INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
THE BARCELONA TRACTION, LIGHT
AND POWER COMPANY, LIMITED
(NEW AI'L'LICATION: 1962)
(BELGIUMv.SPAIN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 24 JULY 1964
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARR~TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DE LA BARCELONA
TRACTION, LIGHT AND POWER
COMPANY, LIMITED
(NOUVELLEREQUET :1962)
(BELGIQUEc.ESPAGNE)
EXCEPTIONS PIPÉLIMINAIRES
ARRPT DU 24 JUILLET 1964 Official citat:oii
Barcclona -'raction, Light atadI'oa'erCompany, Limited,
Prclimii1ars Objections,Judgme~at.J.Reports1964, p.t).
Mode officiel(ie citation
Barcclona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited,
e~cepfio~PY~;~~IIZ~;L[avt:tC.T.J.IZfrucil 1964, 1).O.
NO de vente:
Sales number 284 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1964
24 JU~Y YEAR 1964
GeneralList :
No. 50 24 J~Y 1964
CASE CONCERNING
THE BARCELONA TRACTION, LIGHT
AND POWER COMPANY, LIMITED
(NEW APPLICATION : 1962)
(BELGIUM v. SPAIN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Preliminary objections-Competence of the Court-Admissibility of the
claim.
Discontinuance of previous proceedings-Egect of, under Article 69,
paragraph 2, of Court's Rules-Right to bring new proceedings following
upon such a discontinuance-Procedural character of the act of discontin-
uance-Onus of proof as to its linaliin regard to further action before the
Court-Alleged understanding between the Parties as to this finality-
Plea of estoppel precluding further action before the Court-Relevance of
the Treaty founding the jurisdictioof the Court to the question of discon-
tinuance.
Compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by uirtue of Article 37 of the Statute-
Question of relevance to this issue of the case concerning the Aerial Incident
of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bu1garia)--1nterpreta oftiAoticle 37-Effect
of the dissolution of the Permanent Court of International Justicon juris-
dictional clauses prouiding for recourse to that Court, and on the applicability
of Article 37-Positionof States becoming parties to thetatute of the present
Court only after the dissolution of the Permanent Court-Questionof consent
to the exercise ofntpulsory jurisdiction-Interprotationof the jurisdictional
clauses of the Treaty founding the jurisdiction of the Court-Effectin this
respect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court-Effect ratione temporis
of applicabilityof Article 37 to disputes arising between the Tveaty date
and the date when Article 37 became applicable.
Questioias of admissibility-Jus standi or capacity of Applicant Govern-
ment to act-Exhaustion of local remedies vule-Principlesgovevning joindev
of preliminary objections to the mevits-Gvoundc of joinder in respect of
theadmissibility issues. JUDGMENT
Present: President Sir Percy SPENDER ; Vice-President WELLINGTON
Koo ; Judges WINIARSKIB , ADAWIS , PIROPOULOS Ç,ir Gerald
FITZMAURICE K,ORETSKY, TANAKAB , USTAMANT YERIVERO,
JESSUP,MORELLIP , ADILLANERVO,FORSTERG , ROS; Judges
ad hoc ARMAND-UGON G,ANSHOF VAN DER MEERSCH ;
RegistrarGARNIER-COIGNET.
In the case concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power
Company, Limited,
between
the Kingdom of Belgium,
represented by
M. Yves Devadder, Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and External Trade,
as Agent,
assisted by
Mme Suzanne Bastid, Professor at the Paris Faculty of Law and
Economics,
M. Henri Rolin, Professor emeritus at the Law Faculty of the Free
University of Brussels and #rofesseur associéat- the Strasbourg
Law Faculty, Advocate at the Brussels Court of Apperi!,
M. Georges Sauser-Hall, Professor emeritus of the Universities of
Geneva and Neuchâtel,
M. Jean Van Ryn, Professor at the Law Faculty of the Free Univer-
sity ofBrussels and Advocate at the Belgian Coufrtof Cassation,
M. Angelo Piero Sereni, Professor at the Bologna Faculty of Law,
Advocate at the Italian Court of Cassation, Member of the New
York State and Federal Bars,
Sir John Foster, Q.C., Member of the English Bar,
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Member of the English Bar and Lecturer at
Cambridge University,
as Counsel,
M. Michel Waelbroeck, Lecturer at the Free University of Brussels,
as Assistant Counsel and Secretary,
and
M. Leonardo Prieto Castro, Professor at the Madrid Law Faculty,
M. José Giron Tena, Professor at the Valladolid Law Faculty,
as Expert-Counsel in Spanish law, and
the Spanish State,
represented by
M. Juan M. Castro-Rial, Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by
M. Roberto Ago, Professor of International Law at the University
of Rome,
M. Paul Guggenheim, Professor of International Law at the Univer-
sity of Geneva,
M. Antonio Malintoppi, Professor of International Law at the Uni-
versity of Camerino,
M. Paul Reuter, Professor of International Law at the University of
Paris,
Sir Humphrey Waldock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., Chichele Professor of
Public International Law, University of Oxford,
as Advocates and Counsel,
M. Maarten Bos, Professor of International Law at the University
of Utrecht,
M. Jorge Carreras, Professor of Procedural Law at the University
of Pamplona,
M. Eduardo G. de Enterria, Professor of Administrative Law at the
University of Madrid, Maitre des requêteCs,onseild'Etat,
M. Federico de Castro y Bravo, Professor of Civil Law at the Uni-
versity of Madrid, LegalAdviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
M. Antonio de Luna Garcia, Professor of International Law at the
University of Madrid, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
M. José MariaTrias de Bes, Professor emeritus of International Law
at the University of Barcelona, LegalAdviser, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
as Counsel,
and
M. Mariano Baselga y Mantecon, First Secretary at the Spanish
Embassy at The Hague,
as Secretary,
composed as above,
deliversthefollowingJudgment
On 19 June 1962, the Belgian Ambassador to the Netherlands handed
to the Registrar an Application instituting "new proceedings in the
dispute between the Belgian Govemment and the Spanish Governmentconceniing the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Lim-
ited". The Application refers to an earlier Application by the Belgian
Government against the Spanish Government, dated 15September 1958
and concerning the said company. The latter Application, which was
filed on 23 September 1958, was followed by the filingby the Parties
of a Memorial and Preliminary Objections, and, subsequently, by a
discontinuance referring to Article 69 of the Rules of Court, a discon-
tinuance which the Respondent stated, in accordance with the same
Article, that it did not oppose. By an Order of IO April 1961 the
Court directed that the case be removed from the Court's list.
The Application of the Belgian Government of 19 June 1962 seeks
reparation for damage claimed to have been caused to a number of
Bel~an nationals, said to be shareholders in the Barcelona Traction,
Light and Power Company, Limited, a company under Canadian law,
by the conduct, alleged to have been contrary to international law,
of various organs of the Spanish State in relation to that company and
to other companies of its group. To found the jurisdiction of the
Court the Application relies on Article17 of the Treaty of Conciliation,
Judicial Settlement and Arbitration between Belgium and Spain,
signed on 19 July 1927, and on Article 37 of the Statute of the Court.
In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, the Application was communicated to the Spanish Government.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article, the other Members
of the United Nations and the non-Member States entitled to appear
before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-Memorial
were fixed by an Order of 7 August 1962. The Memorial was filed
within the time-limit fixed. Within the time-limit fixed for the filing
of the Counter-Memorial, which expired on 15March 1963,the Spanish
Government filed Preliminary Objections submitting that the Court
was without jurisdiction and that the claim was inadmissible. Accord-
ingly, an Order of 16 March 1963, which recited that by virtue of
Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Ruies the proceedings on the merits
were suspended, fixed a time-limit for the presentation by the Belgian
Government of a written statenent of its Observations and Submissions
on the Objections. That statement was presented within the time-
limit thus fixed, which expired on Ij August 1963. The case then
became ready for hearing in respect of the Preliminary Objections.
M. W. J. Ganshof van der Meersch, Professor at the Brussels Faculty
of Law, Avocat génératlothe Belgian Court of Cassation, and M. Enrique
C. Armand-Ugon, former President of the Supreme Court of Justice
of Uruguay and a former Member of the International Court of Justice,
were respectively chosen by the Belgian Government and the Spanish
Government, in accordance with Article 31,paragraph 3, of the Statute,
to sit as Judges ad hoc in the present case.
On II to 25 March, I to 23 and 27 to 29 April, and 4 to 15 and
19 May 1964, hearings were h-eld-in thé course of which the Courtheard the oral arguments and replies of M. Castro-Rial, Agent, M. Reuter,
Sir Humphrey Waldock, MM. Guggenheim, Ago, Malintoppi, Counsel,
on behalf of the Spanish Government ; and of M. Devadder, Agent,
MM. Rolin, Van Ryn, Sereni, Mme Bastid, Mr. Lauterpacht, M. Sauser-
Hall, Counsel, on behalf of the Belgian Government.
In the written proceedings, the following Submissions were presented
by the Parties :
On behalf of the Government oj Belgium,
in the Application :
"May it please the Court
I. to adjudge and declare that the measures, acts, decisions
and omissions of the organs of the Spanish State described in the
present Application are contrary to international law and that the
Spanish State is under an obligation towards Belgium to make
reparation for the consequential damage suffered by Belgian
nationals, individuals or legal perçons, being shareholders of
Barcelona Traction ;
2. to adjudge and declare that this reparation should, as far
as possible, ailnul al1 the consequences which these acts contrary
to international law have had for the said nationals, and that the
Spanish State is therefore under an obligation to secure, if possible,
the annulment of the adjudication in bankruptcy and of the
judicial and other acts resulting therefrom, obtaining for the
injured Belgian nationals el1 the legal effec'cswhich should result
for them from this annulment ; further, to determine the amount
of the compensation to be paid by the Spanish State to the Belgian
State by reason of al1 the incidental damage sustained by Belgian
nationals as a result of the acts complained of, including the
deprivation of enjoyment of rights and the expenses incurred in
the defence of their rights ;
3. to adjudge and declare, in the event of the annulment of
the consequences of the acts complained of proving impossible,
that the Spanish State shall be under an obligation to pay to the
Belgian State, by way of compensation, a sum equivalent to
88 per cent. of the net value of the business on 12 February 1948 ;
this compensation to be increased by an amount corresponding to al1
the incidental damage suffered by theBelgian nationals as the result
of the acts complained of, including the deprivation of enjoyment
of rights and the expenses incurred in the defence of their rights" ;
in the Memorial:
"May it please the Court :
1. to adjudge and declare that the measures, acts, decisions
and omissions of the organs of the Spanish State described in the present Memorial are contrary to international law and that the
Spanish State is under an obligation towards Belgium to make
reparation for the consequential damage suffered by Belgian
nationals, individuals or legal persons, being shareholders of
Barcelona Traction ;
II. to adjudge and declare that this reparation should, as far
as possible, annul al1 the consequences which these acts contrary
to international law have had for the said nationals, and that the
Spanish State is therefore under an obligation to secure, if possible,
the annulment by administrative means of the adjudication in
bankruptcy and of the judicial and other acts resulting therefrom,
obtaining forthe said injured Belgian nationals al1the legal effects
which should result for thém from this annulment; further, to
determine the amount of the compensation to be paid by the
Spanish State to the Belgian State by reason of al1 the incidental
damage sustained by Belgian nationals as a result of the acts
complained of, including the deprivation of enjoyrnent of rights
and the expenses incurred in the defence of their rights ;
III. to adjudge and declare, in the event of the annulment of
the consequences of the acts complained of proving impossible,
that the Spanish State shall be under an obligation to pay to
the Belgian State, by way of compensation, a sum equivalent to
88 percent. of the sum of $88,6oo,ooo arrived at in paragraph 379
of the preseni Memorial, this compensation to be increased by an
amount corresponding to al1 the incidental damage suffered by
the said Belgian nationals as the result of the acts complained of,
including the deprivation of enjoyment of rights, the expenses
incurred in the defence of their rights and the equivalent in capital
and interest of the amount of Barcelona Traction bonds held by
Belgian nationals and of their other claims on companies in the
group which it was not possible to recover owing to the acts com-
plained of."
