Judgment of 26 November 1957

Document Number
032-19571126-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
RIGHT OF PASSAGE OVER

INDIAN TERRITORY
(PORTUGAL v.INDIA)

PRELIMINARY OBJECTI'NS

JUDGMENT OFNOVEMBER 26th1957

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFSET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU

DROIT DE PASSAGE
SUR TERRITOIRE INDIEN

(PORTUGAL c. INDE)
EXCEPTIONSPRÉLIMINAIRES

ARRÊT DU 26NOVEMBRE1957 This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Caseconcerningrightof fiassageoverIndian territory

(Preliminary Objetions),
Judgment of November26th,1957: I.C.J. RefiortsI9j7, fi.125.''

Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecité comme suit:
Agaire dzldroit de passagesur territoireindien
(Exceptions firkliminairesj,
Arrêtdu 26 novembreIg57: C.I. J. Recueil 1957, fi.12j.))

Sales number
NO de vente :171 / INTEIISA'fIONAL COURT OF JL?TICE

YEAR 1957

Yovember 26th November 26th, 1957
General Lis:
No. 32

CASE CONCERNING

RIGHT OF PASSAGE OVER

INDIAN TERRITORY

(PORTUGAL ZJ. INDIA)

PREL1MINARI7 OB] ECTIOSS

Jurisdictioiof Coitvt.-Optional Claitsc.--4rtic36 oj Stafutr.-
l'relinzinaryObjection.-Condition in Declaration providing foi-
r.rclusion of categorics of disputes at aîtjs timc during z'alidit>cof Declavcc-
/ion.-Çonsistencyof Condition zriith-4rticleO/S/aiz~/r.- TclaI n1:ti
partialdeizunciation.-Retroactieflect of exclusion.

Deposif of Declaration with Secretarv-Genera1.-Ilte~.r'bctr~'ee?t
deposit of 1)eclaration and fiding of Applinstituting pvoccedings.-
Tvansmission by Secretavy-General of copy o/ Declaratiolz.

Article 36(2)of Statute.-l'riodefinitionof dispz~ic tlirozrgli nego-
tiations.
Reservation oj disputes as to matters falling û'itliin domestic jzivisdic-

tion.-Joinder of Obiection to merits.
Objection based on resevvation ratiotemporis.-"Dispzttes" and
"facts or situations+rior fo specijied dateJoindev of Objectioll to
iizerifs.

Preselzt: Prpsident HACKWORT ;HVice-I'resident BADAIV ;I Jzdges
GUERREROB ,ASDEI~AST W, ISIARSKI,ZORICI~,KLAESTAD,

RI.:'~D,ARIIAXD-UGOX,KOJEVXIKOV,Sir Muhammad
ZAFRCLLAKHAS, sir Hersch L~~UTERPACHM T,ORENO

QUIKTAKAC , ORDOVA\,VELLIXGTOX KOO ; Judges ad hoc
CHAGLA and F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Regisf;ar LOPEZOLII'AK. In the case concerning right of passage over Indian territory,

the Republic of Portugal,
represented by

Dr. Joao de Barros Ferreira da Fonseca, Ambassador of Portugal
to the Netherlands,
as Agent,
and by

~rifessor Inocêncio Galvao Telles, Director of the Faculty of
Law of Lisbon, Member of the Upper House,
as Agent, Advocate and Counsel,

assisted by
M. Maurice Bourquin, Professor in the Faculty of Law of the
University of Geneva and in the Graduate Institute of Inter-
national Studies,
as Advocate and Counsel,

and by
M. Pierre Lalive d'Épinay, Professor in the Faculty of Law of
the University of Geneva,
Dr. Henrique Martins de Carvalho, Counsellor for Overseas
Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Dr. Alexandre Lobato, Secretarv of the Centre for Overseas
Historical Studies,
as Expert Advisers,
and by

Dr. Carlos Macieira ,4ry dos Santos, Secretary of the Embassy
of Portugal at The Hague,
as Secretary,

the Republic of India,
represented bg7

Shri B. K. Kapur, Ambassador of India to the Xetherlands,
as Agent,
assisted by

Shri M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General of India,
The Right Hon. Sir Frank Soskice, Q.C., M.P.,
Professor C. H. M.\Valdock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., Chichele Pro-
fesser of Public International Law in the University of Oxford,127 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PRELI~I. OBJECTIOXS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

M. Paul Guggenheim, Professor of International Law in the
Faculty of Law of the University of Geneva and of the
Graduate Institute of International Studies,
Mr. J. G. Le Quesne, Member of the English Bar,

as Counsel,
and by
Shri J. M. Xukhi, Legal Adviser in the Ministry of Extemal
Affairs,

as Assistant Agent and Secretary,

composed as above,

delivers the follozeliJwdgment :
On December 22nd, 1955, the Minister of Portugal to the

Netherlands, acting on the instructions of his Government, filed
on that date with the Registrar an Application signed by himself
as the appointed Agent of the Portuguese Government and sub-
mitting to the Court a dispute between the Republic of Portugal
and the Republic of India concerning the right of passage over
Indian territory between the territory of Daman (littoralDaman)
and the enclaved territories of DadrA and Wagar-Aveli as weU.as
between each of the t\~o last-mentioned territories.
In the Application, the Government of Portugal stated that
the Court had jurisdiction in the dispute for the reason that
both Portugal and India had accepted the Optional Clause which

forms the subject of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the Court. The Application Ras commiinicated to the Government
of India in conformity with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
on the day on which it was filed. It was also notified under Arti-
cle 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute to the other Mcmbers of the
United Nations and to other non-member States entitled to appear
before the Court.
By an Order of March 13tl1, 1956, the Court fixed .lune 15th,
1956, as the time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of the Govern-
ment of the Republic of Portugal, and Ilecember 15th, 1956, as
the time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of the Govern-

ment of the Republic of India. In the same Order the Court reserved
the rest of the procedure for further decision. The Memorial was
filed within the prescribed time-limit. At the request of theGovem-
ment of India, which had announced its intention to submit a
Preliminary Objection to the jurisdiction of the Court, the time-
limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial, or of the Preliminary
Objection, was extended, by an Order of November 27th, 1956,
to April 15th, 1957. Within the new time-limit thus fixed, the
Government of India filed a (Preliminarv Objection ))designed, on

6various grounds stated therein, to obtain a finding from the Court
that it is without jurisdiction to entertain the Portuguese Appli-
cation.
On April 16th, 1957, an Order, recording that the proceedings
on the merits were suspended uilder Article 62, paragraph 3, of
the Rules of Court, fixed a time-limit expiring on June 15th, 1957,

for submission by the Government of Portugal of a written
statement containing its Observations and Submissions on the
Preliminary Objections. Subsequently, at the request of the
Government of Portugal, the Court, by an Order of May 18th,
1957, extended that time-limit to August 15th, 1957. On that
date, the urritten statement was filed and the case, in so far as
the Preliminary Objections were concerned, Iras ready for heanng.
The Honorable Mahomed Ali Currim Chagla, Chief Justice of
Bombay, and M. Manuel Fernandes, Director-General at the .
Ministry of Justice of Portugal and Member of the International
Relations Section of the Upper House, were respectively chosen,
in accordance with Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to sit
as Judges ad hoc in the present case by the Government of India
and the Government of Portugal.
Sittings were held on September 23rd, 24th, zjth, 26th, 27th
and 30th and on October ~st, znd, 3rd, jth, 7th, 8th, 10th and
th, 1957. in the course of which the Court heard oral arguments

and replies from Shri B. K. Kapur, Shri M. C. Setalvad, Professors
Waldock and Guggenheim, and Sir Frank Soskice, on behalf of
the Government of India, and from M. de Barros Ferreira da
Fonseca, and Professors Galviio Telles and Maurice Bourquin, on
behalf of the Government of Portugal.
In the course of the written and oral proceedings, the following
Submissions were made by the Parties:
011 behalf of the Gobernment of Portugal, in the Application:

"May it please the Court,
(a) To recognize and declare that Portugal is the holder or
beneficiary of a right of passage between its territory of Dam20
(littoral Damiio) and its enclaved territories of DadrA and Nagar-
Aveli, and between each of the latter, and that this right comprises
or other upholders of law and order, without restrictions ordiffi-es
culties and in the manner and to the extent required by the effec-
tive exercise of Portuguese sovereignty in the said territories.
(b) To recognize and declare that India has prevented and
continues to prevent the exercise of the right in question, thus
committing an offence to the detriment of Portuguese sovereignty
over the enclaves of DadrA and Nagar-Aveli and violating its
international obligations denving from the above-mentioned
sources and from any others, particularly treaties,which may be
applicable.
(c) To adjudge that India should put an immediate end to tliis
de facto situation by allowing Portugal to exercise the above-

7 mentioned right of passage iii the conditions herein set out."

On behalf of the same Government, in the Memorial:

"May it please the Court,
I. To adjudge and declare

(a) that Portugal has a right of passage through the territory
of India in order to ensure communications between its
territory of Daman (coastal Daman) and its enclaved
territories of Dadra and Naga--Aveli;
(b) that this right comprises the transit of persons and goods,
as well as the passage of representatives of the authorities
and of armed forces necessary to ensure the full exercise of

Portuguese sovereignty in the territories in question.
2. To adjudge and declare :
(a) that the Governinent of India must respect that right ;

(6) that it must therefore abstain from any act capable of
hampering or impeding its exercise;
(c) that neither may it allow such acts to be carried out on
its territory;

3. To adjudge and declare that the Government of India has
acted and continues to act contrary to the obligations
recalled above ;
4. To cal1 upon the Government of India to put an end to this
unlawful state of affairs."

On behalf of the Government of India, in the Preliminary Objec-

tions :
"The Government of India, accordingly, asks the Court to
adjudge and declare that it is without jurisdiction to entertain
the Portuguese Application, dated zznd December, 1955, on one or
more of the following grounds:

A. (1) The third condition of the Portuguese Declaration of
19th December, 1955, is incompatible with the provisions of the
Optional Clause of the Statute of the Court so that the said
Declaration is totally invalid as a recognition of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court under that Clause; and, in consequence,

(2) The Portuguese Application of 22nd December, 1955, which
is expressed to found the jurisdiction of the Court in the present
case upon the said Declaration, was ineffective to establish the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under the Optional Clause
(paragraphs 25-34).
B. (1) The filing of the Application in the present case by the
Portuguese Government on zznd December, 1955, both violated

the principle of equality of States before the Court, and disregarded
the express condition of reciprocity contained in the Declaration
of the Government of India, dated 28th February, 1940; and, in
consequence,
8 (2) The Portuguese Application of 22nd December, 1955, was
ineffective to establish the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
under the Optional Clause (paragraphs 35-44).

C. (1) Portugal, before filing her Application in the present
case, did not comply with the rule of customary international law
requiring her to undertake diplomatic negotiations and continue
them to the point where it was no longer profitable to pursue
them, because
(A) She filed her Application on 22nd December, 1955,
without ever previously having given to India the slightest
indication that she made any such claims to legal rights of

passage as she has since formulated in the Memorial; and
(B) She filed her Application on und December, 1955,
immediately after making her Declaration accepting the
Optional Clause, and only shortly after becoming a Member of
the United Nations without attempting to pursue her diplo-
matic negotiations with India in the new situation created by
the change in the legal relations of the Parties brought about
by these events; and, in consequence,

(2)When Portugal filed her Application in the present case
on 22nd December, 1955, there was not any legal dispute between
the Parties and, in addition, Portugal had not fulfilledan essential
condition for the invoking of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction
under the Optional Clause (paragraphs 45-50).

D. (1) The fling of the Application in the present case by the
Portuguese Government on zand December, 1955, was a violation
of the reciprocal right conferred upon India, both by the terms of
the Optional Clause, and by the terms of India's Declaration, to
exercise the power to make reservations contained in the third
condition of the Portuguese Declaration, dated 19th December,
1955;

(2)The filing of the Application on 22nd December, 1955,
having regard to the terms of the Portuguese third condition, \vas
also an abuse of the Optional Clause and of the procedure of the
Court ; and, in consequence,
(3) For each and bot11 of the above reasons the Portuguese
Application of 22nd December, 1955, was ineffective to establish
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under the Optional
Clause (paragraphs 51-58).

E. (1) The dispute relates to a question which under inter-
national law is, in principle, a question falling exclusively within
the jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 161-168).

(2) A summary view of the facts shows that each of the inter-
ested States has for a long time past treated the matters now
in dispute as falling exclusively within the jurisdiction of the
territorial sovereign and, in view of the principle in E (1)above,
this suffices to establish conclusively that the present dispute is
one relating to a question which, by international law, falls
exclusively within the jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 156-159).131 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PRELIM. OBJECTIOYS) (JUDGM.26 XI 57)
(3) A sumrnary view ofthe facts showsthat in the past Portugal
has unequivocally recognized that the matters now in dispute
relate to a question falling exclusively within the jurisdiction
of the territorial sovereign and the recognition of this by Portugal
suffices to establish conclusively that the present dispute is one
relating to a question which by international law falls exclusively
within the jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 158-159).

(4) Independently of the attitude of the Parties, a summary
view of the relevant facts and applicable law shows that none of
principles of law, which are invoked by the Govemment ofgeneral
Portugal in the Memonal, justify the provisional conclusion that
they are of real importance judicially for determining the legal
position of the Parties with respect to the passage of Portuguese
persons and goods between Daman and the enclaves, with the
result that these legal grounds of claim do not afford any basis
for holding that the present dispute is not one relating to a
question which by international law falls exclusively within the
jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 160-197).

(5) Having regard to the principle in E (1)above, the present
dispute, for each of the several reasons given in E (z), E (3)and
national law falls exclusively within the jurisdiction ofndia and,
as such, is excepted from India's acceptance of compulsory
jurisdictionunder the Optional Clause by the express termç of
her Declaration dated 28th February, 1940 (paragraphs I59-197).

F. (1)If, contrary to the contentions of the Government of
India, Portugal establishes that she was asserting some claim
to rights of passage between Daman and the enclaves during the
period from 1891 to the filing of the Application in the present
case, the facts show that this claim was disputed by the British/
Indian Government ;and, in consequence,
(2) The dispute submitted to the Court in the Portuguese
Application of zznd December, 1955, is in that event a dispute
with regard to a situation antecedent to 5th February, 1930,
and, as such, is excluded rationetemflorisfrom India's acceptance
of compulsoryjurisdiction by the express terms of her Declaration
dated 28th February, 1940 (paragraphs 198-ZOI)."

On behalf of the Govemment of Portugal, in its Observations and
Submissions in regard to the Preliminary Objections of the Govern-
ment of India, the following Submissions were stated:

"The Portuguese Government considers that it has shown that
not one of the six Preliminary Objections advanced by the Govern-
ment of India is justified.
Accordingly, it respectfully begs the Court to reject them and
to invite the Govemment of India to present its Submissions on
the fierits of the dispute."132 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PREI.IM. OBJECTIOXS) (JCDG~I. 26 XI 57)

On behalf of the Government of India at the sitting of Sep-
tember 27th, 1957:

"First Objection
The Portuguese Declaration of 19 December, 1955, by reason
of the incompatibility of its third condition with the object and
purpose of the Optional Clause of the Statute of the Court, is
wholly invalid as a recognition of the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court under that Clause; and, as the Portuguese Appli-

cation of 22 December, 1955, purports to found the jurisdiction
of the Court only upon the said invalid Declaration, the Court
is without jurisdiction to entertain that Application.

Second Objection
Since the Portuguese Application of 22 December, 1955, was
filed before the lapse of such brief period as in the normal course
of events would enable the Secretary-Gdneral of the United
Nations, in compliance with Article 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute
of the Court, to transmit copies of the Portuguese Declaration of
19 December, 1955, to other parties to the Statute, the filing of

the said Application violated the equality, mutuality and reci-
procity to which India was entitled under the Optional Clause
and under the express condition of îeciprocity contained in her
Declaration of 28 February, 1940, and thus the conditions
necessary to entitle the Government of Portugal to invoke the
Optional Clause against India did not exist when the said Appli-
cation was filed; and in consequence the Court is without juris-
diction to entertain the said Application.

Fourth Objectzon
Since the Portuguese Application of 22 December, 1955, was
filed before the lapse of such brief period as in the normal course
of events would enable the Secretary-General of the United

Nations, in compliance with Article 36, paragraph 4,ofthe Statute
of the Court, to transmit copies of the Portuguese Declaration of
19 December, 1955, to other parties to the Statute, the filing of
the said Application violated the reciprocal right conferred upon
India by the Optional Clause and by India's Declaration of
28 February, 1940, to invoke the third conditiqn contained in the
Portuguese Declaration of 19 December, 1955, equally and under
the same conditions as Portugal; and thus the conditions neces-
sary to entitle the Government of Portugal to invoke the Optional
Clause against India did not exist when the said Application was
filed and the filing of the said Application constituted an abuse
both of the Optional Clause and of the process of the Court; and

in consequence. the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
said Application.

Third Objectiorz
Since the Portuguese Application of 22 December, 1955, "as filed
before the Portuguese claim of a right of passage for persons
and goods across Indian territory had been made the subject of
diplvmatic negotiations, the subject-matter of the claim had

II not yet been determined and tliere was not -et any legal and
justiciable dispiite between the Parties which could be referred
to the Court under tlic Optional Clause; and thus tlie conditions
necessary to entitle tlic Government of Portugal to invoke the
Optional Clause against India did not exist when the said Appli-
cation was filed; and in consequence the Court is without juris-
diction to entertain the said .4pplication.

Fifth Obiectio~z
Since tlie acceptz~nceof coiiipulsorj~jurisdictioii of tlic Court for
the categories of disputes listed in the Optional Clause cloes not
include disputes with regard to questions wliich by intcriiational
law fa11exclusively witliin the jurisdiction of India and since also
India's Declaratioii of 28 February, 1940, espressly escluded
such disputes froin tlie scope of her acceptance of compulsory

jurisdiction uncler tlic Optional Clause; ancl since in principle the
subject-matter of the prescnt dispute, namely, tlie transit of
perçons and goods over Inclian territory between Daman and tiie
enclaves, relates to a (luestion wiiich by internatioii:il lan falls
exclusively within the jurisdiction of India, it is for Portugal to
show legal grounds of claim wliicli \\-ould place a limitation on
India's exercise of lier esclusi~-c jurisdiction with respect to the
subject-matter of the dispute and wl-iicliare reasonably arguable
under international la\\-;

and whereas :
(a) the authorities cited in yaragraphs 163 to 10s of India's
Preliminary Objection establish that the Portugiiese claim to
a right of transit, whether it is considerecl to be with or
without immunity, cannot be regarded as a reasonably
arguable cause of action under international law unless it is
based on the express grant or specific consent of the tem-
torial sovereign; and since the facts presented to che Court
in the pleadings of the Parties show no such express grant or
specific consent of the territorial sovereign as could place a

limitation on the exercise of India's jurisdiction with respect
to the subject-matter of the dispute, the Fifth Objection
should forthwith be sustained;

and whereas, in the alternative:
(b) none of the grounds of claim put fonvard by the Portuguese

Govemment in its Application and Memorial, namely, treaty,
custom and general principles of law, can be regarded on
the facts and the law which have been presented to the Court
as reasonably arguable under international law, the Fifth
Objection must for this reason also be sustained ;

and whereas, fiirthermore:

(c) regardless of the correctness or othenvise of the conclusions
set out in paragraphs 4 (a) and 4 (b),the uncontradicted facts
presented in the pleadings of the Parties establish that the
12134 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PREI<IM. OHJECTIOSS) (J~'I)G>I.26 XI 57)
question of transit betweeri Daman and the enclaves has
always beeii dealt with both by Portugal and the territorial

sovereign on the basis that it is a question within the exclusive
competence of the territorial sovereign ;
and whereas:

(d) both Portugal aiid India have accepted the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court only for legal disputes which may be
decided by the Court under the provisions of Article 38, para-
graph 1, of the Statute; and the dispute submitted to the
Court by Portugal is not such a dispute and there has been
no agreement between the Parties to submit the dispute to
the Court under the provisions of Article 38, paragraph 2,of
the Statute; in consequence, for this reason also, the Fifth
Objection shoiild be sustained.

Silice India's Declaratioii of 28 February, 1940, liinited her
acceptance of the compulsory jiirisdiction of the Court to disputes
arising after 5 February, 1930, \vith regard to situations or facts
subsequent to that date; and since the claim of Portugal to a
right of transit between Daman and the enclaves is formulated in
her Application and Memorial as a claim of right dated from a
period much before j February, 1930; and since that claim, if it
was ever made, has been persistently opposed by the territorial
sovereign, the present dispute as submitted to the Court by

Portugal is a dispute excluded from India's acceptance of compul-
sory jurisdiction under the Optional Clause by the express terms
of the said limitation in India's Declaration of28 February, 1940;
and in consequeilce the Court is without jurisdiction to eritertain
the Portiigiiese Application of 22 December, 1955.''

On behalf of the Government of Portugal, at the sitting of Octo-
ber 3rd, 1957:
" 1. On the First Yreli~mi~aary bjectio~z

Whereas the reservatioii in the Portuguese Declaration of Decem-
ber qth, 1955, on which the Government of India relies in support
of its contention that the said Declaration is wholly invalid as a
recognition of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, in no way
contravenes the requirements of the Statute of the Court and cannot
therefore be regarded as invalid;

Wliereas the invalidity of that reservatioii would not, in any event,
involve the invalidity of the neclaration itself;
Whereas the Application by which the Portiiguese Government
has referred the present dispiste to the Court has therefore, in this
respect. a valid foundation ;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the First Preliminary Objecticn of the Government of
India. II. On theSecogzdPreliminary Objection
Whereas Declarations made in accordance with Article 36, para-
graph 2,of the Statute enter into force at once and have the effect
of making the jurisdiction of the Court compulsory as between
States accepting the same obligation;

Whereas no special condition has to be satisfied for this purpose;
Whereas, in particular, it is not made a condition for the exercise
of its rightsbj; the declarant State, by the submissioil to the Court
of a dispute by means of an Application, that its Declaration should
have been brought to the knowledge of the State which is the other
Party to the dispute;

And whereas it is likewise not made a condition that a certain
period of time shoiild have elapsed after the making of the
Declaration ;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the Second Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India.

III. On the Third Pveliminarv Objection

Whereas international law does not malce the institution of
proceedings hy means of a unilateral Application dependent on the
prior exhaustion of diplomatic negotiations, in the absence of a
treaty-provision stipulating such a condition ;
\nThereas no provision of this kind'exists in the present case,
and whereas the Portuguese Government was therefore under no
obligation to pursue diplomatic negotiations nith the Government
of India up to the poi~t at which thev became futile;

Whereas it is, in any event, for the (;overnment of India to prove
the insuficiency of these negotiations, and whereas it not only has
failed to adduce such proof hiit proof to the contrary is contained
in the documents;

Whereas these negotiations made clear be~~ondquestioil the
existence of a dispute between the Parties;
Whereas it is incorrect to assert that thesc negotiations were
not carried on upon the legal plane, since the Portuguese Govern-
ment constantly protested against the violation hy the Government
of India of the rights which it is claiming inthe present proceedings,
and since it drew attention to the responsibility which the Govern-
ment of India thereby inciirred;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court

to dismiss the Third Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India.

IV. On the Fourth Preliminarv Objection
Whereas the principle of reciprocity, laid down by Article 36 of
the Statute of the Court, relates to the extent of the obligations

14 binding upon the States involved in a dispute, ai the time when
that dispute is referred to the Coiirt;

UThereasit does not apply to the measures which the said States
would have been entitled to take before the case \vas brought before
the Court, either for the purpose of putting an end to the binding
force of their Declarations or for the purpose of restricting their
scope ;
Whereas the right, of which the Government of India claims to
have been wrongfully deprived as a result of the speedy filing of the
Portuguese Application, isnot therefore covered by the principle of
reciprocity as the scope of that principle is laid down by Article 36;

Whereas, even if this were not so, it would have been quite
unnecessary for the Government of India to invoke this principle
in order to limit the scope of its obligations relating to the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court, before the filing of the Application
instituting proceedings, and whereas it was, therefore, in order to
obtain this result, quite unnecessary for it to have cognizance of
the Portuguese Declaration ;
Whereas, furthermore, there is a flagrant contradiction between
the First and Fourth Objections, for if the Portuguese reservation
were without any legal validity, as contended by the Government

of India in its First Objection, it is difficult to see how that Govern-
ment could have relied on the said reservation for the purpose of
drawing the consequences which it envisages in its Fourth Objection;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the Fourth Preliminary objection of the Government of
India.

