Judgment of 6 July 1957

Document Number
029-19570706-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A CERTAINS

EMPRUNTS NORVÉGIENS

(FRANCEc.NORVÈGE)
ARRÊT DU 6JUILLET 1957

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE OF CERTAIN NORWEGIAN

LOANS
(FRANCE v.NORWAY)

JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th,1957 Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecité commesuit
(Agaire relatiàcertains emprztntsnorvégzens,
Arrêtdu 6 juillet 1957: C. I. J. Recuep.9.))7,

This Judgment should be cited as f:llows
'"Caseof Certain Norwegian Loans,
Judgment of July 6th, 1957: I.C. J. Re#ortp.9."7,

ïP de en: 163 1
Salesnumber INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JGSTICE

July 6th
General List
No. 29
YEAR 1957

July 6% 1957

CASE OF CERTAIN NORWEGIAN

LOANS

(FRANCE v. NORWAY)

In.ternatio+zalloavzs, question of gold c1aztse.-Obligatiol~s oj boruowing
State.-Prelimina0bjectio1zs.--\i'îtlaw, i~zternational 1aw.-
Second Hagzte Co~zvention,19o7.-Comp2~~lsovy juvisdiction.-Declara-
tions under Article 36, Pav2,of Statu;resevaation of national
jurisdiction as understood by declarant Staof condition of
~rciprocity.-Cowzpetejzce of Court.

Present:PresidentHACKWORT ;HVice-P~esidenBADAW ;IJudges

GUERRERO B,ASDEVSNT W ,ISIARSKI, ORI?I~,KL~~ESTAD,
READ, ARMASD-LTGosK , OJEVNIKOV S,irMuhammad
ZAFRULLA KHAN, Sir Hersch LAUTERPXCHM T,ORENO
QUINTANA, COR DOS..^,WELLISGTONKOO ; Regist~ar
LOPEZOLIVAN.

4 In the case of Certain Norwegian Loans,

between

the French Republic,
represented by

M. AndréGros, Professor of the Faculties of Law, Legal Adviser
to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by :

M. Paul Reuter, Professor of the Faculty of Law of Paris, Assis-
tant Legal Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Counsel,
Me. Marcel Poignard, of the Paris Bar, former Bâtonnier,
as Advocate,

and by :
M. Claude Chayet, Legal Adviser in the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs,
M. Robert Monod,Admi~zistratez*c ,ivilinthe Ministry of Finance,

M. J. J. de Bresson, Procz~rez~dre la Ré$zhbZiqze,tached to the
Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Me. Henri Monneray, of the Bar of the Paris Court of Appeal,
as Expert Advisers,

and

the Kingdom of Norway,
represented by :

M. Sven Arntzen, Advocate at the Supreme Court of Norway,
as Agent and Advocate,
11. Lars J. Jorstad, Ambassador of Sorway at The Hague,
as Agent,

assisted by :
M. Maurice Bourquin, Professor at the Cniversity of Geneva and
at the Graduate Institute of International Studies,
31. Jens Evensen, Advocate at the Supreine Court of Norway,
as Advocates,

M. Frede Castberg, Rector of the Gniversity of Oslo,
M. Johannes Andenaes, Professor at the University of Oslo,
31. Bredo Stabell, Director at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
M. Pierre Lalive, Professor at the Cniversity of Geneva,
as Expert Advisers,
5 and by
M. Einar Lochen, Chief of Division in the Ministry for Foreign

Affairs,
as Secretary,

composed as above,

delivers the jollowing Judg~nefz t

In a Ietter of July 6th, 1955, filed in the Registry on the
same day, the Ambassador of France to the Netherlands fonvarded
a letter from the Agent of the Government of the French Republic
dated July 5th, 1955, transmitting an Application instituting
Proceedings in a dispute with the Government of the Kingdom of
Nonvay concerning the payment of various Norwegian Loans

issued in France. At the same time, the Ambassador of France
notified to the Registry theappointment of Professor Gros as Agent
of the French Govemment in the case.
The Application thus filed in the Registry on July 6th, 1955,
expressly refers to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court and to the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice by the Kingdom of Norway on
November 16th, 1946, and by the French Republic on March ~st,
1949. It refers to and enurnerates certain loans floated by the
Kingdom of Nonvay, by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of
Norway and by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank;
it relies upon the fact that bonds of these loans are in the hands
of French holders; it alleges that theid loans contain a gold claus;
and it is designed to request the Court to determine the manner in
which the borrower should discharge the substance of his debt.

Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Applica-
tion was communicated to the Government of the Kingdom of
Norway and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of the same Article, other
Members of the United Nations as well as non-member States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of it.
By Order of September ~gth, 1955, the President, taking account
of an agreement between the Parties, fixed the time-limits for the
filing of the Memorial and Counter-Nemorial. On the date of the
expiry of the second of these time-limits, the Government of the
Kingdom of Norway filed a document setting out certain prelim-
inary objections designed, on various grounds stated therein, to ob-
tain a finding from the Court that the Application was inadmissible.
By Order ofApril zqth, 1956,the Court, noting that the proceedings

on the merits were suspended by virtue of the provisions of Arti-
cle 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, fixed June 4th, 1956, as
the time-limit for thepreçentation by the Government of the French
6 SORWEGIAN LOANS (JUDGNENT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 12

Republic of a written statement of its Observations and Submissions
in regard to the Prelirninary Objections. In notifying the Agents
of this decision, the Registrar informed them that it was the
Court's intention to open the oral hearings on June 25th, 1956.

On May 15th, 1956, the Agent of the Govemment of the King-
dom of Norway acquainted the Court with the desire of his Govern-
ment that, because of unforeseen circumstances, the oral proceed-
ings should be postponed until the autumn. Consequently the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties and having decided to
postpone the opening of the oral proceedings, by Order of May zgth,
1956, extended to August yst, 1956, the time-limit for the filing,
by the French Government, of its Observations and Submissions
on the Preliminary Objections raised bythe Nonvegian Governnlent.
Within this time-limit, the French Government presented its
Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Objections.

Whilst stating the grounds on which it requested the Court net to
uphold the Objections, it asked the Court to join the Preliminary
Objections to the Merits.
The Court decided, on September z~st, 1956, to open the oral
hearings on the Preliminary Objections on October 15th, 1956, and
the Agents of the Parties were advised of this decision on the same
date. In a letter of the same date, which was handed to the Registrar
on September zznd, the Agent of the Governmcnt of the Kingdom
of Norway, noting that, in its Observations on the Preliminary
Objections, the Government of the French Republic had asked that

it might please the Court to join the Objections to the merits,
stated that his Government, whilst maintaining in their entirety
the Objections which it had raised, did not consider that it should
object to the joinder of these Objections to the merits.
By Order of September 28th, 1956, the Court, considering that
there was no objection to taking into account the understanding
thus reached, joined the Objections to the merits and, after ascer-
taining the views of the Parties, fixed time-limits for the filing of
the furtlier pleadings, the last of these time-limits expiring on
ApriIz5th, 1957.The Parties having respectively filedtheir CoTinter-

Memorial, Reply and Rejoinder within the time-liinits so fixed, the
case was ready for fiearing on the last-named date.
In the course of hearings held on May 13th, qth, 15th, 17th,
zoth, z~st, zznd, z3rd, zqth, 25th and 28th, 1957, the Court heard
the oral arguments and replies of M. André Gros and Me.Marcel
Poignard, on behalf of the Government of the French Republic,
and of M. Sven Arntzen, M. Maurice Bourquin and 31.Jens Even-
sen, on behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Norway.

During the written and oral proceedings, the foilowing Sub-
missions were presented by the Parties: NORWEGIAN LOANS (JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th. 1957) 13

On behalf of the French Government, in the Application:

"May it please the Court :
To take note that for the purpose of al1notifications and communi-
cations relating to the present case, the Agent of the Government
of the French Republic selects for his address for service the French
Embassy at The Hague;
To notify the present Application, in accordance with Article 40.
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, to the Government of the

Kingdom of Norway;
To adjudge and declare, whether the Government of the Kingdom
of Norway appears or not, and after such time-limits as the Court
may fix in the absence of an agreement between the Parties:
That the international loans issued by theKingdom of Norway in
1896 (3% gold), 1900 (33% gold), 1902 (33% gold), 1903 (3% gold),
1904 (32% gold), 1905 (33% gold), the international loans issued by
the Mortgage Bank ofthe Kingdom of Norway, 34% gold 1885-189S,
1902, 1905, 1907, 1909 and 4% gold 1900, the international loan
issued by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank 33% gold
in 1904, stipulate in gold the amount of the borrower's obligation
for the service of coupons and the redemption of bonds;
And that the borrower can only discharge the substance of his
debt by the payment of the gold value of the coupons on the aate

of payment and of the gold value of the redeemed bonds on the
date of repayment."
On behalf of the French Government, in the Memorial:

"The Government of the French Republic therefore maintains
the submissions filed in its Application of July 6th, I95j, and
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
That the international loans issued by the Kingdom of Norway in
1896 (3% gold), 1900 (34% g~ld), 1902 (34% gold), 1903 (3% g~ld),
1904 (3-S-Xgold), 1905 (33% gold), the international loans issued by
the Mortgage Bank ofthe Kingdom of Norway, 3&%gold 188j-189b
1902, 19oj, 1907, 1909 and 4% gold 1900, the international loaii
issued by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank 33% gold
in 1904, stipulate in gold the amount of the borrower's obligation .
for the service of coupons and the redemption of bonds;

And that the borrower must discharge the substance of his debt
by the payment of the gold value of the coupons on the date oi
payment and of the gold value of the redeemecl bonds on the dat-
of repayment."
On behalf of the Korn-egian Governmeni, in the Preliminar!-

Objections:
"\T'hereas :

I. The subject of the dispute, as defined in th~4pplicationof the
French Govern~nent of July 6th, 1955, is within the domai~: of
municipal law and not of international law, whereas the compulsor~-
juiisdiction ofthe Court inrelation to the Parties inr-olved isrestricted.
by their Declarations of XOL-ernber16th. 1q46,and hInrch 1st' 1449.
to disputes concerning iiiterfiational lan-;
$5 NORWEGIAK LOANS (JUDGMEKT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 14

2. The 'facts' or 'situations' in respect of which the dispute
has arisen are prior to the Declaration by which the French Gouern-
ment accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, this dispute
is therefore excluded from the undertaking given by France and, by
virtue of reciprocity, from the undertaking given by Norway vis-d-
visFrance ;

3. Asregards tliat part of the daim which relates to the bond certi-
ficates issued by the Mortgage Bank ofNorway and by the Norwegian
Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank, these two Banks have a
legal personality distinct from that of the Norwegian State; proceed-
ings can therefore not be instituted against thelatter in its capacity
as the borrower; whereas, moreover, the juriscliction of the Court
is limited to disputes between States;
4. The holders of bond certificates on whose behalf the French
Government considers itself entitled to institute international

proceedings have not previously exhausted the local remedies,
May it please the Court

to adjudge and declare that the claim put forward bythe Applica-
tion of the French Government of July 6th, Igjj,is not admissible."
On behalf of the French Government, in the Observations and
Submissions on the Preliminary Objections :

"For these reasons, and subject to the subsequent presentation
of any evidence or argument,

May it please the Court
to join to the merits the 'Preliminary Objections' raised by the
Royal Nonvegian Government."

On behalf of the Norwegian Government, in the Counter-Memorial:

"On the Preliminary Objections :
Having regard to the fact that the Norwegian Government
maintains Preliminary Objections Nos. I, 3 and 4 raised in the docu-
ment submitted to the Court on April zoth, 1956,

May it please the Court
to adjudge and declare that the claim submitted by the Appli-
cation of the French Government ofJuly Gth, 1955,is not admissible.

On the Merits :
Having regard to the fact that the claim of the French Govern-
ment is unfounded,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the claim of the French Government."

On behalf of the French Government, in the Reply :
"On the question of admissibility :

May it please the Court
to place on record the abandonment by the Royal Government
of Norway of its second Preliminary Objection, to dismiss the Preliminary Objections of the Royal Government
of Nonvay Nos. 1, 3 and 4,
to adjudge and declare that the claim put fonvard in the Appli-

cation of the French Government of July 6th, 1955, is admissible.

On the Merits:

May it please the Court
to uphold the submissions of the Government of the French
Republic set out in its Application of July 6th, 1955."

On behalf of the Norwegian Govemment,in the Rejoinder:
"The Norwegian Government maintains the Submissions of its
Counter-Memorial of December zoth, 1956."

On behalf of the French Government, Submissions stated at the

hearing of May Ijth, 1957, and filed on the same day :
"The Government of the French Republic requests the Court to
adjudge and declare :

On Jurisdiction :

That the claim of the Government of the French Republic, which
has adopted the cause of its nationals who are holders of bond
certificates of the Norwegian loans in question, constitutes a case
of the recovery of contract debts within the meaning of Article I
ofthe SecondHagueConvention ofOctober 18th, 1907;that this claim,
not having been settled by diplomatic means, has given rise to a
legal dispute of an international character between the two States;
That the two States, by their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, have recognized
the competence of the Court in all legal disputes concerning the
interpretation of a treaty, any question of international law, the
existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a
breach of an international obligation;

That the recovery of a debt due under an international loan,
claimed from the Government of the debtor State by the Govern-
ment which has adopted the cause of its nationals who are holders
of bond certificates, raises an issue which, within the meaning of
Article 36,paragraph 2,sub-paragraphs (b) and (c), falls within the
competence of the Court by virtue of the acceptance of both Parties;
That the dispute may be brought before the Court without the
need for the exhaustion oflocalremedies since it has not been shown
that such remedies could be effectua].

On the Merits:

That the loans which constitute the subject-matter of the Appli-
cation of the Government of the French Republic are international
loans and that it follows from the nature of the bearer bonds that
in respect of al1foreign holders the substance of the debt is the same
and that payments to foreign holders of an identical certificate
must be made without any discrimination;
1O That the said loans contain an undertaking to pay in gold value
interest and amounts due on redemption of the bonds;

That undertakings as to the amount of a debt contracted by a
State with foreign nationals, containing express conditions as to
performance, cannot be unilaterally modified bythat State without
negotiation with the holders, with the State which has adopted the
cause of its nationals, or without arbitration as to the financial
capacity of the debtor State to fulfd its obligations;
That in these circumstances, and without passing upon the
financial adjustment of payments which the Govemrnent of the
French Republic has declared itself ready to study with the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Norway, the claim of the Government of
the French Republic should be held to be well-founded;

That the Kingdom of Norway having expressly promised and
guaranteed payment in gold value of the sums due in performance
of its obligationsder the various loans in issue, the debtor cannot
validly discharge this obligation except by payments as they faIl
due in gold value."

