before becoming independent in 1821, Nicaragua was a colonial
province under the rule of Spain. Thereafter, Nicaragua together with
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica formed the Federal
Republic of Central America, also known as the United Provinces of
Central America and as the Central American Federation. In 1838 Nica-
ragua seceded from the Federal Republic, maintaining the territory it had
before. The Federal Republic disintegrated in the period between 1838
and 1840. In a Treaty of 25 July 1850, Spain recognized the independence
of Nicaragua.
16. The territory which is now Colombia was also under the rule of
Spain and formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. In 1810 the
provinces of the Viceroyalty of New Granada declared independence
from Spain. In 1819 the Republic of “Great Colombia” was formed. It
included the territories of the former Captaincy-General of Venezuela
and the Viceroyalty of New Granada. In 1830 Venezuela and Ecuador
seceded from the Republic of “Great Colombia”. The remaining territory
was named the Republic of New Granada in 1832. The name of the
Republic was changed to Granadine Confederation in 1858 and the 1863
Constitution created the United States of Colombia. On 30 January 1881
Spain and the United States of Colombia concluded a Treaty of Peace
and Amity. Under a new constitution adopted in 1886, the United States
of Colombia was renamed the Republic of Colombia. The territorial
scope of the State remained unchanged between 1830 and 1903 when
Panama, the territory of which had formed part of the Republic of
Colombia, seceded and became a separate State.
17. On 15 March 1825 the United Provinces of Central America and
Colombia signed the Treaty of Perpetual Union, League and Confedera-
tion. In Article VII of that Treaty, both Parties agreed to respect their
boundaries as they existed at that time and to settle the “demarcation or
divisional line” between them in due course. In the period that followed,
13 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 842
a number of claims were made by Nicaragua and Colombia over the
Mosquito Coast and the Archipelago of San Andrés.
18. On 24 March 1928, a “Treaty concerning Territorial Questions at
Issue between Colombia and Nicaragua” was signed at Managua (here-
inafter the “1928 Treaty”). The preamble of the Treaty stated that:
“The Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Nicaragua, desir-
ous of putting an end to the territorial dispute between them, and to
strengthen the traditional ties of friendship which unite them, have
decided to conclude the present Treaty...” [Translation by the Sec-
retariat of the League of Nations, for information.]
Article I of the 1928 Treaty provided as follows:
“The Republic of Colombia recognises the full and entire sover-
eignty of the Republic of Nicaragua over the Mosquito Coast
between Cape Gracias a Dios and the San Juan River, and over
Mangle Grande and Mangle Chico Islands in the Atlantic Ocean
(Great Corn Island and Little Corn Island). The Republic of Nica-
ragua recognises the full and entire sovereignty of the Republic of
Colombia over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina and over the other islands, islets and reefs forming part of
the San Andrés Archipelago.
The present Treaty does not apply to the reefs of Roncador, Quita-
sueño and Serrana, sovereignty over which is in dispute between
Colombia and the United States of America.” [Translation by the
Secretariat of the League of Nations, for information.]
The Court has noted that there are certain differences between the origi-
nal Spanish text of the 1928 Treaty and the French and English transla-
tions prepared by the Secretariat of the League of Nations. In particular,
the term “cayos” in Spanish, which appears in the first and second para-
graphs of Article I of the Treaty, is translated as “récifs” in French and
“reefs” in English rather than “cays”. For the purposes of the present
Judgment, the Court will, in quotations, use the translation prepared by
the League of Nations. However, it will employ the word “cays” rather
than “reefs” when the Court itself refers to the first paragraph of Article
I and will not use any geographical qualification when referring to Ron-
cador, Quitasueño and Serrana, the three maritime features named in the
second paragraph of Article I. This approach is without prejudice to the
physical and legal characterization of these features.
19. On 10 April 1928 Colombia and the United States of America
(hereinafter the “United States”) exchanged Notes concerning the status
of Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. Colombia undertook to “refrain
from objecting to the maintenance by the United States of the services
which it has established or may establish on said cays to aid navigation”
and the United States undertook to “refrain from objecting to the utiliza-
tion, by Colombian nationals, of the waters appurtenant to the Islands
for the purpose of fishing”.
14 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 843
20. The instruments of ratification of the 1928 Treaty were exchanged
at Managua on 5 May 1930. The Parties signed on that occasion a Pro-
tocol of Exchange of Ratifications (hereinafter the “1930 Protocol”). The
Protocol noted that the 1928 Treaty was concluded between Colombia
and Nicaragua “with a view to putting an end to the dispute between both
republics concerning the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago and
the Nicaraguan Mosquito Coast”. The Protocol stipulated as follows:
“The undersigned, in virtue of the full powers which have been
granted to them and on the instructions of their respective Govern-
ments, hereby declare that the San Andrés and Providencia Archi-
pelago mentioned in the first article of the said Treaty does not
extend west of the 82nd degree of longitude west of Greenwich.”
[Translation by the Secretariat of the League of Nations, for infor-
mation.]
21. In a diplomatic Note, dated 4 June 1969, from the Ambassador of
Colombia to Nicaragua to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua,
Colombia protested against the granting of certain oil exploration con-
cessions and reconnaissance permits by Nicaragua, which allegedly cov-
ered Quitasueño and the waters surrounding it as well as maritime zones
that surpassed the 82nd meridian to the east. With respect to Quitasueño,
Colombia pointed out that the 1928 Treaty explicitly declared that the
Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana cays were in dispute between Colom-
bia and the United States. It requested Nicaragua “to remedy the error or
inadvertence that may have been incurred by exercising acts of domain or
disposition over a good that is solemnly acknowledged as outside of
Nicaraguan jurisdiction or sovereignty”. Colombia also made “a formal
reservation...ofits rights over the referenced territory, as well as over
the adjacent maritime zone”. With respect to the maritime zones over
which oil exploration concessions had been granted, Colombia observed
that the 82nd meridian had been noted in the 1930 Protocol as the west-
ern boundary of the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia. Colom-
bia asserted that it had “clear and indisputable... rights over that
[maritime] zone” which it formally reserved and stated that it trusted that
Nicaragua “shall find it appropriate and adequate to revoke [the conces-
sions] or reform them to the extent that they exceed the limit of Nicara-
guan national jurisdiction and invade Colombian domain”.
22. In a diplomatic Note, dated 12 June 1969, to the Ambassador of
Colombia to Nicaragua, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua
stated that his Government would carefully consider the question of the
oil reconnaissance permit granted over the Quitasueño area while reserv-
ing its rights to the continental shelf. With respect to the oil exploration
concessions, Nicaragua asserted that the areas concerned were part of its
continental shelf and that the concessions had therefore been granted “in
use of the sovereign rights [Nicaragua] fully and effectively exercises in
15 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 844
accordance with the norms of international law”. As to the reference to
the 82nd meridian in the 1930 Protocol, Nicaragua asserted that
“[a] simple reading of the... texts makes it clear that the objective
of this provision is to clearly and specifically establish in a restrictive
manner, the extension of the Archipelago of San Andrés, and by no
valid means can it be interpreted as a boundary of Nicaraguan rights
or creator of a border between the two countries. On the contrary, it
acknowledges and confirms the sovereignty and full domain of Nica-
ragua over national territory in that zone.”
23. In a Note in response, dated 22 September 1969, the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Colombia, inter alia, made a “formal declaration of
sovereignty in the maritime areas located East of Meridian 82 of Green-
wich”, relying on the “definitive and irrevocable character of the [1928]
Treaty on Boundaries” and “[t]he declaration by the . . . [1930]
Protocol... that the dividing line between respective maritime areas or
zones was set at Greenwich Meridian 82”. He also pointed to the exclu-
sion in the 1928 Treaty of the Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana cays
“from any negotiations between Colombia and Nicaragua”.
24. In 1971 Colombia and the United States engaged in negotiations
regarding the status of Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. On 23 June
1971, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua sent a memorandum
to the Department of State of the United States formally reserving its
rights over its continental shelf in the area around Roncador, Quitasueño
and Serrana and noting that it considered those banks to be part of its
continental shelf. It further stated that it could not accept Colombia’s
contention that the 82nd meridian referred to in the 1930 Protocol set the
dividing line between the respective maritime zones of the two States
since it only constituted the limit of the San Andrés Archipelago. In a
Note, dated 6 December 1971, the Secretary of State of the United States
assured the Ambassador of Nicaragua in Washington that the United
States would take into account Nicaragua’s rights over the continental
shelf.
25. On 8 September 1972, Colombia and the United States signed the
Treaty concerning the status of Quitasueño, Roncador and Serrana (also
known as and hereinafter the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty), the preamble of
which stated that the two States were “[d]esirous of settling the long-
standing questions concerning the status of Quita Sueño, Roncador and
Serrana”. Article 1 of the Treaty provided that “the Government of the
United States hereby renounces any and all claims to sovereignty over
Quita Sueño, Roncador and Serrana”. Each State agreed not to interfere
with the fishing activities of the other State in the waters adjacent to
Quitasueño. With respect to Roncador and Serrana, the Treaty stipu-
lated that Colombia would guarantee nationals and vessels of the United
16 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 845
States a continuation of fishing rights in the waters adjacent to those
cays.
26. On the same day as the signature of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty,
there was an Exchange of Notes between Colombia and the United
States concerning their “legal position respecting Article 1 of [the] Treaty”.
The United States affirmed that its legal position was, inter alia, that
“Quita Sueño, being permanently submerged at high tide, is at the
present time not subject to the exercise of sovereignty” and that the 1928
Treaty did not apply to Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. For its
part, Colombia stated that its position was that the “[t]he physical status
of Quita Sueño is not incompatible with the exercise of sovereignty” and
that “with the renunciation of sovereignty by the United States over
Quita Sueño, Roncador, and Serrana, the Republic of Colombia is the
only legitimate title holder on those banks or cays, in accordance with the
[1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol] and international law”.
27. On 4 October 1972, the National Assembly of Nicaragua adopted
a formal declaration proclaiming Nicaraguan sovereignty over Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño and Serrana. On 7 October 1972, the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of Nicaragua sent diplomatic Notes to the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of Colombia and the Secretary of State of the United States
formally protesting against the signing of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty and
maintaining that “the banks located in that zone...are part of [Nica-
ragua’s] territory and therefore subject to its sovereignty”. The Minister
added that his Government could not accept Colombia’s contention that
the 82nd meridian referred to in the 1930 Protocol constituted the bound-
ary line of the respective maritime areas of the two States since it did not
coincide with the letter or spirit of the Protocol, the clear intention of
which was to specify that the San Andrés Archipelago did not extend
west further than the 82nd meridian. The Minister further noted that the
continental shelf concept had not been recognized at the time of the sign-
ing of the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol and that, consequently, Nica-
ragua could not at that time have relinquished rights that had not yet
been acknowledged.
28. In July 1979 the Sandinista Government came to power in Nica-
ragua. On 4 February 1980, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicara-
gua published an official declaration and a “Libro Blanco” (hereinafter
“White Paper”) in which Nicaragua declared
“the nullity and lack of validity of the Bárcenas-Meneses-Esguerra
Treaty [the 1928 Treaty]... [concluded] in a historical context which
incapacitated as rulers the presidents imposed by the American
forces of intervention in Nicaragua and which infringed...the prin-
ciples of the National Constitution in force...”.
The White Paper acknowledged that “[a] great deal of time has passed
since the [1928 Treaty]” but pointed out that “it was only on 19 July 1979
that Nicaragua recovered its national sovereignty”. On 5 February 1980,
17 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 846
the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia addressed a diplomatic
Note to his counterpart in Nicaragua, stating that his Government
rejected the declaration of 4 February 1980 as “an unfounded claim that
counters historical reality and breaches the most elementary principles of
public international law”. He also affirmed that, in the view of his Gov-
ernment, the 1928 Treaty “[was] a valid, perpetual instrument, and in full
force in light of the universally recognized legal norms”.
29. From 1976 to 1981 there were several exchanges of diplomatic
Notes between Nicaragua and the United States concerning the status of
Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana in the context of the process of rati-
fication by the United States of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty. On 16 July
1981, the United States presented Nicaragua with an aide-mémoire enti-
tled “United States Legal Position” which stated, inter alia, that the
United States had not taken and did not intend to take any position
regarding the legal merits of the competing claims of Colombia and Nica-
ragua over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. On 17 September 1982,
the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty came into force following the exchange of
instruments of ratification between Colombia and the United States.
30. The new government which came to power in Nicaragua in 1990
and subsequent governments maintained the position with regard to the
meaning of certain provisions of the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol
which had been stated from 1969 onwards and the position with regard
to the invalidity of the 1928 Treaty which had been set out in the 1980
White Paper.
31. On 9 June 1993 helicopters of the Colombian Air Force inter-
cepted two Nicaraguan fishing vessels in the vicinity of the 82nd meridian
and ordered them to abandon their alleged “illegal fishing activities”. On
7 July 1993, in the same area, the Colombian coastguard seized a Hon-
duran fishing vessel which had a fishing permit issued by Nicaragua. In
diplomatic Notes to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia, dated
respectively 11 June 1993 and 9 July 1993, Nicaragua protested against
these actions by Colombia which it claimed had occurred in Nicaraguan
waters, west of the 82nd meridian. In a diplomatic Note in response,
dated 19 July 1993, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia asserted
that the fishing vessels were east of the 82nd meridian at the relevant time
and that consequently all the events in question had taken place in waters
under Colombian jurisdiction. In a diplomatic Note, dated 26 July 1993,
the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua contended that, even if the
vessels had been located at the co-ordinates given by Colombia, they
would still have been within Nicaraguan waters. He added that the claim
of Colombian sovereignty over those waters was “totally inadmissible
and baseless”. Between 1995 and 2002, there followed similar seizures of
vessels by both Colombia and Nicaragua.
18 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 847
32. In 1977, 1995 and 2001, meetings took place between officials of
the Nicaraguan and Colombian Ministries of Foreign Affairs concerning
contentious issues between the two States. The Parties do not agree on
the content and significance of those discussions.
* * *
3. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE D ISPUTE
33. The Court initially notes that the Parties have presented different
views about whether there is an extant dispute between them and, if so,
the subject-matter of that dispute. Consequently, before addressing the
preliminary objections raised by Colombia, it is necessary for the Court
to examine these issues.
34. The Court recalls that in its Application, Nicaragua stated that
“[t]he dispute consists of a group of related legal issues subsisting between
the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of Colombia concerning
title to territory and maritime delimitation”. It noted that “the definitive
settlement of... issues of [territorial] title must constitute a condition
precedent to the complete and definitive determination of the maritime
areas”.
35. In its written pleadings, Nicaragua submitted that “[t]he core of
the dispute relates to the maritime delimitation between the Parties”,
asserting that “the subject-matter of the dispute is the determination of a
single maritime boundary” and that “the issue of title is not the subject-
matter of the dispute but a necessary prerequisite” for the definitive
determination of the maritime areas.
36. Nicaragua asserted that the dispute submitted to the Court con-
cerned (i) the validity of the 1928 Treaty and its termination due to mat-
erial breach; (ii) the interpretation of the 1928 Treaty, particularly regard-
ing the geographical scope of the San Andrés Archipelago; (iii) the legal
consequences of the exclusion from the scope of the 1928 Treaty of Ron-
cador, Quitasueño and Serrana; and (iv) the maritime delimitation
between the Parties including the legal significance of the reference to the
82nd meridian in the 1930 Protocol. In its view, the fourth element
“implie[d] and encompasse[d] all the others”. In this regard, Nicaragua
contended that the question of sovereignty over the maritime features
was both accessory and preliminary to that of maritime delimitation.
That is, even if the case were limited to a maritime delimitation, it would
be necessary for the Court first to resolve the question of territorial title
over the maritime features in the disputed area. Finally, Nicaragua also
submitted that the question whether the 1928 Treaty has settled all ques-
tions between the Parties is “the very object of the dispute” and “the sub-
stance of the case”.
37. Colombia denied that there was an extant dispute over which the
19 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 848
Court could have jurisdiction, claiming that the matters in issue had
already been settled by the 1928 Treaty. It further contended that the real
purpose behind Nicaragua’s Application was maritime delimitation rather
than the determination of sovereignty over the maritime features.
*
38. The Court notes that, while the Applicant must present its view of
the “subject of the dispute” pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the Court, it is for the Court itself to determine the subject-
matter of the dispute before it, taking account of the submissions of the
Parties (see Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the
Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , pp. 447-449, paras. 29-32). As
stated in the Nuclear Tests cases:
“it is the Court’s duty to isolate the real issue in the case and to iden-
tify the object of the claim. It has never been contested that the
Court is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and in
fact is bound to do so; this is one of the attributes of its judicial
functions.” (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 466, para. 30.)
39. As a preliminary point, the Court recalls that the Parties disagree
on whether or not the dispute between them had been “settled” by the
1928 Treaty within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá. The
Court first notes that Article VI of the Pact provides that the dispute set-
tlement procedures in the Pact “may not be applied to matters already
settled by arrangement between the parties, or by arbitral award or by
decision of an international court, or which are governed by agreements
or treaties in force on the date of the conclusion of the present Treaty”
(emphasis added). The Court also notes that according to Article XXXIV
of the Pact controversies over matters which are governed by agreements
or treaties shall be declared “ended” in the same way as controversies
over matters settled by arrangement between the Parties, arbitral award
or decision of an international court. The Court considers that, in the
specific circumstances of the present case, there is no difference in legal
effect, for the purpose of applying Article VI of the Pact, between a given
matter being “settled” by the 1928 Treaty and being “governed” by that
Treaty. In light of the foregoing, the Court will hereafter use the word
“settled”.
40. The Court notes that Nicaragua submitted that issues relating to
the validity and alleged termination of the 1928 Treaty as well as the
question whether the Treaty and its 1930 Protocol covered or resolved all
the contentious matters between the Parties, including the geographical
scope of the San Andrés Archipelago, sovereignty over Roncador,Qui-
20 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 849
tasueño and Serrana and maritime delimitation, all formed part of the
dispute before the Court (see paragraph 36 above).
In the Court’s view, all those issues relate to the single question
whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol settled the matters in dispute
between the Parties concerning sovereignty over the islands and maritime
features and the course of the maritime boundary. The Court considers,
however, that this does not form the subject-matter of the dispute between
the Parties and that, in the circumstances of the present case, the question
is a preliminary one (see paragraphs 49 to 52 below).
41. With respect to Colombia’s contention that Nicaragua’s true inter-
est lay in the maritime delimitation rather than in sovereignty over the
maritime features, the Court notes that nonetheless “the claim of one
party is positively opposed by the other” as to sovereignty over the mari-
time features (see South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia
v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962 ,
p. 328).
42. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the questions
which constitute the subject-matter of the dispute between the Parties on
the merits are, first, sovereignty over territory (namely the islands and
other maritime features claimed by the Parties) and, second, the course of
the maritime boundary between the Parties.
*
* *
4. F IRST PRELIMINARY O BJECTION
4.1. General Overview of the Arguments of the Parties on the First
Preliminary Objection
43. The Court recalls that in its first preliminary objection, Colombia
claims that pursuant to Articles VI and XXXIV of the Pact of Bogotá,
the Court is without jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact to hear
the controversy submitted to it by Nicaragua and should declare the con-
troversy ended (for the text of Articles VI, XXXI and XXXIV of the Pact
of Bogotá, see paragraphs 55 and 56 below). In this regard, Colombia,
referring to Article VI of the Pact, argues that the matters raised by Nica-
ragua were settled by a treaty in force on the date on which the Pact was
concluded, namely the 1928 Treaty and the 1930 Protocol. Colombia
adds that this question can and must be considered at the preliminary
objections stage.
44. Nicaragua claims that the Court has jurisdiction under Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. In this regard, Nicaragua argues that the
1928 Treaty and its 1930 Protocol did not settle the dispute between
Nicaragua and Colombia within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá because the 1928 Treaty was invalid or had been terminated and
21 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 850
that, even if that was not the case, the 1928 Treaty did not cover all the
matters now in dispute between the Parties. Moreover, Nicaragua con-
tends that the Court may not pronounce upon these issues at this stage of
the proceedings since that would require an examination of the merits of
the case.
**
4.2. The Appropriate Stage of Proceedings for Examination of the
Preliminary Objection
45. The Court initially notes that the Parties disagree on whether the
questions raised by the first preliminary objection may be examined at
this stage of the proceedings.
46. Citing Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of Court, Nicaragua
considers that the Court cannot at this stage of the proceedings pro-
nounce upon Colombia’s first preliminary objection because “[i]t is diffi-
cult to find a better example of an objection that ‘does not possess, in the
circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character’”. In this
regard, it argues that the “point raised by the objection and those arising
on the merits ‘are too intimately related and too closely interconnected’”.
Nicaragua considers that if the Court “were to accept what Colombia is
requesting, it would not be upholding a preliminary objection to its juris-
diction, but ruling in favour of Colombia on the merits of the dispute
referred to it by Nicaragua”. Nicaragua contends that the Court cannot
“without a thorough examination of the merits” decide questions such as
whether or not the 1928 Treaty is valid, what meaning to ascribe to the
term “San Andrés Archipelago” and the course of the maritime bound-
ary between the Parties. Nicaragua notes that, in the ICAO Council case,
the Court upheld the principle that “a decision on jurisdiction can never
directly decide any question of merits” (Appeal Relating to the Jurisdic-
tion of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1972, p. 56). It adds that “‘touching upon’ questions relating to the mer-
its is one thing; settling all of them after a preliminary and inevitably
summary examination is another”. Nicaragua concludes that if the Court
does not reject the objection put forward by Colombia, “it should join
that objection to the merits, as none of the questions raised has an exclu-
sively preliminary character”.
47. Colombia disagrees with Nicaragua’s arguments, observing that
Article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules includes, in addition to objections
to the Court’s jurisdiction or to admissibility, any “other objection the
decision upon which is requested before any further proceedings on the
merits”. It contends that in revising its Rules in 1972, the Court “expanded
the definition of preliminary objections”. Colombia notes, in this connec-
tion, that in the Lockerbie cases (Questions of Interpretation and Applica-
tion of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at
Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Pre-
22 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 851
liminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , pp. 131 et seq.,
paras. 46 et seq.; Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , pp. 26 et seq., paras. 47 et seq.) and a
number of earlier cases, the Court made clear that the field of application
ratione materiae of Article 79 was no longer limited to objections to juris-
diction or admissibility, but that it covers any objection the purpose of
which is “to prevent, in limine, any consideration of the case on the mer-
its”. In answer to Nicaragua’s contention that the Parties are precluded
at this stage from touching upon issues that might have to be dealt with
on the merits, Colombia notes that “[p]reliminary objections cannot be
— and in practice never are — argued in a void, removed from all factual
context. And that factual context may well touch on issues the full expo-
sition of which will come later when — and if — the merits phase is
reached.” Colombia contends that the Court can and must determine, at
the preliminary objections stage, whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Pro-
tocol settled the dispute between the Parties and asserts that this is expli-
citly prescribed in Article XXXIII of the Pact of Bogotá which stipulates
that, if the Parties fail to agree as to whether the Court has jurisdiction,
the Court shall “first” decide that question.
*
48. The Court recalls that, under Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules
of Court, there are three ways in which it may dispose of a preliminary
objection: the Court “shall either uphold the objection, reject it, or
declare that the objection does not possess, in the circumstances of the
case, an exclusively preliminary character”.
49. The Court further recalls that, in the Nuclear Tests cases (albeit in
slightly different circumstances), it emphasized that while examining
questions of jurisdiction and admissibility, it is entitled, and in some cir-
cumstances may be required, to go into other questions which may not be
strictly capable of classification as matters of jurisdiction or admissibility
but are of such a nature as to require examination before those matters
(Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 ,
p. 259, para. 22; and Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 463, para. 22; see also Northern Cameroons
(Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 29).
50. The Court believes that it is not in the interest of the good admin-
istration of justice for it to limit itself at the present juncture to stating
merely that there is a disagreement between the Parties as to whether the
1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol settled the matters which are the subject
23 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 852
of the present controversy within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá, leaving every aspect thereof to be resolved on the merits.
51. In principle, a party raising preliminary objections is entitled to
have these objections answered at the preliminary stage of the proceed-
ings unless the Court does not have before it all facts necessary to decide
the questions raised or if answering the preliminary objection would
determine the dispute, or some elements thereof, on the merits. The
Court finds itself in neither of these situations in the present case. The
determination by the Court of its jurisdiction may touch upon certain
aspects of the merits of the case (Certain German Interests in Polish
Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 6, p. 15). Moreover, the Court has already found that the question of
whether the 1928 Treaty and the 1930 Protocol settled the matters in dis-
pute does not constitute the subject-matter of the dispute on the merits. It
is rather a preliminary question to be decided in order to ascertain
whether the Court has jurisdiction (see paragraph 40 above).
52. In light of the above, the Court is unable to uphold Nicaragua’s
contention that it is precluded from addressing Colombia’s first prelimi-
nary objection at this stage of the proceedings. Accordingly, the Court
will now proceed to examine this objection.
**
4.3. Jurisdictional System of the Pact of Bogotá
53. The Court will begin by considering the jurisdictional system of
the Pact of Bogotá.
54. The Pact of Bogotá, which was ratified by Nicaragua on 21 June
1950 and by Colombia on 14 October 1968, was adopted in Bogotá,
Colombia on 30 April 1948, at the same conference that adopted the
Charter of the OAS. The importance attached to the pacific settlement of
disputes within the inter-American system is reflected in Article 2 (c) of
the OAS Charter, which declares that one of the essential purposes of the
organization is “to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may
arise among the Member States”. This provision is supplemented by
Article 27 of the OAS Charter (formerly Article 23), which anticipated
the adoption of the Pact of Bogotá in the following terms:
“A special treaty will establish adequate means for the settlement
of disputes and will determine pertinent procedures for each peaceful
means such that no dispute between American States may remain
without definitive settlement within a reasonable period of time.”
The Preamble to the Pact of Bogotá declares that the Treaty was con-
cluded “in fulfilment of Article XXIII [now Article XXVII] of the Char-
ter”. Thirteen Member States of the OAS, including Colombia and Nica-
ragua, are at present States parties to the Pact of Bogotá.
55. The Pact of Bogotá contains a number of provisions relating to the
24 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 853
judicial settlement of disputes. One such provision, Article XXXI, which
has been invoked by Nicaragua and Colombia in these proceedings,
reads as follows:
“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare
that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the
jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the
necessity of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in
force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them con-
cerning:
(a) The interpretation of a treaty;
(b) Any question of international law;
(c) The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
the breach of an international obligation; or
(d) The nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the
breach of an international obligation.”
56. The other relevant provisions, both invoked by Colombia, are
Articles VI and XXXIV. Article VI provides that:
“The aforesaid procedures, furthermore, may not be applied to
matters already settled by arrangement between the parties, or by
arbitral award or by decision of an international court, or which are
governed by agreements or treaties in force on the date of the con-
clusion of the present Treaty.”
Article XXXIV reads as follows:
“If the Court, for the reasons set forth in Articles V, VI and VII of
this Treaty, declares itself to be without jurisdiction to hear the con-
troversy, such controversy shall be declared ended.”
57. These provisions indicate that if the Court were to find that the
matters referred to it by Nicaragua pursuant to Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá had previously been settled by one of the methods spelled out
in Article VI thereof, it would lack the requisite jurisdiction under the
Pact to decide the case.
58. With respect to Article XXXIV of the Pact, the Court recalls that
Colombia considers that, in the present case, the Court should declare
the dispute “ended” in accordance with that provision since, pursuant to
Article VI, it is without jurisdiction. For its part, Nicaragua contends
that, under Article XXXVII of the Pact, the Court should follow the pro-
cedure set down in its Statute and that such a declaration could not, in
any event, be made at the preliminary stage of the proceedings since it
would require the Court to examine the merits of the case.
59. With respect to the arguments made relating to Article XXXIV of
the Pact, the Court recalls that it must apply Article 1 of its Statute,
which states that the Court “shall function in accordance with the pro-
visions of the present Statute”. This approach is also indicated by Arti-
25 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 854
cle XXXVII of the Pact of Bogotá, which stipulates that “[t]he procedure
to be followed by the Court shall be that established in the Statute
thereof”. In this regard, the Court notes that, at this stage of the pro-
ceedings, it is only deciding, under Article 36, paragraph 6, of the Statute,
whether or not it has jurisdiction to hear the merits of the case and may
not go further.
**
4.4. The Question Whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol Settled
the Matters in Dispute between the Parties
4.4.1. Arguments of the Parties
60. The Court recalls that Colombia asserts that the 1928 Treaty set-
tled the issue of sovereignty over all of the islands, islets and cays in ques-
tion and that the 1930 Protocol settled the course of the maritime bound-
ary between the Parties. It contends that consequently there is no dispute
between the Parties to be resolved by the Court. In Colombia’s view, the
Court’s jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá is excluded pursuant to
Article VI thereof which provides that the dispute settlement procedures
set out in the Pact “may not be applied to matters already settled by
arrangement between the parties...o r which are governed by agree-
ments or treaties in force on the date of the conclusion of the present
Treaty”.
61. For its part, Nicaragua denies that the dispute between the Parties
was settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol. Nicaragua argues first
that the 1928 Treaty is not valid and that, even if the Treaty were valid,
it was terminated as a result of a material breach by Colombia. Secondly,
Nicaragua contends that the 1928 Treaty does not indicate which islands,
islets, cays and reefs form part of the San Andrés Archipelago and does
not cover all the maritime features in dispute such as Roncador, Quita-
sueño and Serrana and other maritime features claimed by the Parties
which do not form part of the San Andrés Archipelago. Finally, Nicara-
gua rejects Colombia’s assertion that the 1930 Protocol effected a mari-
time delimitation between the Parties. Nicaragua submits that it remains
necessary for the Court to settle all the above questions.
*
4.4.2. The conclusion of the 1928 Treaty and signature of the 1930
Protocol
62. The Court will briefly recall the factual background of the conclu-
sion of the 1928 Treaty and the signature of the 1930 Protocol.
63. The 1928 Treaty was signed by Nicaragua and Colombia on
26 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 855
24 March 1928. The Protocol of Exchange of Ratifications was signed on
5 May 1930. The Treaty and Protocol were promulgated in Colombia by
Decree No. 993 of 23 June 1930, published in its Diario Oficial, and they
were published in Nicaragua’s Diario Oficial on 2 July 1930.
64. After the signature of the 1928 Treaty, Nicaragua proposed the
addition to the Treaty of a statement to the effect that the Archipelago of
San Andrés, sovereignty over which was attributed to Colombia in Arti-
cle I of the Treaty, did not “extend West of the 82 Greenwich meridian”.
Colombia agreed to the inclusion of the foregoing statement in the Pro-
tocol of Ratification and informed Nicaragua that the addition of the
statement did not require the resubmission of the Treaty to its Congress.
65. The 1928 Treaty consists of a preamble and two articles. In the
preamble to the Treaty, Colombia and Nicaragua express their desire to
put “an end to the territorial dispute pending between them”. The sub-
stantive provisions of the Treaty are set down in Article I thereof; Arti-
cle II deals with matters relating to the signature and ratification of the
Treaty.
66. In the first paragraph of Article I of the Treaty, Colombia recog-
nizes Nicaragua’s sovereignty over the Mosquito Coast between Cape
Gracias a Dios and the San Juan River, as well as over the Mangle
Grande (Great Corn) and Mangle Chico (Little Corn) Islands in the
Atlantic Ocean. In that same paragraph, Nicaragua recognizes Colom-
bia’s sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia, Santa
Catalina, and the other islands, islets and cays that form part of the
Archipelago of San Andrés.
67. The second paragraph of Article I provides that the Treaty does
not apply to Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana, “sovereignty over
which is in dispute between Colombia and the United States of America”.
68. The first paragraph of the 1930 Protocol states that the 1928
Treaty was designed to put “an end to the question pending between
both republics, concerning the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago
and the Nicaraguan Mosquito Coast”. The second paragraph of the Pro-
tocol provides that “the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago men-
tioned in the first article of the said Treaty does not extend west of the
82nd degree of longitude west of Greenwich”.
69. The text of the 1928 Treaty was based on a draft, dated 18 March
1925, presented to the Nicaraguan Foreign Minister by the Minister
Plenipotentiary of Colombia to Nicaragua, who summarized the draft
and the motivating considerations in the following terms:
“According to the verbal discussions I have had the honour to
hold with Your Excellency regarding the advisability of reaching a
fair and decorous solution for Colombia and Nicaragua to the con-
troversy that they may have been having regarding the territorial
sovereignty of the Mosquitia Coast, the Mangle Islands [Corn
Islands] and the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia, and
27 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 856
the possibility of finding that solution in a direct and friendly settle-
ment in which each Party desists from its extreme claims; and by
virtue of Your Excellency’s suggestion that the Legation summarise
its views on this matter in a Draft treaty, I have pleasure in enclosing
that Draft with this note, in... which Colombia renounces in
favour of Nicaragua the rights of dominion which it claims over the
Mosquitia Coast, between the San Juan river and Cabo Gracias a
Dios, and over the Mangle Islands, that is Great Corn island and
Little Corn island; and Nicaragua, in turn, renounces in favour of
Colombia, also absolutely and unconditionally, the rights it aspires
to over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
and the other islands, islets and cays which form the Archipelago.
I believe that this solution perfectly harmonises the interests of the
two Nations and is the most efficacious for the definitive termination
of the dispute and to secure in a lasting manner, the fraternal rela-
tions of friendship between them.”
70. The Senate and Chamber of Representatives of Colombia approved
the 1928 Treaty by means of Law 93 of 17 November 1928. The preamble
of that Law describes the Treaty as reflecting Colombia’s and Nicara-
gua’s “desire of putting an end to the territorial dispute pending between
them”. In addressing the concessions Colombia gained under the Treaty,
the preamble points out that the Treaty “definitely consolidates the status
of the Republic in the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia,
erasing any pretensions to the contrary, and recognizes our country’s per-
petual sovereignty and right to full domain of that important section of
the Republic”. It declares this arrangement to be “necessary and oppor-
tune” because of Nicaragua’s pretensions to the Archipelago, which at
times reached the point of obstructing Colombia’s administrative activi-
ties there. As noted above, Colombia considered that the insertion into
the 1930 Protocol of the statement that the Archipelago of San Andrés
did not extend west of the 82nd degree of longitude west of Greenwich
did not require the resubmission of the Treaty to its Congress (see para-
graph 64).
71. The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Nicaragua approved the
1928 Treaty by means of a decree, dated 6 March 1930. The decree stated
that
“the Treaty puts an end to the question pending between both
Republics regarding the Archipelago of San Andrés and the Nicara-
guan Mosquitia; understanding that the Archipelago of San Andrés
mentioned in the first clause of the Treaty, does not extend to the
west of Greenwich Meridian 82...”.
72. On 5 March 1930, prior to Nicaragua’s ratification of the 1928
Treaty, Nicaragua’s Minister for Foreign Affairs appeared before the
Nicaraguan Senate in support of the ratification of this Treaty and noted
that, according to the Government of Colombia, the resubmission of the
28 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 857
Treaty to the Colombian Congress was not necessary for the purposes of
“the clarification that demarcated the dividing line”. The Minister added
that the language relating to the meridian to be included in the Protocol
of Exchange of Ratifications “does not reform the Treaty, because it only
intends to indicate a limit between the archipelagos that had been reason
for the dispute and that the Colombian Government had already accepted
that explanation by means of his Minister Plenipotentiary”.
*
4.4.3. The question whether the 1928 Treaty was in force in 1948
73. As the Court has found above, the question whether, on the date
of the conclusion of the Pact of Bogotá in 1948, the matters raised by
Nicaragua were, pursuant to Article VI thereof, “governed by agree-
ments or treaties in force”, namely the 1928 Treaty, is to be decided by
the Court at this stage in order to ascertain whether it has jurisdiction
(see paragraphs 40 and 51 above). For this purpose, the first point for the
Court to consider is whether the Treaty, which Colombia alleges to have
settled the matters constituting the subject-matter of the dispute, was in
force in 1948.
74. As noted above, Colombia contends that the Court lacks jurisdic-
tion by virtue of Article VI to decide this case because the dispute was
settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol, which were in force in
1948. However, Nicaragua claims that the 1928 Treaty is invalid or, in
the alternative, has been terminated due to a material breach by Colom-
bia.