On behalf ofthe Gcge~nmentof Spain,
in the Preliminary Objections,
on the first Preliminary Objection
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that it has no jurisdiction to admit or adjudicate upon the
claim made in the Belgian Application of 1962, al1 jurisdiction
on the part of the Court to decide questions relating to that claim,
whether with regard to jurisdiction, admissibility or the merits,
having come to an end by the letters of the Belgian and Spanish
Governments respectively dated 23 March and 5 April 1961 wliich
the Court placed on record in its Order of IO April 1961" ;on the principal second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that it has no jurisdiction to entertain or decide the claims
advanced in the Application and the Memorial of the Belgian
Government, Article 17 of the Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial
Settlement and Arbitration not having created between Spain and
Belgium a bond of compulsory jurisdiction in respect of the Inter-
national Court of Justice which could enable the Belgian Govern-
ment to submit an Application to that Court" ;
on the alternative second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that it has no jurisdiction to entertain or decide the claims
advanced in the Belgian Application and Memorial, the dispute
raised by Belgium having arisen from and relating to situations
and facts prior to the date on which the jurisdiction of the Court
could have produced its effects in relations between Spain and
Belgium (14December 1955) ;"
on the third Prelirninary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that the claim advanced by the Belgian Government in its
Application and Memorial, in each and every one of the three
submissions in which it is expressed, is definitively inadmissible
for want of capacity on the part of the Belgian Government in
the present case, in view of the fact that the Barcelona company
does not possess Belgian nationality and that in the case in point
it is not possible to allow diplomatic action or international judi-
cial proceedings on behalf of the alleged Belgian shareholders of
the company on account of the damage which the company asserts
it has suffered" ;
on the fourth Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that the Application filed by the Belgian Government concerning
the alleged damage caused to Barcelona Traction by the measures
of which it has been the object on the part of the organs of the
Spanish State is definitively inadmissible for want of utilization
of the local remedies." On behalfof the Governmentof Belgium,
in the Observations and Submissions in reply to the Preliminary Objec-
tions,
on the first Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare that the arguments put fonvard by the
Spanish Government are inadmissible in so far as that Governnient
relies on alleged ambiguities which it did not remove as it was in
duty bound and able to do ;
that these arguments are in any case unfounded and that the
discontinuance of the proceedings instituted by the Application
of 15 September 1958is no bar to the institution of a new applica-
tion, the dispute betyeen the Parties not having been the subject
of any settlement and persisting to the present day" ;
on the principal second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare that the Preliminary Objection No. 2 is
inadmissible ;
in the alternative, that it has jurisdiction to hear and determine
the claims put fonvard by the Belgian Government in its Applica-
tion founded on Article 17, paragraph 4, of the Spanish-Relgian
Treaty of 1927 and Article 37 of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice" ;
on the alternative second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to dismiss the alternative Preliminary Objection No. 2 raised
by the Spanish Govement and declare that it has jurisdiction to
deal with the dispute submitted to it by the Belgian Government's
Application" ;
on the third Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court :
to dismiss the Preliminary Objection No. 3 raised by the Spanish
Government and declare that the claim of the Belgian Government
is admissible ;
in the alternative, to defer a decision on this Objection No. 3
and join it to the merits" ;on the fourth Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court :
to declare Objection No. 4 to be unfounded, or if not to join it
to the merits and defer a decision on it in so far as it applies to
certain of the complaints against the decisions of the Spanish
judicial authorities made in the Belgian Government's claim."
In the oral proceedings the following Submissions were presented by
the Parties :
On behalfof the Governmentof Belgium,
at the closure of the hearing on 23 April 1964 :
"May it please the Court
to adjudge and declare that the arguments put fonvard by the
Spanish Government in support of Preliminary Objection No. I
are inadmissible in so far as that Government relies on alleged
ambiguities which it did not remove as it was in duty bound and
able to do ;
that these arguments are in any case unfounded and that the
discontinuance of the proceedings instituted by the Application
of 15 September 1958 is no bar to the institution of a new appli-
cation, the dispute between the Parties still persisting today ;
to adjudge and declare that the principal Preliminary Objection
No. 2 is inadmissible ;
in the alternative, to declare that it is not well-foilrided and to
adjudge and declare that the Court has jurisdiction to hear and
determine the claims put fonvard by the Belgian Govemment by
an Application relying on Article 17, paragraph 4, of the Spanish-
Belgian Treaty of 19 July 1927 and Article 37 of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice ;
to dismiss the alternative Preliminary Objection No. 2 raised by
the Spanish Government ;
to adjudge and declare that the Court has jurisdiction to hear
and determ:ne the claims put fonvard by the Belgian Government
by an Application relying on Article 17, paragraph 4, of the
Spanish-Belgian Treaty of 19 July 1927 and Article 37 of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, there being no
ratione temporis restriction which can be validly advanced to deny
such jurisdiction ;
to dismiss as irrelevant in the present proceedings Preliminary
Objection No. 3 in so far as it is based on alleged protection by
the Applicant Government of the Barcelona Traction Company
incorporated under the laws of Canada ; furthermore, to dismiss the said objection in so far as it seeks
to deny the Applicant Government the right in the present case
to take up the case of its nationals, natural and juristic perçons,
who are shareholders of Barcelona Traction ;
in the alternative, to join the third Objection to the merits;
to dismiss Preliminary Objection No. 4 ;
in the alternative, should the Court consider in respect of certain
complaints that it cannot find that sufficient use has been made
of the local means of redress relating to them without examining
the content and validity of the Spanish judicial decisions by
which the remedies in fact sought were disposed of, to join the
objection to the merits."
On behalf of the Governmentof Spain,
at the closure of the hearing on 8 May 1964
"May it please the Court :
For any of these reasons, and al1others set out in the written and
oral proceedings, or for al1 of these reasons,
Firstly, since any jurisdiction of the Court to decide issues
relating to the claim formulated in the new Belgian Application
of 1962, either to competence, to admissibility or to the merits,
came to an end as a result of the letters of the Belgian and Spanish
Governments, respectively dated 23 March and j April 1961,
which the Court placed on record in its Order of IO April 1961 ;
Secondly, since the Court is without jurisdiction to deal with the
present case, the jurisdictional clause of Article 17 of the Treaty
of Conciliation,Judicial Settlement and Arbitration of 19 July 1927
not having created between Spain and Belgium a jurisdictional
nexus enabling the Belgian Government to submit -the Barcelona
Traction dispute to the International Court of Justice ;
Thirdly, since the Belgian Government is without capacity in
the present case, having regard to the fact that the Barcelona
Traction company, which is still the object of the clairn referred
to the Court, does not possess Belgian nationality ; and having
regard also to the fact that no clairn whatsoever can be recognized
in the present case on the basis of the protection of Belgian na-
tional~, being shareholders of Barcelona Traction,as the principal of
these nationals lacks the legal status ofa shareholder of Barcelona
Traction, and as international law does not recognize, in respect
ofinjury caused by a State to a foreign company, any diplomatic
protection of shareholders exercised by a State other than the
national State of the company ; Fo~rthly, since the local remedies and procedures were not used
by Barcelona Trcction, as required by international law ;
to adjudge and declare :
that the Application fdéd by the Belgian Government on
14 June 1962 and the final Submissions presented by it are defini-
tively inadmissible."
In the present case, the Applicant Government alleges injury and
damage to Belgian interests in a Canadian registered company, known
as the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, result-
ing from treatment of the company in Spain said to engage the inter-
national responsibility of the Respondent Government. In opposition
to the Belgian Application, the Respondent Government has advanced
four objections as being objections in respect of the competence of the
Court or the admissibility of the claim, and as having a preliminary
character. Briefly summarized, these objections are :
(1) that the discontinuance, under Article 69, paragraph 2, of the
Court's Rules, of previous proceedings relative to the same events in
Spain, disentitled the Applicant Government from bringing the present
proceedings ;
(2) that even if this waç not the case, the Court is not competent,
because the necessary jurisdictional basis requiring Spain to submit
to the jurisdiction of the Court does not exist ;
(3)that even if the Court is competent, the claim is inadmissible
because the Applicant Government lacks any jus standi to intervene
or make a claim on behalf of Belgian interests in a Canadian company,
assuming that the Belgian character of such interests were established ;
and
(4)that even if the Applicant Govemment has the necessary jus
standi, the claim still remains inadmissible because local remedies in
respect of the alleged wrongs and damage were not exhausted.
The original Belgian Application to the Court in respect of the events
said to engage the responsibility of the Respondent Government and
to entitle the Applicant Government to intervene, was filed on23 Sep-tember 1958, and was followed in due course by the deposit of a Belgian
Memorial, and of a set of Spanish preliminary objections having the
sarne character as the second, third and fourth Preliminary Objections
in the present case. Before the Belgian observations on these objec-
tions were received however (the proceedings on the merits having
been suspended under Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules), the
representatives of the private Belgian and Spanish interests concerned
decided to engage in negotiations for a settlement. In connection with
this decision, and in circumstances which will be more fully stated
later, the Applicant Government informed the Court on 23 March 1961
that "at the request of Belgian nationals the protection of whom was
the reason for the filing of the Application in the case [and] availing
itself of the right conferred upon it by Article 69 of the Rules of Court
[it was] not going on with the proceedings instituted by that Applica-
tion". Nothing more was stated in the notice as to the motives for the
discontinuance, and nothing as to the Applicant's future intentions.
Since the case fell under paragraph 2 of Article 69 of the Rules (the
Respondent having taken a step in the proceedings) the discontinuance
could not become final unless, within a time-limit to be indicated by
the Court, no objection should be received from the Respondent Gov-
ernment. Within the time-limit so fixed, however, a notification was
in fact received from that Government stating that it "had no objection
to the discontinuance". No motivation or condition was attached to
this notification, and on IO April 1961 the Court made an Order in the
terms of Article 69, paragraph 2, "recording the discontinuance of the
proceedings and directing the removal of the case from the list". In
due course discussions between representatives of the private interests
concerned took place but, no agreement being reached, the Application
introducing the present proceedings was filed on 19 June 1962.