On behalf of the Norwegian Government, Submissions stated at
the hearing of May qrd, 1957 and filed on the same day :
"On the Preliminary Objections

Whereas :
I. The subject of the dispute, as defined in the Application, is
within the domain of municipal law and not of international law,
whereas the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in relation to the
Parties involved is restricted, by their Declarations of Novem-
ber 16th, 1946, and March ~st, 1949, to disputes concerninginter-
national law;
2. As regards that part of the claim which relates to the bond
certificatesissuedby the MortgageBank ofNorway and theNonvegian
Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank, these two Banks have
a legal personality distinct from that of the Norwegian State;
proceedings can therefore not be institued against the latter in its
capacity as the borrower; whereas moreover the jurisdiction of the
Court is limited to disputes between States;

3. The holders of bond certificates for whose protection the French
Government considers itself entitled to institute international
proceedings have not previously exhausted the local remedies,

May it please the Court,
rejecting al1submissions to the contrary,
to adjudge and declare that the claim put forward by the Applica-
tion of the French Government ofJuly 6th, 1955,is not admissible.
On the Ments:

Whereas the claim of the French Government is unfounded, XORWEGIAN LOANS (JVDGSIEXT 01; JULY 6th, 1957)
Ii;
May it please the Court,

rejecting al1submissions to the contrary,
to dismiss the claim of the French Govemment."
Certain objections having been raised by the Agent of the Nor-

wegian Government to the tenor and admissibility of the Sub-
missions filed bythe Agent of the French Government on May 15th,
1957, the Agent of the French Government made certain altera-
tions in them at the hearing of May ajth, 1957, and filed them on

the same day in the following form:
"The Government of the French Republic requests the Court to
adjudge and declare :

On Jurisdiction :
I. That the claim of the Government of the French Republic,
which has adopted the cause of its nationals wlio are holders of
bond certificates of the Norwegian loans in question, constitutes

a case of the recovery of contract debts within the meaning of
Article I of the Second Hague Convention of October 18th, 1907;
that this claim, not having been settled by diplomatic means, has
given rise to a legal dispute of an international character between
the two States;
2. That the two States, by their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, have recognized
the competence of the Court in al1 legal disputes concerning the

interpretation of a treaty, any question of international law, the
existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a
breach of an international obligation;
3. That the recovery of the debts due under the loans in question,
claimed from the Government of the Norwegian State by the French
Government which has adopted the cause of its nationals who are
holders of bond certificates, raises an issue which, within the
meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, sub-paragraphs (b) and (c),falls

within the competence of the Court by virtue of the acceptance of
both Parties;
4. That the dispute may be brought before the Court without the
need for the eshaustion of local remedies since it has not been
shown that such remedies could be effectual.

On the Merits:
I. That the loans which constitute the subject-matter of the
_Application of the Government of the French Republic are inter-
national loans and that it follows from the nature of the bearer bonds

that in respect of al1foreign holders the substance of the debt is the
same and that payments to foreign holders of an identical certificate
must be made without any discrimination;
2. That the said loans contain an undertaking to pay in gold
value interest and amounts due on redemption of the bonds;

3. That undertakings as to the amount of the debts contracted
under the said loans by the Xorwegian State with French nationals, NORWEGISN LOANS (JUDGX~ENT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 18

containing express conditions as to performance, cannot be unila-
terally modified by that State without negotiation with the holders,
with the French State which has adopted the cause of its nationals,
or without arbitration as to the financial capacity of the debtor
State to fulfil its obligations;
4. That in these circumstances, and without passing upon the
financial adjustment of payrnents which the Government of the
French Republichas declared itself ready to study with the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Nonvay, the claim of the Government of
the French Republic should be held to be well-founded;

5. That the Kingdom of Norway having expressly promised
and guaranteed payment in gold value of the sums due in perfor-
mance of its obligations under the various loans in issue, the debtor
cannot validly discharge this obligation except by payrnents as they
fa11due in gold value."
On behalf of the Norwegian Government, the -4gent of that Govern-
ment declared at the hearing of May 28th, 1957, that he maintained
in their entirety hisSubmissions as formulated on May 23rd, 1957.
The Submissions of the Parties, in the form in which they were
z8th,
given or confirmed at the hearings of May 25th and May
1957, respectively, constitute their Final Submissions.

The facts which led the French Government to institute the
present proceedings before the Court are as follows :
Between 1896 and 1905, the Nonvegian Government floated six
public loans on the French market and on other foreign markets.
From 1885 to 1909, various loans were floated on foreign markets,
including the French market, by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom
of Norway, an establishment created by the State and whose capital
belongs to the State. Finally, in904, the Norwegian Small Holding
and Workers' Housing Bank floated aloan on the French market and
on other foreign markets. The French Government contends that
the bonds contain a gold clause ~vhich varies in form from bond
to bond, but which that Government regards as sufficient in the
case of each bond, this being disputed by the Nonvegian Govern-

ment.
Following upon the opening of hostilities in Europe, the conver-
tibility of notes of the Bank of Norway was suspended on
August 5th, 1914, this measure being later confirmed by Royal
Decree of August 18th, 1914. During the ensuing period, the
Bank of Nonvay was authorized to resume the convertibility
of notes into goId (1916) and to suspendit anew (1920). This latter
measure was in turn abrogated (1928) and notes of the Bank of
Norway again became convertible. Homever, in 1931 the obligation
of the Bank to convert notes was once more suspended; this
measure is still in force. During these years of instability, a law concerning pecuniary
obligations whose payment was expressed in gold was promulgated
on December ~jth, 1923. This law which, in accordance with its
second Article, came into force at once, provides in ArticleI :

"Where a debtor has lawfully agreed to pay in gold a pecuniary
debt in kroner and where the creditor refuses to accept payment
in Bank of Norway notes on the basis of their nominal gold value,
the debtor may request a postponement of payment for such period
as the Bank is exempted from its obligation to redeem its notes in
accordance with their nominal value. Where a creditor withdraws
his refusa1he shall be entitled to require such payment only after
the giving of three months' notice. During the period of post-
pInterest shall be paid in banknotes in accordance with their nominal
value.
Prior notice of wai~er of the right to request postponement may
be given only by the State, municipalities, the Bank of Norway
and the Banks which are fully guaranteed by the State (the Mort-
gage Bank, the Small Holding and Workers' HousingBank and the
Fisherg Bank)."

The first representations made by the French Government to
the Government of Norway were in the form of a Note dated
June 16th, 1925, from the French Legation at Oslo to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Nonvay. This Note referred to the loans
floated by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of Nonvay, bvhich
the French Government regarded as subject to a gold clause, and

to the above-mentioned Nonvegian law of December ~jth, 1923.
It contained a brief reference to the contradiction which it believed
to exist between that law and the obligations which had been
assumed, contended "that it would not seem that a unilateral
decision can be relied upon as against foreign creditors", and
.. requested that the "Royal Ministry for Foreign Affairs should give
its consideration and assistance for the purpose of securing prompt
recognition by the Xorwegian Government and by the Mortgage
Bank of Norway of the rights claimed by the French holders of
bonds of the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of Norway, the bond-
holders' claims appearing to the Governinent of the Republic
to be fully justified".
On December gth, 192j, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
h'orway transmitted to the French Legation a copy of a letter
from the Board of Directors of the Mortgage Bank to the hlinistry
of Finance and declared that the Jiinistry of Finance shared the

view of the Board of Directors of the Mortgage Bank. In this
letter the Board disputed the assertions concerning the gold clause
and added that "the question has in any case been settled by the
law of December ~jth, 1923".
Protracted diplomatic correspondence ensued in which the two
Zovernments maintained their points of view. The representations SORWEGI.4Y LOAXS (JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th, 19j7) 20

of the French Government now related to al1the Norwegian loans,
both the State loans and the loans of the two Banks. Various
proposals were put forward, designed to submit the problem to a
mixed Commission of Economic and Financial Experts, to arbi-
tration, or to the International Court of Justice; the matter \vas
also brought to the attention of the International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development . The Norwegian Government was not
prepared to agree to these proposals. It maintained throughout
that the claims of the bondholders were within the jurisdiction of
the Norwegian courts, that the latter were competent to deal with

them, and that these claims involved solely the interpretation and
application of Norwegian law. The French bondholders, for their
part, refrained from submitting their cases to the Norwegian courts.
The French Government did not accept the views of the Norwegian
Government. By a Note of January 27th, 195 j, it proposed to the
Nomregian Government that the dispute should be referred to an
international tribunal in order to determine, on the basis of the
general principles of international law,whether the clause which, it
contended, mas contained in the bonds in question (the gold clause)
had to be respected. On February and, 1955, the Norwegian Govern-
ment declined this proposal, maintaining that the normal and
proper procedure would be for the bondholders to start pro-
ceedings against the respective Nonvegian debtorsin the Norwegian

courts. It added that it could see no reason for inaking an exception
in the present case to the rule of international law under which
international proceedings can only be instituted after the exhaustion
of local remedies. It was as a result of thisrefusal that the French
Government referred the matter to the Court by an Application
on July 6th, 19j5.

In its Application, the French Government requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that the international loans issued by the
Kingdom of Norway, by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of

Norway and by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank,
which are listed in the Application, stipulate in gold the amount
of the borrower's obligation for the service of coupons and the
redemption of bonds; and that the borrower can only discharge
the substance of his debt by the payment of the gold value of the
coupons on the date of payment and of the gold value of the
redeemed bonds on the date of repayment.
The claim in the Application has been maintained in the Memorial
and in the Reply which, with regard to the merits, requests the
Court to "uphold the Submissions of the Government of the French
Republic set out in its Application of July 6th, 1955".
The Applicatiorrexpressly refers to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court and to the acceptance of the compulsory

15 NORWEGIAN LOANS (JUDGMENT OF JCLY 6th, 1957) 21

jurisdiction of the Court by Norway on November 16th, 1946.
and by Franceon March ~st, 1949. The Norwegian Declarationreads :

"1 declare on behalf of the Norwegian Government that Norway
recognizes as compulsory ipsofactoand without special agreement, in
relationto any other State accepting the same obligation, that is to
Say, on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court, for a period of ten years as from 3rd October
1946."

The French Declaration reads :
"On behalf of the Government ofthe French Republic, and subject
to ratification, 1 declare that 1 recognize as comp~~lsoryipso facto
and without special agreement, in relation to any other State
accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of reciprocity .
the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in conformity
with Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the said Court, for al1
disputes which may arise in respect of facts or situations subsequent
to the ratification of the present declaration, with the exception of
those with regard to which the partiesmay have agreed ormay agree
to have recourse to another method of peaceful settlement.

This declaration does not apply to differences relating to matters
which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood
by the Government of the French Republic.
The present declaration has been made for five years from the
date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification. It shall continue
in force thereafter until notice tothe contrary is given by the French
Government ."
On April zoth, 1956, the Norwegian Government filed four
Preliminary .Objections. The first Objection consisted of two parts.
In the first part the Norwegian Government maintained that the
subject of the dispute was ~vithin the exclusive domain of the

municipal law of Norway, and that it did not fa11 within an'-
of the categories of disputes enumerated in Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, by reference to which both Parties had
by their Declarations accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Court. In the second part of that Objection the Norwegian
Government relied upon the reservation in the French Declara-
tion with regard to differences relating to matters which are
essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood bu the
French Government. It challenged the jurisdiction of the Court
on both grounds.

The second Objection was based on the fact that the French
Declaration limited its acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court to "al1 disputes which ma57 arise in respect of facts
or situations subsequent to the ratification" of the Declaration.
It was contended that the dispute before the Court arose in respect
of facts or situations prior to March ~st, 1949, andthat, by virtue
16of the condition of reciprocity, it was excluded from the under-
taking subscribed to by the Parties.
The third Objection was designed to obtain a finding that the
Application was inadmissible as regards that part of the claim which
relates to the bonds of the two Norwegian Banks on the ground
that they possess a legal personality distinct from that of the
Norwegian State.
Lastly, the fourth Objection sought a finding of the Court that
the Application of the French Government was inadmissible on the

ground that the French holders of the Norwegian bonds had not
previously exhausted the local remedies.
The French Government in its Observations and Submissions
requested the Court to join the Preliminary Objections raised by
the Norwegian Government to the merits. The latter Government
did not oppose this request. Accordingly, the Court, taking into
account this understanding between the Parties, by Order of
September 28th, 1956, joined the Objections to the merits "in
order that it may adjudicate in one and the same judgment upon
these Objections and, if need be, on the merits".
In the Counter-Memorial, the Norwegian Government declared
its "immediate and unconditional abandonment of its second

Objection". Accordingly, in the Counter-Memorial, the Reply, and
the Rejoinder, as well as in the oral proceedings, both Parties
discussed Objections 1, 3 and 4, and the merits.

The Court will at theoutset direct its attention to the Preliminary
Objections of the Norwegian Government. The first of these
Objectionsrelates directly tothe jurisdiction of the Court to adjudi-
cate upon the dispute submitted to it by the French Application.
It is this Objection that the Court will examine first.
As previously stated, this Objection, aspresented by the Norwegian

Government, has two aspects. In the first place, itis contended that
the Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with inter-
national law such disputes as are submitted to it, can be seised,
by means of a unilateral Application, only of legal disputes falling
within one of the four categories enumerated in paragraph 2 of
Article 36of the Statute and relating to international law. It is urged
that the Application of the French Government asks the Court
to interpret loan contracts which, in the view of the Xorwegian
Government, are governed by municipal law and not by interna-
tional law.
After presenting the first ground of its first Preliminary Objection
on the basis that the loan contracts are governed by municipal

law, the Norwegian Government continues in its Preliminary
Objections:
17 "There can be no possible doubt on this point. If, however, there
should still be some doubt, the Norwegian Government would rely
upon the reservations made by the French Government in its
Declaration of March ~st, 1949. By virtue of the principle of reci-
procity, which is embodiedin Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court and which has been clearly expressed in the Norwegian
Declaration of November 16th, 1946, the Norwegian Government
cannot be bound, vis-à-vithe French Government, by undertakings
which are either broader or stricter than those giren by the latter
Government ."

It is this second ground of the first Preliminary Objection which
the Court will proceed to consider.
It will be recalled that the French Declaration accepting the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court contains the following reser-
vation :

"This declaration does not apply to differencesrelating tomatters
which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood
by the Government of the French Republic."

In the Preliminary Objections filed by the Xorwegian Govern-
ment it is stated:
"The Norwegian Go\-ernment did not insert any such reserration
in its own Declaration. But it has the right to rely upon the restric-
tions placed by France upon her own undertakings.
Convinced that the dispute which has been brought before the
Court by the Application of July 6th. 1955, is within the domestic
jurisdiction, the Norwegian Gox~ernment considers itself fully
entitled to rely on this right.-\ccordingly, it requests the Court to
decline, on grounds that it lacks jurisdiction, the function which
the French Government would have it assume."

In considering this ground of the Objection the Court notes
in the first place that the present case has been brought before
it on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute and
of the corresponding Declarations of acceptance of compulsorg-
jurisdiction; that in the present case the jurisdiction of the Court
depends upon the Declarations made by the Parties in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute on condition of reci-
procity ;and that, since two unilateral declarations are involved, such
jurisdiction is conferred upon the Court onlÿ to the extent to which
the Declarations coincide in conferring it. A comparison between

the two Declarations shows that the French Declaration accepts the
Court's jurisdiction within narrower limits than the Norwegian
Declaration; consequently, the common will of the Parties, which
is the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, exists within these narrower
limits indicated by the French reservation. Following in this
çonnection the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice (Phosphates in Morocco case, Judgment of June rqth,
18 NORWEGIAN LOrlNS (JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th, 1957)
24
1938, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No, 74, p. 22; Electricity Company
of Sofia and Bulgaria case, Judgment of April4th, 1939, P.C.I. J.,
Series A/B, No. 77, p. 81) the Court has reaffirrned this method
of defining the limits of its jurisdiction. Thus the judgment of the
Court in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company case states:

"As the Iranian Declaration is more limited in scope than the
United Kingdom Declaration, it is the Iranian Declaration on
which the Court must base itself."(I.C.J. Reflorts 1952p. 103.)
France has limited her acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court by excluding beforehand disputes "relating to matters

which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood
by the Govemment of the French Republic". In accordance with
the condition of reciprocity to which acceptance of the compulsory'
jurisdiction is made subject in both Declarations and which is
provided for in Article 36, paragraph 3, of the Statute, Norway,
equally with France, is entitled to except from the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court disputes understood by Norway to be
essentially within its national jurisdiction.
In its Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Objections
raised by the Norwegian Govemment, the FrenchGovemment points
to what it regards as a contradiction in the attitude of Norway:

"Between France and Norway, there exists a treaty which
makes the payment of any contractual debt a question of inter-
national law. In this connection the two States cannot therefore
speak of domestic jurisdiction."
The treaty here referred to is the Second Hague Convention of
1907 respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the
recovery of contract debts. The French Government invokes it
principally against the first ground of the first Objection and as

such it does not fa11 for consideration here; but the passage
quoted from the Observations and Submissions purports to show
also that the second ground of the first Objection is not valid since
both Parties are signatories of the Second Hague Convention of
1907. This calls for but brief observations by the Court.