75. With respect to the validity of the 1928 Treaty, Nicaragua con-
tends that the Treaty is invalid for two reasons. It argues first that the
Treaty was “concluded in manifest violation of the Nicaraguan Constitu-
tion of 1911 that was in force in 1928”. In this regard, Nicaragua con-
siders that the conclusion of the 1928 Treaty contravened Articles 2 and
3 of its 1911 Constitution which remained in force until 1939. Article 2
stipulated, inter alia, that “treaties may not be reached that oppose the
independence and integrity of the nation or that in some way affect her
sovereignty . . .”. Article 3 provided that “[p]ublic officials only enjoy
those powers expressly granted to them by Law. Any action of theirs that
exceeds these [powers] is null.” Its second argument is that at the time the
Treaty was concluded, Nicaragua was under military occupation by the
United States and was precluded from concluding treaties that ran con-
trary to the interests of the United States and from rejecting the conclu-
sion of treaties that the United States demanded it to conclude. Nicara-
gua submits that Colombia was aware of this situation and “took
advantage of the US occupation of Nicaragua to extort from her the con-
clusion of the 1928 Treaty”. Nicaragua claims that it remained under the
29 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 858
influence of the United States even after the withdrawal of the last United
States troops at the beginning of 1933.
76. Colombia maintains that Nicaragua’s assertion relating to the
invalidity of the 1928 Treaty is unfounded. Colombia observes that, even
assuming that the 1928 Treaty was incompatible with Nicaragua’s 1911
Constitution or that Nicaragua lacked competence to freely conclude
treaties due to occupation by the United States, these claims were not
raised during the ratification process in the Nicaraguan Congress in 1930,
nor for some 50 years thereafter. It points out that, in fact, these argu-
ments were raised for the first time in 1980. Colombia further notes that
in 1948, when the Pact of Bogotá was concluded, Nicaragua made no res-
ervation with regard to the 1928 Treaty, despite the fact that Nicaragua
knew that it had the right to make such a reservation and made a reserva-
tion with regard to the validity of an arbitral award. Finally, Colombia
contends that, as a consequence, Nicaragua is now precluded from rais-
ing the question of the validity of the 1928 Treaty and its 1930 Protocol.
In this regard, Colombia relies on the case concerning the Arbitral Award
Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicara-
gua) in which the Court ruled that Nicaragua’s failure to question the
validity of the Arbitral Award for six years after the terms of the Award
had become known to it precluded Nicaragua from relying subsequently
on allegations of invalidity (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960 , pp. 213-214).
77. The Court recalls that Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá excludes
from the application of all the procedures provided for in the Pact “mat-
ters already settled by arrangement between the parties, or by arbitral
award or by decision of an international court, or which are governed by
agreements or treaties in force on the date of the conclusion of the
present Treaty”. What matters are or are not settled within the terms of
Article VI may require determination. However, the clear purpose of this
provision was to preclude the possibility of using those procedures, and
in particular judicial remedies, in order to reopen such matters as were
settled between the parties to the Pact, because they had been the object
of an international judicial decision or a treaty. When ratifying the Pact,
States envisaged bringing within its procedures matters not yet so settled.
78. States parties to the Pact of Bogotá would have considered that
matters settled by a treaty or international judicial decision had been
definitively resolved unless a specific reservation relating thereto was
made under Articles LIV and LV of the Pact. Nicaragua did not enter
any reservation regarding the 1928 Treaty when it became a party to the
Pact of Bogotá, the treaty it now invokes as a basis of jurisdiction,
although it did enter a reservation with regard to arbitral decisions the
validity of which it contested. The Court notes that there is no evidence
that the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá of 1948, including Nicara-
gua, considered the 1928 Treaty to be invalid. On 25 May 1932, Nicara-
30 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 859
gua registered the Treaty and Protocol with the League of Nations as a
binding agreement, pursuant to Article 18 of the Covenant of the League,
Colombia having already registered the Treaty on 16 August 1930.
79. The Court recalls that Nicaragua advanced “the nullity and lack of
validity” of the 1928 Treaty for the first time in an official declaration
and White Paper published on 4 February 1980 (see paragraph 28 above).
The Court thus notes that, for more than 50 years, Nicaragua has treated
the 1928 Treaty as valid and never contended that it was not bound by
the Treaty, even after the withdrawal of the last United States troops at
the beginning of 1933. At no time in those 50 years, even after it became
a Member of the United Nations in 1945 and even after it joined the
Organization of American States in 1948, did Nicaragua contend that the
Treaty was invalid for whatever reason, including that it had been con-
cluded in violation of its Constitution or under foreign coercion. On the
contrary, Nicaragua has, in significant ways, acted as if the 1928 Treaty
was valid. Thus, in 1969, when Nicaragua responded to Colombia’s claim
that the 82nd meridian, referred to in the 1930 Protocol, constituted the
maritime boundary between the two States, Nicaragua did not invoke the
invalidity of the Treaty but argued instead that the 1928 Treaty and 1930
Protocol did not effect a maritime delimitation. Similarly, in 1971 when
Nicaragua made representations to the United States reserving its rights
over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana, it did not call into question the
validity of the 1928 Treaty.
80. The Court thus finds that Nicaragua cannot today be heard to
assert that the 1928 Treaty was not in force in 1948.
81. In light of all the foregoing, the Court finds that the 1928 Treaty
was valid and in force on the date of the conclusion of the Pact of Bogotá
in 1948, the date by reference to which the Court must decide on the
applicability of the provisions of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá setting
out an exception to the Court’s jurisdiction under Article XXXI thereof.
82. The Court recalls that Nicaragua argues that, even if the 1928
Treaty was valid, it has been terminated due to Colombia’s interpretation
of the Treaty in 1969, which Nicaragua characterized as a material
breach thereof. This contention is denied by Colombia.
The Court considers that the question whether the Treaty was termi-
nated in 1969 is not relevant to the question of its jurisdiction since what
is determinative, under Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá, is whether the
1928 Treaty was in force on the date of the conclusion of the Pact, i.e. in
1948, and not in 1969. Accordingly, there is no need for the Court to
address the question of the purported termination of the 1928 Treaty in
1969 for the purposes of the ascertainment of its jurisdiction (see para-
graph 89 below).
*
31 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 860
4.4.4. Examining the preliminary objection in relation to different
elements of the dispute
83. Having established that the 1928 Treaty was in force in 1948, the
Court will now turn to the question whether the Treaty and its 1930 Pro-
tocol settled the matters in dispute between the Parties and consequently
whether the Court has jurisdiction in the case under Article XXXI of the
Pact. The Court recalls that it has concluded above that there are two
questions in dispute between the Parties on the merits: first, territorial
sovereignty over islands and other maritime features and, second, the
course of the maritime boundary between the Parties (see paragraph 42).
84. The Court notes that the Parties disagree about whether various
matters relating to territorial sovereignty were settled by the 1928 Treaty,
namely sovereignty over the three islands of the San Andrés Archipelago
expressly named in the Treaty, the scope and composition of the rest of
the San Andrés Archipelago and sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño
and Serrana. The Parties also disagree about whether the 1930 Protocol
effected a maritime delimitation between them.
85. The Court finds it appropriate to examine in turn whether each
matter listed above has been settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Proto-
col. In this regard, the Court recalls that it and its predecessor have
already considered the well-foundedness of a preliminary objection in
relation to different elements of the dispute, taken separately (see Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the
Congo), Preliminary Objections , Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, pp. 596-
597, paras. 31-33 and, pp. 617-618, para. 98; Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objection,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 810, para. 17, and p. 821, para. 55;
Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria (Belgium v. Bulgaria), Judg-
ment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 77 , pp. 76-77 and 84).
*
4.4.5. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over the named islands of the San Andrés Archipelago
86. The Court will begin by examining whether the 1928 Treaty settled
the question of sovereignty over the three islands of the San Andrés
Archipelago expressly named in the first paragraph of Article I of the
1928 Treaty. That paragraph states, inter alia, that: “[t]he Republic of
Nicaragua recognises the full and entire sovereignty of the Republic of
Colombia over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia, Santa Catalina
and over the other islands, islets and reefs forming part of the San
Andrés Archipelago”.
87. In Colombia’s view, Article I of the 1928 Treaty clearly establishes
that it has sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and
32 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 861
Santa Catalina. For its part, Nicaragua acknowledges that Article I of
the 1928 Treaty stipulates that Colombia has sovereignty over the Archi-
pelago of San Andrés and recognizes that the Archipelago includes the
three named islands. However, it contends that the Treaty is invalid or
has been terminated and that therefore Article I has no legal value.
88. The Court considers that it is clear on the face of the text of Arti-
cle I that the matter of sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Provi-
dencia and Santa Catalina has been settled by the 1928 Treaty within the
meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá. In the Court’s view there is
no need to go further into the interpretation of the Treaty to reach that
conclusion and there is nothing relating to this issue that could be ascer-
tained only on the merits.
89. Nicaragua’s contention that the 1928 Treaty is invalid, has been
dealt with by the Court in paragraphs 79 to 81 above. With regard to
Nicaragua’s further assertion that the 1928 Treaty has been terminated
by material breach due to the interpretation adopted by Colombia from
1969 onwards, as the Court stated in paragraph 82 above, that issue will
not be addressed by the Court at this stage since it is not relevant to the
question of its jurisdiction by reference to Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá. Even if the Court were to find that the 1928 Treaty has been ter-
minated, as claimed by Nicaragua, this would not affect the sovereignty
of Colombia over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina. The Court recalls that it is a principle of international law that
a territorial régime established by treaty “achieves a permanence which
the treaty itself does not necessarily enjoy” and the continued existence of
that régime is not dependent upon the continuing life of the treaty under
which the régime is agreed (Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jama-
hiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994 , p. 37, paras. 72-73).
90. In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that it can dispose of
the issue of the three islands of the San Andrés Archipelago expressly
named in the first paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty at the current
stage of the proceedings. That matter has been settled by the Treaty.
Consequently, Article VI of the Pact is applicable on this point and there-
fore the Court does not have jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá over the question of sovereignty over the three named islands.
Accordingly, the Court upholds the first preliminary objection raised by
Colombia in so far as it concerns the Court’s jurisdiction as regards the
question of sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and
Santa Catalina.
*
4.4.6. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of the scope
and composition of the rest of the San Andrés Archipelago
91. The Court now turns to examine whether the 1928 Treaty settled,
within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá, the question of
33 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 862
sovereignty over the maritime features which are not expressly mentioned
in the first paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty.
92. Colombia contends that geographically and historically the Archi-
pelago of San Andrés was “understood as comprising the string of
islands, cays, islets and banks stretching from Albuquerque in the south
to Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo in the north — including the Islas Mangles
(Corn Islands) — and the appurtenant maritime areas”. Colombia points
out that, under the terms of Article I of the Treaty, Nicaragua recognizes
Colombia’s sovereignty not only over San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina but also over “all the other islands, islets and cays that form
part of the... Archipelago of San Andrés”. Colombia also observes that
Article I of the Treaty provided that Nicaragua has sovereignty over the
Corn Islands and notes that consequently the Archipelago of San Andrés
as defined from 1928 onwards did not include those islands.
93. In Colombia’s view, other than San Andrés, Providencia and
Santa Catalina and appurtenant cays, the Archipelago as defined in the
1928 Treaty includes
“the Cays of Roncador (including Dry Rocks), Quitasueño, Serrana
(including North Cay, Little Cay, Narrow Cay, South Cay, East Cay
and Southwest Cay), Serranilla (including Beacon Cay, East Cay,
Middle Cay, West Breaker and Northeast Breaker), Bajo Nuevo
(including Bajo Nuevo Cay, East Reef and West Reef), Albuquerque
(including North Cay, South Cay and Dry Rock), and the group of
Cays of the East-Southeast... (including Bolivar Cay or Middle
Cay, West Cay, Sand Cay and East Cay), as well as by other adja-
cent islets, cays, banks and atolls”.
In support of its claims, Colombia refers to an inset on an official map of
Colombia from 1931, showing the Archipelago of San Andrés and Provi-
dencia as including the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina as well as the Roncador, Quitasueño, Serrana, Serranilla, Bajo
Nuevo, Albuquerque and East-Southeast Cays. Colombia notes that
Nicaragua did not protest against that map.
94. Nicaragua observes that, while Article I of the 1928 Treaty stipu-
lates that San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina form part of the
San Andrés Archipelago, it does not define which “other islets and reefs”
are included in the Archipelago. Nicaragua notes that, according to the
1930 Protocol, the Archipelago does not extend west of the 82nd meri-
dian. It points out, however, that the Treaty does not give any indication
as to the northern or southern limits of the Archipelago. Nicaragua sub-
mits that the Archipelago of San Andrés “only includes the islands of San
Andrés and Providencia and adjacent islets and cays, but does not
include, among others, the features of Serrana, Roncador, Quitasueño,
Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo”.
95. Nicaragua contends that the claims made by Colombia to mari-
time features, other than San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
34 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 863
relate to “a few groups of very small islands, without any connection,
lying hundreds of kilometres apart” and that, geographically and geo-
morphologically, these features are separate and do not form a single
unit. Nicaragua claims that, according to the practice prevailing when the
1928 Treaty was concluded, these features did not form an archipelago in
legal terms either. With reference to the 1931 map relied upon by Colom-
bia, Nicaragua notes that the map does not indicate precisely which fea-
tures are included in the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia.
96. The Court recalls that there is agreement between the Parties that
the San Andrés Archipelago includes the islands of San Andrés, Provi-
dencia and Santa Catalina as well as adjacent islets and cays. However,
the Parties disagree as to which maritime features other than those
named islands form part of the Archipelago.
97. The Court considers that it is clear on the face of the text of the
first paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty that its terms do not pro-
vide the answer to the question as to which maritime features apart from
the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina form part of
the San Andrés Archipelago over which Colombia has sovereignty. That
being so, this matter has not been settled within the meaning of Arti-
cle VI of the Pact of Bogotá and the Court has jurisdiction under Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. Therefore, the Court cannot uphold the
first preliminary objection raised by Colombia in so far as it concerns the
Court’s jurisdiction as regards the question of sovereignty over the mari-
time features forming part of the San Andrés Archipelago, save for the
islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina.
*
4.4.7. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana
98. The next question for the Court to answer is whether the issue of
sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana has been settled by
the 1928 Treaty within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá.
The second paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty states that “[t]he
present Treaty does not apply to the reefs of Roncador, Quitasueño and
Serrana, sovereignty over which is in dispute between Colombia and the
United States of America”.
99. Colombia notes that the 1928 Treaty provided that it did not
apply to Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana because they were in dis-
pute between itself and the United States. It contends that those three
maritime features form part of the San Andrés Archipelago and submits
that the second paragraph of Article I was included in the Treaty pre-
cisely for that reason. In Colombia’s view, that provision is only expli-
cable on the basis that it was necessary to put Roncador, Quitasueño
and Serrana outside of the reach of the recognition of Colombian sov-
35 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 864
ereignty over the San Andrés Archipelago contained in the first para-
graph of Article I.
100. Colombia submits that by agreeing to the inclusion of the second
paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty, Nicaragua recognized that it
did not have any claim to sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and
Serrana and that the only possible “claimants” were Colombia or the
United States. Colombia notes that there is no mention in the second
paragraph of Article I of any dispute over Roncador, Quitasueño and
Serrana involving a Nicaraguan claim or right and it considers that it is
not conceivable that, had Nicaragua had any claim to those three mari-
time features, it would have refrained from at least mentioning it during
the negotiation of the 1928 Treaty. It further points out that Nicaragua
did not assert a claim of sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Ser-
rana until 1971 when Colombia and the United States began negotiating
a treaty regarding those three features. Colombia submits that the result
of the renunciation by the United States of its claims to Roncador, Quita-
sueño and Serrana in the 1972 Vásquez-Saccio Treaty (see paragraph 25
above) was that Colombia had sovereignty over those three maritime fea-
tures and thus over the whole of the San Andrés Archipelago.
101. Nicaragua contends that, even if the 1928 Treaty is valid and in
force, it did not settle the dispute between Colombia and Nicaragua con-
cerning sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana since the
matter was expressly excluded from the scope of that Treaty. Nicaragua
disputes Colombia’s claim that the San Andrés Archipelago or the defini-
tion of the San Andrés Archipelago in the 1928 Treaty includes Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño and Serrana. It submits that, historically, the Archi-
pelago was not considered to include those three features and notes that
they are situated at a great distance from the islands mentioned by name
in Article I of the 1928 Treaty. Nicaragua argues that the fact that the
1928 Treaty mentions Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana does not mean
that those features are part of the San Andrés Archipelago since the 1928
Treaty deals generally with “territorial questions” between Colombia and
Nicaragua and not just the San Andrés Archipelago.
102. Nicaragua denies that it relinquished its claim to sovereignty over
Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana by agreeing to the inclusion of the
second paragraph of Article I in the text of the 1928 Treaty. It notes that,
if the intention had been for Nicaragua to renounce its claim, this could
have been stated in a much more explicit manner. Nicaragua adds that it
reserved its rights over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana in 1971 dur-
ing the negotiation of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty and recalls that, follow-
ing the signing of the Treaty, its National Assembly passed a formal
declaration of sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana and
the Government made a formal protest to the Governments of Colombia
and the United States (see paragraphs 24 and 27 above).
103. Nicaragua also denies that the 1972 Vásquez-Saccio Treaty con-
36 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 865
stituted an acknowledgment of Colombian sovereignty by the United
States. Nicaragua contends that, in relinquishing its rights over Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño and Serrana, the United States did not acknowledge
Colombia’s rights thereover. In this regard, Nicaragua contends that, as
stated in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and in a 1981 aide-
mémoire presented by the United States to Nicaragua, the United States
considered that the 1972 Treaty was without prejudice to Nicaragua’s
claim to sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana and did not
intend to take any position regarding the merits of the competing claims
of Colombia and Nicaragua.
104. The Court observes that the meaning of the second paragraph of
Article I of the 1928 Treaty is clear: this Treaty does not apply to the
three maritime features in question. Therefore, the limitations contained
in Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá do not apply to the question of sov-
ereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. The Court thus has
jurisdiction over this issue under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá and
cannot uphold the first preliminary objection raised by Colombia in so
far as it concerns the Court’s jurisdiction as regards the question of sov-
ereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana.
*
4.4.8. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of maritime
delimitation
105. The Court turns to address the question whether the 1928 Treaty
and 1930 Protocol settled the question of the maritime delimitation
between the Parties within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá.
106. Colombia asserts that the Parties had agreed in the 1928 Treaty
and 1930 Protocol upon the 82nd meridian as the delimitation line of the
maritime areas between them and that, consequently, the delimitation
issue must be considered to have been settled. To support this contention,
Colombia points to the language of the Protocol, in which the Parties
declare that “the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago mentioned in
the first article of the said Treaty does not extend west of the 82nd degree
of longitude west of Greenwich”.
107. Colombia submits that the drafting history of the 1930 Protocol
shows that the Parties regarded the 82nd meridian as “a limit, as a div-
iding line, as a line separating whatever Colombian or Nicaraguan juris-
dictions or claims there then existed or might exist in the future”. It
asserts that the debates in the Nicaraguan Senate show that the provision
regarding the 82nd meridian was intended to define the maritime bound-
ary between the two States in order to put an end, once and for all, to the
entire dispute, both territorial and maritime, between them. In this regard,
37 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 866
Colombia points to certain statements during the debates in the Senate,
including that the “demarcation of the dividing line of the waters in
dispute...is indispensable for the question to be at once terminated for-
ever” and a statement of the Nicaraguan Minister for Foreign Affairs
that the Senate Commission on Foreign Affairs and the advisers of the
Government had agreed “to accept the 82° west Greenwich meridian...
as the boundary in this dispute with Colombia”.
108. Colombia also underscores the difference in the language used in
the Protocol and in the Treaty. It notes that in the Treaty, the Parties
speak of being “desirous of putting an end to the territorial dispute
between them” (emphasis added by Colombia), whereas in the Protocol
they refer to putting an end to “the question” pending between them. In
Colombia’s view, the language of the Protocol indicates that, while the
1928 Treaty addressed the territorial dispute, the 1930 Protocol addressed
the territorial and maritime dispute.
109. Colombia also points out that the 82nd meridian has been depicted
on its maps since 1931 as the maritime boundary between Colombia and
Nicaragua, and that Nicaragua never lodged any protest against those
maps. Colombia also maintains, contrary to Nicaragua’s contention, that
no subsequent maritime boundary negotiations had taken place between
it and Nicaragua, and that the delimitation issue was deemed to have
been “settled” by the Treaty and Protocol thereto.
110. Colombia contends further that since the 82nd meridian was con-
ceived as a maritime boundary, it remains valid pursuant to the funda-
mental principle of the stability of boundaries, regardless of any interven-
ing change in the law of the sea.
111. Nicaragua rejects Colombia’s argument that the reference to the
82nd meridian in the 1930 Protocol sought to effect a general maritime
delimitation between Nicaragua and Colombia. It maintains that the
Protocol simply fixed the western limit of the San Andrés Archipelago at
the 82nd meridian. In support of this contention, Nicaragua points to
the statement made by Nicaragua’s Minister for Foreign Affairs during
the ratification debates in Nicaragua’s Senate, where he stated that the
provision concerning the 82nd meridian “does not reform the [1928]
Treaty, because it only intends to indicate a limit between the archipela-
gos that had been the reason for the dispute”. Nicaragua also refers to
the language of the decree whereby Nicaragua ratified the Treaty and
Protocol “in the understanding that the Archipelago of San Andrés men-
tioned in the first clause of the Treaty does not extend west of Greenwich
Meridian 82 . . .”. According to Nicaragua, it is significant that the decree
makes no reference at all to maritime delimitation.
112. Nicaragua points out that if the reference in the Protocol to the
82nd meridian had amounted to a maritime delimitation, the provision
38 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 867
would have been included in the operative part of the 1928 Treaty, and
not in a protocol of exchange of ratifications. Nicaragua emphasizes that
the difference in the words used in the preamble of the Treaty and the
Protocol did not mean that the Parties had given a maritime dimension
to the agreement. It further submits that the reference to the 82nd meri-
dian could not have effected a maritime delimitation since the concepts of
continental shelf and exclusive economic zone were at the time still
unknown under international law.
113. As for the maps that Colombia asserts have depicted the
82nd meridian, Nicaragua contends that there were no legends or other
indications on these maps, identifying the 82nd meridian as a maritime
boundary. Nicaragua had no reason, therefore, to protest against these
maps. Nicaragua also asserts that it was not informed of Colombia’s
maritime claims until 1969, when Colombia protested against Nicara-
gua’s grants of oil exploration concessions in areas east of the 82nd meri-
dian. Nicaragua notes that it responded to those claims immediately, stat-
ing that the objective of the provision referring to the 82nd meridian was
“to clearly and specifically establish in a restrictive manner the extension
of the Archipelago of San Andrés, and by no valid means can it be inter-
preted as a boundary of Nicaraguan rights or creator of a border between
the two countries”. It contends further that negotiations between the
Parties in 1977, 1995 and 2001 demonstrate that Colombia did not con-
sider that the maritime delimitation had been finally settled between the
two States. Nicaragua emphasizes, in this connection, that these negotia-
tions concerned, inter alia, the delimitation of the respective maritime
areas of the Parties.
114. Finally, Nicaragua maintains that since the 1928 Treaty and 1930
Protocol did not settle the maritime dispute between it and Colombia,
Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá is not applicable to this issue. It claims
that the Court must, therefore, reject that aspect of Colombia’s prelimi-
nary objection.
115. The Court considers that, contrary to Colombia’s claims, the
terms of the Protocol, in their plain and ordinary meaning, cannot be
interpreted as effecting a delimitation of the maritime boundary between
Colombia and Nicaragua. That language is more consistent with the con-
tention that the provision in the Protocol was intended to fix the western
limit of the San Andrés Archipelago at the 82nd meridian.
116. In the Court’s view, a careful examination of the pre-ratification
discussions of the 1928 Treaty by and between the Parties confirms that
neither Party assumed at the time that the Treaty and Protocol were
designed to effect a general delimitation of the maritime spaces between
Colombia and Nicaragua (see paragraphs 70 to 72 above). Here it is to be
noted that Colombia did not find it necessary to resubmit the 1928
Treaty to its Congress for the consideration of the provision inserted into
39 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 868
the 1930 Protocol because Colombia’s diplomatic representatives assumed
that the reference to the 82nd meridian in the Protocol amounted to an
interpretation of the first paragraph of Article I of the Treaty and thus
had not changed the substance thereof. It may be added that Nicaragua’s
Minister for Foreign Affairs, in his appearance before the Nicaraguan
Senate prior to ratification, assured that body that the reference to the
82nd meridian “does not reform the Treaty, because it only intends to
indicate a limit between the archipelagos that have been [the] reason for
the dispute”.
117. Contrary to Colombia’s assertion, the Court does not consider it
significant that in the preamble of the Treaty, the Parties express their
desire to put an end to the “territorial dispute pending between them”
(emphasis added) whereas in the Protocol they refer “to the dispute
between both republics” (emphasis added). In the Court’s view, the dif-
ference between the language of the Treaty and that of the Protocol can-
not be read to have transformed the territorial nature of the Treaty into
one that was also designed to effect a general delimitation of the mari-
time spaces between the two States. This conclusion is apparent from the
full text of the aforementioned phrase in the Protocol, where the Parties
state that the 1928 Treaty was concluded “with a view to putting an end
to the dispute between both republics concerning the San Andrés and
Providencia Archipelago and the Nicaraguan Mosquito Coast”. In other
words, the “dispute” to which the Protocol refers relates to the Mosquito
Coast along with the San Andrés Archipelago; it does not refer, even by
implication, to a general maritime delimitation.
118. The Court does not share Colombia’s view that its maps, dating
back to 1931, which allegedly show the 82nd meridian as the boundary
dividing the maritime spaces between Nicaragua and Colombia, demon-
strate that both Parties believed that the Treaty and Protocol had effected
a general delimitation of their maritime boundary. An examination of
these maps indicates that the dividing lines on them are drawn in such a
way along the 82nd meridian between the San Andrés Archipelago and
Nicaragua that they could be read either as identifying a general mari-
time delimitation between the two States or as only a limit between the
archipelagos. Given the ambiguous nature of the dividing lines and the
fact that these maps contain no explanatory legend, they cannot be
deemed to prove that both Colombia and Nicaragua believed that the
Treaty and Protocol had effected a general delimitation of their maritime
spaces. Nicaragua’s failure to protest the maps does not therefore imply
an acceptance of the 82nd meridian as the maritime boundary.
119. Finally, with respect to Nicaragua’s claim that the negotiations
between the two States in 1977, 1995 and 2001 dealt with the delimitation
of their respective maritime spaces, the Court finds that the material pre-
sented to it by the Parties on this subject is inconclusive and does not
40 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 869
allow it to evaluate the significance of the meetings held in 1977, 1995
and 2001 for the question of whether the Parties considered that the 1928
Treaty and 1930 Protocol had effected a maritime delimitation between
them.
120. Consequently, after examining the arguments presented by the
Parties and the material submitted to it, the Court concludes that the
1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol did not effect a general delimitation of the
maritime boundary between Colombia and Nicaragua. It is therefore not
necessary for the Court to consider the arguments advanced by the
Parties regarding the effect on this question of changes in the law of the
sea since 1930. Since the dispute concerning maritime delimitation has
not been settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol within the mean-
ing of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá, the Court has jurisdiction under
Article XXXI of the Pact. Therefore, the Court cannot uphold Colom-
bia’s first preliminary objection in so far as it concerns the Court’s juris-
diction as regards the question of the maritime delimitation between the
Parties.
*
* *
5. SECOND P RELIMINARY OBJECTION
121. In addition to Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, Nicaragua
invoked as a basis of the Court’s jurisdiction the declarations made by
the Parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice, which are deemed, for the period for which they
still have to run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
present Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute (see
paragraph 1 above). In its second preliminary objection, Colombia asserts
that the Court has no jurisdiction on this basis.
122. Nicaragua made a declaration under Article 36 of the Statute of
the Permanent Court of International Justice on 24 September 1929 in
the following terms:
“On behalf of the Republic of Nicaragua, I recognize as compul-
sory unconditionally the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of
International Justice.” [Translation from the French.]
On 30 October 1937 Colombia made a declaration in the following
terms:
“The Republic of Colombia recognizes as compulsory, ipso facto
and without special agreement, on condition of reciprocity, in rela-
tion to any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdic-
tion of the Permanent Court of International Justice in accordance
with Article 36 of the Statute.
The present declaration applies only to disputes arising out of
facts subsequent to 6 January 1932.” [Translation from the French.]
41 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 870
The Court notes that, under Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute, the
declarations made by both Parties are deemed to be acceptances of its
compulsory jurisdiction for the period which they still had to run and in
accordance with their terms. On 23 October 2001, Nicaragua made a res-
ervation to its declaration which does not, however, have any relevance
to the present case. On 5 December 2001, Colombia notified the Secretary-
General of the termination of its optional clause declaration.
123. Colombia claims that jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá is
governing and hence exclusive. In its view, since the Court has jurisdic-
tion under Article XXXIV of the Pact to declare the controversy ended
and must do so in the present case, the Court may not proceed further to
consider whether it might have jurisdiction under the optional clause. In
support of its claim, Colombia relies on the Court’s Judgment in the Bor-
der and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) case, in
which Nicaragua also asserted jurisdiction on the basis of Article XXXI
of the Pact of Bogotá and on the basis of optional clause declarations.
Colombia notes that, in the Armed Actions case, the Court declared that
“in relations between the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá, that Pact is
governing” and that
“the commitment in Article XXXI...s ian autonomous commit-
ment, independent of any other which the parties may have under-
taken or may undertake by depositing with the United Nations Sec-
retary-General a declaration of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction
under Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 4, of the Statute” (Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988 , p. 82, para. 27,
and p. 85, para. 36).
124. Colombia considers that the Court thus laid down the principle
of the primacy of the title of jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá. It
concludes that, when an Applicant invokes both the Pact of Bogotá and
optional clause declarations, it is the Pact of Bogotá, as lex specialis,
which governs or, in other words, is determinative and conclusive.
125. Colombia claims that in the Armed Actions case, the Court held
that the title of jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá prevailed over sub-
sequent optional clause declarations. Colombia points out that, in the
present case, the argument that the Pact of Bogotá takes precedence is
even stronger since the optional clause declarations of Nicaragua and
Colombia were made before the entry into force of the Pact of Bogotá.
Therefore, the Pact of Bogotá is not only lex specialis but also lex pos-
terior.
126. In Colombia’s view, “it is the Pact of Bogotá which constitutes
the Court’s title of jurisdiction in our case” and were the Court to con-
clude that it had no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the present dispute,
42 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 871
the application of the Pact would require the Court to declare the con-
troversy ended pursuant to Article XXXIV thereof, “not only for the
purposes of the Court’s jurisdiction under the Pact, but for all purposes”.
In this regard, Colombia claims that a dispute cannot be settled and
ended and yet at the same time be a dispute capable of adjudication by
the Court pursuant to jurisdiction accorded under the optional clause.
Consequently, once the controversy between the Parties has been declared
by the Court to be ended under the Pact of Bogotá, there would be no
controversy outstanding to which jurisdiction could attach under any
other title, including the declarations of the Parties under the optional
clause.
127. Colombia argues that, in any event, the Court would have no
jurisdiction on this basis since Colombia’s optional clause declaration
had been withdrawn by the date of the filing of Nicaragua’s Application.
Colombia further contends that even if its declaration were found to be
in force at the time when Nicaragua filed its Application, the alleged dis-
pute would fall outside the scope of the declaration as a result of a res-
ervation which excluded disputes arising out of facts prior to 6 January
1932. According to Colombia, the facts which have given rise to the dis-
pute between Nicaragua and Colombia, namely the conclusion of the
1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol, predate 6 January 1932.
128. Nicaragua submits that although the Court stated in its Judgment
in the Armed Actions case that “in relations between the States parties to
the Pact of Bogotá, that Pact is governing”, this cannot “destroy the
value of the Optional Clause declarations as an independent basis of
jurisdiction” since they “have an intrinsic value in and of themselves, and
their operation is not predetermined by other titles of jurisdiction”.
It considers that the primacy of the Pact does not signify exclusiveness.
Nicaragua contends that this was recognized by the Court itself in the
Armed Actions case when it stated that the commitment under the Pact
of Bogotá is “independent of any other which the parties may have
undertaken...by depositing...a declaration of acceptance of compul-
sory jurisdiction” (emphasis added). It points out that in the Armed
Actions case, the Court did not rule out the possibility that it also had
jurisdiction under the Parties’ optional clause declarations but simply
concluded that it “[did] not need to consider” that question since it had
already found that it had jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá.
129. In Nicaragua’s view, if the Court were to declare the controversy
ended pursuant to Article XXXIV of the Pact, that finding would have to
be understood within the framework of the Pact itself. Thus the contro-
versy would be ended only to the extent that it would no longer be pos-
sible to invoke the Pact as a basis of jurisdiction. It underlines that such
a finding pursuant to Article XXXIV of the Pact does not exclude the
existence of other bases of jurisdiction such as the declarations by the
Parties under the optional clause. These declarations “operate independ-
43 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 872
ently of any bases of jurisdiction that may be established by means of
treaties; they are not subordinate to them”.
130. Nicaragua argues that the two bases of jurisdiction, namely Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá and the declarations made by the Parties
under the optional clause are complementary and that it is for the Court
to decide whether to rely upon only one of them or to combine them. It
points out that the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to
broaden the jurisdiction of the Court not to limit existing obligations
deriving from other instruments. In this context, Nicaragua refers to the
statement of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Elec-
tricity of Sofia and Bulgaria case regarding multiple agreements accept-
ing compulsory jurisdiction.
131. Nicaragua denies that Colombia’s declaration was not in force at
the time of the filing of the Application. It contends that reasonable
notice is required for the withdrawal of declarations and that this condi-
tion was not complied with by Colombia. Nicaragua does not dispute
that Colombia’s declaration applied only to disputes arising from facts
subsequent to 6 January 1932; it argues, however, that the generating
fact of the present dispute, namely the interpretation of the 1928 Treaty
and 1930 Protocol adopted by Colombia from 1969 onwards, arose after
6 January 1932. Finally, Nicaragua asserts, referring to the provisions of
Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of Court, that in any event the
objection submitted by Colombia does not have an exclusively prelimi-
nary character (see paragraph 13 above).
*
132. The Court notes initially that the question of whether the decla-
rations made by the Parties under the optional clause can provide a dis-
tinct and sufficient basis of jurisdiction in the present case, as submitted
by Nicaragua, now only arises in respect of that part of the dispute relat-
ing to the sovereignty over the three islands expressly named in Article I
of the 1928 Treaty: San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. Having
first examined the preliminary objection raised by Colombia to jurisdic-
tion under the Pact of Bogotá, the Court has concluded above (para-
graphs 97, 104 and 120) that it has jurisdiction on the basis of Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact to deal with all the other aspects of the dispute.
Consequently, no purpose is served by examining whether, in relation to
those aspects, the declarations of the Parties under the optional clause
could also provide a basis of the Court’s jurisdiction (see Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988 , p. 90, para. 48).
133. The Court recalls that in the Armed Actions case it stated that
“[s]ince, in relations between the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá, that
Pact is governing, the Court will first examine the question whether it has
44 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 873
jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact” B (order and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 82, para. 27; emphasis added). However,
this cannot be interpreted in any way other than that the Court, faced with
the two titles of jurisdiction invoked, could not deal with them simultane-
ously and decided to proceed from the particular to the more general, with-
out thereby implying that the Pact of Bogotá prevailed over and excluded
the second title of jurisdiction, namely the optional clause declarations.
134. In stating in the Armed Actions Judgment (ibid., p. 85, para. 36)
that the commitment under Article XXXI of the Pact is autonomous, the
Court was merely responding to and rejecting the arguments by Hondu-
ras, first, that Article XXXI requires an optional clause declaration to be
made in order for that Article to be in effect and, second, that the con-
ditions of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction of the Court set forth in
such a declaration by way of reservations were determinative of the scope
of the commitment under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
In particular, by stating that the commitment under Article XXXI is
an autonomous commitment, independent from an optional clause dec-
laration, the Court explained why “the commitment in Article XXXI can
only be limited by means of reservations to the Pact itself” (ibid.).