The Applicant Government maintains that the discontinuance re-
corded by the Court's Order of IO April 1961was no more than a termina-
tion of thethen current proceedingsbefore the Court ; and that the nego-
tiations in view of which it was made having broken down, the Applicant
was fully entitled to bring new proceedingsin regard to the sarne matters
of complaint. The Respondent Government, on the other hand, con-
tends that, both in principle and in the light of the circumstances
obtaining,this discontinuance precluded the Applicant Government from
bringing any furthcr proceedings, and in particular the present ones.
The main arguments advanced by the Respondent in support of its
contention are as follows :
Firstly, that a discontinuance of proceedings under Article 69 of the
Rules is in itself a purely procedural act, the real import of which canonly be established by reference to the surrounding circumstances-
the fact that it does not contain an express renunciation of any further
right of action not being conclusive ;
secondly, that in principle however, a discontinuance must be taken
to involve such a renunciation unless the contrary is stated, or the
right to take further action is expressly reserved ;
thirdly, that in the present case there was an understanding between
the Parties that the discontinuance did involve such a renunciation
and would be final, not only as regards the current proceedings but also
for the future ;
fourthly, that even if there was no such understanding, the Applicant
Government conducted itself in such a way as to lead the Respondent
to believe that the discontinuance would be, in the above-mentioned
sense, final, but for which the Respondent would not have agreed to it,
and in consequence of which the Respondent suffered prejudice ;
finallv-a contention of a somewhat different order-that the intro-
duction of new proceedings in regard to the same matters of complaint
was incompatible with the spirit and economy of the treaty under
which the Applicant sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court.
Before examining these various contentions, the Court will deal
with certain preliminary matters.
The present case is one in which the Court is called upon for the
first time to consider the effect of a discontinuance followed by new
proceedings. This is because, ordinarily, discontinuances have been
final in fact, whether or not they would have proved to be so in law
had an attempt to bring further proceedings been made. Sometirnes a
discontinuance, though in form unilateral, and therefore notified under
Article @ of the Rules, has been consequent on a settlement of the
dispute ; in other cases the clairnant State has had reasons, which
appeared to it to be of a final character, for not continuing to attempt
to prosecute its claim before the Court ; in others yet, it might well
have been that, the current proceedings once discontinued, the juris-
dictional basis for instituting new ones would no longer have been
available.
But, in the opinion of the Court, these various considerations are
essentially fortuitous in character ; and the fact that past discontinuances
have in practice proved "final" cannot of itself justify the conclusi~n
that any a priori element of finality inherently attaches to them.
This can readily be demonstrated by reference to circumstances in
which the Court considers that no question could arise as to the right
to institute further proceedings following upon a discontinuance, quite
16irrespective of whether any reasons for it were given, or any right of
further action reserved. That this might be the case was indeed
expressly recognized in the Respondent's written Preliminary Objec-
tions where, in discussing possible motives for a discontinuance, it was
stated that-
"For example, it may be that an applicant discontinues pro-
ceedings begun by him only because he finds that he has committed
an error of procedure and intends to institute a new action right
away."
Similar possibilities are that the claimant State might have failed
to give certain notices which, under an applicable treaty, had to be
given before any valid application to the Court could be made ; or the
claimant State might discover that although it thought local remedies
had been exhausted, this was not in fact the case. Again, in a claim
on behalf of an individuai, evidence might come to light indicating
that he was not, after all, a national of the claimant State, leading to
a discontinuance ; but subsequently it might be found that this evi-
dence was inaccurate. There are many other possibilities. It is,
moreover, clear that in certain of these cases, the discontinuing party
could have no foreknowledge of whether the defect or disability leading
to the discontinuance would subsequently be cured, in such a way as
to remove the obstacle to the renewal of the suit.
The existence of these possibilities suffices in itself to show that the
question of the nature of a discontinuance cannot be determined on
any aprior basis, but must be considered in close relationship with the
circumstances of the particular case. In consequence, each case of
discontinuance must be approached individually in order to determine
its real character.There would therefore be little object in the Court's
entering upon any exhaustive discussion of the theory of discontinuance
as it is provided for by Articles 68 and 69 of the Court's Rules. But
certain points may be noticed by way of clarification.
Both the inherent character of these provisions and their drafting
records show that the main object which they have in view is to provide
a procedural facility, or rather-since it would in any everit never be
practicable to compel a claimant State to continue prosecuting its
case-to reduce the process of discontinuance to order. But these
provisions are concerned solely with the "how", not with the "why",
of the matter. They impose no conditions as to the basis on which a
discontinuance may be effected other than (in cases coming under
Article 68) that the parties shall be in agreement about it, or (in those
coming under Article 69, paragraph 2) that the respondent party has
no objection ; for it is clear that there are few limits to the motives that
might inspire a discontinuance, and tliese two Articles are not concerned
with that aspect of the matter. One difference between the two provisions is, however, significant.
Whereas Article 68 contemplates a discontinuance which not only is
(in effect) an agreed one, but also takes the form of an agreed commu-
nication to the Court, Article 69 on the other hand contemplates a
notification to the Court which, whether it results from an agreed
settlement of the dispute or from some other cause, always takes the
form of a unilateral communication from the applicant or claimant
party, which is either immediately effective, if the case comes under
paragraph I of Article 69 (the respondent party having taken no step
in the proceedings), or which (if such a step has been taken) becomes
effective in the absence of any objections from the respondent party
within the time-limit fixed by the Court. The respondent can of course
signify expressly its non-objection, but is in no way obliged to do so.
Thus, whereas in cases coming under Article 68 the act of discontinuance
is toal1intents and purposes a joint act, in those coming under Article 69
it is an essentially unilateral act, whatever may underlie it, and even
though acquiescence is necessary before it can actualiy take effect.
Under Article 69, any notifications, whether of intention to discontinue,
or in acceptance of discontinuance, are notifications made to the Court
and not passingbetween the parties, so that any understandings between
them (and such may certainly exist) must precede and be sought for
outside the act of discontinuance itself.
The right of objection given to a respondent State which has taken
a step in the proceedings is protective, to enable it to insist on the case
continuing, with a view to bringing about a situation of res jzldicata;
or in other words (perhaps more pertinent for the present case), to
enable it to ensure that the matter is finally disposed of for good.
The role of the Court, there being no objection to the discontinuance,
is simply to record it and toremove the casefrom its list. In connection
with the discontinuance itself, the Court is not called upon to enquire
into the motives either of the discontinuing or of the respondent party :
Article 69 does not impose any obligation on the parties to give reasons
either for the wish to effect the discontinuance, or for not objecting to it.
One further element regarding the process of discontinuance which
may be noticed, is that the evidence of the drafting records of Articles 68
and 69 goes to show that in addition to making provision for what was
an evidently necessary procedural faculty, the aim was to facilitate as
much as possible the settlement of disputes-or at any rate their non-
prosecution in cases where-the claimant party was for any reason indis-
posed to discontinue. This aim would scarcely be furthered however,
if litigants felt that solely by reason of a discontinuance on their part
they would be precluded from returning to the judicial process before
the Court, even if they should othenvise be fully in a position to do so. It is against this background that the Court must now consider the
contentions advanced by the Respondent Government in the present
case.
In the light of what has been said about the nature of the process of
discontinuance, the Court can accept the first of these contentions,
which is to the effect that giving notice of discontinuance is a procedural
and, so to speak, "neutral" act, the real significance of which must be
sought in the attendant circumstances, and that the absence of express
renunciation of any further right of actian is inconclusive, and does net
establish in itself that there has not been such a renunciation, or that
the discontinuance is not being made in circumstances which must
preclude any further proceedings.
But for the very reason that the Court thinks this to be a correct
statement of the legal position, it cannot accept the Respondent's
second principal contention, namely that a discontinuance must always
and in principle be taken as signifying a renunciation, unless the con-
trary is indicated or unless the right to start new proceedingsis expressly
reserved. The two conceptions are mutually contradictory : a notice
of discontinuance of proceedings cannot both be in itself a purely pro-
cedural and "neutral" act, and at the same time be, $rima facie and
in principle, a renunciation of the claim. There is no need to discuss
this contention any further, except to Say that, in view of the reasonable
and legitimate circumstances which, as has already been seen, may
motivate a discontinuance, without it being possible to question the
right of further action, the Court would, if any presumption governed
the matter, be obliged to conclude that it was in the opposite sense to
that contended for by the Respondent ; and that a discontinuance
must be taken to be no bar to further action, unless the contrary clearly
appeared or could be established. The problem is however incorrectly
formulated if it is asked (as it constantly has been in the present case)
what the "effect" of a discontinuance is ; for the effect of a disconti-
nuance must always and necessarily be the same-to put and end to
the current set of proceedings. In this, precisely, lies its essentially
procedural character. The real question is not what the discontinuance
does-which is obvious-but what it implies, results from or is based
on. This must be independently established, except in those cases
where, because the notice itself gives reasons, or refers to acts or under-
takings of the parties, or to other circumstances, its import is clear and
apparent.
In the present case, the notice of discontinuance given by the Appli-
cant Government, contained no motivation apart from such impli-
cations (and they could be various) as might he drawn from the state-
ment that it was made at the request of the Belgian nationals whost
protection had led to the presentation of the original Application in
the case. On the other hand, the notice was very clearly related, and confined, to that Application, the date and character of which were
specified. It was "the proceedings instituted by that AppIication"
to which the notice referred, and nothing else.
In these circumstances, the Court considers that, if the notice itself
left it open whether or not it involved or was consequent on a renun-
ciation of all further right of action, its terms are nevertheless such as
to place upon the Respondent Government the onus of establishing
that it meant or was based upon something more than appeared on the
face of it, namely a decision to terminate the then current proceedings
before the Court, subject to the Respondent's assent.
In seeking to discharge this onus the Respondent has put fonvard
two contentions :
The first is to the effect that there was an understanding between
the Parties about the discontinuance ; and the foundation for it lies in
the fact that when, after the original proceedings had been started,
the representatives of the Belgian interests concerned approached the
representatives of the Spanish interests with a view to re-opening nego-
tiations, they were met with a firm refusal to do so unless the case
before the Court were first brought to a definite end ; that a Belgian
offer for a suspension of the proceedings was rejected as insufficient,
and a "final withdrawal of the claim" was demanded ; that the Belgian
representatives thereupon undertook to request their Government to
effect a final discontinuance of the proceedings ; that it was perfectly
well understood on the Belgian side that the Spanish side meant and
assumed that the discontinuance would operate as putting a final end
to the claim, or at any rate to any further right of action ; and that the
Spanish representatives would not have agreed to negotiate on any
other basis, nor the Respondent Government to refrain from objecting
to the discontinuance under Article 69, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court.