The purpose of the Convention in question is that indicated in its
title, that is to Say "the Limitation of the Employment of Force for
the Recovery of Contract Debts". The aim of this Convention is
not to introduce compulsory arbitration in the limited field to
which it relates. The only obligation imposed by the Convention
is that an intervening Power must not have recourse to force
before it has tried arbitration. The Court can find no reason why
the fact that the two Parties are signatories of the Second Hague

Convention of 1907 should deprive Nonvay of the right to invoke
the reservation in the French Declaration.
The French Government also referred to the Franco-Norwegian
Arbitration Convention of 1904 and to the General Act of Genevaof September 26th, 1928, to which both France and Norway are
parties, as showing that the two Governments have agreed to
submit their disputes to arbitration or judicial settlement in cer-
tain circumstances which it is unnecessary here to relate.

These engagements were referred to in the Observations and
Submissions of the French Government on the Preliminary Objec-
tions and subsequently and more explicitly in the oral presentations
of the French Agent. Neither of these references, however, can be
regarded as sufficient to justify the view that the Application of
the French Government was, so far as the question of jurisdiction
is concerned, based upon the Convention or the General Act. If the
French Government had intended to proceed upon that basis it
would expressly have so stated.

As already shown, the Application of the French Government is
based clearly and precisely on the Norwegian and French Decla-
rations under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. In these
circumstances the Court would not be justified in seeking a basis
for its jurisdiction different from that which the French Govern-
ment itself set out in its Application and by reference to which
the case has been presented by both Parties to the Court.
From one point of view it might be said that the second ground

of the first Objection, namely the ground based on the reservation
in the French Declaration, is merely subsidiary in character. It is
true that the first ground of the first Preliminary Objection relies
upon the proposition that the Court lacks jurisdiction because the
dispute falls to be dealt with under the municipal law of Norway.
But Norway has also relied upon the second ground of its first
Preliminary Objection. Xorway requests the Court "to decline,
on grounds that it lacks jurisdiction, the function which the
French Government would have it assume". It is clear that
this request is based on both grounds, the character of the dispute
and the French reservation. In the opinion of the Court, the
second ground cannot be regarded as subsidiary, in the sense that

Norway would invoke the French reservation only in the event
of the first ground of its Objection being held to be legally
unfounded. The Court's competence is challenged on both grounds
and the Court is free to base its decision on the ground which in its
judgment is more direct and conclusive.
Not only did the Norwegian Government invoke the French
reservation, but it maintained this second ground of its first
Objection throughout and at no time did it abandon it.
The Submissions in the Counter-Memorial, maintained in the
Rejoinder, are formulated as follows:

"Having regard to the fact that the Norwegian Government
maintains Preliminary Objections Nos. 1, 3 and 4 raised in the
document submitted to the Court onApril zoth, 1956,Mayit please
20 NORWEGI.4N LOANS (JVDGMENT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 26

the Court to adjudge and declare that the claim submitted by the
Application of the French Government of July 6th, 1955,is not
admissible."
Since the Preliminary Objections under the head "First Objec-
tion" relied upon both grounds-the character of the dispute and
the French reservation-it was not necessary, in order to maintain
the two grounds, to specify that both were involved. What has
just been said also applies to the Final Submissions of the Nonvegian
Government .
In the course of his oral presentations Counsel for the Nonvegian

Government stated :
"...the Court has jurisdiction only in so far as undertakings prior
to the origin of disputes have conferred upon it the power of
adjudicating on such disputes as might arise between France and
Nonvay.
What are these undertakings?
They are the undertakings resulting from the Declarations made
by the two Governments on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2,of
the Statute of the Court.

That is the only basis on which the other Party can rely to shoy
that its Application falls within the limits of the jurisdictional
competence of the Court. In so far asthe undertakings given by the
two Parties are in concordance-to the extent of their reciprocity-
it is clear that Norway is bound in relation to France. But she ha
no other obligation toward France. The Court may therefore
adjudicate in this dispute only if it is included within these limits."

From the reply of the French Agent to this argument it appears
that in his view the second ground of the first Objection was fully
maintained by Nonvagi. Later, in his oral rejoinder, the Agent for
the Norwegian Government declared :

"We maintain our positions in their entirety both as regards the
merits and as regards the Preliminary Objections."
The Court cannot infer from the attitude of the Parties that the
second ground of the first Objection was regarded by them as
unimportant and still less thatit was abandoned by the Norwegian
Government. Abandonment cannot be presumed or inferred;

it must be declared expressly, as was done when Norway declared
its abandonment of its second Preliminary Objection.

The Court does not consider that it should exainine whether
the French reservation is consistent with the undertaking of a legal
obligation and is compatible with Article 36, paragraph 6, of the
Statute which provides : KORWEGIAN L04NS (JUDGMEXT OF JULP 6th, 1957) 27

"In the event ofa dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction.
the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court."

The validity of the reservation has not been questioned bj- the
Parties. It is clear that France fully maintains its Declaration,
including the reservation, and that Norway relies upon the reser-
vation.

In consequence the Court has before it a provision which both
Parties to the dispute regard as constituting an expression of their
common will relating to the competence of the Court. The Court
does not therefore consider tliat it is called upon to enter into an
examination of the reservation in the light of considerations which
are not presented by the issues in the proceedings. The Court,
without prejudging the question, gives effect to the reservation
as it stands and as the Parties recognize it.

The Court considers that the Norwegian Government is entitled,
by virtue of the condition of reciprocity, to invoke the reservation
contained in the French Declaration of March rst,1949; that this
reservation excludes from the jurisdiction of the Court the dispute
which has been referred to it by the Application of the French

Government; that consequently the Court is without jurisdiction
to entertain the Application.
In view of the foregoing it is not necessary for the Court to
examine the first ground of the first Objection, or to deal with
Objections 3 and 4 presented by the Norwegian Government,
or with the Submissions of the Parties other than those upon which
it is adjudicating in accordance with the reasons stated above.

For these reasons,

by twelve s70testo ihree,

finds that it is without jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute
which has been brought before it by the Application of the Govern-
ment of the French Republic of July 6th, 195 j. Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace,The Hague, this sixth day of July, onethousand
nine hundred and fifty-seven, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and the others will be trans-
mitted to the Government of the French Republic and to the
Government of the Kingdom of Norway, respectively.

(Signed) GREENH. HACKWORTH.

President:

(Sig~zed) J. LOPEZOLIV-b,
Registrar.

Judge MOREXO QUINTANA af,ter voting for the Judgment, made
the following declaration:

The reason why 1 consider that the Court is without juris-
diction in this case is different from that given in the Judgment.
I base myself, not on the second ground of the first Objection
put fonvard by the Government of the Kingdom of Nomay
but on the first ground of that Objection. State loans, as
being acts of sovereignty, are governed by municipal law.

Vice-President BXDAWIand Judge Sir Hersch LAGTERPACHT,
availing themselves of the right conferred on them by Article 57
of the Statute, append to the Judgment of the Court statements of
their individual opinions.

Judges GUERRERO B,ASDEVANTand READ,availing themselves
of the right conferred on them by Article57 of the Statute, append
to the Judgment of the Court statements of their dissenting
opinions.

(Initialled) G. H. H.
(Initialled) J. L. O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A CERTAINS

EMPRUNTS NORVÉGIENS

(FRANCEc.NORVÈGE)
ARRÊT DU 6JUILLET 1957

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE OF CERTAIN NORWEGIAN

LOANS
(FRANCE v.NORWAY)

JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th,1957 Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecité commesuit
(Agaire relatiàcertains emprztntsnorvégzens,
Arrêtdu 6 juillet 1957: C. I. J. Recuep.9.))7,

This Judgment should be cited as f:llows
'"Caseof Certain Norwegian Loans,
Judgment of July 6th, 1957: I.C. J. Re#ortp.9."7,

ïP de en: 163 1
Salesnumber COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNEE 1957

6 juill1957

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A CERTAINS

EMPRUNTS NORVÉGIENS

(FRANCE c. NORVÈGE)

Emprunts internationaux, question de la cl-usObligations

de l'État emprunte-r.Exceptions préliminai-esLlroit interne,
droit internatio-alDeuxième Convention de La Haye, 190-,
Juridictioobligatoi-e.fiéclarations en vertu de l'article 36, para-
graphe2,du Statut; réservede la compétencenationale telle qu'elle est
entendue par l'État déc-arEffet de la condition de réc-procité.
Compétencede ln Cour.

Présents:M. HACKWORTP Hr,ésident;M. BADAWIV , ice-Présid;t
MM. GUERRERO,BASDEVANTW , INIARSKI,ZORICIC,
KLAESTADR , EAD, ARMAND-UGON K,OJEVNIKOV S,ir
Muhammad ZAFRULLK AHAN, SirHersch LAUTERPACHT,

MM. MORENO QUINTANA, CORDOVA W,ELLINGTOK NOO,
Juges; M. LOPEZOLIVXNG , reijïer.
4 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JGSTICE

July 6th
General List
No. 29
YEAR 1957

July 6% 1957

CASE OF CERTAIN NORWEGIAN

LOANS

(FRANCE v. NORWAY)

In.ternatio+zalloavzs, question of gold c1aztse.-Obligatiol~s oj boruowing
State.-Prelimina0bjectio1zs.--\i'îtlaw, i~zternational 1aw.-
Second Hagzte Co~zvention,19o7.-Comp2~~lsovy juvisdiction.-Declara-
tions under Article 36, Pav2,of Statu;resevaation of national
jurisdiction as understood by declarant Staof condition of
~rciprocity.-Cowzpetejzce of Court.

Present:PresidentHACKWORT ;HVice-P~esidenBADAW ;IJudges

GUERRERO B,ASDEVSNT W ,ISIARSKI, ORI?I~,KL~~ESTAD,
READ, ARMASD-LTGosK , OJEVNIKOV S,irMuhammad
ZAFRULLA KHAN, Sir Hersch LAUTERPXCHM T,ORENO
QUINTANA, COR DOS..^,WELLISGTONKOO ; Regist~ar
LOPEZOLIVAN.

4 En l'affaire relative à certains emprunts norvégiens,

entre

la République française,

représentéepar
M. André Gros, professeur des facultés de droit, jurisconsulte
du ministère des Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,

assisté de
M. Paul Reuter, professeur à la faculté de droit de Paris,
jurisconsulte adjoint du ministère des Affaires étrangères,
comme conseil,

Me Marcel Poignard, du barreau de Paris, ancien bâtonnier,
comme avocat,
et de

M. Claude Chayet, conseiller juridique du ministère des Affaires
étrangères,
M. Robert Monod, administrateur civil au ministère des
Finances,
M. J. J. de Bresson, procureur de la République, détaché au
ministère des Affaires étrangères,
Me Henri Monneray, avocat à la Cour d'appel de Paris,
comme experts,

le Royaume de Norvège,

représentépar
M. Sven Arntzen, avocat à la Cour suprême de Norvège,
comme agent et avocat,

M. Lars J. Jorstad, ambassadeur de h-orvège à La Haye,
comme agent,
assistés de

M. Maurice Bourquin, professeur à l'qniversité de Genève età
l'Institut universitaire des Hautes Etudes internationales,
M. Jens Evensen, avocat à la Cour suprême de Norvège,
comme avocats,
M. Frede Castberg, recteur de l'université d'Oslo,
M. Johannes Andenaes, professeiir à l'université d'Oslo,
M. Bredo Stabell, directeur au ministère des Affaires étrangères,
M. Pierre Lalive, professeurà l'Université de Genève,
comme experts, In the case of Certain Norwegian Loans,

between

the French Republic,
represented by

M. AndréGros, Professor of the Faculties of Law, Legal Adviser
to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by :

M. Paul Reuter, Professor of the Faculty of Law of Paris, Assis-
tant Legal Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Counsel,
Me. Marcel Poignard, of the Paris Bar, former Bâtonnier,
as Advocate,

and by :
M. Claude Chayet, Legal Adviser in the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs,
M. Robert Monod,Admi~zistratez*c ,ivilinthe Ministry of Finance,

M. J. J. de Bresson, Procz~rez~dre la Ré$zhbZiqze,tached to the
Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Me. Henri Monneray, of the Bar of the Paris Court of Appeal,
as Expert Advisers,

and

the Kingdom of Norway,
represented by :

M. Sven Arntzen, Advocate at the Supreme Court of Norway,
as Agent and Advocate,
11. Lars J. Jorstad, Ambassador of Sorway at The Hague,
as Agent,

assisted by :
M. Maurice Bourquin, Professor at the Cniversity of Geneva and
at the Graduate Institute of International Studies,
31. Jens Evensen, Advocate at the Supreine Court of Norway,
as Advocates,

M. Frede Castberg, Rector of the Gniversity of Oslo,
M. Johannes Andenaes, Professor at the University of Oslo,
31. Bredo Stabell, Director at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
M. Pierre Lalive, Professor at the Cniversity of Geneva,
as Expert Advisers,
5 et de
M. Einar Lochen, chef de division au ministère des Affaires
étrangères,
comme secrétaire,

ainsi composée,
rend l'arrêstuivant

Par lettre du 6 juillet 195 j, remise le même jour au Greffe,
l'ambassadeur de France aux Pays-Bas a transmis une lettre de
l'agent du Gouvernement de la République française, en date du
5 juillet Igj5, transmettant une requête introductive d'instance

exposant un différend avec le Gouvemement du Royaume de
Norvège au sujet du paiement de divers emprunts norvégiens émis
en France. En mêmetemps, l'ambassadeur de France notifiait au
Greffe que le professeur Gros avait été désigné commeagent du
Gouvemement français dans cette affaire.
La Requête ainsidéposéeau Greffe le 6 juille1955 vise expressé-
ment l'article36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour et l'accepta-
tion de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de
Justice par le Royaume de Norvège, le 16 novembre 1946, et par
la République française, le I~~ mars 1949. Elle se réfèreà certains
emprunts qu'elle énumère,émispar le Royaume de Norvège, par
la Banque hypothécaire du Royaume de Norvège et par la Banque
des propriétésagricoles et habitations ouvrières; elle invoque que
des titres de ces emprunts sont entre les mains de porteurs français;
elle allègue que lesdits emprunts sont assortis d'une clause or et
elle tend à appeler ld Cour à déterminer de quelle manière l'em-
prunteur doit s'acquitter de la substance de sa dette.
Conformément à l'articl40, paragraphe 2,du Statut, la requête
a étécommuniquée au Gouvernement du Royaume de Norvège;

conformément au paragraphe 3 du,mêmearticle, les autres Membres
des Nations Gnies, ainsi que les Etats non Membres admis àester
en justice devant la Cour, en ont étéinformés.
Par ordonnance du 19 septembre 1955, le Président, tenant
compte d'un accord entre les Parties, a fixé les délais pour le
dépôt du Mémoireet du Contre-mémoire. A la date d'expiration de
ce second délai, le Gouvernement di1 Royaume de Norvège a
déposéun document énonçant certaines exceptions préliminaires
tendant, pour divers motifs qui y sont exposés, à faire dire et juger
que la requête n'est pas recevable.
Par ordonnance du 24 avril 19j6, la Cour, constatant que la
procédure sur le fond était suspendue en ïertu des dispositions de
l'article62,paragraphe 3,du Règlement, a fixéun délaiexpirant
le 4 juin 1gj6 povlr la présentation par le Goux-ernement de la

6 and by
M. Einar Lochen, Chief of Division in the Ministry for Foreign

Affairs,
as Secretary,

composed as above,

delivers the jollowing Judg~nefz t

In a Ietter of July 6th, 1955, filed in the Registry on the
same day, the Ambassador of France to the Netherlands fonvarded
a letter from the Agent of the Government of the French Republic
dated July 5th, 1955, transmitting an Application instituting
Proceedings in a dispute with the Government of the Kingdom of
Nonvay concerning the payment of various Norwegian Loans

issued in France. At the same time, the Ambassador of France
notified to the Registry theappointment of Professor Gros as Agent
of the French Govemment in the case.
The Application thus filed in the Registry on July 6th, 1955,
expressly refers to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court and to the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice by the Kingdom of Norway on
November 16th, 1946, and by the French Republic on March ~st,
1949. It refers to and enurnerates certain loans floated by the
Kingdom of Nonvay, by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of
Norway and by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank;
it relies upon the fact that bonds of these loans are in the hands
of French holders; it alleges that theid loans contain a gold claus;
and it is designed to request the Court to determine the manner in
which the borrower should discharge the substance of his debt.

Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Applica-
tion was communicated to the Government of the Kingdom of
Norway and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of the same Article, other
Members of the United Nations as well as non-member States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of it.
By Order of September ~gth, 1955, the President, taking account
of an agreement between the Parties, fixed the time-limits for the
filing of the Memorial and Counter-Nemorial. On the date of the
expiry of the second of these time-limits, the Government of the
Kingdom of Norway filed a document setting out certain prelim-
inary objections designed, on various grounds stated therein, to ob-
tain a finding from the Court that the Application was inadmissible.
By Order ofApril zqth, 1956,the Court, noting that the proceedings

on the merits were suspended by virtue of the provisions of Arti-
cle 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, fixed June 4th, 1956, as
the time-limit for thepreçentation by the Government of the French
6République française d'un exposé écrit contenant ses Observa-
tions et Conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires. En notifiant
cette décisionaux agents, le Greffier leur a fait savoir que l'inten-
tion de la Cour était d'ouvrir les audiences le25 juin1956.

Le 15 mai 1956, l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume de
Norvège a soumis à la Cour le désirde son Gouvernement, motivé
par des circonstances imprévues, de remettre la procédure orale
à l'automne. En conséquence, la Cour, après s'être renseignée
auprès des Parties et ayant décidéde retarder l'ouverture des
audiences, a, par ordonnance du 29 mai 1956, reporté au 31 août
1956 la date d'expiration du délaipour le dépôt, par le Gouverne-
ment français, de ses Observations et Conclusions sur les exceptions
préliminaires soulevéespar le Gouvernement norvégien.
Dans le délai fixé,le Gouvernement français a présenté ses Obser-
vations et Conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires. Tout en

exposant les motifs pour lesquels il priait la Cour de ne pas accepter
celles-ci, il lui demandait de joindre au fond lesdites exceptions
préliminaires.
La Cour a décidé,le 21 septembre 1956, d'ouvrir les audiences
sur les exceptions préliminaires le15 octobre 1956 et les agents des
Parties en ont étéavisésle même jour.Par lettre datée de ce même
jour et remise au Greffierl22 septembre,l'agent du Gouvernement
du Royaume de Norvège, constatant que, dans ses Observations
sur les exceptions préliminaires, leGouvernement de la République
française avait conclu qu'il plaiseà la Cour joindre les exceptions
au fond, faisait savoir que son Gouvernement, tout en maintenant
intégralement les exceptions par lui soulevées,ne croyait pas devoir

s'opposer à la jonction au fond.

Par ordonnance du 28 septembre 1956, la Cour, considérant que
rien ne s'opposaità ce qu'il soit tenu compte de l'accord ainsi inter-
venu, a joint les exceptions au fond et, après s'êtrerenseignée
auprès des Parties, a fixéles délaispour la présentation des pièces
ultérieures de la procédure écrite,le dernier de ces délaisexpirant
le 25 avril 1957. Les Parties ayant déposérespectivement leurs
Contre-mémoire, Réplique et Duplique dans les délais ainsi fixés,
l'affaire s'est trouvée en état cette dernière date.

Lors des audiences qui ont ététenues les13, 14,15, 17,20, 21,22,
23, 24,25 et 28 mai 1957, la Cour a entendu, en leurs plaidoiries et
réponses: M. André Gros et M' Marcel Poignard, au nom du Gou-
vernement de la République française, et MM. Sven Arntzen,
Maurice Bourquin et Jens Evensen, au nom du Gouvernement du
Royaume de Norvège.
-4u cours de la procédure écriteet orale, les conclusions ci-après
ont étéprises par les Parties: SORWEGIAN LOANS (JUDGNENT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 12

Republic of a written statement of its Observations and Submissions
in regard to the Prelirninary Objections. In notifying the Agents
of this decision, the Registrar informed them that it was the
Court's intention to open the oral hearings on June 25th, 1956.

On May 15th, 1956, the Agent of the Govemment of the King-
dom of Norway acquainted the Court with the desire of his Govern-
ment that, because of unforeseen circumstances, the oral proceed-
ings should be postponed until the autumn. Consequently the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties and having decided to
postpone the opening of the oral proceedings, by Order of May zgth,
1956, extended to August yst, 1956, the time-limit for the filing,
by the French Government, of its Observations and Submissions
on the Preliminary Objections raised bythe Nonvegian Governnlent.
Within this time-limit, the French Government presented its
Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Objections.

Whilst stating the grounds on which it requested the Court net to
uphold the Objections, it asked the Court to join the Preliminary
Objections to the Merits.
The Court decided, on September z~st, 1956, to open the oral
hearings on the Preliminary Objections on October 15th, 1956, and
the Agents of the Parties were advised of this decision on the same
date. In a letter of the same date, which was handed to the Registrar
on September zznd, the Agent of the Governmcnt of the Kingdom
of Norway, noting that, in its Observations on the Preliminary
Objections, the Government of the French Republic had asked that

it might please the Court to join the Objections to the merits,
stated that his Government, whilst maintaining in their entirety
the Objections which it had raised, did not consider that it should
object to the joinder of these Objections to the merits.
By Order of September 28th, 1956, the Court, considering that
there was no objection to taking into account the understanding
thus reached, joined the Objections to the merits and, after ascer-
taining the views of the Parties, fixed time-limits for the filing of
the furtlier pleadings, the last of these time-limits expiring on
ApriIz5th, 1957.The Parties having respectively filedtheir CoTinter-

Memorial, Reply and Rejoinder within the time-liinits so fixed, the
case was ready for fiearing on the last-named date.
In the course of hearings held on May 13th, qth, 15th, 17th,
zoth, z~st, zznd, z3rd, zqth, 25th and 28th, 1957, the Court heard
the oral arguments and replies of M. André Gros and Me.Marcel
Poignard, on behalf of the Government of the French Republic,
and of M. Sven Arntzen, M. Maurice Bourquin and 31.Jens Even-
sen, on behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Norway.

During the written and oral proceedings, the foilowing Sub-
missions were presented by the Parties: 13 EMPRVSTS SORT.ÉGIEKS (ARRÊT DU 6 JUILLET 1957)
Au nom du Gouvernement français, dans la Requête:

« Plaiseà la Cour:
Donner acte à l'agent du Gouvernement de la République fran-
çaise que, pour toutes notifications et communications relatives
à la présente affaire, il élit domicile au siège de l'ambassade de
France à La Haye;
Notifier la présente requête,conformément à l'article 40, alin2,
du Statut de la Cour, au Gouvernement du Royaume de Norvège;

Dire et juger, tant en l'absence qu'en présencedudit Gouverne-
ment et après tel délaique, sous réservedes propositions faites par
accord entre les Parties, il appartiendraà la Cour de fixer:
Que les empruntsinternationaux émispar le Royaume de Norvège
en 1896 (3% or), 1909 (34% or), 1902 (34% 04, 1903 (3%or), 1904
(39% or), 1905 (34% or), les emprunts internationaux émis par
la Banquehypothécaire du Royaumede Norvège, 3474or 1885-1898,
1902, 1905, 1907, 1909et 4% or 1900, l'emprunt international émis
par la Banque des propriétés agricoles et habitations ouvrières
3&0/;or en 1904, stipulent en or le montant de l'obligation de l'em-
prunteur pour le service des coupons et l'amortissement des titres;
Et que l'emprunteur ne s'acquitte de la substance de sa dette
que par le paiement de la valeur or des coupons au jour du paiement
et de la valeur or des titres amortis au jour du remboursement. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement français, dans le Mémoire:
«En conséquence, le Gouvernement de la République française
maintient les conclusions déposéesdans sa requêtedu 6 juillet 1955
et demande à la Cour de dire et juger:
Que lesempruntsinternationaux émispar le Royaume deNorvège

1904 (33% or), 1905 (34% or), les emprunts internationaux(3% émis
par la Banque hypothécaire du Royaume de Norvège, 3% or
1885-1898, 1902, 1905, 1907, 1909 et 4% or 1900, l'emprunt inter-
national émis par la Banque des propriétésagricoles et habitations
ouvrières 36% or en 1904, stipulent en or le montant de l'obligation
del'emprunteur pour leservice des coupons et l'amortissement des
titres;
Et quel'emprunteur doit s'acquitter de la substance de sa dette
par le paiement de la valeur or des coupons au jour du paiement et
de la valeur or des titres amortis au jour du remboursement. )1

Au nom du Gouvernement norvégien, dans les Exceptions Préli-
minaires :

Attendu que :
1) L'objet du différend, tel qu'il est définidans la requête du
Gouvernement françaisdu 6juillet 1955,relèvedu droit interne et non
du droit international, alors quela juridiction obligatoire de la Cour
vis-à-vis des Parties en cause est limitée,par leurs déclarations du
16 iiovembre 1946 et du ler mars 1949, aux différends de droit
iilternationa;
8 NORWEGIAN LOANS (JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th. 1957) 13

On behalf of the French Government, in the Application:

"May it please the Court :
To take note that for the purpose of al1notifications and communi-
cations relating to the present case, the Agent of the Government
of the French Republic selects for his address for service the French
Embassy at The Hague;
To notify the present Application, in accordance with Article 40.
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, to the Government of the

Kingdom of Norway;
To adjudge and declare, whether the Government of the Kingdom
of Norway appears or not, and after such time-limits as the Court
may fix in the absence of an agreement between the Parties:
That the international loans issued by theKingdom of Norway in
1896 (3% gold), 1900 (33% gold), 1902 (33% gold), 1903 (3% gold),
1904 (32% gold), 1905 (33% gold), the international loans issued by
the Mortgage Bank ofthe Kingdom of Norway, 34% gold 1885-189S,
1902, 1905, 1907, 1909 and 4% gold 1900, the international loan
issued by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank 33% gold
in 1904, stipulate in gold the amount of the borrower's obligation
for the service of coupons and the redemption of bonds;
And that the borrower can only discharge the substance of his
debt by the payment of the gold value of the coupons on the aate

of payment and of the gold value of the redeemed bonds on the
date of repayment."
On behalf of the French Government, in the Memorial:

"The Government of the French Republic therefore maintains
the submissions filed in its Application of July 6th, I95j, and
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
That the international loans issued by the Kingdom of Norway in
1896 (3% gold), 1900 (34% g~ld), 1902 (34% gold), 1903 (3% g~ld),
1904 (3-S-Xgold), 1905 (33% gold), the international loans issued by
the Mortgage Bank ofthe Kingdom of Norway, 3&%gold 188j-189b
1902, 19oj, 1907, 1909 and 4% gold 1900, the international loaii
issued by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank 33% gold
in 1904, stipulate in gold the amount of the borrower's obligation .
for the service of coupons and the redemption of bonds;

And that the borrower must discharge the substance of his debt
by the payment of the gold value of the coupons on the date oi
payment and of the gold value of the redeemecl bonds on the dat-
of repayment."
On behalf of the Korn-egian Governmeni, in the Preliminar!-

Objections:
"\T'hereas :

I. The subject of the dispute, as defined in th~4pplicationof the
French Govern~nent of July 6th, 1955, is within the domai~: of
municipal law and not of international law, whereas the compulsor~-
juiisdiction ofthe Court inrelation to the Parties inr-olved isrestricted.
by their Declarations of XOL-ernber16th. 1q46,and hInrch 1st' 1449.
to disputes concerning iiiterfiational lan-;
$5 EMPRUNTS NORVÉGIENS (~~RRÊT DU 6 JUILLET 1957)
14
2) Les « faits» ou «situations » au sujet desquels le différend
s'est élevésont antérieurs à la déclaration par laquelle le Gouver-
nement français a accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, ce

différend se trouve ainsi exclu de l'engagement pris par la France
et, par voie de réciprocité, de l'engagement pris par la Norvège à
l'égard de la France;
3) Pour la partie dela demande qui concerne les titres émispar la
Banque hypothécaire de Norvège et par la Banque norvégienne des
propriétésagricoles et habitations ouvrières, ces deux banques ont
une personnalité juridique distincte de celle de l'État norvégien;
l'action ne peut donc être dirigée contre ce dernier en qualité

d'emprunteur; et, par ailleurs, la compétence de la Cour est limitée
aux différends entre États;
4) Les porteurs de titres au nom desquels le Gouvernement fran-
qais se croit fondé à saisir la juridiction internationale n'ont pas
préalablement épuiséles recours internes,

Plaise à la Cour
dire et juger que la demande introduite par la requête du Gouver-
nement français du 6 juillet 1955 n'est pas recevable. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement français,dans les Observations et Conclu-
sions sur lesexceptions préliminaires :

((Pour ces motifs et sous réserve de tous moyens et preuves à
présenter ultérieurement à la Cour,

Plaise à la Cour
joindre au fond les «Exceptions Préliminaires » soulevées par le
Gouvernement royal de Norvège. 1)

ALI nom du Gouvernement norvégien, dans le Contre-mémoire :

((Quant aux exceptions préliminaires :
Attendu que le Gouvernement norvégien maintient les exceptions
préliminaires nos 1,3 et 4 soulevéesdans le document présentéà la
Cour le 20 avril 1956,

Plaise à la Cour
dire et juger que la demande introduite par la requêtedu Gouver-
nement français du 6 juillet1955 n'est pas recevable.

Quant au fond:
Attendu que la réclamation du Gouvernement français est sans
fondement,

Plaise à la Cour

débouter le Gouvernement francais de son action. ))
Au nom du Gouvernement français, dans la Réplique :

« En ce qui concerne la recevabilité:
Plaise à la Cour

prendre acte de la renonciation par le Gouvernement royal de
Xorvège à l'exception préliminaire no z,

9 NORWEGIAK LOANS (JUDGMEKT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 14

2. The 'facts' or 'situations' in respect of which the dispute
has arisen are prior to the Declaration by which the French Gouern-
ment accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, this dispute
is therefore excluded from the undertaking given by France and, by
virtue of reciprocity, from the undertaking given by Norway vis-d-
visFrance ;

3. Asregards tliat part of the daim which relates to the bond certi-
ficates issued by the Mortgage Bank ofNorway and by the Norwegian
Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank, these two Banks have a
legal personality distinct from that of the Norwegian State; proceed-
ings can therefore not be instituted against thelatter in its capacity
as the borrower; whereas, moreover, the juriscliction of the Court
is limited to disputes between States;
4. The holders of bond certificates on whose behalf the French
Government considers itself entitled to institute international

proceedings have not previously exhausted the local remedies,
May it please the Court

to adjudge and declare that the claim put forward bythe Applica-
tion of the French Government of July 6th, Igjj,is not admissible."
On behalf of the French Government, in the Observations and
Submissions on the Preliminary Objections :

"For these reasons, and subject to the subsequent presentation
of any evidence or argument,

May it please the Court
to join to the merits the 'Preliminary Objections' raised by the
Royal Nonvegian Government."