135. The Court further notes that
“the multiplicity of agreements concluded accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction is evidence that the contracting Parties intended to open
new ways of access to the Court rather than to close old ways or to
allow them to cancel each other out with the ultimate result that no
jurisdiction would remain” (Electricity Company of Sofia and Bul-
garia (Belgium v. Bulgaria), Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B,
No. 77, p. 76).
136. In the light of the above, the Court considers that the provisions
of the Pact of Bogotá and the declarations made under the optional
clause represent two distinct bases of the Court’s jurisdiction which are
not mutually exclusive.
137. The Court notes that the scope of its jurisdiction could be wider
under the optional clause than under the Pact of Bogotá.
The Court observes that neither Colombia nor Nicaragua has made a
reservation to their respective optional clause declarations identical or
similar to the restriction contained in Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá.
Accordingly, the limitation imposed by Article VI of the Pact would not
be applicable to jurisdiction under the optional clause.
138. The question has arisen as to whether the claim by Nicaragua of
sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Cata-
lina in the present case means that there thus is a continuing dispute as to
45 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 874
this matter. The Court has upheld the first preliminary objection to juris-
diction, based on the Pact of Bogotá, raised by Colombia in so far as it
concerns the Court’s jurisdiction regarding the question of sovereignty
over these three islands, after satisfying itself that the matter of sovereignty
over these islands had been settled by the 1928 Treaty. The Court could
not have concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over that matter under the
Pact of Bogotá had there still been an extant dispute with regard thereto.
It is recalled in this connection that
“it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to assert that
a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not suffi-
cient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than a mere denial
of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is it
adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a case
are in conflict.” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa ; Lib-
eria v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 328.)
Moreover, “[w]hether there exists an international dispute is a matter for
objective determination” (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1950, p. 74). This determination is an integral part of the Court’s judicial
function.
The Court’s acknowledgment of the fact that sovereignty over the
three islands was attributed to Colombia under the 1928 Treaty was
made for the purposes of ascertaining whether or not the Court had juris-
diction over the matter under the Pact of Bogotá. However, the very fact
that the dispute on the question of the sovereignty over the three islands
has been settled by the 1928 Treaty is equally relevant for the purposes of
determining whether the Court has jurisdiction on the basis of the optional
clause declarations. In this regard, the Court notes that Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute expressly requires that, in order for the Court to
have jurisdiction on the basis of optional clause declarations, there must
exist a “legal dispute” between the Parties.
Given the Court’s finding that there is no extant legal dispute between
the Parties on the question of sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés,
Providencia and Santa Catalina, the Court cannot have jurisdiction over
this question either under the Pact of Bogotá or on the basis of the
optional clause declarations.
139. In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that no practical
purpose would be served by proceeding further with the other matters
raised in the second preliminary objection filed by Colombia, including
the examination of Colombia’s contentions that its declaration under the
optional clause was terminated with legal effect by the date on which
Nicaragua filed its Application or that the present dispute falls outside
the scope of Colombia’s declaration due to the effect of its reservation
ratione temporis.
46 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 875
140. The Court thus upholds the second preliminary objection relating
to jurisdiction under the optional clause declarations raised by Colombia
in so far as it concerns the Court’s jurisdiction as regards the question of
sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Cata-
lina, and finds that it is not necessary to examine the objection in so far
as it concerns sovereignty over the other maritime features in dispute
between the Parties and the maritime delimitation between the Parties
(see paragraph 132).
* * *
141. In accordance with Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of
Court, time-limits for the further proceedings shall subsequently be fixed
by Order of the Court.
* * *
6. OPERATIVE CLAUSE
142. For these reasons,
T HE C OURT,
(1) As regards the first preliminary objection to jurisdiction raised by
the Republic of Colombia on the basis of Articles VI and XXXIV of the
Pact of Bogotá:
(a) By thirteen votes to four,
Upholds the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns sov-
ereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina;
IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Judges Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buer-
genthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov;
Judges ad hoc Fortier, Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Abraham, Ben-
nouna;
(b) Unanimously,
Rejects the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns sover-
eignty over the other maritime features in dispute between the Parties;
(c) Unanimously,
Rejects the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns the mari-
time delimitation between the Parties;
(2) As regards the second preliminary objection to jurisdiction raised
by the Republic of Colombia relating to the declarations made by the
Parties recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court:
(a) By fourteen votes to three,
47 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 876
Upholds the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns sov-
ereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina;
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Judges Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buer-
genthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Sko-
tnikov; Judges ad hoc Fortier, Gaja;
AGAINST : Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Bennouna;
(b) By sixteen votes to one,
Finds that it is not necessary to examine the objection to its jurisdiction
in so far as it concerns sovereignty over the other maritime features in
dispute between the Parties and the maritime delimitation between the
Parties;
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Tomka, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judges ad hoc For-
tier, Gaja;
AGAINST : Judge Simma;
(3) As regards the jurisdiction of the Court,
(a) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning sovereignty over
the maritime features claimed by the Parties other than the islands of San
Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina;
(b) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning the maritime
delimitation between the Parties.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirteenth day of December, two thou-
sand and seven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Colom-
bia, respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
48 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE(JUDGMENT ) 877
Vice-President L-K HASAWNEH appends a dissenting opinion to the
Judgment of the Court; Judge RANJEVA appends a separate opinion to
the Judgment of the Court; Judges P ARRA -ARANGUREN ,S IMMA and
TOMKA append declarations to the Judgment of the Court; Judge
A BRAHAM appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge KEITH appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge
BENNOUNA appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge ad hoc GAJAappends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
49
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DU DIFFE uREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS uLIMINAIRES
ARR|TDU13DEuCEMBRE 2007
2007
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING THE TERRITORIAL
AND MARITIME DISPUTE
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 13 DECEMBER 2007 Mode officiel de citation:
Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 ,p.832
Official citation:
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 ,p.832
o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 931
ISBN 978-92-1-071038-1 13 DuCEMBRE 2007
ARRE|T
DIFFuREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PREuLIMINAIRES
TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
13 DECEMBER 2007
JUDGMENTPRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-071038-1832
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
1. Q UALITÉS 1-14
2. LE CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 15-32
3. O BJET DU DIFFÉREND 33-42
4. PREMIÈRE EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE 43-120
4.1. Aperçu général des arguments des Parties concernant la pre-
mière exception préliminaire 43-44
4.2. Le stade de la procédure approprié aux fins de l’examen de
l’exception préliminaire 45-52
4.3. Le système juridictionnel établi par le pacte de Bogotá 53-59
4.4. Point de savoir si le traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930 ont
réglé les questions en litige entre les Parties 60-120
4.4.1. Les arguments des Parties 60-61
4.4.2. La conclusion du traité de 1928 et la signature du pro-
tocole de 1930 62-72
4.4.3. Point de savoir si le traité de 1928 était en vigueur en
1948 73-82
4.4.4. Analyse de l’exception préliminaire en relation avec les
différents éléments du différend 83-85
4.4.5. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la ques-
tion de la souveraineté sur les îles de l’archipel de San
Andrés nommément désignées 86-90
4.4.6. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la ques-
tion de l’étendue et de la composition du reste de l’archi-
pel de San Andrés 91-97
4.4.7. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la ques-
tion de la souveraineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño et
Serrana 98-104
4.4.8. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la ques-
tion de la délimitation maritime 105-120
5. SECONDE EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE 121-140
6. D ISPOSITIF 142
4 832
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
1. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-14
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 15-32
3. SUBJECTMATTER OF THE D ISPUTE 33-42
4. FIRSTP RELIMINARY OBJECTION 43-120
4.1. General overview of the arguments of the Parties on the first
preliminary objection 43-44
4.2. The appropriate stage of proceedings for examination of the
preliminary objection 45-52
4.3. Jurisdictional system of the Pact of Bogotá 53-59
4.4. The question whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol set-
tled the matters in dispute between the Parties 60-120
4.4.1. Arguments of the Parties 60-61
4.4.2. The conclusion of the 1928 Treaty and signature of the
1930 Protocol 62-72
4.4.3. The question whether the 1928 Treaty was in force in
1948 73-82
4.4.4. Examining the preliminary objection in relation to dif-
ferent elements of the dispute 83-85
4.4.5. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over the named islands of the San Andrés
Archipelago 86-90
4.4.6. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
the scope and composition of the rest of the San Andrés
Archipelago 91-97
4.4.7. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana
98-104
4.4.8. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
maritime delimitation 105-120
5. SECOND P RELIMINARY OBJECTION 121-140
6. OPERATIVE CLAUSE 142
4 833
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
2007 ANNÉE 2007
13 décembre
Rôle général
no 124 13 décembre 2007
AFFAIRE DU DIFFE uREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME
(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRE uLIMINAIRES
ARRE |T
Présents: Mme H IGGIN, président.AM L-KHASAWNEH, vice-président ;
MM. R ANJEVA,S H,K OROMA,P ARRA -ARANGUREN,B UERGENTHAL ,
O WADA,S IMMA,T OMKA,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,
BENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKO, juges; MM. FORTIER,G AJA, juges ad hoc;
M. C OUVREUR, greffier.
En l’affaire du différend territorial et maritime,
entre
la République du Nicaragua,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Carlos Argüello Gómez, ambassadeur de la République du Nica-
ragua auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
comme agent et conseil;
S. Exc. M. Samuel Santos, ministre des affaires étrangères de la République
du Nicaragua,
M. Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., membre du barreau d’Angleterre,
président de la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies, pro-
fesseur émérite de droit international public (chaire Chichele) à l’Univer-
sité d’Oxford, membre de l’Institut de droit international, Distinguished
Fellow à l’All Souls College d’Oxford,
M. Alex Oude Elferink, Research Associate à l’Institut néerlandais du droit
de la mer de l’Université d’Utrecht,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur à l’Université de Paris X-Nanterre, membre et
ancien président de la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies,
5 833
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2007 2007
13 December
General List
13 December 2007 No. 124
CASE CONCERNING THE TERRITORIAL
AND MARITIME DISPUTE
(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT
Present: President IGGINS; Vice-PresidentL-K HASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEVA,
SHI,K OROMA ,P ARRA-A RANGUREN ,B UERGENTHAL,O WADA,S IMMA ,
TOMKA ,A BRAHAM ,K EIT,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV ;
Judges ad hoc ORTIER,G AJA; Registrar OUVREUR.
In the case concerning the territorial and maritime dispute,
between
the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nicara-
gua to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agent and Counsel;
H.E. Mr. Samuel Santos, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of
Nicaragua,
Mr. Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., member of the English Bar, Chair-
man of the United Nations International Law Commission, Emeritus
Chichele Professor of Public International Law, University of Oxford,
member of the Institut de droit international, Distinguished Fellow, All
Souls College, Oxford,
Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Research Associate, Netherlands Institute for the
Law of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University Paris X-Nanterre, Member and
former Chairman of the United Nations International Law Commission,
5834 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professeur de droit international à l’Universi-
dad Autónoma de Madrid,
comme conseils et avocats;
M me Irene Blázquez Navarro, docteur en droit international public, Univer-
sidad Autónoma de Madrid,
me
M Tania Elena Pacheco Blandino, conseiller à l’ambassade du Nicaragua
mex Pays-Bas,
M Nadine Susani, docteur en droit public, Centre de droit international de
Nanterre (CEDIN), Université de Paris X-Nanterre,
comme conseillers adjoints,
et
la République de Colombie,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Julio Londoño Paredes, ambassadeur de la République de Colom-
bie auprès de la République de Cuba,
comme agent;
S. Exc. M. Guillermo Fernández de Soto, ambassadeur de la République de
Colombie auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas, membre de la Cour perma-
nente d’arbitrage, ancien ministre des affaires étrangères,
comme coagent;
M. Stephen M. Schwebel, membre des barreaux de l’Etat de New York, du
district de Columbia et de la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis d’Amérique,
membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage, membre de l’Institut de droit
international,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., membre du barreau d’Angleterre,
membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage, membre de l’Institut de droit
international,
M. Prosper Weil, professeur émérite de l’Université de Paris II, membre de la
Cour permanente d’arbitrage, membre de l’Institut de droit international,
membre de l’Académie des sciences morales et politiques (Institut de
France),
comme conseils et avocats;
M. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, membre de la Commission du droit interna-
tional des Nations Unies,
M. Rafael Nieto Navia, ancien juge au Tribunal pénal international pour
l’ex-Yougoslavie, ancien juge à la Cour interaméricaine des droits de
l’homme, membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage, membre de l’Institut
de droit international,
M. Andelfo García González, professeur de droit international, chef de
mission adjoint à l’ambassade de Colombie au Royaume d’Espagne,
ancien ministre adjoint des affaires étrangères de la République de
Colombie,
M. Enrique Gaviria Liévano, professeur de droit international public, ancien
ambassadeur et représentant permanent adjoint de la Colombie auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, ancien président de la Sixième Commis-
sion de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, ancien ambassadeur de
Colombie en Grèce et en République tchèque,
6 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 834
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Autónoma, Madrid,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Ms Irene Blázquez Navarro, Doctor of Public International Law, Universi-
dad Autónoma, Madrid,
Ms Tania Elena Pacheco Blandino, Counsellor, Embassy of Nicaragua in the
Netherlands,
Ms Nadine Susani, Doctor of Public Law, Centre de droit international de
Nanterre (CEDIN), University of Paris X-Nanterre,
as Assistant Advisers,
and
the Republic of Colombia,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño Paredes, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia
to the Republic of Cuba,
as Agent;
H.E. Mr. Guillermo Fernández de Soto, Ambassador of the Republic of
Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, member of the Permanent
Court of Arbitration and former Minister for Foreign Affairs,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Stephen M. Schwebel, member of the Bars of the State of New York, the
District of Columbia, and the Supreme Court of the United States of
America; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the
Institut de droit international,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., member of the English Bar; member of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the Institut de droit inter-
national,
Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor Emeritus, University of Paris II; member of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration; member of the Institut de droit interna-
tional; member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques (Insti-
tut de France),
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, Member of the United Nations International
Law Commission,
Mr. Rafael Nieto Navia, former Judge of the International Criminal Tribu-
nal for the former Yugoslavia; former Judge of the Inter-American Court
of Human Rights; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; mem-
ber of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. Andelfo García González, Professor of International Law, Deputy Chief
of Mission of the Embassy of Colombia in the Kingdom of Spain, former
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Colombia,
Mr. Enrique Gaviria Liévano, Professor of Public International Law; former
Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative of Colombia to the
United Nations; former Chairman of the Sixth Committee of the United
Nations General Assembly; former Ambassador of Colombia to Greece
and to the Czech Republic,
6835 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
M. Juan Carlos Galindo Vacha, ancien inspecteur général adjoint au Conseil
d’Etat de la République de Colombie, chef du bureau de l’état civil,
comme avocats;
M me Sonia Pereira Portilla, ministre plénipotentiaire à l’ambassade de Colom-
bie aux Pays-Bas,
M. Juan José Quintana, ministre-conseiller au ministère des affaires étran-
gères de la République de Colombie,
me
M Mirza Gnecco Plá, conseiller au ministère des affaires étrangères de la
République de Colombie,
M. Julián Guerrero Orozco, conseiller à l’ambassade de Colombie aux Pays-
Bas,
M me Andrea Jiménez Herrera, premier secrétaire au ministère des affaires
étrangères de la République de Colombie,
M me Daphné Richemond, membre des barreaux de Paris et de l’Etat de New
York,
comme conseillers juridiques;
M. Scott Edmonds, cartographe, International Mapping,
comme conseiller technique;
me
M Stacey Donison,
comme sténographe,
L AC OUR,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant:
1. Le 6 décembre 2001, la République du Nicaragua (dénommée ci-après le
«Nicaragua») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête introductive d’ins-
tance contre la République de Colombie (dénommée ci-après la «Colombie»)
au sujet d’un différend portant sur un «ensemble de questions juridiques
connexes ... qui demeurent en suspens» entre les deux Etats «en matière de titre
territorial et de délimitation maritime» dans les Caraïbes occidentales (pour le
contexte géographique de l’affaire, voir ci-après, p. 836, le croquis).
Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua entend fonder la compétence de la Cour sur
les dispositions de l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique
signé le 30 avril 1948, dénommé officiellement, aux termes de son article LX,
«pacte de Bogotá» (et ci-après ainsi désigné), ainsi que sur les déclarations
faites par les Parties en vertu de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale, considérées, pour la durée restant à courir, comme
comportant acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la présente Cour aux
termes du paragraphe 5 de l’article 36 de son Statut.
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, la
requête a été immédiatement communiquée au Gouvernement de la Colombie
par le greffier; conformément au paragraphe 3 de cet article, tous les autres
Etats admis à ester devant la Cour ont été informés de la requête.
3. Conformément aux instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’ar-
ticle 43 de son Règlement, le greffier a adressé les notifications prévues au para-
7 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 835
Mr. Juan Carlos Galindo Vacha, former Deputy Inspector-General before
the Council of State of the Republic of Colombia, National Head of the
Civil Registry,
as Advocates;
Ms Sonia Pereira Portilla, Minister Plenipotentiary, Embassy of Colombia in
the Netherlands,
Mr. Juan José Quintana, Minister Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Republic of Colombia,
Ms Mirza Gnecco Plá, Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Repub-
lic of Colombia,
Mr. Julián Guerrero Orozco, Counsellor, Embassy of Colombia in the Neth-
erlands,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, First Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Republic of Colombia,
Ms Daphné Richemond, member of the Bars of Paris and the State of New
York,
as Legal Advisers;
Mr. Scott Edmonds, Cartographer, International Mapping,
as Technical Adviser;
Ms Stacey Donison,
as Stenographer,
T HE C OURT,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 6 December 2001, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicara-
gua”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings
against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) in respect of a
dispute consisting of “a group of related legal issues subsisting” between the
two States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” in the
western Caribbean (for the geographical context of the case, see below, p. 836,
sketch-map).
In its Application, Nicaragua seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
the provisions of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
signed on 30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof,
as the “Pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such) as well as on the dec-
larations made by the Parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent
Court of International Justice, which are deemed, for the period which they still
have to run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present
Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Reg-
istrar immediately communicated the Application to the Government of Colom-
bia; and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the Pact of Bogotá the noti-
7836 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
8TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 836
8837 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
graphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut à tous les Etats parties au pacte de Bogotá. En
application des dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement, le
greffier a en outre adressé la notification prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article 34
du Statut à l’Organisation des Etats américains (dénommée ci-après l’«OEA»).
Par la suite, le greffier a transmis des exemplaires des pièces de procédure dépo-
sées en l’affaire à cette organisation, et demandé à son secrétaire général de lui
faire savoir si celle-ci entendait présenter des observations écrites au sens du
paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement. L’OEA a indiqué qu’elle n’avait pas
l’intention de présenter de telles observations.
4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des Parties,
chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’ar-
ticle 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en
l’affaire. Le Nicaragua a d’abord désigné M. Mohammed Bedjaoui, qui a
démissionné le 2 mai 2006, puis M. Giorgio Gaja. La Colombie a désigné
M. Yves Fortier.
5. Par ordonnance du 26 février 2002, la Cour a fixé au 28 avril 2003 la date
d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire du Nicaragua et au 28 juin 2004
la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire de la Colombie.
Le Nicaragua a déposé son mémoire dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
6. Le 21 juillet 2003, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79
du Règlement, tel que modifié le 5 décembre 2000, la Colombie a soulevé des
exceptions préliminaires à la compétence de la Cour. En conséquence, par
ordonnance du 24 septembre 2003, la Cour, constatant qu’en vertu des
dispositions du paragraphe 5 de l’article 79 du Règlement la procédure
sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé au 26 janvier 2004 la date d’expiration du
délai dans lequel le Nicaragua pourrait présenter un exposé écrit conte-
nant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par la Colombie. Le Nicaragua a déposé un tel exposé dans le délai ainsi
fixé, et l’affaire s’est ainsi trouvée en état pour ce qui est des exceptions
préliminaires.
7. Les Gouvernements du Honduras, de la Jamaïque, du Chili, du Pérou, de
l’Equateur et du Venezuela, s’appuyant sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 53 du
Règlement, ont demandé à avoir communication des pièces de procédure et
documents annexés produits en l’espèce. La Cour, s’étant renseignée auprès des
Parties conformément à cette même disposition, a fait droit à ces demandes. Le
greffier a dûment communiqué ces décisions auxdits gouvernements et aux
Parties.
8. Le 4 juin 2007, se référant au paragraphe 4 de l’article 56 du Règlement et
aux instructions de procédure IXbis et IXter, la Colombie a fait tenir à la Cour
quatre documents qu’elle entendait mentionner au cours de la procédure orale
ainsi que leur traduction anglaise certifiée exacte.
9. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 du Règlement, la Cour,
après s’être renseignée auprès des Parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des
pièces de procédure et des documents annexés seraient rendus accessibles au
public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
10. Des audiences publiques ont été tenues entre le 4 juin et le 8 juin 2007, au
cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses:
Pour la Colombie: S. Exc. M. Julio Londoño Paredes,
sir Arthur Watts,
M. Prosper Weil,
M. Stephen M. Schwebel.
9 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 837
fications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In
accordance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American
States (hereinafter the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, para-
graph 3, of the Statute. The Registrar subsequently transmitted to that organi-
zation copies of the pleadings filed in the case and asked its Secretary-General
to inform him whether or not it intended to present observations in writing
within the meaning of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court. The OAS
indicated that it did not intend to submit any such observations.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Nicaragua first chose Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui, who resigned on
2 May 2006, and subsequently Mr. Giorgio Gaja. Colombia chose Mr. Yves
Fortier.
5. By an Order dated 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 as the
time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 28 June 2004 as the
time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed
its Memorial within the time-limit so prescribed.
6. On 21 July 2003, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 December 2000, Colombia raised prelimi-
nary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. Consequently, by an Order
dated 24 September 2003, the Court, noting that by virtue of Article 79, para-
graph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended,
fixed 26 January 2004 as the time-limit for the presentation by Nicaragua of a
written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objec-
tions made by Colombia. Nicaragua filed such a statement within the time-limit
so prescribed, and the case thus became ready for hearing in respect of the pre-
liminary objections.
7. Referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Govern-
ments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Venezuela asked to be
furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the case.
Having ascertained the views of the Parties pursuant to Article 53, para-
graph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Court decided to grant these requests. The
Registrar duly communicated these decisions to the said Governments and to
the Parties.
8. On 4 June 2007, Colombia, referring to Article 56, paragraph 4, of the
Rules of Court and Practice Directions IXbis and IXter, transmitted to the
Court four documents and the certified English translations thereof, to which it
intended to refer during the oral proceedings.
9. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court decided, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, that copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on
the opening of the oral proceedings.
10. Public hearings were held between 4 June and 8 June 2007, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:
For Colombia: H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño Paredes,
Sir Arthur Watts,
Mr. Prosper Weil,
Mr. Stephen M. Schwebel.
9838 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
Pour le Nicaragua: S. Exc. M. Carlos Argüello Gómez,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
M. Ian Brownlie.
*
11. Dans la requête, les demandes ci-après ont été formulées par le Nica-
ragua:
«[L]a Cour est priée:
Premièrement, de dire et juger que la République du Nicaragua a la
souveraineté sur les îles de Providencia, San Andrés et Santa Catalina et
toutes les îles et cayes qui en dépendent, ainsi que sur les cayes de Ron-
cador, Serrana, Serranilla et Quitasueño (pour autant qu’elles soient sus-
ceptibles d’appropriation);
Deuxièmement, à la lumière des conclusions auxquelles elle sera parve-
nue concernant le titre revendiqué ci-dessus, de déterminer le tracé d’une
frontière maritime unique entre les portions de plateau continental et les
zones économiques exclusives relevant respectivement du Nicaragua et de
la Colombie, conformément aux principes équitables et aux circonstances
pertinentes que le droit international général reconnaît comme s’appli-
quant à une délimitation de cet ordre.»
Le Nicaragua a indiqué de surcroît:
«Bien que la présente requête ait pour objet principal d’obtenir une
décision en matière de titre et de détermination de frontières maritimes, le
Gouvernement du Nicaragua se réserve le droit de demander réparation
pour tout élément d’enrichissement indu résultant de la possession par la
Colombie, en l’absence de titre légitime, des îles de San Andrés et de Pro-
videncia, aensi que des cayes et des espaces maritimes qui s’étendent
jusqu’au 82 méridien. Le Gouvernement du Nicaragua se réserve égale-
ment le droit de demander réparation pour toute entrave à l’activité des
bateaux de pêche battant pavillon nicaraguayen ou des bateaux détenteurs
d’un permis délivré par le Nicaragua.
Le Gouvernement du Nicaragua se réserve en outre le droit de complé-
ter ou de modifier la présente requête.»
12. Dans la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées par
les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
dans le mémoire:
«Vu les éléments juridiques exposés et les éléments de preuve produits
dans le présent mémoire, il est respectueusement demandé à la Cour :
1) de dire et juger que la République du Nicaragua a la souveraineté sur
les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina, ainsi que sur les
îlots et cayes qui en dépendent;
2) de dire et juger que la République du Nicaragua a la souveraineté sur
les cayes suivantes: Cayos de Albuquerque; Cayos del Este Sudeste;
Roncador Cay; North Cay; Southwest Cay et toutes autres cayes
situées sur le banc de Serrana; East Cay, Beacon Cay et toutes autres
10 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 838
For Nicaragua: H.E. Mr. Carlos Argüello Gómez,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
Mr. Ian Brownlie.
*
11. In its Application, the following requests were made by Nicaragua:
“[T]he Court is asked to adjudge and declare:
First, that the Republic of Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of
Providencia, San Andrés and Santa Catalina and all the appurtenant
islands and keys, and also over the Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and
Quitasueño keys (in so far as they are capable of appropriation);
Second, in the light of the determinations concerning title requested
above, the Court is asked further to determine the course of the single
maritime boundary between the areas of continental shelf and exclusive
economic zone appertaining respectively to Nicaragua and Colombia, in
accordance with equitable principles and relevant circumstances recog-
nized by general international law as applicable to such a delimitation of a
single maritime boundary.”
Nicaragua also stated:
“Whilst the principal purpose of this Application is to obtain declara-
tions concerning title and the determination of maritime boundaries, the
Government of Nicaragua reserves the right to claim compensation for
elements of unjust enrichment consequent upon Colombian possession of
the Islands of San Andrés and Providencia as well as the keys and mari-
time spaces up to the 82 meridian, in the absence of lawful title. The Gov-
ernment of Nicaragua also reserves the right to claim compensation for
interference with fishing vessels of Nicaraguan nationality or vessels
licensed by Nicaragua.
The Government of Nicaragua, further, reserves the rights to supple-
ment or to amend the present Application.”
12. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua ,
in the Memorial:
“Having regard to the legal considerations and evidence set forth in this
Memorial: May it please the Court to adjudge and declare that :
(1) the Republic of Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of San
Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina and the appurtenant islets
and cays;
(2) the Republic of Nicaragua has sovereignty over the following cays:
the Cayos de Albuquerque; the Cayos del Este Sudeste; the Cay of
Roncador; North Cay, Southwest Cay and any other cays on the
bank of Serrana; East Cay, Beacon Cay and any other cays on the
10839 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
cayes situées sur le banc de Serranilla; Low Cay et toutes autres cayes
situées sur le banc de Bajo Nuevo;
3) de déclarer, si elle devait constater que certaines formations situées sur
le banc de Quitasueño peuvent prétendre au statut d’île au regard du
droit international, que la souveraineté sur ces formations revient au
Nicaragua;
4) de dire et juger que le traité Bárcenas-Esguerra signé à Managua le
24 mars 1928 était nul, et en particulier ne pouvait fonder en droit les
prétentions de la Colombie sur San Andrés et Providencia;
5) de dire et juger, dans le cas où elle conclurait que le traité Bárcenas-
Esguerra a été validement conclu, que la violation de ce traité par la
Colombie autorisait le Nicaragua à le dénoncer;
6) de déclarer, dans le cas où elle conclurait que le traité Bárcenas-
Esguerra a été validement conclu et qu’il est toujours en vigueur, qu’il
n’a pas opéré de délimitation des zones maritimes le long du 82 méri-
dien de longitude ouest;
7) de dire et juger, dans le cas où elle conclurait que la Colombie a la sou-
veraineté sur les îles de San Andrés et de Providencia, que celles-ci doi-
vent être enclavées et que le droit à une mer territoriale de 12 milles
doit leur être reconnu, cette décision constituant la solution équitable
appropriée au cadre géographique et juridique;
8) de dire et juger que la solution équitable pour les cayes, dans le cas où
il serait conclu qu’elles sont colombiennes, consiste à délimiter une
frontière maritime en traçant une enclave de 3 milles marins autour
d’elles;
9) de dire et juger que, dans le cadre géographique et juridique constitué
par les côtes continentales du Nicaragua et de la Colombie, la forme
appropriée de délimitation consiste à tracer une frontière maritime
unique suivant une ligne médiane entre lesdites côtes.»
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,
dans les exceptions préliminaires:
«Au vu des motifs exposés dans les chapitres précédents, la Colombie
prie respectueusement la Cour , en application de l’article 79 de son Règle-
ment, de dire et juger que:
1) en vertu du pacte de Bogotá, et en particulier de ses articles VI et
XXXIV, elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître du différend qui lui est
soumis par le Nicaragua au titre de l’article XXXI et déclare ce diffé-
rend terminé;
2) en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut, elle n’a pas com-
pétence pour connaître de la requête du Nicaragua; et que
3) la requête du Nicaragua est rejetée.»
Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
dans son exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les excep-
tions préliminaires soulevées par la Colombie:
«1. Au vu des motifs exposés, la République du Nicaragua prie la Cour
de dire et juger que les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Républi-
que de Colombie quant à la compétence fondée sur le pacte de Bogotá et
quant à celle fondée sur le paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour
sont dénuées de validité.
11 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE JUDGMENT ) 839
bank of Serranilla; and Low Cay and any other cays on the bank of
Bajo Nuevo;
(3) if the Court were to find that there are features on the bank of
Quitasueño that qualify as islands under international law, the Court
is requested to find that sovereignty over such features rests with Nica-
ragua;
(4) the Barcenas-Esguerra Treaty signed in Managua on 24 March 1928
was not legally valid and, in particular, did not provide a legal basis
for Colombian claims to San Andrés and Providencia;
(5) in case the Court were to find that the Barcenas-Esguerra Treaty had
been validly concluded, then the breach of this Treaty by Colombia
entitled Nicaragua to declare its termination;
(6) in case the Court were to find that the Barcenas-Esguerra Treaty had
been validly concluded and were still in force, then to determine that
this Treaty did not establish a delimitation of the maritime areas along
the 82° meridian of longitude West;
(7) in case the Court finds that Colombia has sovereignty in respect of the
islands of San Andrés and Providencia, these islands be enclaved and
accorded a territorial sea entitlement of twelve miles, this being the
appropriate equitable solution justified by the geographical and legal
framework;
(8) the equitable solution for the cays, in case they were to be found to be
Colombian, is to delimit a maritime boundary by drawing a 3 nautical
mile enclave around them;
(9) the appropriate form of delimitation, within the geographical and
legal framework constituted by the mainland coasts of Nicaragua and
Colombia, is a single maritime boundary in the form of a median line
between these mainland coasts.”
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
in the preliminary objections:
“For the reasons set out in the preceding Chapters, Colombia respect-
fully requests the Court, in application of Article 79 of the Rules of Court,
to adjudge and declare that :
(1) under the Pact of Bogotá, and in particular in pursuance of Articles VI
and XXXIV, the Court declares itself to be without jurisdiction to
hear the controversy submitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI,
and declares that controversy ended;
(2) under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Court
has no jurisdiction to entertain Nicaragua’s Application; and that
(3) Nicaragua’s Application is dismissed.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
in its written statement of observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections made by Colombia:
“1. For the reasons advanced, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that the Preliminary Objections submitted
by the Republic of Colombia, both in respect of the jurisdiction based
upon the Pact of Bogotá, and in respect of the jurisdiction based upon
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, are invalid.
11840 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
2. A titre subsidiaire, la Cour est priée de dire et juger, conformément
aux dispositions du paragraphe 9 de l’article 79 du Règlement de la Cour,
que les exceptions soulevées par la République de Colombie ne revêtent
pas un caractère exclusivement préliminaire.
3. En outre, la République du Nicaragua prie la Cour de rejeter la
demande de la République de Colombie tendant à ce que le différend
dont l’a saisie le Nicaragua au titre de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá
soit déclaré «terminé», conformément aux articles VI et XXXIV dudit
instrument.
4. Toutes les questions qui n’auraient pas été explicitement traitées dans
les observations écrites qui précèdent sont expressément réservées pour le
stade de l’examen au fond de la présente instance.»
13. A l’audience, les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées par les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,
à l’audience du 6 juin 2007:
«Conformément à l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour, la Colombie
prie respectueusement la Cour, au vu de ses écritures et de ses plaidoiries,
de dire et juger que:
1) en vertu du pacte de Bogotá, et en particulier de ses articles VI
et XXXIV, elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître du différend qui lui
est soumis par le Nicaragua au titre de l’article XXXI et déclare ce dif-
férend terminé;
2) en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut, elle n’a pas com-
pétence pour connaître de la requête du Nicaragua; et que
3) la requête du Nicaragua est rejetée.»
Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
à l’audience du 8 juin 2007:
«Conformément à l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour et pour les
motifs exposés dans ses écritures et à l’audience, la République du Nica-
ragua prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que:
1. Les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la République de Colom-
bie quant à la compétence fondée sur le pacte de Bogotá et quant à celle
fondée sur le paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour sont dénuées
de validité.
2. A titre subsidiaire, la Cour est priée de dire et juger, conformément
aux dispositions du paragraphe 9 de l’article 79 du Règlement, que les
exceptions soulevées par la République de Colombie ne revêtent pas un
caractère exclusivement préliminaire.
3. En outre, la République du Nicaragua prie la Cour de rejeter la
demande de la République de Colombie tendant à ce que le différend dont
l’a saisie le Nicaragua en vertu de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá soit
déclaré «terminé», conformément aux articles VI et XXXIV dudit instru-
ment.
4. Toutes les questions qui n’auraient pas été explicitement traitées dans
12 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 840
2. In the alternative, the Court is requested to adjudge and declare, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of
Court that the objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia do not
have an exclusively preliminary character.
3. In addition, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court to reject
the request of the Republic of Colombia to declare the controversy sub-
mitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá
‘ended’, in accordance with Articles VI and XXXIV of the same instru-
ment.
4. Any other matters not explicitly dealt with in the foregoing Written
Statement are expressly reserved for the merits phase of this proceeding.”
13. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 6 June 2007:
“Pursuant to Article 60 of the Rules of the Court, having regard to
Colombia’s pleadings, written and oral, Colombia respectfully requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that:
(1) under the Pact of Bogotá, and in particular in pursuance of Articles VI
and XXXIV, the Court declares itself to be without jurisdiction to hear
the controversy submitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI, and
declares that controversy ended;
(2) under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Court
has no jurisdiction to entertain Nicaragua’s Application; and that
(3) Nicaragua’s Application is dismissed.”
On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 8 June 2007:
“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard
to the pleadings, written and oral, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully
requests the Court, to adjudge and declare that:
1. The Preliminary Objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia,
both in respect of the jurisdiction based upon the Pact of Bogotá, and in
respect of the jurisdiction based upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Stat-
ute of the Court, are invalid.
2. In the alternative, the Court is requested to adjudge and declare, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of
Court that the objections submitted by the Republic of Colombia do not
have an exclusively preliminary character.
3. In addition, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court to reject
the request of the Republic of Colombia to declare the controversy sub-
mitted to it by Nicaragua under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá
‘ended’, in accordance with Articles VI and XXXIV of the same instru-
ment.
4. Any other matters not explicitly dealt with in the foregoing Written
12841 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
ses observations écrites et à l’audience sont expressément réservées pour le
stade de l’examen au fond de la présente instance.»