V. On the Fifth Preliminary Objection
Whereas the Government of India requests the Court to derogate
. from the provisions of Article 43 of the Statute and of the corre-
sponding articles O;the Rules of Court relating to the normal course
of the proceedings in contentious cases, claiming that, by inter-
national law, the questions which are the subject-matter of the
present dispute fa11exclusively within the jurisdiction of India;

Whereas, in order to adjudicate upon this claim in the light of
al1 the necessary information, argument upon the merits would be
necessary, while the Government of India in fact requests the
Court definitively to dispense with such further argument by
holding itself hic et nunc, without jurisdiction to adjudicate upon
the Portuguese claim ;
Whereas such a contention could in any event only be accepted
if the Government of India showed that a summary consideration
of the grounds relied upon by Portugal sufficed to make it clear
that those grounds are manifestly lacking in substance and that it

would consequently be superfluous to prolong the proceedings by
complying with the relevant provisions of the Statute and of the
Rules of Court ;
Whereas the Government of India has failed to prove this, and
whereas the arguments adduced, on either side, on the contrary

15show the need for full discussion in order to enable the Court to pass
upon the substance of the grounds in question;

Whereas, furthermore, it is incorrect to assert that the subject-
matter of the present dispute kas in the past been regarded as
concerning a matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of India, and
that Portugal has indeed recognized that it possesses this character;
Whereas the assertions put fonvard in this connection by the
Government of India in paragraph 159 of its Preliminary Objections
are based upon a mistaken interpretation of the claim submitted
to the Court;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court
to dismiss the Fifth Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India ;

Or, in the alternative:
to join it to the merits.

VI. On the Sixth Prelimi~taryOb jectioqz
Whereas the Government of India, by its Declaration of Febru-
ary 28th, 1940, accepted the jurisdiction of the Court over al1dis-
putes arising after February 5th, 1930, 'with regard to situations
or facts subsequent to the same date';

Whereas the situations and facts which are to be taken into
consideration in applying this clause are solely those which constitute
the source of the dispute;
Whereas the situations and facts which are the source of the
dispute are al1subsequent to February 5tl1, 1930;

Whereas the Sixth Objection is therefore devoid of substance;
Whereas, in order to avoid this conclusion, the Indian Government
lias merely put forward a hypothesis and made an assertion, whicli
is formally disputed, to the effect that Portugal neither claimed
nor exercised a right of passage before February 5th, 1930, at least
since the abrogation of the British-Portuguese Treaty of 1878;
Wliereas full discussion of these points is essential, particularly

with regard to the true scope of the said Treaty and of the effects
of its abrogation;
Whereas such a discussion would raise questions of fact and of
law with regard to which the Parties are, in several respects, in
disagreement and which are too closely linked with the merits for
the Court to be able to pass upon them, in the light of al1the neces-
sary information, within the compass of its consideration of a
preliminary objection ;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court
to dismiss the Sixth Preliminary Objection of the Go\-ernment of
India ;

Or, in the alternative:
to join it to the merits. 138 RIGHT OF PASS.4GE (PKELIM. OBJECTIONS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

VII. Whereas, in its Conclusions relating to the Fifth Preliminary
Objection, the Government of India maintains:
'(d) both Portugal and India have accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court only for legal disputes which may

be decided by the Court under the provisions of Article 38,
paragraph 1, of the Statute; and the dispute submitted
to the Court by Portugal is not such a dispute and there has
been no agreement between the Parties to submit the dispute
to the Court under the provisions of Article 38, paragraph 2,
of the Statute; in consequence for this reason also the Fifth
Objection should be sustained';

Whereas this constitutes a new Objection Lie. an Objection not

ndvanced in the written pleadings] ;
Whereas it is manifestly lacking in substance as is shown by tlie
legal grounds relied upon by the Portuguese Government in support
of its Application;
Whereas, furthermore, in accordance with Article 62 of the
Rules of Court, preliminary objections must be filed by a party
at the latest before the expiry of the time-limit fixed for the delivery

of its first pleading;

Whereas, in these circumstances, the said Objection would in
any event be inadmissible ;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the new Objection raised by the Government of India in
the guise of an argument in support of its Fifth Preliminary Objec-
tion.

VIII. Whereas the Application instituting proceedings \vas filed
in the Registry of the Court on December zznd, 19jj;
Whereas the risk exists that the dispute may become aggravated
so long as nodecision on the merits is given and whereas that aggra-
vation might compromise the execution of the said decision;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court
to recall to the Parties the universally admitted principle that they
should facilitate the accomplishment of the task of the Court by
abstaining from any measure capable of exercising a prejudicial
effect in regard to the execution ofits decision or which might bring

about either an aggravation or an extension of the dispute."
On behalf of the Government of India, the following amended and
supplementary Submissions were filed at the sitting of Octo-
ber 8th, 1957:

"1. Sixth Objection
Since India's Declaration of Febïuary 28, 1940, limited her
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court to disputes
arising after 5th February, 1930, with regard to situations or

facts subsequent to that date; and since the present dispute as submitted to the Court by Portugal is a dispute which did not arise
after 5th February, 1930, and was in any case a dispute with regard
to situations or facts which were not subsequent to that date, the
dispute is excluded from India's acceptance of compulsory juris-
diction under the Optional Clause by the express terms of the said
limitation in India's Declaration of February 28, 1940, and in
consequence the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the

Portuguese Application of ~2nd December, 1955.

2. TWithregard to the Seventh Concl.usio~zof the Govern.mentof
Portugal

Since the submission of the Government of India in support of its
Fifth Preliminary Objection quoted in the Seventh Conclusion of
the Government of Portugal in no sense constitutes a new objection,
but is simply one aspect of the contention of the Government of
India that the matters in dispute fall exclusively within the domes-
tic jurisdiction of India; and since the said siibmission of the Gov-
ernment of India is well-founded; in consequence the Seventh Con-
clusion of the Government of Portugal should be rejected.

3. Ft7ithregard to the Eighth Conclztsion of the Government of
Portugal
Since the Government of Portugal has not invoked the power of
the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the
Statute of the Court; and since that Government asks the Court

to address an admonition to the Parties analogous to an indication
of provisional measures in circumstances which would not justify
the Court in making an Order under Article 41; ancl since that
Government has not disclosed any valid grounds for asking the
Court to address such an exceptional admonition to the Parties,
and since it would in the circumstances of the present case be
\vholly inappropriate to accede to the request of the Government
of Portugal; in consequence, the Eighth Concliision of the Govern-
ment of Portugal should be rejected."

On behalf of the Govemment of Portugal, the following Submis-
sions were filed at the sitting of October r~th, 1957:

"\lrhereas the Government of India, by its Declaration of Febru-
ary z8th, 1940, has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court over al1
disputes arising after February 5th, 1930, with regard to situations
or facts subsequent to the same date;

IVhereas, by the terms of the Application instituting proceedings,
the purpose of the reference of the dispute to the Court is to secure:
(a) recognition of the right of passage existing in favour of
Portugal between its enclaved territories of Dadra and Nagar-
Aveli and between these territories and its territory of Daman
(littoralDaman) ;

(Ij)a finding that India has prevented and continues to prevent
the exercise of that right ; ancl140 RIGHï OF PASSAGE (PRELIM. OBJECTIONS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

(c) that India should put an immediate end to this situation;
Whereas the earlier date of the grounds on which the claim is
based is not relevant for the purpose of applying the reservation
in the Indian Declaration of February zSth, 1940, on which the
Sixth Preliminary Objection is founded;

Whereas, on the other hand, the situations and facts which are
relevant in applying such a reservation are solely those which
constitute the source of the dispute;
Whereas the dispute referred to the Court by the Portuguese
Application of December zznd, 1955,the purpose of which is recalled
above, is undeniably subsequent to February 5th, 1930;

Whereas the same is true of the situations and facts which
constitute the source of that dispute;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the Sixth Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India."

The Declarations by which the Parties accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court are as follows:
Declaration of India of February 28th, 1940:

"On behalf of the Government of India, 1 now declare that
they accept as compulsory ipsofacto and without special convention,
on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the Court, in confor-
rnity with paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court for
a period of 5 years from to-day's date, and thereafter until such
time as notice may be given to terminate the acceptance, over al1
disputes arising after February 5th, 1930, with regard to situations
or facts subsequent to the same date, other than:

disputes in regard to which the Parties to the dispute have agreed
or shall agree to have recourse to some other method of peaceful
settlement ;
disputes with the government of any other Member of the League
which is a Member of the British Commonwealth of Nations, al1
of which disputes shall be settled in such manner as the Parties

have agreed or shall agree;
disputes with regard to questions which by international law fa11
exclusively within the jurisdiction of India; and
disputes arising out of events occurring at atime when the Govern-
ment of India were involved in hostilities;
and subject to the condition that the Government of India reserve
the right to require that proceedings in the Court shall be suspended
in respect of any dispute which has been submitted to and is under
consideration by the Council of the League of Nations, provided
that notice to suspend is given after the dispute has been submitted
to the Council and is given within IO days of the notification of the
initiation of the proceedings in the Court, and provided also that such suspensioil shall be limited to a periocl of12 months or such
(letermined by a decision of al1 the Mcmbcrs of the Council otheror
than the Parties to the dispute."

Ileclaration of Portugal of December ~gth, 1955 :
"Under Article 36,paragraph 2,of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice,1 declare on behalf of the Portuguese Government
that Portugal recognizes the jurisdiction of this Court asmpu1sor~-
ipso facto and without special agreement, as provided for in the
said paragraph 2 of Article 36 and under the following conciitions:

(1) l'hc present declaration covers disputes arisiilg out of
vvents both prior and subsequent to the declarations of
acceptailce of the "optional clause" which Portugal made
on L)ecember 16, 1920, as a party to the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice.
(2) The present declaration enters into force at the moment it
is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations; it shall be valid for a period of one year, and
tliereafter until notice of its denunciation is given to the
said Secretary-General.

(3) The Portliguese Government reserves the right to excliide
from the scope of the present declaration, at any time during
its validity, any given category or categories of disputes,
and with effect from the moment of such notification."ons

India has filed six Preliminary Objections to the exercise of
jurisdiction by the Court in the present case. The Court will now
proceed to examine these Objections.
First Preliniina O~bjectio~t

The First Preliminary Objection of the Government of India is
to the effect that the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain
the Application of Portugal on the ground that the Portuguese
Declaration of Acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court of
December ~gth, 1955, is invalid for the reason that the Third
Condition of the Declaration is incompatible with the object and
purpose of the Optional Clause. There are, in the view of the
Government of India, three main reasons for such incompatibility.
The Third Condition of the Declaration of Portugal provides as

follo\vs:
"3) The Portuguese Government reserves the right to esclude
from the scope of the present declaration, at any time during
its validity, any giveil category or categories of disputes, by
notifying the Secretary-General of the LTnited Nations and
with effect from the moment of such notification." In the first instance.,the (iovernment of India maintains tliat
that Condition gives Portugal the right, b~.making at any timc a
notification to that effect, towithdraw from the jurisdiction of the
Chrt a dispute which has been submitted to it prior to such a
notification. This is what in the course of the proceedings was
tlescribcd as the retroactive effect attaching- to that notification.
India asserts that such retroactive effect is incompatible with the
principle and notion of the compulsory jiirisdiction of the Court as
established in Article 36 of the Statute and that the Third Condition
is invalid inasmuch as it contemplates an effect which is contrarv
to the Statutc.
The Governmeiit of Portugal has contrstrd that interpretatioil
and has affirmed that the Third Condition does not have such
retroactivt, effect and that, in consequence, it is not incompatible
with -4rticlc 36 of the Statute.
In order to decide whetlier, as maintained b\;the Government of

India, the Third Condition appendcd by Portugal is invalid, and
whether such invalidit!. eiitails th<% invaliditj- of the Declaration
in which it is contained. the Court inust determine the meaningand
the cffect of tlic Third Condition by referenccxto its actual wording
and applicable principles of law.
The words "\vit11efiect from the moment of sucli ilotification"
cannot be construed :~smeaning tliat such a notification would have
retroactive effect so as to cover cases already pending beforc the
Court. Constriied in their ordinary sense, these words mean simply
that a notification under the Third applies only to dis-
putes brought before the Court after the date of the notification.
Suc11an interpretatioii leads to the coi~clusioi~tliat no retroactivc
effect can properly bc imputed to notificatio~is madc under thc
Third C,ondition. It is a rulc of law generally accepted. as well as
one acted upon in the 1);istby tlw ('oiirt. that, onct. the Court has
bcen validly seised of a disputcx,unilateral action by the respondent
State in terminating its Ileclaration. in whole or in part. cannot
divest the Court of jurisdiction. In the Nottebohwzcase the Court

gave expression to that principlc in the followirig words:

"An extrinsic factsucli athr subsequeiit lapse of the Declaration,
by reasoii of the expiry of tlic period or by deniiiiciation, cannot
deprivc tlic Court ofthe jiirisdictiori already established." (I.C.J.
Reports 1953, p. 123.)

'That stateiilent by the Court inust be deemed to apply both to
total denunciation, ancl to partial deilunciation as contemplated in
tlie Third Portuguese Condition. It is a rule of interpretation that a
text emanating from a Governinent inust, in principle, be inter-
preted as producing and as intended to produce effects m accordance
with existing law and not in violation of it.143 RIGHT OF PASS-IGE (PRELI~~. OBJECTIOXS) (JUDGZ~. 26 XI 57)

The second reason, contended for by tlie Government of India,
for the incompatibilitj- of the Third Portuguese Condition with
the object and purpose of the Optioilal Clause, is that it has intro-
duced into the Declaration a degree of uncertainty as to reciprocal
rights and obligations which deprives the acceptance of the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the Court of al1practical value. In particular,
it was contended that. in consequence of the Third Condition, the
other Signatories are in a continuous state of uncertainty as to
their reciprocal rights and obligations which may change from day
to day.
Tlihileit must be admitted that clauses such as the Third Condition
bring about a degree of uncertainty as to the future action of the

accepting government, that uncertainty does not attach to the
position actually established by the Declaration of Xcceptance or
as it might be established in consecluence of recourse to the Third
Condition.
-1s Declarations, and their alterations, made under Article 36
nliist be depositecl with the Secretary-General. it follows that, when
a case is suhmitted to the Court, it is always possible to ascertain
what are, at that moment. the reciproca.1obligations of the Parties
in accordance with their respective Declarations. Under the existing
svsteril, Governments can rely upon being informed of any changes
in the 1)eclarations in the same manner as they are informed of
total denunciations of the Declarations. it is true that during the
inter\-albetneen the date of a 11otificatio.nto the Secretary-General

ancl its receipt by the Parties to the Statute, there nlny exist
some elenlent of uncertainty. Howevcr, such uncertainty is inherent
in the operation of the system of the Oytional Clause and does not
affect the validity of the Third Condition contained in the Portu-
guese Declaratioii.

It must also be notecl that, with regard to any degree of uncer-
tainty resulting from the right of Portugal to avail itself at any time
of its Third Condition of hcceptance, the position is substantially
the same as that created by the right claimed b>-many Signatories
of the Optional Clause, including Indiri, to terminate their Decla-
rations of Acceptance by simple notification without any obligatorg7

period of notice. India did so on January yth, 19j6, when it notified
the Secretary-General of tlie denunciation of its previous Decla-
ration of Acceptance, for which it simultaneously substituted a
new Declaration incorporating reservations which were absent
from its previous Declaration. Hg- substituting, on January 7th,
1956, a ne^^ Declaration for its earlier Declaration, India achieved,
in substance, the object of Portugal's Third Condition.

It has been argued that there is a substantial difference, in tlie
matter of the certainty of the legal situation, between the Third
Portuguese Condition and the right of denunciation without notice.In the view ofthe Court there isno essentialdifference, withregard to
the degree of certainty, between a situation resulting from the right

of total denunciation and tliat resulting from the Third Portuguese
Condition which leaves open the possibility of a partial denunciation
of the otherwise subsisting original 1)eclaration.
Neither can it be admittcd, as a relevant tlifferentiating factor,
that while in the case of total denunciation the denouncing State
can no longer invoke any rights accruing under its I)cclaration, in
the case of a partial denunciation undcr th(: terms of thc Third
Condition I'ortugal can othcrwise continue to claim the benefits
of its Acceptancc. For, as the result of the operatioil of reciprocity,
any jurisdictional rights which it may thus continue to claim for
itself can bc invokcd against it 1)ythe other Signatories, including
Inclia.
Finally. as the tliird reason for thc invalidity of the Third
Condition, it h;is becn contendetl that that Condition offends against
the basic principle of reciprocity underlying the Optional Clause
inrismuch as it claims for Portugal a right which in effect is denied

to other Signatorics who have made a 1)eclaration without append-
ing any such condition. The Court is unable to accept that conten-
tion. Itisclear thatany reservation notified by T'ortugal in pursuance
of its Third Condition beconies automatically operative against
it in relation to other Sign;~torics of the Optional Clausc. If the
position of the Parties as regards the esercise of tlieir rights is in
any way affected by the unavoidable interval between the reccipt
by the Secretary-Grneral of the appropriate notification and its
receipt by the other Signatories, that delay operates eclually in
favour of or against al1 Signatories and is a consecluence of the
system established by the Optional Clause.

Neither cari thc Coiirt accept the view that the Third Condition
is inconsistent \i.ith the principle of reciprocity inasmuch as it
rerider-s inoperativc that part of paragraph 2 of Article 36, which

refers to Ileclarations of Acceptance of the Optional Claiise in
relation to States accepting the "same obligatjon". It is not neces-
sary that the "same obligation" sl-iould be irrcvocabl~, defined at
the time of the deposit of the Declaration of Xcceptance for the
entire period of its duration. That expression mcans no niore than
that, as betwecn Stafes adhering to the Optional Clailse, each and
al1of them are bound by such identical obligations as may esist at
an- time during \.;hich the Xcceptance is mutually binding.

As the Court finds that the Third Portuçuese Condition is not
inconsistent with the Statute, it is not necessary for it to consider
the question whether, if it werr invalid, its invalidity would affect
the Declaration as a whole.
For these reasons, the First Prelimiriary Objection of the Govein-
ment of India must be dismissed.Second Preliminary Objectio~z
The Second Preliminary Objectiori of the Government of India
is based on the allegation that-as the Portuguese Application of

December aznd, 1955, w-asfiled before the lapse of such brief period
as in the normal course of events would have enabled the Secretary-
General of the L-nited Yations, in compljance with Article 36,
paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Court, to transmit copies of the
Portuguese Declaration of Acceptance of Deceml~er 19tli, 1955, to
the other Parties to the Statute-the filingofthe Application violated
the equality, mutuality and reciprocity to which india n-as entitled
under tlie Optional Clause and under the express condition of
reciprocitv contained in its 1)eclaration of Februany 28th, 1940;
that, in consequence, the conditions necessary to entitlc the
Government of Porliigal to iiivolte the Optional Clause against
India did not exist wlien tliat Application was filcd; and that, as
a result, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
Application.
The principle of reciprocity forins part of the system of the
Optional Clause by virtue of the express terms both of Article 36
of tlie Statute and ol most Declarations of Acceptance, including

that of India. The Court has repeatedly afirmed and applied that
principle in relation to its own jurisdiction. It did so, inrticular,
in the case of Certni?~Norwegian Loans (I.C.J. l?e;ports1957,
pp. 22-23) where it recalled its prcvious practice on the sul~ject.
I-Iowever,it is clear that tlie notions of reciprocity and equality are
not abstract conceptions. They must be related to some provision
of the Statute or of the Declarations.

Tne two questions which the Court must now consider are as
follows: in filingiis Application on thc date that it did, namely,
December zzntl, 1955, did Portugal act in a manner contrary to
any provision of the Statute? If not, did it thereby violate any right
of India iinder the Statute or nnder its Declaration?
In the course of the oral argument the Government of Tndia
disclaimecl any intention of contending that Portugal was not
entitled to fileits Application until the notification of the Secrctary-
General had reached the Government of India. The latter merelv
maintainecl that before filing its Application Portugal ought to

have allorved such period to elnpse as would reasonably have
permitted thci. notification of the Çecretary-General to take its
"appropriate effects".
The material dates. as stated by the Government of India, are
as follows: On December ~gth, 1955,the Representative of Portugal
to the cnited Xations made the Declaration, on behalf of the
Government of Portugal, accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of
24the Court under the Optional Clause. On December eznd, the
Government of Portugal filed in the Court the Application insti-
tuting the present proceedings against the Governinent of India.
On the same day, a telegram was sent by the Court notifying the
Government of India of the filing of the Portuguese Application.
On December 3oth, 1955, the Government of India received a copy
of the Portuguese Declaration of Acceptance which had been
obtained from the Court by its Embassy at The Hague. On Janu-

ary ~gth, ~956, a copy of the Portuguese Declaration was officially
transmitted to the Government of India by the Secretary-General
of tlie Tlnited Nations in compliance with Article 36, paragraph 4,
of the Statute.
The Government of India has contended that, in filing its Appli-
cation on December aznd. I9j5, the Goverilment of Portugal did
not act in conformity with the provisions of the Statute. The
Court is unable to accept that contention. The Court considers
that. by the deposit of its Declaration of Acceptance with the
Secretary-General, the accepting State becomes a Party to the
system of the Optional Clause in relation to the other declarant
States, with al1the rights and obligations deriving from Article 36.
The contractual relation between the Parties and the coinpiilsory
jurisdiction of the Court resulting therefrom are established, "ipso
facto and without special agreement". by the fact of the making
of the Declaration. Accordingly, every State which makes a Decla-

ration of Acceptance must be deemed to take into account the
possibility that,under the Statute, it may at any time find itself
sub;jectecito the obligations of the Optional Clause in relation to a
new Signatory as the result of the deposit by that Signatory of a
Declaration of acceptance. ,4 State accepting the jurisdiction of
the Court must expect that an Application may be filed against it
before the Court by a new declarant State on the same da? on
which that State deposits with the Secretary-General its Declara-
tion of Acceptance. For it is on that very day that the consensual
bond, which is the basis of the Optional Clause, comes into being
between the States concerned. \Vhen India made its Declaration of
-\cceptance of February asth, 19.40,it stated that it accepted the
jurisdiction of the Court for a specified period "fromo-day's date".
It lias been contcnded by the Government of India tliat as
Article 36 requires not only the deposit of the Declaration of

Acceptance mith the Secretary-General but also the transmission
by the Secretary-General of a copy of the Declaration to the Parties
to the Statute, the Declaration of Acceptance does not become
effective iintil the latter obligatio~i has been discharged. Howevcr,
it is only the first of these requirements that concerns the State
making the Declaration. The latter is not concerned with the duty
of the Secretary-General or the manner of its fulfilnient. The legal
effect of aDeciaration does not depend upon subsequent action or
inaction of the Secretary-General. 3loreover, unlike some otherinstruments, Article 36 provides for no additioiial requirement, for
instance, that theiniormation transmitted by the Secretary-General
must reach the Parties to the Statute, or that some period must
elapse subsequent to the deposit of the Declarati~n before it can
become effective. Any siich requirement would introduce an ele-
ment of uncertainty into the operation of the Optional Clause

system. 'TheCourt cannot read into the Optional Clause any requi-
rement of that nature.
India has further contended that, even tliough the filing of the
Application by Portugal be held to be othenvise in accordance with
Article 36, it \vas effected in a manner which violated rights of
India iinder tEe Statute and under itç Declaration of Acceptance.
Apart from conplaining generaliy of an impairment of its rights
of equality, mutuality and reciprocity under the Statute, India has
not specified what actiial right has been adversely affected by the
manner of the filing of tlie Portiiguese Application. 'TheCourt has
been unable to discover what right has, in fact, thus been violated.
-4s the Court has arrived at the conclusion that the manner of
fihng the Portuguese Application was neither coiitrary to Article 36
of the Statute nor in violation of any right of India under thc
Statute, or under its Declaration oE Acceptance, the Court must
dismiss the Second Preliminary Objection of the Government of
Tndia.
*
* *

Fof~rtkPreliminary Objection

As the Second and Fourth Preliminary Objections are concernecl
with cognate aspects of the filing of the Portuguese Application,
it is convenient to consider the Fourth Preliminary Objection
before examining the Third.
In the Fourth Preliminary Objection, India contended that,
since it had no knowledge of the Portuguese Declaration before
Portugal filed its Application, it uras unable to avail itself, on
the basis of reciprocity, of the Third Portuguese Condition and
to exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court the dispute whicli
is the subject-matter of the Portuguese Application. This Objection
is based on considerations substantially identical with those
adduced in support of the Seconcl Preliminary Objection. Accord-
ingly, the Court will confine itself to recalling what it has already
said in dealing with the Second Preliminary Objection, in particular
that the Statute does not prescribe any interval between the
deposit by a State of its Ileclaration of Acceptance and the filing
of an Application by that State,and that the principle ofreciprocity
is not affected by any delay in tlie receipt of copies of the Decla-
ration by the Parties to the Statute.
As the manner of the filing of the Portuguese Application did
not in respect of the Third Portuguese Condition deprive India

26 148 RIGHT OF P.4SSAGE (PRELIM. OBJECTIONS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

of any right of reciprocity under Article 36 of the Statute, so
as to constitute an abuse of the Optional Clause, the Court cannot
regard the Fourth Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India as well founded.