On behalf of the Norwegian Government, in the Counter-Memorial:

"On the Preliminary Objections :
Having regard to the fact that the Norwegian Government
maintains Preliminary Objections Nos. I, 3 and 4 raised in the docu-
ment submitted to the Court on April zoth, 1956,

May it please the Court
to adjudge and declare that the claim submitted by the Appli-
cation of the French Government ofJuly Gth, 1955,is not admissible.

On the Merits :
Having regard to the fact that the claim of the French Govern-
ment is unfounded,

May it please the Court
to dismiss the claim of the French Government."

On behalf of the French Government, in the Reply :
"On the question of admissibility :

May it please the Court
to place on record the abandonment by the Royal Government
of Norway of its second Preliminary Objection, repousser les exceptions préliminaires nos 1,3, 4 présentéespar
le Gouvernement royal de Norvège,
dire et juger que la demande introduite par la requêtedu Gouver-
nement français du 6 juillet 1955 est recevable.

En ce qui concerne le fond:

Plaise à la Cour
adjuger au Gouvernement dela République française les conclu-
sions de sa requête du 6 juillet 1955. »

Au nom du Gouvernement norvégien, dans la Duplique

« Le Gouvernement norvégien maintient les conclusions de son
contre-mémoire du 20 décembre 1956. »

,4u nom du Gouvernementfrançais, conclusions énoncées àl'audience
du 15 mai 1957 et déposées le même jour:

Le Gouvernement de la République française demande à la
Cour de dire et juger:

Sur la compétence:

Que la réclamation du Gouvernement de la République française,
qui a pris fait et cause pour ses ressortissants porteurde titres des
emprunts norvégiens en question, constitue un cas de recouvrement
de dettes contractuelles au sens de l'article premier de la deuxième
Convention de La Haye du 18 octobre 1907; que cette réclamation,
n'ayant pas étérégléepar la voie diplomatique, a don$ lieu àlun
différend juridiqye d'ordre international entre les deux Etats;
Que les deux Etats ont, en acceptant la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour internationale de Justice, admis la compétence de la Cour
pour tout différend d'ordre juridique ayant pour objet l'interpréta-
tion d'un traité, tout point de droit internationalla réalitéde tout
fait qui, s'il était établi, constituerait la violation d'un engagement
international;
Que le recouvrement oune dette d'emprunt international, réclamé

au Gouvernement de 1'Etat débiteur par le Gouvernement qui a
pris fait et cause pour ses ressortissants porteurs de titres, soulève
une question qui, au sens de l'article 36, paragraphe2,alinéasb et c,
relève de la compétence de la Cour par l'acceptation des deux
Parties ;
Que le différend peut être porté devant la Cour sans que les
recours internes aient étéépuisésl,a preuve n'ayant pasétéapportée
que ces recours pouvaient avoir effet utile.

Sur le fond:

Que les emprunts visésdans la requête du Gouvernement de la
République française constituent des emprunts internationaux et
qu'il résulte de la nature des titres au porteur qu'au regard de tolis
les porteurs étrangers la substance de la dette est la mêmeet que
les paiements aux porteurs étrangers d'un mêmetitre doivent se
faire sans aucune discrimination; to dismiss the Preliminary Objections of the Royal Government
of Nonvay Nos. 1, 3 and 4,
to adjudge and declare that the claim put fonvard in the Appli-

cation of the French Government of July 6th, 1955, is admissible.

On the Merits:

May it please the Court
to uphold the submissions of the Government of the French
Republic set out in its Application of July 6th, 1955."

On behalf of the Norwegian Govemment,in the Rejoinder:
"The Norwegian Government maintains the Submissions of its
Counter-Memorial of December zoth, 1956."

On behalf of the French Government, Submissions stated at the

hearing of May Ijth, 1957, and filed on the same day :
"The Government of the French Republic requests the Court to
adjudge and declare :

On Jurisdiction :

That the claim of the Government of the French Republic, which
has adopted the cause of its nationals who are holders of bond
certificates of the Norwegian loans in question, constitutes a case
of the recovery of contract debts within the meaning of Article I
ofthe SecondHagueConvention ofOctober 18th, 1907;that this claim,
not having been settled by diplomatic means, has given rise to a
legal dispute of an international character between the two States;
That the two States, by their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, have recognized
the competence of the Court in all legal disputes concerning the
interpretation of a treaty, any question of international law, the
existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a
breach of an international obligation;

That the recovery of a debt due under an international loan,
claimed from the Government of the debtor State by the Govern-
ment which has adopted the cause of its nationals who are holders
of bond certificates, raises an issue which, within the meaning of
Article 36,paragraph 2,sub-paragraphs (b) and (c), falls within the
competence of the Court by virtue of the acceptance of both Parties;
That the dispute may be brought before the Court without the
need for the exhaustion oflocalremedies since it has not been shown
that such remedies could be effectua].

On the Merits:

That the loans which constitute the subject-matter of the Appli-
cation of the Government of the French Republic are international
loans and that it follows from the nature of the bearer bonds that
in respect of al1foreign holders the substance of the debt is the same
and that payments to foreign holders of an identical certificate
must be made without any discrimination;
1O Que lesdits emprunts contiennent un engagement de régler en

valeur or les intérêts etles sommes dues pour l'amortissement des
titres ;
Qye les engagements sur le montant d'une dette contractée par
un Etat à l'égard de ressortissants étrangers avec des conditions
formj4les d'exécution ne peuvent êtremodifiésunilaféralement par
cet Etat sans négociation avec les porteurs, avec 1'Etat qui a pris
fait et cause pour ses ressortissants, ou sans arbitrage sur la capacité
financière de 1'Etat débiteur à remplir ses obligations;
Que, dans ces conditions, et sans se prononcer sur le problème
de l'aménagement financier des paiements que le Gouvernement de
la République française s'est déclaréprêtà étudier avec le Gouver-
nement du Royaume de Norvège, il convient de constater le bien-
fondé de la réclamation du Gouvernement de la République
française ;

Que le Royaume de Norvège ayant formellement promis et
garanti le paiement en valeur or des sommes dues pour l'exécution
de son obligation dans les divers emprunts en question, le débiteur
ne s'acquitte valablement de cette obligation que par un paiement
en valeur or à chaque échéance. »

Au nom du Gouvernement norvégien, conclusions énoncées à
l'audience du 23 mai 1957 et déposées lemêmejour:

(Quant aux exceptions préliminaires :

Attendu que:
1) L'objet du différend, tel qu'il est définidans la requête,relève
du droit interne et non du droit international,alors que la juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour vis-à-vis des Parties en cause est limitée,
par leurs déclarations du 16 novembre 1946 et du lermars 1949,
aux différends de droit international;

2) Pour la partie dela demande qui concerne les titres émispar la
Banque hypothécaire de Norvège et par la Banque norvégienne des
propriétésagricoles et habitations ouvrières, ces deux banques ont
une personnalité juridique distincte de celle de 1'Etat norvégien;
l'action ne peut donc être dirigée contre ce dernier en qualité
d'emprunteur; et, parailleurs, la compétence de la Cour est limitée
aux différends entre Etats;

3) Les porteurs de titres pour la protection desquels le Gouver-
nement français se croit fondé à saisir la juridiction internationale
n'ont pas préalablement épuiséles recours internes,

Plaise à la Cour,

rejetant toutes conclusions contraires,
dire et juger que la demande introduite par la requêtedu Gouver-
nement français du 6 juillet1955 n'est pas recevable.

Quant au fond
Attendu que la réclamation du Gouvernement francais est sans
fondement, That the said loans contain an undertaking to pay in gold value
interest and amounts due on redemption of the bonds;

That undertakings as to the amount of a debt contracted by a
State with foreign nationals, containing express conditions as to
performance, cannot be unilaterally modified bythat State without
negotiation with the holders, with the State which has adopted the
cause of its nationals, or without arbitration as to the financial
capacity of the debtor State to fulfd its obligations;
That in these circumstances, and without passing upon the
financial adjustment of payments which the Govemrnent of the
French Republic has declared itself ready to study with the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Norway, the claim of the Government of
the French Republic should be held to be well-founded;

That the Kingdom of Norway having expressly promised and
guaranteed payment in gold value of the sums due in performance
of its obligationsder the various loans in issue, the debtor cannot
validly discharge this obligation except by payments as they faIl
due in gold value."

On behalf of the Norwegian Government, Submissions stated at
the hearing of May qrd, 1957 and filed on the same day :
"On the Preliminary Objections

Whereas :
I. The subject of the dispute, as defined in the Application, is
within the domain of municipal law and not of international law,
whereas the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in relation to the
Parties involved is restricted, by their Declarations of Novem-
ber 16th, 1946, and March ~st, 1949, to disputes concerninginter-
national law;
2. As regards that part of the claim which relates to the bond
certificatesissuedby the MortgageBank ofNorway and theNonvegian
Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank, these two Banks have
a legal personality distinct from that of the Norwegian State;
proceedings can therefore not be institued against the latter in its
capacity as the borrower; whereas moreover the jurisdiction of the
Court is limited to disputes between States;

3. The holders of bond certificates for whose protection the French
Government considers itself entitled to institute international
proceedings have not previously exhausted the local remedies,

May it please the Court,
rejecting al1submissions to the contrary,
to adjudge and declare that the claim put forward by the Applica-
tion of the French Government ofJuly 6th, 1955,is not admissible.
On the Ments:

Whereas the claim of the French Government is unfounded, EMPRUNTS NORVÉGIESS (ARRÊT DU 6 JUILLET 1957)
I7
Plaise à la Cour,

rejetant toutes conclusions contraires,
débouter le Gouvernement français de son action. »
Certaines objections à la teneur et à l'admissibilité des conclusions

énoncées le 15 mai 1957 par l'agent du Gouvernement français
ayant étésoulevées par l'agent du Gouvernement norvégien, l'agent
du Gouvernement franqais y a introduit certaines modifications à
l'audience du 25 mai 1957 et les a déposées le même jour en la
forme suivante :

«Le Gouvernement de la République française demande à la
Cour de dire et juger:

Sur la compétence:
1) Que la réclamation du Gouvernement de la République fran-
çaise, qui a pris fait et cause pour ses ressortissants porteurs de
titres des emprunts norvégiens en question, constitue un cas de
recouvrement de dettes contractuelles au sens de l'articleI~~ de
la deuxième Convention de La Haye du IS octobre 1907; que cette
réclamation n'ayant pas étérégléepar la voie diplomatique a donné
ljeu à un différend juridique d'ordre international entre les deux
Etats;

2) Que les deux États ont, en acceptant la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour internationale de Justice, admis la compétence de la Cour
pour tout différend d'ordre juridique ayant pour objet l'interpréta-
tion d'un traité, tout point de droit internationala réalitéde tout
fait qui, s'il était établi, constituerait la violation d'un engagement
. international;
3) Que le recouvrement des dettes résultant des emprunts en
question, réclamé au Gouvernement de l'État norvégien par le
Gouvernement français qui a pris fait et cause pour ses ressortissants

porteurs detitres, soulève une question qui, au sens de l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, alinéas b et c,relève de la compétence de la Cour
par l'acceptation des deux Parties;

4) Que le différend peut êtreporté devant la Cour sans que les
recours internes aient étéépuisésl,a preuve n'ayant pas été apportée
que ces recours pouvaient avoir effet utile.

Sur le fond:
1) Que les emprunts visés dans la requête du Gouvernement de
la République française constituent des emprunts internationaux et
qu'il résulte de la nature des titres au porteur qu'au regard de tous
les porteurs étrangers la substance de la dette est la mêmeet que
les paiements aux porteurs étrangers d'un mêmetitre doivent se
faire sans aucune discrimination;

2) Que lesdits emprunts contiennent un engagement de régler en
valeur or les intérêts etles sommes dues pour l'amortissement des
titres;
3) Que les engagements sur le montant des dettes contractées
dans lesdits emprunts par 1'Etat norvégien à l'égard deressortis- XORWEGIAN LOANS (JVDGSIEXT 01; JULY 6th, 1957)
Ii;
May it please the Court,

rejecting al1submissions to the contrary,
to dismiss the claim of the French Govemment."
Certain objections having been raised by the Agent of the Nor-

wegian Government to the tenor and admissibility of the Sub-
missions filed bythe Agent of the French Government on May 15th,
1957, the Agent of the French Government made certain altera-
tions in them at the hearing of May ajth, 1957, and filed them on

the same day in the following form:
"The Government of the French Republic requests the Court to
adjudge and declare :

On Jurisdiction :
I. That the claim of the Government of the French Republic,
which has adopted the cause of its nationals wlio are holders of
bond certificates of the Norwegian loans in question, constitutes

a case of the recovery of contract debts within the meaning of
Article I of the Second Hague Convention of October 18th, 1907;
that this claim, not having been settled by diplomatic means, has
given rise to a legal dispute of an international character between
the two States;
2. That the two States, by their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, have recognized
the competence of the Court in al1 legal disputes concerning the

interpretation of a treaty, any question of international law, the
existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a
breach of an international obligation;
3. That the recovery of the debts due under the loans in question,
claimed from the Government of the Norwegian State by the French
Government which has adopted the cause of its nationals who are
holders of bond certificates, raises an issue which, within the
meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, sub-paragraphs (b) and (c),falls

within the competence of the Court by virtue of the acceptance of
both Parties;
4. That the dispute may be brought before the Court without the
need for the eshaustion of local remedies since it has not been
shown that such remedies could be effectual.

On the Merits:
I. That the loans which constitute the subject-matter of the
_Application of the Government of the French Republic are inter-
national loans and that it follows from the nature of the bearer bonds

that in respect of al1foreign holders the substance of the debt is the
same and that payments to foreign holders of an identical certificate
must be made without any discrimination;
2. That the said loans contain an undertaking to pay in gold
value interest and amounts due on redemption of the bonds;

3. That undertakings as to the amount of the debts contracted
under the said loans by the Xorwegian State with French nationals, sants français avec des conditions formeges d'exécutionne peuvent
êtremodifiésunilatéralement par cet Etat sans négociation avec
les porteurs, avec l'État français qui a pris fait et cause pour-ses
ressortissants, ou sans arbitrage sur la capacitéfinancièrede 1'Etat
débiteur à remplir ses obligations;
4) Que, dans ces conditions, et sans se prononcer sur le problème
de l'aménagement financierdes paiements que le Gouvernement de
la République française s'est déclaré prêàétudieravec le Gouver-
nement du Royaume de Norvège,il convient de constater le bien-
fondéde la réclamation du Gouvernement de la Républiquefran-
$aise;
5) Que le Royaume de Norvège ayant formellement promis et
garanti le paiement en valeur or des sommes dues pour l'exécution
de son obligation dans les divers emprunts en question, le débiteur
ne s'acquitte valablement de cette obligation que par un paiement
en valeur or à chaque échéance .
Au nom du Gouvernement norvégien, l'agent de ce Gouvernement
a, lors de l'audience du 28 mai 1957, déclarémaintenir intégrale-
ment ses conclusions, telles qu'il les avait formulées le 23 mai957.
Les conclusions des Parties, en la forme à elles donnée ou confir-
mée les 25 et 28 mai 1957 respectivement, constituent leurs conclu-

sions finales.