*
* *
14. Par souci de commodité, l’exception préliminaire soulevée par la Colom-
bie quant à la compétence de la Cour en vertu du pacte de Bogotá sera dénom-
mée ci-après la «première exception préliminaire», et celle relative à la compé-
tence de la Cour sur la base des déclarations faites par les Parties en vertu de la
clause facultative la «seconde exception préliminaire».
* * *
2. L E CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE
15. Avant de devenir indépendant en 1821, le Nicaragua était une pro-
vince coloniale sous souveraineté espagnole. Il forma par la suite avec le
Guatemala, El Salvador, le Honduras et le Costa Rica la République fédé-
rale d’Amérique centrale, également connue sous les noms de Provinces-
Unies d’Amérique centrale et de Fédération d’Amérique centrale. En
1838, le Nicaragua, conservant son territoire, se retira de la République
fédérale. Celle-ci se désintégra entre 1838 et 1840. Dans un traité en date
du 25 juillet 1850, l’Espagne reconnut l’indépendance du Nicaragua.
16. Le territoire qui correspond à la Colombie actuelle était lui aussi
sous souveraineté espagnole et faisait partie de la vice-royauté de Nou-
velle-Grenade. En 1810, les provinces de la vice-royauté de Nouvelle-
Grenade déclarèrent leur indépendance de l’Espagne. En 1819, la Répu-
blique de «Grande Colombie» vit le jour. Elle comprenait les territoires
de l’ex-capitainerie générale de Venezuela et de la vice-royauté de Nou-
velle-Grenade. En 1830, le Venezuela et l’Equateur firent sécession de la
République de «Grande Colombie». En 1832, ce qui restait du territoire
fut nommé République de Nouvelle-Grenade. Celle-ci fut renommée
Confédération grenadine en 1858 et la Constitution de 1863 porta créa-
tion des Etats-Unis de Colombie. Le 30 janvier 1881, l’Espagne et les
Etats-Unis de Colombie conclurent un traité de paix et d’amitié. Aux
termes d’une nouvelle constitution adoptée en 1886, les Etats-Unis de
Colombie furent renommés République de Colombie. Les limites territo-
riales de cet Etat demeurèrent inchangées de 1830 à 1903, date à laquelle
le Panama, dont le territoire faisait partie de la République de Colombie,
fit sécession et devint un Etat distinct.
17. Le 15 mars 1825, les Provinces-Unies d’Amérique centrale et la
Colombie signèrent le traité d’union, ligue et confédération perpétuelles.
Aux termes de l’article VII de ce traité, les deux parties s’engageaient à
respecter leurs frontières telles qu’elles existaient alors et à fixer ultérieu-
rement la «ligne de démarcation ou de division» entre elles. Dans la
13 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 841
Statement and oral pleadings, are expressly reserved for the merits phase
of this proceeding.”
*
* *
14. For the sake of convenience, the preliminary objection raised by Colom-
bia relating to the Court’s jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá will hereinafter
be referred to as the “first preliminary objection”. The preliminary objection
raised by Colombia relating to the Court’s jurisdiction under the optional
clause declarations made by the Parties will hereinafter be referred to as the
“second preliminary objection”.
* * *
2. HISTORICAL B ACKGROUND
15. Before becoming independent in 1821, Nicaragua was a colonial
province under the rule of Spain. Thereafter, Nicaragua together with
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica formed the Federal
Republic of Central America, also known as the United Provinces of
Central America and as the Central American Federation. In 1838 Nica-
ragua seceded from the Federal Republic, maintaining the territory it had
before. The Federal Republic disintegrated in the period between 1838
and 1840. In a Treaty of 25 July 1850, Spain recognized the independence
of Nicaragua.
16. The territory which is now Colombia was also under the rule of
Spain and formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. In 1810 the
provinces of the Viceroyalty of New Granada declared independence
from Spain. In 1819 the Republic of “Great Colombia” was formed. It
included the territories of the former Captaincy-General of Venezuela
and the Viceroyalty of New Granada. In 1830 Venezuela and Ecuador
seceded from the Republic of “Great Colombia”. The remaining territory
was named the Republic of New Granada in 1832. The name of the
Republic was changed to Granadine Confederation in 1858 and the 1863
Constitution created the United States of Colombia. On 30 January 1881
Spain and the United States of Colombia concluded a Treaty of Peace
and Amity. Under a new constitution adopted in 1886, the United States
of Colombia was renamed the Republic of Colombia. The territorial
scope of the State remained unchanged between 1830 and 1903 when
Panama, the territory of which had formed part of the Republic of
Colombia, seceded and became a separate State.
17. On 15 March 1825 the United Provinces of Central America and
Colombia signed the Treaty of Perpetual Union, League and Confedera-
tion. In Article VII of that Treaty, both Parties agreed to respect their
boundaries as they existed at that time and to settle the “demarcation or
divisional line” between them in due course. In the period that followed,
13842 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
période qui suivit, la côte des Mosquitos et l’archipel de San Andrés
firent l’objet d’un certain nombre de revendications des deux Parties.
18. Un «traité de règlement territorial entre la Colombie et le Nicara-
gua» (dénommé ci-après le «traité de 1928») fut signé à Managua le
24 mars 1928. Il disposait en son préambule que
«[l]a République de Colombie et la République du Nicaragua, dési-
reuses de mettre un terme au conflit territorial pendant entre elles et
de resserrer les liens traditionnels d’amitié qui les unissent, ont
décidé de conclure le présent traité...» [traduit par le Secrétariat de
la Société des Nations, à titre d’information] .
Aux termes de l’article premier du traité de 1928:
«La République de Colombie reconnaît la souveraineté pleine et
entière de la République du Nicaragua sur la côte de Mosquitos,
comprise entre le cap de Gracias a Dios et la rivière San Juan, et sur
les îles Mangle Grande et Mangle Chico dans l’océan Atlantique
(Great Corn Island et Little Corn Island). La République du Nica-
ragua reconnaît la souveraineté pleine et entière de la République de
Colombie sur les îles de San Andrés, de Providencia, de Santa Cata-
lina, et sur les autres îles, îlots et récifs qui font partie de l’archipel de
San Andrés.
Le présent traité ne s’applique pas aux récifs de Roncador, Qui-
tasueño et Serrana, dont la possession fait actuellement l’objet d’un
litige entre la Colombie et les Etats-Unis d’Amérique.» [Traduit par
le Secrétariat de la Société des Nations, à titre d’information.]
La Cour a constaté certaines différences entre le texte original espagnol
du traité de 1928 et ses traductions française et anglaise établies par le
Secrétariat de la Société des Nations. En particulier, aux premier et
second paragraphes de l’article premier du traité, le terme espagnol
«cayos» est traduit par «récifs» en français et par «reefs» en anglais, et
non par «cayes». Aux fins du présent arrêt, la Cour utilisera, lorsqu’elle
citera le traité, la traduction établie par la Société des Nations. Cepen-
dant, elle emploiera le terme «cayes» et non le terme «récifs» lorsqu’elle
se référera hors citation au premier paragraphe de l’article premier, et elle
n’utilisera aucune qualification géographique pour désigner Roncador,
Quitasueño et Serrana, les trois formations maritimes mentionnées au
second paragraphe de l’article premier. Ce choix est sans préjudice des
qualifications physiques et juridiques de ces formations.
19. Le 10 avril 1928, un échange de notes concernant le statut de Ron-
cador, Quitasueño et Serrana eut lieu entre la Colombie et les Etats-Unis
d’Amérique (dénommés ci-après les «Etats-Unis»). La Colombie s’enga-
gea à «ne pas s’opposer à l’entretien par les Etats-Unis des aides à la
navigation qu’ils avaient installées ou pourraient installer sur lesdites
cayes» et les Etats-Unis s’engagèrent à «ne pas s’opposer à l’utilisation,
par les nationaux colombiens, des eaux relevant des îles aux fins d’acti-
vités de pêche».
14 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 842
a number of claims were made by Nicaragua and Colombia over the
Mosquito Coast and the Archipelago of San Andrés.
18. On 24 March 1928, a “Treaty concerning Territorial Questions at
Issue between Colombia and Nicaragua” was signed at Managua (here-
inafter the “1928 Treaty”). The preamble of the Treaty stated that:
“The Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Nicaragua, desir-
ous of putting an end to the territorial dispute between them, and to
strengthen the traditional ties of friendship which unite them, have
decided to conclude the present Treaty...” [Translation by the Sec-
retariat of the League of Nations, for information.]
Article I of the 1928 Treaty provided as follows:
“The Republic of Colombia recognises the full and entire sover-
eignty of the Republic of Nicaragua over the Mosquito Coast
between Cape Gracias a Dios and the San Juan River, and over
Mangle Grande and Mangle Chico Islands in the Atlantic Ocean
(Great Corn Island and Little Corn Island). The Republic of Nica-
ragua recognises the full and entire sovereignty of the Republic of
Colombia over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina and over the other islands, islets and reefs forming part of
the San Andrés Archipelago.
The present Treaty does not apply to the reefs of Roncador, Quita-
sueño and Serrana, sovereignty over which is in dispute between
Colombia and the United States of America.” [Translation by the
Secretariat of the League of Nations, for information.]
The Court has noted that there are certain differences between the origi-
nal Spanish text of the 1928 Treaty and the French and English transla-
tions prepared by the Secretariat of the League of Nations. In particular,
the term “cayos” in Spanish, which appears in the first and second para-
graphs of Article I of the Treaty, is translated as “récifs” in French and
“reefs” in English rather than “cays”. For the purposes of the present
Judgment, the Court will, in quotations, use the translation prepared by
the League of Nations. However, it will employ the word “cays” rather
than “reefs” when the Court itself refers to the first paragraph of Article
I and will not use any geographical qualification when referring to Ron-
cador, Quitasueño and Serrana, the three maritime features named in the
second paragraph of Article I. This approach is without prejudice to the
physical and legal characterization of these features.
19. On 10 April 1928 Colombia and the United States of America
(hereinafter the “United States”) exchanged Notes concerning the status
of Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. Colombia undertook to “refrain
from objecting to the maintenance by the United States of the services
which it has established or may establish on said cays to aid navigation”
and the United States undertook to “refrain from objecting to the utiliza-
tion, by Colombian nationals, of the waters appurtenant to the Islands
for the purpose of fishing”.
14843 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
20. Les instruments de ratification du traité de 1928 furent échangés à
Managua le 5 mai 1930. Les Parties signèrent à cette occasion un protocole
d’échange des ratifications (dénommé ci-après le «protocole de 1930»). Il y
était indiqué que le traité de 1928 avait été conclu entre la Colombie et le
Nicaragua «pour mettre un terme à la question pendante entre les deux
républiques au sujet de l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia et de la
côte de Mosquitos nicaraguayenne». Le protocole disposait que
«[l]es soussignés, en vertu des pleins pouvoirs qui leur [avaient] été
conférés et conformément aux instructions de leurs gouverne-
ments respectifs, déclar[ai]ent que l’archipel de San Andrés et Provi-
dencia, mentionné à l’article premier du traité susmentionné, ne
s’étend[ait] pas à l’ouest du 82 degré de longitude Greenwich.»
[Traduit par le Secrétariat de la Société des Nations, à titre d’infor-
mation.]
21. Dans une note diplomatique du 4 juin 1969 adressée au ministre
nicaraguayen des affaires étrangères par l’ambassadeur de Colombie au
Nicaragua, la Colombie protesta contre l’octroi par le Nicaragua de cer-
taines concessions d’exploration et de certains permis de reconnaissance
pétroliers, qui couvraient, selon elle, Quitasueño et les eaux eeviron-
nantes ainsi que des zones maritimes s’étendant à l’est du 82 méridien.
S’agissant de Quitasueño, la Colombie faisait observer que le traité de
1928 mentionnait explicitement que les cayes de Roncador, Quitasueño et
Serrana étaient en litige entre la Colombie et les Etats-Unis. Elle deman-
dait au Nicaragua de «corriger l’erreur ou la méprise qui [avait] pu résul-
ter de l’exercice d’actes de possession ou de disposition concernant un
bien solennellement reconnu comme ne relevant pas de la juridiction ou
de la souveraineté du Nicaragua». En outre, la Colombie «réservait
formellement ... ses droits sur le territoire mentionné, ainsi que sur la
zone maritime adjacente». S’agissant des zones maritimes où des conces-
sions d’exploration pétrolière avaient été octroyées, elle faisait observer
qu’aux termes du protocole de 1930 le 82 méridien constituait la fron-
tière occidentale de l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia. La Colombie
affirmait qu’elle avait «des droits ... manifestes et incontestables sur cette
zone [maritime]» qu’elle réservait formellement et espérait que le Nicara-
gua «[allait estimer] approprié et adéquat de révoquer les [concessions]
ou de les modifier afin qu’elles ne dépassent pas les limites de la juridic-
tion nationale nicaraguayenne et n’empiètent pas sur le domaine de la
Colombie».
22. Dans une note diplomatique du 12 juin 1969 adressée à l’ambassa-
deur de Colombie au Nicaragua, le ministre des affaires étrangères du
Nicaragua indiqua que son gouvernement étudierait attentivement la ques-
tion du permis de reconnaissance pétrolière délivré pour la zone de Quita-
sueño, tout en réservant les droits du Nicaragua sur le plateau continental.
En ce qui concerne les concessions d’exploration pétrolière, le Nicaragua
affirmait que les zones en question faisaient partie de son plateau conti-
nental et que les concessions avaient par conséquent été accordées «de par
15 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 843
20. The instruments of ratification of the 1928 Treaty were exchanged
at Managua on 5 May 1930. The Parties signed on that occasion a Pro-
tocol of Exchange of Ratifications (hereinafter the “1930 Protocol”). The
Protocol noted that the 1928 Treaty was concluded between Colombia
and Nicaragua “with a view to putting an end to the dispute between both
republics concerning the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago and
the Nicaraguan Mosquito Coast”. The Protocol stipulated as follows:
“The undersigned, in virtue of the full powers which have been
granted to them and on the instructions of their respective Govern-
ments, hereby declare that the San Andrés and Providencia Archi-
pelago mentioned in the first article of the said Treaty does not
extend west of the 82nd degree of longitude west of Greenwich.”
[Translation by the Secretariat of the League of Nations, for infor-
mation.]
21. In a diplomatic Note, dated 4 June 1969, from the Ambassador of
Colombia to Nicaragua to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua,
Colombia protested against the granting of certain oil exploration con-
cessions and reconnaissance permits by Nicaragua, which allegedly cov-
ered Quitasueño and the waters surrounding it as well as maritime zones
that surpassed the 82nd meridian to the east. With respect to Quitasueño,
Colombia pointed out that the 1928 Treaty explicitly declared that the
Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana cays were in dispute between Colom-
bia and the United States. It requested Nicaragua “to remedy the error or
inadvertence that may have been incurred by exercising acts of domain or
disposition over a good that is solemnly acknowledged as outside of
Nicaraguan jurisdiction or sovereignty”. Colombia also made “a formal
reservation...ofits rights over the referenced territory, as well as over
the adjacent maritime zone”. With respect to the maritime zones over
which oil exploration concessions had been granted, Colombia observed
that the 82nd meridian had been noted in the 1930 Protocol as the west-
ern boundary of the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia. Colom-
bia asserted that it had “clear and indisputable... rights over that
[maritime] zone” which it formally reserved and stated that it trusted that
Nicaragua “shall find it appropriate and adequate to revoke [the conces-
sions] or reform them to the extent that they exceed the limit of Nicara-
guan national jurisdiction and invade Colombian domain”.
22. In a diplomatic Note, dated 12 June 1969, to the Ambassador of
Colombia to Nicaragua, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua
stated that his Government would carefully consider the question of the
oil reconnaissance permit granted over the Quitasueño area while reserv-
ing its rights to the continental shelf. With respect to the oil exploration
concessions, Nicaragua asserted that the areas concerned were part of its
continental shelf and that the concessions had therefore been granted “in
use of the sovereign rights [Nicaragua] fully and effectively exercises in
15844 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
les droits souverains qu[e le Nicaragua] exer[çait] pleinement et effective-
ment, conformément aux normes du droit international». Quant à la men-
tion du 82 méridien dans le protocole de 1930, le Nicaragua affirmait:
«Une simple lecture des textes ... révèle que cette disposition a pour
objectif d’établir clairement et spécifiquement, de façon restrictive,
l’étendue de l’archipel de San Andrés et ... ne peut d’aucune façon
être interprétée comme délimitant les droits du Nicaragua ou créant
une frontière entre les deux pays. Au contraire, [cette disposition]
reconnaît et confirme que le Nicaragua a la souveraineté [pleine et
entière sur le] territoire national dans cette zone.»
23. Dans une note en réponse datée du 22 septembre 1969, le ministre
colombien des affaires étrangères fit notamment «une déclaration offi-
e
cielle de souveraineté sur les zones maritimes situées à l’est du 82 méri-
dien de Greenwich» en s’appuyant sur «[l]e caractère définitif et irrévo-
cable du traité de frontières [de 1928]» et sur «[l]a précision apportée par
le protocole ... [de] 1930, en ce sens que la ligne de séparation entre les
e
zones ou régions maritimes respectives était fixée au 82 méridien de
Greenwich». Il signalait également que le traité de 1928 avait exclu les
cayes de Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana «de toute négociation entre la
Colombie et le Nicaragua».
24. En 1971, la Colombie et les Etats-Unis entamèrent des négocia-
tions concernant le statut de Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Le 23 juin
1971, le ministre des affaires étrangères du Nicaragua envoya un mémo-
randum au département d’Etat des Etats-Unis dans lequel il réservait
officiellement les droits du Nicaragua sur son plateau continental aux
alentours de Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana, et notait que son gouver-
nement considérait que ces bancs faisaient partie du plateau continental
du Nicaragua. Il indiquait en outre que le Nicaragua ne pouvait pas
accepter l’affirmation de la Colombie selon laquelle le 82 méridien, men-
tionné dans le protocole de 1930, fixait la ligne de séparation entre les
zones maritimes respectives des deux Etats, étant donné que ce méridien
constituait simplement la limite de l’archipel de San Andrés. Dans une
note datée du 6 septembre 1971, le secrétaire d’Etat des Etats-Unis assura
l’ambassadeur du Nicaragua à Washington que les Etats-Unis tiendraient
compte des droits du Nicaragua sur le plateau continental.
25. Le 8 septembre 1972, la Colombie et les Etats-Unis signèrent le
traité relatif aux statuts de Quitasueño, de Roncador et de Serrana
(connu également sous le nom de traité Vásquez-Saccio et ainsi dénommé
ci-après), dont le préambule indiquait que les deux Etats étaient «dési-
reux de régler la question depuis longtemps en suspens du statut de Quita
Sueño, de Roncador et de Serrana». L’article premier du traité disposait
que «le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis renon[çait] à faire valoir toute pré-
tention de souveraineté sur Quita Sueño, Roncador et Serrana». Chaque
Etat convenait de ne pas porter atteinte aux activités de pêche de l’autre
dans les eaux adjacentes à Quitasueño. En ce qui concerne Roncador et
Serrana, le traité disposait que la Colombie garantirait aux nationaux et
16 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 844
accordance with the norms of international law”. As to the reference to
the 82nd meridian in the 1930 Protocol, Nicaragua asserted that
“[a] simple reading of the... texts makes it clear that the objective
of this provision is to clearly and specifically establish in a restrictive
manner, the extension of the Archipelago of San Andrés, and by no
valid means can it be interpreted as a boundary of Nicaraguan rights
or creator of a border between the two countries. On the contrary, it
acknowledges and confirms the sovereignty and full domain of Nica-
ragua over national territory in that zone.”
23. In a Note in response, dated 22 September 1969, the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Colombia, inter alia, made a “formal declaration of
sovereignty in the maritime areas located East of Meridian 82 of Green-
wich”, relying on the “definitive and irrevocable character of the [1928]
Treaty on Boundaries” and “[t]he declaration by the . . . [1930]
Protocol... that the dividing line between respective maritime areas or
zones was set at Greenwich Meridian 82”. He also pointed to the exclu-
sion in the 1928 Treaty of the Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana cays
“from any negotiations between Colombia and Nicaragua”.
24. In 1971 Colombia and the United States engaged in negotiations
regarding the status of Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. On 23 June
1971, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua sent a memorandum
to the Department of State of the United States formally reserving its
rights over its continental shelf in the area around Roncador, Quitasueño
and Serrana and noting that it considered those banks to be part of its
continental shelf. It further stated that it could not accept Colombia’s
contention that the 82nd meridian referred to in the 1930 Protocol set the
dividing line between the respective maritime zones of the two States
since it only constituted the limit of the San Andrés Archipelago. In a
Note, dated 6 December 1971, the Secretary of State of the United States
assured the Ambassador of Nicaragua in Washington that the United
States would take into account Nicaragua’s rights over the continental
shelf.
25. On 8 September 1972, Colombia and the United States signed the
Treaty concerning the status of Quitasueño, Roncador and Serrana (also
known as and hereinafter the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty), the preamble of
which stated that the two States were “[d]esirous of settling the long-
standing questions concerning the status of Quita Sueño, Roncador and
Serrana”. Article 1 of the Treaty provided that “the Government of the
United States hereby renounces any and all claims to sovereignty over
Quita Sueño, Roncador and Serrana”. Each State agreed not to interfere
with the fishing activities of the other State in the waters adjacent to
Quitasueño. With respect to Roncador and Serrana, the Treaty stipu-
lated that Colombia would guarantee nationals and vessels of the United
16845 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
aux navires des Etats-Unis le droit de continuer à pêcher dans les eaux
adjacentes à ces cayes.
26. Le jour même de la signature du traité Vásquez-Saccio, la Colom-
bie et les Etats-Unis échangèrent des notes exposant leurs «positions juri-
diques concernant l’article premier d[u] traité». Les Etats-Unis affir-
maient que, pour leur part, ils estimaient notamment que «Quita Sueño
étant constamment immergée à marée haute, cette formation ne se prêtait
pas pour l’instant à l’exercice de la souveraineté» et que le traité de 1928
ne s’appliquait pas à Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. La Colombie
indiquait, quant à elle, qu’elle considérait que «le statut physique de
Quita Sueño n’[était] pas incompatible avec l’exercice de la souveraineté»
et que, «suite à la renonciation par les Etats-Unis à la souveraineté sur
Quita Sueño, Roncador et Serrana, la République de Colombie [était] le
seul détenteur légitime d’un titre sur ces bancs et cayes, conformément au
[traité de 1928 et au protocole de 1930] et au droit international».
27. Le 4 octobre 1972, l’Assemblée nationale du Nicaragua adopta
une déclaration officielle portant proclamation de la souveraineté du
Nicaragua sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Le 7 octobre 1972, le
ministre des affaires étrangères du Nicaragua adressa au ministre des
affaires étrangères de Colombie ainsi qu’au secrétaire d’Etat des Etats-
Unis des notes diplomatiques dans lesquelles il protestait officiellement
contre la signature du traité Vásquez-Saccio et maintenait que «les bancs
situés dans cette [zone] ... f[aisaient] partie d[u territoire du Nicaragua]
et ... [étaient] donc soumis à sa souveraineté». Le ministre ajoutait que
son gouvernement neepouvait pas accepter l’affirmation de la Colombie
selon laquelle le 82 méridien, mentionné dans le protocole de 1930, cons-
tituait la ligne frontière entre les zones maritimes respectives des deux
Etats, puisque cette assertion était contraire à la lettre et à l’esprit du pro-
tocole dont l’objet était clairement de preciser que l’archipel de San Andrés
ne s’étendait pas à l’ouest au-delà du 82 méridien. Le ministre notait en
outre que le concept de plateau continental n’était pas établi lors de la
signature du traité de 1928 et du protocole de 1930 et que, par consé-
quent, le Nicaragua ne pouvait pas, à cette époque, avoir abandonné des
droits qui n’étaient pas encore reconnus.
28. En juillet 1979, le gouvernement sandiniste arriva au pouvoir au
Nicaragua. Le 4 février 1980, le ministre des affaires étrangères du Nica-
ragua publia une déclaration officielle et un «Libro blanco» (dénommé
ci-après le «livre blanc») dans lequel le Nicaragua déclarait
«la nullité et l’absence de validité du traité Bárcenas-Meneses-
Esguerra [le traité de 1928] ... conclu dans un contexte historique
qui disqualifiait en tant que gouvernants les présidents imposés par
les forces américaines d’intervention au Nicaragua et qui violait ...
les principes de la Constitution nationale en vigueur...».
Le livre blanc admettait que «[b]eaucoup de temps s’[était] écoulé depuis
le traité [de 1928]», mais il précisait que «le Nicaragua n’a[vait] recouvré
sa souveraineté nationale que le 19 juillet 1979». Le 5 février 1980, le mi-
17 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 845
States a continuation of fishing rights in the waters adjacent to those
cays.
26. On the same day as the signature of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty,
there was an Exchange of Notes between Colombia and the United
States concerning their “legal position respecting Article 1 of [the] Treaty”.
The United States affirmed that its legal position was, inter alia, that
“Quita Sueño, being permanently submerged at high tide, is at the
present time not subject to the exercise of sovereignty” and that the 1928
Treaty did not apply to Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. For its
part, Colombia stated that its position was that the “[t]he physical status
of Quita Sueño is not incompatible with the exercise of sovereignty” and
that “with the renunciation of sovereignty by the United States over
Quita Sueño, Roncador, and Serrana, the Republic of Colombia is the
only legitimate title holder on those banks or cays, in accordance with the
[1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol] and international law”.
27. On 4 October 1972, the National Assembly of Nicaragua adopted
a formal declaration proclaiming Nicaraguan sovereignty over Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño and Serrana. On 7 October 1972, the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of Nicaragua sent diplomatic Notes to the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of Colombia and the Secretary of State of the United States
formally protesting against the signing of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty and
maintaining that “the banks located in that zone...are part of [Nica-
ragua’s] territory and therefore subject to its sovereignty”. The Minister
added that his Government could not accept Colombia’s contention that
the 82nd meridian referred to in the 1930 Protocol constituted the bound-
ary line of the respective maritime areas of the two States since it did not
coincide with the letter or spirit of the Protocol, the clear intention of
which was to specify that the San Andrés Archipelago did not extend
west further than the 82nd meridian. The Minister further noted that the
continental shelf concept had not been recognized at the time of the sign-
ing of the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol and that, consequently, Nica-
ragua could not at that time have relinquished rights that had not yet
been acknowledged.
28. In July 1979 the Sandinista Government came to power in Nica-
ragua. On 4 February 1980, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicara-
gua published an official declaration and a “Libro Blanco” (hereinafter
“White Paper”) in which Nicaragua declared
“the nullity and lack of validity of the Bárcenas-Meneses-Esguerra
Treaty [the 1928 Treaty]... [concluded] in a historical context which
incapacitated as rulers the presidents imposed by the American
forces of intervention in Nicaragua and which infringed...the prin-
ciples of the National Constitution in force...”.
The White Paper acknowledged that “[a] great deal of time has passed
since the [1928 Treaty]” but pointed out that “it was only on 19 July 1979
that Nicaragua recovered its national sovereignty”. On 5 February 1980,
17846 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
nistre colombien des affaires étrangères adressa une note diplomatique
à son homologue nicaraguayen, dans laquelle il indiquait que son gou-
vernement rejetait la déclaration du 4 février 1980 comme «une reven-
dication infondée qui [allait] à l’encontre de la réalité historique et
enfrei[gnait] les principes les plus élémentaires du droit international pu-
blic». Il affirmait aussi que, de l’avis de son gouvernement, le traité de
1928 «[était] un instrument valide, permanent et pleinement applicable
à la lumière des normes juridiques universellement reconnues».
29. Entre 1976 et 1981, dans le cadre du processus de ratification du
traité Vásquez-Saccio par les Etats-Unis, le Nicaragua et les Etats-Unis
échangèrent à plusieurs reprises des notes diplomatiques concernant le
statut de Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Le 16 juillet 1981, les Etats-
Unis adressèrent au Nicaragua un aide-mémoire intitulé «Position juri-
dique des Etats-Unis», dans lequel il était notamment indiqué que les
Etats-Unis n’avaient pas pris et n’envisageaient pas de prendre position
quant au bien-fondé des revendications concurrentes de la Colombie et
du Nicaragua sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Le 17 septembre
1982, le traité Vásquez-Saccio entra en vigueur à la suite de l’échange
des instruments de ratification entre la Colombie et les Etats-Unis.
30. Le nouveau gouvernement qui arriva au pouvoir au Nicaragua
en 1990 et ceux qui suivirent ont maintenu, quant au sens de certaines
dispositions du traité de 1928 et du protocole de 1930, la position qui
avait été énoncée à partir de 1969 et, quant à la nullité du traité de 1928,
la position exposée dans le livre blanc de 1980.
31. Le 9 juin 1993, des hélicoptères de l’armée de l’air colombienne
interceptèrent deux navires de pêche nicaraguayens à proximité du 82 mé-
ridien et leur ordonnèrent de cesser leurs «activités de pêche illicites»,
puis, le 7 juillet 1993, les garde-côtes colombiens saisirent dans le même
secteur un navire de pêche hondurien en possession d’un permis de pêche
délivré par le Nicaragua. Dans des notes diplomatiques datées respecti-
vement des 11 juin 1993 et 9 juillet 1993, qui étaient adressées au ministre
colombien des affaires étrangères, le Nicaragua protesta contre ces actes
de la Colombie qui, prétendaet-il, avaient eu lieu dans les eaux nicara-
guayennes, à l’ouest du 82 méridien. En réponse, dans une note diplo-
matique datée du 19 juillet 1993, le ministre colombien des affaires étran-
gères affirma que les navires de pêche se trouvaient à ce moment-là à l’est
e
du 82 méridien et que, par conséquent, tous les événements en question
s’étaient produits dans les eaux relevant de la juridiction colombienne.
Dans une note diplomatique datée du 26 juillet 1993, le ministre des af-
faires étrangères du Nicaragua affirma que, même si les navires avaient été
situés aux coordonnées indiquées par la Colombie, ils ne s’en seraient pas
moins trouvés dans les eaux nicaraguayennes, ajoutant que la revendica-
tion colombienne de souveraineté sur ces eaux était «totalement irrece-
vable et dépourvue de fondement». Plusieurs événements similaires, ayant
donné lieu à des saisies de navires tant par la Colombie que par le Nica-
ragua, se sont déroulés entre 1995 et 2002.
18 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 846
the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia addressed a diplomatic
Note to his counterpart in Nicaragua, stating that his Government
rejected the declaration of 4 February 1980 as “an unfounded claim that
counters historical reality and breaches the most elementary principles of
public international law”. He also affirmed that, in the view of his Gov-
ernment, the 1928 Treaty “[was] a valid, perpetual instrument, and in full
force in light of the universally recognized legal norms”.
29. From 1976 to 1981 there were several exchanges of diplomatic
Notes between Nicaragua and the United States concerning the status of
Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana in the context of the process of rati-
fication by the United States of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty. On 16 July
1981, the United States presented Nicaragua with an aide-mémoire enti-
tled “United States Legal Position” which stated, inter alia, that the
United States had not taken and did not intend to take any position
regarding the legal merits of the competing claims of Colombia and Nica-
ragua over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. On 17 September 1982,
the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty came into force following the exchange of
instruments of ratification between Colombia and the United States.
30. The new government which came to power in Nicaragua in 1990
and subsequent governments maintained the position with regard to the
meaning of certain provisions of the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol
which had been stated from 1969 onwards and the position with regard
to the invalidity of the 1928 Treaty which had been set out in the 1980
White Paper.
31. On 9 June 1993 helicopters of the Colombian Air Force inter-
cepted two Nicaraguan fishing vessels in the vicinity of the 82nd meridian
and ordered them to abandon their alleged “illegal fishing activities”. On
7 July 1993, in the same area, the Colombian coastguard seized a Hon-
duran fishing vessel which had a fishing permit issued by Nicaragua. In
diplomatic Notes to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia, dated
respectively 11 June 1993 and 9 July 1993, Nicaragua protested against
these actions by Colombia which it claimed had occurred in Nicaraguan
waters, west of the 82nd meridian. In a diplomatic Note in response,
dated 19 July 1993, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia asserted
that the fishing vessels were east of the 82nd meridian at the relevant time
and that consequently all the events in question had taken place in waters
under Colombian jurisdiction. In a diplomatic Note, dated 26 July 1993,
the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua contended that, even if the
vessels had been located at the co-ordinates given by Colombia, they
would still have been within Nicaraguan waters. He added that the claim
of Colombian sovereignty over those waters was “totally inadmissible
and baseless”. Between 1995 and 2002, there followed similar seizures of
vessels by both Colombia and Nicaragua.
18847 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
32. En 1977, 1995 et 2001, de hauts fonctionnaires des ministères des
affaires étrangères du Nicaragua et de la Colombie ont tenu des réunions
consacrées aux points en litige opposant les deux Etats. Les Parties sont
en désaccord quant à la teneur et à la portée de ces entretiens.
*
* *
3. O BJET DU DIFFÉREND
33. La Cour commencera par observer que les Parties ont exposé des
thèses différentes quant aux questions de savoir si un différend subsiste
entre elles et, le cas échéant, quel en est l’objet. Aussi lui échet-il d’exa-
miner ces questions avant de considérer les exceptions préliminaires sou-
levées par la Colombie.
34. La Cour rappelle que, dans sa requête, le Nicaragua a indiqué que
«[l]e différend porte sur un ensemble de questions juridiques connexes en
matière de titre territorial et de délimitation maritime qui demeurent en
suspens entre la République du Nicaragua et la République de Colom-
bie». Il a relevé que «l[e] règlement définitif [des questions de titre terri-
torial] constitue une condition préalable à la délimitation complète et
définitive des espaces maritimes».
35. Dans ses écritures, le Nicaragua a soutenu que «la délimitation
maritime entre les Parties est au cŒur du différend», exposant que
«l’objet [de celui-ci] est de déterminer une frontière maritime unique» et
que «la question du titre n’est pas l’objet du différend mais une condition
préalable nécessaire» à la délimitation définitive des espaces maritimes.
36. Le Nicaragua a affirmé que le différend soumis à la Cour concer-
nait: i) la validité du traité de 1928 ainsi que sa terminaison en raison
d’une violation substantielle; ii) l’interprétation du traité de 1928, s’agis-
sant en particulier de l’étendue géographique de l’archipel de San Andrés;
iii) les conséquences juridiques de l’exclusion de Roncador, Quitasueño et
Serrana du champ d’application du traité de 1928; et iv) la délimitation
maritime entre les Parties, notamment la signification juridique de la
mention du 82 méridien dans le protocole de 1930. De l’avis du Nicara-
gua, la quatrième question «impliqu[ait] et englob[ait] toutes les autres».
A cet égard, il a fait valoir que la question de la souveraineté sur les for-
mations maritimes était à la fois accessoire et préalable à celle de la déli-
mitation maritime. En d’autres termes, même si l’affaire se limitait à une
question de délimitation maritime, il écherrait à la Cour de trancher
d’abord la question du titre territorial sur les formations maritimes
situées dans la zone en litige. Enfin, le Nicaragua a soutenu que la ques-
tion de savoir si le traité de 1928 avait réglé toutes les questions opposant
les Parties constituait «l’objet même du différend» et «le fond de
l’affaire».
37. La Colombie a nié qu’il subsistait un différend dont la Cour serait
19 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 847
32. In 1977, 1995 and 2001, meetings took place between officials of
the Nicaraguan and Colombian Ministries of Foreign Affairs concerning
contentious issues between the two States. The Parties do not agree on
the content and significance of those discussions.
* * *
3. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE D ISPUTE
33. The Court initially notes that the Parties have presented different
views about whether there is an extant dispute between them and, if so,
the subject-matter of that dispute. Consequently, before addressing the
preliminary objections raised by Colombia, it is necessary for the Court
to examine these issues.
34. The Court recalls that in its Application, Nicaragua stated that
“[t]he dispute consists of a group of related legal issues subsisting between
the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of Colombia concerning
title to territory and maritime delimitation”. It noted that “the definitive
settlement of... issues of [territorial] title must constitute a condition
precedent to the complete and definitive determination of the maritime
areas”.
35. In its written pleadings, Nicaragua submitted that “[t]he core of
the dispute relates to the maritime delimitation between the Parties”,
asserting that “the subject-matter of the dispute is the determination of a
single maritime boundary” and that “the issue of title is not the subject-
matter of the dispute but a necessary prerequisite” for the definitive
determination of the maritime areas.