On the Belgian side, it was denied that anything more was intended
or could reasonably be inferred from the Belgian statements, or from
the terms of the notice of discontinuance itself (which was before the
Respondent Government when it signified its non-objection), than a
simple, though final, termination of the then current proceedings-
particularly having regard to the prospective negotiations about to be
embarked upon.
The Court notes that, although there were various contacts at the
governmental level, the exchanges relied on took place initialiy alrnost
entirely between the representatives of the private interests concerned.
In so far as the Govemments were privy to these exchanges, it wa
evidently, at that stage, only on an unofficial bais. In order that theGovernments on either side should in any way be committed by these
exchanges, it would be necessary to show that the representatives of
the private interests acted in such a manner as to bind their Govern-
ments. Of this there is no evidence : indeed on the Spanish side the
apparently very cautiouç nature of the contacts between the author-
ities and the private interests negatives the possibility. In this con-
nection the Court recalls that at one stage of the oral hearing, the Parties
were invited by the Court to clarify the situation by indicating how
far the acts of the representatives of the private interests were adduced
as engaging the responsibility of the Governments ; but no really clear
light was thrown on the matter.
In the circumstances, the Court sees no reason to depart from the
general rule that, in relation to an understanding said to exist between
States parties to a litigation before it, and to affect their rights in that
litigation, itan only take account of the acts and attitudes of govern-
ments or of the authorized agents of governments ; and, in the present
case, the Court can, at the governmental level, find no evidence of any
such understanding asis alleged by the Respondent. Indeed it seems
to have been above al1on the part of the latter that the greatest reluc-
tance to become involved in any understanding over the discontinuance
was manifested.
Quite apart from these considerations however, the Court finds the
various exchanges whoily inconclusive. It seems that the Parties were
deliberately avoiding a problem they were unwilling to come to grips
with, lest by doing so they should shatter the foundation of their inter-
changes. The Respondent Government must have realized that an
immediate refusal would result from any officia1request that the Appli-
cant Government, in discontinuing the current proceedings, should
definitely renounce, or undertake that it did renounce, al1further right
of action. As far as the Applicant was concerned, if it did not intimate
that it reserved the right to bring further proceedings, should the
negotiations fail, it equally avoided suggesting that it renounced that
right. The desire felt on the Spanish side not to negotiate whilst
proceedings were actually in progress before the Court, involving injur-
ious charges against Spanish authorities and nationals, was fully met
by the discontinuance effected, and nothing more was needed for that
purpose. Furthermore, it does not appear reasonable to suppose that
on the eve of difiicult negotiations, the success of which must be un-
certain, there could have been any intention on the Belgian side to
forgo the advantage represented by the possibility of renewed proceed-
ings. In the face of this, only very clear proof of the understanding
alleged by the Respondent would suffice, and none is forthcoming.
The Court considers that in any case, and whatever arnbiguities may
have existed in the private and officia1exchanges involved, the onus of
making its position clear necessarily lay on the Respondent Govern-
ment ; for it was that Government which had the right of objection tothe discontinuance, under Article 69, paragraph 2, of the Rules-a
nght expressly given to respondent parties for their protection, and for
the purpose, intea rlia, of enabling them to prevent what has occurred
in the present case. There is. nothing to prohibit conditions being
attached to any abstention from exercising this right, but the Respon-
dent Government attached no conditions other than, implicitly, the
one already satisfied by the notice of discontinuance, that the proceed-
ings begun by the Belgian Application of September 1958 should be
brought to an end-as they were.
A second contention, having the character of a plea of estoppel, was
advanced by the Respondent Government in seeking to discharge the
onus of proof referred to above. This was to the effect that, indepen-
dently of the existence of any understanding, the Applicant Govern-
ment by its conduct misled the Respondent about the import of the
discontinuance, but for which the Respondent would not have agreed
to it, and as a result of agreeing to which, it had suffered prejudice.
Accordingly, it is contended, the Applicant is now estopped or precluded
from denying that by, or in consequence of, the discontinuance, it
renounced al1further right of action.
This plea meets at the outset with two difficulties. In the first place,
it is not clear whether the alieged misleading conduct was on the part
of the Applicant Government itself or of private Belgian parties, or
in the latter event, how far it is contended that the complicity or res-
ponsibility of the Applicant Government is involved. In the second
place, the Court does not consider that the alleged misleading Belgian
representations have been established, any more than was the alleged
understanding between the Parties about the implications of the dis-
continuance. Nevertheless, since this aspect of its first Preliminary
Objection has been more strongly insisted upon by the Respondent
Party than perhaps any other, the Court will consider it.
Without doubt, the Respondent is worse off now than if the present
proceedings had not been brought. But that obviously is not the point,
and it has never been clear why, had it known that these proceedings
would be brought if the negotiations failed, the Respondent would not
have agreed to the discontinuance of the earlier proceedings in order to
facilitate the negotiations (the professed object) ; since it must not be
overlooked that if the Respondent had not so agreed, the previous pro-
ceedings would simply have continued, whereas negotiations offered a
possibility of finally settling the whole dispute. Given that without
the Respondent's consent to the discontinuance of the original proceed-
inas. these would have continued. what has to be considered now is not
th; .present position of the ~ei~ondent, as compared with what it
would have been if the current proceedings had never been brought,but what its position is in the current proceedings, as compared with
what it would have been in the event of a continuation of the old ones.
In making this comparison, the essential point is that the Respondent
Government had entered certain preliminary objections in the earlier
. .
proceedings which, if successful -(and it was presumably hoped to
succeed on them), would necessarily have brought the case to an end,
and have prevented not only a decision about, but even any discussion
at all of the allegations made against Spanish nationals and authorities.
But so equally would successful negotiations have prevented this.
At the same time, the Respondent Government ran no risk, for if the
negotiations were not successful, and the case started again, it would
still be possible once more to put forward the previous preliminary
objections. Consequently, irrespective of whether the case would
begin again or not, it cannot be seen what the Respondent stood to lose
by agreeing to negotiate on the basis of a simple discontinuance, or
why it would not have agreed had it realized that this alone, without a
substantive renunciation, was involved. The explanations given seem
to the Court unconvincing.
As to the prejudice alleged, the only point that appears to require
examination arises from the fact that in bringing the new proceedings
the Applicant Government had the advantage of being able to frame
its Application and ensuing Memorial with a foreknowledge of the
probable nature of the Respondent's reply-a foreknowledge which a
claimant State might not, at that stage of the proceedings, ordinarily
possess, even though, normally, previous negotiations and diplornatic
exchanges would have given it considerable information about the
opposing legal position. The scope of the Court's process is however
such as, in the long run, to neutralize any initial advantage that might
be obtained by either side. As regards the substance, in so far as the
Applicant ~overnment was, for the purposes of its Application in the
present proceedings,able to modify the presentation of its claim in order
to take account of objections advanced by the Respondent in the original
proceedings, it appears to the Court that the Applicant could, in the
light of those objections, have done exactly the sarne thing for the
purposes of its final submissions in those proceedings themselves,
which would have continued. The Applicant is always free to modify
its submissions and, in fact, the final submissions of a party frequently
Vary from those found in the written pleadings. Consequently the
Court is not able to hold that any true prejudice was suffered by the
Respondent. *
* *
A final, though different order of contention advanced by the Res-
pondent in support of its first Preliminary Objection, was that the
present proceedings were contrary to the spirit and economy of the Hispano-Belgian Treaty of 19 July 1927, the jurisdictional clauses of
which are relied on by the Applicant as confemng competence on the
Court. The character of this Treaty is fully considered in connection
with the second Preliminary Objection, and it will suffice to Say here
that according to its terms, before a dispute can be submitted to adju-
dication,various preliminary stages have to be gone through. These
stages were in fact gone through in connection with the original and
discontinued proceedings, and they were repeated in connection with the
present proceedings. The contention now advanced is that it cannot
have been the intention of the Treaty that the sarne processes should be
gone through twice in relation to the same claim, and that the present
proceedings are conseqaently out of order, on the basis of the very
instrument on which the Applicant founds the jurisdiction of the Court.
The Court is sensible of the element of artificiality involved in the
repetition of the Treaty processes in regard to the same matters of
complaint. But if the right to bring new proceedings exists, apart
from this, it would seem difficult to hold that precisely because it does,
the jurisdictional basis for its exercise is thereby des<royed.
It has been argued that the first set of proceedings "exhausted"
the Treaty processes in regard to the particular matters of complaint,
the subject of those proceedings, and that the jurisdiction of the Court
having once been invoked, and the Court having been duly seised in
respect of them, the Treaty cannot be invoked a second time in order
to seise the Coiirt of the same complaints. As against this, it can be
said that the Treaty processes are not in the final sense exhausted in
respect of any one complaint until the case has been either prosecuted
to judgrnent, or discontinued in circumstances involving its final
renunciation-neither of which constitutes the position here. If, for
instance, to recall an illustration given earlier (and other instances are
possible) proceedings brought under the Treaty were discontinued
because it was found that local remedies had not been exhausted (and
it is of course at the moment of the application to the Court that they
require to be), it would be difficult to contend that (this deficiency
being remedied) a new application could not be made in the case, merely
because it would have to be preceded by a repetition of the Treaty
processes. This contention therefore cannot be accepted.
For al1 of the foregoing reasons, the Court holds that the first Pre-
liminary Objection must be rejected.
Although, for the reasons given in connection with the first Prelirni-
nary Objection, the discontinuance of the action in the original pro-
ceedings before the Court did not disentitle the Belgian Governmentfrom commencing the present proceedings, it is nevertheless essential
that a valid jurisdictional basis for these should exist. In order to
establish this, the Applicant Government relies on the combined effect
of Article 37 of the Statute of the Court and the fourth paragraph of
Article 17 of the Hispano-Belgian Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial
Settlement and Arbitration, signed on 19 July 1927, and kept in force
by means of tacit renewals taking place at ten-yearly intervals, the
latest having occurred in 1957. This Treaty, which will henceforth
be called the 1927 Treaty, provided by its Article 2 for a reference to
adjudication of al1 disputes between the parties, involving a disagree-
ment about their legal rights. For this purpose, and if the methods of
conciliation also provided for by the Treaty failed, or were not utilized,
the parties were in each case to draw up a compromis. If, however,
agreement could not be reached upon the terms of a comprom.is within
a certain period, then the fourth paragraph of Article 17 of the Treaty,
now invoked by the Applicant Government, provided that :
[Translation]
". . either Party may, on the expiry of one month's notice, bring
the question direct before the Permanent Court of International
Justice by means of an application".
In combination with this provision, the Applicant invoked Article 37
of the Statute of the Court, the relevant portion of which in the English
text, reads as follows :
"Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference
of a matter. . .to the Permanent Court of International Justice,
the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice."
In the light of this provision, it was contended by the Applicant that,
the 1927 Treaty being "a treaty ... in force", and both the Parties in
dispute being parties to the Statute of the International Court of
Justice, that Court must, by virtue of Article 37, be deemed to have
replaced the Permanent Court in the relations between the Parties,
for thepurposes of such a provision asthe fourth paragraph of Article 17
of the Treaty-henceforth to be called Article 17 (4) ; and accordingly
that (the necessary tirne-limits having expired) this provision gave the
Applicant the right to bring the case unilaterally before the Court.