Les faits qui ont amené le Gouvernement français à introduire la
présente instance devant la Cour sont les suivants:
Entre 1896 et 1905, le Gouvernement norvégien a procédé à
l'émission de six emprunts publics sur le marché français et sur
d'autres marchés étrangers. De 1885 à 1909, divers emprunts ont
étéémissur les marchés étrangers, dont le marché français, par la
Banqqe hypothécaire du Royaume de Norv,ège, établissement créé
par 1'Etat et dont le capital appartient à 1'Etat. Enfin, en 1904, la
Banque norvégienne des propriétésagricoles et habitations ouvriè-
res a émisun emprunt sur lemarché français et sur d'autres marchés
étrangers. Le Gouvernement français soutient que ces emprunts

sont assortis d'une clause or sous une forme variant de l'un à
l'autre, mais que ce Gouvernement estime suffisante pour chacun,
ce que contestele Gouvernement norvégien.
A la suite de l'ouverture des hostilités en Europe, la conver-
tibilité des billets de la Banque de Norvège a étésuspendue le
5 août 1914, cette mesure ayant ultérieurement étéconfirmée par
décret royal du 18 août 1914. Pendant la période qui suivit, la
Banque de Norvège a étéautorisée à reprendre la convertibilité
des billets en or (1916) et à la suspendre de nouveau (1920).
Cette dernière mesure a été,à son tour, rapportée (1928) et les
billets de la Banque de Norvège sont redevenus convertibles.
Cependant, en 1931, l'obligation de la Banque de convertir les
billets a été à nouveau suspendue; ,cette mesure est toujours

en vigueur. NORWEGISN LOANS (JUDGX~ENT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 18

containing express conditions as to performance, cannot be unila-
terally modified by that State without negotiation with the holders,
with the French State which has adopted the cause of its nationals,
or without arbitration as to the financial capacity of the debtor
State to fulfil its obligations;
4. That in these circumstances, and without passing upon the
financial adjustment of payrnents which the Government of the
French Republichas declared itself ready to study with the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Nonvay, the claim of the Government of
the French Republic should be held to be well-founded;

5. That the Kingdom of Norway having expressly promised
and guaranteed payment in gold value of the sums due in perfor-
mance of its obligations under the various loans in issue, the debtor
cannot validly discharge this obligation except by payrnents as they
fa11due in gold value."
On behalf of the Norwegian Government, the -4gent of that Govern-
ment declared at the hearing of May 28th, 1957, that he maintained
in their entirety hisSubmissions as formulated on May 23rd, 1957.
The Submissions of the Parties, in the form in which they were
z8th,
given or confirmed at the hearings of May 25th and May
1957, respectively, constitute their Final Submissions.

The facts which led the French Government to institute the
present proceedings before the Court are as follows :
Between 1896 and 1905, the Nonvegian Government floated six
public loans on the French market and on other foreign markets.
From 1885 to 1909, various loans were floated on foreign markets,
including the French market, by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom
of Norway, an establishment created by the State and whose capital
belongs to the State. Finally, in904, the Norwegian Small Holding
and Workers' Housing Bank floated aloan on the French market and
on other foreign markets. The French Government contends that
the bonds contain a gold clause ~vhich varies in form from bond
to bond, but which that Government regards as sufficient in the
case of each bond, this being disputed by the Nonvegian Govern-

ment.
Following upon the opening of hostilities in Europe, the conver-
tibility of notes of the Bank of Norway was suspended on
August 5th, 1914, this measure being later confirmed by Royal
Decree of August 18th, 1914. During the ensuing period, the
Bank of Nonvay was authorized to resume the convertibility
of notes into goId (1916) and to suspendit anew (1920). This latter
measure was in turn abrogated (1928) and notes of the Bank of
Norway again became convertible. Homever, in 1931 the obligation
of the Bank to convert notes was once more suspended; this
measure is still in force. Pendant ces années d'instabilité, une loi du 15 décembre 1923
a étépromulguée, relative aux obligations pécuniaires dont le
paiement était libelléen or. Cette loi qui, selon son article2, entre
en vigueur immédiatement, dispose dans son article premier:

((Si un débiteura légalement consenti à payer en or une obliga-
tion pécuniaireen couronnes, et que le créancierrefuse d'accepter
le paiement en billets de la Banque de Norvèged'après la valeur
or nominale de ceux-ci, le débiteur pourra demander la prorogation
du paiement tant que la banque est dispenséede l'obligation de
rembourser ses billets d'après leur montant. Si le créancierrevient
sur son refus, il ne pourra exiger paiement dans les conditions
indiquéesci-dessus qu'après un préavis de trois mois. Pendant la
durée de la prorogation, il est servi des intérêts autaux de quatre
pour cent par an. Les intérêsont payésen billets de banque d'après
leur montant.
Renonciation au droit de de-manderla prorogation ne peut être
prononcéed'avance que par l'Etat, les municipalitéç, laBanque de
Norvègeet les banques entièrement garanties par 1'Etat (la Banque
hypothécaire, la Banque des propriétésagricoles et habitations
ou.i~rièreet la Banque de la pêche). ))

La première démarche du Gouvernement français auprès du
Gouvernement de Xorvège a étéeffectuéepar la note de la légation
de France à Oslo au ministère des Affaires étrangères de Norvège
du 16 juin 1925. Cette note se réfèreaux emprunts émis par la

Banque hypothécaire de Xorvège qu'elle considère comme assortis
d'une clause or et à la loi norvégienne précitée du 15 décembre
1923. Elle marque brièvement la contradiction qu'elle croit pouvoir
relever entre cette loi et les engagements pris, invoquant (qu'une
décision unilatérale ne semble pas opposable à des créanciers
étrangers »et sollicite(1toute la bienveillante attention et le con-
cours du ministère royal des Affaires étrangères en vue d'obtenir
la prompte reconnaissance par le Gouvernement norvégien et par
la Banque hypothécaire de Norvège, des droits auxquels prétendent
les porteurs français d'obligations de la Banque hypothécaire du

Royaume de Norvège, les revendications de ceux-ci ayant paru
pleinement justifiées au Gouvernement de la République )).

Le 9 décembre 1925, le ministère des Affaires étrangères de
Norvège a communiqué à la légation de France la copie d'une
lettre de la direction de la Banque hypothécaire au ministère des
Finances et a déclaréque le ministère des Finances partageait le

point de vue de la direction de la Banque hypothécaire. Dans cette
lettre, la direction contestait les affirmations concernant la clause
or et ajoutait que (cla question a dans tous les cas étérégléepar la
loi du 15 décembre 1923 1).
Vne longue correspondance diplomatique s'ensuivit, dans
laquelle les deux Gouvernements maintenaient leurs points devue.

14 During these years of instability, a law concerning pecuniary
obligations whose payment was expressed in gold was promulgated
on December ~jth, 1923. This law which, in accordance with its
second Article, came into force at once, provides in ArticleI :

"Where a debtor has lawfully agreed to pay in gold a pecuniary
debt in kroner and where the creditor refuses to accept payment
in Bank of Norway notes on the basis of their nominal gold value,
the debtor may request a postponement of payment for such period
as the Bank is exempted from its obligation to redeem its notes in
accordance with their nominal value. Where a creditor withdraws
his refusa1he shall be entitled to require such payment only after
the giving of three months' notice. During the period of post-
pInterest shall be paid in banknotes in accordance with their nominal
value.
Prior notice of wai~er of the right to request postponement may
be given only by the State, municipalities, the Bank of Norway
and the Banks which are fully guaranteed by the State (the Mort-
gage Bank, the Small Holding and Workers' HousingBank and the
Fisherg Bank)."

The first representations made by the French Government to
the Government of Norway were in the form of a Note dated
June 16th, 1925, from the French Legation at Oslo to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Nonvay. This Note referred to the loans
floated by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of Nonvay, bvhich
the French Government regarded as subject to a gold clause, and

to the above-mentioned Nonvegian law of December ~jth, 1923.
It contained a brief reference to the contradiction which it believed
to exist between that law and the obligations which had been
assumed, contended "that it would not seem that a unilateral
decision can be relied upon as against foreign creditors", and
.. requested that the "Royal Ministry for Foreign Affairs should give
its consideration and assistance for the purpose of securing prompt
recognition by the Xorwegian Government and by the Mortgage
Bank of Norway of the rights claimed by the French holders of
bonds of the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of Norway, the bond-
holders' claims appearing to the Governinent of the Republic
to be fully justified".
On December gth, 192j, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
h'orway transmitted to the French Legation a copy of a letter
from the Board of Directors of the Mortgage Bank to the hlinistry
of Finance and declared that the Jiinistry of Finance shared the

view of the Board of Directors of the Mortgage Bank. In this
letter the Board disputed the assertions concerning the gold clause
and added that "the question has in any case been settled by the
law of December ~jth, 1923".
Protracted diplomatic correspondence ensued in which the two
Zovernments maintained their points of view. The representations20 EMPRUNTS NORVÉGIENS (ARRÊT DC 6 JUILLET 1957)
Les démarches du Gouvernement français avaient ,maintenant

pour objet tous les emprunts norvégiens, ceux de 1'Etat comme
ceux des deux banques. Diverses propositions ont étéformu-
lées, ayant pour but de soumettre le problème à une commission
mixte d'experts économiques et financiers, à l'arbitrage ou à
la Cour internationale de Justice; l'affaire a étéaussi portée à
l'attention de la Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et
le développement. Le Gouvernement norvégien n'a pas consenti
à donner suite à ces propositions. Il a constamment maintenu que
les réclamations des porteurs étaient du ressort des tribunaux
norvégiens, que ceux-ci étaient compétents pour en connaître et
que ces réclamations donnaient lieu uniquement à l'interprétation

et à l'application des lois norvégiennes. De leur côté, les porteurs
français se sont abstenus de saisir les tribunaux norvégiens. Le
Gouvernementfrançais n'a pas souscrit à ces vues du Gouvernement
norvégien.Par une note du 27janvier 1955,il proposait au Gouverne-
ment norvégien deporter le litige devant lejuge international envue
de déterminer, sur la base des principes générauxdu droitinternatio-
nal, si la clause dont, suivant lui, les emprunts litigieux sont assortis
(clause or) devait êtrerespectée. Le2 février1955, le Gouvernement
norvégien déclinacette proposition en invoquant que la procédure
normale et régulièreserait que les porteurs d'obligations intentent

des actions contre les débiteurs norvégiens respectifs devant les
tribunaux norvégiens. Il ajoutait ne voir aucune raison pour faire
exception en cette affaire à la règle de droit international selon
laquelle l'action internationale ne peut êtreexercéequ'après l'épui-
sement des recours locaux. C'est àla suite de ce refus que le Gouver-
nement français a saisi la Cour, par voie de requête, à la date du
6 juillet1955.

Dans sa Requête, le Gouvernement français prie la Cour de dire
et juger que les emprunts internationaux émis par le Royaume de

Norvège, par la Banque hypothécaire du Royaume de Norvège et
par la Banque des propriétés agricoles et habitations ouvrières et
énuméréd sans la Requête stipulent en or le montant de l'obligation
de l'emprunteur pour le service des coupons et l'amortissement des
titres; et que l'emprunteur ne s'acquitte de la substance de sa dette
que par le paiement de la valeur or des coupons au jour du paiement
et de la valeur or des titres amortis au jour du remboursement.

La demande de la Requête a été maintenue dans le Mémoireet
dans la Réplique qui, en ce qui concerne le fond, priait la Cour

d'ccadjuger au Gouvernement de la République française les
conclusions de sa Requête du 6 juillet 1955 1).
La Requêteviseexpressément l'article 36,paragraphe 2,du Statut,
ainsi quel'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour par la SORWEGI.4Y LOAXS (JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th, 19j7) 20

of the French Government now related to al1the Norwegian loans,
both the State loans and the loans of the two Banks. Various
proposals were put forward, designed to submit the problem to a
mixed Commission of Economic and Financial Experts, to arbi-
tration, or to the International Court of Justice; the matter \vas
also brought to the attention of the International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development . The Norwegian Government was not
prepared to agree to these proposals. It maintained throughout
that the claims of the bondholders were within the jurisdiction of
the Norwegian courts, that the latter were competent to deal with

them, and that these claims involved solely the interpretation and
application of Norwegian law. The French bondholders, for their
part, refrained from submitting their cases to the Norwegian courts.
The French Government did not accept the views of the Norwegian
Government. By a Note of January 27th, 195 j, it proposed to the
Nomregian Government that the dispute should be referred to an
international tribunal in order to determine, on the basis of the
general principles of international law,whether the clause which, it
contended, mas contained in the bonds in question (the gold clause)
had to be respected. On February and, 1955, the Norwegian Govern-
ment declined this proposal, maintaining that the normal and
proper procedure would be for the bondholders to start pro-
ceedings against the respective Nonvegian debtorsin the Norwegian

courts. It added that it could see no reason for inaking an exception
in the present case to the rule of international law under which
international proceedings can only be instituted after the exhaustion
of local remedies. It was as a result of thisrefusal that the French
Government referred the matter to the Court by an Application
on July 6th, 19j5.

In its Application, the French Government requests the Court
to adjudge and declare that the international loans issued by the
Kingdom of Norway, by the Mortgage Bank of the Kingdom of

Norway and by the Small Holding and Workers' Housing Bank,
which are listed in the Application, stipulate in gold the amount
of the borrower's obligation for the service of coupons and the
redemption of bonds; and that the borrower can only discharge
the substance of his debt by the payment of the gold value of the
coupons on the date of payment and of the gold value of the
redeemed bonds on the date of repayment.
The claim in the Application has been maintained in the Memorial
and in the Reply which, with regard to the merits, requests the
Court to "uphold the Submissions of the Government of the French
Republic set out in its Application of July 6th, 1955".
The Applicatiorrexpressly refers to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court and to the acceptance of the compulsory

1521 EMPRUNTS SORVÉGIEI;~ (.~RRÊT DU 6 JÇILLET 1957)
Norvège, le 16 novembre 1946, et par la France, le mars 1949.

La déclaration de la Norvège est ainsi conçue:
(<Au nom du Gouvernement norvégien, je déclareque la Norvège
reconnaît comme obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention
spéciale,àl'égard detout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation,
c'est-à-dire sous condition de réciprocité, la juridiction de la Cour
internationale deJustice, en application de l'article paragraphe 2,
du Statut de la Cour, pour une période de dixans à dater du 3 octo-
bre 1946. 1)

La déclaration de la France est ainsi conçue:

((Au nom du Gouvernement de la République francaise, et soiis
réservede ratification, je déclarereconnaître comme obligatoire de
plein droit et sans convention spéciale, à l'égard de tout autre
Membre des Nations Unies acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-
dire sous condition de réciprocité, la juridiction de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice, conformément à l'article 36, paragraphe2, du
Statut de ladite Cour, pour tous les différendsqui s'élèveraientau
sujet de faits ou situations postérieuàsla ratification de la présente
déclaration, à l'exception de ceux à propos desquels les parties
seraient convenues ou conviendraient d'avoir recours à un autre
mode de règlement pacifique.
Cette déclaration ne s'applique pas aux différendsrelatifs à des
affaires qui relèvent essentiellement dela compétencenationale telle
qu'elleest entenduepar le Gouvernement dela Républiquefrançaise.
La présente déclaration est faite pour cinq ans à dater du dépôt
de l'instrument de ratification. Elle continuera ensuitede produire
effet jusqu'à notification contraire par le Gouvernement français. ))

Le 20 avril 1956, le Gouvernement norvégien a introduit quatre
exceptions préliminaires. La première exception comporte deus

parties. Dans la première partie, le Gouvernement norvégien
soutient que l'objet du différend relève exclusivement du droit
interne norvégien et qu'il ne rentre dans aucune des catégories
de différends énumérés à l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut,
en application duquel les deux Parties ont, par leurs déclara-
tions, accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Dans la
seconde partie de cette exception, le Gouvernement norvégien
se fonde sur la réserve énoncée dans la déclaration française
touchant les différends relatifs aux affaires qui relèvent essentielle-

ment de la compétence nationale telle qu'elle est entendue par le
Gouvernement français. 11conteste la compétence de la Cour par
ces deux motifs.
La deuxième exception se fonde sur le fait que la déclaration
française limite l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoirede la Cour
aux ((différends qui s'élèveraient au sujet de faits ou situations
postérie~zrsà la ratification ))de ladite déclaration. Il est argué que
la contestation devant la C,our s'est élevéeau sujet de faits ou

situations antérieurs au I" mars 1949 et que, par l'effet de la NORWEGIAN LOANS (JUDGMENT OF JCLY 6th, 1957) 21

jurisdiction of the Court by Norway on November 16th, 1946.
and by Franceon March ~st, 1949. The Norwegian Declarationreads :

"1 declare on behalf of the Norwegian Government that Norway
recognizes as compulsory ipsofactoand without special agreement, in
relationto any other State accepting the same obligation, that is to
Say, on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court, for a period of ten years as from 3rd October
1946."