36. Nicaragua asserted that the dispute submitted to the Court con-
cerned (i) the validity of the 1928 Treaty and its termination due to mat-
erial breach; (ii) the interpretation of the 1928 Treaty, particularly regard-
ing the geographical scope of the San Andrés Archipelago; (iii) the legal
consequences of the exclusion from the scope of the 1928 Treaty of Ron-
cador, Quitasueño and Serrana; and (iv) the maritime delimitation
between the Parties including the legal significance of the reference to the
82nd meridian in the 1930 Protocol. In its view, the fourth element
“implie[d] and encompasse[d] all the others”. In this regard, Nicaragua
contended that the question of sovereignty over the maritime features
was both accessory and preliminary to that of maritime delimitation.
That is, even if the case were limited to a maritime delimitation, it would
be necessary for the Court first to resolve the question of territorial title
over the maritime features in the disputed area. Finally, Nicaragua also
submitted that the question whether the 1928 Treaty has settled all ques-
tions between the Parties is “the very object of the dispute” and “the sub-
stance of the case”.
37. Colombia denied that there was an extant dispute over which the
19848 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
compétente pour connaître, prétendant que les questions en litige avaient
déjà été réglées par le traité de 1928. Elle a par ailleurs affirmé que la délimi-
tation maritime, et non la détermination de la souveraineté sur les formations
maritimes, était le véritable objectif que visait le Nicaragua par sa requête.
*
38. La Cour note que le demandeur doit certes, conformément au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut, lui présenter ce qui constitue selon
lui l’«objet du différend», mais que c’est à elle qu’il appartient de déter-
miner, compte tenu des conclusions des Parties, quel est l’objet du diffé-
rend dont elle est saisie (voir Compétence en matière de pêcheries (Espa-
gne c. Canada), compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 ,
p. 447-449, par. 29-32). Ainsi qu’il a été indiqué dans les affaires des
Essais nucléaires :
«C’est ... le devoir de la Cour de circonscrire le véritable problème
en cause et de préciser l’objet de la demande. Il n’a jamais été
contesté que la Cour est en droit et qu’elle a même le devoir d’inter-
préter les conclusions des parties; c’est l’un des attributs de sa fonc-
tion judiciaire.» (Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 262, par. 29; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-
Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974 , p. 466, par. 30.)
39. A titre liminaire, la Cour rappelle que les Parties sont en désaccord
sur la question de savoir si le différend qui les oppose a été «réglé» par le
traité de 1928 au sens de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá. La Cour fait en
premier lieu observer que l’article VI du pacte dispose que les procédures
de règlement des différends établies dans cet instrument «ne pourront
plus s’appliquer ni aux questions déjà réglées au moyen d’une entente
entre les parties, ou d’une décision arbitrale ou d’une décision d’un tri-
bunal international, ni à celles régies par des accords ou traités en
vigueur à la date de la signature du présent pacte» (les italiques sont de la
Cour). La Cour fait aussi observer que, aux termes de l’article XXXIV du
pacte, les différends portant sur des questions régies par des accords ou
traités doivent être déclarés «terminés» au même titre que les différends
portant sur des questions réglées au moyen d’une entente entre les
parties, d’une décision arbitrale ou d’une décision d’un tribunal interna-
tional. Elle considère que, dans les circonstances propres à la présente
espèce, aucune distinction quant aux effets juridiques n’est à faire, aux
fins de l’application de l’article VI du pacte, entre une question «réglée»
et une question «régie» par le traité de 1928. Compte tenu de ce qui pré-
cède, la Cour utilisera dans la suite de l’arrêt le mot «réglée».
40. La Cour note que le Nicaragua a soutenu que les considérations
relatives à la validité et à la terminaison alléguée du traité de 1928 ainsi
qu’à la question de savoir si le traité et son protocole de 1930 couvraient
ou réglaient l’ensemble des points en litige entre les Parties, notamment
l’étendue géographique de l’archipel de San Andrés, la souveraineté sur
20 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 848
Court could have jurisdiction, claiming that the matters in issue had
already been settled by the 1928 Treaty. It further contended that the real
purpose behind Nicaragua’s Application was maritime delimitation rather
than the determination of sovereignty over the maritime features.
*
38. The Court notes that, while the Applicant must present its view of
the “subject of the dispute” pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the Court, it is for the Court itself to determine the subject-
matter of the dispute before it, taking account of the submissions of the
Parties (see Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the
Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , pp. 447-449, paras. 29-32). As
stated in the Nuclear Tests cases:
“it is the Court’s duty to isolate the real issue in the case and to iden-
tify the object of the claim. It has never been contested that the
Court is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and in
fact is bound to do so; this is one of the attributes of its judicial
functions.” (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 466, para. 30.)
39. As a preliminary point, the Court recalls that the Parties disagree
on whether or not the dispute between them had been “settled” by the
1928 Treaty within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá. The
Court first notes that Article VI of the Pact provides that the dispute set-
tlement procedures in the Pact “may not be applied to matters already
settled by arrangement between the parties, or by arbitral award or by
decision of an international court, or which are governed by agreements
or treaties in force on the date of the conclusion of the present Treaty”
(emphasis added). The Court also notes that according to Article XXXIV
of the Pact controversies over matters which are governed by agreements
or treaties shall be declared “ended” in the same way as controversies
over matters settled by arrangement between the Parties, arbitral award
or decision of an international court. The Court considers that, in the
specific circumstances of the present case, there is no difference in legal
effect, for the purpose of applying Article VI of the Pact, between a given
matter being “settled” by the 1928 Treaty and being “governed” by that
Treaty. In light of the foregoing, the Court will hereafter use the word
“settled”.
40. The Court notes that Nicaragua submitted that issues relating to
the validity and alleged termination of the 1928 Treaty as well as the
question whether the Treaty and its 1930 Protocol covered or resolved all
the contentious matters between the Parties, including the geographical
scope of the San Andrés Archipelago, sovereignty over Roncador,Qui-
20849 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana et la délimitation maritime, s’inscri-
vaient toutes dans le cadre du différend dont elle est saisie (voir paragra-
phe 36 ci-dessus).
De l’avis de la Cour, tous ces aspects se rattachent au seul point de
savoir si le traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930 ont réglé les questions en
litige entre les Parties au sujet de la souveraineté sur les îles et autres for-
mations maritimes et du tracé de la frontière maritime. La Cour consi-
dère toutefois que tel n’est pas l’objet du différend entre les Parties et que,
dans les circonstances de la présente espèce, il s’agit d’une question pré-
liminaire (voir paragraphes 49 à 52 ci-après).
41. En ce qui concerne l’affirmation de la Colombie selon laquelle
l’intérêt du Nicaragua réside en fait dans la délimitation maritime et non
dans la détermination de la souveraineté sur les formations maritimes, la
Cour relève toutefois que, sur ce dernier point, «la réclamation de l’une
des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre» (Sud-Ouest afri-
cain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 328).
42. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que les questions
qui constituent l’objet du différend opposant les Parties au fond, sont,
premièrement, la souveraineté territoriale (c’est-à-dire la souveraineté sur
les îles et autres formations maritimes qu’elles revendiquent) et, deuxiè-
mement, le tracé de la frontière maritime entre elles.
* * *
4. P REMIÈRE EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
4.1. Aperçu général des arguments des Parties concernant la première
exception préliminaire
43. La Cour rappelle que la Colombie, dans le cadre de sa première
exception préliminaire, soutient que, en application des articles VI
et XXXIV du pacte de Bogotá, elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître
du différend qui lui est soumis par le Nicaragua au titre de l’article XXXI
du pacte et devrait déclarer ce différend terminé (le texte des articles VI,
XXXI et XXXIV du pacte de Bogotá est reproduit aux paragraphes 55
et 56 ci-après). A cet égard, la Colombie, invoquant l’article VI du pacte
de Bogotá, affirme que les questions soulevées par le Nicaragua ont été
réglées par un traité qui était en vigueur à la date de la conclusion du
pacte, à savoir le traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930. La Colombie
ajoute que ce point peut et doit être considéré au stade des exceptions
préliminaires.
44. Le Nicaragua soutient que la Cour est compétente en vertu de
l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá. A cet égard, il affirme que le traité
de 1928 et son protocole de 1930 n’ont pas réglé, au sens de l’article VI
du pacte de Bogotá, le différend l’opposant à la Colombie parce que ledit
traité était nul ou avait pris fin et que, même à supposer que tel n’était
21 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 849
tasueño and Serrana and maritime delimitation, all formed part of the
dispute before the Court (see paragraph 36 above).
In the Court’s view, all those issues relate to the single question
whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol settled the matters in dispute
between the Parties concerning sovereignty over the islands and maritime
features and the course of the maritime boundary. The Court considers,
however, that this does not form the subject-matter of the dispute between
the Parties and that, in the circumstances of the present case, the question
is a preliminary one (see paragraphs 49 to 52 below).
41. With respect to Colombia’s contention that Nicaragua’s true inter-
est lay in the maritime delimitation rather than in sovereignty over the
maritime features, the Court notes that nonetheless “the claim of one
party is positively opposed by the other” as to sovereignty over the mari-
time features (see South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia
v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962 ,
p. 328).
42. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the questions
which constitute the subject-matter of the dispute between the Parties on
the merits are, first, sovereignty over territory (namely the islands and
other maritime features claimed by the Parties) and, second, the course of
the maritime boundary between the Parties.
*
* *
4. F IRST PRELIMINARY O BJECTION
4.1. General Overview of the Arguments of the Parties on the First
Preliminary Objection
43. The Court recalls that in its first preliminary objection, Colombia
claims that pursuant to Articles VI and XXXIV of the Pact of Bogotá,
the Court is without jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact to hear
the controversy submitted to it by Nicaragua and should declare the con-
troversy ended (for the text of Articles VI, XXXI and XXXIV of the Pact
of Bogotá, see paragraphs 55 and 56 below). In this regard, Colombia,
referring to Article VI of the Pact, argues that the matters raised by Nica-
ragua were settled by a treaty in force on the date on which the Pact was
concluded, namely the 1928 Treaty and the 1930 Protocol. Colombia
adds that this question can and must be considered at the preliminary
objections stage.
44. Nicaragua claims that the Court has jurisdiction under Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. In this regard, Nicaragua argues that the
1928 Treaty and its 1930 Protocol did not settle the dispute between
Nicaragua and Colombia within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá because the 1928 Treaty was invalid or had been terminated and
21850 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
pas le cas, il ne couvrait pas l’ensemble des points à présent en litige entre
les Parties. Le Nicaragua prétend par ailleurs que la Cour ne saurait se
prononcer sur ces questions à ce stade de la procédure, car il faudrait
pour cela qu’elle se livre à un examen du fond de l’affaire.
**
4.2. Le stade de la procédure approprié aux fins de l’examen
de l’exception préliminaire
45. La Cour note tout d’abord que les Parties sont en désaccord sur le
point de savoir si les questions soulevées par la première exception pré-
liminaire peuvent être examinées à ce stade de la procédure.
46. Citant le paragraphe 9 de l’article 79 du Règlement, le Nicaragua
considère que la Cour ne peut, à ce stade de la procédure, se prononcer
sur la première exception préliminaire de la Colombie, car «on trouvera
difficilement meilleur exemple d’exception n’ayant «pas dans les circons-
tances de l’espèce un caractère exclusivement préliminaire»». Il fait valoir
à cet égard qu’«[i]l existe entre le point soulevé par l’exception et ceux qui
touchent au fond «des rapports trop étroits et une connexité trop
intime»». Le Nicaragua considère que, si la Cour «acceptait ce que la
Colombie demande, en réalité, elle n’admettrait pas une exception préli-
minaire à sa juridiction, mais elle se prononcerait en faveur de la Colom-
bie sur le fond du différend dont le Nicaragua l’a saisie». Le Nicaragua
affirme que la Cour ne peut, «sans un examen approfondi au fond»,
trancher des questions comme celles de la validité du traité de 1928, du
sens à donner à l’expression «archipel de San Andrés» et du tracé de la
frontière maritime entre les Parties. Le Nicaragua fait observer que, dans
l’affaire relative au Conseil de l’OACI, la Cour a rappelé le principe selon
lequel «une décision sur la compétence ne peut jamais régler directement
un point de fond» (Appel concernant la compétence du Conseil de l’OACI
(Inde c. Pakistan), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1972 , p. 56). Il ajoute
qu’««effleurer» ... des questions de fond est une chose; les régler toutes[,]
à la suite d’un examen préliminaire et inévitablement sommaire, en est
une autre». Le Nicaragua conclut que, si la Cour ne rejette pas l’exception
formulée par la Colombie, «[elle] devra la joindre au fond, car aucune des
questions posées n’a un caractère exclusivement préliminaire».
47. La Colombie récuse les arguments du Nicaragua, faisant observer
que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 79 du Règlement inclut, en sus des excep-
tions à sa compétence ou à la recevabilité, «toute autre exception sur
laquelle le défendeur demande une décision avant que la procédure sur le
fond se poursuive». Elle fait valoir que, en revisant son Règlement en
1972, la Cour a «élargi le concept d’exceptions préliminaires». La Colom-
bie note à cet égard que, dans les affaires Lockerbie (Questions d’inter-
prétation et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant
de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-
22 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 850
that, even if that was not the case, the 1928 Treaty did not cover all the
matters now in dispute between the Parties. Moreover, Nicaragua con-
tends that the Court may not pronounce upon these issues at this stage of
the proceedings since that would require an examination of the merits of
the case.
**
4.2. The Appropriate Stage of Proceedings for Examination of the
Preliminary Objection
45. The Court initially notes that the Parties disagree on whether the
questions raised by the first preliminary objection may be examined at
this stage of the proceedings.
46. Citing Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of Court, Nicaragua
considers that the Court cannot at this stage of the proceedings pro-
nounce upon Colombia’s first preliminary objection because “[i]t is diffi-
cult to find a better example of an objection that ‘does not possess, in the
circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character’”. In this
regard, it argues that the “point raised by the objection and those arising
on the merits ‘are too intimately related and too closely interconnected’”.
Nicaragua considers that if the Court “were to accept what Colombia is
requesting, it would not be upholding a preliminary objection to its juris-
diction, but ruling in favour of Colombia on the merits of the dispute
referred to it by Nicaragua”. Nicaragua contends that the Court cannot
“without a thorough examination of the merits” decide questions such as
whether or not the 1928 Treaty is valid, what meaning to ascribe to the
term “San Andrés Archipelago” and the course of the maritime bound-
ary between the Parties. Nicaragua notes that, in the ICAO Council case,
the Court upheld the principle that “a decision on jurisdiction can never
directly decide any question of merits” (Appeal Relating to the Jurisdic-
tion of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1972, p. 56). It adds that “‘touching upon’ questions relating to the mer-
its is one thing; settling all of them after a preliminary and inevitably
summary examination is another”. Nicaragua concludes that if the Court
does not reject the objection put forward by Colombia, “it should join
that objection to the merits, as none of the questions raised has an exclu-
sively preliminary character”.
47. Colombia disagrees with Nicaragua’s arguments, observing that
Article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules includes, in addition to objections
to the Court’s jurisdiction or to admissibility, any “other objection the
decision upon which is requested before any further proceedings on the
merits”. It contends that in revising its Rules in 1972, the Court “expanded
the definition of preliminary objections”. Colombia notes, in this connec-
tion, that in the Lockerbie cases (Questions of Interpretation and Applica-
tion of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at
Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Pre-
22851 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
Unis d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 ,
p. 131 et suiv., par. 46 et suiv.; Questions d’interprétation et d’application
de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de
Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Royaume-Uni), exceptions pré-
liminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 , p. 26 et suiv., par. 47 et suiv.), ainsi
que dans plusieurs affaires antérieures, la Cour a précisé clairement que
le champ d’application ratione materiae de l’article 79 n’était plus limité
aux exceptions à la compétence ou à la recevabilité, mais s’étendait à
toute exception ayant pour objet «d’empêcher in limine tout examen de
l’affaire au fond». En réponse à l’argument du Nicaragua selon lequel les
Parties ne sauraient aborder à ce stade des questions qui devront éven-
tuellement être traitées au stade du fond, la Colombie relève que «[d]es
exceptions préliminaires ne peuvent être — et ne sont jamais en pra-
tique — plaidées dans le vide, isolées de tout contexte factuel. Et il se peut
très bien que ce contexte factuel touche à des questions qui seront plei-
nement exposées ultérieurement lorsque, le cas échéant, l’affaire sera exa-
minée au fond». La Colombie soutient que la Cour peut et doit détermi-
ner, au stade des exceptions préliminaires, si le traité de 1928 et le
protocole de 1930 ont réglé le différend entre les Parties. L’article XXXIII
du pacte de Bogotá, affirme-t-elle, le prévoit expressément en disposant
que, dans le cas où les parties ne parviennent pas à s’accorder sur la com-
pétence de la Cour à l’égard du litige, la Cour elle-même tranche «au
préalable» cette question.
*
48. La Cour rappellera que, aux termes du paragraphe 9 de l’article 79
de son Règlement, elle peut donner suite à une exception préliminaire de
trois façons: elle «retient l’exception, la rejette ou déclare que cette excep-
tion n’a pas dans les circonstances de l’espèce un caractère exclusivement
préliminaire».
49. La Cour rappellera en outre que, dans les affaires des Essais
nucléaires, elle a, quoique dans des circonstances légèrement différentes,
souligné que, lorsqu’elle examine des questions de compétence et de rece-
vabilité, elle a le droit et, dans certaines circonstances, peut avoir l’obliga-
tion de prendre en considération d’autres questions qui, sans qu’on
puisse les classer peut-être à strictement parler parmi les problèmes de
compétence ou de recevabilité, appellent par leur nature une étude préa-
lable à celle de ces problèmes (Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974 , p. 259, par. 22; et Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-
Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974 , p. 463, par. 22; voir aussi
Cameroun septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume-Uni), exceptions préli-
minaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1963 , p. 29).
50. La Cour estime qu’il n’est pas dans l’intérêt d’une bonne adminis-
tration de la justice de se contenter à ce stade de faire état d’un désaccord
entre les Parties sur le point de savoir si le traité de 1928 et le protocole
de 1930 ont réglé les questions sur lesquelles porte le présent différend au
23 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 851
liminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , pp. 131 et seq.,
paras. 46 et seq.; Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , pp. 26 et seq., paras. 47 et seq.) and a
number of earlier cases, the Court made clear that the field of application
ratione materiae of Article 79 was no longer limited to objections to juris-
diction or admissibility, but that it covers any objection the purpose of
which is “to prevent, in limine, any consideration of the case on the mer-
its”. In answer to Nicaragua’s contention that the Parties are precluded
at this stage from touching upon issues that might have to be dealt with
on the merits, Colombia notes that “[p]reliminary objections cannot be
— and in practice never are — argued in a void, removed from all factual
context. And that factual context may well touch on issues the full expo-
sition of which will come later when — and if — the merits phase is
reached.” Colombia contends that the Court can and must determine, at
the preliminary objections stage, whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Pro-
tocol settled the dispute between the Parties and asserts that this is expli-
citly prescribed in Article XXXIII of the Pact of Bogotá which stipulates
that, if the Parties fail to agree as to whether the Court has jurisdiction,
the Court shall “first” decide that question.
*
48. The Court recalls that, under Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules
of Court, there are three ways in which it may dispose of a preliminary
objection: the Court “shall either uphold the objection, reject it, or
declare that the objection does not possess, in the circumstances of the
case, an exclusively preliminary character”.
49. The Court further recalls that, in the Nuclear Tests cases (albeit in
slightly different circumstances), it emphasized that while examining
questions of jurisdiction and admissibility, it is entitled, and in some cir-
cumstances may be required, to go into other questions which may not be
strictly capable of classification as matters of jurisdiction or admissibility
but are of such a nature as to require examination before those matters
(Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 ,
p. 259, para. 22; and Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 463, para. 22; see also Northern Cameroons
(Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 29).
50. The Court believes that it is not in the interest of the good admin-
istration of justice for it to limit itself at the present juncture to stating
merely that there is a disagreement between the Parties as to whether the
1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol settled the matters which are the subject
23852 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
sens de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá, se réservant d’en trancher tous les
aspects au stade du fond.
51. En principe, une partie qui soulève des exceptions préliminaires a
droit à ce qu’il y soit répondu au stade préliminaire de la procédure, sauf
si la Cour ne dispose pas de tous les éléments nécessaires pour se pro-
noncer sur les questions soulevées ou si le fait de répondre à l’exception
préliminaire équivaudrait à trancher le différend, ou certains de ses élé-
ments, au fond. La Cour ne se trouve en l’espèce dans aucune de ces deux
situations. Rechercher si elle a compétence pourrait amener la Cour à
effleurer certains aspects du fond de l’affaire (Certains intérêts allemands
en Haute-Silésie polonaise, arrêt n o6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A n° 6 , p. 15).
Par ailleurs, la Cour a déjà établi que le point de savoir si le traité de 1928
et le protocole de 1930 ont réglé les questions en litige ne constituait pas
l’objet du différend au fond. Il s’agit en fait d’une question préliminaire
qu’elle doit trancher afin de déterminer si elle a compétence (voir para-
graphe 40 ci-dessus).
52. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour ne saurait retenir l’argu-
ment du Nicaragua selon lequel elle est empêchée de connaître, à ce stade
de la procédure, de la première exception préliminaire de la Colombie. La
Cour peut donc se pencher maintenant sur cette exception.
**
4.3. Le système juridictionnel établi par le pacte de Bogotá
53. La Cour commencera par examiner le système juridictionnel établi
par le pacte de Bogotá.
54. Ratifié le 21 juin 1950 par le Nicaragua et le 14 octobre 1968 par la
Colombie, le pacte de Bogotá fut adopté à Bogotá, Colombie, le 30 avril
1948, à l’occasion de la conférence à laquelle fut aussi adoptée la charte
de l’OEA. L’importance attachée au règlement pacifique des différends
au sein du système interaméricain ressort de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2 de la
charte de l’OEA, aux termes duquel l’un des objectifs essentiels de l’Orga-
nisation est d’«assurer le règlement pacifique des différends qui surgissent
entre les Etats membres». A cette disposition vient s’ajouter l’article 27
de la charte de l’OEA (l’ancien article 23), qui prévoyait l’adoption du
pacte de Bogotá dans les termes suivants:
«Un traité spécial établira les moyens propres à régler les diffé-
rends et fixera les procédures qui conviennent à chacun des moyens
pacifiques, de façon qu’aucun différend entre les Etats américains ne
reste sans règlement définitif au-delà d’une période raisonnable.»
Le préambule du pacte de Bogotá affirme que celui-ci est conclu
«conformément à l’article XXIII [devenu l’article XXVII] de la Charte».
Treize Etats membres de l’OEA, dont la Colombie et le Nicaragua, sont
actuellement parties au pacte de Bogotá.
55. Le pacte de Bogotá contient plusieurs dispositions relatives au
24 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 852
of the present controversy within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá, leaving every aspect thereof to be resolved on the merits.
51. In principle, a party raising preliminary objections is entitled to
have these objections answered at the preliminary stage of the proceed-
ings unless the Court does not have before it all facts necessary to decide
the questions raised or if answering the preliminary objection would
determine the dispute, or some elements thereof, on the merits. The
Court finds itself in neither of these situations in the present case. The
determination by the Court of its jurisdiction may touch upon certain
aspects of the merits of the case (Certain German Interests in Polish
Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 6, p. 15). Moreover, the Court has already found that the question of
whether the 1928 Treaty and the 1930 Protocol settled the matters in dis-
pute does not constitute the subject-matter of the dispute on the merits. It
is rather a preliminary question to be decided in order to ascertain
whether the Court has jurisdiction (see paragraph 40 above).
52. In light of the above, the Court is unable to uphold Nicaragua’s
contention that it is precluded from addressing Colombia’s first prelimi-
nary objection at this stage of the proceedings. Accordingly, the Court
will now proceed to examine this objection.
**
4.3. Jurisdictional System of the Pact of Bogotá
53. The Court will begin by considering the jurisdictional system of
the Pact of Bogotá.
54. The Pact of Bogotá, which was ratified by Nicaragua on 21 June
1950 and by Colombia on 14 October 1968, was adopted in Bogotá,
Colombia on 30 April 1948, at the same conference that adopted the
Charter of the OAS. The importance attached to the pacific settlement of
disputes within the inter-American system is reflected in Article 2 (c) of
the OAS Charter, which declares that one of the essential purposes of the
organization is “to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may
arise among the Member States”. This provision is supplemented by
Article 27 of the OAS Charter (formerly Article 23), which anticipated
the adoption of the Pact of Bogotá in the following terms:
“A special treaty will establish adequate means for the settlement
of disputes and will determine pertinent procedures for each peaceful
means such that no dispute between American States may remain
without definitive settlement within a reasonable period of time.”
The Preamble to the Pact of Bogotá declares that the Treaty was con-
cluded “in fulfilment of Article XXIII [now Article XXVII] of the Char-
ter”. Thirteen Member States of the OAS, including Colombia and Nica-
ragua, are at present States parties to the Pact of Bogotá.
55. The Pact of Bogotá contains a number of provisions relating to the
24853 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
règlement judiciaire des différends, au nombre desquelles figure l’ar-
ticle XXXI, que le Nicaragua et la Colombie ont invoqué en l’instance. Cet
article est ainsi libellé:
«Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour internationale de Justice, les Hautes Parties contractantes en ce
qui concerne tout autre Etat américain déclarent reconnaître comme
obligatoire de plein droit, et sans convention spéciale tant que le pré-
sent traité restera en vigueur, la juridiction de la Cour sur tous les
différends d’ordre juridique surgissant entre elles et ayant pour
objet:
a) [l]’interprétation d’un traité;
b) [t]oute question de droit international;
c) [l]’existence de tout fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la viola-
tion d’un engagement international;
d) [l]a nature ou l’étendue de la réparation qui découle de la rupture
d’un engagement international.»
56. Les deux autres dispositions pertinentes du pacte invoquées par la
Colombie sont les articles VI et XXXIV. L’article VI dispose que
«[c]es procédures ne pourront non plus s’appliquer ni aux questions
déjà réglées au moyen d’une entente entre les parties, ou d’une déci-
sion arbitrale ou d’une décision d’un tribunal international, ni à cel-
les régies par des accords ou traités en vigueur à la date de la signa-
ture du présent pacte».
Aux termes de l’article XXXIV:
«Si, pour les motifs indiqués aux articles V, VI et VII de ce traité,
la Cour se déclarait incompétente pour juger le différend, celui-ci
sera déclaré terminé.»
57. Ces dispositions montrent que, si la Cour devait conclure que les
questions qui lui ont été soumises par le Nicaragua au titre de l’ar-
ticle XXXI du pacte de Bogotá ont déjà été réglées par l’une des voies
exposées à l’article VI dudit pacte, elle n’aurait pas la compétence requise
aux termes du pacte pour statuer sur l’affaire.
58. En ce qui concerne l’article XXXIV du pacte, la Cour rappelle que,
selon la Colombie, elle devrait en l’espèce déclarer le différend «terminé»
en application de cette disposition, au motif que, en vertu de l’article VI,
elle ne serait pas compétente. Le Nicaragua prétend pour sa part que, aux
termes de l’article XXXVII du pacte, la Cour devrait suivre la procédure
fixée dans son Statut et qu’une telle déclaration ne pourrait, en tout état
de cause, être faite au stade des exceptions préliminaires, car il faudrait
pour cela que la Cour examine l’affaire au fond.
59. S’agissant des arguments relatifs à l’article XXXIV du pacte qui lui
ont été présentés, la Cour observe qu’elle doit appliquer l’article premier
de son Statut, selon lequel elle «fonctionnera conformément aux dispo-
sitions du présent Statut». Cette façon de procéder est également dictée
25 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 853
judicial settlement of disputes. One such provision, Article XXXI, which
has been invoked by Nicaragua and Colombia in these proceedings,
reads as follows:
“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare
that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the
jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the
necessity of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in
force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them con-
cerning:
(a) The interpretation of a treaty;
(b) Any question of international law;
(c) The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
the breach of an international obligation; or
(d) The nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the
breach of an international obligation.”
56. The other relevant provisions, both invoked by Colombia, are
Articles VI and XXXIV. Article VI provides that:
“The aforesaid procedures, furthermore, may not be applied to
matters already settled by arrangement between the parties, or by
arbitral award or by decision of an international court, or which are
governed by agreements or treaties in force on the date of the con-
clusion of the present Treaty.”
Article XXXIV reads as follows:
“If the Court, for the reasons set forth in Articles V, VI and VII of
this Treaty, declares itself to be without jurisdiction to hear the con-
troversy, such controversy shall be declared ended.”
57. These provisions indicate that if the Court were to find that the
matters referred to it by Nicaragua pursuant to Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá had previously been settled by one of the methods spelled out
in Article VI thereof, it would lack the requisite jurisdiction under the
Pact to decide the case.
58. With respect to Article XXXIV of the Pact, the Court recalls that
Colombia considers that, in the present case, the Court should declare
the dispute “ended” in accordance with that provision since, pursuant to
Article VI, it is without jurisdiction. For its part, Nicaragua contends
that, under Article XXXVII of the Pact, the Court should follow the pro-
cedure set down in its Statute and that such a declaration could not, in
any event, be made at the preliminary stage of the proceedings since it
would require the Court to examine the merits of the case.
59. With respect to the arguments made relating to Article XXXIV of
the Pact, the Court recalls that it must apply Article 1 of its Statute,
which states that the Court “shall function in accordance with the pro-
visions of the present Statute”. This approach is also indicated by Arti-
25854 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
par l’article XXXVII du pacte de Bogotá, aux termes duquel «[l]a pro-
cédure que devra suivre la Cour est celle fixée par son Statut». A cet
égard, la Cour note que, à ce stade de l’instance, il s’agit seulement pour
elle de décider, conformément au paragraphe 6 de l’article 36 du Statut, si
elle est compétente pour connaître de l’affaire au fond, et qu’elle ne peut
aller au-delà.
**
4.4. Point de savoir si le traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930
ont réglé les questions en litige entre les Parties
4.4.1. Les arguments des Parties
60. La Cour rappelle que la Colombie affirme que le traité de 1928 a
réglé la question de la souveraineté sur l’ensemble des îles, îlots et cayes
en cause et que le protocole de 1930 a fixé le tracé de la frontière maritime
entre les Parties. La Colombie soutient que la Cour n’a donc aucun dif-
férend à trancher entre les Parties. A son avis, la compétence de la Cour
au titre du pacte de Bogotá est exclue en vertu de l’article VI de celui-ci,
qui dispose que les procédures de règlement des différends énoncées dans
le pacte «ne pourront ... s’appliquer ni aux questions déjà réglées au
moyen d’une entente entre les parties ... ni à celles régies par des accords
ou des traités en vigueur à la date de la signature du présent pacte».
61. Le Nicaragua nie, pour sa part, que le traité de 1928 et le protocole
de 1930 aient réglé le différend entre les Parties. Il soutient tout d’abord
que le traité de 1928 est nul et que, quand bien même il serait valide, une
violation substantielle dudit traité par la Colombie en aurait entraîné la
terminaison. Le Nicaragua affirme ensuite que le traité de 1928 n’indique
pas quels sont les îles, îlots, cayes et récifs qui font partie de l’archipel de
San Andrés et qu’il ne couvre pas toutes les formations maritimes contes-
tées, telles que Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana, ni d’autres formations
maritimes revendiquées par les Parties et qui ne font pas partie de l’archi-
pel de San Andrés. Enfin, le Nicaragua rejette l’assertion de la Colombie
selon laquelle le protocole de 1930 a opéré une délimitation maritime
entre les Parties. Il soutient que la Cour doit encore répondre à toutes les
questions indiquées ci-dessus.
*
4.4.2. La conclusion du traité de 1928 et la signature du protocole
de 1930
62. La Cour rappellera brièvement les circonstances de la conclusion
du traité de 1928 et de la signature du protocole de 1930.
63. Le traité de 1928 fut signé par le Nicaragua et la Colombie le
26 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 854
cle XXXVII of the Pact of Bogotá, which stipulates that “[t]he procedure
to be followed by the Court shall be that established in the Statute
thereof”. In this regard, the Court notes that, at this stage of the pro-
ceedings, it is only deciding, under Article 36, paragraph 6, of the Statute,
whether or not it has jurisdiction to hear the merits of the case and may
not go further.
**
4.4. The Question Whether the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol Settled
the Matters in Dispute between the Parties
4.4.1. Arguments of the Parties
60. The Court recalls that Colombia asserts that the 1928 Treaty set-
tled the issue of sovereignty over all of the islands, islets and cays in ques-
tion and that the 1930 Protocol settled the course of the maritime bound-
ary between the Parties. It contends that consequently there is no dispute
between the Parties to be resolved by the Court. In Colombia’s view, the
Court’s jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá is excluded pursuant to
Article VI thereof which provides that the dispute settlement procedures
set out in the Pact “may not be applied to matters already settled by
arrangement between the parties...o r which are governed by agree-
ments or treaties in force on the date of the conclusion of the present
Treaty”.
61. For its part, Nicaragua denies that the dispute between the Parties
was settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol. Nicaragua argues first
that the 1928 Treaty is not valid and that, even if the Treaty were valid,
it was terminated as a result of a material breach by Colombia. Secondly,
Nicaragua contends that the 1928 Treaty does not indicate which islands,
islets, cays and reefs form part of the San Andrés Archipelago and does
not cover all the maritime features in dispute such as Roncador, Quita-
sueño and Serrana and other maritime features claimed by the Parties
which do not form part of the San Andrés Archipelago. Finally, Nicara-
gua rejects Colombia’s assertion that the 1930 Protocol effected a mari-
time delimitation between the Parties. Nicaragua submits that it remains
necessary for the Court to settle all the above questions.
*
4.4.2. The conclusion of the 1928 Treaty and signature of the 1930
Protocol
62. The Court will briefly recall the factual background of the conclu-
sion of the 1928 Treaty and the signature of the 1930 Protocol.
63. The 1928 Treaty was signed by Nicaragua and Colombia on
26855 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
24 mars 1928. Le protocole d’échange des ratifications fut signé le
5omai 1930. La Colombie promulgua le traité et le protocole par le décret
n 993 du 23 juin 1930, publié dans son Diaro Oficial, et le Nicaragua les
publia dans son Diaro Oficial le 2 juillet 1930.
64. Après la signature du traité de 1928, le Nicaragua proposa d’ajou-
ter à celui-ci, dont l’article premier attribuait à la Colombie l’archipel de
San Andrés, une déclaration aux termes de laquelle ledit archipel «ne
s’étend[ait] pas à l’ouest du 82 degré de longitude Greenwich». La
Colombie accepta l’insertion de cette déclaration dans le protocole de
ratification et informa le Nicaragua qu’elle n’avait pas besoin pour ce
faire de soumettre de nouveau le traité au Congrès colombien.
65. Le traité de 1928 consiste en un préambule et deux articles. Dans le
préambule du traité, la Colombie et le Nicaragua expriment leur volonté
de «mettre un terme au conflit territorial pendant entre elles». Les dis-
positions de fond du traité sont énoncées dans son article premier; l’ar-
ticle II traite des questions relatives à la signature et à la ratification du
traité.
66. Dans le premier paragraphe de l’article premier du traité, la Colom-
bie reconnaît la souveraineté du Nicaragua sur la côte des Mosquitos
entre le cap Gracias a Dios et la rivière San Juan, ainsi que sur les îles
Mangle Grande (Grande Ile du Maïs) et Mangle Chico (Petite Ile du
Maïs) dans l’océan Atlantique. Dans ce même paragraphe, le Nicaragua
reconnaît la souveraineté de la Colombie sur les îles de San Andrés, Pro-
videncia, Santa Catalina, et sur les autres îles, îlots et cayes qui font par-
tie de l’archipel de San Andrés.
67. Le second paragraphe de l’article premier dispose que le traité ne
s’applique pas à Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana, «dont la possession
fait actuellement l’objet d’un litige entre la Colombie et les Etats-Unis
d’Amérique».