This view was contested by the Respondent Government, on the
ground that although the 1927 Treaty might as such still be in force,
the jurisdictional obligation represented by Article 17 (4) had neces-
sarily lapsed on the dissolution of the former Permanent Court on
18 April1946, since this brought about the disappearance of the judicial
organ to which Article 17 (4) referred ; that no previous substitutionof the present for the former Court had been effected by virtue of
Article 37 before that date, Spain not being then a party to the Statute ;
and that, in consequence, the 1927 Treaty had ceased to contain any
valid jurisdictional clause by the time Spain did become a party to
the Statute upon admission to the United Nations in December 1955.
Thus, even if Spain would then in principle have become bound by
Article 37, there did not in the instant case, so it was contended, exist
at that date any clause of compuisory jurisdiction in respect of which
that provision could operate to confer jurisdiction on the present Court,
and since Article 37 could only apply to jurisdictional clauses already
in force, it could not operate to bring a former clause into force again,
which occurrence would require for its realization the express consent
of both parties, given de novo.
Another way of stating what was basically the same contention, was to
Say that Article 37 only applied in the relations between parties to the
Statute which had become such through original membership of the
United Nations, or at least by acquiring membership (or by othenvise
becoming a party to the Statute), previous to the dissolution of the
Permanent Court in April 1946 ;for only in their case had the substitu-
tion of the present Court for the Permanent Court been able to take
place at a time when the jurisdictional clauses in respect of which this
was to occur were themselves still in force. Once any such clause had
lapsed by reason of the disappearance of the Permanent Court, there
could be no substitution of forum ;or rather, any question of substitu-
tion becarne pointless, since the basic obligation of compulsory adjudi-
cation itself no longer existed. Moreover, only those States which had
already become parties to the Statute before the dissolution of the
Permanent Court could be regarded as having given a true consent to
the process involved-that is a consent directly given in respect of
jurisdictional clauses still indubitably in force. Anything else, it was
contended, would be a fiction.
There were other ways in which the Spanish contention was or could
be put, some of which will be noticed later ; but however it might be
put, it always involved at bottom the same basic contention, that the
dissolution of the Permanent Court brought about the final extinction
of all jurisdictional clauses providing for recourse to that Court, unless
they had already, previous to this dissolution, been transformed by the
operation of Article 37 of the Statute into clausesproviding for recourse
to the present Court ;and that in respect of any jurisdictional clause
not thus transformed previous tothe dissolution of the Permanent Court,
Article 37 was, thereafter, powerless to effect the transformation.
This line of reasoning was not put fonvard by the Respondent Gov-
ement in the original diplornatic exchanges between the Parties.
26 29 BARCELONA TRACTION (JUDGMENT)
It was first advanced after the decision given by the Court on
26 May 1959,in the case concerning the Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955
(Israel v. Bulgaria) (I.C.J. Reports I959, p. 127). This case had
reference, not to Article 37 but to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Sta-
tute ;and not to a treaty, such asthe Hispano-Belgian Treaty of 1927,
but to a unilateral declaration in acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction of the former Permanent Court, made under the "optional
clause" of its Statute (paragraph 2 of Article 36). It was however
contended by the Respondent that the legal considerations applicable
in that casewere applicable also in the present one ;and the arguments
advanced by the Respondent were, mutatis mutandis,similar in character
to those advanced on behalf of Bulgaria in that case. The Court will
therefore consider this matter.
The Court notes in the first place that the decision in the Israel v.
Bulgaria case was confined entirely to the question of the applicability
of Article36, paragraph 5, in a somewhat unusual situation ; that it
made only one passing and routine reference to Article 37 and notice-
ably avoided any finding on, or even consideration of the case of that
provision, the position of which it was evidently intended to leave
quite open. The Court moreover considers that there are differences
between the two cases which require that the present one should be
dealt with independently and on its merits. Not only is a different
category of instrument involved-an instrument having a conventional
form, not that of a unilateral declaration-but the essential require-
ment of being "in force", which in the cases contemplated by Article 36,
paragraph 5, bore directly on the jurisdictional clause-the unilateral
declaration itself-is, in Article 37, formaily related not to the clause
as such, but to the instrument-the treaty or convention-containing
it, from which follow certain consequences to be noticed later.
Nor can the Court be oblivious to other differences which canot but
affect the question of the need for the Court to make an independent
approach to the present case. The case of Israel v. Bulgaria was in
a certain sense sui generis. As some of the separate but concurring
opinions show (and as is evident in other ways), it might have been
decided-and still in favour of Bulgaria-on grounds whch would not
have involved the particular issue of the effect of the dissolution of the
Permanent Court on the continued existence and validity of a declara-
tion not previously "transformed into an acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the present Court. Moreover, any decision of the Court,
relative to Article 37, must affect a considerable number of surviving
treaties and conventions providing for recourse to the Permanent
Court, including instruments of a political or technical character, and
certain general multilateral conventions of great importance that seem
likely to continue in force. It is thus clear that the decision of the
Court in the present case, whatever it might be, would be liable to
have far-reaching effects. This is in no way a factor which should beallowed to influence the legal character of that decision : but it does
constitute a reason why the decision should not be regarded as already
predetermined by that which was given in the different circumstances
of the Israel v. Bulgaria case.
It will be convenient at this point to mention briefly the question
of the other cases cited in the-course of the proceedings, in which
Article 36, paragraph 5, or 37, of the Statute have been involved.
None is directly in point ; for, with the exception of the declaration of
Thailand in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear, Prelimi-
nary Objections (I.C.J. Reports 1961, p.17), al1the jurisdictional clauses
concerned related to countries which were original Members of the
United Nations and ~arties to the Statute. so that the various Drocesses
provided for by thé Statute had already been completed ai regards
these clauses before the extinction of the Permanent Court. In the
Temple of Preah Vihear case, Thailand had deposited a declaration
purporting to accept the present Court's compulsory jurisdiction, by
means of a "renewal" of a previous declaration of 1940, accepting that
of the former Permanent Court. As Thailand had only become a
Member of the United Xations and a party to the Statute after the
disappearance of that Coizrt, it was argued, in the light of the Israel
v. Bulgaria decision, that the 1940declaration had ipso facto lapsed and
become extinguished, and was consequently incapable of "renewal",
so that the 1950 declaration purporting to effect such a renewal was
without legal validity. The Court however decided the matter on a
different basis, holding that, in sending in its notice of renewa!, Thailand
must have intended to accept the jurisdiction of a court of some kind-
and this could only have been the present one since, as Thailand knew,
the former Court no longer existed. Hence, despite the language of
"renewal", the notice (on its correct interpretation) 6perated as a
direct acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction, made in relation to
the present Court. Consequectly, irrespective of whether or not the
previous declaration relative to the Permanent Court had lapsed, Thai-
land had accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court.
It is clear that this case has no relevance whatever to the present one.
In the light of the foregoing considerations therefore, the Court
must decide the present case independently and without further reference
to Article 36, paragraph 5, or to the previous cases which have, in one
way or another, involved that provision or Article 37 of the Statute-
even though in three of them, the Court did actually apply Article 37. Although it will be necessary to revert to the matter at a later stage,
it is desirable at this point to Say something about what appear to
have been the objects and purposes of Article 37 at the tirne when the
Statute was being drafted in the period April-June 1945.
Historically, two main considerations appear to have moved the
drafters. In the first place, owing to the decision to create an inter-
national court of justice which would in law be a new entity, and not
a continuation of the existing Permanent Court, the dissolution of the
latter becarne essential, for it would not have been a tolerable situation
for two such Courts to be CO-existing. The disappearance of the Per-
manent Court was in any event certain to occur in fact, for lack of
machinery to replace its Judges, but it was not known precisely when
this disappearance, either as a fact or as the result of a forma1 dissolu-
tion, would come about. At the same time, there were then in existence
a very large number of treaties, conventions and other instruments,
bilateral and multilateral, containing jurisdictional clauses providing
for recourse to that Court. If therefore nothing had been inserted in
the new Statute to meet this situation, and to meet it automatically
and in advance, the preservation of these clauses would have been left
to the uncertain action of the individual parties to the various instru-
ments concemed.
It was this situation that Article37 was designed to meet, and the
governing concept evidently was to preserve as many jurisdictional
clauses as possible from becoming inoperative by reason of the pro-
spective dissolution of the Permanent Court ; and moreover, to do this
by a process which would automatically substitute the new Court for
the Permanent Court in the jurisdictional treaty relations between
al1 Members of the United Nations and other parties to the Statute,
thus avoiding the necessity for piecemeal action by special agreement
between the parties to the various instruments. The intention there-
fore was to create a special régime which, as between the parties to
the Statute, would automatically transform references to the Perma-
nent Court in these jurisdictional clauses, into referencesto the present
Court.
In these circumstances it is difficult to suppose that those who
framed Article 37 would willirigly have contemplated, and would not
have intended to avoid, a situation in which the nullification of the
jurisdictional clauses whose continuation it was desired to preserve,
would be brought about by the very event-the disappearance of the
Permanent Court-the effects of which Article 37 both foresaw and
was intended to pany ; or that they would have viewed with equanim-
ity the possibility that, although the Article would preserve many
jurisdictional clauses, there might be many others which it would not ;
thus creating that very situation of diversification and imbalance
which it was desired to avoid.
Whether Article 37 was aptly framed to carry out these objectives
remains for consideration ; but that such were the objectives, and themotives influencing the drafting, the Court can hardly doubt. This
conclusion finds strong support in a second historical consideration.
As is well known, Article 37 represented, so far as treaties and conven-
tions were concemed, a compromise between two extreme and opposed
schools of jurisdictional thought. There were, on the one hand, those
who wanted to insert in the Statute of the new Court a clause of universal
compulsory jurisdiction, automatically applicable to al1 disputes
between parties to the Statute, of whatever kind and howsoever arising.
Such a clause would have rendered the insertion of jurisdictional clauses
in particular treatiesor conventions unnecessary except for any special
purpose, and would have rendered a provision such as Article 37 un-
necessary also, or caused it to be differently drafted. On the other
hand, there were those who were opposed to the idea of compulsory
jurisdiction in any form, and considered that the Court should only be
competent in cases brought before it with the express consent of the
parties, given ad hoc.
The compromise between these two points of view which Article 37
represented (so far as jurisdictional clauses in treaties and conventions
were concerned) involved the rejection of the notion of a universal
compulsory jurisdiction ; but on the other hand (and for that very
reason) it also involved the preservation at least of the already existing
field of conventional compulsory jurisdiction. It was a natural element
of this compromise that the maximum, and not some merely quasi
optimum preservation of this field should be aimed at.