The French Declaration reads :
"On behalf of the Government ofthe French Republic, and subject
to ratification, 1 declare that 1 recognize as comp~~lsoryipso facto
and without special agreement, in relation to any other State
accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of reciprocity .
the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in conformity
with Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the said Court, for al1
disputes which may arise in respect of facts or situations subsequent
to the ratification of the present declaration, with the exception of
those with regard to which the partiesmay have agreed ormay agree
to have recourse to another method of peaceful settlement.

This declaration does not apply to differences relating to matters
which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood
by the Government of the French Republic.
The present declaration has been made for five years from the
date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification. It shall continue
in force thereafter until notice tothe contrary is given by the French
Government ."
On April zoth, 1956, the Norwegian Government filed four
Preliminary .Objections. The first Objection consisted of two parts.
In the first part the Norwegian Government maintained that the
subject of the dispute was ~vithin the exclusive domain of the

municipal law of Norway, and that it did not fa11 within an'-
of the categories of disputes enumerated in Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, by reference to which both Parties had
by their Declarations accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Court. In the second part of that Objection the Norwegian
Government relied upon the reservation in the French Declara-
tion with regard to differences relating to matters which are
essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood bu the
French Government. It challenged the jurisdiction of the Court
on both grounds.

The second Objection was based on the fact that the French
Declaration limited its acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court to "al1 disputes which ma57 arise in respect of facts
or situations subsequent to the ratification" of the Declaration.
It was contended that the dispute before the Court arose in respect
of facts or situations prior to March ~st, 1949, andthat, by virtue
16condition de réciprocité, elle se trouve exclue de l'engagement des
Parties.

La troisième exception tend à faire déclarer irrecevable la
Requête,pour la partie de la demande qui concerne les obligations
des deux banques norvégiennes, pour le motif que ces banques ont
une personnalité juridique distincte de celle de 1'Etat norvégien.

Enfin, la quatrième exception demande à la Cour de déclarer la
Requête du Gouvernement français irrecevable, les porteurs fran-
çais d'obligations norvégiennes n'ayant pas préalablement épuisé
les recours internes.
Dans ses Observations et Conclusions. le Gouvemement francais

a prié la Cour de joindre au fond les exceptions préliminaires
soulevéespar le Gouvernement norvégien. Ce dernier ne s'y est pas
opposé. En conséquence, la Cour, tenant compte de l'accord ainsi
intervenu entre les Parties, a, par son ordonnance du 28 septembre
1956, joint lesdites exceptions au fond ((pour êtrestatué par un
seul et mêmearrêt sur lesdites exceptions et, éventuellement, sur
le fond ».
Dans son Contre-mémoire, le Gouvernement norvégien a déclaré
renoncer (immédiatement et sans conditions à son exception no 2 ».
En conséquence,dans le Contre-mémoire, la Répliqueet la Duplique,

ainsi que dans la procédure orale, les Parties ont discuté les
exceptions 1, 3 et 4 et le fond.

La Cour doit tout d'abord porter son attention sur les exceptions
préliminaires du Gouvernement norvégien. La première de ces
exceptions vise directement la compétencedela Cour pour connaître
du différend qui lui est soumis par la Requêtefrançaise. C'est cette

exception que la Cour examinera d'abord.
Comme on l'a dit plus haut, cette exception, telle que l'énoncele
Gouvemement norvégien, présente deux aspects: En premier lieu,
il est argué que la Cour, dont la mission est de réglerconformément
au droit international les différendsqui lui sont soumis,ne peut être
saisie par voie de requête unilatérale que des différends d'ordre
juridique qui rentrent dans l'une des quatre catégories énumérées
au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut et qui relèvent du droit
international. Il est allégué que la Requête du Gouvemement
français demande à la Cour d'interpréter des contrats d'emprunts

qui, de l'avis du Gouvernement norvégien, sont régispar le droit
interne et non par le droit international.
Après avoir présenté le premier motif de sa première exception
sur la base que les contrats d'emprunt sont régispar le droit interne,
le Gouvernement norvégien continue dans ses Exceptions Prélimi-
naires :

17of the condition of reciprocity, it was excluded from the under-
taking subscribed to by the Parties.
The third Objection was designed to obtain a finding that the
Application was inadmissible as regards that part of the claim which
relates to the bonds of the two Norwegian Banks on the ground
that they possess a legal personality distinct from that of the
Norwegian State.
Lastly, the fourth Objection sought a finding of the Court that
the Application of the French Government was inadmissible on the

ground that the French holders of the Norwegian bonds had not
previously exhausted the local remedies.
The French Government in its Observations and Submissions
requested the Court to join the Preliminary Objections raised by
the Norwegian Government to the merits. The latter Government
did not oppose this request. Accordingly, the Court, taking into
account this understanding between the Parties, by Order of
September 28th, 1956, joined the Objections to the merits "in
order that it may adjudicate in one and the same judgment upon
these Objections and, if need be, on the merits".
In the Counter-Memorial, the Norwegian Government declared
its "immediate and unconditional abandonment of its second

Objection". Accordingly, in the Counter-Memorial, the Reply, and
the Rejoinder, as well as in the oral proceedings, both Parties
discussed Objections 1, 3 and 4, and the merits.

The Court will at theoutset direct its attention to the Preliminary
Objections of the Norwegian Government. The first of these
Objectionsrelates directly tothe jurisdiction of the Court to adjudi-
cate upon the dispute submitted to it by the French Application.
It is this Objection that the Court will examine first.
As previously stated, this Objection, aspresented by the Norwegian

Government, has two aspects. In the first place, itis contended that
the Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with inter-
national law such disputes as are submitted to it, can be seised,
by means of a unilateral Application, only of legal disputes falling
within one of the four categories enumerated in paragraph 2 of
Article 36of the Statute and relating to international law. It is urged
that the Application of the French Government asks the Court
to interpret loan contracts which, in the view of the Xorwegian
Government, are governed by municipal law and not by interna-
tional law.
After presenting the first ground of its first Preliminary Objection
on the basis that the loan contracts are governed by municipal

law, the Norwegian Government continues in its Preliminary
Objections:
17 23 ElfPRÇ'ITS SORVÉGIENS (ARRÊT DU 6 JUILLET 1957)
(Aucun doute n'est possible sur ce point. S'il en pouvait cepen-

dant subsister, le Gouvernement norvégien se prévaudrait des
réserves formuléespar le Gouvernement français dans sa déclara-
tion du mars 1949.En vertu du principe de réciprocitéconsacré
par l'article 36, n2, du Statut de la Cour, et précisédans la décla-
ration norvégiennedu 16 novembre 1946, le Gouvernement norvé-
gien ne peut êtrelié,en effet, vis-à-vis du Gouvernement français,
par des engagements plus étendus ou plus rigoureux que ceux qui
ont étépris par ce dernier. »

C'est ce second motif de la première exception dont la Cour va
entamer l'examen.
La Cour rappelle que la déclaration du Gouvernement français
acceptant comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour contient la
réserve suivante :

(Cette déclaration ne s'applique pas aux différends relatifs à
des affaires qui relèvent essentiellement de la compétencenationale
telle qu'elle est entendue par le Gouvernement de la République
française.»

Dans les Exceptions Préliminaires déposéespar le Gouvernement
norvégien, il est dit:
((Le Gouvernement norvégienn'a pas inséré pareille réservedans
sa propre déclaration. Mais il a le droit de se prévaloir des restric-
tions apportées par la France à ses propres engagements.
Convaincu que le différendporté devant la Cour par la requête
du 6 juillet 1955relève dela compétencenationale, il se sent pleine-
ment justifié à faire usage de ce droit. Il demande, en conséquence,
à la Cour de décliner,pour raison d'incompétence,la mission dont
le Gouvernement français voudrait la charger. 1)

En examinant ce motif de l'exception, la Cour constate tout

d'abord que le cas présent a été porté devant elle sur la base de
l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut ainsi que des déclarations
correspondantes d'acceptation de sa juridiction obligatoire; que,
dans le cas présent, la compétence de la Cour dépend des
déclarations faites par les Parties conformément à l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, duStatut sous condition de réciprocité;et que, comme
il s'agit de deux déclarations unilatérales, cette compétence lui est
conféréeseulement dans la mesure où elles coïncident pour la lui

conférer. Or, la comparaison des deux déclarations montre que la
déclaration française accepte la juridiction de la Cour dans des
limites plus étroitesque la déclaration norvégienne ;par conséquent,
la volonté commune des Parties, base de la compétence de la Cour,
existe dans ces limites plus étroites indiquées par la réserve fran-
çaise. Suivant en cela la jurisprudence de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale (affaire des Phosphates du Maroc, arrêt du
1938, C. P. J. I.,Serie X/B, no 74, p. 22; affaire de la
14 juin
18 "There can be no possible doubt on this point. If, however, there
should still be some doubt, the Norwegian Government would rely
upon the reservations made by the French Government in its
Declaration of March ~st, 1949. By virtue of the principle of reci-
procity, which is embodiedin Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court and which has been clearly expressed in the Norwegian
Declaration of November 16th, 1946, the Norwegian Government
cannot be bound, vis-à-vithe French Government, by undertakings
which are either broader or stricter than those giren by the latter
Government ."

It is this second ground of the first Preliminary Objection which
the Court will proceed to consider.
It will be recalled that the French Declaration accepting the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court contains the following reser-
vation :

"This declaration does not apply to differencesrelating tomatters
which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood
by the Government of the French Republic."

In the Preliminary Objections filed by the Xorwegian Govern-
ment it is stated:
"The Norwegian Go\-ernment did not insert any such reserration
in its own Declaration. But it has the right to rely upon the restric-
tions placed by France upon her own undertakings.
Convinced that the dispute which has been brought before the
Court by the Application of July 6th. 1955, is within the domestic
jurisdiction, the Norwegian Gox~ernment considers itself fully
entitled to rely on this right.-\ccordingly, it requests the Court to
decline, on grounds that it lacks jurisdiction, the function which
the French Government would have it assume."

In considering this ground of the Objection the Court notes
in the first place that the present case has been brought before
it on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute and
of the corresponding Declarations of acceptance of compulsorg-
jurisdiction; that in the present case the jurisdiction of the Court
depends upon the Declarations made by the Parties in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute on condition of reci-
procity ;and that, since two unilateral declarations are involved, such
jurisdiction is conferred upon the Court onlÿ to the extent to which
the Declarations coincide in conferring it. A comparison between

the two Declarations shows that the French Declaration accepts the
Court's jurisdiction within narrower limits than the Norwegian
Declaration; consequently, the common will of the Parties, which
is the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, exists within these narrower
limits indicated by the French reservation. Following in this
çonnection the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice (Phosphates in Morocco case, Judgment of June rqth,
18Companie d'Électricité de Sofia et de Bulgarie, arrêt du 4 avril
1939, C. P. J. I., SérieA/B, no 77, p. BI) a Cour a consacré cette

méthode de définir les limites de sa compétence. Ainsi, l'arrêtde
la Cour dans l'affaire de I'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company énonce :

«La déclarationde l'Iran étant de portéeplus limitéeque celle
du Royaume-Uni, c'est sur la déclaration de l'Iran que la Cour
doit se fonder.))(C. I. J. ReczteiI952, p. 103.)

La France a limité son acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour en excluant à l'avance les différends (relatifs à des
affaires qui relèvent essentiellement de la compétence nationale
telle qu'elle est entendue par le Gouvernement de la République
française ». Conformément à la condition de réciprocité, mise à
l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire dans les deux déclarations

et prévue par l'article 36, paragraphe 3, du Statut, la Norvège est
fondée, dans les mêmesconditions que la France, à exclure de la
compétence obligatoire les différends que la Norvège considère
comme relevant essentiellement de sa compétence nationale.
Dans ses Observations et Conclusions sur les exceptions prélimi-
naires du Gouvernement de la Norvège, le Gouvernement français
relèveune contradiction qu'il croit voir dans l'attitude dela Norvège :

«Entre la France et la Norvège, il existe un traité qui fait du
règlement de toute dette contractuelle une affaire relevant du
droit international. Les deus Etats ne peuvent donc en cette
matière parler de compétencenationale. ))
Le traité visé ici est, la deuxième Convention de La Haye de
1907 concernant la limitation de l'emploi de la force pour le

recouvrement de dettes contractuelles. Le Gouvernement français
l'oppose principalement au premier motif de la première exception
et, à ce titre, elle ne saurait êtreexaminéeici; mais le passage cité
des Observations et Conclusions tend à démontrer également que
le deuxième motif de la première exception n'est pas fondé, du
fait que les deus Parties sont signataires de la deuxième Conven-
tion de La H-aye de 1907. Ceci n'appelle, de la part de la Cour,
que quelques brèves remarques.
L'objet de la Convention en question est celui qui est indiqué

dans son titre, à savoir c(la limitation de l'emploi de la force pour
le recouvrement de dettes contractuelles ». Cette Convention ne
vise pas à introduire l'arbitrage obligatoire dans le domaine restreint
auquel elle se rapporte. La seule obligation qu'elle impose estqu'une
Puissance intervenante ne doit pas faire usage de la force avant
d'avoir tenté la voie d'arbitrage. La Cour ne trouve aucune raison
pour laquelle le fait que les deux Parties ont signé la deuxième
Convention de La Haye de 1907 devrait priver la Norvège du droit
d'invoquer la réserve contenue dans la déclaration française.

Le Gouvernement français a mentionné également la Convention
franco-norvégienne d'arbitrage de 1904 et l'Acte généralde Genève NORWEGIAN LOrlNS (JUDGMENT OF JULY 6th, 1957)
24
1938, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No, 74, p. 22; Electricity Company
of Sofia and Bulgaria case, Judgment of April4th, 1939, P.C.I. J.,
Series A/B, No. 77, p. 81) the Court has reaffirrned this method
of defining the limits of its jurisdiction. Thus the judgment of the
Court in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company case states:

"As the Iranian Declaration is more limited in scope than the
United Kingdom Declaration, it is the Iranian Declaration on
which the Court must base itself."(I.C.J. Reflorts 1952p. 103.)
France has limited her acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court by excluding beforehand disputes "relating to matters

which are essentially within the national jurisdiction as understood
by the Govemment of the French Republic". In accordance with
the condition of reciprocity to which acceptance of the compulsory'
jurisdiction is made subject in both Declarations and which is
provided for in Article 36, paragraph 3, of the Statute, Norway,
equally with France, is entitled to except from the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court disputes understood by Norway to be
essentially within its national jurisdiction.
In its Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Objections
raised by the Norwegian Govemment, the FrenchGovemment points
to what it regards as a contradiction in the attitude of Norway:

"Between France and Norway, there exists a treaty which
makes the payment of any contractual debt a question of inter-
national law. In this connection the two States cannot therefore
speak of domestic jurisdiction."
The treaty here referred to is the Second Hague Convention of
1907 respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the
recovery of contract debts. The French Government invokes it
principally against the first ground of the first Objection and as

such it does not fa11 for consideration here; but the passage
quoted from the Observations and Submissions purports to show
also that the second ground of the first Objection is not valid since
both Parties are signatories of the Second Hague Convention of
1907. This calls for but brief observations by the Court.