68. Le premier paragraphe du protocole de 1930 indique que le traité
de 1928 visait à «mettre un terme à la question pendante entre les deux
républiques au sujet de l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia et de la
côte de Mosquitos nicaraguayenne». Le second paragraphe du protocole
dispose que «l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia, mentionné à l’ae-
ticle premier du traité susmentionné, ne s’étend pas à l’ouest du 82 degré
de longitude Greenwich».
69. Le texte du traité de 1928 fut établi sur la base d’un projet, daté du
18 mars 1925, soumis au ministre des affaires étrangères nicaraguayen
par le ministre plénipotentiaire de Colombie au Nicaragua, qui résuma le
projet et les considérants de la manière suivante:
«Conformément aux entretiens que j’ai eu l’honneur d’avoir avec
Votre Excellence au sujet de l’opportunité de trouver une solution
juste et convenable pour la Colombie et le Nicaragua au différend
qui les oppose concernant la souveraineté territoriale sur la côte de
la Mosquitia, les îles Mangle [îles du Maïs] et l’archipel de San
Andrés et Providencia, ainsi que de la possibilité d’y parvenir par un
27 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 855
24 March 1928. The Protocol of Exchange of Ratifications was signed on
5 May 1930. The Treaty and Protocol were promulgated in Colombia by
Decree No. 993 of 23 June 1930, published in its Diario Oficial, and they
were published in Nicaragua’s Diario Oficial on 2 July 1930.
64. After the signature of the 1928 Treaty, Nicaragua proposed the
addition to the Treaty of a statement to the effect that the Archipelago of
San Andrés, sovereignty over which was attributed to Colombia in Arti-
cle I of the Treaty, did not “extend West of the 82 Greenwich meridian”.
Colombia agreed to the inclusion of the foregoing statement in the Pro-
tocol of Ratification and informed Nicaragua that the addition of the
statement did not require the resubmission of the Treaty to its Congress.
65. The 1928 Treaty consists of a preamble and two articles. In the
preamble to the Treaty, Colombia and Nicaragua express their desire to
put “an end to the territorial dispute pending between them”. The sub-
stantive provisions of the Treaty are set down in Article I thereof; Arti-
cle II deals with matters relating to the signature and ratification of the
Treaty.
66. In the first paragraph of Article I of the Treaty, Colombia recog-
nizes Nicaragua’s sovereignty over the Mosquito Coast between Cape
Gracias a Dios and the San Juan River, as well as over the Mangle
Grande (Great Corn) and Mangle Chico (Little Corn) Islands in the
Atlantic Ocean. In that same paragraph, Nicaragua recognizes Colom-
bia’s sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia, Santa
Catalina, and the other islands, islets and cays that form part of the
Archipelago of San Andrés.
67. The second paragraph of Article I provides that the Treaty does
not apply to Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana, “sovereignty over
which is in dispute between Colombia and the United States of America”.
68. The first paragraph of the 1930 Protocol states that the 1928
Treaty was designed to put “an end to the question pending between
both republics, concerning the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago
and the Nicaraguan Mosquito Coast”. The second paragraph of the Pro-
tocol provides that “the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago men-
tioned in the first article of the said Treaty does not extend west of the
82nd degree of longitude west of Greenwich”.
69. The text of the 1928 Treaty was based on a draft, dated 18 March
1925, presented to the Nicaraguan Foreign Minister by the Minister
Plenipotentiary of Colombia to Nicaragua, who summarized the draft
and the motivating considerations in the following terms:
“According to the verbal discussions I have had the honour to
hold with Your Excellency regarding the advisability of reaching a
fair and decorous solution for Colombia and Nicaragua to the con-
troversy that they may have been having regarding the territorial
sovereignty of the Mosquitia Coast, the Mangle Islands [Corn
Islands] and the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia, and
27856 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
règlement direct et amiable dans le cadre duquel chaque Partie
renoncera à ses prétentions extrêmes, et comme suite à la suggestion
de Votre Excellence tendant à ce que la légation résume ses vues en
la matière dans un projet de traité, j’ai le plaisir de joindre à la pré-
sente le projet en question, dans lequel la Colombie renonce en
faveur du Nicaragua au dominium qu’elle revendique sur la côte de
la Mosquitia, entre la rivière San Juan et Cabo Gracias a Dios, ainsi
que sur les îles Mangle, à savoir la Grande Ile du Maïs et la Petite Ile
du Maïs; en retour, le Nicaragua renonce en faveur de la Colombie,
de manière tout aussi irrévocable et inconditionnelle, aux droits aux-
quels il aspire sur les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Cata-
lina ainsi que sur les autres îles, îlots et cayes qui forment l’archipel.
Cette solution me semble concilier parfaitement les intérêts des
deux pays et constituer le moyen le plus efficace pour mettre un
point final au différend et garantir la pérennité des relations de fra-
ternité et d’amitié qui les unissent.»
70. Le Sénat et la Chambre des représentants de la Colombie approu-
vèrent le traité de 1928 par la loi 93 du 17 novembre 1928. Le préambule
de cette loi présente le traité comme reflétant la volonté de la Colombie et
du Nicaragua de «mettre un terme au conflit territorial pendant entre
eux». En ce qui concerne les concessions obtenues par la Colombie en
vertu du traité, le préambule indique que le traité «consolide définitive-
ment la situation de la République dans l’archipel de San Andrés et Pro-
videncia, car il écarte toute prétention contraire et reconnaît [au] pays, à
titre perpétuel, la souveraineté et la pleine propriété de cette partie impor-
tante de la République». Il énonce que cet accord est «nécessaire et
opportun» en raison des prétentions du Nicaragua sur l’archipel, qui par-
fois sont allées jusqu’à créer des obstacles pour les activités administra-
tives qu’y menait la Colombie. Comme indiqué plus haut, la Colombie
considérait qu’il n’était pas nécessaire de soumettre de nouveau le traité
au Congrès colombien aux fins d’insérer dans le protocole de 1930 la
déclaration selon laquelle l’archipel de San Andrés ne s’étendait pas à
e
l’ouest du 82 degré de longitude Greenwich (voir paragraphe 64).
71. Le Sénat et la Chambre des députés du Nicaragua approuvèrent le
traité de 1928 par la voie d’un décret daté du 6 mars 1930. Le décret dis-
posait que
«ce traité met[tait] fin à la question pendante entre les deux républi-
ques à propos de l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia et de la
Mosquitia nicaraguayenne, étant entendu que l’archipel de
San Andrés mentionné à l’article premier du traité ne s’étend pas à
l’ouest du méridien de 82° de longitude Greenwich...».
72. Le 5 mars 1930, avant la ratification par le Nicaragua du traité
de 1928, le ministre des affaires étrangères du Nicaragua se présenta
devant le Sénat nicaraguayen pour appuyer la ratification de cet instru-
ment et indiqua que, selon le Gouvernement de la Colombie, il n’était pas
28 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 856
the possibility of finding that solution in a direct and friendly settle-
ment in which each Party desists from its extreme claims; and by
virtue of Your Excellency’s suggestion that the Legation summarise
its views on this matter in a Draft treaty, I have pleasure in enclosing
that Draft with this note, in... which Colombia renounces in
favour of Nicaragua the rights of dominion which it claims over the
Mosquitia Coast, between the San Juan river and Cabo Gracias a
Dios, and over the Mangle Islands, that is Great Corn island and
Little Corn island; and Nicaragua, in turn, renounces in favour of
Colombia, also absolutely and unconditionally, the rights it aspires
to over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
and the other islands, islets and cays which form the Archipelago.
I believe that this solution perfectly harmonises the interests of the
two Nations and is the most efficacious for the definitive termination
of the dispute and to secure in a lasting manner, the fraternal rela-
tions of friendship between them.”
70. The Senate and Chamber of Representatives of Colombia approved
the 1928 Treaty by means of Law 93 of 17 November 1928. The preamble
of that Law describes the Treaty as reflecting Colombia’s and Nicara-
gua’s “desire of putting an end to the territorial dispute pending between
them”. In addressing the concessions Colombia gained under the Treaty,
the preamble points out that the Treaty “definitely consolidates the status
of the Republic in the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia,
erasing any pretensions to the contrary, and recognizes our country’s per-
petual sovereignty and right to full domain of that important section of
the Republic”. It declares this arrangement to be “necessary and oppor-
tune” because of Nicaragua’s pretensions to the Archipelago, which at
times reached the point of obstructing Colombia’s administrative activi-
ties there. As noted above, Colombia considered that the insertion into
the 1930 Protocol of the statement that the Archipelago of San Andrés
did not extend west of the 82nd degree of longitude west of Greenwich
did not require the resubmission of the Treaty to its Congress (see para-
graph 64).
71. The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Nicaragua approved the
1928 Treaty by means of a decree, dated 6 March 1930. The decree stated
that
“the Treaty puts an end to the question pending between both
Republics regarding the Archipelago of San Andrés and the Nicara-
guan Mosquitia; understanding that the Archipelago of San Andrés
mentioned in the first clause of the Treaty, does not extend to the
west of Greenwich Meridian 82...”.
72. On 5 March 1930, prior to Nicaragua’s ratification of the 1928
Treaty, Nicaragua’s Minister for Foreign Affairs appeared before the
Nicaraguan Senate in support of the ratification of this Treaty and noted
that, according to the Government of Colombia, the resubmission of the
28857 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
nécessaire de soumettre de nouveau celui-ci au Congrès colombien aux
fins de procéder à «la mise au point délimitant la ligne de séparation». Le
ministre ajouta que le libellé de la disposition relative au méridien incluse
dans le protocole d’échange des ratifications «ne modifiait pas le traité,
parce qu’elle avait seulement pour but d’indiquer une limite entre les
archipels à l’origine du différend et que le Gouvernement colombien avait
déjà accepté cette explication par l’intermédiaire de son ministre plénipo-
tentiaire».
*
4.4.3. Point de savoir si le traité de 1928 était en vigueur en 1948
73. Ainsi que la Cour l’a établi plus haut et afin de déterminer si elle
est compétente, il lui échet à ce stade de trancher le point de savoir si, à
la date de conclusion du pacte de Bogotá en 1948, les questions soulevées
par le Nicaragua en la présente espèce étaient, aux termes de l’article VI
dudit pacte, «régies par des accords ou traités en vigueur», en l’occur-
rence par le traité de 1928 (voir paragraphes 40 et 51 ci-dessus). A cet
effet, il lui faudra en premier lieu examiner si le traité, qui selon la
Colombie aurait réglé les questions qui constituent l’objet du différend,
était en vigueur en 1948.
74. Comme il est indiqué plus haut, la Colombie affirme que la Cour
n’est pas compétente en vertu de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá pour
trancher cette affaire puisque le différend a été réglé par le traité de 1928
et le protocole de 1930, qui étaient en vigueur en 1948. Le Nicaragua sou-
tient quant à lui que le traité est nul ou, à titre subsidiaire, qu’il a pris fin
par suite d’une violation substantielle commise par la Colombie.
75. En ce qui concerne la validité du traité de 1928, le Nicaragua sou-
tient que cet instrument est nul pour deux raisons. Il affirme première-
ment que ce traité a été «signé en flagrante violation de la Constitution
nicaraguayenne de 1911 qui était en vigueur en 1928». A cet égard, le Ni-
caragua considère que la conclusion du traité de 1928 allait à l’encontre
des articles 2 et 3 de sa Constitution de 1911, qui demeura en vigueur
jusqu’en 1939. L’article 2 prévoyait notamment que «ne peuvent être
conclus les traités qui sont contraires à l’indépendance et à l’intégrité de
la nation ou qui portent en quoi que ce soit atteinte à sa souveraineté».
Aux termes de l’article 3, «[l]es autorités publiques ne jouissent que des
pouvoirs qui leur sont expressément conférés par la loi. Toute action de
celles-ci qui excède ces pouvoirs est nulle.» Le Nicaragua affirme deuxiè-
mement que, lors de la conclusion du traité, le pays était occupé militai-
rement par les Etats-Unis et était empêché à la fois de conclure des traités
qui étaient contraires aux intérêts des Etats-Unis et de refuser de conclure
des traités imposés par ceux-ci. Il soutient que la Colombie, consciente de
cette situation, «a profité de l’occupation du Nicaragua par les Etats-
Unis pour lui extorquer la signature du traité de 1928». Le Nicaragua
29 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 857
Treaty to the Colombian Congress was not necessary for the purposes of
“the clarification that demarcated the dividing line”. The Minister added
that the language relating to the meridian to be included in the Protocol
of Exchange of Ratifications “does not reform the Treaty, because it only
intends to indicate a limit between the archipelagos that had been reason
for the dispute and that the Colombian Government had already accepted
that explanation by means of his Minister Plenipotentiary”.
*
4.4.3. The question whether the 1928 Treaty was in force in 1948
73. As the Court has found above, the question whether, on the date
of the conclusion of the Pact of Bogotá in 1948, the matters raised by
Nicaragua were, pursuant to Article VI thereof, “governed by agree-
ments or treaties in force”, namely the 1928 Treaty, is to be decided by
the Court at this stage in order to ascertain whether it has jurisdiction
(see paragraphs 40 and 51 above). For this purpose, the first point for the
Court to consider is whether the Treaty, which Colombia alleges to have
settled the matters constituting the subject-matter of the dispute, was in
force in 1948.
74. As noted above, Colombia contends that the Court lacks jurisdic-
tion by virtue of Article VI to decide this case because the dispute was
settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol, which were in force in
1948. However, Nicaragua claims that the 1928 Treaty is invalid or, in
the alternative, has been terminated due to a material breach by Colom-
bia.
75. With respect to the validity of the 1928 Treaty, Nicaragua con-
tends that the Treaty is invalid for two reasons. It argues first that the
Treaty was “concluded in manifest violation of the Nicaraguan Constitu-
tion of 1911 that was in force in 1928”. In this regard, Nicaragua con-
siders that the conclusion of the 1928 Treaty contravened Articles 2 and
3 of its 1911 Constitution which remained in force until 1939. Article 2
stipulated, inter alia, that “treaties may not be reached that oppose the
independence and integrity of the nation or that in some way affect her
sovereignty . . .”. Article 3 provided that “[p]ublic officials only enjoy
those powers expressly granted to them by Law. Any action of theirs that
exceeds these [powers] is null.” Its second argument is that at the time the
Treaty was concluded, Nicaragua was under military occupation by the
United States and was precluded from concluding treaties that ran con-
trary to the interests of the United States and from rejecting the conclu-
sion of treaties that the United States demanded it to conclude. Nicara-
gua submits that Colombia was aware of this situation and “took
advantage of the US occupation of Nicaragua to extort from her the con-
clusion of the 1928 Treaty”. Nicaragua claims that it remained under the
29858 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
affirme être resté sous l’influence des Etats-Unis même après le retrait des
dernières troupes américaines au début de 1933.
76. La Colombie soutient que l’affirmation du Nicaragua concernant
la nullité du traité de 1928 est sans fondement. Elle fait observer que, à
supposer même que le traité de 1928 ait été incompatible avec la Consti-
tution nicaraguayenne de 1911 ou que le Nicaragua n’ait pas eu la com-
pétence voulue pour conclure librement des traités en raison de l’occupa-
tion par les Etats-Unis, ces arguments n’ont pas été soulevés au cours du
processus de ratification qui s’est déroulé devant le Congrès nicaraguayen
en 1930, pas plus qu’au long des cinquante années qui ont suivi. Elle fait
observer que ces arguments ont en fait été soulevés pour la première fois
en 1980. La Colombie fait en outre observer que, en 1948, lorsque le
pacte de Bogotá fut conclu, le Nicaragua ne formula aucune réserve à
l’égard du traité de 1928, en dépit du fait qu’il était conscient d’en avoir
le droit puisqu’il en formula une portant sur la validité d’une sentence
arbitrale. La Colombie affirme qu’en conséquence le Nicaragua est à pré-
sent empêché de soulever la question de la validité du traité de 1928 et de
son protocole de 1930. A cet égard, la Colombie se fonde sur l’affaire
relative à la Sentence arbitrale rendue par le roi d’Espagne le 23 décembre
1906 (Honduras c. Nicaragua) , dans laquelle la Cour a jugé que le fait
pour le Nicaragua, après avoir pris connaissance des termes de la sen-
tence arbitrale, d’avoir omis pendant six ans de mettre en cause la validité
de celle-ci l’avait privé du droit d’invoquer ultérieurement un tel défaut
de validité (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1960 , p. 213-214).
77. La Cour rappelle que l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá exclut l’appli-
cation de toutes les procédures prévues par celui-ci aux «questions déjà
réglées au moyen d’une entente entre les parties, ou d’une décision arbi-
trale ou d’une décision d’un tribunal international, [et] à celles régies par
des accords ou traités en vigueur à la date de la signature du présent
pacte». Une décision peut se révéler nécessaire afin de déterminer quelles
sont les questions réglées ou non au sens de l’article VI. Cependant, cette
disposition visait clairement à empêcher que de telles procédures, et en
particulier les voies de recours de nature judiciaire, pussent être utilisées
afin de rouvrir des questions déjà réglées entre les parties au pacte par
une décision judiciaire internationale ou par un traité. En ratifiant le
pacte, les Etats ont envisagé la possibilité de soumettre aux procédures
prévues par celui-ci des questions non encore ainsi réglées.
78. Les Etats parties au pacte de Bogotá devaient avoir considéré que
les questions réglées par un traité ou par une décision judiciaire interna-
tionale étaient définitivement résolues, sauf réserve spécifique formulée à
cet égard au titre des articles LIV et LV du pacte. Lorsqu’il est devenu
partie au pacte de Bogotá, c’est-à-dire l’instrument qu’il invoque à pré-
sent comme base de compétence, le Nicaragua ne formula aucune réserve
concernant le traité de 1928, alors qu’il assortit le pacte d’une réserve
s’agissant des décisions arbitrales dont il contestait la validité. La Cour
relève qu’il n’existe aucune preuve que les Etats parties au pacte de
Bogotá de 1948, y compris le Nicaragua, auraient considéré le traité
30 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 858
influence of the United States even after the withdrawal of the last United
States troops at the beginning of 1933.
76. Colombia maintains that Nicaragua’s assertion relating to the
invalidity of the 1928 Treaty is unfounded. Colombia observes that, even
assuming that the 1928 Treaty was incompatible with Nicaragua’s 1911
Constitution or that Nicaragua lacked competence to freely conclude
treaties due to occupation by the United States, these claims were not
raised during the ratification process in the Nicaraguan Congress in 1930,
nor for some 50 years thereafter. It points out that, in fact, these argu-
ments were raised for the first time in 1980. Colombia further notes that
in 1948, when the Pact of Bogotá was concluded, Nicaragua made no res-
ervation with regard to the 1928 Treaty, despite the fact that Nicaragua
knew that it had the right to make such a reservation and made a reserva-
tion with regard to the validity of an arbitral award. Finally, Colombia
contends that, as a consequence, Nicaragua is now precluded from rais-
ing the question of the validity of the 1928 Treaty and its 1930 Protocol.
In this regard, Colombia relies on the case concerning the Arbitral Award
Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicara-
gua) in which the Court ruled that Nicaragua’s failure to question the
validity of the Arbitral Award for six years after the terms of the Award
had become known to it precluded Nicaragua from relying subsequently
on allegations of invalidity (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960 , pp. 213-214).
77. The Court recalls that Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá excludes
from the application of all the procedures provided for in the Pact “mat-
ters already settled by arrangement between the parties, or by arbitral
award or by decision of an international court, or which are governed by
agreements or treaties in force on the date of the conclusion of the
present Treaty”. What matters are or are not settled within the terms of
Article VI may require determination. However, the clear purpose of this
provision was to preclude the possibility of using those procedures, and
in particular judicial remedies, in order to reopen such matters as were
settled between the parties to the Pact, because they had been the object
of an international judicial decision or a treaty. When ratifying the Pact,
States envisaged bringing within its procedures matters not yet so settled.
78. States parties to the Pact of Bogotá would have considered that
matters settled by a treaty or international judicial decision had been
definitively resolved unless a specific reservation relating thereto was
made under Articles LIV and LV of the Pact. Nicaragua did not enter
any reservation regarding the 1928 Treaty when it became a party to the
Pact of Bogotá, the treaty it now invokes as a basis of jurisdiction,
although it did enter a reservation with regard to arbitral decisions the
validity of which it contested. The Court notes that there is no evidence
that the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá of 1948, including Nicara-
gua, considered the 1928 Treaty to be invalid. On 25 May 1932, Nicara-
30859 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
de 1928 comme nul. Le 25 mai 1932, le Nicaragua fit enregistrer le traité
et le protocole par la Société des Nations comme un accord obligatoire,
conformément à l’article 18 du Pacte de la Société des Nations, la Colom-
bie ayant déjà fait enregistrer le traité le 16 août 1930.
79. La Cour rappelle que le Nicaragua a argué de la «nullité et [de]
l’absence de validité» du traité de 1928 pour la première fois dans une
déclaration officielle et un livre blanc publiés le 4 février 1980 (voir para-
graphe 28 ci-dessus). La Cour note donc que, pendant plus de cinquante
ans, le Nicaragua a considéré le traité de 1928 comme valide et n’a jamais
prétendu ne pas être lié par celui-ci, même après le retrait des dernières
troupes des Etats-Unis au début de 1933. Jamais pendant ces cinquante
années, même après être devenu Membre de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies en 1945 et avoir rejoint l’Organisation des Etats américains
en 1948, il n’a prétendu que ce traité aurait été nul pour quelque raison
que ce soit, y compris pour avoir été conclu en violation de sa Constitu-
tion ou sous la contrainte de l’étranger. Au contraire, le Nicaragua a de
manière significative, à diverses reprises, agi comme si le traité de 1928
était valide. Ainsi, en 1969, en réponse à l’affirmation de la Colombie
selon laquelle le 82 méridien, mentionné dans le protocole de 1930, cons-
tituait la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats, le Nicaragua n’invoqua
pas l’absence de validité du traité, mais soutint au contraire que le traité
de 1928 et le protocole de 1930 n’avaient pas opéré de délimitation mari-
time. De même, en 1971, dans le cadre des démarches qu’il effectua auprès
des Etats-Unis pour réserver ses droits sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Ser-
rana, le Nicaragua ne mit pas en question la validité du traité de 1928.
80. En conséquence, la Cour estime que le Nicaragua ne peut pas à
présent affirmer que le traité de 1928 n’était pas en vigueur en 1948.
81. Compte tenu de tout ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que le traité
de 1928 était valide et en vigueur à la date de la conclusion du pacte de
Bogotá en 1948, date à retenir aux fins de déterminer si les dispositions de
l’article VI de ce pacte, qui prévoient une exception à la compétence
dévolue à la Cour en vertu de son article XXXI, trouvent à s’appliquer.
82. La Cour rappelle que le Nicaragua affirme que, même si le traité
de 1928 était valide, il a pris fin en raison de l’interprétation que la
Colombie en a faite en 1969, interprétation que le Nicaragua qualifie de
violation substantielle du traité. La Colombie s’oppose à cette affir-
mation.
La Cour considère que la question de savoir si le traité a pris fin
en 1969 est sans pertinence quant à sa compétence, étant donné que
le point déterminant, aux termes de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá, est ce-
lui de savoir si le traité de 1928 était en vigueur à la date de la signa-
ture dudit pacte, c’est-à-dire en 1948, et non en 1969. La Cour n’a donc
pas à examiner, aux fins d’établir si elle a compétence, la question de la
prétendue terminaison en 1969 du traité de 1928 (voir paragraphe 89
ci-après).
*
31 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 859
gua registered the Treaty and Protocol with the League of Nations as a
binding agreement, pursuant to Article 18 of the Covenant of the League,
Colombia having already registered the Treaty on 16 August 1930.
79. The Court recalls that Nicaragua advanced “the nullity and lack of
validity” of the 1928 Treaty for the first time in an official declaration
and White Paper published on 4 February 1980 (see paragraph 28 above).
The Court thus notes that, for more than 50 years, Nicaragua has treated
the 1928 Treaty as valid and never contended that it was not bound by
the Treaty, even after the withdrawal of the last United States troops at
the beginning of 1933. At no time in those 50 years, even after it became
a Member of the United Nations in 1945 and even after it joined the
Organization of American States in 1948, did Nicaragua contend that the
Treaty was invalid for whatever reason, including that it had been con-
cluded in violation of its Constitution or under foreign coercion. On the
contrary, Nicaragua has, in significant ways, acted as if the 1928 Treaty
was valid. Thus, in 1969, when Nicaragua responded to Colombia’s claim
that the 82nd meridian, referred to in the 1930 Protocol, constituted the
maritime boundary between the two States, Nicaragua did not invoke the
invalidity of the Treaty but argued instead that the 1928 Treaty and 1930
Protocol did not effect a maritime delimitation. Similarly, in 1971 when
Nicaragua made representations to the United States reserving its rights
over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana, it did not call into question the
validity of the 1928 Treaty.
80. The Court thus finds that Nicaragua cannot today be heard to
assert that the 1928 Treaty was not in force in 1948.
81. In light of all the foregoing, the Court finds that the 1928 Treaty
was valid and in force on the date of the conclusion of the Pact of Bogotá
in 1948, the date by reference to which the Court must decide on the
applicability of the provisions of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá setting
out an exception to the Court’s jurisdiction under Article XXXI thereof.
82. The Court recalls that Nicaragua argues that, even if the 1928
Treaty was valid, it has been terminated due to Colombia’s interpretation
of the Treaty in 1969, which Nicaragua characterized as a material
breach thereof. This contention is denied by Colombia.
The Court considers that the question whether the Treaty was termi-
nated in 1969 is not relevant to the question of its jurisdiction since what
is determinative, under Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá, is whether the
1928 Treaty was in force on the date of the conclusion of the Pact, i.e. in
1948, and not in 1969. Accordingly, there is no need for the Court to
address the question of the purported termination of the 1928 Treaty in
1969 for the purposes of the ascertainment of its jurisdiction (see para-
graph 89 below).
*
31860 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
4.4.4. Analyse de l’exception préliminaire en relation avec les différents
éléments du différend
83. Ayant établi que le traité de 1928 était en vigueur en 1948, la Cour
se penchera à présent sur la question de savoir si le traité et son protocole
de 1930 ont réglé les points litigieux entre les Parties et si, par conséquent,
elle a compétence en l’affaire en vertu de l’article XXXI du pacte. La
Cour rappelle qu’elle a conclu plus haut que les Parties s’opposent au
fond sur deux points, à savoir, premièrement, la souveraineté territoriale
sur des îles et d’autres formations maritimes et, deuxièmement, le tracé de
la frontière maritime entre les Parties (voir paragraphe 42).
84. La Cour note que les Parties ne s’entendent pas sur la question de
savoir si le traité de 1928 a réglé divers points relatifs à la souveraineté
territoriale, à savoir la souveraineté sur les trois îles de l’archipel de San
Andrés expressément mentionnées dans ledit traité, l’étendue et la com-
position du reste de l’archipel de San Andrés ainsi que la souveraineté sur
Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Les Parties sont également en désac-
cord sur la question de savoir si le protocole de 1930 a opéré une délimi-
tation maritime entre elles.
85. La Cour estime qu’il y a lieu d’examiner, pour chacun des points
mentionnés ci-dessus, s’il a été réglé par le traité de 1928 et le protocole
de 1930. Elle rappelle à cet égard qu’elle-même et sa devancière ont déjà
statué sur le bien-fondé d’une exception préliminaire au regard des diffé-
rents éléments du différend pris séparément (voir Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(République de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo), excep-
tions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 , p. 596-597, par. 31-33, et
p. 617-618, par. 98; Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique
d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), exception préliminaire, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) , p. 810, par. 17, et p. 821, par. 55; Compagnie
d’électricité de Sofia et de Bulgarie (Belgique c. Bulgarie), arrêt, 1939,
C.P.J.I. série A/B n° 77, p. 76-77 et 84).
*
4.4.5. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la question de la
souveraineté sur les îles de l’archipel de San Andrés nommément
désignées
86. La Cour commencera par examiner si le traité de 1928 a réglé la
question de la souveraineté sur les trois îles de l’archipel de San Andrés
qui sont expressément nommées au premier paragraphe de l’article pre-
mier du traité de 1928. Ce paragraphe dispose notamment que «[l]a
République de Nicaragua reconnaît la souveraineté pleine et entière de la
RépubliquedeColombiesurlesîlesdeSanAndrés,Providencia,SantaCata-
lina, et sur les autres îles, îlots et récifs qui font partie de l’archipel de San
Andrés».
87. Selon la Colombie, l’article premier du traité de 1928 établit clai-
rement qu’elle a la souveraineté sur les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et
32 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 860
4.4.4. Examining the preliminary objection in relation to different
elements of the dispute
83. Having established that the 1928 Treaty was in force in 1948, the
Court will now turn to the question whether the Treaty and its 1930 Pro-
tocol settled the matters in dispute between the Parties and consequently
whether the Court has jurisdiction in the case under Article XXXI of the
Pact. The Court recalls that it has concluded above that there are two
questions in dispute between the Parties on the merits: first, territorial
sovereignty over islands and other maritime features and, second, the
course of the maritime boundary between the Parties (see paragraph 42).
84. The Court notes that the Parties disagree about whether various
matters relating to territorial sovereignty were settled by the 1928 Treaty,
namely sovereignty over the three islands of the San Andrés Archipelago
expressly named in the Treaty, the scope and composition of the rest of
the San Andrés Archipelago and sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño
and Serrana. The Parties also disagree about whether the 1930 Protocol
effected a maritime delimitation between them.
85. The Court finds it appropriate to examine in turn whether each
matter listed above has been settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Proto-
col. In this regard, the Court recalls that it and its predecessor have
already considered the well-foundedness of a preliminary objection in
relation to different elements of the dispute, taken separately (see Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the
Congo), Preliminary Objections , Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, pp. 596-
597, paras. 31-33 and, pp. 617-618, para. 98; Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objection,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 810, para. 17, and p. 821, para. 55;
Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria (Belgium v. Bulgaria), Judg-
ment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 77 , pp. 76-77 and 84).
*
4.4.5. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over the named islands of the San Andrés Archipelago
86. The Court will begin by examining whether the 1928 Treaty settled
the question of sovereignty over the three islands of the San Andrés
Archipelago expressly named in the first paragraph of Article I of the
1928 Treaty. That paragraph states, inter alia, that: “[t]he Republic of
Nicaragua recognises the full and entire sovereignty of the Republic of
Colombia over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia, Santa Catalina
and over the other islands, islets and reefs forming part of the San
Andrés Archipelago”.
87. In Colombia’s view, Article I of the 1928 Treaty clearly establishes
that it has sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and
32861 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
Santa Catalina. Le Nicaragua reconnaît quant à lui que l’article premier
du traité de 1928 dispose que la Colombie a la souveraineté sur l’archipel
de San Andrés et que ledit archipel comprend les trois îles nommément
désignées. Il affirme toutefois que le traité est nul ou qu’il a pris fin et
que, par conséquent, son article premier n’a pas de valeur juridique.
88. La Cour considère qu’il ressort clairement des termes de l’article
premier du traité de 1928 que ce traité a réglé, au sens de l’article VI du
pacte de Bogotá, la question de la souveraineté sur les îles de San Andrés,
Providencia et Santa Catalina. De l’avis de la Cour, il n’est pas nécessaire
d’interpréter plus avant le traité de 1928 pour tirer cette conclusion et la
question ne comporte aucun aspect que seul un examen au fond puisse
élucider.
89. La Cour a examiné, aux paragraphes 79 à 81 ci-dessus, l’affirma-
tion du Nicaragua selon laquelle le traité de 1928 est nul. Quant à l’asser-
tion additionnelle du Nicaragua selon laquelle le traité de 1928 a pris fin
par suite d’une violation substantielle due à l’interprétation de ce texte
adoptée par la Colombie à partir de 1969, la Cour, comme elle l’a indiqué
plus haut au paragraphe 82, n’examinera pas à ce stade cette question,
puisqu’elle est sans utilité pour trancher celle de sa compétence sur la
base de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá. Même si la Cour devait juger que
le traité de 1928 a pris fin, comme le prétend le Nicaragua, cela ne chan-
gerait rien à la souveraineté de la Colombie sur les îles de San Andrés,
Providencia et Santa Catalina. La Cour rappelle que c’est un principe de
droit international qu’un régime territorial établi par traité «acquiert une
permanence que le traité lui-même ne connaît pas nécessairement» et que
la persistance de ce régime ne dépend pas de la survie du traité par lequel
ledit régime a été convenu (Différend territorial (Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne/Tchad), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1994 , p. 37, par. 72-73).
90. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour juge qu’elle peut, à ce
stade de la procédure, considérer comme tranchée la question des trois
îles de l’archipel de San Andrés expressément nommées au premier para-
graphe de l’article premier du traité de 1928. Cette question a été réglée
par le traité. Par conséquent, l’article VI du pacte est applicable sur ce
point et la Cour n’est pas compétente en vertu de l’article XXXI du pacte
de Bogotá pour connaître de la question de la souveraineté sur les trois
îles concernées. La Cour retient donc la première exception préliminaire
soulevée par la Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à sa compétence pour
connaître de la question de la souveraineté sur les îles de San Andrés,
Providencia et Santa Catalina.
*
4.4.6. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la question de
l’étendue et de la composition du reste de l’archipel de San Andrés
91. La Cour examinera à présent le point de savoir si le traité de 1928
a réglé, au sens de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá, la question de la sou-
33 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 861
Santa Catalina. For its part, Nicaragua acknowledges that Article I of
the 1928 Treaty stipulates that Colombia has sovereignty over the Archi-
pelago of San Andrés and recognizes that the Archipelago includes the
three named islands. However, it contends that the Treaty is invalid or
has been terminated and that therefore Article I has no legal value.
88. The Court considers that it is clear on the face of the text of Arti-
cle I that the matter of sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Provi-
dencia and Santa Catalina has been settled by the 1928 Treaty within the
meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá. In the Court’s view there is
no need to go further into the interpretation of the Treaty to reach that
conclusion and there is nothing relating to this issue that could be ascer-
tained only on the merits.
89. Nicaragua’s contention that the 1928 Treaty is invalid, has been
dealt with by the Court in paragraphs 79 to 81 above. With regard to
Nicaragua’s further assertion that the 1928 Treaty has been terminated
by material breach due to the interpretation adopted by Colombia from
1969 onwards, as the Court stated in paragraph 82 above, that issue will
not be addressed by the Court at this stage since it is not relevant to the
question of its jurisdiction by reference to Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá. Even if the Court were to find that the 1928 Treaty has been ter-
minated, as claimed by Nicaragua, this would not affect the sovereignty
of Colombia over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina. The Court recalls that it is a principle of international law that
a territorial régime established by treaty “achieves a permanence which
the treaty itself does not necessarily enjoy” and the continued existence of
that régime is not dependent upon the continuing life of the treaty under
which the régime is agreed (Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jama-
hiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994 , p. 37, paras. 72-73).
90. In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that it can dispose of
the issue of the three islands of the San Andrés Archipelago expressly
named in the first paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty at the current
stage of the proceedings. That matter has been settled by the Treaty.
Consequently, Article VI of the Pact is applicable on this point and there-
fore the Court does not have jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá over the question of sovereignty over the three named islands.
Accordingly, the Court upholds the first preliminary objection raised by
Colombia in so far as it concerns the Court’s jurisdiction as regards the
question of sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and
Santa Catalina.
*
4.4.6. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of the scope
and composition of the rest of the San Andrés Archipelago
91. The Court now turns to examine whether the 1928 Treaty settled,
within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá, the question of
33862 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
veraineté sur les formations maritimes qui ne sont pas expressément men-
tionnées au premier paragraphe de son article premier.
92. La Colombie affirme que, d’un point de vue géographique et his-
torique, l’archipel de San Andrés était «réputé comprendre le chapelet
d’îles, cayes, îlots et bancs s’étendant d’Albuquerque au sud jusqu’à Ser-
ranilla et Bajo Nuevo au nord — y compris les Islas Mangles (îles du
Maïs) — ainsi que les espaces maritimes en dépendant». Elle fait valoir
que, aux termes de l’article premier du traité, le Nicaragua reconnaît la
souveraineté de la Colombie non seulement sur San Andrés, Providencia
et Santa Catalina, mais également sur «tous les autres îles, îlots et cayes
qui font partie de l’archipel de San Andrés». La Colombie fait également
observer que l’article premier du traité dispose que le Nicaragua a la sou-
veraineté sur les îles du Maïs et note que, par conséquent, l’archipel de
San Andrés, tel qu’il est défini depuis 1928, ne comprend pas ces îles.