With this background in mind, the Court will now consider the text
of Article 37. Looking simply at its actual language, the Court sees
it primarily as a provision conferring jurisdiction upon the International
Court of Justice in respect of a certain category of disputes, and which
mentions the Permanent Court for one purpose and one only-namely
that of defining or identifying the category of dispute covered. Only
three conditions are actually stated in the Article. They are that there
should be a treaty or convention in force ; that it should provide (Le.,
make provision) for the reference of a "matter" (i.e., the matter in
litigation) to the Permanent Court ; and that the dispute should be
between States both or al1 of which are parties to the Statute. No
condition that the Permanent Court should still he in existence at any
given moment is expressed in the Article. The conclusion, in so far as
it is to be based on the actual language of Article 37 must be that the
1927 Treaty being in force ; it being a treaty which contains a provision
for a reference of the matter in dispute to the Permanent Court ; and
the Parties to the dispute both being parties to the Statute-then, as
between them, the matter is to be. ("shaU be") referred to the Inter-national Court of Justice, or (according to the French text) that Court
is to be the competent forum.
Two central issues evidently-arise here. One, which will be consi-
dered later, is whether, although the words "in force" are directlyrelated
to the treaty or convention as such, they must nevertheless be regarded
as relating also, and independently, to the jurisdictional clause as
such. The other main issue is, what is the meaning to be ascnbed to
the phrase "provides for". Clearly this cannot mean "provides for"
operationally, here and now, for the Permanent Court no longer being
in existence, no treaty could still provide for that. It follows that to
irnpart rationality to the term "provides for" in its context, it must be
read in a figurative sense, almost as if it had been put between inverted
commas, and as denoting a treaty or convention still in force as such,
containing a clause providing, or making provision for, a reference to
the Permanent Court, this being simply a convenient method of defining
or identifying the category of dispute in respect of which jurisdiction
is conferred upon the International Court of Justice.
It was however argued that since Article 37, wherever it was appli-
cable, transferred jurisdiction from the Permanent Court to the present
Court, it was necessary that the former Court should still be in existence
at the moment of the transfer; for othenvise there would no longer
exist any jurisdiction to be transferred. But the Court considers that
Article 37 did not in fact operate to effect any "transfer" of jurisdiction
as such. What was created was a new Court, with a separate and
independent jurisdiction to apply in the relations between the parties
to the Statute of that new Court. In the field of the iurisdictional
clauses of treaties and conventions already in force, referring to the
Permanent Court, the modus operandi could, technically, have been
to annex to the Statute a list of al1 such instruments. Such a listing
eonomine would have left no doubt that any listed treaty was covered,
so long as it remained in force, irrespective of the date at which the
parties becarne parties to the Statute, and independently of the con-
tinued existence of the Permanent Court. Instead of any such cum-
brous procedure, the same result was achieved by resort to the common
factor involved in al1 these jurisdictional clauses, namely the provision
they contained for reference to the Permanent Court. By mentioning
this, Article37identified and defined the category involved, and nothing
else was needed.
The Court will now turn to the question of the scope to be given to
the words "in force" in Article 37. According to the actual text,
this phrase relates solely to the treaties and conventions in question,
and as such. But this cannot be considered as finally conclusive in
itself, because it is necessary to take into consideration not only whatthis provision was intended to do, but also what it was not intended to
do. It was intended to preserve a conventional jiirisdictional field
from a particular threat, narnely the extinction which would otherwise
follow from the dissolution of the Permanent Court. But that was
al1 it was intended to do. It was not intended to create any new
obligatory jurisdiction that had not existed before that dissolution.
Nor, in preserving the existing conventional jurisdiction, was it intended
to prevent the operation of causes of extinction other than the disap-
pearance of the Permanent Court. In this sense but, however, in this
sense orily, is it correct to say that regard must be had not only to
whether the treaty or convention is still in force, but also to whether
the jurisdictional clause it contains is itself, equally, still in forAnd
precisely because it was the sole object of Article 37 to prevent extinc-
tion resulting from the particular cause which the disappearance of the
Permanent Court would represent, it cannot be admitted that this
extinction should in fact proceed to follow from this very event itself.
Such a possibility would not only involve a contradiction in terms, but
would run counter to the whole intention and purpose of the Article.
The argument to the contrary is Dased on seeking to draw a distinc-
tion between those States which became parties to the Statute previous
to the dissolution of the Permanent Court, and those which became
parties aftenvards. But that is not an independent argument, for the
alleged distinction is itself only a part, or another aspect, of the same
fundamental question, namely the effect of that dissolution on the
status of these jurisdictional clauses-since the sole relevance of the
date of admission to the United Nations, if it was subsequent to the
dissolution, is whether there still remained in existence any jurisdic-
tional clause in respect of wiiich Article 37 could take effect. It is in
this way alone that ariy distinction between different parties to the
Statute could be introduced ; for otherwise it must be entirely arbi-
trary, and it is not recognized by Article37 itself which, on the contrary,
speaks of the "parties to the present Statute", not the "present parties
to the Statute". Except for the supposed effects of the dissolution,
therefore, the ordinary rule of treaty law must apply, that unless the
treaty or provision concerned expressly indicates some difference or
distinction, such phrases as "the parties to the Statute". or "the parties
to the present convention", or "the contracting parties", or "the Mem-
bers of the Orgaiiization", apply equally and indifferently to cover al1
those States which at any given time are participants, whatever the
date of their several ratifications, accessions or admissions, etc.
Consequently, since the Court cannot, for reasons already stated,
accept the dissolution of the Permanent Court as a cause of lapse or
abrogation of any of the jurisdictional clauses concerned, it musi hold
that the date at which the Respondent became a party to the Statute
is irrelevant. Certain other considerations serve to reinforce this view ; for if it
is clear from what was said earlier about the origins of Article 37,
that the aim was to be comprehensive, it is equally clear that to admit
what may for convenience be called the "dissolution" argument, would
not only be to make serious inroads upon that objective, but quite
possibly-for all that those who were drafting Article 37 could tell at
the time-to defeat almost entirely its intended purpose.
In the period April-June 1945 it was impossible to forecast when the
Permanent Court would be dissolved, or when-or on the basis of how
many ratifications-the Charter of the United Nations would come
into force. Circumstances delaying the latter event, or causing it to
occur on the basis of only a relatively small number of ratifications,
might have given rise to a situation in which, if the "dissolution"
argument were correct, many, or possibly even most, of the jurisdic-
tional clauses concerned would have fallen outside the scope of
Article 37, a result which must have been contrary to what those who
framed this provision intended. It was suggested in the course of the
oral hearing that these possibilities, had they threatened to materialize,
could and would have been avoided. by taking steps to postpone the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. This however serves only to show
what the real intentions of Article37 must have been-namely to make
any such postponement unnecessary because, whatever the date of the
coming into force of the Charter, or of the dissolution of the Permanent
Court, and whatever the date at which a State became a party to the
Statute, Article 37 would ensure. in advance the preservation of the
relevant jurisdictional clauses, by causing them to confer competence
on the present Court, as between parties to its Statute. This was its
purpose.
It has been objected that the view set forth above leads, in such a
case as that of the Respondent Government, to a situation in which
the jurisdictional clause concemed, even if in existence, is necessarily
inoperative and cannot be invoked by the other party to the treaty
containing it ; and then, after a gap of years, suddenly it becomes
operative again, and can be invcked as a clause of compulsory juris-
diction to found proceedings before the Court. It is asked whether,
in these circumstances, any true consent can be said to have been given
by the Respondent Government to the exercise of jurisdiction by the
Court in this class of case.
Noting in passing that this situation results from the act of the
Respondent itself in agplying for membership of the United Nationswhich, upon admission, entailed, by virtue of Article 93, paragraph 1,
of the Charter of the United Nations, becoming a party to the Statute,
the Court would observe that the notion of rignts and obligations that
are in abeyance, but not extinguished, is perfectly familiar to the law
and represents a common feature of certain fields.
In this connection, and as regards the whole question of consent,
the Court considers the case of the reactivation of a jurisdictional
clause by virtue of Article 37 to be no more than a particular case of
the familiar principle of consent given gerierally and in advance, in
respect of a certain class of jurisdictional clause. Consent to an obli-
gation of compulsory jurisdiction musr be regarded as given ipso facto
by joining an international organization, membership of which involves
such an obligation, and irrespective of the date of joining. In conse-
quence, States joining the United Nations or otherwise becoming parties
to the Statute, at whatever date, knew in advance (or must be taken
to have known) that, by reason of Article 37, one of the results of
doing so would, as between themseives and other parties to the Statute,
be the reactivation in relation to the present Court, of any jurisdictional
clauses referring to the Permanent Court, in treaties still in force, by
which they were bound. It is the position maintained by the Respon-
dent Governrnent which would create inequality, and discriminate in
favour of those entering the United Nations, or othenvise becorning
parties to the Statute, after April 1946, particularly as regards the
obligations contained in the jurisdictional clauses of important general
multilateral converitions, thus giving rise to just the kind of anomaly
Article 37 was intenàed to avoid.
The Respondent Governrnent, in the course of the diplomatic corres-
pondence preceding the original proceedings before the Court, and in
particular in the Notes exchanged in the period May 1957 to February
1958, implicitly recognized the cornpetence of the Courr for the purposes
of Article 17 (4) of the 1927 Treaty, and challenged the right of the
Applicant Governrnent to resort to the Court oniy on grounds connected
with the third and fourth Preliminary Objections in the present case.
It did not demur when the ~~~licant stated that the International
Court of Justice had been substituted for the Permanent Court in
Article 17 (4) of the Treaty. It did not even broach the possibility
that there might be a question as to the competence of the Court qua
forum. If this attitude was based on the assllmption that Article 37
of the Statute-by which the Respondent had by then become bound-
conferred iurisdiction on the Court (an assum~tion the correctness'of
which the reasoning of the decision in the Israelv. Bulgaria case might
appear to cal1 in question), then the present finding of the Court, that
this assumption was in fact correct, operates to restore the basis on
which tne Respondenr itself appears originally to have recognized the
same thing. The Court has thought it desirable to base itself up to this point
wholly on considerations relating to Article 37 of the Statute which,
in its opinion, would (in the absence of any relevant special factor) be
applicable to the case of al1 the jurisdictional clauses in the treaties
and conventions to which Article 37 applies. In the case of treaties
having the character of the Hispano-Belgian Treaty of 1927, however,
there are special features which afford additional support for the con-
clusions arrived at on the bais of Article 37 alone.
Article 17 (4) of the Treaty was discussed between the Parties in
the course of the written and oral proceedings, largely in relation to the
question of its "severability" from the rest of the Treaty. Into this
question, which has implications reaching far beyond the scope of the
present case, the Court does not consider it necessary to go. What
must be true, on any view of the matter, is that Article 17 (4) is an
integral part of the Treaty as a whole ; and its judicial fate cannot be
considered in isolation.
It is at this point necessary to note that Article 17 (4), the relevant
terms of which are cited above, had as its prirnary object in the scheme
of the 1927 Treaty, what was more a matter of mechanics-namely to
indicate in what circurnstances, and at what precisepoint in the attempt
to dispose of the dispute, either party would have the right to take the
matter to the Court. This right was to be exercisable if the (optional)
conciliation procedure provided for by the Treaty had not been made
use of, or had failed ;and if agreement had not been reached within a
certain period on the terms of a comfiromisfor the submission of the
dispute by mutual consent to the Court or to arbitration; and if,
thereupon, a month's notice was given of the intention to take the matter
to the Court unilaterally.