In its Third Preliminary Objection, as defined in the Submis-
sions, the Government of India contended that, as the Portuguese
Application of December zznd, 1955, wafiled before the Por-

tuguese claim was effectively made the subject of diplomatic
negotiations, the subject-matter of the claim had not yet been
determined and that there was therefore, as -et, no legal and
justiciable dispute betureen the Parties which could be referred
to the Court under the Optional Clause. It was therefore submitted
that, as the conditions necessary to entitle the Zovernment of
Portugal to invoke the Optional Clause did not exist at the time
of the Application, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain
the Application.
In particular, the Third Objection is based on the allegation
that, although iieither Article 36(2) of the Statute nor the Por-
tuguese or Indian Declarations of Acceptance refer directly to
the requirement of previous negotiations, the fact that the Appli-
cation was filed prior to the exhaustion of diplomatic negotiations

was contrary to Article 36 (2) of the Statute, which refers to
legal disputes. Itwrascontended by India that, unless negotiations
had taken place which had resulted in a definition of the dispute
between the Parties as a legal dispute, there was no dispute, in
the sense of Article 36 (2) of the Statute, the existence of which
had been established in the Application and with respect to which
the Court could exercise jurisdiction.
In examining this Objection, the Court must consider the
question of the extent to which, prior tothe filing of the Application
by Portugal, negotiations had taken place between the Parties in
the matter of the right of passage. An examination of these
negotiations shows that, although they cover various aspects of
the situation arising out of the political claims oi India in respect
of the enclaves, a substantial part of these exchanges of views

was devoted, directly or indirectly, to tlie question of access to
the enclaves. A smvey of the correspondence and Notes laid
before the Court reveals tliat the alleged denial of the facilities
of transit to the enclaves provided the subject-matter of repeated
complaints on the part of Portugal; that these complaints consti-
tuted one of the principal objects of such exchanges of views as
took place; that, although the exchanges Setween the Parties
had not assumed the character of a controversy as to the nature
27 149 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PRELI~I. OBJECTIOKS) (JCDGM. 26 XI 57)
and extent of the legal right of passage, Portugal described the

denial of passage requested by it as being inconsistent not only
with requirement; of good neighbourly relations but also with
established ciistom and international law in general; and that
these complaints w-ere i~nsuccessful.
\+'hile the diplomatic exchanges which took place betweeri the
two Governments disclose the existence of a dispute between
them on the principal legal issue whicfi is now before thc Court,
namely, the question of the right of passage, an examination of
the correspondence shows that the negotiations had reached a
iieadloclï.
It would therefore appear that assuming that there is substance
in the co~tstntion that Article 36 (2) of the Statiite, bu referring
to legal disputes, establishes as a condition of the jurisdiction

of the Court a requicite definition of the dispute through nego-
tiations, the condition was complied with to the extent perniitted
by the circun~stances of the case.
The Court finds tha.t the legal issue \vas suffïciently disclosed
in the diplomatic exchanges, and considers that the Government
of Portugal has complied with the .conditions of the Court's
jurisdiction as laid down in Article 36 (2) of the Statute. Accord-
ingly, the Court must dismiss the Third Prellminary Objection.

Fiytl~Preli~iiiilnvy Ubjectio~z

In its Fifih Preliminary Objecticn the Government of Iridia
has relied on the reservation which fornis part of its Declaration
of Acceptance of February zSth, 1940, and which excliides from
the jurisdiction of the Court disputzs with regard to questions
which by international law îall exclusively within the jurisdiction
of the Government of India. In particular, it was asserted by the
Government of Tndia that the facts and the legal considerations
adduced before the Court did not permit the conclusion that
there was a reasonahly arguable case for the contention that the
subject-matter of the dispute is outsiàe the exclusive domestic
jurisdiction of India. It \vas therefore submitted that the dispute

is outside the jurisdiction of the Court.
The relevant Submissions of the Goveriiment of India filed on
September 27th, I~JS?,are based largely on the following assertions:
in paragraph (a) of its Submissions on the Fifth Objection it is
asserted that "the Portilguese claim to a right of transit ...cannot
be regarded as a reasonably arguable cause of action under inter-
national law unless it is base6 on the express grant or specific
consent of the territorial sovereign", and that "the facts presented
to the Court in the Pleadings of the Parties show no such express
grant or specific conserit of the territorial sovereign as could place-

281.50 RIGHT OF P.4ÇS.4GE (PRELIM. OHJECTIOSS) (JVDG~I. 26 XI j7)

a limitation on the rxercise uI India's jurisdiction ...". In para-
graph (6) it is asserted that none of the grounds put forward by
the Governrnent of Portugal, namely, treaty, custom and general
principles of law, can be regardecl on the facts and the law which
have been presented to the Court as reasonably arguable under
international la~v. Paragraph (c) deals exclusively with factual
aspects of the matter before the Court. India urges that the Fifth
Preliminary Gbjection must be sustained for the reason that
"regardless of the correctness or otherjvise of the conclusions sct

out in paragraphs 4 (a) and 4(b), the uncontradicted facts presented
in the Pleadings of the Parties establish that the question of
transit between Ilainail and the enclaves has always been dealt
with both by Portiigal and the territorial sovereign on the basis
that it is a question within the exclusive competence of the terri-
torial sovereign". Finally, in paragraph (II) it is urged that the
dispute submitted to the Court hy Portugal is not a lepl dispute
which may be decided by the C.ourt under Article 38, paragraph I.
of the Statute.

The facts on which those Subn~issions of the Government of
lndia are based are not adrnitted hy Portugal. The elucidation

of those facts, and their legal consecluences, involves an examination
of the actual practice of the British, Indian and Portuguese
authorities in the matter of thr right of passage--in particular
as to the extent to which that practice can be interpreted, and
was interpreted hy the Parties, as signifying that the right of
passage is a question which accordhg to international law is
exclusively within the doniestic jurisdiction of the territorial
sovereign. There is the further question as to the legal significance
of the practice followed by tlie British and Portuguese authorities,
namely, whether that practice was expressive of the common
agreement of the Parties as to the exclusiveness of the rights of
domestic jurisdiction or whether it provided a basis for a resulting
legal right in favour of Portugal. There is, again, the question

of the legal efiect and of the circumstances surrounding the
application of Article 17 of theTreaty of 1779 and of the Slahratha
Decrees issued in pursuance thereof.
Having regard to al1these and similar questions, it is not possible
to proriounce upon the Fifth Preliminary Objection at this stage
without prejudging the merits. >lccordingly, the court decides to
join that Objection to the merits.
In these circumstances, it is not necesçary for the Court to
examine the other questions relating tu the Fifth Objection which
have been raised by the Parties in their Submissions.Sixih Pveli~tlinnryObieciio~z

ln its Sixth Objection the Government of India contended that
the Court is without jurisdictjon 011 the ground that India's
Declaration of February zsth, I9$J, accepting the compi~lsory
jurisdiclion of the Court is limited to "disputes arising aftrr
Febriiary jth, 1930, witli regard to situations or facts subseqiient
to the same date". In particular, the Government of India
maintaiiled: (a) that the dispute subrnitted to the Court by
Portiigal is a dispute ivhich did not arise after February 5th,
1930, and fb) tliat in an>-case it is a dispute with regard to situa-
tions 'and facts yrior to that date.
The Court must examine the releva,nt Indian reservation, in
the first instance, in so far as it refers to the date on which the

dispute inay be said to have arisen. The first contention advanced
in this connection by the (;o\~erntncnt of India is that the dispute
subnitted to the Court did not arise after February jth, 1930,
but-partly or mtiolly---before that date. Homever, the Goveril-
ment of Portugal contends that the dispute submitted to the
Court arose after 1953, when the (iovernment of India adopted
certain measures relating to passage and transit between the
littoralterritory of Ilaman and the enclaves of 1)adr.a and Xagar-
-4veli.
That divergence of views cannot be separated fro~nthe (luestion
whether or not the dispute subrnitted to the Court is only a
continuation of a dispute xvhichdivided Portugal and the territorial
sovereign prior to 1930 concerning the right of passage. The Court,
having heard conflicting argiiments regartling thc nature of the
passage formerly eszrcised, is not in a position to determine
at this stage the date on ivhich the dispute arose or whether or
not the dispute constitutes an extension of a prior dispute.

Sirnilar considerations apply to the second elemei-it of the reser-
l~ation rirtiolzefenzpo1,which forms part of the Indian Declaration
of Xcceptance, rlamely, in so far as it refers to "situations or facts"
subsequent to jth February, 1930.
lt was contended that the question ofthe existence or non-existence
of a legal right of passage kas not, prior to 1c1.30.in controversy
between tlie Parties concerned and that thev managcd throughoiit
to settle, without raising or resol\.ing the question of legal right,
the practical problems arising in this connection. On the other
hand it was also contended that the dispute nom7before the Court
is a continuation of a conflict of views going as far as 1818, and
that it is a dispute "beyond any question m-ithreference to situa-
tions or facts stretching far bacl; before 1930". The Court is not at present in possession of sufficient evidence
to enable it to pronoiince on these questions. To do that would
necessitate an examination and clarification of, often complicated,
questions of fact bearing on the practice pursued by the authonties
concerned for a period of very considerable duration and stretching
back to 1818, or elren 1779. There are other factors which give rise
to similar considerations. These factors include the disputed inter-
pretation of the Treaty of 1779 between the Mahrathas and the
Portuguese. Any evaluation of these factors, although limited to
the purposes of the Sixth Preliminary Objection, would entai1 the
risk of prejudging some of the issues closely connected with the
merits. Accordingly , the Coiirt must oin the Sixth Preliminary
Objection to the merits.

The Government of Portugal added to its Submissions a state-
ment requestiilg the Court to recall to the Parties the universally
admitted principle that they should faciIitate the accomplishment
of the task of the Court by abstaining from any measure capable
of exercising a prejudicial effect in regard to the execution of its
decisioils or which might bring about either an aggravation or an
extension of the dispute. The Government of Portugal has expressly
disclaimed any intention of invoking the provisions of Article 41
of the Statute concerning the indication of interim measures. The
Court does not consider that, in the circumstances of the present
case, it should comply with the request of the Governnlent of
Portugal.

For these reasons.

hv fourteen votes to three,

rejects the First Preliminary Objection ;
by fourteen votes to three,
rejects the Second Preliminary Objection;

by sixteen votes to one,
rejects the Third Preliminary Objection;

by fifteen votes to two:
rejects the Fourth Preliminary Objection ;

by thirteen votes to four,
joins the Fifth Preliminary Objection to the merits
by fifteen votes to two,

joins the Sixth Preliminary Objection to the merits;
31resunies the proceedings on the merits;

and fixes the following time-limits for the rest of the procedurc:

for the filing of the Counter-Mernorial of the Government of

India, February 2jth, 1958;
for the filing of the Replv of the Governinent of Portugal,
May ~jth, 1958:

for the filing of the Rejoinder of the Governinent of India.
July 25th 1958.

Done in Englisli and French, the English text being authorita-
tive, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-sixth daj- of
Xovember, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven, in three
copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and
the otherstransmitted to the Government ofthe Portuguese Republic
and to the Government of the Republic of Tndia, respectively.

(Sig~zed)GREES H. HACKXVOR-[H.
President.

Jndge KOJEVI;IKO'L st.ates that he cannot concur either in the
operative clause or in the reasoning of the Judgrnent because, in
his opinion, the Court should at the present stage of the proceedings
holcl that it is without jurisdiction on one or indeed more of the
Preliminary Objections raised by the Government of India.

T'ice-President B.-~DAwIa,vailing himself of the righl conferrecl
upon him by Article 57 of the Statiite, appends to the Judgment
of the Court a statement of his dissenting opinion.
Judge TCLAESTAa Dv,ailing himself of the right conferred upon
him by -Article57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment of the

Court a statement ofhis dissenting opinion, in whi31.FEK?;ASI)ES,
Judge ad hoc. concurs.
Jlr. CHAGLAJ,udge ad hoc, availing himself of the right conferred
upon him by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment
of the Court a statement of his dissenting opinion.

(Initialled) G. H. H.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
RIGHT OF PASSAGE OVER

INDIAN TERRITORY
(PORTUGAL v.INDIA)

PRELIMINARY OBJECTI'NS

JUDGMENT OFNOVEMBER 26th1957

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFSET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU

DROIT DE PASSAGE
SUR TERRITOIRE INDIEN

(PORTUGAL c. INDE)
EXCEPTIONSPRÉLIMINAIRES

ARRÊT DU 26NOVEMBRE1957 This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Caseconcerningrightof fiassageoverIndian territory

(Preliminary Objetions),
Judgment of November26th,1957: I.C.J. RefiortsI9j7, fi.125.''

Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecité comme suit:
Agaire dzldroit de passagesur territoireindien
(Exceptions firkliminairesj,
Arrêtdu 26 novembreIg57: C.I. J. Recueil 1957, fi.12j.))

Sales number
NO de vente :171 / INTEIISA'fIONAL COURT OF JL?TICE

YEAR 1957

Yovember 26th November 26th, 1957
General Lis:
No. 32

CASE CONCERNING

RIGHT OF PASSAGE OVER

INDIAN TERRITORY

(PORTUGAL ZJ. INDIA)

PREL1MINARI7 OB] ECTIOSS

Jurisdictioiof Coitvt.-Optional Claitsc.--4rtic36 oj Stafutr.-
l'relinzinaryObjection.-Condition in Declaration providing foi-
r.rclusion of categorics of disputes at aîtjs timc during z'alidit>cof Declavcc-
/ion.-Çonsistencyof Condition zriith-4rticleO/S/aiz~/r.- TclaI n1:ti
partialdeizunciation.-Retroactieflect of exclusion.

Deposif of Declaration with Secretarv-Genera1.-Ilte~.r'bctr~'ee?t
deposit of 1)eclaration and fiding of Applinstituting pvoccedings.-
Tvansmission by Secretavy-General of copy o/ Declaratiolz.

Article 36(2)of Statute.-l'riodefinitionof dispz~ic tlirozrgli nego-
tiations.
Reservation oj disputes as to matters falling û'itliin domestic jzivisdic-

tion.-Joinder of Obiection to merits.
Objection based on resevvation ratiotemporis.-"Dispzttes" and
"facts or situations+rior fo specijied dateJoindev of Objectioll to
iizerifs.

Preselzt: Prpsident HACKWORT ;HVice-I'resident BADAIV ;I Jzdges
GUERREROB ,ASDEI~AST W, ISIARSKI,ZORICI~,KLAESTAD,

RI.:'~D,ARIIAXD-UGOX,KOJEVXIKOV,Sir Muhammad
ZAFRCLLAKHAS, sir Hersch L~~UTERPACHM T,ORENO

QUIKTAKAC , ORDOVA\,VELLIXGTOX KOO ; Judges ad hoc
CHAGLA and F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Regisf;ar LOPEZOLII'AK. COUR 1NTERNATIONALE DE JGSTICE

26 novembre 1957

AFFAIRE DU

DROIT DE PASSAGE

SUR TERRITOIRE INDIEN

(PORTUGAL c. INDE)

EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIRIINAIRES

Compétence de la Cour. -Disposition facz,tltntiv.4rticle 36 du
Statut. - Exception préliminaire.- Conditiondam déclaration
prévoyant l'exclusion de certainesgories de digérends h tout moment
pendant lavalidité de la déclara-ionCompatibilité de cette condition
avec l'article 36 du StatutDénonciation totale ou partiellEget

re'troactif de l'exclztsion.
Dépôt de la déclaration entre les mains du Secrétaire général.-
Intervalle entre le dépôt de la déclaration et le dépôt d'une requêteintro-
ductive d'instance. Transmission par le Secrétaire générald'une
copie de la déclaration.
Article36 (2)du Statut. -Définition préalable du dioérend par voie

de ne'gociations.
Réserve desdifiérends relàtdes questions releriant de la compétence
nationale.- Jonction de l'exception au fond.
Exception fondée sur la réserve ratitemporiç. - eDigérends ))
et 1faits ou situatiJIante'rieuàsune date déteminée. - Jonction

de l'exception au fond.

ARRÊT
Présen,ts:M. HACKWORTH Pr,ésident; M. BADAWI,Vice-Président;

MM. GUERRERO,BASDEVANTW , INIARSKI,ZORICIC,
KLAESTAD,READ, ARMAKD-UGONK , OJEVNIKOV, Sir

Muhammad ZAFRULLA KHAN,Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,
MM. MORENO QUINTANA ,ORDOTTW A,ELLINGTON KOO,

Juges; MM. CHAGLA et FERNANDES Juges ad hoc;
M. LOPEZOLIVAN,Grefier. In the case concerning right of passage over Indian territory,

the Republic of Portugal,
represented by

Dr. Joao de Barros Ferreira da Fonseca, Ambassador of Portugal
to the Netherlands,
as Agent,
and by

~rifessor Inocêncio Galvao Telles, Director of the Faculty of
Law of Lisbon, Member of the Upper House,
as Agent, Advocate and Counsel,

assisted by
M. Maurice Bourquin, Professor in the Faculty of Law of the
University of Geneva and in the Graduate Institute of Inter-
national Studies,
as Advocate and Counsel,

and by
M. Pierre Lalive d'Épinay, Professor in the Faculty of Law of
the University of Geneva,
Dr. Henrique Martins de Carvalho, Counsellor for Overseas
Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Dr. Alexandre Lobato, Secretarv of the Centre for Overseas
Historical Studies,
as Expert Advisers,
and by

Dr. Carlos Macieira ,4ry dos Santos, Secretary of the Embassy
of Portugal at The Hague,
as Secretary,

the Republic of India,
represented bg7

Shri B. K. Kapur, Ambassador of India to the Xetherlands,
as Agent,
assisted by

Shri M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General of India,
The Right Hon. Sir Frank Soskice, Q.C., M.P.,
Professor C. H. M.\Valdock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., Chichele Pro-
fesser of Public International Law in the University of Oxford, En l'affaire relative au droit de passage sur territoireindien,

entre

la République du Portugal,

représentéepar
M. Jofio de Barros Ferreira da Fonseca, ambassadeur du Portugal
aux Pays-Bas,
comme agent,

et par
M. InocêncioGalvfio Telles,professeur, directeur de la Faculté de
droit de Lisbonne, membre de la Chambre Haute,
comme agent, avocat et conseil,

assistés de
M. Maurice Bourquin, professeur à la Faculté de droit deJJUni-
versitéde Genèveet àl'Institut universitaire de Hautes Etudes
internationales,
comme avocat et conseil,

et de
M. Pierre Lalive d'Épinay, professeur à la Faculté de droit de
l'Université de Genève,
M. Henrique Martins de Carvalho, conseiller pour l'Outremer au
ministère des Affaires étrangères,

M. Alexandre Lobato, secrétaire du Centre d'Études Historiques
de l'outremer,
comme experts,
et de

M. Carlos Macieira Ary dos Santos, secrétaire de l'ambassade du
Portugal à La Haye,
comme secrétaire,

la République de l'Inde,
représentéepar

Shri B. K. Kapur, ambassadeur de l'Inde aux Pays-Bas,
comme agent,
assistépar
Shri M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-Generalde l'Inde,

le Très Honorable Sir Frank Soskice, Q. C., M. P.,
M. C.H. M. Waldock, C. M. G., O. B. E., Q. C., professeur de
droit internationalà l'université d'Oxford (ChaireChichele),
5127 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PRELI~I. OBJECTIOXS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

M. Paul Guggenheim, Professor of International Law in the
Faculty of Law of the University of Geneva and of the
Graduate Institute of International Studies,
Mr. J. G. Le Quesne, Member of the English Bar,

as Counsel,
and by
Shri J. M. Xukhi, Legal Adviser in the Ministry of Extemal
Affairs,

as Assistant Agent and Secretary,

composed as above,

delivers the follozeliJwdgment :
On December 22nd, 1955, the Minister of Portugal to the

Netherlands, acting on the instructions of his Government, filed
on that date with the Registrar an Application signed by himself
as the appointed Agent of the Portuguese Government and sub-
mitting to the Court a dispute between the Republic of Portugal
and the Republic of India concerning the right of passage over
Indian territory between the territory of Daman (littoralDaman)
and the enclaved territories of DadrA and Wagar-Aveli as weU.as
between each of the t\~o last-mentioned territories.
In the Application, the Government of Portugal stated that
the Court had jurisdiction in the dispute for the reason that
both Portugal and India had accepted the Optional Clause which

forms the subject of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the Court. The Application Ras commiinicated to the Government
of India in conformity with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
on the day on which it was filed. It was also notified under Arti-
cle 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute to the other Mcmbers of the
United Nations and to other non-member States entitled to appear
before the Court.
By an Order of March 13tl1, 1956, the Court fixed .lune 15th,
1956, as the time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of the Govern-
ment of the Republic of Portugal, and Ilecember 15th, 1956, as
the time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of the Govern-

ment of the Republic of India. In the same Order the Court reserved
the rest of the procedure for further decision. The Memorial was
filed within the prescribed time-limit. At the request of theGovem-
ment of India, which had announced its intention to submit a
Preliminary Objection to the jurisdiction of the Court, the time-
limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial, or of the Preliminary
Objection, was extended, by an Order of November 27th, 1956,
to April 15th, 1957. Within the new time-limit thus fixed, the
Government of India filed a (Preliminarv Objection ))designed, on

6 M. Paul Guggenheim, professeur de droit international à la
Faculté de droit de l'université de Genève et à l'Institut
universitaire de Hautes Études internationales,
M. J. G. Le Quesne, membre du barreau anglais,

comme conseils,
et de
Shri J. M. Mukhi, conseiller juridique, au ministère des AfTaires
extérieures,

comme agent adjoint et secrétaire,

ainsi composée,

Le 22 décembre 1955, le ministre du Portugal aux Pays-Bas a,
sur instructions de son Gouvernement, remis au Greffier une requête
portant la mêmedate, signée par lui en sa qualité d'agent de ce
Gouvernement et soumettant àla Cour un différendentre la Répu-

blique du Portugal et la République de l'Inde au sujet du droit
de passage sur territoire indien entre le territoire de Damao (Damao
du littoral) et les territoires enclavés deDadra et de Nagar-Aveli
et entre ces deux derniers territoires.

Dans la requête, le Gouvernement du Portugal énonce que la
Cour est compétente pour connaître du différend du fait que le Por-
tugal et l'Inde ont, l'un et l'autre, accepté la dispocition facultative
qui fait l'objet delIarticle36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour.
La communication de la requête au Gouvernement de l'Inde aux
termes de l'article 40, paragraphe 2, du Statut a étéfaite le jour
même du dépôt. D'autre part, conformément à l'article 40, para-
graphe 3,, du Statut, les autres Membres des Nations Unies ainsi
que les Etats non membres admis à ester devant la Cour ont été

informés de la requête.
Par ordonnance du 13 mars 1956, la Cour a fixéau I5 juin 1956
l'expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire du Gouvernement
de la République du Portugal et au 15 décembre 1956 l'expiration
du délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire du Gouvernement de la
République de l'Inde. Par la mêmeordonnance, la Cour a réservé
la suite de la procédure. Le mémoire a étédéposédans le délai
prescrit. A la demande du Gouvernement de l'Inde, qui avait
déclaréson intention de soulever une exception préliminaire à la
compétence de la Cour, le délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire
ou de l'exception préliminaire a été,par ordonnance du 27 novembre
1956, prorogé au 15 avril 1957. Dans le nouveau délai ainsi fixé,
le Gouvernement de l'Inde a déposéune (Exception préliminaire ))

tendant, pour divers motifs qui y sont exposés, à faire dire et juger
6various grounds stated therein, to obtain a finding from the Court
that it is without jurisdiction to entertain the Portuguese Appli-
cation.
On April 16th, 1957, an Order, recording that the proceedings
on the merits were suspended uilder Article 62, paragraph 3, of
the Rules of Court, fixed a time-limit expiring on June 15th, 1957,

for submission by the Government of Portugal of a written
statement containing its Observations and Submissions on the
Preliminary Objections. Subsequently, at the request of the
Government of Portugal, the Court, by an Order of May 18th,
1957, extended that time-limit to August 15th, 1957. On that
date, the urritten statement was filed and the case, in so far as
the Preliminary Objections were concerned, Iras ready for heanng.
The Honorable Mahomed Ali Currim Chagla, Chief Justice of
Bombay, and M. Manuel Fernandes, Director-General at the .
Ministry of Justice of Portugal and Member of the International
Relations Section of the Upper House, were respectively chosen,
in accordance with Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to sit
as Judges ad hoc in the present case by the Government of India
and the Government of Portugal.
Sittings were held on September 23rd, 24th, zjth, 26th, 27th
and 30th and on October ~st, znd, 3rd, jth, 7th, 8th, 10th and
th, 1957. in the course of which the Court heard oral arguments

and replies from Shri B. K. Kapur, Shri M. C. Setalvad, Professors
Waldock and Guggenheim, and Sir Frank Soskice, on behalf of
the Government of India, and from M. de Barros Ferreira da
Fonseca, and Professors Galviio Telles and Maurice Bourquin, on
behalf of the Government of Portugal.
In the course of the written and oral proceedings, the following
Submissions were made by the Parties:
011 behalf of the Gobernment of Portugal, in the Application:

"May it please the Court,
(a) To recognize and declare that Portugal is the holder or
beneficiary of a right of passage between its territory of Dam20
(littoral Damiio) and its enclaved territories of DadrA and Nagar-
Aveli, and between each of the latter, and that this right comprises
or other upholders of law and order, without restrictions ordiffi-es
culties and in the manner and to the extent required by the effec-
tive exercise of Portuguese sovereignty in the said territories.
(b) To recognize and declare that India has prevented and
continues to prevent the exercise of the right in question, thus
committing an offence to the detriment of Portuguese sovereignty
over the enclaves of DadrA and Nagar-Aveli and violating its
international obligations denving from the above-mentioned
sources and from any others, particularly treaties,which may be
applicable.
(c) To adjudge that India should put an immediate end to tliis
de facto situation by allowing Portugal to exercise the above-

7que la Cour n'a pas compétence pour connaître de la requête du
Portugal.