93. La Colombie estime que l’archipel, tel qu’il est défini dans le traité
de 1928, comprend, outre San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina,
ainsi que les cayes en dépendant,
«les cayes de Roncador (y compris Dry Rocks), Quitasueño, Ser-
rana (y compris North Cay, Little Cay, Narrow Cay, South Cay,
East Cay et Southwest Cay), de Serranilla (y compris Beacon Cay,
East Cay, Middle Cay, West Breaker et Northeast Breaker), de Bajo
Nuevo (y compris Bajo Nuevo Cay, East Reef et West Reef), d’Albu-
querque (y compris North Cay, South Cay et Dry Rock) et le groupe
de cayes de l’Est-Sud-Est (y compris Bolivar Cay ou Middle Cay,
West Cay, Sand Cay et East Cay), ainsi que d’autres îlots, cayes,
bancs et atolls adjacents».
Pour étayer ses prétentions, la Colombie renvoie à un encart qui figure
sur une carte officielle colombienne datant de 1931 et montre l’archipel
de San Andrés et Providencia comme comprenant les îles de San Andrés,
Providencia et Santa Catalina ainsi que les cayes de Roncador, Quita-
sueño, Serrana, Serranilla, Bajo Nuevo, Albuquerque et Est-Sud-Est. La
Colombie fait observer que le Nicaragua n’éleva pas de protestation
contre cette carte.
94. Le Nicaragua relève que l’article premier du traité de 1928, s’il dis-
pose que San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina font partie de
l’archipel de San Andrés, ne précise cependant pas quels «autres îlots et
récifs» en font aussi partie. Le Nicaragua note que, conformément au
protocole de 1930, l’archipel ne s’étend pas à l’ouest du 82 méridien. Il
signale toutefois que le traité ne donne aucune indication concernant les
limites septentrionales ou méridionales de l’archipel. Le Nicaragua fait
valoir que l’archipel de San Andrés «comprend uniquement les îles de
San Andrés et de Providencia et les îlots et cayes adjacents, mais non,
entre autres, les formations dénommées Serrana, Roncador, Quitasueño,
Serranilla et Bajo Nuevo».
95. Le Nicaragua prétend que les revendications présentées par la
Colombie sur d’autres formations maritimes que San Andrés, Providen-
34 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 862
sovereignty over the maritime features which are not expressly mentioned
in the first paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty.
92. Colombia contends that geographically and historically the Archi-
pelago of San Andrés was “understood as comprising the string of
islands, cays, islets and banks stretching from Albuquerque in the south
to Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo in the north — including the Islas Mangles
(Corn Islands) — and the appurtenant maritime areas”. Colombia points
out that, under the terms of Article I of the Treaty, Nicaragua recognizes
Colombia’s sovereignty not only over San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina but also over “all the other islands, islets and cays that form
part of the... Archipelago of San Andrés”. Colombia also observes that
Article I of the Treaty provided that Nicaragua has sovereignty over the
Corn Islands and notes that consequently the Archipelago of San Andrés
as defined from 1928 onwards did not include those islands.
93. In Colombia’s view, other than San Andrés, Providencia and
Santa Catalina and appurtenant cays, the Archipelago as defined in the
1928 Treaty includes
“the Cays of Roncador (including Dry Rocks), Quitasueño, Serrana
(including North Cay, Little Cay, Narrow Cay, South Cay, East Cay
and Southwest Cay), Serranilla (including Beacon Cay, East Cay,
Middle Cay, West Breaker and Northeast Breaker), Bajo Nuevo
(including Bajo Nuevo Cay, East Reef and West Reef), Albuquerque
(including North Cay, South Cay and Dry Rock), and the group of
Cays of the East-Southeast... (including Bolivar Cay or Middle
Cay, West Cay, Sand Cay and East Cay), as well as by other adja-
cent islets, cays, banks and atolls”.
In support of its claims, Colombia refers to an inset on an official map of
Colombia from 1931, showing the Archipelago of San Andrés and Provi-
dencia as including the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina as well as the Roncador, Quitasueño, Serrana, Serranilla, Bajo
Nuevo, Albuquerque and East-Southeast Cays. Colombia notes that
Nicaragua did not protest against that map.
94. Nicaragua observes that, while Article I of the 1928 Treaty stipu-
lates that San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina form part of the
San Andrés Archipelago, it does not define which “other islets and reefs”
are included in the Archipelago. Nicaragua notes that, according to the
1930 Protocol, the Archipelago does not extend west of the 82nd meri-
dian. It points out, however, that the Treaty does not give any indication
as to the northern or southern limits of the Archipelago. Nicaragua sub-
mits that the Archipelago of San Andrés “only includes the islands of San
Andrés and Providencia and adjacent islets and cays, but does not
include, among others, the features of Serrana, Roncador, Quitasueño,
Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo”.
95. Nicaragua contends that the claims made by Colombia to mari-
time features, other than San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
34863 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
cia et Santa Catalina concernent «quelques groupes de très petites îles
sans lien entre elles et séparées les unes des autres par des centaines de
kilomètres» et que, géographiquement et géomorphologiquement, ces
formations sont distinctes et ne forment pas un tout. Il fait valoir que,
conformément à la pratique suivie à l’époque de la conclusion du traité
de 1928, ces formations ne constituaient pas non plus un archipel au sens
juridique. En ce qui concerne la carte de 1931 sur laquelle s’appuie la
Colombie, le Nicaragua note qu’elle n’indique pas avec précision quelles
formations composent l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia.
96. La Cour rappelle que les Parties s’accordent à considérer que
l’archipel de San Andrés comprend les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et
Santa Catalina ainsi que des îlots et des cayes adjacents. Les Parties sont
toutefois en désaccord sur la question de savoir quelles autres formations
maritimes font partie de l’archipel.
97. La Cour estime qu’il ressort très clairement du libellé du premier
paragraphe de l’article premier du traité de 1928 que celui-ci ne répond
pas à la question de savoir quelles sont, en dehors des îles de San Andrés,
Providencia et Santa Catalina, les formations maritimes qui font partie
de l’archipel de San Andrés, sur lequel la Colombie a souveraineté. Dans
ces conditions, cette question n’a pas été réglée au sens de l’article VI du
pacte de Bogotá et la Cour est compétente en vertu de l’article XXXI de
ce pacte. La Cour ne peut donc retenir la première exception préliminaire
soulevée par la Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à sa compétence pour
connaître de la question de la souveraineté sur les formations maritimes,
autres que les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina, qui font
partie de l’archipel de San Andrés.
*
4.4.7. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la question de la
souveraineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana
98. La Cour doit ensuite répondre à la question de savoir si la souve-
raineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana a été réglée par le traité
de 1928 au sens de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá. Le second paragraphe
de l’article premier du traité de 1928 dispose que «[l]e présent traité ne
s’applique pas aux récifs de Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana, dont la
possession fait actuellement l’objet d’un litige entre la Colombie et les
Etats-Unis d’Amérique».
99. La Colombie indique que le traité de 1928 a exclu de son champ
d’application Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana parce que ceux-ci fai-
saient l’objet d’un litige entre elle-même et les Etats-Unis. Elle prétend
que ces trois formations maritimes font partie de l’archipel de San Andrés
et que c’est précisément pour cette raison que le second paragraphe de
l’article premier fut inséré dans le traité. Cette disposition s’explique,
selon elle, uniquement par la nécessité d’exclure Roncador, Quitasueño et
Serrana du champ d’application de la reconnaissance de la souveraineté
35 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 863
relate to “a few groups of very small islands, without any connection,
lying hundreds of kilometres apart” and that, geographically and geo-
morphologically, these features are separate and do not form a single
unit. Nicaragua claims that, according to the practice prevailing when the
1928 Treaty was concluded, these features did not form an archipelago in
legal terms either. With reference to the 1931 map relied upon by Colom-
bia, Nicaragua notes that the map does not indicate precisely which fea-
tures are included in the Archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia.
96. The Court recalls that there is agreement between the Parties that
the San Andrés Archipelago includes the islands of San Andrés, Provi-
dencia and Santa Catalina as well as adjacent islets and cays. However,
the Parties disagree as to which maritime features other than those
named islands form part of the Archipelago.
97. The Court considers that it is clear on the face of the text of the
first paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty that its terms do not pro-
vide the answer to the question as to which maritime features apart from
the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina form part of
the San Andrés Archipelago over which Colombia has sovereignty. That
being so, this matter has not been settled within the meaning of Arti-
cle VI of the Pact of Bogotá and the Court has jurisdiction under Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. Therefore, the Court cannot uphold the
first preliminary objection raised by Colombia in so far as it concerns the
Court’s jurisdiction as regards the question of sovereignty over the mari-
time features forming part of the San Andrés Archipelago, save for the
islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina.
*
4.4.7. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of
sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana
98. The next question for the Court to answer is whether the issue of
sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana has been settled by
the 1928 Treaty within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá.
The second paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty states that “[t]he
present Treaty does not apply to the reefs of Roncador, Quitasueño and
Serrana, sovereignty over which is in dispute between Colombia and the
United States of America”.
99. Colombia notes that the 1928 Treaty provided that it did not
apply to Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana because they were in dis-
pute between itself and the United States. It contends that those three
maritime features form part of the San Andrés Archipelago and submits
that the second paragraph of Article I was included in the Treaty pre-
cisely for that reason. In Colombia’s view, that provision is only expli-
cable on the basis that it was necessary to put Roncador, Quitasueño
and Serrana outside of the reach of the recognition of Colombian sov-
35864 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
colombienne sur l’archipel de San Andrés figurant au premier paragraphe
de l’article premier.
100. La Colombie fait valoir que, en acceptant le texte du second para-
graphe de l’article premier du traité de 1928, le Nicaragua a reconnu qu’il
n’avait aucune revendication de souveraineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño
et Serrana et que la Colombie et les Etats-Unis étaient les seuls «préten-
dants» possibles à cet égard. Elle relève que le second paragraphe de
l’article premier ne fait mention d’aucun différend relatif à une revendica-
tion ou un droit du Nicaragua sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana, et
estime inconcevable que, si celui-ci avait eu la moindre prétention à
l’égard de ces trois formations maritimes, il n’en ait même pas fait état au
cours des négociations qui précédèrent la conclusion du traité de 1928.
Elle souligne en outre que le Nicaragua n’a revendiqué la souveraineté
sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana qu’en 1971, date à laquelle la
Colombie et les Etats-Unis ouvrirent des négociations sur un traité relatif
à ces trois formations. La Colombie affirme que la renonciation par les
Etats-Unis, dans le traité Vásquez-Saccio de 1972, à leurs prétentions sur
Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana (voir paragraphe 25 ci-dessus), a
emporté sa souveraineté sur ces trois formations maritimes et, partant,
sur l’ensemble de l’archipel de San Andrés.
101. Le Nicaragua prétend que le traité de 1928, même s’il est valide et
en vigueur, n’a pas réglé le différend de souveraineté qui l’oppose à la
Colombie sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana, puisque cette question
fut expressément exclue de son champ d’application. Le Nicaragua
conteste l’allégation de la Colombie selon laquelle l’archipel de
San Andrés, ou la définition qui en est donnée dans le traité de 1928,
engloberait Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Il soutient que, à l’origine,
l’archipel n’était pas réputé comprendre ces trois formations et indique
que celles-ci sont très éloignées des îles nommément désignées à l’article
premier du traité de 1928. Le Nicaragua fait valoir que le fait que le traité
de 1928 mentionne Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana ne signifie pas que
ces formations font partie de l’archipel de San Andrés étant donné que le
traité porte, de manière générale, sur des «questions territoriales» entre
la Colombie et le Nicaragua, sans se limiter à l’archipel de San Andrés.
102. Le Nicaragua conteste avoir renoncé à sa revendication de sou-
veraineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana en acceptant l’inclusion
du second paragraphe de l’article premier dans le texte du traité de 1928.
Il note que, si le but était de le forcer à renoncer à ses droits, cela aurait
pu être affirmé d’une façon beaucoup plus explicite. Le Nicaragua précise
qu’en 1971, au cours de la négociation du traité Vásquez-Saccio, il
réserva ses droits sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. Il rappelle que, à
la suite de la signature du traité, son Assemblée nationale approuva une
déclaration solennelle de souveraineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Ser-
rana, et que son gouvernement éleva une protestation officielle auprès des
Gouvernements de la Colombie et des Etats-Unis (voir paragraphes 24 et
27 ci-dessus).
103. Le Nicaragua conteste également que le traité Vásquez-Saccio
36 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 864
ereignty over the San Andrés Archipelago contained in the first para-
graph of Article I.
100. Colombia submits that by agreeing to the inclusion of the second
paragraph of Article I of the 1928 Treaty, Nicaragua recognized that it
did not have any claim to sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and
Serrana and that the only possible “claimants” were Colombia or the
United States. Colombia notes that there is no mention in the second
paragraph of Article I of any dispute over Roncador, Quitasueño and
Serrana involving a Nicaraguan claim or right and it considers that it is
not conceivable that, had Nicaragua had any claim to those three mari-
time features, it would have refrained from at least mentioning it during
the negotiation of the 1928 Treaty. It further points out that Nicaragua
did not assert a claim of sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Ser-
rana until 1971 when Colombia and the United States began negotiating
a treaty regarding those three features. Colombia submits that the result
of the renunciation by the United States of its claims to Roncador, Quita-
sueño and Serrana in the 1972 Vásquez-Saccio Treaty (see paragraph 25
above) was that Colombia had sovereignty over those three maritime fea-
tures and thus over the whole of the San Andrés Archipelago.
101. Nicaragua contends that, even if the 1928 Treaty is valid and in
force, it did not settle the dispute between Colombia and Nicaragua con-
cerning sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana since the
matter was expressly excluded from the scope of that Treaty. Nicaragua
disputes Colombia’s claim that the San Andrés Archipelago or the defini-
tion of the San Andrés Archipelago in the 1928 Treaty includes Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño and Serrana. It submits that, historically, the Archi-
pelago was not considered to include those three features and notes that
they are situated at a great distance from the islands mentioned by name
in Article I of the 1928 Treaty. Nicaragua argues that the fact that the
1928 Treaty mentions Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana does not mean
that those features are part of the San Andrés Archipelago since the 1928
Treaty deals generally with “territorial questions” between Colombia and
Nicaragua and not just the San Andrés Archipelago.
102. Nicaragua denies that it relinquished its claim to sovereignty over
Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana by agreeing to the inclusion of the
second paragraph of Article I in the text of the 1928 Treaty. It notes that,
if the intention had been for Nicaragua to renounce its claim, this could
have been stated in a much more explicit manner. Nicaragua adds that it
reserved its rights over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana in 1971 dur-
ing the negotiation of the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty and recalls that, follow-
ing the signing of the Treaty, its National Assembly passed a formal
declaration of sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana and
the Government made a formal protest to the Governments of Colombia
and the United States (see paragraphs 24 and 27 above).
103. Nicaragua also denies that the 1972 Vásquez-Saccio Treaty con-
36865 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
de 1972 ait constitué une reconnaissance par les Etats-Unis de la souve-
raineté colombienne. Il prétend que, en renonçant à leurs droits sur Ron-
cador, Quitasueño et Serrana, les Etats-Unis ne reconnaissaient pas ceux
de la Colombie sur ces formations. A cet égard, le Nicaragua soutient
que, comme le déclara la commission des relations extérieures du Sénat et
comme indiqué dans un aide-mémoire de 1981 présenté au Nicaragua par
les Etats-Unis, ces derniers considéraient que le traité de 1972 était sans
préjudice de la revendication nicaraguayenne de souveraineté sur Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño et Serrana et n’entendaient pas prendre parti sur le bien-
fondé des revendications concurrentes de la Colombie et du Nicaragua.
104. La Cour fait observer que le sens du second paragraphe de l’ar-
ticle premier du traité de 1928 est clair: ce traité ne s’applique pas aux trois
formations maritimes en question. En conséquence, les limitations conte-
nues dans l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá ne s’appliquent pas à la ques-
tion de la souveraineté sur Roncador, Quitasueño et Serrana. La Cour
est ainsi compétente pour trancher cette question en vertu de l’ar-
ticle XXXI du pacte de Bogotá. Elle ne peut donc retenir la première
exception préliminaire soulevée par la Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à sa
compétence pour connaître de la question de la souveraineté sur Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño et Serrana.
*
4.4.8. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la question de la
délimitation maritime
105. La Cour va maintenant aborder le point de savoir si le traité de
1928 et le protocole de 1930 ont réglé la question de la délimitation mari-
time entre les Parties au sens de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá.
106. La Colombie affirme que les Parties one accepté, dans le traité
de 1928 et dans le protocole de 1930, le 82 méridien comme ligne de déli-
mitation de leurs zones maritimes respectives et que, par conséquent, la
question de la délimitation doit être considérée comme réglée au sens de
l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá. A l’appui de cette affirmation, la Colom-
bie se réfère aux termes du protocole, dans lequel les Parties déclarent
que «l’archipel de San Andrés et Providencia, mentionné à l’article pre-
mier du traité susmentionné, ne s’étend pas à l’ouest du 82 degré de
longitude Greenwich».
107. La Colombie soutient que les travaux préparatoires eu protocole
de 1930 démontrent que les Parties considéraient le 82 méridien comme
«une limite, une ligne de partage, une ligne séparant les juridictions ou
titres, quels qu’ils fussent, qui existaient à cette époque ou pouvaient exis-
ter à une époque ultérieure». Elle affirme que les débats tenus devent le
Sénat nicaraguayen montrent que la disposition relative au 82 méridien
avait pour objet de définir la limite maritime entre les deux Etats, afin de
mettre définitivement fin à l’ensemble du différend — aussi bien territo-
37 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 865
stituted an acknowledgment of Colombian sovereignty by the United
States. Nicaragua contends that, in relinquishing its rights over Ronca-
dor, Quitasueño and Serrana, the United States did not acknowledge
Colombia’s rights thereover. In this regard, Nicaragua contends that, as
stated in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and in a 1981 aide-
mémoire presented by the United States to Nicaragua, the United States
considered that the 1972 Treaty was without prejudice to Nicaragua’s
claim to sovereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana and did not
intend to take any position regarding the merits of the competing claims
of Colombia and Nicaragua.
104. The Court observes that the meaning of the second paragraph of
Article I of the 1928 Treaty is clear: this Treaty does not apply to the
three maritime features in question. Therefore, the limitations contained
in Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá do not apply to the question of sov-
ereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana. The Court thus has
jurisdiction over this issue under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá and
cannot uphold the first preliminary objection raised by Colombia in so
far as it concerns the Court’s jurisdiction as regards the question of sov-
ereignty over Roncador, Quitasueño and Serrana.
*
4.4.8. The jurisdiction of the Court as regards the question of maritime
delimitation
105. The Court turns to address the question whether the 1928 Treaty
and 1930 Protocol settled the question of the maritime delimitation
between the Parties within the meaning of Article VI of the Pact of
Bogotá.
106. Colombia asserts that the Parties had agreed in the 1928 Treaty
and 1930 Protocol upon the 82nd meridian as the delimitation line of the
maritime areas between them and that, consequently, the delimitation
issue must be considered to have been settled. To support this contention,
Colombia points to the language of the Protocol, in which the Parties
declare that “the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago mentioned in
the first article of the said Treaty does not extend west of the 82nd degree
of longitude west of Greenwich”.
107. Colombia submits that the drafting history of the 1930 Protocol
shows that the Parties regarded the 82nd meridian as “a limit, as a div-
iding line, as a line separating whatever Colombian or Nicaraguan juris-
dictions or claims there then existed or might exist in the future”. It
asserts that the debates in the Nicaraguan Senate show that the provision
regarding the 82nd meridian was intended to define the maritime bound-
ary between the two States in order to put an end, once and for all, to the
entire dispute, both territorial and maritime, between them. In this regard,
37866 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
rial que maritime — opposant les deux pays. A cet égard, la Colombie
renvoie à certaines déclarations faites pendant les débats au Sénat, selon
lesquelles, notamment, la «délimitation des espaces maritimes en litige ...
est ... indispensable pour que la question soit réglée une fois pour toutes»,
et à une déclaration du ministre des affaires étrangères du Nicaragua
selon laquelle la commission des affaires étrangères du Sénat et les
e
conseillers du gouvernement étaient convenus «d’accepter le 82 méridien
ouest de Greenwich ... comme la frontière dans ce différend avec la
Colombie».
108. La Colombie souligne aussi les différences entre les termes
employés dans le protocole et ceux qui figurent dans le traité. Elle fait
remarquer que, dans le traité, les Parties se disent «désireuses de mettre
un terme au conflit territorial pendant entre elles» (les italiques sont de la
Colombie), alors que, dans le protocole, il s’agit pour elles de mettre un
terme à «la question» pendante entre elles. De l’avis de la Colombie, les
termes du protocole indiquent que, si le traité de 1928 portait sur le dif-
férend territorial, le protocole de 1930 s’appliquait quant à lui au diffé-
rend territorial et maritime.
e
109. La Colombie indique également que, depuis 1931, le 82 méridien
est représenté sur ses cartes comme la frontière maritime entre la Colom-
bie et le Nicaragua, et que le Nicaragua n’a jamais contesté ces cartes. La
Colombie fait encore valoir que, contrairement à ce qu’affirme le Nica-
ragua, la frontière maritime ne fit pas l’objet ultérieurement de négocia-
tions entre elle-même et le Nicaragua, et que la question de la délimita-
tion était considérée comme ayant été «réglée» par le traité et son
protocole.
e
110. La Colombie soutient de surcroît que, étant donné que le 82 méri-
dien a été conçu comme une frontière maritime, il reste valide conformé-
ment au principe fondamental de la stabilité des frontières, indépendam-
ment de toute évolution ultérieure du droit de la mer.
111. Le Nicaragua rejette l’argument de la Colombie selon lequel la
mention du 82 méridien dans le protocole de 1930 visait à opérer une
délimitation maritime générale entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie. Il sou-
tient que le protocole e simplement fixé la limite occidentale de l’archipel
de San Andrés au 82 méridien. A l’appui de cette affirmation, le Nica-
ragua se réfère aux déclarations du ministre des affaires étrangères du
Nicaragua durant les débats de ratification devant le Sénat nicaraguayen,
e
selon lesquelles la disposition relative au 82 méridien «n’amende pas le
traité [de 1928] car elle vise simplement à indiquer une limite entre les
archipels qui ont suscité le différend». Le Nicaragua se réfère aussi aux
termes du décret par lequel il ratifia le traité et le protocole «étant
entendu que l’archipel de San Andrés mentionné à l’article premier du
traité ne s’étend pas à l’ouest du méridien de 82° de longitude Greenwich».
Selon le Nicaragua, il est remarquable que le décret ne fasse nullement
état d’une délimitation maritime.
e
112. Le Nicaragua indique que, si la mention du 82 méridien dans le
protocole avait pu être assimilée à une délimitation maritime, la disposi-
38 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 866
Colombia points to certain statements during the debates in the Senate,
including that the “demarcation of the dividing line of the waters in
dispute...is indispensable for the question to be at once terminated for-
ever” and a statement of the Nicaraguan Minister for Foreign Affairs
that the Senate Commission on Foreign Affairs and the advisers of the
Government had agreed “to accept the 82° west Greenwich meridian...
as the boundary in this dispute with Colombia”.
108. Colombia also underscores the difference in the language used in
the Protocol and in the Treaty. It notes that in the Treaty, the Parties
speak of being “desirous of putting an end to the territorial dispute
between them” (emphasis added by Colombia), whereas in the Protocol
they refer to putting an end to “the question” pending between them. In
Colombia’s view, the language of the Protocol indicates that, while the
1928 Treaty addressed the territorial dispute, the 1930 Protocol addressed
the territorial and maritime dispute.
109. Colombia also points out that the 82nd meridian has been depicted
on its maps since 1931 as the maritime boundary between Colombia and
Nicaragua, and that Nicaragua never lodged any protest against those
maps. Colombia also maintains, contrary to Nicaragua’s contention, that
no subsequent maritime boundary negotiations had taken place between
it and Nicaragua, and that the delimitation issue was deemed to have
been “settled” by the Treaty and Protocol thereto.
110. Colombia contends further that since the 82nd meridian was con-
ceived as a maritime boundary, it remains valid pursuant to the funda-
mental principle of the stability of boundaries, regardless of any interven-
ing change in the law of the sea.
111. Nicaragua rejects Colombia’s argument that the reference to the
82nd meridian in the 1930 Protocol sought to effect a general maritime
delimitation between Nicaragua and Colombia. It maintains that the
Protocol simply fixed the western limit of the San Andrés Archipelago at
the 82nd meridian. In support of this contention, Nicaragua points to
the statement made by Nicaragua’s Minister for Foreign Affairs during
the ratification debates in Nicaragua’s Senate, where he stated that the
provision concerning the 82nd meridian “does not reform the [1928]
Treaty, because it only intends to indicate a limit between the archipela-
gos that had been the reason for the dispute”. Nicaragua also refers to
the language of the decree whereby Nicaragua ratified the Treaty and
Protocol “in the understanding that the Archipelago of San Andrés men-
tioned in the first clause of the Treaty does not extend west of Greenwich
Meridian 82 . . .”. According to Nicaragua, it is significant that the decree
makes no reference at all to maritime delimitation.
112. Nicaragua points out that if the reference in the Protocol to the
82nd meridian had amounted to a maritime delimitation, the provision
38867 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
tion aurait été incluse dans le dispositif du traité de 1928 et non dans un
protocole d’échange des ratifications. Le Nicaragua insiste en outre sur le
fait que la différence entre les termes employés dans le préambule du
traité et ceux qui figurent dans le protocole ne signifiait pas que les
Parties avaient donné une dimension maritime à l’accord. Il soutient de
surcroît que la mention du 82 méridien ne saurait avoir opéré une déli-
mitation maritime, étant donné que les concepts de plateau continental et
de zone économique exclusive étaient encore inconnus à l’époque en droit
international.
113. En ce qui concerne les cartes sur lesquelles, selon la Colombie, le
82 méridien était représenté, le Nicaragua fait valoir qu’elles ne contien-
nent aucune légende ou autre indication présentant le méridien comme
une frontière maritime. Le Nicaragua n’avait donc aucune raison de pro-
tester à propos de ces cartes. Le Nicaragua déclare aussi n’avoir été
informé des prétentions maritimes de la Colombie qu’en 1969, lorsque
celle-ci protesta contre l’octroi, par le Nicaragua, de concessions d’explo-
e
ration pétrolière dans des zones situées à l’est du 82 méridien. Le Nica-
ragua fait observer qu’il donna immédiatement suite à cette démarche en
déclarant que la disposition faisant état du 82 méridien visait à «établir
clairement et spécifiquement, de façon restrictive, l’étendue de l’archipel
de San Andrés et [qu’]elle ne p[ouvait] d’aucune façon être interprétée
comme délimitant les droits du Nicaragua ou créant une frontière entre
les deux pays». Il soutient de surcroît qu’il ressort des négociations
tenues entre les Parties en 1977, 1995 et 2001 que la Colombie ne consi-
dérait pas comme définitivement tranchée la question de la délimitation
maritime entre les deux Etats. Le Nicaragua souligne à cet égard que ces
négociations concernaient, entre autres, la délimitation des zones mari-
times respectives des Parties.
114. Enfin, le Nicaragua soutient que, comme le traité de 1928 et le
protocole de 1930 n’ont pas réglé le différend maritime l’opposant à la
Colombie, l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá n’est pas applicable à la pré-
sente espèce. Il affirme que la Cour doit, par conséquent, rejeter cet
aspect de l’exception préliminaire de la Colombie.
115. La Cour estime que, contrairement à ce que prétend la Colombie,
les termes du protocole, pris dans leur sens naturel et ordinaire, ne peu-
vent être interprétés comme opérant une délimitation de la frontière
maritime entre la Colombie et le Nicaragua. Ces termes vont davantage
dans le sens de l’affirmation selon laquelle la disposition énoncée dans le
protocole visait à fixer la limite occidentale de l’archipel de San Andrés
au 82 méridien.
116. De l’avis de la Cour, un examen attentif des débats qui précé-
dèrent la ratification du traité de 1928 par les Parties confirme que, à
l’époque, aucune d’elles ne considérait le traité et le protocole comme
visant à opérer une délimitation générale des espaces maritimes entre la Co-
lombie et le Nicaragua (voir paragraphes 70 à 72 ci-dessus). Il convient de
noter ici que la Colombie ne jugea pas nécessaire de soumettre de nouveau
le traité de 1928 à son congrès aux fins d’un examen par celui-ci de la dis-
39 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 867
would have been included in the operative part of the 1928 Treaty, and
not in a protocol of exchange of ratifications. Nicaragua emphasizes that
the difference in the words used in the preamble of the Treaty and the
Protocol did not mean that the Parties had given a maritime dimension
to the agreement. It further submits that the reference to the 82nd meri-
dian could not have effected a maritime delimitation since the concepts of
continental shelf and exclusive economic zone were at the time still
unknown under international law.
113. As for the maps that Colombia asserts have depicted the
82nd meridian, Nicaragua contends that there were no legends or other
indications on these maps, identifying the 82nd meridian as a maritime
boundary. Nicaragua had no reason, therefore, to protest against these
maps. Nicaragua also asserts that it was not informed of Colombia’s
maritime claims until 1969, when Colombia protested against Nicara-
gua’s grants of oil exploration concessions in areas east of the 82nd meri-
dian. Nicaragua notes that it responded to those claims immediately, stat-
ing that the objective of the provision referring to the 82nd meridian was
“to clearly and specifically establish in a restrictive manner the extension
of the Archipelago of San Andrés, and by no valid means can it be inter-
preted as a boundary of Nicaraguan rights or creator of a border between
the two countries”. It contends further that negotiations between the
Parties in 1977, 1995 and 2001 demonstrate that Colombia did not con-
sider that the maritime delimitation had been finally settled between the
two States. Nicaragua emphasizes, in this connection, that these negotia-
tions concerned, inter alia, the delimitation of the respective maritime
areas of the Parties.
114. Finally, Nicaragua maintains that since the 1928 Treaty and 1930
Protocol did not settle the maritime dispute between it and Colombia,
Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá is not applicable to this issue. It claims
that the Court must, therefore, reject that aspect of Colombia’s prelimi-
nary objection.
115. The Court considers that, contrary to Colombia’s claims, the
terms of the Protocol, in their plain and ordinary meaning, cannot be
interpreted as effecting a delimitation of the maritime boundary between
Colombia and Nicaragua. That language is more consistent with the con-
tention that the provision in the Protocol was intended to fix the western
limit of the San Andrés Archipelago at the 82nd meridian.
116. In the Court’s view, a careful examination of the pre-ratification
discussions of the 1928 Treaty by and between the Parties confirms that
neither Party assumed at the time that the Treaty and Protocol were
designed to effect a general delimitation of the maritime spaces between
Colombia and Nicaragua (see paragraphs 70 to 72 above). Here it is to be
noted that Colombia did not find it necessary to resubmit the 1928
Treaty to its Congress for the consideration of the provision inserted into
39868 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
position insérée dans le protocole de 1930, puisque les représentants
diplomatiques de la Colombie présumaient que la mention relative au
82 méridien dans le protocole équivalait à une interprétation du premier
paragraphe de l’article premier du traité et n’en avait donc pas modifié la
teneur. On peut ajouter que le ministre des affaires étrangères du Nica-
ragua, dans son intervention devant le Sénat nicaraguayen préalable à la
ratification, assura à cet organe que la mention relative au 82 méridien
«ne modifiait pas le traité, parce qu’elle avait seulement pour but d’indi-
quer une limite entre les archipels à l’origine du différend».
117. Contrairement à ce qu’affirme la Colombie, la Cour considère
comme dénué de pertinence que, dans le préambule du traité, les Parties
expriment leur souhait de «mettre un terme au conflit territorial pendant
entre elles» (les italiques sont de la Cour), alors que, dans le protocole,
elles font état de «la question pendante entre les deux républiques» (les
italiques sont de la Cour). De l’avis de la Cour, la différence entre les
termes du traité et ceux du protocole ne saurait être interprétée comme
ayant transformé un traité de nature territoriale en un traité également
destiné à opérer une délimitation générale des espaces maritimes entre les
deux Etats. Cette conclusion s’impose à la lecture du texte intégral du
passage susmentionné du protocole, dans lequel les Parties déclarent que
le traité de 1928 a été conclu «pour mettre un terme à la question pen-
dante entre les deux républiques au sujet de l’archipel de San Andrés et
Providencia et de la côte de Mosquitos nicaraguayenne». Autrement dit,
la «question» mentionnée dans le protocole concerne la côte des Mosqui-
tos ainsi que l’archipel de San Andrés; elle ne concerne pas, même de
manière implicite, une délimitation maritime générale.
118. La Cour ne partage pas l’avis de la Colombie selon lequel les
cartes remontant à 1931 produites par celle-ci, sur lesquelles le 82 méri-
dien représenterait la frontière séparant les espaces maritimes entre le Ni-
caragua et la Colombie, démontrent que les deux Parties estimaient que
le traité et le protocole avaient opéré une délimitation générale de leurs
espaces maritimes. Il ressort de l’examen de ces cartes que les lignes de
e
partage y sont tracées de telle manière le long du 82 méridien entre
l’archipel de San Andrés et le Nicaragua qu’elles pourraient être interpré-
tées comme indiquant soit une délimitation maritime générale entre les
deux Etats, soit seulement une limite entre les archipels. Compte tenu de
la nature ambiguë de ces lignes de partage et du fait que les cartes en
question ne contiennent aucune légende explicative, on ne peut considé-
rer que ces dernières prouvent que la Colombie et le Nicaragua esti-
maient tous deux que le traité et le protocole avaient effectué une délimi-
tation générale de leurs espaces maritimes. Le fait que le Nicaragua nea
pas contesté les cartes n’implique donc pas qu’il ait accepté le 82 méri-
dien en tant que frontière maritime.
119. Enfin, en ce qui concerne l’affirmation du Nicaragua selon laquelle
les négociations tenues entre les deux Etats en 1977, 1995 et 2001 por-
taient sur la délimitation de leurs espaces maritimes respectifs, la Cour
constate que les éléments que lui ont soumis les Parties à ce sujet ne sont
40 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 868
the 1930 Protocol because Colombia’s diplomatic representatives assumed
that the reference to the 82nd meridian in the Protocol amounted to an
interpretation of the first paragraph of Article I of the Treaty and thus
had not changed the substance thereof. It may be added that Nicaragua’s
Minister for Foreign Affairs, in his appearance before the Nicaraguan
Senate prior to ratification, assured that body that the reference to the
82nd meridian “does not reform the Treaty, because it only intends to
indicate a limit between the archipelagos that have been [the] reason for
the dispute”.
117. Contrary to Colombia’s assertion, the Court does not consider it
significant that in the preamble of the Treaty, the Parties express their
desire to put an end to the “territorial dispute pending between them”
(emphasis added) whereas in the Protocol they refer “to the dispute
between both republics” (emphasis added). In the Court’s view, the dif-
ference between the language of the Treaty and that of the Protocol can-
not be read to have transformed the territorial nature of the Treaty into
one that was also designed to effect a general delimitation of the mari-
time spaces between the two States. This conclusion is apparent from the
full text of the aforementioned phrase in the Protocol, where the Parties
state that the 1928 Treaty was concluded “with a view to putting an end
to the dispute between both republics concerning the San Andrés and
Providencia Archipelago and the Nicaraguan Mosquito Coast”. In other
words, the “dispute” to which the Protocol refers relates to the Mosquito
Coast along with the San Andrés Archipelago; it does not refer, even by
implication, to a general maritime delimitation.