The purpose of the Convention in question is that indicated in its
title, that is to Say "the Limitation of the Employment of Force for
the Recovery of Contract Debts". The aim of this Convention is
not to introduce compulsory arbitration in the limited field to
which it relates. The only obligation imposed by the Convention
is that an intervening Power must not have recourse to force
before it has tried arbitration. The Court can find no reason why
the fact that the two Parties are signatories of the Second Hague

Convention of 1907 should deprive Nonvay of the right to invoke
the reservation in the French Declaration.
The French Government also referred to the Franco-Norwegian
Arbitration Convention of 1904 and to the General Act of Geneva2j EMPRUNTS XORVÉGIENS (ARRÊT DU 6 JUILLET 19j7)

du 26 septembre 1928 auquel la France et la Norvège ont adhéré
en vue de montrer que les deux Gouvernements sont convenus
de soumettre leurs différends à l'arbitrage ou au règlement
judiciaire dans certaines conditions qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de
rapporter ici.

Ces engagements ont étémentionnés dans les Observations et
Conclusions du Gouvernement français sur les exceptions prélimi-
naires puis, d'une manière plus explicite, dans la plaidoirie de l'agent
français. Ni l'une ni l'autre de ces deux mentions ne saurait toute-
fois êtreconsidérée comme suffisante pour établir que la Requête
du Gouvernement français se fondait, pour autant qu'il s'agit de
la question de compétence, sur la Convention ou l'Acte général. Si
le Gouvernement français avait voulu procéder sur cette base, il

l'aurait expressément déclaré.
Ainsi qu'on l'a déjà montré, la Requête du Gouvernement fran-
çais se fonde clairement et précisémentsur les déclarations de la
Norvège et de la France aux termes de l'article 36, paragraphe 2,
du Statut. Dans ces conditions, la Cour ne saurait rechercher, pour
établir sa compétence, un fondement autre que celui que le Gouver-
nement français a lui-même énoncédans sa Requête, et sur

lequel l'affaire a étéplaidée devant la Cour par les deux Parties.
D'un certain point de vue, on pourrait dire que le deuxième
motif de la première exception, à savoir le motif tiré de la réserve
contenue dans la déclaration française, n'a qu'un caractère
subsidiaire. Il est vrai que le premier motif de la première exception
repose sur l'argument que la Cour n'est pas compétente parce que
le différend devrait êtrerégléen conformité avec le droit national

de la Norvège. Mais la Norvège s'est également fondée sur le
deuxième motif de sa première exception. La Norvège demande
à la Cour de décliner,pour raison d'incompétence, la mission dont
le Gouvernement français voudrait la charger 1).Il est clair que
cette demande se fonde sur les deux motifs: nature du différend
et réserve française. De l'avis de la Cour, le deuxième motif ne
peut êtreconsidérécomme subsidiaire dans ce sens que la Norvège
invoquerait la réserve française seulement dans le cas où le
premier motif de l'exception serait reconnu non fondéen droit. La
compétence de la Cour est contestéepour les deux motifs et la Cour

est libre de baser sa décision sur le motif qui, selon elle, est plus
direct et décisif.
Non seulement le Gouvernement norvégien a invoqué la réserve
française, mais encore il a toujours maintenu le deuxième motif
de sa première exception qu'il n'a jamais abandonné.
Les conclusions du Contre-mémoire, maintenues dans la Duplique,
sont formulées comme suit :

«Attendu que le Gouvernement norvegien maintient les excep-
tions préliminairesnos 1,3 et 4 soulevéesdans le document présenté
à la Cour le 20 avril 1956, Plaiseà la Cour dire et juger que laof September 26th, 1928, to which both France and Norway are
parties, as showing that the two Governments have agreed to
submit their disputes to arbitration or judicial settlement in cer-
tain circumstances which it is unnecessary here to relate.

These engagements were referred to in the Observations and
Submissions of the French Government on the Preliminary Objec-
tions and subsequently and more explicitly in the oral presentations
of the French Agent. Neither of these references, however, can be
regarded as sufficient to justify the view that the Application of
the French Government was, so far as the question of jurisdiction
is concerned, based upon the Convention or the General Act. If the
French Government had intended to proceed upon that basis it
would expressly have so stated.

As already shown, the Application of the French Government is
based clearly and precisely on the Norwegian and French Decla-
rations under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. In these
circumstances the Court would not be justified in seeking a basis
for its jurisdiction different from that which the French Govern-
ment itself set out in its Application and by reference to which
the case has been presented by both Parties to the Court.
From one point of view it might be said that the second ground

of the first Objection, namely the ground based on the reservation
in the French Declaration, is merely subsidiary in character. It is
true that the first ground of the first Preliminary Objection relies
upon the proposition that the Court lacks jurisdiction because the
dispute falls to be dealt with under the municipal law of Norway.
But Norway has also relied upon the second ground of its first
Preliminary Objection. Xorway requests the Court "to decline,
on grounds that it lacks jurisdiction, the function which the
French Government would have it assume". It is clear that
this request is based on both grounds, the character of the dispute
and the French reservation. In the opinion of the Court, the
second ground cannot be regarded as subsidiary, in the sense that

Norway would invoke the French reservation only in the event
of the first ground of its Objection being held to be legally
unfounded. The Court's competence is challenged on both grounds
and the Court is free to base its decision on the ground which in its
judgment is more direct and conclusive.
Not only did the Norwegian Government invoke the French
reservation, but it maintained this second ground of its first
Objection throughout and at no time did it abandon it.
The Submissions in the Counter-Memorial, maintained in the
Rejoinder, are formulated as follows:

"Having regard to the fact that the Norwegian Government
maintains Preliminary Objections Nos. 1, 3 and 4 raised in the
document submitted to the Court onApril zoth, 1956,Mayit please
20 demande introduite par la requête duGouvernement francais du
6 juillet 1955n'est pas recevable. ))

Comme les Exceptions Préliminaires, sous le titre ((Première

exception N,font valoir les deux motifs - nature du différend et
réserve française -, il n'était pas nécessaire, pour maintenir ces
deux motifs, de spécifierqu'il s'agissait des deux. Ce qui vient d'être
dit s'applique également aux conclusions finales du Gouvernement
norvégien.
Au cours de sa plaidoirie, le conseil du Gouvernement norvégien
a dit:
((...la Cour n'est compétente que dans la mesure où des engage-
ments antérieurs à la naissance du litige lui ont attribué le pouvoir
de juger les différendsqui viendraient à s'éleverentre la France et
la Norvège.
Ces engagements, quels sont-ils?
Ce sont les engagements qui résultent des déclarations faites par
les deux Gouvernements sur pied de l'article 36, alinéa 2, du Statut
de la Cour.

Voilà la seule base sur laquelle la Partie adverse peut s'appuyer
pour établir que sa demande est comprise dans les limites de la
compétence juridictionnellede la Cour. Pour autant que les engage-
ments qui ont étépris de part et d'autre concordent - jusqu'au
niveau de leur réciprocité -, il est évidentque la Norvègeest liée
vis-à-vis de la France. Mais elle n'a vis-à-vis de la France aucune
autre obligation; et la Cour ne peut donc statuer sur le présent
litige que s'il est compris dans ces limites.1)
De la réponse faite par l'agent du Gouvernement français à cette

argumentation il ressort qu'il considère que le second motif de la
première exception est intégralement maintenu par la Norvège.
Plus loin, dans sa duplique orale, l'agent du Gouvernement
norvégien a déclaré :
((Nous maintenons intégralement nos positions tant sur le fond
que sur les exceptions préliminaires. »

La Cour ne peut déduire de l'attitude des Parties que le deuxième
motif de la première exception ait été considérépar elles comme
sans importance et, encore moins, qu'il ait été abandonné par le
Gouvernement norvégien. L'abandon ne saurait être présumé ni
déduit; il doit être déclaréexpressément, comme la Norvège l'a
fait lorsqu'elle a déclaré renoncer à sa deuxième exception préli-

minaire. *
* *

La Cour n'estime pas devoir examiner la question de savoir
si la réserve française est compatible avec le fait d'assumer une
obligation juridique et avec l'article 36, paragraphe 6, du Statut
qui dispose : NORWEGI.4N LOANS (JVDGMENT OF JULY 6th, 1957) 26

the Court to adjudge and declare that the claim submitted by the
Application of the French Government of July 6th, 1955,is not
admissible."
Since the Preliminary Objections under the head "First Objec-
tion" relied upon both grounds-the character of the dispute and
the French reservation-it was not necessary, in order to maintain
the two grounds, to specify that both were involved. What has
just been said also applies to the Final Submissions of the Nonvegian
Government .
In the course of his oral presentations Counsel for the Nonvegian

Government stated :
"...the Court has jurisdiction only in so far as undertakings prior
to the origin of disputes have conferred upon it the power of
adjudicating on such disputes as might arise between France and
Nonvay.
What are these undertakings?
They are the undertakings resulting from the Declarations made
by the two Governments on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2,of
the Statute of the Court.

That is the only basis on which the other Party can rely to shoy
that its Application falls within the limits of the jurisdictional
competence of the Court. In so far asthe undertakings given by the
two Parties are in concordance-to the extent of their reciprocity-
it is clear that Norway is bound in relation to France. But she ha
no other obligation toward France. The Court may therefore
adjudicate in this dispute only if it is included within these limits."

From the reply of the French Agent to this argument it appears
that in his view the second ground of the first Objection was fully
maintained by Nonvagi. Later, in his oral rejoinder, the Agent for
the Norwegian Government declared :

"We maintain our positions in their entirety both as regards the
merits and as regards the Preliminary Objections."
The Court cannot infer from the attitude of the Parties that the
second ground of the first Objection was regarded by them as
unimportant and still less thatit was abandoned by the Norwegian
Government. Abandonment cannot be presumed or inferred;

it must be declared expressly, as was done when Norway declared
its abandonment of its second Preliminary Objection.

The Court does not consider that it should exainine whether
the French reservation is consistent with the undertaking of a legal
obligation and is compatible with Article 36, paragraph 6, of the
Statute which provides : «En cas de contestation sur le point de savoir si la Cour est
compétente,la Cour décide. 1)

La validité de la réserve n'a pas étémise en question par le5
Parties. Il est clair que la France maintient entièrement sa décla-
ration y compris sa réserve, et que la Norvège se prévaut de cette
réserve.

Dans ces conditions, la Cour se trouve en présenced'une disposi-
tion que les deux Parties au différendconsidèrent comme exprimant
leur volonté commune quant à sa compétence. La Cour ne se tient
doncpas pour appelée à entrer dans un examen de cette réserve à la
lumière de considérations qui ne sont pas liées aux données du
procès. Sans préjuger la question, elle applique la réserve telle
qu'elle est, et telle que les Parties la reconnaissent.

La Cour considère que le Gouvernement norvégien est fondé en
droit à invoquer, en vertu de la condition de réciprocité,la réserve

contenue dans la déclaration française du I~~mars 1949; que cette
réserveexclut de la juridiction de la Cour le différendporté devant
elle par la Requête du Gouvernement français; que, par conséquent,
la Cour n'est pas compétente pour donner suite à la Requête.

En conséquence, il n'est pas nécessaire pour la Cour d'examiner
la première partie de la première exception, ni de traiter des excep-
tions 3 et 4 du Gouvernement norvégien, ni des conclusions des
Parties autres que ce?lessur lesquelles elle statue conformément aux
motifs précédemment énoncés.

Par ces motifs,

Par douze voix contre trois,

dit qu'elle n'a pas compétence pour statuer sur le différend porté
devant elle par la Requête du Gouvernement de la République
française en date du 6 juillet1-95j. KORWEGIAN L04NS (JUDGMEXT OF JULP 6th, 1957) 27

"In the event ofa dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction.
the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court."

The validity of the reservation has not been questioned bj- the
Parties. It is clear that France fully maintains its Declaration,
including the reservation, and that Norway relies upon the reser-
vation.

In consequence the Court has before it a provision which both
Parties to the dispute regard as constituting an expression of their
common will relating to the competence of the Court. The Court
does not therefore consider tliat it is called upon to enter into an
examination of the reservation in the light of considerations which
are not presented by the issues in the proceedings. The Court,
without prejudging the question, gives effect to the reservation
as it stands and as the Parties recognize it.

The Court considers that the Norwegian Government is entitled,
by virtue of the condition of reciprocity, to invoke the reservation
contained in the French Declaration of March rst,1949; that this
reservation excludes from the jurisdiction of the Court the dispute
which has been referred to it by the Application of the French

Government; that consequently the Court is without jurisdiction
to entertain the Application.
In view of the foregoing it is not necessary for the Court to
examine the first ground of the first Objection, or to deal with
Objections 3 and 4 presented by the Norwegian Government,
or with the Submissions of the Parties other than those upon which
it is adjudicating in accordance with the reasons stated above.

For these reasons,

by twelve s70testo ihree,

finds that it is without jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute
which has been brought before it by the Application of the Govern-
ment of the French Republic of July 6th, 195 j. Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisafoi, au
Palais de la Paix, La Haye, le six juillet mil neuf cent cinquante-
sept, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives
de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au

Gouvernement de la République française et au Gouvernement
du Royaume de Norvège.

Le Président,
(Signé) GREENH. HACKWORTH.

Le Greffier,
(Signé) J.LOPEZOLIVAN.

M. TOREN N QUISTANA,juge, après avoir voté pour l'arrêt, a
fait la déclaration suivante:
La raison poar laquelle je considère incompétente la Cour

en l'espèce est différente de celle énoncéedans l'arrêt. Je me
fonde, non sur le deuxième motif de la première exception
soulevée par le Gouvernement du Royaume de Norvège,
mais sur le premier motif de cette exception. Les emprunts
d'État, en tant qu'actes de soiiveraineté, sont régis par le
droit interne.

M. BADAWI,Vice-Président, et Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,
juge, se prévalant du droit que leur confère l'articleu Statut,
joignent à l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion individuelle.

MM. GCERREROB , ASDEVANe Tt READ,juges, se prévalant du
droit que leur confère l'artic57 du Statut, joignenà l'arrêtles
exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) G. H. H.
(Paraphé) J.L. O. Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace,The Hague, this sixth day of July, onethousand
nine hundred and fifty-seven, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and the others will be trans-
mitted to the Government of the French Republic and to the
Government of the Kingdom of Norway, respectively.

(Signed) GREENH. HACKWORTH.

President:

(Sig~zed) J. LOPEZOLIV-b,
Registrar.

Judge MOREXO QUINTANA af,ter voting for the Judgment, made
the following declaration:

The reason why 1 consider that the Court is without juris-
diction in this case is different from that given in the Judgment.
I base myself, not on the second ground of the first Objection
put fonvard by the Government of the Kingdom of Nomay
but on the first ground of that Objection. State loans, as
being acts of sovereignty, are governed by municipal law.

Vice-President BXDAWIand Judge Sir Hersch LAGTERPACHT,
availing themselves of the right conferred on them by Article 57
of the Statute, append to the Judgment of the Court statements of
their individual opinions.

Judges GUERRERO B,ASDEVANTand READ,availing themselves
of the right conferred on them by Article57 of the Statute, append
to the Judgment of the Court statements of their dissenting
opinions.

(Initialled) G. H. H.
(Initialled) J. L. O.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 6 July 1957

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