Le 16 avril 1957, une ordonnance, constatant que la procédure
sur le fond était suspendue en vertu des dispositions de l'article 62,
paragraphe 3, du Règlement, a fixéun délai expirant le 15 juin
1957 pour la présentation par le Gouvernement du Portugal d'un
exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les
exceptions préliminaires. Par la suite, à la demande du Gouverne-
ment du Portugal, la Cour, par ordonnance du 18 mai 1957, a
prorogé ce délai au Ij août 1957. A cette date, l'exposéécrit a été
déposéet l'affaire s'est trouvée en état, pour cequi estdesexceptions

préliminaires.
En application de l'article 31, paragraphe 3, du Statut, ont été
désignéspour siéger comme juges ad hoc dans la présente affaire:
l'Honorable Mahomed Ali Currim Chagla, Chief Justice deBombay,
par le Gouvernement de l'Inde, et M. Manuel Fernandes, direc-
teur généralau ministère de la Justice du Portugal et membre
de la Section des relations internationales de la Chambre Haute,
par le Gouvernement du Portugal.
Des audiences ont ététenues les 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30 septembre
et les I~~,2,3, j, 7, 8, IO et II octobre 1957, durant lesquelles la
Cour a entendu en leurs plaidoiries et réponses Shri B. K. Kapur,
Shri M.C.Setalvad, MM. Waldock, Guggenheim, Sir Frank Soskice,
au nom du Gouvernement de l'Inde, et MM. de Barros Ferreira
da Fonseca, Galvao Telles, Maurice Bourquin, au nom du Gouverne-
ment du Portugal.

Au cours de la procédure écrite et orale, les conclusions ci-après
ont étéprises par les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement du Portugal, dans la requête :
«Plaise à la Cour,
a) Dire et juger que le Portugal est titulaire ou bénéficiad'un
droit de passage entre son territoire de Damao (Damaodu littoral),
ses temtoires enclavésde Dadra et de Nagar-Aveli et entre ceux-ci,
et que ce droit comprend la faculté de transit pour les personnes
et pour les biens, y compris les forces arméesou les autres soutiens
du droit et de l'ordre, sansrestrictions ou difficultéset de la manière
et dans la mesure requises par l'exerciceeffectif de la souveraineté
portugaise sur lesdits territoires.
b) Dire et juger que l'Inde a empêché et continue à empêcher
l'exercice du droit dont il s'agit, attentant ainài la souveraineté
portugaise sur les enclaves portugaises de Dadra et de Nagar-
Aveli et violant ses obligations internationales dérivéesdes sources
mentionnéesci-dessus et de toutes autres, en particulier les traités
qui pourraient êtreapplicables.

c) Décider que l'Inde doit immédiatement mettre fin à cette
çituation de fait en permettant au Portugal d'exercer le droit de mentioned right of passage iii the conditions herein set out."

On behalf of the same Government, in the Memorial:

"May it please the Court,
I. To adjudge and declare

(a) that Portugal has a right of passage through the territory
of India in order to ensure communications between its
territory of Daman (coastal Daman) and its enclaved
territories of Dadra and Naga--Aveli;
(b) that this right comprises the transit of persons and goods,
as well as the passage of representatives of the authorities
and of armed forces necessary to ensure the full exercise of

Portuguese sovereignty in the territories in question.
2. To adjudge and declare :
(a) that the Governinent of India must respect that right ;

(6) that it must therefore abstain from any act capable of
hampering or impeding its exercise;
(c) that neither may it allow such acts to be carried out on
its territory;

3. To adjudge and declare that the Government of India has
acted and continues to act contrary to the obligations
recalled above ;
4. To cal1 upon the Government of India to put an end to this
unlawful state of affairs."

On behalf of the Government of India, in the Preliminary Objec-

tions :
"The Government of India, accordingly, asks the Court to
adjudge and declare that it is without jurisdiction to entertain
the Portuguese Application, dated zznd December, 1955, on one or
more of the following grounds:

A. (1) The third condition of the Portuguese Declaration of
19th December, 1955, is incompatible with the provisions of the
Optional Clause of the Statute of the Court so that the said
Declaration is totally invalid as a recognition of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court under that Clause; and, in consequence,

(2) The Portuguese Application of 22nd December, 1955, which
is expressed to found the jurisdiction of the Court in the present
case upon the said Declaration, was ineffective to establish the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under the Optional Clause
(paragraphs 25-34).
B. (1) The filing of the Application in the present case by the
Portuguese Government on zznd December, 1955, both violated

the principle of equality of States before the Court, and disregarded
the express condition of reciprocity contained in the Declaration
of the Government of India, dated 28th February, 1940; and, in
consequence,
8 passage ci-dessus mentionné dans les conditions énoncées plus

haut. ))
Au nom de ce mêmeGouvernement, dans le mémoire :

«Plaise à la Cour,

I. De dire et juger:
a) que le Portugal a un droit de passage sur le territoire de
l'Inde en vue d'assurer les liaisons entre son territoire de
Dam20 (Dam20 du littoral) et ses territoires enclavés de
DadrA et de Nagar-Aveli;

b) que ce droit comporte le transit des personnes et des biens
ainsi que le passage des représentants de l'autorité et des
forces armées nécessaires pour assurer le plein exercice de
la souveraineté portugaise dans les territoires en question.
2. De dire et juger:

a) que le Gouvernement de l'Inde doit respecter ce droit;
b) qu'il doit s'abstenir, en conséquence, de tout acte suscep-
tible d'en entraver ou d'en compromettre l'exercice;
c) qu'il ne peut davantage laisser s'accomplir de tels actes

sur son temtoire;
3. De dire et juger que le Gouvernement de l'Inde a agi et
continue d'agir contrairement aux obligations rappelées ci-
dessus;

4. De l'inviter à mettre fin à cet état de choses illicite. »

Au nom du Gouvernement de l'Inde, dans les exceptions pré-
liminaires :

(En conséquence, le Gouvernement de l'Inde demande à la Cour
de dire et juger qu'elle n'a pas compétence pour connaître de la
requêteportugaise du 22 décembre 1955, pour un ou plusieurs des
motifs suivants :
A. (1) La troisième condition de la déclaration portugaise du

19 décembre 1955 est incompatible avec les termes de la disposi-
tion facultative du Statut de la Cour, ce qui entraîne la nullité
complète de cette déclaration en tant que reconnaissance de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de cette disposition;
et, en conséquence,
(2) La requêteportugaise du 22 décembre 1955, attendu qu'elle
déclare fonder la compétence de la Cour en la présente instance
sur cette déclaration, était sans effet pour établir la juridiction

obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de la disposition facultative
(par. 25-34).
B. (1) Le dépôt de la requête en la présente instance par le
Gouvernement pqrtugais le 22 décembre 1955 a violé leprincipe
de l'égalité desEtats devant la Cour et a méconnu en même
temps la condition expresse de réciprocité contenue dans la
déclaration du Gouvernement de l'Inde en date du 28 février

1940; et, en conséquence, (2) The Portuguese Application of 22nd December, 1955, was
ineffective to establish the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
under the Optional Clause (paragraphs 35-44).

C. (1) Portugal, before filing her Application in the present
case, did not comply with the rule of customary international law
requiring her to undertake diplomatic negotiations and continue
them to the point where it was no longer profitable to pursue
them, because
(A) She filed her Application on 22nd December, 1955,
without ever previously having given to India the slightest
indication that she made any such claims to legal rights of

passage as she has since formulated in the Memorial; and
(B) She filed her Application on und December, 1955,
immediately after making her Declaration accepting the
Optional Clause, and only shortly after becoming a Member of
the United Nations without attempting to pursue her diplo-
matic negotiations with India in the new situation created by
the change in the legal relations of the Parties brought about
by these events; and, in consequence,

(2)When Portugal filed her Application in the present case
on 22nd December, 1955, there was not any legal dispute between
the Parties and, in addition, Portugal had not fulfilledan essential
condition for the invoking of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction
under the Optional Clause (paragraphs 45-50).

D. (1) The fling of the Application in the present case by the
Portuguese Government on zand December, 1955, was a violation
of the reciprocal right conferred upon India, both by the terms of
the Optional Clause, and by the terms of India's Declaration, to
exercise the power to make reservations contained in the third
condition of the Portuguese Declaration, dated 19th December,
1955;

(2)The filing of the Application on 22nd December, 1955,
having regard to the terms of the Portuguese third condition, \vas
also an abuse of the Optional Clause and of the procedure of the
Court ; and, in consequence,
(3) For each and bot11 of the above reasons the Portuguese
Application of 22nd December, 1955, was ineffective to establish
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under the Optional
Clause (paragraphs 51-58).

E. (1) The dispute relates to a question which under inter-
national law is, in principle, a question falling exclusively within
the jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 161-168).

(2) A summary view of the facts shows that each of the inter-
ested States has for a long time past treated the matters now
in dispute as falling exclusively within the jurisdiction of the
territorial sovereign and, in view of the principle in E (1)above,
this suffices to establish conclusively that the present dispute is
one relating to a question which, by international law, falls
exclusively within the jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 156-159). (2) La requête portugaise du 22 décembre 1955 étdt donc
sans effet pour établir la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en
vertu de la disposition facultative (par. 35-44).

C. (1) Le Portugal, avant de déposer sa requêteen la présente
instance, ne s'est pas conformé à la règle de droit coutumier
international qui l'oblige à entreprendre des négociations diplo-
matiques et à les poursuivre jusqu'au moment où il eût étéinutile
de les poursuivre plus longtemps, parce que

(A) Il a déposésa requête le 22 décembre 1955 sans avoir
jamais auparavant donné à l'Inde la moindre indication qu'il
soulevait aucune des revendications de droits juridiques de
passage qu'il a depuis lors formulées dans son mémoire; et

(B) Il a déposésa requête le 22 décembre 1955, immédiate-
ment après avoir fait sa déclaration acceptant la disposition
facultative et peu de temps après être devenu Membre des
Nations Unies, sans essayer de poursuivre ses négociations
diplomatiques avec l'Inde dans la situation nouvelle crééepar
la modification des positions juridiques des parties résultant
de ces événements; et, en conséquence.
(2) Quand le Portugal a déposésa requête en la présente

instance le 22 décembre I95j, il n'existait aucun différend juri-
dique entre les parties et, en outre, le Portugal n'avait pas
rempli les conditions essentielles pour pouvoir invoquer la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de la disposition
facultative (par. 45-50).
D. (1) Le dépôt de la requête en la présente instance par le

Gouvernement portugais le 22 décembre 1955 était une violation
du droit réciproque conféréà l'Inde, à la fois par les termes de
la disposition facultative et par les termes de sa propre décla-
ration, d'exercer le droit de faire les réserves, contenu dans la
troisième condition de la déclaration portugaise du 19 décembre
195.5:
(2) Eu égard aux termes de la troisième condition portugaise,
le dépôt de la requête le 22 décembre 1955 était également un

usage abusif de la disposition facultative et de la procédure de
la Cour; et, en conséquence,
(3) Pour chacune des deux raisons ci-dessus et pour ces deux
raisons à la fois, la requête portugaise du 22 décembre 1955
était sans effet pour établir la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour
en vertu de la disposition facultative (par. 51-58).

E. (1) Le différend touche une question qui, en droit inter-
national, relève en principe de la compétence exclusive de l'Inde
(par. 161-168).

(2) L'examen sommaire des faits démontre que chacun des
États intéressésa depuis longtemps traité les questions aujour-
d'hui en litige comme relevant exclusivement de la compétence
du souverain territorial et, en raison du principe énoncé sous la
lettre E (1) ci-dessus, cela suffit à établir de façon concluante
que le présent différend concerneune question qui, en droit inter-
national, relève de lacompétenceexclusive de l'Inde (par. I56-159).

9131 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PRELIM. OBJECTIOYS) (JUDGM.26 XI 57)
(3) A sumrnary view ofthe facts showsthat in the past Portugal
has unequivocally recognized that the matters now in dispute
relate to a question falling exclusively within the jurisdiction
of the territorial sovereign and the recognition of this by Portugal
suffices to establish conclusively that the present dispute is one
relating to a question which by international law falls exclusively
within the jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 158-159).

(4) Independently of the attitude of the Parties, a summary
view of the relevant facts and applicable law shows that none of
principles of law, which are invoked by the Govemment ofgeneral
Portugal in the Memonal, justify the provisional conclusion that
they are of real importance judicially for determining the legal
position of the Parties with respect to the passage of Portuguese
persons and goods between Daman and the enclaves, with the
result that these legal grounds of claim do not afford any basis
for holding that the present dispute is not one relating to a
question which by international law falls exclusively within the
jurisdiction of India (paragraphs 160-197).

(5) Having regard to the principle in E (1)above, the present
dispute, for each of the several reasons given in E (z), E (3)and
national law falls exclusively within the jurisdiction ofndia and,
as such, is excepted from India's acceptance of compulsory
jurisdictionunder the Optional Clause by the express termç of
her Declaration dated 28th February, 1940 (paragraphs I59-197).

F. (1)If, contrary to the contentions of the Government of
India, Portugal establishes that she was asserting some claim
to rights of passage between Daman and the enclaves during the
period from 1891 to the filing of the Application in the present
case, the facts show that this claim was disputed by the British/
Indian Government ;and, in consequence,
(2) The dispute submitted to the Court in the Portuguese
Application of zznd December, 1955, is in that event a dispute
with regard to a situation antecedent to 5th February, 1930,
and, as such, is excluded rationetemflorisfrom India's acceptance
of compulsoryjurisdiction by the express terms of her Declaration
dated 28th February, 1940 (paragraphs 198-ZOI)."

On behalf of the Govemment of Portugal, in its Observations and
Submissions in regard to the Preliminary Objections of the Govern-
ment of India, the following Submissions were stated:

"The Portuguese Government considers that it has shown that
not one of the six Preliminary Objections advanced by the Govern-
ment of India is justified.
Accordingly, it respectfully begs the Court to reject them and
to invite the Govemment of India to present its Submissions on
the fierits of the dispute." DROIT I>E PAISSAGE (EXCEPTIOSS PRÉLIM.) (ARRÊT 26 XI 57) I3I

(3) Le résumi:historique des faits démontre que dans le passé
le Portugal a reconnu sans équivoque que l'objet du présent
différendtoucheune matière qiii relèvede la compétence exclusive

du souverain territorial et la reconnaissance de ce fait par le
Portugal suffit à établir que le présent différend concerne une
question qui, en droit international, relève de la compétence
exclusive de l'Inde (par. 158-159).
(4) Indépendamment de l'attitude des parties, l'examen soin-
maire des faits pertinents et du droit applicable montre qu'aucun
des motifs juridiques de réclamation reposant sur une base
conventionnelle, sur une base coutumière et sur les principes

générauxde droit, qui sont invoqués par le Gouvernement du
Portugal dans son mémoire, ne justifie la conclusion provisoire
qu'ils présentent une réelleimportance juridique pour déterminer
la position légale des parties en matière de transit des personnes
et des biens portugais entre Damao et les enclaves et, qu'en
conséquence, ces motifs juridiques de réclamation ne permettent
aucunement de dire que le présent différend ne concerne pas une
question qui, en droit international, relève de la compétence
exclusive de l'Inde (par. 160-197).

(5) Eu égard au principe énoncésous la lettre E (1) ci-dessus
et pour chacune des diverses raisons énoncéesaux lettres E (2),
E (3) et E (4) ci-dessus, le présent différendest un différend qui
touche une question qui, en droit international, relève de la
compétence exclusive de l'Inde et, à ce titre, est exclu, par les
termes exprès de sa déclaration du 28 février 1940, de I'ac-
ceptation par l'Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en
vertu de la disposition facultative (par. 159-197).

F. (1)Si, contrairement à la thèse du Gouvernement de l'Inde,
le Portugal parvient à démontrer qu'il a revendiqué des droits de
passage entre Damao et les enclaves entre 1891 et le dépôt de
la requêteen la présente instance, les faits démontrent que cette

revendication était contestée par le Gouvernement britannique1
indien; et, en conséquence,
(2) Le différend soumis à la Cour par la requête portugaise
du 22 décembre 1955 est, dans ce cas, un différend qui concerne
une situation antérieure au 5 février 1930 et, à ce titre, est
exclu ratione temporis, par les termes exprès de sa déclaration
du 28 février 1940, de l'acceptation par l'Inde de la juridiction
obligatoire (par. 19s-201).))

Au nom du Gouvernement du Portugal, dans ses observations
et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires :

((Le Gouvernement portugais croit avoir démontré qu'aucune
des six exceptions préliminaires soulevées par le Gouvernement
de l'Inde n'est justifiée.
En conséquence, il prie respectueusement la Cour de les rejeter
et d'inviter le Gouvernement de l'Inde à conclure sur le fond
du litige.))132 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PREI.IM. OBJECTIOXS) (JCDG~I. 26 XI 57)

On behalf of the Government of India at the sitting of Sep-
tember 27th, 1957:

"First Objection
The Portuguese Declaration of 19 December, 1955, by reason
of the incompatibility of its third condition with the object and
purpose of the Optional Clause of the Statute of the Court, is
wholly invalid as a recognition of the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court under that Clause; and, as the Portuguese Appli-

cation of 22 December, 1955, purports to found the jurisdiction
of the Court only upon the said invalid Declaration, the Court
is without jurisdiction to entertain that Application.

Second Objection
Since the Portuguese Application of 22 December, 1955, was
filed before the lapse of such brief period as in the normal course
of events would enable the Secretary-Gdneral of the United
Nations, in compliance with Article 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute
of the Court, to transmit copies of the Portuguese Declaration of
19 December, 1955, to other parties to the Statute, the filing of

the said Application violated the equality, mutuality and reci-
procity to which India was entitled under the Optional Clause
and under the express condition of îeciprocity contained in her
Declaration of 28 February, 1940, and thus the conditions
necessary to entitle the Government of Portugal to invoke the
Optional Clause against India did not exist when the said Appli-
cation was filed; and in consequence the Court is without juris-
diction to entertain the said Application.

Fourth Objectzon
Since the Portuguese Application of 22 December, 1955, was
filed before the lapse of such brief period as in the normal course
of events would enable the Secretary-General of the United

Nations, in compliance with Article 36, paragraph 4,ofthe Statute
of the Court, to transmit copies of the Portuguese Declaration of
19 December, 1955, to other parties to the Statute, the filing of
the said Application violated the reciprocal right conferred upon
India by the Optional Clause and by India's Declaration of
28 February, 1940, to invoke the third conditiqn contained in the
Portuguese Declaration of 19 December, 1955, equally and under
the same conditions as Portugal; and thus the conditions neces-
sary to entitle the Government of Portugal to invoke the Optional
Clause against India did not exist when the said Application was
filed and the filing of the said Application constituted an abuse
both of the Optional Clause and of the process of the Court; and

in consequence. the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
said Application.

Third Objectiorz
Since the Portuguese Application of 22 December, 1955, "as filed
before the Portuguese claim of a right of passage for persons
and goods across Indian territory had been made the subject of
diplvmatic negotiations, the subject-matter of the claim had

IIAu nom du Gouvernement de l'Inde, à l'audience du 27 sep-
tembre 1957:

((Première exception
En raison de l'incompatibilité de sa troisième condition avec
l'objet et le but de la disposition facultative du Statut de la
Cour, la déclaration portugaise du 19 décembre 1955 est entière-
ment nulle en tant que reconnaissance dela juridiction obligatoire

de la Cour en vertu de cette disposition; et, attendu que la
requête portugaise du 22 décembre1955prétend fonder la compé-
tence de la Cour uniquement sur cette déclaration entachée de nul-
lité, la Cour est sans compétence pour connaître de la requête.

Deuxième exception
Attendu que la requête portugaise du 22 décembre Iggj a été
déposéeavant l'expiration du bref délai qui aurait normalement
permis au Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, agissant en
application de l'article36, paragraphe 4, du Statut de la Cour,
de transmettre copie de la déclaration portugaise du 19 décembre
1955 aux autres parties au Statut, le dépôt de cette requête a
enfreint l'égalité,la mutualité et la réciprocité auxquelles l'Inde

avait droit en vertu de la disposition facultative et en vertu de
la condition expresse de réciprocitécontenue dans sa déclaration
du 28 février 1940; et ainsi les conditions nécessaires pour per-
mettre au Gouvernement portugais d'invoquer la disposition
facultative à l'égard de l'Inde n'existaient pas au moment du
dépôt de cette requête.En conséquence, la Cour est sans compé-
tence pour connaître de cette requête.

Quatrième exception
Attendu que la requête portugaise du 22 décembre 1955 a été
déposéeavant l'expiration du bref délaiqui aurait normalement
permis au Secrétaire général des NationsUnies, agissant en appli-
cation de l'articl36, paragraphe 4, du Statut de la Cour, detrans-
mettre copie de la déclaration portugaise du 19 décembre I9j5
aux autres parties au Statut, le dépôt decette requêtea enfreint
le droit réciproque, conféréà l'Inde par la disposition facultative

et par la déclaration indienne du 28 février 1940, d'invoquer
également et dans les mêmes conditions que le Portugal la
troisième condition contenue dans la déclaration portugaise du
19 décembre 1955; par conséquent les conditions nécessaires
pour permettre au Gouvernement portugais d'invoquer la dispo-
sition facultativeà l'égard del'Inde n'existaient pas au moment
du dépôt de cette requêteet le dépôt de cette requête constituait
un abus tant de la disposition facultative que de la procédure
de la Cour. En conséquence, la Cour est sans compétence pour
connaître de cette requête.

Troisième exception
Attendu que la requête portugaise du 22 décembre 1955 a été
déposéeavant que la prétention du Portugal à un droit de
passage des personnes et des marchandises sur le territoire indien
n'ait fait l'objet de négociations diplomatiques, l'objet de la not yet been determined and tliere was not -et any legal and
justiciable dispiite between the Parties which could be referred
to the Court under tlic Optional Clause; and thus tlie conditions
necessary to entitle tlic Government of Portugal to invoke the
Optional Clause against India did not exist when the said Appli-
cation was filed; and in consequence the Court is without juris-
diction to entertain the said .4pplication.

Fifth Obiectio~z
Since tlie acceptz~nceof coiiipulsorj~jurisdictioii of tlic Court for
the categories of disputes listed in the Optional Clause cloes not
include disputes with regard to questions wliich by intcriiational
law fa11exclusively witliin the jurisdiction of India and since also
India's Declaratioii of 28 February, 1940, espressly escluded
such disputes froin tlie scope of her acceptance of compulsory

jurisdiction uncler tlic Optional Clause; ancl since in principle the
subject-matter of the prescnt dispute, namely, tlie transit of
perçons and goods over Inclian territory between Daman and tiie
enclaves, relates to a (luestion wiiich by internatioii:il lan falls
exclusively within the jurisdiction of India, it is for Portugal to
show legal grounds of claim wliicli \\-ould place a limitation on
India's exercise of lier esclusi~-c jurisdiction with respect to the
subject-matter of the dispute and wl-iicliare reasonably arguable
under international la\\-;

and whereas :
(a) the authorities cited in yaragraphs 163 to 10s of India's
Preliminary Objection establish that the Portugiiese claim to
a right of transit, whether it is considerecl to be with or
without immunity, cannot be regarded as a reasonably
arguable cause of action under international law unless it is
based on the express grant or specific consent of the tem-
torial sovereign; and since the facts presented to che Court
in the pleadings of the Parties show no such express grant or
specific consent of the territorial sovereign as could place a

limitation on the exercise of India's jurisdiction with respect
to the subject-matter of the dispute, the Fifth Objection
should forthwith be sustained;

and whereas, in the alternative:
(b) none of the grounds of claim put fonvard by the Portuguese

Govemment in its Application and Memorial, namely, treaty,
custom and general principles of law, can be regarded on
the facts and the law which have been presented to the Court
as reasonably arguable under international law, the Fifth
Objection must for this reason also be sustained ;

and whereas, fiirthermore:

(c) regardless of the correctness or othenvise of the conclusions
set out in paragraphs 4 (a) and 4 (b),the uncontradicted facts
presented in the pleadings of the Parties establish that the
12DROIT DE PASSAGE (EXCEPTIOSS PRÉLIJI.) (ARRET 26 XI 57) 133

demande n'avait pas encore étédéfiniet il n'existait pas encore
entre les Parties de différend juridique et justiciable, susceptible
d'êtresoumis à la Cour en vertu de la disposition facultative;
par conséquent, les conditions nécessaires pour permettre au
Gouvernement portugais d'invoquer la disposition facultative à
l'égard de l'Inde n'existaient pas au moment du dépôt de la
requête. En coméqiience, la Cour est sans compétence pour
connaître de cette requête.