118. The Court does not share Colombia’s view that its maps, dating
back to 1931, which allegedly show the 82nd meridian as the boundary
dividing the maritime spaces between Nicaragua and Colombia, demon-
strate that both Parties believed that the Treaty and Protocol had effected
a general delimitation of their maritime boundary. An examination of
these maps indicates that the dividing lines on them are drawn in such a
way along the 82nd meridian between the San Andrés Archipelago and
Nicaragua that they could be read either as identifying a general mari-
time delimitation between the two States or as only a limit between the
archipelagos. Given the ambiguous nature of the dividing lines and the
fact that these maps contain no explanatory legend, they cannot be
deemed to prove that both Colombia and Nicaragua believed that the
Treaty and Protocol had effected a general delimitation of their maritime
spaces. Nicaragua’s failure to protest the maps does not therefore imply
an acceptance of the 82nd meridian as the maritime boundary.
119. Finally, with respect to Nicaragua’s claim that the negotiations
between the two States in 1977, 1995 and 2001 dealt with the delimitation
of their respective maritime spaces, the Court finds that the material pre-
sented to it by the Parties on this subject is inconclusive and does not
40869 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
pas concluants et ne lui permettent pas d’apprécier la portée des réunions
tenues en 1977, 1995 et 2001 pour la question de savoir si les Parties
considéraient que le traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930 avaient opéré
une telle délimitation.
120. En conséquence, après avoir examiné les arguments présentés par
les Parties et les éléments qui lui ont été soumis, la Cour conclut que le
traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930 n’ont pas opéré de délimitation
générale des espaces maritimes entre la Colombie et le Nicaragua. Il n’est
donc pas nécessaire que la Cour examine les arguments avancés par les
Parties au sujet des conséquences de l’évolution du droit de la mer depuis
1930 pour cette question. Comme le différend concernant la délimitation
maritime n’a pas été réglé par le traité de 1928 et le protocole de 1930 au
sens de l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá, la Cour est compétente en vertu
de l’article XXXI du pacte. Aussi ne peut-elle pas retenir la première
exception préliminaire soulevée par la Colombie en ce qu’elle a trait à sa
compétence pour connaître de la question de la délimitation maritime
entre les Parties.
* * *
5. SECONDE EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
121. Outre l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, le Nicaragua a invoqué
comme base de compétence de la Cour les déclarations des Parties faites
en vertu de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, considérées, pour la durée restant à courir, comme comportant
acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la présente Cour aux termes
du paragraphe 5 de l’article 36 de son Statut (voir paragraphe 1 ci-dessus).
Dans sa seconde exception préliminaire, la Colombie affirme que la
Cour n’a pas compétence sur cette base.
122. Le 24 septembre 1929, le Nicaragua a fait une déclaration en
vertu de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale, libellée comme suit:
«Au nom de la République du Nicaragua, je déclare reconnaître
comme obligatoire et sans condition la juridiction de la Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale.»
Le 30 octobre 1937, la Colombie a fait une déclaration ainsi libellée:
«La République de Colombie reconnaît comme obligatoire de
plein droit et sans convention spéciale, sous condition de réciprocité,
vis-à-vis de tout autre Etat acceptant la même obligation, la juridic-
tion de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, conformément
à l’article 36 du Statut.
La présente déclaration ne s’applique qu’aux différends nés de
faits postérieurs au 6 janvier 1932.»
41 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 869
allow it to evaluate the significance of the meetings held in 1977, 1995
and 2001 for the question of whether the Parties considered that the 1928
Treaty and 1930 Protocol had effected a maritime delimitation between
them.
120. Consequently, after examining the arguments presented by the
Parties and the material submitted to it, the Court concludes that the
1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol did not effect a general delimitation of the
maritime boundary between Colombia and Nicaragua. It is therefore not
necessary for the Court to consider the arguments advanced by the
Parties regarding the effect on this question of changes in the law of the
sea since 1930. Since the dispute concerning maritime delimitation has
not been settled by the 1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol within the mean-
ing of Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá, the Court has jurisdiction under
Article XXXI of the Pact. Therefore, the Court cannot uphold Colom-
bia’s first preliminary objection in so far as it concerns the Court’s juris-
diction as regards the question of the maritime delimitation between the
Parties.
*
* *
5. SECOND P RELIMINARY OBJECTION
121. In addition to Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, Nicaragua
invoked as a basis of the Court’s jurisdiction the declarations made by
the Parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice, which are deemed, for the period for which they
still have to run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
present Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute (see
paragraph 1 above). In its second preliminary objection, Colombia asserts
that the Court has no jurisdiction on this basis.
122. Nicaragua made a declaration under Article 36 of the Statute of
the Permanent Court of International Justice on 24 September 1929 in
the following terms:
“On behalf of the Republic of Nicaragua, I recognize as compul-
sory unconditionally the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of
International Justice.” [Translation from the French.]
On 30 October 1937 Colombia made a declaration in the following
terms:
“The Republic of Colombia recognizes as compulsory, ipso facto
and without special agreement, on condition of reciprocity, in rela-
tion to any other State accepting the same obligation, the jurisdic-
tion of the Permanent Court of International Justice in accordance
with Article 36 of the Statute.
The present declaration applies only to disputes arising out of
facts subsequent to 6 January 1932.” [Translation from the French.]
41870 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
La Cour note que, conformément au paragraphe 5 de l’article 36 de son
Statut, les déclarations faites par les deux Parties sont considérées comme
comportant acceptation de sa juridiction obligatoire pour la durée restant
à courir d’après ces déclarations et conformément à leurs termes. Le
23 octobre 2001, le Nicaragua a assorti sa déclaration d’une réserve qui
n’est toutefois pas pertinente en l’espèce. Le 5 décembre 2001, la Colom-
bie a notifié au Secrétaire général la terminaison de sa déclaration faite en
vertu de la clause facultative.
123. La Colombie affirme que la compétence dévolue à la Cour par le
pacte de Bogotá est déterminante et donc exclusive. Etant donné que la
Cour est compétente en vertu de l’article XXXIV du pacte pour déclarer
que le différend est terminé, et qu’elle en a le devoir dans la présente
espèce, elle ne devrait pas chercher plus avant à examiner si elle pourrait
être compétente en vertu de la clause facultative. A l’appui de sa thèse, la
Colombie invoque l’arrêt rendu par la Cour dans l’affaire relative à des
Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Hondu-
ras), dans laquelle le Nicaragua soutenait lui aussi que la Cour était com-
pétente sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá et sur celle des
déclarations faites en vertu de la clause facultative. La Colombie relève
que, dans cette affaire, la Cour a déclaré que «les relations entre les Etats
parties au pacte de Bogotá sont régies par ce seul pacte» et que
«l’engagement figurant à l’article XXXI ... constitue un engagement
autonome indépendant de tout autre engagement que les parties
peuvent par ailleurs avoir pris ou prendre en remettant au Secrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies une déclaration d’accep-
tation de la juridiction obligatoire conformément aux paragraphes 2
et 4 de l’article 36 du Statut» (Actions armées frontalières et trans-
frontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988 , p. 82, par. 27, et p. 85, par. 36).
124. La Colombie considère que la Cour posait ainsi le principe de la
primauté du titre de juridiction en vertu du pacte de Bogotá. Elle conclut
que, lorsqu’un demandeur invoque à la fois le pacte de Bogotá et des
déclarations faites en vertu de la clause facultative, c’est le pacte de
Bogotá — la lex specialis — qui s’applique ou, en d’autres termes, qui
devient décisif et déterminant.
125. La Colombie affirme que, dans l’affaire des Actions armées,a l
Cour a décidé que le titre de juridiction tiré du pacte de Bogotá prévalait
sur les déclarations facultatives postérieures. La Colombie précise que,
dans la présente espèce, l’argument selon lequel le pacte de Bogotá pré-
vaut est d’autant plus fort que les déclarations facultatives du Nicaragua
et de la Colombie ont été faites avant l’entrée en vigueur du pacte de
Bogotá. C’est pourquoi le pacte de Bogotá est non seulement lex specialis
mais aussi lex posterior.
126. De l’avis de la Colombie, «c’est le pacte de Bogotá qui constitue
le titre de juridiction de la Cour dans notre affaire» et, si la Cour devait
conclure qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour trancher le présent différend,
42 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 870
The Court notes that, under Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute, the
declarations made by both Parties are deemed to be acceptances of its
compulsory jurisdiction for the period which they still had to run and in
accordance with their terms. On 23 October 2001, Nicaragua made a res-
ervation to its declaration which does not, however, have any relevance
to the present case. On 5 December 2001, Colombia notified the Secretary-
General of the termination of its optional clause declaration.
123. Colombia claims that jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá is
governing and hence exclusive. In its view, since the Court has jurisdic-
tion under Article XXXIV of the Pact to declare the controversy ended
and must do so in the present case, the Court may not proceed further to
consider whether it might have jurisdiction under the optional clause. In
support of its claim, Colombia relies on the Court’s Judgment in the Bor-
der and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) case, in
which Nicaragua also asserted jurisdiction on the basis of Article XXXI
of the Pact of Bogotá and on the basis of optional clause declarations.
Colombia notes that, in the Armed Actions case, the Court declared that
“in relations between the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá, that Pact is
governing” and that
“the commitment in Article XXXI...s ian autonomous commit-
ment, independent of any other which the parties may have under-
taken or may undertake by depositing with the United Nations Sec-
retary-General a declaration of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction
under Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 4, of the Statute” (Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988 , p. 82, para. 27,
and p. 85, para. 36).
124. Colombia considers that the Court thus laid down the principle
of the primacy of the title of jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá. It
concludes that, when an Applicant invokes both the Pact of Bogotá and
optional clause declarations, it is the Pact of Bogotá, as lex specialis,
which governs or, in other words, is determinative and conclusive.
125. Colombia claims that in the Armed Actions case, the Court held
that the title of jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá prevailed over sub-
sequent optional clause declarations. Colombia points out that, in the
present case, the argument that the Pact of Bogotá takes precedence is
even stronger since the optional clause declarations of Nicaragua and
Colombia were made before the entry into force of the Pact of Bogotá.
Therefore, the Pact of Bogotá is not only lex specialis but also lex pos-
terior.
126. In Colombia’s view, “it is the Pact of Bogotá which constitutes
the Court’s title of jurisdiction in our case” and were the Court to con-
clude that it had no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the present dispute,
42871 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
elle serait tenue de déclarer en application du pacte que le différend est
terminé aux termes de l’article XXXIV, «non pas aux seules fins de la
compétence de la Cour en vertu du pacte, mais à tous égards». La
Colombie affirme à ce propos qu’un différend ne saurait être réglé et ter-
miné, et en même temps constituer un différend pouvant être jugé par la
Cour en vertu de la juridiction qui lui est reconnue aux termes de la
clause facultative. Il s’ensuit que, dès lors que la Cour aura déclaré le dif-
férend entre les Parties terminé en vertu du pacte de Bogotá, il ne subsis-
tera aucun litige auquel la compétence pourrait s’appliquer à un autre
titre, notamment à celui des déclarations faites par les Parties en vertu de
la clause facultative.
127. La Colombie affirme que, de toute façon, la Cour n’aurait nulle-
ment compétence à ce titre puisque, à la date du dépôt de la requête du
Nicaragua, elle avait retiré sa déclaration en vertu de la clause facultative.
La Colombie soutient en outre que, même si sa déclaration était jugée
avoir été en vigueur au moment du dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua, le
différend allégué échapperait à son champ d’application en raison d’une
réserve excluant les différends nés de faits antérieurs au 6 janvier 1932.
Selon la Colombie, les faits qui ont donné naissance au différend qui
l’oppose au Nicaragua, à savoir la conclusion du traité de 1928 et du pro-
tocole de 1930, ont eu lieu avant le 6 janvier 1932.
128. Le Nicaragua fait valoir que, si la Cour a déclaré dans son arrêt
en l’affaire des Actions armées que «les relations entre les Etats parties au
pacte de Bogotá sont régies par ce seul pacte», cela ne peut toutefois
«prive[r] les déclarations faites en vertu de la clause facultative de tout
effet en tant que base de compétence autonome» étant donné qu’elles
«ont une valeur intrinsèque et [que] leur mise en Œuvre n’est pas subor-
donnée à d’autres chefs de compétence».
Il considère que primauté du pacte ne signifie pas exclusivité. Le Nica-
ragua soutient que la Cour l’a elle-même reconnu dans l’affaire des
Actions armées lorsqu’elle a déclaré que le pacte de Bogotá était «indé-
pendant de tout autre engagement que les parties peuvent par ailleurs
avoir pris ... en remettant ... une déclaration d’acceptation de la juridic-
tion obligatoire» (les italiques sont de la Cour). Il souligne que, dans
l’affaire des Actions armées, la Cour n’a pas écarté la possibilité d’être
également compétente sur la base des déclarations facultatives des Parties,
mais a simplement conclu qu’il ne lui «[était] pas nécessaire ... de s’inter-
roger» à ce sujet étant donné qu’elle s’était déjà déclarée compétente en
vertu du pacte de Bogotá.
129. De l’avis du Nicaragua, si la Cour devait déclarer le différend ter-
miné en application de l’article XXXIV du pacte, il conviendrait d’inter-
préter cette conclusion dans le cadre du pacte lui-même. Ainsi le différend
ne serait-il terminé que dans la mesure où il n’y aurait plus la possibilité
d’invoquer le pacte comme base de compétence. Le Nicaragua souligne
que pareille conclusion en vertu de l’article XXXIV du pacte n’exclut pas
pour autant l’existence d’autres bases de juridiction, comme les déclara-
tions faites par les Parties en vertu de la clause facultative. Ces déclara-
43 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 871
the application of the Pact would require the Court to declare the con-
troversy ended pursuant to Article XXXIV thereof, “not only for the
purposes of the Court’s jurisdiction under the Pact, but for all purposes”.
In this regard, Colombia claims that a dispute cannot be settled and
ended and yet at the same time be a dispute capable of adjudication by
the Court pursuant to jurisdiction accorded under the optional clause.
Consequently, once the controversy between the Parties has been declared
by the Court to be ended under the Pact of Bogotá, there would be no
controversy outstanding to which jurisdiction could attach under any
other title, including the declarations of the Parties under the optional
clause.
127. Colombia argues that, in any event, the Court would have no
jurisdiction on this basis since Colombia’s optional clause declaration
had been withdrawn by the date of the filing of Nicaragua’s Application.
Colombia further contends that even if its declaration were found to be
in force at the time when Nicaragua filed its Application, the alleged dis-
pute would fall outside the scope of the declaration as a result of a res-
ervation which excluded disputes arising out of facts prior to 6 January
1932. According to Colombia, the facts which have given rise to the dis-
pute between Nicaragua and Colombia, namely the conclusion of the
1928 Treaty and 1930 Protocol, predate 6 January 1932.
128. Nicaragua submits that although the Court stated in its Judgment
in the Armed Actions case that “in relations between the States parties to
the Pact of Bogotá, that Pact is governing”, this cannot “destroy the
value of the Optional Clause declarations as an independent basis of
jurisdiction” since they “have an intrinsic value in and of themselves, and
their operation is not predetermined by other titles of jurisdiction”.
It considers that the primacy of the Pact does not signify exclusiveness.
Nicaragua contends that this was recognized by the Court itself in the
Armed Actions case when it stated that the commitment under the Pact
of Bogotá is “independent of any other which the parties may have
undertaken...by depositing...a declaration of acceptance of compul-
sory jurisdiction” (emphasis added). It points out that in the Armed
Actions case, the Court did not rule out the possibility that it also had
jurisdiction under the Parties’ optional clause declarations but simply
concluded that it “[did] not need to consider” that question since it had
already found that it had jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá.
129. In Nicaragua’s view, if the Court were to declare the controversy
ended pursuant to Article XXXIV of the Pact, that finding would have to
be understood within the framework of the Pact itself. Thus the contro-
versy would be ended only to the extent that it would no longer be pos-
sible to invoke the Pact as a basis of jurisdiction. It underlines that such
a finding pursuant to Article XXXIV of the Pact does not exclude the
existence of other bases of jurisdiction such as the declarations by the
Parties under the optional clause. These declarations “operate independ-
43872 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
tions «opèrent indépendamment des bases de juridiction pouvant être
établies moyennant des traités; elles n’y sont pas subordonnées».
130. Le Nicaragua estime que les deux bases de compétence — à
savoir l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá et les déclarations faites par les
Parties en vertu de la clause facultative — sont complémentaires et qu’il
appartient à la Cour de décider s’il convient de s’appuyer sur l’une d’elles
seulement ou sur les deux à la fois. Il fait observer que les Etats parties au
pacte de Bogotá entendaient étendre la compétence de la Cour et non
limiter les obligations existantes découlant d’autres instruments. A cet
égard, le Nicaragua se réfère à l’énoncé de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale dans l’affaire de la Compagnie d’électricité de Sofia et de
Bulgarie au sujet de la multiplicité d’engagements conclus en faveur de la
juridiction obligatoire.
131. Le Nicaragua nie que la déclaration de la Colombie n’ait pas été
en vigueur au moment du dépôt de la requête. Il fait valoir qu’un délai
raisonnable est requis pour le retrait des déclarations et que la Colombie
n’a pas rempli cette condition. Le Nicaragua ne conteste pas que la décla-
ration de la Colombie s’appliquait uniquement aux différends nés de faits
postérieurs au 6 janvier 1932; il affirme toutefois que le fait générateur du
présent différend, à savoir l’interprétation du traité de 1928 et du proto-
cole de 1930 adoptée par la Colombie à partir de 1969, s’est produit après
cette date. Enfin, le Nicaragua, se référant aux dispositions du paragra-
phe 9 de l’article 79 du Règlement, affirme qu’en tout état de cause
l’exception soulevée par la Colombie ne revêt pas un caractère exclusive-
ment préliminaire (voir paragraphe 13 ci-dessus).
*
132. La Cour constate tout d’abord que la question de savoir si les
déclarations faites par les Parties en vertu de la clause facultative peu-
vent, comme le soutient le Nicaragua, constituer une base de compétence
distincte et suffisante en la présente affaire ne se pose, désormais, qu’à
l’égard de la partie du différend relative à la souveraineté sur les trois îles
expressément nommées dans l’article premier du traité de 1928, à savoir
San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina. La Cour a commencé par
examiner l’exception préliminaire de la Colombie concernant sa compé-
tence sur la base du pacte de Bogotá et elle a conclu ci-dessus (para-
graphes 97, 104 et 120) qu’elle était compétente pour connaître de tous les
autres aspects du différend sur le fondement de l’article XXXI du pacte.
Il est donc inutile qu’elle se demande si, pour ces aspects, les déclarations
des Parties en vertu de la clause facultative pourraient également consti-
tuer une base de compétence (voir Actions armées frontalières et trans-
frontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 90, par. 48).
133. La Cour rappelle que, dans l’affaire des Actions armées, elle a
déclaré que, «[c]omme les relations entre les Etats parties au pacte de
Bogotá sont régies par ce seul pacte, la Cour recherchera d’abord si elle a
44 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 872
ently of any bases of jurisdiction that may be established by means of
treaties; they are not subordinate to them”.
130. Nicaragua argues that the two bases of jurisdiction, namely Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá and the declarations made by the Parties
under the optional clause are complementary and that it is for the Court
to decide whether to rely upon only one of them or to combine them. It
points out that the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to
broaden the jurisdiction of the Court not to limit existing obligations
deriving from other instruments. In this context, Nicaragua refers to the
statement of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Elec-
tricity of Sofia and Bulgaria case regarding multiple agreements accept-
ing compulsory jurisdiction.
131. Nicaragua denies that Colombia’s declaration was not in force at
the time of the filing of the Application. It contends that reasonable
notice is required for the withdrawal of declarations and that this condi-
tion was not complied with by Colombia. Nicaragua does not dispute
that Colombia’s declaration applied only to disputes arising from facts
subsequent to 6 January 1932; it argues, however, that the generating
fact of the present dispute, namely the interpretation of the 1928 Treaty
and 1930 Protocol adopted by Colombia from 1969 onwards, arose after
6 January 1932. Finally, Nicaragua asserts, referring to the provisions of
Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of Court, that in any event the
objection submitted by Colombia does not have an exclusively prelimi-
nary character (see paragraph 13 above).
*
132. The Court notes initially that the question of whether the decla-
rations made by the Parties under the optional clause can provide a dis-
tinct and sufficient basis of jurisdiction in the present case, as submitted
by Nicaragua, now only arises in respect of that part of the dispute relat-
ing to the sovereignty over the three islands expressly named in Article I
of the 1928 Treaty: San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. Having
first examined the preliminary objection raised by Colombia to jurisdic-
tion under the Pact of Bogotá, the Court has concluded above (para-
graphs 97, 104 and 120) that it has jurisdiction on the basis of Arti-
cle XXXI of the Pact to deal with all the other aspects of the dispute.
Consequently, no purpose is served by examining whether, in relation to
those aspects, the declarations of the Parties under the optional clause
could also provide a basis of the Court’s jurisdiction (see Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988 , p. 90, para. 48).
133. The Court recalls that in the Armed Actions case it stated that
“[s]ince, in relations between the States parties to the Pact of Bogotá, that
Pact is governing, the Court will first examine the question whether it has
44873 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
compétence sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte» (Actions armées fron-
talières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988 , p. 82, par. 27; les italiques sont de
la Cour). Or, la seule interprétation possible de cette déclaration est de
considérer que la Cour, au vu des deux titres de compétence invoqués, ne
pouvait les examiner en même temps et a décidé d’aller du particulier au
général, sans sous-entendre par là que le pacte de Bogotá prévalait sur le
second titre de compétence, à savoir les déclarations faites en vertu de la
clause facultative, et excluait celui-ci.
134. En déclarant, dans son arrêt en l’affaire desActions armées (ibid.,
p. 85, par. 36), que l’engagement figurant à l’article XXXI du pacte est
autonome, la Cour répondait simplement, pour les rejeter, aux arguments
du Honduras selon lesquels, premièrement, l’article XXXI aurait exigé que
soit faite une déclaration d’acceptation en vertu de la clause facultative
pour être opérant et, deuxièmement, les conditions d’acceptation de la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour énoncées dans une telle déclaration par la
voie de réserves auraient déterminé l’étendue de l’engagement pris en vertu
de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá.
Surtout, en déclarant que l’engagement pris en vertu de l’article XXXI
constitue un engagement autonome indépendant de toute déclaration
faite en vertu de la clause facultative, la Cour a expliqué pourquoi
«l’engagement figurant à l’article XXXI ne peut être limité que par la
voie des réserves au pacte lui-même» (ibid.).
135. La Cour relève aussi que
«la multiplicité d’engagements conclus en faveur de la juridiction
obligatoire atteste chez les contractants la volonté d’ouvrir de nou-
velles voies d’accès à la Cour plutôt que de fermer les anciennes ou
de les laisser se neutraliser mutuellement pour aboutir finalement à
l’incompétence» (Compagnie d’électricité de Sofia et de Buloarie
(Belgique c. Bulgarie), arrêt, 1939, C.P.J.I. série A/B n 77, p. 76).
136. A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour estime que les dispositions
du pacte de Bogotá et les déclarations faites en vertu de la clause facul-
tative constituent deux bases distinctes de compétence de la Cour qui ne
s’excluent pas mutuellement.
137. La Cour fait observer que la clause facultative pourrait lui conférer
une compétence plus étendue que celle qui découle du pacte de Bogotá.
La Cour constate que ni la Colombie ni le Nicaragua n’ont assorti
leurs déclarations respectives en vertu de la clause facultative de réserves
identiques ou comparables à la restriction contenue à l’article VI du pacte
de Bogotá. Aussi la restriction imposée par l’article VI du pacte de
Bogotá ne serait-elle pas applicable à la compétence découlant de la
clause facultative.
138. La question s’est posée de savoir si la revendication de souverai-
neté sur les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina, formulée
par le Nicaragua dans la présente espèce, implique qu’il subsiste un dif-
45 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 873
jurisdiction under Article XXXI of the Pact” B (order and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 82, para. 27; emphasis added). However,
this cannot be interpreted in any way other than that the Court, faced with
the two titles of jurisdiction invoked, could not deal with them simultane-
ously and decided to proceed from the particular to the more general, with-
out thereby implying that the Pact of Bogotá prevailed over and excluded
the second title of jurisdiction, namely the optional clause declarations.
134. In stating in the Armed Actions Judgment (ibid., p. 85, para. 36)
that the commitment under Article XXXI of the Pact is autonomous, the
Court was merely responding to and rejecting the arguments by Hondu-
ras, first, that Article XXXI requires an optional clause declaration to be
made in order for that Article to be in effect and, second, that the con-
ditions of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction of the Court set forth in
such a declaration by way of reservations were determinative of the scope
of the commitment under Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá.
In particular, by stating that the commitment under Article XXXI is
an autonomous commitment, independent from an optional clause dec-
laration, the Court explained why “the commitment in Article XXXI can
only be limited by means of reservations to the Pact itself” (ibid.).
135. The Court further notes that
“the multiplicity of agreements concluded accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction is evidence that the contracting Parties intended to open
new ways of access to the Court rather than to close old ways or to
allow them to cancel each other out with the ultimate result that no
jurisdiction would remain” (Electricity Company of Sofia and Bul-
garia (Belgium v. Bulgaria), Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B,
No. 77, p. 76).
136. In the light of the above, the Court considers that the provisions
of the Pact of Bogotá and the declarations made under the optional
clause represent two distinct bases of the Court’s jurisdiction which are
not mutually exclusive.
137. The Court notes that the scope of its jurisdiction could be wider
under the optional clause than under the Pact of Bogotá.
The Court observes that neither Colombia nor Nicaragua has made a
reservation to their respective optional clause declarations identical or
similar to the restriction contained in Article VI of the Pact of Bogotá.
Accordingly, the limitation imposed by Article VI of the Pact would not
be applicable to jurisdiction under the optional clause.
138. The question has arisen as to whether the claim by Nicaragua of
sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Cata-
lina in the present case means that there thus is a continuing dispute as to
45874 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ARRÊT )
férend sur ce point. La Cour a retenu la première exception préliminaire
d’incompétence soulevée par la Colombie au titre du pacte de Bogotá en
ce qu’elle a trait à sa compétence pour connaître de la question de la sou-
veraineté sur ces trois îles, après s’être assurée que cette question avait été
réglée par le traité de 1928. La Cour n’aurait pas pu conclure qu’elle était
incompétente pour trancher cette question en vertu du pacte de Bogotá si
un différend avait subsisté à ce sujet.
Il est rappelé à cet égard ce qui suit:
«Il ne suffit pas que l’une des parties à une affaire contentieuse
affirme l’existence d’un différend avec l’autre partie. La simple affir-
mation ne suffit pas pour prouver l’existence d’un différend, tout
comme le simple fait que l’existence d’un différend est contestée ne
prouve pas que ce différend n’existe pas. Il n’est pas suffisant non
plus de démontrer que les intérêts des deux parties à une telle affaire
sont en conflit.» (Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud;
Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1962, p. 328.)
En outre, «l’existence d’un différend international demande à être établie
objectivement» (Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulga-
rie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J.
Recueil 1950, p. 74). Cette détermination fait partie intégrante de la fonc-
tion judiciaire de la Cour.
La Cour a établi que le traité de 1928 attribuait la souveraineté sur ces
trois îles à la Colombie aux fins de déterminer si elle avait compétence
pour connaître de cette question en vertu du pacte de Bogotá. Le fait
même que le différend relatif à la question de la souveraineté sur les trois
îles a été réglé par le traité de 1928 est cependant tout aussi pertinent aux
fins d’établir si la Cour a compétence sur la base des déclarations faites en
vertu de la clause facultative. A cet égard, la Cour fait observer que sa
compétence sur cette base est expressément subordonnée, aux termes du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, à l’existence d’un «différend
d’ordre juridique» entre les Parties.
La Cour ayant conclu qu’il ne subsistait pas de différend juridique
entre les Parties sur la question de la souveraineté sur les îles de San
Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina, elle ne peut être compétente pour
connaître de cette question, ni sur la base du pacte de Bogotá, ni sur celle
des déclarations faites en vertu de la clause facultative.
139. A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour estime qu’il ne servirait à
rien en pratique de poursuivre l’examen des autres questions soulevées
par la seconde exception préliminaire de la Colombie, et notamment celle
de savoir si le retrait de la déclaration faite par celle-ci en vertu de la
clause facultative était effectif à la date du dépôt de la requête du Nica-
ragua, ou si le présent différend sort du champ d’application de ladite
déclaration du fait de la réserve ratione temporis qu’elle comporte.
46 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 874
this matter. The Court has upheld the first preliminary objection to juris-
diction, based on the Pact of Bogotá, raised by Colombia in so far as it
concerns the Court’s jurisdiction regarding the question of sovereignty
over these three islands, after satisfying itself that the matter of sovereignty
over these islands had been settled by the 1928 Treaty. The Court could
not have concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over that matter under the
Pact of Bogotá had there still been an extant dispute with regard thereto.
It is recalled in this connection that
“it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to assert that
a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not suffi-
cient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than a mere denial
of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is it
adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a case
are in conflict.” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa ; Lib-
eria v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 328.)
Moreover, “[w]hether there exists an international dispute is a matter for
objective determination” (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1950, p. 74). This determination is an integral part of the Court’s judicial
function.
The Court’s acknowledgment of the fact that sovereignty over the
three islands was attributed to Colombia under the 1928 Treaty was
made for the purposes of ascertaining whether or not the Court had juris-
diction over the matter under the Pact of Bogotá. However, the very fact
that the dispute on the question of the sovereignty over the three islands
has been settled by the 1928 Treaty is equally relevant for the purposes of
determining whether the Court has jurisdiction on the basis of the optional
clause declarations. In this regard, the Court notes that Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute expressly requires that, in order for the Court to
have jurisdiction on the basis of optional clause declarations, there must
exist a “legal dispute” between the Parties.
Given the Court’s finding that there is no extant legal dispute between
the Parties on the question of sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés,
Providencia and Santa Catalina, the Court cannot have jurisdiction over
this question either under the Pact of Bogotá or on the basis of the
optional clause declarations.
139. In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that no practical
purpose would be served by proceeding further with the other matters
raised in the second preliminary objection filed by Colombia, including
the examination of Colombia’s contentions that its declaration under the
optional clause was terminated with legal effect by the date on which
Nicaragua filed its Application or that the present dispute falls outside
the scope of Colombia’s declaration due to the effect of its reservation
ratione temporis.
46875 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
140. La Cour retient donc la seconde exception préliminaire d’incom-
pétence soulevée par la Colombie au titre des déclarations faites en vertu
de la clause facultative, en ce qu’elle a trait à sa compétence pour connaî-
tre de la question de la souveraineté sur les îles de San Andrés, Providen-
cia et Santa Catalina, et constate qu’il n’y a pas lieu d’examiner l’excep-
tion préliminaire en ce qu’elle a trait à la souveraineté sur les autres
formations maritimes en litige et à la délimitation maritime entre les
Parties (voir paragraphe 132).
* * *
141. Conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 79 du Règlement, les
délais pour la suite de la procédure seront fixés ultérieurement par la
Cour par voie d’ordonnance.
*
* *
6. D ISPOSITIF
142. Par ces motifs,
L A COUR ,
1) S’agissant de la première exception préliminaire d’incompétence,
soulevée par la République de Colombie sur la base des articles VI et
XXXIV du pacte de Bogotá:
a) Par treize voix contre quatre,
Retient l’exception d’incompétence en ce qu’elle a trait à la souverai-
neté sur les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina;
POUR :M me Higgins, président ; MM. Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buer-
genthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov,
juges; MM. Fortier, Gaja, juges ad hoc ;
CONTRE : M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ranjeva, Abraham, Ben-
nouna, juges;
b) A l’unanimité,
Rejette l’exception d’incompétence en ce qu’elle a trait à la souverai-
neté sur les autres formations maritimes en litige entre les Parties;
c) A l’unanimité,
Rejette l’exception d’incompétence en ce qu’elle a trait à la délimitation
maritime entre les Parties;
2) S’agissant de la seconde exception préliminaire d’incompétence,
soulevée par la République de Colombie quant aux déclarations des
Parties reconnaissant la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour:
a) Par quatorze voix contre trois,
47 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 875
140. The Court thus upholds the second preliminary objection relating
to jurisdiction under the optional clause declarations raised by Colombia
in so far as it concerns the Court’s jurisdiction as regards the question of
sovereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Cata-
lina, and finds that it is not necessary to examine the objection in so far
as it concerns sovereignty over the other maritime features in dispute
between the Parties and the maritime delimitation between the Parties
(see paragraph 132).
* * *
141. In accordance with Article 79, paragraph 9, of the Rules of
Court, time-limits for the further proceedings shall subsequently be fixed
by Order of the Court.
* * *
6. OPERATIVE CLAUSE
142. For these reasons,
T HE C OURT,
(1) As regards the first preliminary objection to jurisdiction raised by
the Republic of Colombia on the basis of Articles VI and XXXIV of the
Pact of Bogotá:
(a) By thirteen votes to four,
Upholds the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns sov-
ereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina;
IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Judges Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buer-
genthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov;
Judges ad hoc Fortier, Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Abraham, Ben-
nouna;
(b) Unanimously,
Rejects the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns sover-
eignty over the other maritime features in dispute between the Parties;
(c) Unanimously,
Rejects the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns the mari-
time delimitation between the Parties;
(2) As regards the second preliminary objection to jurisdiction raised
by the Republic of Colombia relating to the declarations made by the
Parties recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court:
(a) By fourteen votes to three,
47876 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT )
Retient l’exception d’incompétence en ce qu’elle a trait à la souverai-
neté sur les îles de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina;
POUR :M meHiggins, président ; MM. Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buer-
genthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skot-
nikov, juges; MM. Fortier, Gaja, juges ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ranjeva, Bennouna, juges;
b) Par seize voix contre une,
Dit qu’il n’y a pas lieu d’examiner l’exception d’incompétence en ce
qu’elle a trait à la souveraineté sur les autres formations maritimes en
litige et à la délimitation maritime entre les Parties;
POUR :M me Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Tomka, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges; MM. Fortier,
Gaja, juges ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Simma, juge;
3) S’agissant de la compétence de la Cour,
a) A l’unanimité,
Dit qu’elle a compétence, sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá, pour statuer sur le différend relatif à la souveraineté sur les for-
mations maritimes revendiquées par les Parties autres que les îles de San
Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina;
b) A l’unanimité,
Dit qu’elle a compétence, sur la base de l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá, pour statuer sur le différend relatif à la délimitation maritime
entre les Parties.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le treize décembre deux mille sept, en trois exem-
plaires, dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du
Nicaragua et au Gouvernement de la République de Colombie.
Le président,
(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .
48 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (JUDGMENT ) 876
Upholds the objection to its jurisdiction in so far as it concerns sov-
ereignty over the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina;
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Judges Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buer-
genthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Sko-
tnikov; Judges ad hoc Fortier, Gaja;
AGAINST : Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Bennouna;
(b) By sixteen votes to one,
Finds that it is not necessary to examine the objection to its jurisdiction
in so far as it concerns sovereignty over the other maritime features in
dispute between the Parties and the maritime delimitation between the
Parties;
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Tomka, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judges ad hoc For-
tier, Gaja;
AGAINST : Judge Simma;
(3) As regards the jurisdiction of the Court,
(a) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning sovereignty over
the maritime features claimed by the Parties other than the islands of San
Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina;
(b) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact
of Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning the maritime
delimitation between the Parties.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirteenth day of December, two thou-
sand and seven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Colom-
bia, respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
48877 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
M. le juge A L-K HASAWNEH , vice-président, joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de
son opinion dissidente; M. le juge ANJEVA joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son
opinion individuelle; MM. les jugesARRA -A RANGUREN ,SIMMA et TOMKA
joignent des déclarations à l’arrêt; M. le juge BRAHAM joint à l’arrêt
l’exposé de son opinion individuelle; M. le jugeEITH joint une déclara-
tion à l’arrêt; M. le jugENNOUNA joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion
dissidente; M. le juge ad hoc AJA joint une déclaration à l’arrêt.
(Paraphé) R.H.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
49 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE(JUDGMENT ) 877
Vice-President L-K HASAWNEH appends a dissenting opinion to the
Judgment of the Court; Judge RANJEVA appends a separate opinion to
the Judgment of the Court; Judges P ARRA -ARANGUREN ,S IMMA and
TOMKA append declarations to the Judgment of the Court; Judge
A BRAHAM appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge KEITH appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge
BENNOUNA appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge ad hoc GAJAappends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
49
Preliminary objections
Judgment of 13 December 2007