The basic obligation to submit to compulsory adjudication, however,
was and is camed by two other provisions of the Treaty, namely
Article 2, and the hst paragraph of Article 17. The relevant para-
graph of Article 2 reads as follows :
[Translation]
"Al1disputes of every kind between the High Contracting Parties
with regard to which the Parties are in confiict as to their respec-
tive rights, and which it may not have been possible to settle
amicably by the normal methods of diplomacy, shall be submitted
for decision to an arbitral tribunal or to the Permanent Court of
International Justice."
The Treaty theri goes on to provide for the conciliation procedure,
and continues in Article 17 (1) to reaffirm the essence of Article 2 as
follows : [Translation]
"In the event of no amicable agreement being reached before
the Permanent Conciliation Commission, the dispute shall be
submitted either to an Arbitral Tribunal or to the Permanent
Ccurt of International Justice, as provided in Articl2 of the present
Treaty."
In the light of these provisions, it would be difficult either to deny
the seriousness of the intention to create an obligation to have recourse
to compulsory adjudication-al1 other means of settlement failing-
or to assert that this obligation was exclusively dependent on the exis-
tence of a particular forum, in such a way that it would become totally
abrogated and extinguished by the disappearance of that forum. The
error of such an assertion would lie in a confusion of ends with means-
the end being obligatory judicial settlement, the means an indicated
forum, but not necessarily the oilly possible one.
This double aspect appears particularly clearly on the basis of the
several jurisdictional clauses of the 1927 Treaty, taken as a whole ;
and these considerations furnish the answer to the contention that the
obligation of compulsory adjudication in the Treaty was so indissolubly
bound UD with the indication of the Permanent Court as the forum.
as to be inseparable from it, and incapable of continued existence in the
absence of that Court. On the very language of Articles 2 and 17 (1),
this is not the case. An obligation of recourse to judicial settlement
will, it is true, normally find its expression in terms of recourse to a
particular forum. But it does not follow that this is the essence of the
obligation. It was this fallacy which underlay the contenticii advanced
during the hearings: that the alleged lapse of Article 17 (4) was due to
the disappearance of the "object" of that clause, namely the Permanent
Court. But that Court was never the substantive "object" of the
clause. The substantive object was compulsory adjudication, and the
Permanent Court was merely a means for achieving that object. It
was not the primary purpose to specify one tribunal rather than another,
but to create an obligation af compulsory adjudication. Such an
obligation naturally entailed that a forum would be indicated ; but
this was consequential.
If the obligation exists independently of the particular forum (a
fact implicitly recognized in the course of the proceedings, inasmuch
as the alleged extinction was related to Article 17 (4) rather than to
Articles 2 or 17 (1)), then if it subsequently happens that the forum
goes out of existence, and no provision is made by the parties, or other-
wise, for remedying the deficiency, it will follow that the clause con-
taining the obligation will for the tirne being become (and perhaps
remain indefinitely) inoperative, i.e., without pos;ibility of effective
application. But if the obligation remains substantively in existence,though not functionally capable of being implemented, it can always
be rendered operative once more, if for instance the parties agree on
another tribunal, or if another is supplied by the automatic operation
of some other instrument by which both parties are bound. The
Statute is such an instrument, and its Article 37 has precisely that
effect.
Accordingly, "International Court of Justice" must now be read
for "Permanent Court of International Justice" in Articles 2 and 17
of the Treaty. The same applies in respect of Article 23, under which
the Court is made competent to determine any disputed question of
interpretation or application arising in regard to the Treaty ; and
similar substitutions in Articles21 and 22 would follow consequentially.
The Respondent Government also advanced a subsidiary plea in
relation to its second Preliminary Objection, which requires to be
considered only if the Court should reject the objection in its principal
aspect. Since the Court does reject it, it must now consider this sub-
sidiary plea. This was to the effect that the dissolution of the Perma-
nent Court having extinguished Article 17 (4) of the 1927 Treaty, or
at any rate deprived it of its force, then if (contrary to the principal
contention of the Respondent) Article 37 of the Statute operated to
re-activate this clause upon Spain's admission to the United Nations in
December 1955,what in consequence came into existence at that date
was a new or revised obligation between the Parties ;and that just as
the original obligation only applied to disputes arising after the Treaty
date, so the new or revised obligation could only apply to disputes
arising after the date of Spain's admission to the United Nations,
creative of that obligation. Since the dispute had in fact arisen pre-
vious to that date, it was accordingly not covered ; or could only be
regarded as covered by a retroactive application of the obligation which
its terms, as they must now be deemed to stand, excluded.
In the Respondent's written Preliminary Objections, what was
postulated as emerging in 1955 was not merely a new jurisdictional
obligation but a whole new "treaty". In the Respondent's Final Sub-
missions, however, as lodged at the end of the oral hearing, what was
referred to was a "revised" Article 17 (4) of the 1927Treaty. It is in
fact clear that no new Treaty as such could have emerged in 1955,
because it was common ground in the case that, apart from the question
of Article 17 (4),the Treaty of 1927 had never ceased to be in force,
and had been operative throughout. At the most, therefore, what
might have happened in 1955 was that the Treaty was amended by
the inclusion in it of a new or revised jurisdictional clause, providingfor a reference to the International Court of Justice instead of to the
former Permanent Court. However, as the Respondent's Submissions
recognize, the limitation ratione temporis regarding the cases which
were justiciable under the Treaty was contained in, or arose from
Articles I and 2, and from the Einal lrotocol to the Treaty. As these
provisions had ex hypothesinever ceased to be in force, they would have
applied automatically to any new or revised obligation when the latter
arose. This must have been so. for othenvise the revised Treatv would
have contained two independent and incompatible sets of requirements
ratione temporis; but in truth, it continued to contain only one set,
since the "revised" obligation (as stated in the Respondent's Final
Submissions) related to Article 17 (4),which itself contained no require-
ment ratione temporis,while the "revision" related only to the substitu-
tion of the present for the former Court. It follows that any new or
revised obligation could only operate ratione temporis in the same way
as the original one, and therefore it must cover al1disputes arising after
the Treaty date.
However, it is not necessary to rely on this conclusion, for in the
opinion of the Court, the grounds on which the second Preliminary
Objection has been rejected in its principal aspect, necessarily entai1
its rejection in its subsidiary aspect also. These grounds are that the
basic obligation to submit to compulsory adjudication was never extin-
guished by the disappearance of the Permanent Court, but was merely
rendered functionally inoperative by the lack of a forum through
which it could be implemented. What therefore happened in 1955,
when this lacuna was made good by Spain's admission to the United
Nations, was that the operation of the obligation revived, because the
means of implementing it had once more become available ; but there
\vas neither any new creation of, nor revision of the basic obligation.
Its operation having revived, by virtue of Article 37 of the Statute,
this obligation could only function in accordance with the terms of the
Treaty providing for it, as the Parties must be deemed to have intended,
and it consequently continued to relate (as it always had done) to any
disputes arising after the Treaty date.
Alternatively, to refer to another part of the grounds on which the
objection in its principal aspect was rejected, once Article37 was appli-
cable, the Court became, in the language of that provision, competent
as between parties to the Statute to adjudicate on any matter which,
under a treaty or convention in force, would have fallen to be referred
to the Permanent Court had it still existed andhad Article 37 never been
framed. The present case is such a matter.
For the reasons given, therefore, the Court rejects the second Pre-
liminary Objection both in its principal and in its subsidiary aspects. Having decided, in rejecting the first Prelirninary Objection, that
the discontinuance of the original proceedings did not bar the Applicant
Government from reintroducing its claim, and having determined, in
rejecting the second Preliminary Objection, that the Court has juris-
diction to entertain the Application, the Court has now to consider the
third and fourth Preliminary Objections which involve the question
of whether the claim is admissible.
In considering whether these Preliminary Objections should be up-
held, the Court recalls the fact that the Applicant has submitted alter-
native pleas that these objections, unless rejected by the Court, should
be joined to the merits. It will therefore be appropriate at this point
to make some general observations about such joinders. These are
effected under Article 62, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, which
reads as follows :
"After hearing the parties the Court shall give its decision on
the objection or shall join the objection to the ments. If the
Court ovemles the objection or joins it to the merits, it shall once
more fix time-limits for the further proceedings."
Since this paragraph repeats verbatim the like provision in the 1936
Rules of the Permanent Court of International Justice, it is pertinent
to take note of the various reasons which that Court gave for deciding
to join a prelirninary objection to the merits.
In the Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy case (Hungary v. Yugoslavia), the
Court, on 23 May 1936, issued an Order joining the Yugoslav objections
to thements because "the questions raised by the first of these objections
and those arising out of the appeal as set forth in the Hungarian Govern-
ment's submissions on the merits are too intimately related and too
closely interconnected for the Court to be able to adjudicate upon the
former without prejudging the latter" ; and because "the further pro-
ceedings on the merits ... will place the Court in a better position to
adjudicate with a full knowledge of the facts upon the second objection"
(P.C.I.J., Series A /B, No. 66, p.9).
Shortly after this, in theLosinger case, the Court, in an Order dated
27 June 1936, stated with reference to a plea to the jurisdiction made
in that case, that such a plea "may be regarded ... as a ... defence on
the merits, or at any rate as being founded on arguments which might
be employed for the purposes of that defence". Consequently,
"the Court might be in danger, were it to adjudicate now upon
the plea to the jurisdiction, of passing upon questions which
appertain to the .merits of the case, or of prejudging their solution".Therefore, the Court concluded, the objection to the jurisdiction
should be joined to the merits, so that "the Court will give its decision
upon it, and if need be, on the merits, in one and the same judgment".
The Court went on to Say in regard to another objection, relating to the
admissibility of the suit, that "the facts and arguments adduced for or
against the two objections are largely interconnected and even, in
some respects, indistinguishable". Accordingly, this objection also
was joined to the merits (P.C.I.J., Series AlB, No. 67, pp. 23-24).
In the Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway case, the Court, in its Order
of 30 June 1938, joining two preliminary objections to the merits,
said tliat-
"at the present stage of the proceedings, a decision cannot be taken
either as to the preiiminary character of the objections or on the
question whether they are well-founded ; any such decision would
raise questions of fact and law in regard to which the Parties are
in several respects in disagreement and which are too closely linked
to the merits for the Court to adjudicate upon them at the present
stage".
Two further reasons which were given were that-
"if it were now to pass upon these objections, the Court would
run the risk of adjudicating on questions which appertain to the
merits of the case or of prejudging their solution"
and that-
"the Court may order the joinder of preliminary objections to the
merits, whenever the interests of the good administration of justice
require it" (P.C.I.J., Series A /B, No. 75, pp. 55-56).