Attendu que l'acceptation de la compétence obligatoire de la
Cour pour les catégories de différends énuméréed sans la dispo-
sition facultative ne s'étend pas à ceux portant sur des questions
qui, selon le droit international, relèvent exclusivement de la

compétence de l'Inde; attendu que la déclaration indienne du
28 février 1940 iLexpressément exclu ces differends du domaine
de son acceptation de la compétence obligatoire en vertu de la
disposition facultative; attendu qu'en principe l'objet du diffé-
rend actuel, à savoir: le passage des personnes et des marchan-
dises sur le territoire indien entre 1)amao et les enclaves, se
rapporte à une question qui, selon le droit international, relève
exclusivement de la compétence de l'Inde, il appartient au
Portugal de présenter les titres juridiques qui apporteraient une
restriction à l'exercice par l'Inde de sa compétence exclusive en
ce qui concerne l'objet du différend et qui pourraient êtrernison-
nablement soutenus selon le droit international;

et attendu :
(2) que les autorites citéesaux pal-agraphes 163 à 1b8 de l'excep-
tion préliminaire de l'Inde établissent que la prétention du
Portugal à un droit de passage, avec ou sans immunité, ne
saurait être considérée commeune cause d'action pouvant
êtreraisonnablement soutenue selon le droit international, à

moins d'êtrefondéesur une concession expresse ou le consen-
tement explicite du souverain territorial, et puisque les faits
soumis à la Cour dans les pièces de la procédure écriteprésen-
tées par les Parties ne font apparaître ni concession expresse
ni consentement explicite du souverain territorial de nature
à apporter de restriction à l'exercice par l'Inde de sa com-
pétence en ce qui concerne l'objet du différend, la cinquième
exception doit être par là mêmeadmise;

et attendu, à titre subsidiaire:
b) clu'aucun des motifs à l'appui de sa prétention invoqués par
le Gouvernement portugais dans sa requête et dans son
mémoire, à savoir: traités, coiitume et principes générauxdu
droit, ne sauraient, tels qu'ils ont étéprésentésàla Cour, être
considérés,ni en fait ni en droit, comme raisonnablement
soutenables en droit international, la cinquième exception
doit, pour ce motif également, êtreadmiqe;

et attendu en outre:
c) que, ixidbpendamment de l'exactitude des conclusions énoncées
aux paragraphes 4 (a)et 4 (b), les faits non contredits exposés
dans les piècesde la procédure écriteprésentéespar les Parties134 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PREI<IM. OHJECTIOSS) (J~'I)G>I.26 XI 57)
question of transit betweeri Daman and the enclaves has
always beeii dealt with both by Portugal and the territorial

sovereign on the basis that it is a question within the exclusive
competence of the territorial sovereign ;
and whereas:

(d) both Portugal aiid India have accepted the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court only for legal disputes which may be
decided by the Court under the provisions of Article 38, para-
graph 1, of the Statute; and the dispute submitted to the
Court by Portugal is not such a dispute and there has been
no agreement between the Parties to submit the dispute to
the Court under the provisions of Article 38, paragraph 2,of
the Statute; in consequence, for this reason also, the Fifth
Objection shoiild be sustained.

Silice India's Declaratioii of 28 February, 1940, liinited her
acceptance of the compulsory jiirisdiction of the Court to disputes
arising after 5 February, 1930, \vith regard to situations or facts
subsequent to that date; and since the claim of Portugal to a
right of transit between Daman and the enclaves is formulated in
her Application and Memorial as a claim of right dated from a
period much before j February, 1930; and since that claim, if it
was ever made, has been persistently opposed by the territorial
sovereign, the present dispute as submitted to the Court by

Portugal is a dispute excluded from India's acceptance of compul-
sory jurisdiction under the Optional Clause by the express terms
of the said limitation in India's Declaration of28 February, 1940;
and in consequeilce the Court is without jurisdiction to eritertain
the Portiigiiese Application of 22 December, 1955.''

On behalf of the Government of Portugal, at the sitting of Octo-
ber 3rd, 1957:
" 1. On the First Yreli~mi~aary bjectio~z

Whereas the reservatioii in the Portuguese Declaration of Decem-
ber qth, 1955, on which the Government of India relies in support
of its contention that the said Declaration is wholly invalid as a
recognition of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, in no way
contravenes the requirements of the Statute of the Court and cannot
therefore be regarded as invalid;

Wliereas the invalidity of that reservatioii would not, in any event,
involve the invalidity of the neclaration itself;
Whereas the Application by which the Portiiguese Government
has referred the present dispiste to the Court has therefore, in this
respect. a valid foundation ;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the First Preliminary Objecticn of the Government of
India. établissent que la question du passage entre Damao et les
enclaves a toujours ététraitée par le Portugal et par le souve-
rain territorial comme une question qui relève de la compé-
tence excliisive du souverain territorial;

et attendu
d) que le Portugal et l'Inde n'ont accepté la juridiction obiiga-
toire de la Cour cliie pour les différends d'ordre juridique
susceptibles d'être tranchés par la Cour conformément aux

dispositions de l'article 38, paragraphe 1, clu Statut, et que
le différend soumis à la Cour par le Portugal n'est pas un
différend de cet ortlre et qu'il n'y a pas eii d'accord entre les
Parties pour soumettre le différend à la Cour en vertu des
tlispositions (le l'article 38, paragraphe 2, du Statut; en
conséquence, pour cc.motif également, la cinquième exception
doit être admise.
Sixième exception

Attendu que la déclaration indienne du 28 février 1940 a limité
l'acceptation par l'Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour
aux différends nésaprès le j fbvrier 1930 concernant des situCtIO~S
ou des faits postérieurs à cette date; attendu que la prétention
du Portugal à un droit de passage entre Damao et les enclaves
est énoncéedans sa requête et dans son mémoire comme la
réclamation d'un droit remontant à une période bien antérieure

;luj février 1930; et attendu que cette prétention, si elle a jamais
étéavancée, a étéconstamment rejetée par le souverain terri-
torial, le différend actuellement soumis à la Cour par le Portugal
est exclu de l'acceptation par l'Inde de la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour par les termes exprès de la limitation précitée contenue
dans la déclaration indienne du 28 février 1940 . n conséquence,
la Cour est sans compétence pour connaître de la requête portu-
gaise du 22 décembre 1955. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement du Portugal, à l'audience du 3 octo-
bre 1957:

« 1. En ce qui concernela première exception préliminaire
Attendu que la réserve de la déclaration portugaise du 19 décem-

bre 1955 sur laquelle le Gouvernement de l'Inde s'appuie pour
prétendre que ladite déclaration serait nulle en tant que recon-
naissance de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, ne contrevient
aucunement aux prescriptions du Statut de la Cour et ne peut donc
êtreconsidérée commeentachée de nullité;
Qu'en tout état de cause d'ailleurs la nullité de cette réserve
n'aurait pas pour effet d'entraîner celle de la déclaration elle-même;

Attendu que la requête par laquelle le Gouvernement portugais
a saisi la Cour du présent litige a donc à cet égard un fondement
valable;
Par ces motifs,

Plaise à la Cour
rejeter la première exception préliminaire du Gouvernement de
l'Inde. II. On theSecogzdPreliminary Objection
Whereas Declarations made in accordance with Article 36, para-
graph 2,of the Statute enter into force at once and have the effect
of making the jurisdiction of the Court compulsory as between
States accepting the same obligation;

Whereas no special condition has to be satisfied for this purpose;
Whereas, in particular, it is not made a condition for the exercise
of its rightsbj; the declarant State, by the submissioil to the Court
of a dispute by means of an Application, that its Declaration should
have been brought to the knowledge of the State which is the other
Party to the dispute;

And whereas it is likewise not made a condition that a certain
period of time shoiild have elapsed after the making of the
Declaration ;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the Second Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India.

III. On the Third Pveliminarv Objection

Whereas international law does not malce the institution of
proceedings hy means of a unilateral Application dependent on the
prior exhaustion of diplomatic negotiations, in the absence of a
treaty-provision stipulating such a condition ;
\nThereas no provision of this kind'exists in the present case,
and whereas the Portuguese Government was therefore under no
obligation to pursue diplomatic negotiations nith the Government
of India up to the poi~t at which thev became futile;

Whereas it is, in any event, for the (;overnment of India to prove
the insuficiency of these negotiations, and whereas it not only has
failed to adduce such proof hiit proof to the contrary is contained
in the documents;

Whereas these negotiations made clear be~~ondquestioil the
existence of a dispute between the Parties;
Whereas it is incorrect to assert that thesc negotiations were
not carried on upon the legal plane, since the Portuguese Govern-
ment constantly protested against the violation hy the Government
of India of the rights which it is claiming inthe present proceedings,
and since it drew attention to the responsibility which the Govern-
ment of India thereby inciirred;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court

to dismiss the Third Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India.

IV. On the Fourth Preliminarv Objection
Whereas the principle of reciprocity, laid down by Article 36 of
the Statute of the Court, relates to the extent of the obligations

14 II. En ce qui concerncla dezcxièmeexcefitio~rpréliminaire

Attendu que les déclarations faites conformément à l'article 36,
paragraphe 2,du Statut entrent en vigueur immédiatement ef ont
pour effet de rendre la juridiction de la (:oui-obligatoire entre Etats
acceptant la mêmeobligation;
Attendu qu'aucune condition spéciale n'est requise à cette fin;

Qu'il n'est pas exigénotamment, pour que l'ctat déclarant puisse
exercer ses droits, en soumettant à la Cour un différendpar voie de
requête, quesa déclaration ait étéportée à la connaissance de 1'Etat
auquel ce différend l'oppose;

et qu'il n'est pas exigé davantage qu'un certain laps de temps
se soit écoulédepuis le moment où la déclaration ;Lété faite;

Par ces motifs,
Plaise à.la Cour

rejeter la deuxième exception préliminaire du C;ou\.ernement de
l'Inde.

1II.Eu ce qui concernela troisième exception préliminaire
Attendu que le droit international ne fait pas dépendre l'intro-
duction d'instance, par requête unilatérale, de l'épuisement préa-
lable des négociations diplomatiques, sauf existence d'une clause
conventionnelle stipulant cette condition;
-4ttendu qu'il n'existe aucune clause de ce genre dans le cas

présent et que le Gouvernement portugais n'&tait donc pas obligé
de poursuivre les négociations diplomatiques avec le C ouv verne ment
indien jusqu'au point où elles deviendraient inutiles;
Attendu qu'en tout état de cause c'est au Gouvernement indien
qu'il appartiendrait de prouver l'insuffisance de ces négociations
et que non seulement il n'a pas fait cette preuve mais que la preuve
contraire résulte des documents;

Attendu que ces négociations ont indubitablement fait ressortir
l'existence d'un différend cntre les Parties;
Attendu qu'il est inexact d'affirmer que ces négociations ne se
situent pas sur le plan juridique, puisque le Gouvernement portugais
a constamment protesté contre la violation par le Gouvernement
indien des droits qu'il revendique par la présente instance et qu'il
a signalé la responsabilité que le Gouvernement indien assume de
ce fait;

Par ces motifs,
Plaise à la Cour

rejeter la troisième exception préliminaire du Gouvernement de
l'Inde.

Il'. En ce qui concerne la quatrième exceptionpréliminai~e
Attendu que le principe de réciprocité consacrépar l'article 36
di1 Statut de la Cour concerne l'étendue des obligations liant les

14 binding upon the States involved in a dispute, ai the time when
that dispute is referred to the Coiirt;

UThereasit does not apply to the measures which the said States
would have been entitled to take before the case \vas brought before
the Court, either for the purpose of putting an end to the binding
force of their Declarations or for the purpose of restricting their
scope ;
Whereas the right, of which the Government of India claims to
have been wrongfully deprived as a result of the speedy filing of the
Portuguese Application, isnot therefore covered by the principle of
reciprocity as the scope of that principle is laid down by Article 36;

Whereas, even if this were not so, it would have been quite
unnecessary for the Government of India to invoke this principle
in order to limit the scope of its obligations relating to the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court, before the filing of the Application
instituting proceedings, and whereas it was, therefore, in order to
obtain this result, quite unnecessary for it to have cognizance of
the Portuguese Declaration ;
Whereas, furthermore, there is a flagrant contradiction between
the First and Fourth Objections, for if the Portuguese reservation
were without any legal validity, as contended by the Government

of India in its First Objection, it is difficult to see how that Govern-
ment could have relied on the said reservation for the purpose of
drawing the consequences which it envisages in its Fourth Objection;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the Fourth Preliminary objection of the Government of
India.

V. On the Fifth Preliminary Objection
Whereas the Government of India requests the Court to derogate
. from the provisions of Article 43 of the Statute and of the corre-
sponding articles O;the Rules of Court relating to the normal course
of the proceedings in contentious cases, claiming that, by inter-
national law, the questions which are the subject-matter of the
present dispute fa11exclusively within the jurisdiction of India;

Whereas, in order to adjudicate upon this claim in the light of
al1 the necessary information, argument upon the merits would be
necessary, while the Government of India in fact requests the
Court definitively to dispense with such further argument by
holding itself hic et nunc, without jurisdiction to adjudicate upon
the Portuguese claim ;
Whereas such a contention could in any event only be accepted
if the Government of India showed that a summary consideration
of the grounds relied upon by Portugal sufficed to make it clear
that those grounds are manifestly lacking in substance and that it

would consequently be superfluous to prolong the proceedings by
complying with the relevant provisions of the Statute and of the
Rules of Court ;
Whereas the Government of India has failed to prove this, and
whereas the arguments adduced, on either side, on the contrary

15DROIT DE PrlSSAGE (EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIM.) (ARRÊT 26 XI 57) 136

États engagés de part et d'autre dans un différend, au moment
où la Cour est saisie de ce différend;
Attendu qu'il ne s'applique pas aux mesures que lesdits États
auraient eu le droit de prendre éventuellement avant que l'affaire
fût portée devant la Cour, soit pour mettre fin à la force obliga-
toire de leurs déclarations, soit pour en restreindre le champ d'appli-
cation ;

Attendu que la faculté dont le Gouvernement de l'Inde se plaint
d'avoir étéfrustrépar suite du dépôt rapide de la requêteportugaise
n'est donc pas couverte par le principe de réciprocité, tel que
l'articl36 en détermine l'objet;
Qu'en fût-il autrement, d'ailleurs, le Gouvernement de l'Inde
n'aurait eu nullement besoin d'invoquer ce principe pour limiter
le champ de ses obligations relatives à la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour, avant le dépôt de la requête introductive d'instance et
qu'il ne lui était donc aucunement nécessaire, pour obtenir ce
résultat, de connaître la déclaration portugaise;

Attendu, au surplus, qu'il existe une contradiction flagrante entre
la première et la quatrième exception, car si la réserve portugaise
était sans valeur juridique, ainsi que le soutient le Gouvernement
de l'Inde dans sa première exception, on ne voit pas comment ce
Gouvernement aurait pu se prévaloir de ladite réserve pour en
tirer les conséquences qu'il envisage dans sa quatrième exception;

Par ces motifs,
Plaise à la Cour
rejeter la quatrième exception préliminaire du Gouvernement de
l'Inde.

1'.En ce qui coiccerne la cinquième exceptiolzpréliminaire
Attendu que le Gouvernement de l'Inde demande à la Cour de

dérogeraux dispositions de l'article43 de son Statut et des articles
correspondants de son Règlement, relatives au déroulement normal
de la procédure contentieuse, en alléguant que, d'après le droit
international, les questions qui font l'objet du présent litige relève-
raient exclusivement de la juridiction de l'Inde;
Attendu que pour statuer sur cette allégation en connaissance de
cause, un débat sur le fond serait nécessaire, alors que le Gouver-
nement de l'Inde demande précisémentà la Cour d'écarter défini-
tivement un tel débat, en se proclamant hic et nunc incompétente
pour statuer sur la demande portugaise;

Attendu que pareille prétention ne pourrait, en tout cas, être
accueillie que si le Gouvernement de l'Inde démontrait qu'il suf-
fit d'un examen sommaire des titres invoqués par le Portugal, pour
faire ressortir que ces titres sont manifestement dépourvus de valeur
et qu'il est, par conséquent, superflu de prolonger la procédure en
se conformant aux dispositions pertinentes du Statut et du Règle-
ment de la Cour;

Attendu que le Gou\.ernement de l'Inde n'a aucunement admi-
nistré cette preuve et que les arguments avancés de part et d'autreshow the need for full discussion in order to enable the Court to pass
upon the substance of the grounds in question;

Whereas, furthermore, it is incorrect to assert that the subject-
matter of the present dispute kas in the past been regarded as
concerning a matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of India, and
that Portugal has indeed recognized that it possesses this character;
Whereas the assertions put fonvard in this connection by the
Government of India in paragraph 159 of its Preliminary Objections
are based upon a mistaken interpretation of the claim submitted
to the Court;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court
to dismiss the Fifth Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India ;

Or, in the alternative:
to join it to the merits.

VI. On the Sixth Prelimi~taryOb jectioqz
Whereas the Government of India, by its Declaration of Febru-
ary 28th, 1940, accepted the jurisdiction of the Court over al1dis-
putes arising after February 5th, 1930, 'with regard to situations
or facts subsequent to the same date';

Whereas the situations and facts which are to be taken into
consideration in applying this clause are solely those which constitute
the source of the dispute;
Whereas the situations and facts which are the source of the
dispute are al1subsequent to February 5tl1, 1930;

Whereas the Sixth Objection is therefore devoid of substance;
Whereas, in order to avoid this conclusion, the Indian Government
lias merely put forward a hypothesis and made an assertion, whicli
is formally disputed, to the effect that Portugal neither claimed
nor exercised a right of passage before February 5th, 1930, at least
since the abrogation of the British-Portuguese Treaty of 1878;
Wliereas full discussion of these points is essential, particularly

with regard to the true scope of the said Treaty and of the effects
of its abrogation;
Whereas such a discussion would raise questions of fact and of
law with regard to which the Parties are, in several respects, in
disagreement and which are too closely linked with the merits for
the Court to be able to pass upon them, in the light of al1the neces-
sary information, within the compass of its consideration of a
preliminary objection ;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court
to dismiss the Sixth Preliminary Objection of the Go\-ernment of
India ;

Or, in the alternative:
to join it to the merits.DROIT DE PASSAGE (EXCEPTIONS PRÉI.IM.) (SRR~T 26 XI 57) 137

démontrent au contraire la nécessitéd'un débat approfondi pour
permettre à la Cour de se prononcer sur la valeur des titres en
question ;

Attendu qu'il est, d'autre part, inexact de prétendre que l'objet
du présent litige aurait été traité, dans le passé, comme touchant
à une matière relevant de la compétence exclusive de l'Inde, et que
le Portugal lui aurait même reconnu ce caractère;
Attendu que les affirmations énoncées à cet égardpar le Gouver-
nement de l'Inde au paragraphe 159 de ses Exceptions préliminaires
reposent sur une interprétation erronéede la demande dont la Cour
est saisie;

Par ces motifs,
Plaise à la Cour
rejeter la cinquième exception préliminaire du Gouverilement de

l'Inde ;
Subsidiairement :
la joindre au fond.

VI. En ce quiconcerTzela sixième exceptioit prilirni~~aire

Attendu que le Gouvernement indien, par sa déclaration du
28 février1940, a accepté la juridiction de la Cour en ce qui concerne
tous différends qui s'élèveraient après le 5 février 1930, relati-
1-ement à des situations ou à des faits postérieurs à cette date »;
Attendu que les situations et les faits qui doivent êtrepris en
considération pour l'application de cette clause, sont uniquement
ceux qui constituent des éléments générateurs du différend;

Atteildu que les situations et les faits générateurs du différend
sont tous postérieurs au j février 1930;
Attendu donc que la sixième exception est dénuéede fondement ;
Attendu que, pour écarter cette conclusion, le Gouvernement
indien s'est borné à avancer une hypothèse et à émettre une affir-

mation, formellement contestée, suivant laquelle le Portugal n'au-
rait ni revendiqué ni exercé un droit de passage avant le 5 février
1930,au moins depuis l'abrogation du traité anglo-portugais de 1878 ;
Attendu qu'une discussion approfondie sur ces points serait in-
dispensable, notamment sur la véritable portée dudit traité et des
effets de son abrogation;
Attendu que cette discussion soulèverait des questions de fait

et des points de droit sur lesquels les Parties sont, à plusieurs
kgards, en désaccord et qui sont trop étroitement Liésau fond
pour que la Cour puisse se prononcer à leur sujet en pleine connais-
sance de cause, dans le cadre de l'examen d'une exception préli-
minaire ;
Par ces motifs,

Plaise à la Cour
rejeter la sixième exception préliminaire du Goul-ernement de
l'Inde ;
Subsidiairement

la joindre au fond.
1O 138 RIGHT OF PASS.4GE (PKELIM. OBJECTIONS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

VII. Whereas, in its Conclusions relating to the Fifth Preliminary
Objection, the Government of India maintains:
'(d) both Portugal and India have accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court only for legal disputes which may

be decided by the Court under the provisions of Article 38,
paragraph 1, of the Statute; and the dispute submitted
to the Court by Portugal is not such a dispute and there has
been no agreement between the Parties to submit the dispute
to the Court under the provisions of Article 38, paragraph 2,
of the Statute; in consequence for this reason also the Fifth
Objection should be sustained';

Whereas this constitutes a new Objection Lie. an Objection not

ndvanced in the written pleadings] ;
Whereas it is manifestly lacking in substance as is shown by tlie
legal grounds relied upon by the Portuguese Government in support
of its Application;
Whereas, furthermore, in accordance with Article 62 of the
Rules of Court, preliminary objections must be filed by a party
at the latest before the expiry of the time-limit fixed for the delivery

of its first pleading;

Whereas, in these circumstances, the said Objection would in
any event be inadmissible ;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the new Objection raised by the Government of India in
the guise of an argument in support of its Fifth Preliminary Objec-
tion.

VIII. Whereas the Application instituting proceedings \vas filed
in the Registry of the Court on December zznd, 19jj;
Whereas the risk exists that the dispute may become aggravated
so long as nodecision on the merits is given and whereas that aggra-
vation might compromise the execution of the said decision;

For these reasons,
May it please the Court
to recall to the Parties the universally admitted principle that they
should facilitate the accomplishment of the task of the Court by
abstaining from any measure capable of exercising a prejudicial
effect in regard to the execution ofits decision or which might bring

about either an aggravation or an extension of the dispute."
On behalf of the Government of India, the following amended and
supplementary Submissions were filed at the sitting of Octo-
ber 8th, 1957:

"1. Sixth Objection
Since India's Declaration of Febïuary 28, 1940, limited her
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court to disputes
arising after 5th February, 1930, with regard to situations or

facts subsequent to that date; and since the present dispute as VII. Attendu que, dans ses conclusions relatives à la cinquième
exception préliminaire, le Gouvernement de l'Inde soutient
«d) que le Portugal et l'Inde n'ont accepté la juridiction obli-

gatoire de la Cour que pour les différends d'ordre juridique
susceptibles d'être tranchés par la Cour conformément aux
dispositions de l'article8, paragraphe I, du Statut, et que
le différend soumis à la Cour par le Portugal n'est pas un
différend de cet ordre et qu'il n'y a pas eu d'accord entre
les Parties pour soumettre le différend à la Cour en vertu
des dispositions de l'article 38, paragraphe 2, du Statut; en
conséquence,pour ce motif également, la cinquième exception
doit êtremaintenue 1);

Attendu qu'il s'agit là d'une exception nouvelle [c. à. d. une
exception qui n'a pas étésoulevéeau cours de la procédure écrite];
~ttendu qu'elleest manifestement dénuée de fondement, comme
l'établissent les titres juridiques invo<luéspai le Gouvernement
portugais à l'appui de sa requête;
Attendu, d'autre part, qu'aux termes de l'article 62 du Règle-
ment de la Cour, les exceptions préliminaires doivent êtreprésen-

tées ai1plus tard avant l'expiration du délaifixépour la première
pièce de la procédure écrite à déposer par la partie soulevant
l'exception ;
Attendu que, dans ces conditions, ladite exception serait, en
tout cas, non recevable;
Par ces motifs,

Plaise a la Cour
rejeter la nouvelle exception soulevée par le Gouvernement de
l'Inde sous les apparences d'un argument en faveur de sa cinquième
exception préliminaire.

VIII. Attendu que la requête introductive d'instance a été
déposéeail Greffe de la Cour le 22 décembre 1955;
Attendu que le différend risque de s'aggraver aussi longtemps
qu'une décisionn'est pas intervenue sur le fond et que cette aggra-
vation pourrait compromettre l'exécution de ladite décision;

Par ces motifs,
Plaise à la Cour
rappeler aux Parties le principe universellement admis, d'après
lequel elles doivent faciliter l'accomplissement de la mission de
la Cour, en s'abstenant de toute mesure pouvant exercer une
influence préjudiciable sur l'exécution de ses décisions, ou entraîner
soit une aggravation, soit une extension du différend. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement de l'Inde, à l'audience du 8 octobre
1957, conclusions modifiées et complétées:

« I.Sixième exce@tzon
Attendu que la déclaration indienne du 28 février 1940 a limité
l'acceptation par l'Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour aux
différends nésaprès le 5 février 1930 concernant des situations ou
des faits postérieurs à cette date; et attendu que le différendactuel, submitted to the Court by Portugal is a dispute which did not arise
after 5th February, 1930, and was in any case a dispute with regard
to situations or facts which were not subsequent to that date, the
dispute is excluded from India's acceptance of compulsory juris-
diction under the Optional Clause by the express terms of the said
limitation in India's Declaration of February 28, 1940, and in
consequence the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the

Portuguese Application of ~2nd December, 1955.

2. TWithregard to the Seventh Concl.usio~zof the Govern.mentof
Portugal

Since the submission of the Government of India in support of its
Fifth Preliminary Objection quoted in the Seventh Conclusion of
the Government of Portugal in no sense constitutes a new objection,
but is simply one aspect of the contention of the Government of
India that the matters in dispute fall exclusively within the domes-
tic jurisdiction of India; and since the said siibmission of the Gov-
ernment of India is well-founded; in consequence the Seventh Con-
clusion of the Government of Portugal should be rejected.

3. Ft7ithregard to the Eighth Conclztsion of the Government of
Portugal
Since the Government of Portugal has not invoked the power of
the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the
Statute of the Court; and since that Government asks the Court

to address an admonition to the Parties analogous to an indication
of provisional measures in circumstances which would not justify
the Court in making an Order under Article 41; ancl since that
Government has not disclosed any valid grounds for asking the
Court to address such an exceptional admonition to the Parties,
and since it would in the circumstances of the present case be
\vholly inappropriate to accede to the request of the Government
of Portugal; in consequence, the Eighth Concliision of the Govern-
ment of Portugal should be rejected."

On behalf of the Govemment of Portugal, the following Submis-
sions were filed at the sitting of October r~th, 1957:

"\lrhereas the Government of India, by its Declaration of Febru-
ary z8th, 1940, has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court over al1
disputes arising after February 5th, 1930, with regard to situations
or facts subsequent to the same date;

IVhereas, by the terms of the Application instituting proceedings,
the purpose of the reference of the dispute to the Court is to secure:
(a) recognition of the right of passage existing in favour of
Portugal between its enclaved territories of Dadra and Nagar-
Aveli and between these territories and its territory of Daman
(littoralDaman) ;

(Ij)a finding that India has prevented and continues to prevent
the exercise of that right ; ancl tel qu'il a étésoumis à la Cour par le Portugal, est un différend
qui ne s'est pas élevéaprès le 5 février 1930 et, en tout cas, est
un différend concernant des situations ou des faits qui ne sont pas
postérieurs à cette date, ce différend est exclu de l'acceptation
par l'Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour aux termes de
la disposition facultative par les termes exprès de la limitation
contenue dans la déclaration indienne du 28 février 1940 En
conséquence, la Cour est sans compétence pour connaître de la
requête portugaise du 22 décembre 1955.

2. En ce qf4icoi.icerizela septième concl~4siondzc Gouvernemeizfdu
PortugaI
Attendu que la conclusion du Gouvernement de l'Inde à l'appui
de sa cinquième exception préliminaire, citée dans la septième
conclusion du Gouvernement portugais, ne constitue aucunement

iinc exception nouvelle mais est simplement yn aspect de la thèse
du Gouvernement de l'Inde d'après laquelle les questions en litige
relèvent exclusivement de la compétence nationale de l'Inde; et
attendu (lue cette conclusion du Gouvernement de l'Inde est bien
fondée; en conséquence, la septième conclusion du Gouvernement
(ILIPortugal doit êtrerejetée.
3. ER ce qzticoncer~zela huititfne co,zclz~siondzl Gou~ier~ze.iiztdiz
l'oriugal

;\ttendu que le Goii\.ernement (lu Portugal n'a pas invoqué le
pouvoir de la Cour d'indiquer cles mesures conservatoires confor-
mément à l'article 41 du Statut de la Cour, et attendu que ce
Goiivernement demande à la Cour d'adresser un a\-ertissement aux
Parties, analogue à une indication de mesures provisoires, clans des
circonstances où la Cour ne serait pas justifiée à rendre une ordon-
nance conformément à l'article 4;et attendu que ce Gouvernement
n'arévélé aucuns motifs \.alables pour demander àla Cour d'adresser
aus Parties un avertissement aussi exceptionnel; et attendu que
dans les circonstances de la présente affaire il serait absolument
inopportun d'accéder à la demande du Gouvernement portugais;
en conséquence, la huitième conclusion du Goüvernement du
Portugal doit êtrerejetée. »

-lu nom du Gouvernement du Portugal, A l'audience du II octo-
bre 1957:
((Attendu que le GOUT-ernementindien, par sa déclaration du
28 fé\.rier1940, a acceptéla juridiction de la Cour en ce qui concerne

tous différends((quis'élèveraientaprésle 5 février1930relativement
à des situations ou à des faits postérieurs à cette date));
-1ttendu qu'aux termes de la requête introductive d'instance, le
différenddont la Cour est saisie a pour objet:
a) la reconnaissance du droit de passage existant au profit du
Portugal entre ses territoires enclavés de Dadra et de Nagar-
.Ireli et entre ceux-ci et son territoire de Daman (Daman du
littoral) ;

b) la constatatio~i que l'Inde a empêchéet continue à empêcher
l'exercice de ce droit; et
18140 RIGHï OF PASSAGE (PRELIM. OBJECTIONS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

(c) that India should put an immediate end to this situation;
Whereas the earlier date of the grounds on which the claim is
based is not relevant for the purpose of applying the reservation
in the Indian Declaration of February zSth, 1940, on which the
Sixth Preliminary Objection is founded;

Whereas, on the other hand, the situations and facts which are
relevant in applying such a reservation are solely those which
constitute the source of the dispute;
Whereas the dispute referred to the Court by the Portuguese
Application of December zznd, 1955,the purpose of which is recalled
above, is undeniably subsequent to February 5th, 1930;

Whereas the same is true of the situations and facts which
constitute the source of that dispute;
For these reasons,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the Sixth Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India."

The Declarations by which the Parties accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court are as follows:
Declaration of India of February 28th, 1940:

"On behalf of the Government of India, 1 now declare that
they accept as compulsory ipsofacto and without special convention,
on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the Court, in confor-
rnity with paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court for
a period of 5 years from to-day's date, and thereafter until such
time as notice may be given to terminate the acceptance, over al1
disputes arising after February 5th, 1930, with regard to situations
or facts subsequent to the same date, other than:

disputes in regard to which the Parties to the dispute have agreed
or shall agree to have recourse to some other method of peaceful
settlement ;
disputes with the government of any other Member of the League
which is a Member of the British Commonwealth of Nations, al1
of which disputes shall be settled in such manner as the Parties

have agreed or shall agree;
disputes with regard to questions which by international law fa11
exclusively within the jurisdiction of India; and
disputes arising out of events occurring at atime when the Govern-
ment of India were involved in hostilities;
and subject to the condition that the Government of India reserve
the right to require that proceedings in the Court shall be suspended
in respect of any dispute which has been submitted to and is under
consideration by the Council of the League of Nations, provided
that notice to suspend is given after the dispute has been submitted
to the Council and is given within IO days of the notification of the
initiation of the proceedings in the Court, and provided also that 1)HOIT DE PASSAGE (EXCEPTIONS PRÉLILI.) (IRRÊT 26 XI j7) 140

c) que l'Inde doit immédiatement mettre fin à cette situation;

Attendu que l'antériorité des titres sur lesquels la demande est
fondée n'entre pas en considération lorsqu'il s'agit de faire appli-
cation de la réserve de la déclaration indienne du 28 février 1940
sur laquelle est basée la sixième exception préliminaire;

Attendu, d'autre part, que les situations et les faits qui doivent
être pris en considération pour l'application d'une telle réserve
sont uniquement ceux qui sont générateurs du différend;
Attendu que le différend, porté devant la Cour en vertu de la
requêteportugaise du 22 décembre 1955 et do~t l'objet est rappelé
ci-dessus, est incontestablement postérieur au j février 1930;

Attendu qu'il en est de même des situations et des faits géné-
rateurs de ce différend;
Pour ces motifs,

Plaise à la Coiir
rejeter la sixième esception préliminaire du Gouvernement de
l'Inde.1)

Les déclarations par lesquelles les Parties ont accepté la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour sont les suivantes:
Déclaration de l'Inde, clil28 février 1940:

«Au nom du (;ouvernement de l'lnde, je déclare maintenant qu'il
reconnaît comme obligatoire, de plein droit et sans convention
spéciale, sous condition de réciprocité, la juridiction de la Cour,
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour,
pour une durée de cinq ans à compter de ce jour et par la suite
jusqu'à ce qu'il soit donné notification de l'abrogation de cette
acceptation, pour tous les différends nés après le 5 février
1930,
concernant des sitiiations ou des faits postérieurs à ladite date,
autres que:
Les différends au sujet desquels les parties en cause auraient
convenu ou conviendraient d'avoir recours a un autre modr de
règlement pacifique ;
les différends avec les gouvernements de toiis autres Alenlbres
de la Sociétédes Nations, Membres du Commonwealth britannique
de Nations, différends qui seront réglés selonune méthode conveniie
entre les parties ou dont elles conviendront;
les différends relatifsà des questions qui, d'après le droit inter-
national, relèveiit t~xclusivement de la juridiction de l'Inde;

les différends résultant d'évCnements survenus alors que le
(;ouvernement de l'Inde se trouvait engagé dans des hostilités;
toutefois, le Gouvernement dr l'Inde se réserve le droit de de-
mander la suspension de la procédure devant la Cour pour tout
différend soumis au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et en cours
d'examen par ce dernier, à conditjoil que la requête de suspension
soit déposéeaprès que le différend aura 6té soumis au Conseil et
dans les dix jours qui suivront la notification du début de la pro-
cédure devant In Cour, et à condition également que ladite siis-

19 such suspensioil shall be limited to a periocl of12 months or such
(letermined by a decision of al1 the Mcmbcrs of the Council otheror
than the Parties to the dispute."

Ileclaration of Portugal of December ~gth, 1955 :
"Under Article 36,paragraph 2,of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice,1 declare on behalf of the Portuguese Government
that Portugal recognizes the jurisdiction of this Court asmpu1sor~-
ipso facto and without special agreement, as provided for in the
said paragraph 2 of Article 36 and under the following conciitions:

(1) l'hc present declaration covers disputes arisiilg out of
vvents both prior and subsequent to the declarations of
acceptailce of the "optional clause" which Portugal made
on L)ecember 16, 1920, as a party to the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice.
(2) The present declaration enters into force at the moment it
is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations; it shall be valid for a period of one year, and
tliereafter until notice of its denunciation is given to the
said Secretary-General.

(3) The Portliguese Government reserves the right to excliide
from the scope of the present declaration, at any time during
its validity, any given category or categories of disputes,
and with effect from the moment of such notification."ons

India has filed six Preliminary Objections to the exercise of
jurisdiction by the Court in the present case. The Court will now
proceed to examine these Objections.
First Preliniina O~bjectio~t

The First Preliminary Objection of the Government of India is
to the effect that the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain
the Application of Portugal on the ground that the Portuguese
Declaration of Acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court of
December ~gth, 1955, is invalid for the reason that the Third
Condition of the Declaration is incompatible with the object and
purpose of the Optional Clause. There are, in the view of the
Government of India, three main reasons for such incompatibility.
The Third Condition of the Declaration of Portugal provides as

follo\vs:
"3) The Portuguese Government reserves the right to esclude
from the scope of the present declaration, at any time during
its validity, any giveil category or categories of disputes, by
notifying the Secretary-General of the LTnited Nations and
with effect from the moment of such notification." pension soit limitéeà une période de douze mois ou à une période
plus longue qui pourrait êtrefixéepar les parties au différendou
déterminéepar une décisionde tous les membres du Conseil autres
que les parties au différend.»

Déclaration du Portugal, du 19 décembre 1955:
((En vertu du paragraphe z de l'articl36 du Statut de la Cour
internationale de Justice, je déclare, au nom du Gouvernement
portugais, que le Portugal reconnaît comme obligatoire, de plein
droit et sans convention spéciale, la juridiction de la Cour, confor-
mément audit paragraphe z de l'article36 et dans les conditions
énoncées ci-après:
1) La présente déclaration s'applique aux différends nés
d'événementssurvenus avant ou après les déclarations
d'acceptation de la(disposition facultativ))que le Portugal
a faites l16 décembre1920, en tant que partie au Statut
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale.

2) dépôt auprès du Secrétaire généralde l'organisation desson
Nations Unies; elle demeurera en vigueur pendant un an et,
par la suite, jusqu'à ce qu'une notification de dénonciation
soit adresséeau Secrétaire général.

3) Le Gouvernement portugais se réserve le droit d'exclure
du champ d'application de la présente déclaration, à tout
moment au cours de sa validité,une ou plusieurs catégories
déterminées de différendse,n adressant au Secrétairegénéral
de l'Organisation des Nations Unies une notification qui
prendra effetà la date où elle aura étédonnée. 1)

L'Inde a opposé six exceptions préliminaires à l'exercice de la
compétence de la Cour dans la présente affaire. La Cour procédera
à l'examen de ces exceptions.

Première exception prélinzinaire
La première exception préliminaire du Gouvernement de l'Inde
tend à faire déclarer que la Cour n'a pas compétence pour connaître
de la requête du Portugal pour la raison que la déclaration portu-
gaise d'acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour du 19 décembre 19jj
est entachée de nullité du fait que la troisième condition de la

déclaration est incompatible avec l'objet et le but de la disposition
facultative. De l'avis du Gouverilement de l'Inde, il y a trois
motifs principaux pour admettre cette incompatibilité.
La troisième condition de la déclaration du Portugal dispose:

(3. Le Gouvernement portugais se réserve le droit d'exclure du
champ d'application de la présente déclaration, àtout moment
ail cours de sa validité,une ou plusieurs catégories déterminées
de différends, en adressant au Secrétaire généralde l'organi-
sation des Nations Unies une notification qui prendra effet à
la date où elle aura étédonnée. »

20 In the first instance.,the (iovernment of India maintains tliat
that Condition gives Portugal the right, b~.making at any timc a
notification to that effect, towithdraw from the jurisdiction of the
Chrt a dispute which has been submitted to it prior to such a
notification. This is what in the course of the proceedings was
tlescribcd as the retroactive effect attaching- to that notification.
India asserts that such retroactive effect is incompatible with the
principle and notion of the compulsory jiirisdiction of the Court as
established in Article 36 of the Statute and that the Third Condition
is invalid inasmuch as it contemplates an effect which is contrarv
to the Statutc.
The Governmeiit of Portugal has contrstrd that interpretatioil
and has affirmed that the Third Condition does not have such
retroactivt, effect and that, in consequence, it is not incompatible
with -4rticlc 36 of the Statute.
In order to decide whetlier, as maintained b\;the Government of

India, the Third Condition appendcd by Portugal is invalid, and
whether such invalidit!. eiitails th<% invaliditj- of the Declaration
in which it is contained. the Court inust determine the meaningand
the cffect of tlic Third Condition by referenccxto its actual wording
and applicable principles of law.
The words "\vit11efiect from the moment of sucli ilotification"
cannot be construed :~smeaning tliat such a notification would have
retroactive effect so as to cover cases already pending beforc the
Court. Constriied in their ordinary sense, these words mean simply
that a notification under the Third applies only to dis-
putes brought before the Court after the date of the notification.
Suc11an interpretatioii leads to the coi~clusioi~tliat no retroactivc
effect can properly bc imputed to notificatio~is madc under thc
Third C,ondition. It is a rulc of law generally accepted. as well as
one acted upon in the 1);istby tlw ('oiirt. that, onct. the Court has
bcen validly seised of a disputcx,unilateral action by the respondent
State in terminating its Ileclaration. in whole or in part. cannot
divest the Court of jurisdiction. In the Nottebohwzcase the Court

gave expression to that principlc in the followirig words:

"An extrinsic factsucli athr subsequeiit lapse of the Declaration,
by reasoii of the expiry of tlic period or by deniiiiciation, cannot
deprivc tlic Court ofthe jiirisdictiori already established." (I.C.J.
Reports 1953, p. 123.)

'That stateiilent by the Court inust be deemed to apply both to
total denunciation, ancl to partial deilunciation as contemplated in
tlie Third Portuguese Condition. It is a rule of interpretation that a
text emanating from a Governinent inust, in principle, be inter-
preted as producing and as intended to produce effects m accordance
with existing law and not in violation of it. En premier lieu le Gouvernement de l'Inde soutient que cette
condition réserve au Portugal la faculté, en faisant à une date
quelconque une notification à cet cffet, de soustraire à la compé-
tence de la Cour un différend qui lui aurait étésoumis antérieurement
à cette notification. C'est ce qu'au cours de la procédure, on a
désignécomme l'effet rétroactif attaché à la notification. L'Inde

affirme qu'un tel effet rétroactif est incompatible avec le principe
et la notion de juridiction obligatoire telle que celle-ci est établie
dans l'article 36 du Statut et que la troisième condition est nulle
commc cxn\,isagcant un cffet contraire ail Statut.

Ide(;ouvernement du Portugal a contesté cette interprétation ct
affirmé que sa troisilimc condition n'a pas cct effet rétroactif et
qu'en consécluenccclle n'est pas incompatible a\.cc l'article 36 du

Statut.
Pour apprécier si, comme le Gou\.c,rnement dc l'lndc le soutient,
la troisième condition énoncéepar le Portugal est nulle et si cette
nullité entraîne la nullité de la déclaration qui la contient, la Cour
doit détcrmincr lc sens et l'effet de la troïsiLme condition en se
référant au tt,xte clc cellc-ci et aus principes de droit applicables.

Les mots (une, notification qui ~)rcnclrnc4fc.t à la datc où elle

aiii-aét6 donnécx 11nts 1)euvent étrc interl)réti;s comme signifiant quc
cette notification aura tffei rétroactif, (Ir,sorte clii'ellcs'appliquci-ait
ailx afiaires déjà ~,c~nclantes cicvant la ('our. InterprttCs dans leur
sens ordinaire, ces mots signifient sirnl)lt~inc.nttlu'unc notification
faite en vcrtii de la troisicmc condition s'apl~licluc~ seulement aux
difiérc~ntissoumis à In (:Our apri:s la tlatc dc la notification. Cette
interprétation concliiit 5 la conclusiori qu'on rie saurait Iégitinicrnent
attribiit,r lin c~ffckrt4troactifà iinc, notification faite cn vcrtu dc la

troisiCme coiiclition. C'cst iinr. ri:glc tlr droit gCnéralemc,ntacct-ptéc
et app1iquC.cdans Ic l)ass(. par la Cour clu'iinc fois 19Cour valable-
nicnt saisie d'un difféi-end,l'action unilatCralc (le 1'Etat défendeur,
ilthoriçant toiit oii partit. de sa déclaration, nc,~)c~urtetirer. compé-
tenct. à la Cour. ])ans l'affaire ~Yott~,bolznll,a c'our a es1)rirni. lc
principe en ces tcrmcs :

((Un fait k~xtéric~tiei(lu('lacaducit' iiltCric~iirtel1;clCclaratioil
~;FFc~l~Ci~~d llrtc3rniooii par tl61ioiici;~tioi(%s;iiir;iit rc,tiii1:~
Coiir iincSconip6tc~11c ((6jh6t:~l>lit).(0.1.,/.I<13c~a 3i.5~11,).123.)

C:cqu'ri.ainsi énoncéla Cour doit êtrcconsid61-6conimc s'appli-
quant tant à la dbnonciation totale qu'5 la diinonciation partielle
lxévue dans la troisiitr-rie condition portiigaise. C'est une règle
(i'intcrprC.tation qu'un tclstc Cnianant d'un (;ou\~ei-nc,mentdoit, en
principe, ctrc interl?ri:té comnic prodiiisant c,t étant destine à

produirc descffrts conformes et nori pas contraires ail droit existant.143 RIGHT OF PASS-IGE (PRELI~~. OBJECTIOXS) (JUDGZ~. 26 XI 57)

The second reason, contended for by tlie Government of India,
for the incompatibilitj- of the Third Portuguese Condition with
the object and purpose of the Optioilal Clause, is that it has intro-
duced into the Declaration a degree of uncertainty as to reciprocal
rights and obligations which deprives the acceptance of the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the Court of al1practical value. In particular,
it was contended that. in consequence of the Third Condition, the
other Signatories are in a continuous state of uncertainty as to
their reciprocal rights and obligations which may change from day
to day.
Tlihileit must be admitted that clauses such as the Third Condition
bring about a degree of uncertainty as to the future action of the

accepting government, that uncertainty does not attach to the
position actually established by the Declaration of Xcceptance or
as it might be established in consecluence of recourse to the Third
Condition.
-1s Declarations, and their alterations, made under Article 36
nliist be depositecl with the Secretary-General. it follows that, when
a case is suhmitted to the Court, it is always possible to ascertain
what are, at that moment. the reciproca.1obligations of the Parties
in accordance with their respective Declarations. Under the existing
svsteril, Governments can rely upon being informed of any changes
in the 1)eclarations in the same manner as they are informed of
total denunciations of the Declarations. it is true that during the
inter\-albetneen the date of a 11otificatio.nto the Secretary-General

ancl its receipt by the Parties to the Statute, there nlny exist
some elenlent of uncertainty. Howevcr, such uncertainty is inherent
in the operation of the system of the Oytional Clause and does not
affect the validity of the Third Condition contained in the Portu-
guese Declaratioii.

It must also be notecl that, with regard to any degree of uncer-
tainty resulting from the right of Portugal to avail itself at any time
of its Third Condition of hcceptance, the position is substantially
the same as that created by the right claimed b>-many Signatories
of the Optional Clause, including Indiri, to terminate their Decla-
rations of Acceptance by simple notification without any obligatorg7

period of notice. India did so on January yth, 19j6, when it notified
the Secretary-General of tlie denunciation of its previous Decla-
ration of Acceptance, for which it simultaneously substituted a
new Declaration incorporating reservations which were absent
from its previous Declaration. Hg- substituting, on January 7th,
1956, a ne^^ Declaration for its earlier Declaration, India achieved,
in substance, the object of Portugal's Third Condition.

It has been argued that there is a substantial difference, in tlie
matter of the certainty of the legal situation, between the Third
Portuguese Condition and the right of denunciation without notice. 1)1:01~I)E P.ASS.AIE (ET CEPTIO~S I>R~LIJI.) (ARRÊT 26 'YI5;) 143
Le secoiid motif invoqué par le Gouvernement de 1'Tnde pour

établir l'incompatibilité (le la troisième condition portugaise avec
l'objet et le but de la disposition facultative est que cette condition
a introduit dans la déclaration quelque degré d'incertitude quant
aux droits et obligations réciproques, qui prive l'acceptation de la
jiiridiction obligatoire de la Cour de toute valeur pratique. En
particulier on a soutenu que, du fait de la troisième condition, les
autres signataires se trauvent dans une situîtiori continuelle d'incer-
titiide en ce qui concerne leurs droits et obligations réciproques
susceptible. de se modifier clejour en jour.
S'il faut reconnaître que des clauses analogues à la troisiiime

cc~nditionintroduiseu tquelque degréd'incertitudeen ce qui concerne
la coridiiite future di] gouvernem-nt signataire de l'acceptation,
cette incertitudz n'ap;~arait pas dans la situation effectivement
créé?par la dsciaration d'acceptation ou telle qu'elle pourrait être
crkée à la suitr du recours à la troisième condition. ,
Ides déclarations faites en application de l'article 35, ainri que
leurs modifications, devant ètre (léposéesentre les mains du Secré-
taire général,il s'ensuit que, quand une affaire est soumise à la
Cour,
il est toujours possible de déterminer quelles sont, à ce
moment, les obligations réciproques àes Parties en vertu de leurs
déclarations respectives. Selon le svstCme actuel, Icc:Gouvernen~erits
peuvent compter qu'ils .?eront informés de toute modification
apportCe :-LUXdéclarations, de la mêmemanière qu'ils sont informés
des d&nonciatioris totales des déclarations. 11est vrai que, pendant
la p6riode qui s'écolileentre la date d'une notification au Secrétaire
généralet sa 1-éceptionpar les Parties ailStatut, il peut 2- &voir
un élément d'incertitude. Mais cette incertitude est inhérente au
ionctionficment du système de la disposition fa.cultative et n'affecte

pas la validité de la troisihme condition énoncéedans la déclaration
portugaise.
11convizn! aussi de noter, .en ce qui concerne tout degré d'in-
certitude résultant di; droit pour le Port~igal d'in:~oquer à tout
monieii: la troisième condition mise à son acceptation, que la
situation est fondamentalement 121. ême que celle qui résulte
du droit polir $de nombreux signataires de la dispositiori facul-
tative, l'Inde j- comprise, de mettre fin à 1e:ir'déclaration d'ac-
ceptation par simple notification snns préavis obliuatoire. C'est
9
ce qu'a t'ait l'Inde le 7 janvier 1956 lr>rsqu'ellea notifié au Secré-
taire généralla dénonciation de sa déclaration antérieure d'accep-
tation, à laquelle elle a substitiié en m6me -tzmps une ilouvelle
déclaration comportant des r6servç.s qui n'existaient pas clans la
précédente déclaration. En substitiiant le 7 ja.nvier Ias6 une
nozivelle déclarat~on à sa déclaration antérieure, l'Inde a atteint,
au fond, l'objectif de la troisième condition portugaise. .
II a étésoutenii qu'il J-avait une différence fondamentale, quant
à l'incertitude de la situation juridique, entre la troisième condition
portugaise et le droit de dénonciation sans préavis. De l'avis de la

22In the view ofthe Court there isno essentialdifference, withregard to
the degree of certainty, between a situation resulting from the right

of total denunciation and tliat resulting from the Third Portuguese
Condition which leaves open the possibility of a partial denunciation
of the otherwise subsisting original 1)eclaration.
Neither can it be admittcd, as a relevant tlifferentiating factor,
that while in the case of total denunciation the denouncing State
can no longer invoke any rights accruing under its I)cclaration, in
the case of a partial denunciation undcr th(: terms of thc Third
Condition I'ortugal can othcrwise continue to claim the benefits
of its Acceptancc. For, as the result of the operatioil of reciprocity,
any jurisdictional rights which it may thus continue to claim for
itself can bc invokcd against it 1)ythe other Signatories, including
Inclia.
Finally. as the tliird reason for thc invalidity of the Third
Condition, it h;is becn contendetl that that Condition offends against
the basic principle of reciprocity underlying the Optional Clause
inrismuch as it claims for Portugal a right which in effect is denied

to other Signatorics who have made a 1)eclaration without append-
ing any such condition. The Court is unable to accept that conten-
tion. Itisclear thatany reservation notified by T'ortugal in pursuance
of its Third Condition beconies automatically operative against
it in relation to other Sign;~torics of the Optional Clausc. If the
position of the Parties as regards the esercise of tlieir rights is in
any way affected by the unavoidable interval between the reccipt
by the Secretary-Grneral of the appropriate notification and its
receipt by the other Signatories, that delay operates eclually in
favour of or against al1 Signatories and is a consecluence of the
system established by the Optional Clause.

Neither cari thc Coiirt accept the view that the Third Condition
is inconsistent \i.ith the principle of reciprocity inasmuch as it
rerider-s inoperativc that part of paragraph 2 of Article 36, which

refers to Ileclarations of Acceptance of the Optional Claiise in
relation to States accepting the "same obligatjon". It is not neces-
sary that the "same obligation" sl-iould be irrcvocabl~, defined at
the time of the deposit of the Declaration of Xcceptance for the
entire period of its duration. That expression mcans no niore than
that, as betwecn Stafes adhering to the Optional Clailse, each and
al1of them are bound by such identical obligations as may esist at
an- time during \.;hich the Xcceptance is mutually binding.

As the Court finds that the Third Portuçuese Condition is not
inconsistent with the Statute, it is not necessary for it to consider
the question whether, if it werr invalid, its invalidity would affect
the Declaration as a whole.
For these reasons, the First Prelimiriary Objection of the Govein-
ment of India must be dismissed. DROIT I>E PASSAGE (EXCEPTIOXS PKÉI-ILI.)(ARRE-2 c6 3'1 j7) 144

Cour, il n'j- a pas de différence fondamentale quant au degré de
certitude entre la situation résultant du droit cle dénonciation
totale et celle résultant de latroisièmccondition portugaise, laquelle
donne ouvertiire à une dénonciation partielle de la déclaration

initiale qui subsistera pour le reste.
On ne peut paç non plus accepter, en tant qu'élément de
distinction pertinent, le fait que, dans le cas d'une dénonciation
totale,1'Etat qui l'a faite ne peut plus invoquer de droits résultant
de sa déclaration, et que, dans le cas d'une dénoiiciation partielle
aux termes de la troisième condition. le PortugaCInoIrrait continuer.
à d'autres égards, à. prétendre bénéficierde son acceptation. E;
effet, par le jeu de la réciprocité, tous droits juridictionnels qu'il

pourrait ainsi continuer à revendiquer pour lui-même, pourront
êtreinvoqués contre lui par les autres signataires, l'Inde y comprise.
Il a enfin été soutenu, comme troisième inotif cle nullité de la
troisième conclition, que celle-ci est contraire au principe fonda-
mental de réciprocitéqui est à la base de la disposition facultati~~e,
en ce que cette condition revendique pour le Portugal un droit
refus6 en fait aux autres signataires dont la dtclaration n'est lus
assortie d'une telle condition. La Cour ne peut accepter cette

thèse. Il est clair que toute réserve notifiée par le Portugal en
application de sa troisième condition devient automatiquement
applicable contre lui dans ses rapports avec les autres signataires
de la disposition facultative. Si la position des Parties quant ri
l'exercice de leurs droits est affectée en quoi que ce soit par le
délai inévitable qui s'écoiile entre la réception par le Secrétaire
généralde la notification appropriée et la réception de cette noti-
fication par les autres signataires, ce délai joue également pour

ou contre tous les signataires et est une conséquence du systPme
établi Dar la dis~osition facultative.
La Cour ne peut pas non plus accepter le point de vue selon
lequel la troisième condition serait incompatible avec le principe
de réciprocité en tant que rendant inefficace la partie du para-
graphe 2 de l'article 36 qui Seréfère&l'acceptation de la disposition
facultative à l'égard des Etats acceptant (la même obligation 1).
11 n'est pas nécessaire que (la mêmeobligation ))soit clbfinie de

façon irré~rocableau moment du dépôt de la déclaration d'accep-
tation pour toute la durée de celle-ci. Cette expression signifie
simplement que, dans les rapports entre États qui adhèrent à la
disposition facultative, tous et chacun sont Liéspar les obligations
identiques qui existeraient à t~ut moment tant qiic l'acceptation
les lie réciproquement.
Estimant que la troisième condition portugaise n'est pas inconi-
patible avec le Statut, 12 Cour n'a pas à examiner la question de

savoir si, dans le cas où cette condition serait nulle, sa nullité
fraL~Lrait la déclaration tout entière.
Pour les raisons ci-dessus, la première exception préliminaire
du Gonvernement de l'Inde doit Ct1.erejetée.Second Preliminary Objectio~z
The Second Preliminary Objectiori of the Government of India
is based on the allegation that-as the Portuguese Application of

December aznd, 1955, w-asfiled before the lapse of such brief period
as in the normal course of events would have enabled the Secretary-
General of the L-nited Yations, in compljance with Article 36,
paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Court, to transmit copies of the
Portuguese Declaration of Acceptance of Deceml~er 19tli, 1955, to
the other Parties to the Statute-the filingofthe Application violated
the equality, mutuality and reciprocity to which india n-as entitled
under tlie Optional Clause and under the express condition of
reciprocitv contained in its 1)eclaration of Februany 28th, 1940;
that, in consequence, the conditions necessary to entitlc the
Government of Porliigal to iiivolte the Optional Clause against
India did not exist wlien tliat Application was filcd; and that, as
a result, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
Application.
The principle of reciprocity forins part of the system of the
Optional Clause by virtue of the express terms both of Article 36
of tlie Statute and ol most Declarations of Acceptance, including

that of India. The Court has repeatedly afirmed and applied that
principle in relation to its own jurisdiction. It did so, inrticular,
in the case of Certni?~Norwegian Loans (I.C.J. l?e;ports1957,
pp. 22-23) where it recalled its prcvious practice on the sul~ject.
I-Iowever,it is clear that tlie notions of reciprocity and equality are
not abstract conceptions. They must be related to some provision
of the Statute or of the Declarations.

Tne two questions which the Court must now consider are as
follows: in filingiis Application on thc date that it did, namely,
December zzntl, 1955, did Portugal act in a manner contrary to
any provision of the Statute? If not, did it thereby violate any right
of India iinder the Statute or nnder its Declaration?
In the course of the oral argument the Government of Tndia
disclaimecl any intention of contending that Portugal was not
entitled to fileits Application until the notification of the Secrctary-
General had reached the Government of India. The latter merelv
maintainecl that before filing its Application Portugal ought to

have allorved such period to elnpse as would reasonably have
permitted thci. notification of the Çecretary-General to take its
"appropriate effects".
The material dates. as stated by the Government of India, are
as follows: On December ~gth, 1955,the Representative of Portugal
to the cnited Xations made the Declaration, on behalf of the
Government of Portugal, accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of
24 DROIT DE PASSAGE (EXCEPTIONS PRÉT-1111.(ARRBT 26 XI 57) 145

Deuxième exception prdiminaire

La deuxi6me exception préliminaire du Gouvernement de l'Inde
est fondée sur la thèse d'aprits laquelle -- la requéte portugaise
du 22 décembre 1955 ayant été déposéeavant l'expiration du
bref délai qui aurait normalement permis au Secrétaire général
des Nations Unies, agissant en application de l'article 36, para-
graphe 4, du Statut de la Cour, de transmettre cople de la décla-
ration portugaise d'acceptation du ra décembre 1955 aux autres
Parties au Statut -- le dépôt de cette reqiiete a enfreint l'égalité,
la mutualité et la réciprocité auxquelles l'Inde avait droit en
vert11 de la disposition facultative et en vertu de la condition
expresse de réciprocitécontenue dans sa déclaration du 28 février

1940; que, par conséquent, Irç conditions nécessaires pour per-
mettre ail Gouvernement portugais d'invoquer la disposition
facultatix-e à l'égard de l'Inde n'existaient pas au moment du
dépôt de la requête; et qu'en conséquence,la Cour est sans compé-
tence pour connaître de cette requête.
Le principe de réciprocitéfait partie du système de la disposition
facultative en vertu des termes exprès tant de l'article 36 du
Statut que de la plupart des déclarations d'acceptation, y compris
celle del'Inde. La Cour a affirméet appliqué ce principe à plusieurs
reprises en ce qui concerne sa propre compétence. Elle l'a fait en
particulier dans l'affaire relative à Certains emprtwzlsnorvkgiens
(C. I. J. Recz~eilI957, pp 22-24), où elIe a rappelé sa pratique

antérieure en la matière. Toutefois, il est clair que les notions de
réciprocité et d'égalité nesont pas des conceptions abstraites.
Elles doivent êtrerattachées à des dispositions du Statut ou des
déclarations.
Les deux questions que la Cour doit maintenant examiner sont
les suivantes: en déposant sa requête à la date où il l'a fait, c'est-
à-dire le 22 décembre 1955, le Gouvernement du Portugal a-t-il
agi contrairement à une disposition du Statut ? Si non, a-t-il par
là violéun droit que l'Inde tiendrait du Statut ou de sa déclaration?
En plaidoirie, le Gouvernement de l'Inde s'est défendu de toute
intention de prétendre que le Portugal n'avait pas le droit de

déposer sa requête avant que la communication du Secrétaire
généralfût parvenue au Gouvernement de l'Inde. Il s'est borné
à- soutenir que, avant de déposer sa requête, le Portugal aurait
dû laisser s'écouler le délaiqui aurait raisonnablement permis à
la communication du Secrétaire général de produire ses ceffets
propres :).
Ides dates importantes sont, selon le Gouverneinent de l'Inde,
les suivantes: Le 19 décembre 1955, le représentant du Portugal
auprès des Nations Unies fait, au noni du Gouvernement du Portu-
gal, la déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de lathe Court under the Optional Clause. On December eznd, the
Government of Portugal filed in the Court the Application insti-
tuting the present proceedings against the Governinent of India.
On the same day, a telegram was sent by the Court notifying the
Government of India of the filing of the Portuguese Application.
On December 3oth, 1955, the Government of India received a copy
of the Portuguese Declaration of Acceptance which had been
obtained from the Court by its Embassy at The Hague. On Janu-

ary ~gth, ~956, a copy of the Portuguese Declaration was officially
transmitted to the Government of India by the Secretary-General
of tlie Tlnited Nations in compliance with Article 36, paragraph 4,
of the Statute.
The Government of India has contended that, in filing its Appli-
cation on December aznd. I9j5, the Goverilment of Portugal did
not act in conformity with the provisions of the Statute. The
Court is unable to accept that contention. The Court considers
that. by the deposit of its Declaration of Acceptance with the
Secretary-General, the accepting State becomes a Party to the
system of the Optional Clause in relation to the other declarant
States, with al1the rights and obligations deriving from Article 36.
The contractual relation between the Parties and the coinpiilsory
jurisdiction of the Court resulting therefrom are established, "ipso
facto and without special agreement". by the fact of the making
of the Declaration. Accordingly, every State which makes a Decla-

ration of Acceptance must be deemed to take into account the
possibility that,under the Statute, it may at any time find itself
sub;jectecito the obligations of the Optional Clause in relation to a
new Signatory as the result of the deposit by that Signatory of a
Declaration of acceptance. ,4 State accepting the jurisdiction of
the Court must expect that an Application may be filed against it
before the Court by a new declarant State on the same da? on
which that State deposits with the Secretary-General its Declara-
tion of Acceptance. For it is on that very day that the consensual
bond, which is the basis of the Optional Clause, comes into being
between the States concerned. \Vhen India made its Declaration of
-\cceptance of February asth, 19.40,it stated that it accepted the
jurisdiction of the Court for a specified period "fromo-day's date".
It lias been contcnded by the Government of India tliat as
Article 36 requires not only the deposit of the Declaration of

Acceptance mith the Secretary-General but also the transmission
by the Secretary-General of a copy of the Declaration to the Parties
to the Statute, the Declaration of Acceptance does not become
effective iintil the latter obligatio~i has been discharged. Howevcr,
it is only the first of these requirements that concerns the State
making the Declaration. The latter is not concerned with the duty
of the Secretary-General or the manner of its fulfilnient. The legal
effect of aDeciaration does not depend upon subsequent action or
inaction of the Secretary-General. 3loreover, unlike some other DROIT DE P.ISS.4GE (EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIN.) (ARRÊT 26 XI 57) 146

Cour en vertu de la disposition facultative. Le 22 décembre, le
Gouvernement du Portugal dépose auprès de la Cour la requête
introduisant la présente instance contre Ir: Gouvernement de
l'Inde. Le même jour, un télégramme est envoyé par la Cour
annonsant au Gouvernement de l'Inde le dépôt de la requête
portugaise. Lc 30 décembre 1955, le Gouvernement de l'Inde
reçoit une copie de la dkclaration portugaise d'acceptation qu'il
a obtenue de la Cour par l'intermédiaire de son ambassade à 1-a
Haye. Le 19 janvier 1956, une copie de la déclaration portugaise est

rransmise officiellement au Gouvernement de l'Inde par le Secré-
taire général des Kations Ilnies, conformément à l'article 36,
paragra.phe 4, du Statut.
Le Gouvernement de l'Inde soutient que le Gouvernement du
Portugal n'a pas agi conforn~én~entaux dispositions du Statut en
déposant sa requêtele 22 décembre ~955.La Cour ne peut accepter
cette thèse. Elle estime que, par le dépôt de sa déclaration d'accep-
tation entre les mains du Secrétaire général, 1'Etat acceptarit
del~ient Part?e au système de la disposition facultative à l'égardde

tous autres Etats déclarants, avcc tous les droits et obligations qui
découlent de l'article 36. Le rapport contractuel entre les Parties
et la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour qui en découlesont établis
((de plein droit et sans convention spéciale 1du fait du dépôt de la
déclaration. En conskquence, tout État faisant une déclaration
d'acceptation doit êtrecensétenir conipte du fait qu'en vertu du
Statut il eut se trouver A tout moment tenu des obligations
découlant de la disposition facultative vis-à-vis d'un nouveau
signataire, par suite du dépôt de la déclaration d'acceptation de
ce dernier. Etat qui accepte la. compétence de la Cour doit

irévoir qu'une requ!te puisse êtreintroduite contre lui devant la
:our par un nouvel Etat déclarant le jour rriêmeoù ce dernier dépose
une déclaration d'acceptation entre les mains du Secrétairegénéral.
C'est en efiet ce jour-là que le lien consensuel qui constitue la base
de la disposition facultative prend naissance entre les Etats inté-
ressés.Quand l'Inde a fait sa déclaration d'acceptation du 28 février
1940, elle a déclaréaccepter la juridiction de la Cour pour une
période déterminée (?Icompter de ce jour )).

Le Gouvernement de l'Inde a soutenu que l'article 36 prescrivant
non seulenzent le dépôt de la déclaration d'acceptation entre les
mains du Secrétaire général,mais aussi la communication par le
Secrétaire générald'une copie de la déclaration aux Parties au
Statut, la déclaration d'acceptation n'entre en vigueur que quand
cette dernière obligation a étésatisfaite. Toutefois, c'est la première
de ces prescriptions qui seule concerne 1'Etat déclarant. Ce dernier
n'a à s'occuper ni du devoir du Secrétaire généralni de la manière
dont ce devoir est rempli. L'effet juridique de la déclaration ne

dépend pas de l'action ou de l'inaction ultérieure clu Secrétaire
général.Ausurplus,contrairement à d'autres instruments, l'article36instruments, Article 36 provides for no additioiial requirement, for
instance, that theiniormation transmitted by the Secretary-General
must reach the Parties to the Statute, or that some period must
elapse subsequent to the deposit of the Declarati~n before it can
become effective. Any siich requirement would introduce an ele-
ment of uncertainty into the operation of the Optional Clause

system. 'TheCourt cannot read into the Optional Clause any requi-
rement of that nature.
India has further contended that, even tliough the filing of the
Application by Portugal be held to be othenvise in accordance with
Article 36, it \vas effected in a manner which violated rights of
India iinder tEe Statute and under itç Declaration of Acceptance.
Apart from conplaining generaliy of an impairment of its rights
of equality, mutuality and reciprocity under the Statute, India has
not specified what actiial right has been adversely affected by the
manner of the filing of tlie Portiiguese Application. 'TheCourt has
been unable to discover what right has, in fact, thus been violated.
-4s the Court has arrived at the conclusion that the manner of
fihng the Portuguese Application was neither coiitrary to Article 36
of the Statute nor in violation of any right of India under thc
Statute, or under its Declaration oE Acceptance, the Court must
dismiss the Second Preliminary Objection of the Government of
Tndia.
*
* *

Fof~rtkPreliminary Objection

As the Second and Fourth Preliminary Objections are concernecl
with cognate aspects of the filing of the Portuguese Application,
it is convenient to consider the Fourth Preliminary Objection
before examining the Third.
In the Fourth Preliminary Objection, India contended that,
since it had no knowledge of the Portuguese Declaration before
Portugal filed its Application, it uras unable to avail itself, on
the basis of reciprocity, of the Third Portuguese Condition and
to exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court the dispute whicli
is the subject-matter of the Portuguese Application. This Objection
is based on considerations substantially identical with those
adduced in support of the Seconcl Preliminary Objection. Accord-
ingly, the Court will confine itself to recalling what it has already
said in dealing with the Second Preliminary Objection, in particular
that the Statute does not prescribe any interval between the
deposit by a State of its Ileclaration of Acceptance and the filing
of an Application by that State,and that the principle ofreciprocity
is not affected by any delay in tlie receipt of copies of the Decla-
ration by the Parties to the Statute.
As the manner of the filing of the Portuguese Application did
not in respect of the Third Portuguese Condition deprive India

26n'énonce aucune exigence supplémentaire, par exemple celle que
la communication du Secrétaire généralait étéreçue par les Parties
au Statut, ou qu'un intervalle doit s'écouleraprès le dépôt de la
déclaration, avant que celle-ci ne puisse prendre effet. Toute
condition de ce genre introduirait un élémentd'incertitude dans
le jeu du système de la disposition facultative. La Cour ne peut
introduire dans la disposition facultative aucune condition de ce
genre.
L'Inde a soutenu en outre que, même sil'on considère que le
dépôt de la requêteportugaise a été,à d'autres égards, conforme

à l'article 36, la manière dont il a été fait a violé les droits que
l'Inde tient du Statut et de sa déclaration d'acceptation.
En dehors d'une réclamation généraleau sujet d'une violation
de ses droits d'égalité,de mutualité et de réciprocitéaux termes
du Statut, l'Inde n'a pas spécifiéquel droit S effectivement été
violé par la manière dont le dépôt de la requête a étéeffectué.
La,Cour n'a pu constater quel droit a ainsi étéviolé en fait.
Etant arrivée à la conclusion que la manière dont le dépôt de
la requête portugaise a étéeffectuén'a éténi contraire àl'article 36
du Statut, ni en violation d'un droit que l'Inde tient du Statut
et des déclarations, la Cour doit rejeter la deuxième exception
préliminaire du Gouvernement de l'Inde.

Qziatrièmeexception préliwzinaire

Les deuxième et quatrième esccptions préliminaires ayant trait
à des aspects connexes du dépôtde la requêteportugaise, il convient
d'examiner la quatrième exception préliminaire avant la troisiPme.

Ilans ln quatrième exception préliminaire, l'Inde prétend que,
faute d'avoir conIiu la déclaration du Portugal avant le dépôt par
celui-ci de sa requête,elle até dans l'impossibilitéde se prévaloir,
sur la base de la réciprocité,de la troisième condition portugaise et
d'esclure de la compétence de la Cour le différend qui fait l'objet
de la requêtedu Portugal. Cette exception se fonde sur des consi-
dérations identiques en substance à celles qui ont étéavancées
à l'appui de la deuxième exception préliminaire. En conséquence,
la Cour se borne à rappeler ce qu'elle a déjà dit à propos de la
deuuit'me exception préliminaire, en partjculier que le Statut
ne prescrit aucun délaientre le dépôtpar UE Etat d'une déclaration
d'acceptation et d'une requête, et que le principe de réciprocité
n'est pas affectépar un délai dans la réception par les Parties ail

Statut des copies de la déclaration.

Attendu que la manière dont le dépôt de la requêteportugaise a
étéeffectué ne privait pas l'Inde, du point de vue de la troisième
26 148 RIGHT OF P.4SSAGE (PRELIM. OBJECTIONS) (JUDGM. 26 XI 57)

of any right of reciprocity under Article 36 of the Statute, so
as to constitute an abuse of the Optional Clause, the Court cannot
regard the Fourth Preliminary Objection of the Government of
India as well founded.

In its Third Preliminary Objection, as defined in the Submis-
sions, the Government of India contended that, as the Portuguese
Application of December zznd, 1955, wafiled before the Por-

tuguese claim was effectively made the subject of diplomatic
negotiations, the subject-matter of the claim had not yet been
determined and that there was therefore, as -et, no legal and
justiciable dispute betureen the Parties which could be referred
to the Court under the Optional Clause. It was therefore submitted
that, as the conditions necessary to entitle the Zovernment of
Portugal to invoke the Optional Clause did not exist at the time
of the Application, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain
the Application.
In particular, the Third Objection is based on the allegation
that, although iieither Article 36(2) of the Statute nor the Por-
tuguese or Indian Declarations of Acceptance refer directly to
the requirement of previous negotiations, the fact that the Appli-
cation was filed prior to the exhaustion of diplomatic negotiations

was contrary to Article 36 (2) of the Statute, which refers to
legal disputes. Itwrascontended by India that, unless negotiations
had taken place which had resulted in a definition of the dispute
between the Parties as a legal dispute, there was no dispute, in
the sense of Article 36 (2) of the Statute, the existence of which
had been established in the Application and with respect to which
the Court could exercise jurisdiction.
In examining this Objection, the Court must consider the
question of the extent to which, prior tothe filing of the Application
by Portugal, negotiations had taken place between the Parties in
the matter of the right of passage. An examination of these
negotiations shows that, although they cover various aspects of
the situation arising out of the political claims oi India in respect
of the enclaves, a substantial part of these exchanges of views

was devoted, directly or indirectly, to tlie question of access to
the enclaves. A smvey of the correspondence and Notes laid
before the Court reveals tliat the alleged denial of the facilities
of transit to the enclaves provided the subject-matter of repeated
complaints on the part of Portugal; that these complaints consti-
tuted one of the principal objects of such exchanges of views as
took place; that, although the exchanges Setween the Parties
had not assumed the character of a controversy as to the nature
27condition portugaise, dii droit de rbciprocité qu'elle tient de l'arti-
cle 36 du Statut, d'une manière constituant un abus de la disposi-
tion facultative, la Cour lie saurait admettre la quatrihme escep-
tion préliminaire de I'liic!e comme bien fondée.

Dans ça troisièn-ieexception préliminaire, telle qu'elle est définie
daris ses conclusions, le Gou1:ernement de l'Inde soutient que la
requête portugaise du 22 décembre 1955 aj-ant étédéposéeavant
que la prétention du Portugal n'ait fait effectivement l'objet de
négociations diplomatiques, l'objet de la demaiide n'avait pas
encore été défini et qu'il n'existait donc pas encore entre les Parties
de différend juridique et justiciable susceptible d'êtresoumis à la
Cour en vertu de la disposition facultative. Il est soutenu en consé-
quence que, les conditions nécessaires pour permettre au Gouverne-
ment du Portugal d'invoquer la disposition facultative n'existant

pas à ladate de la rrquete, ia Cour n'a pas compétence pour connaître
de celle-ci.
Elri particulier, la troisiènic csception repose sur llal!ég-ation
selon laquelle, clilnique ni l'article (2)du Statut ni la dkclaration
portugaise ou la déclaration indienne d'acceptation ne se rélèrent
directenlent à l'exigence dc négociations préalables, le fait que la
requête a étédéposéeavant l'épuisement des négociations diplo-
matiques serait contraire à l'article 36(2)du Statut qui se réi6re à
des différends d'ordre juridique. L'Ind? a soutenu qu'à nioins de
négociations a~~ant nboiiti à définir Ic difiérend qui sépare les
Parties comme un différend d'ordre juridique, il n'y a pas, au sens
de l'article 36 (2)du Statut, de différerid don: l'existence a été
établie dans la reqiiète et à l'égard duquel la (our serait compé-

tente.
En exainina.nt cette rxception, la Cour doit considérer dans
quelle mesure des négociations sui-la question du droit de passage
ont eu lieu eritrc les Parties avant le dépôt de laqukte du Portugal.
1,'exanicn de ces négociations montre que, bien que s'&tendant aux
divers aspects de la situation crééepar les prétentions politiques
de 1'Indc relatives aiix enclaves, une partie importante de ces
éclianges de vues a étéconsacrée directement oii indirectement à
la question de l'accès aux enclaves. 1-n exanien de la correspon-
dance et des notes prksentées a la Cour révèleque le refus invoqué
des facilités de transit vers les enclaves a fait l'objet de plaintes
réit6réesde la part dii Portugal; que ces plaintes ont étél'un des

principaux objets des échanges de vues qui ont eu lieu; que, bien
que ceux-ci entre les Parties n'aient pas pris le caractère d'une
controverse surla nature et la portéedu droit de passage, le Portu-
gal a qualifié le refus du passage par liii réclaniécomme étant
27 149 RIGHT OF PASSAGE (PRELI~I. OBJECTIOKS) (JCDGM. 26 XI 57)
and extent of the legal right of passage, Portugal described the

denial of passage requested by it as being inconsistent not only
with requirement; of good neighbourly relations but also with
established ciistom and international law in general; and that
these complaints w-ere i~nsuccessful.
\+'hile the diplomatic exchanges which took place betweeri the
two Governments disclose the existence of a dispute between
them on the principal legal issue whicfi is now before thc Court,
namely, the question of the right of passage, an examination of
the correspondence shows that the negotiations had reached a
iieadloclï.
It would therefore appear that assuming that there is substance
in the co~tstntion that Article 36 (2) of the Statiite, bu referring
to legal disputes, establishes as a condition of the jurisdiction

of the Court a requicite definition of the dispute through nego-
tiations, the condition was complied with to the extent perniitted
by the circun~stances of the case.
The Court finds tha.t the legal issue \vas suffïciently disclosed
in the diplomatic exchanges, and considers that the Government
of Portugal has complied with the .conditions of the Court's
jurisdiction as laid down in Article 36 (2) of the Statute. Accord-
ingly, the Court must dismiss the Third Prellminary Objection.

Fiytl~Preli~iiiilnvy Ubjectio~z

In its Fifih Preliminary Objecticn the Government of Iridia
has relied on the reservation which fornis part of its Declaration
of Acceptance of February zSth, 1940, and which excliides from
the jurisdiction of the Court disputzs with regard to questions
which by international law îall exclusively within the jurisdiction
of the Government of India. In particular, it was asserted by the
Government of Tndia that the facts and the legal considerations
adduced before the Court did not permit the conclusion that
there was a reasonahly arguable case for the contention that the
subject-matter of the dispute is outsiàe the exclusive domestic
jurisdiction of India. It \vas therefore submitted that the dispute

is outside the jurisdiction of the Court.
The relevant Submissions of the Goveriiment of India filed on
September 27th, I~JS?,are based largely on the following assertions:
in paragraph (a) of its Submissions on the Fifth Objection it is
asserted that "the Portilguese claim to a right of transit ...cannot
be regarded as a reasonably arguable cause of action under inter-
national law unless it is base6 on the express grant or specific
consent of the territorial sovereign", and that "the facts presented
to the Court in the Pleadings of the Parties show no such express
grant or specific conserit of the territorial sovereign as could place-

28incompatible non seulement avec les exigences des rapports de bon
voisinage, mais aussi avec la coutiime établie et le droit inter-
national en général;et que ces plairites ont étévaines.

Alors que ies échanges diplomatiques qui ont eu lieu entre les
deux Gouvernements font ressortir l'existence d'un différend entre
eux à l'égard du principal point de droit actuellemeilt soumis à la
Cour, c'est-à-dire la question du droit de passage, un examen de
la correspondance montre que les négociations etaient arrivées à
une impasse.
11 apparait donc qu'à supposer fondée la thèse selon laquelle
l'article36 (2),en se rélkrant aux différends d'ordre juridique, pose
comm,:: condition à la juridiction de la Cour l'exigence d'une

définition du difiérend par \,oie de négociations, cette condition
a étéremplie dans la mesure permise par les circonstances de
1'espèce.
I,a Cour constate que le point de droit a étésuffisammeilt dégagé
dans les échanges diplon~atiques et ,elle considère que le Gouverne-
ment du Portuqa! a rempli les conditions de ccrnpéterice de la
Cour posées dans l'article 36 (2) du Statut. EII cons6quence, la
Cour doit rejeter la troisieme e'.ception prélimin2ii.e.

Cinquième exceptiotzpréliminaire

Dans sa ciriquiPrne excepticxi pri-limir~aire. le Gouveriienient de
l'Inde se fonde sur la réserve que comporte sa déclaration d'accep-
tation du uP février 1940 et qui exclut de la juridiction de la Cour
les difirérendsre:atifs à des questions qui, d'après le droit inteï-
national, relèvent excliisive~rient de la juridiction de l'Inde. En
particulier, je Goi.ivernem~nt de 1'Inclezfirme que les faits et les
considérations de droit soumis à la {'our ne 1)ermettent pas de

conclure à l'existence d'ui; argument raisorinablenient soutenable
à l'appui de la th&e que l'objet du diffhrend est en dehors de la
compétence nationale de l'Inde. Il en conclut quc le diffkrend
échappe à la compétence de la Cour.

Les conclusions pertinentes du (;ouvernemcnt de l'Inde, présen-
tées le 27 septembre 1957, se fondent, dans :ine large mesure, sur
les afirmations suivantes: au paragraphe a) de ses conclusions sur
la cinquième exception, il affirme que (1la prétention du Portugal à
un droit de passage ... ne saurait êtreconsidéréecomme une cause

d'action pouvant être raisonnablement soutenue suivant le droit
international, à moins d'etre fondée sur une concession expresse
ou sur le consentemeilt explicite du souverain territorial 1et que
(les faits soumis à la Cour dans les pièces de la procédure écrite
281.50 RIGHT OF P.4ÇS.4GE (PRELIM. OHJECTIOSS) (JVDG~I. 26 XI j7)

a limitation on the rxercise uI India's jurisdiction ...". In para-
graph (6) it is asserted that none of the grounds put forward by
the Governrnent of Portugal, namely, treaty, custom and general
principles of law, can be regardecl on the facts and the law which
have been presented to the Court as reasonably arguable under
international la~v. Paragraph (c) deals exclusively with factual
aspects of the matter before the Court. India urges that the Fifth
Preliminary Gbjection must be sustained for the reason that
"regardless of the correctness or otherjvise of the conclusions sct

out in paragraphs 4 (a) and 4(b), the uncontradicted facts presented
in the Pleadings of the Parties establish that the question of
transit between Ilainail and the enclaves has always been dealt
with both by Portiigal and the territorial sovereign on the basis
that it is a question within the exclusive competence of the terri-
torial sovereign". Finally, in paragraph (II) it is urged that the
dispute submitted to the Court hy Portugal is not a lepl dispute
which may be decided by the C.ourt under Article 38, paragraph I.
of the Statute.

The facts on which those Subn~issions of the Government of
lndia are based are not adrnitted hy Portugal. The elucidation

of those facts, and their legal consecluences, involves an examination
of the actual practice of the British, Indian and Portuguese
authorities in the matter of thr right of passage--in particular
as to the extent to which that practice can be interpreted, and
was interpreted hy the Parties, as signifying that the right of
passage is a question which accordhg to international law is
exclusively within the doniestic jurisdiction of the territorial
sovereign. There is the further question as to the legal significance
of the practice followed by tlie British and Portuguese authorities,
namely, whether that practice was expressive of the common
agreement of the Parties as to the exclusiveness of the rights of
domestic jurisdiction or whether it provided a basis for a resulting
legal right in favour of Portugal. There is, again, the question

of the legal efiect and of the circumstances surrounding the
application of Article 17 of theTreaty of 1779 and of the Slahratha
Decrees issued in pursuance thereof.
Having regard to al1these and similar questions, it is not possible
to proriounce upon the Fifth Preliminary Objection at this stage
without prejudging the merits. >lccordingly, the court decides to
join that Objection to the merits.
In these circumstances, it is not necesçary for the Court to
examine the other questions relating tu the Fifth Objection which
have been raised by the Parties in their Submissions.présentéespar les Parties ne font apparaître ni concession expresse,
ni consentement explicite du souverain territorial de nature à
apporter de restriction à l'exercice, parl'Inde, de sa comp'etence...11.
Au paragraphe b) il affirme qu'aucun des motifs avancés par le
Gouvernement du Portugal, savoir: traité, coutume et principes

généraux du droit, ne peut êtreconsidéré,compte tenii des faits
et du droit préseiltés àla Cour, comme raisonnablement soutenable
en droit international. Le paragraphe c)est exclusivement consacré
aux élémentsde fait de la question soumise à la Cour. L'Inde sou-
tient que la cinquième exception préliminaire doit êtreadmise pour
le motif que, ((indépendamment de l'exactitude des coilclusions
énoncéesaux paragraphes 4 a) et 4 b), les faits non contredits
exposés dans les pièces de la procédure écrite présentées par les
Parties établissent que la question du passage entre Damao et les
enclaves a toujours ététraitke par le Portugal et par le souverain
territorial comme une question qui relève de la compétence exclu-

sive du souverain territorial ».Enfin, le paragraphe d) énonceque
le différend soumis àla Cour par le Portugal n'est pas un différend
d'ordre juridique susceptible d'êtretranché par la Cour conformé-
ment au paragraphe I de l'article 38 du Statut.
Les faits sur lesquels reposent ces conclusions du Gouvernement
de l'Inde ne sont pas admis par le Portugal. Pour élucider cesfaits
et en tirer les conséquences juridiques il faut examiner la pratique
effective des autorités britanniques, indiennes et portugaises à
propos du droit de passage - en particulier en ce qui concerne la
mesure dans laquelle cette pratique peut êtreinterprétée et a bté
interprétée par les Parties comme signifiant que le droit de passage

est une question qui, selon le droit international, relève exclusive-
ment de la compétence nationale du souverain territorial. Il faut
aussi examiner la question de la portée juridique de la pratique
suivie par les autorités britanniques et portugaises, c'est-à-dire
rechercher si cette pratique exprimait le commun accord des deux
Parties quant à l'exclusivité des droits de juridiction nationale, ou
si elle pouvait fournir la base d'où résulterait un droit en faveur
du Portugal. Il y a encore la question de l'effet juridique et des
circonstances entourant l'application de l'article 17 du traité de
1779 et des décrets mahrattes pris en application de ce texte.

Eu égard à toutes ces questions et à d'autres analogues, il n'est
pas possible de statuer sur la cinquième exception préliminaire à
ce stade sans préjuger le fond. En conséquence, la Cour décide de
la joindre au fond.
Dans ces conditions, il n'est pas nécessaire que la Cour examine
les autres questions relatives à la cinquième exception qui ont été
soulevées par les Parties dans leurs conclusions.Sixih Pveli~tlinnryObieciio~z

ln its Sixth Objection the Government of India contended that
the Court is without jurisdictjon 011 the ground that India's
Declaration of February zsth, I9$J, accepting the compi~lsory
jurisdiclion of the Court is limited to "disputes arising aftrr
Febriiary jth, 1930, witli regard to situations or facts subseqiient
to the same date". In particular, the Government of India
maintaiiled: (a) that the dispute subrnitted to the Court by
Portiigal is a dispute ivhich did not arise after February 5th,
1930, and fb) tliat in an>-case it is a dispute with regard to situa-
tions 'and facts yrior to that date.
The Court must examine the releva,nt Indian reservation, in
the first instance, in so far as it refers to the date on which the

dispute inay be said to have arisen. The first contention advanced
in this connection by the (;o\~erntncnt of India is that the dispute
subnitted to the Court did not arise after February jth, 1930,
but-partly or mtiolly---before that date. Homever, the Goveril-
ment of Portugal contends that the dispute submitted to the
Court arose after 1953, when the (iovernment of India adopted
certain measures relating to passage and transit between the
littoralterritory of Ilaman and the enclaves of 1)adr.a and Xagar-
-4veli.
That divergence of views cannot be separated fro~nthe (luestion
whether or not the dispute subrnitted to the Court is only a
continuation of a dispute xvhichdivided Portugal and the territorial
sovereign prior to 1930 concerning the right of passage. The Court,
having heard conflicting argiiments regartling thc nature of the
passage formerly eszrcised, is not in a position to determine
at this stage the date on ivhich the dispute arose or whether or
not the dispute constitutes an extension of a prior dispute.

Sirnilar considerations apply to the second elemei-it of the reser-
l~ation rirtiolzefenzpo1,which forms part of the Indian Declaration
of Xcceptance, rlamely, in so far as it refers to "situations or facts"
subsequent to jth February, 1930.
lt was contended that the question ofthe existence or non-existence
of a legal right of passage kas not, prior to 1c1.30.in controversy
between tlie Parties concerned and that thev managcd throughoiit
to settle, without raising or resol\.ing the question of legal right,
the practical problems arising in this connection. On the other
hand it was also contended that the dispute nom7before the Court
is a continuation of a conflict of views going as far as 1818, and
that it is a dispute "beyond any question m-ithreference to situa-
tions or facts stretching far bacl; before 1930".Sixième exception préliminaire

Ilans sa sixit~rie exception le Gouvernement de l'Inde soutient
que la Cour est sans compétence pour le motif que la déclaration
indienne datée.du 7s février 1940, acceptant la juridiction obliga-
toire de la Cour, se limite aux<(différcnds nésaprès le 5 février 1930
concernant des situations ou des faits postérieurs à ladite date ».
Le Gouvernement de l'Inde soutient: (7)que le diffkrend soumis à

la Cour par le Portugal est un différend qui n'est pas né après le
5 février 1930, et E) que c'est en tout cas un différend concernant
dessituations et des faits anterieurs à cette date.

Ida Cour doit, en premier lieu, esanliner la rSsei-veindienne perti-
nente eri tant qu'elle se réfèrà ladate à laquelle oii peut considérer
qu'est né le différend. Le Gouvernenient de l'Inde soutient que
le différend soun~is à la Cour ne s'est pas élevéaprès le 5 février
1930 mais -- partiellement ou totalement -- avant: cette date.

Toiitefois, le Gouvernement di1 Portugal soutient que le difiérend
soumis à la Cour est né aprk 1953, année au cours de laquelle le
Gouvernement de l'Inde a adopté certaines mesures relatives au
passage et au transit entre le territoire littoral deDamao et les
enclaves de Iladra et Sagar-.lveli.

Cette contestation nc pcut etre séparée dela questioii rie savoir
si oui ou non le différend.dont la Cour a étésaisie n'est qLie la
suite d'un différend ayant opposé le Portugal au souverain terri-

torial avant 1930 a11sujet du droit de passage. La Cour a entendu
présenter des all&gatior,s opposées toiicliant la nature du passage
autrefois pratiqué, en sorte qu'elle n'est en mesure de tiéter-
niiner à ce starle ni la dateà laquelle le différend est néni le point
de savoir si Ir différend est ou non la projongation d'ix différend
ancien.
Iles considérations xnalogiies s'appliquent au second é16n-ient
dc ia réser\,c ratione ~L'IIL~OY~de la déclaration indienne d'accep-
tation, >.savoir ce qui s'~ réft:reà IIdes siiuations ou des faits »

postérieurs au 5 février 1030.
Il a étésoutenu que la question de l'existence cu de l'i~iexistence
d'lin droit di passage n'a pas fait, avant 1930, l'objet d'une contro-
verse entre les Parties intéresséeset qu'elles ont, durant ce temps,
sans soulever ni résoudre la question de droit, réussi à régler les
nrot.ili.mes pratiques se posant à cet égard. Par contre, ii a $gale-
ment ét.ésoiitenu que le différend actiiellement soumis à la Cour est
la suite d'une opi;ositio~i de vues remontant ail moins à 1813, et

qu'il s'agitd'lin différend (concernant sans aiicun doute des situa-
tions ou faits bien antérieiirsà 1930 )). The Court is not at present in possession of sufficient evidence
to enable it to pronoiince on these questions. To do that would
necessitate an examination and clarification of, often complicated,
questions of fact bearing on the practice pursued by the authonties
concerned for a period of very considerable duration and stretching
back to 1818, or elren 1779. There are other factors which give rise
to similar considerations. These factors include the disputed inter-
pretation of the Treaty of 1779 between the Mahrathas and the
Portuguese. Any evaluation of these factors, although limited to
the purposes of the Sixth Preliminary Objection, would entai1 the
risk of prejudging some of the issues closely connected with the
merits. Accordingly , the Coiirt must oin the Sixth Preliminary
Objection to the merits.

The Government of Portugal added to its Submissions a state-
ment requestiilg the Court to recall to the Parties the universally
admitted principle that they should faciIitate the accomplishment
of the task of the Court by abstaining from any measure capable
of exercising a prejudicial effect in regard to the execution of its
decisioils or which might bring about either an aggravation or an
extension of the dispute. The Government of Portugal has expressly
disclaimed any intention of invoking the provisions of Article 41
of the Statute concerning the indication of interim measures. The
Court does not consider that, in the circumstances of the present
case, it should comply with the request of the Governnlent of
Portugal.

For these reasons.

hv fourteen votes to three,

rejects the First Preliminary Objection ;
by fourteen votes to three,
rejects the Second Preliminary Objection;

by sixteen votes to one,
rejects the Third Preliminary Objection;

by fifteen votes to two:
rejects the Fourth Preliminary Objection ;

by thirteen votes to four,
joins the Fifth Preliminary Objection to the merits
by fifteen votes to two,

joins the Sixth Preliminary Objection to the merits;
31 La Cour n'a pas, au stade actuel, d'élémeiits suffisantspour lui
permettre de statuer sur ces questions. Pour ce faire, il faudrait
examiner et élucider (des qiiestions de fait souvent compliqiiées
concernant la pratique des autorités intéressées,durant une période
très considérable, remontant iI1818 ou m6me à 1779. D'autres
facteurs donnent lieu à des coilsidérations analogues. Ces facteurs
comprennent l'interprétation contestée di1 traité luso-mal-iratte
de 1779. Toute appréciatiori de ces i.lém.ents,bien qiie limitéeA
ce qui concerne la sixième exception préliminaire, impliquerait le
risque de préjuger certains points étroitement liés au fond. En
conséquence, la Cour doit joindre au fond la sixième exception

préliminaire.

Le Gouvernement du Portugal a ajouté à ses conclusionsl'énoncé
d'une demande tendant à obtenir de la Cour qu'elle rappelle aux
Parties le principe universellement admis d'après lequel elles
doivent faciliter l'accomplissement de la mission de la Cour en
s'abstenant de toute mesure pouvant exercer une influence préju-
diciable sur l'exécution deses décisions ou entraîner soit une aggra-
vation, soit une extension du différend. 1.e Gouvernement du
Portugal a expressément déclaré qu'il n'avait pas l'intention
d'invoquer les dispositions de l'article 41 du Statut concernant

l'indication de mesures conservatoires. Dans les circonstances de
l'affaire actuelle, la Cour ne juge pasà propos de donner suite à
la demande du Gouvernement du Portugal.

Par ces motifs.

par quatorze voix contre trois,
rejette la première exception préliminaire;
par quatorze voix contre trois,

rejette la deuxième exception préliminaire;
par seize voix contre une,
rejette la troisième exception préliminaire;

par quinze voix contre deux,
rejette la quatrième exception préliminaire;

par treize voix contre quatre,
joint au fond la cinquième exception préliminaire;
par quinze voix contre deux,

joint au fond la sixième exception préliminaire;resunies the proceedings on the merits;

and fixes the following time-limits for the rest of the procedurc:

for the filing of the Counter-Mernorial of the Government of

India, February 2jth, 1958;
for the filing of the Replv of the Governinent of Portugal,
May ~jth, 1958:

for the filing of the Rejoinder of the Governinent of India.
July 25th 1958.

Done in Englisli and French, the English text being authorita-
tive, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-sixth daj- of
Xovember, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven, in three
copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and
the otherstransmitted to the Government ofthe Portuguese Republic
and to the Government of the Republic of Tndia, respectively.

(Sig~zed)GREES H. HACKXVOR-[H.
President.

Jndge KOJEVI;IKO'L st.ates that he cannot concur either in the
operative clause or in the reasoning of the Judgrnent because, in
his opinion, the Court should at the present stage of the proceedings
holcl that it is without jurisdiction on one or indeed more of the
Preliminary Objections raised by the Government of India.

T'ice-President B.-~DAwIa,vailing himself of the righl conferrecl
upon him by Article 57 of the Statiite, appends to the Judgment
of the Court a statement of his dissenting opinion.
Judge TCLAESTAa Dv,ailing himself of the right conferred upon
him by -Article57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment of the

Court a statement ofhis dissenting opinion, in whi31.FEK?;ASI)ES,
Judge ad hoc. concurs.
Jlr. CHAGLAJ,udge ad hoc, availing himself of the right conferred
upon him by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment
of the Court a statement of his dissenting opinion.

(Initialled) G. H. H.reprend la procédure au fond;

fixe aux dates suivantes l'expiration des délais pour la suite de la
procédure :
pour le dtpôt du contre-mémoire du Gouvernement de l'Inde,
le 25 février 1958 ;

pour le dépôt de la réplique du Gouvernement du Portugal,
le 2j mai 1958 ;

pour le dépôt de la duplique du Gouvernement dc l'Inde, le
2j juillet 1958.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi. au
Palais de La Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-six novembre mil neuf cent
cinquante-sept, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux
archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respective-
ment au Gouvernement de la République de l'Inde et au Gouverne-
ment de In.République du Portugai.

Le Président,
(Signé) GREEXH. H-ICRIVORTH.

Le Greffier,
(Signé) J. LOPE%OLIVAX.

M. Koj~vru~riov,juge, déclare ne pouvoir se rallier ni au dispo-
sitifni aux motifs de l'arrêt parce que, selon son avis, la Cour
devrait reconnaître, déjà dans le stade actuel, son incompétence
sur une 011mêmesur plusieurs des exceptions préliminaires soule-
vées par le Gouvernement de l'Inde.
M. BADAWI V,ice-Président, se prévalant du droit que lui confère

l'article 57di1 Statut, joint à l'arrêtl'exvosé de son opinion dissi-
dente.
31. Kr..%~s.!.;\n,uge, se prévalant du droit que lui confère
l'article57 du statut, joint à l'arrêtl'exposé de son opinion dissi-
dente, à laquelle M. FERS.WDES,juge ad Izoc,déclare se rallier.

M. Cti KLA, juge ad hoc, se prbvalant du droit que lui confère
l'article 57 du Statut, joint à l'arrêt I'expos(. de son opinioii
dissiden tc.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary Objections (including the text of the declarations of Judges ad hoc Kojevnikov and Fernandes)

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 26 November 1957

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