The present Court has been guided by like considerations in the two
cases in which it has had occasion to join the prelirninary objections to
the merits. In the case of CertainNorwegian Loans, the Court, on the
basis of an understanding between the Parties to that effect, joined the
preliminary objections to the merits "in order that it may adjudicate
in one and the same judgment upon these Objections and, if need.be,
on the merits" (I.C.J. Re9orts 1956, p. 74).
In the case concerning Kight of Passage over Indian Territory, the
Court found that both the elucidation of the facts, and the legal effect
or significance of certain practices and circumstances, would beinvolved
in pronouncing on one of the preliminary objections, and that the
Court could therefore not pronounce upon it "without prejudging the
merits". In regard to another objection, the Court said that "having43 BARCELONA TRACTION (JUDGMENT)
heard conflicting arguments" it was "not in a position to determine at
this stage" certain issues which had been raised. It further found
that in regard to certain other questions, it was not "in possession of
sufficient evidence to enable it to pronounce on these questions", and
that to attempt an evaluation of certain factors involved, "although
limited to the purposes of the Sixth Preliminary Objection, would
entai1 the risk of prejudging some of the issues closely connected with
the merits" (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 150-152).
The Permanent Court of International Justice drew attention to an
important aspect of the matter when, as mentioned above, it said that
"the Court rnay order the joinder of preliminary objections to the
merits, whenever the interests of the good administration of justice
require it". But the safeguarding of the rights of respondent States
is equally an essential part of "the good administration of justice",
and it is in the interests of the respondents that the Rules of Court
should contain Article 62 permitting the filing of preliminary objec-
tions. It must not be overlooked however, that respondents are given
broad powers by this provision, since merely by labelling and filing a
plea as a preliminary objection they automatically bring about the
suspension of the proceedings on the merits (paragraph 3 of Article 62).
This assures the respondent State that the Court will give consideration
to its objection before requiring it to respond on the merits ; the Court
takes no further step until after hearing the parties (paragraph 5 of
Article 62-see the discussion on this point by the Permanent Court in
1936, P.C.I. J., SeriesD, Third Addendz~mto No. 2, pp. 646-649). The
attitude of the respondent State is however only one of the elements
that the Court rnay take into consideration ; and paragraph 5 of the
Article simply provides that, after the hearing, "the Court shall give
its decision on the objection or shall join the objection to the merits".
In reaching its conclusion, the Court rnay decide that the objection
does not in fact have a preliminary character, and that therefore,
without prejudice to the right of the respondent Stateto raise the same
question at another stage of the proceedings, if such there be, the objec-
tion cannot be entertained as a "preliminary objection". Again, the
Court rnay find that the objection is properly a preliminary one as,
for example, to the jurisdiction of the Court, and it rnay dispose of it
forthwith, either upholding it or rejecting it. In other situations, of
which examples are given in the cases referred to above, the Court rnay
find that the objection is so related to the merits, or to questions of
fact or law touching the merits, that it cannot be considered separately
without going into the merits (which the Court cannot do while pro-
ceedings on the merits stand suspended under Article 62), or without
prejudging the merits before these have been fully argued. In these
latter situations, the Court will join the preliminary objection to themerits. It will not do so except for good cause, seeing that the object
of a preliminary objection is to avoid not merely a decision on, but
even any discussion of the merits. On the other hand, a joinder does
not in any respect indicate that the objection has been ignored. Indeed,
as happened in the case of CertainNorwegianLoans, the Court, at the
stage of the merits, to which the objections had been joined, upheld an
objection to the jurisdiction, and therefore did not adjudicate upon
the merits at all.
The Court will proceed to consider the third and fourth Preliminary
Objections with these considerations in mind.
By its third Preliminary Objection the Respondent Government denies
the jus standi of the Applicant Government in the present proceedings,
and its legal capacity to protect the Belgian interests on behalf of
which it claims, the Belgian national character of most of these being
also contested. The grounds of the objection can be stated in various
ways, but briefly its main basis is that the acts complained of, said to
engage the international responsibility of the Respondent Government,
took place not in relation to any Belgian natural or juristic person but
to the Barcelona Traction company, which is a juristic entity registered
in Canada, the Belgian interests concerned being in the nature of share-
holding interests in that company. In these circumstances, it is con-
tended that (citing a passage .from the Respondent's final Submissions)
"international law does not recognize, in respect of injury caused by
a State to a foreign company, any diplomatic protection of shareholders
exercised by a State other than the national State of the company".
Hence, it is said, no claim can be made by the Applicarit Government.
The latter, for its part,contests the view of international law thus put
forward, and asserts its right to intervene on behalf of Belgian nationals,
shareholders in the company.
Put as stated above, the objection evidently has a preliminary
character or aspect. But it can also be put in another way, which does
not directly raise the question of the Applicant Government's jus
standi-or does so only at one remove. It can be asked whether
international law recognizes for the shareholders in a company a separate
and independent right or interest in respect of damage done to the
company by a foreign government ; and if so to what extent and in
what circumstances and, in particular, whether those circumstances
(if they exist) would include those of the present case. Put in this
way, the question appears as one not sirnply of the admissibility of the
claim, but of substantive legal rights pertaining to the merits which
are not confined solely to such matters as whether the acts complained
of took place, and if so what their legal effect was, internationaliy :or rather, this latter question itself constitutes the greater part of the
real issue in this case, and pertains to the substantive legal merits. In
short, the question of the jus standi of a government to protect the
interests of shareholders as such, is itself merely a reflection, or con-
sequence, of the antecedent question of what is the juridical situation in
respect of shareholding interests, as recognized by international law.
Where, in a case such as the present one, a government is not merely
purporting to exercise diplomatic protection, but to make a claim before
an international tribunal, it necessarily invokes rights which, so it
contends, are conferred on it in respect of its nationals by the rules of
international law concerning the treatment of foreigners. Hence the
question whether international law does or does not confer those rights
is of the essence of the matter. In short, a finding by the Court that
the Applicant Govemment has no jus standi, would be tantamount to
a finding that these rights did not exist, and that the claim was, for that
reason, not well-founded in substance.
If the Court we're to take the view that the issues raised by the
Respondent's third Preliminary Objection had no other character than
that of substantive issues relating to the merits, it would have to
declare the objection irreceivable as such, and the issues it involved
as being part of the merits. Since however the objection clearly has
certain aspects which are of a preliminary character, or involves ele-
ments which have hitherto tended to be regarded in that light, the
Court will content itself with joining the objection to the merits.
By way of illustration of the sort of situation which the Court con-
siders to exist here, in regard to the question of joinder-and it is not
suggested that there are any other analogies-it may be recalled that
when in the Panevezys-SaldutiskisRailway case the Permanent Court
joined two preliminary objections to the merits, it said in its Order of
30 June 1938 that at the preluninary stage it could not even decide
"as tothe preliminary character of the objections" (P.C.I.J., SeriesA /B,
No. 75, p. 56) ; and subsequently on the merits said that :
"Though it is true that an objection disputing the national
character of a clairn is in principle of a preliminary character, this
is not so in the actual case before the Court" (P.C.I.J., SeriesA /B,
No. 76, p. 17).
It is evident that certain kinds of objections (of which the second
Objection in the present case affords an example) are so unconnected
with the merits that their wholly preliminary character can never be
in doubt. They could anse in connection with almost any set of facts
imaginable, and the Court could have neither reason nor justification
for not deciding them at once, by way either of acceptance or rejection.
Any such clear cut situation is, however, far from existing as regards 46 B.4RCELON.4 TRACTION (JUDGMENT)
the third Preliminary Objection in the present case, and the sarne thing
is even more true of the fourth Objection.
The third Objection involves a number of closely interwoven strands
of mixed law, fact and status, to a degree such that the Court could not
pronounce upon it at this stage in full confidence that it was in posses-
sion of al1 the elements that might have a bearing on its decision.
The existence of this situation received an implicit recognition from the
Parties, by the extent to which, even at this stage, they went into
questions of merits, in the course of their written and oral pleadings.
Moreover, it was particularly on behalf of the Respondent that it was
sought to justify the process of discussing questions of merits, as in-
volving matters pertinent to or connected with the third and fourth
Objections, which the Respondent had itself advanced.
The Court is not called upon to specify which particular points,
relative to the questions of fact and law involved by the third Objec-
tion, it considers an examination of the merits might help to clarify,
or for what reason it might do so. The Court will therefore content
itself by saying that it decides to join this objection to the merits
because-to quote the Permanent Court in the Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy
case (P.C.I.J., SeriesA /B, No. 66, at p. 9)-"the ... proceedings on the
merits ... will place the Court in a better position to adjudicate with a
full knowledge of the facts" ; and because "the questions raised by ...
these objections and those arising ... on the merits are too intimately
related and too closely interconnected for the Court to be able to adju-
dicate upon the former without prejudging the latter".
As regards the fourth Preliminary Objection, the foregoing consider-
ations apply a fortiori for the purpose of requiring it to be joined to
the merits ; for this is not a case where the allegation of failure to
exhaust local remedies stands out as a clear-cut issue of a preliminary
character that can be determined on its own. It is inextricably inter-
woven with the issues of denial of justice which constitute the major
part of the merits. The objection of the Respondent that local remedies
were not exhausted is met al1 along the line by the Applicant's con-
tention that it was, inter alia,precisely in the attempt to exhaust local
remedies that the alleged denials of justice were suffered. This is so
obvious on the face of the pleadings, both written and oral, that the
'Court does not think it necessary to justify it further at this stage, by
any statement or consideration of the events in question, which can be
left until the merits are heard.
Accordingly, the Court decides to join the third and fourth Prelimi-
nary Objections to the merits. For these reasons,
by twelve votes to four,
rejects the first Preliminary Objection ;
by ten votes to six,
rejects the second Preliminary Objection ;
by nine votes to seven,
joins the third Preliminary Objection to the merits ;
by ten votes to six,
joins the fourth Preliminary Objection to the merits.
Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-fourth day of July, one
thousand nine hundred and sixty-four, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium and to the Government
of the Spanish State respectively.
(Signed) Percy C. SPENDER,
President.
(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Registrar.
President Sir Percy SPENDERmakes the following declaration
1 concur in the Judgment of the Court. 1 wish, however, to say a
few words on the second Preliminary Objection of the Government of
Spain.
Whilst the text of Article 37 of the Court's Statute is quite different
to that of Article 36 (5), which was the subject of examination in
Israel v. Bulgaria, and its terms are, in my view, so clear as to admit
of no doubt as to their meaning, it is difficult to discern any decisive
distinction in principle between Article36 (5) and Article 37 in relation
to the cardinal questions raised by the second Prelirninary Objection.
For my part, for reasons which appear in the Joint Dissenting Opinion
in Israel v. Bulgaria, to which 1 continue to adhere, 1 would, apart
from other considerations referred to in the Court's Judgment, be
compelled to reject this Prelirninary Objection. Judge SPI~~OPOULm OaSkes the following declaration
1 regret that1 am unable to share the view of the Court in regard
to the second, third and fourth Preliminary Objections.
As to the second Preliminary Objection, my position is determined
by the Court's Judgment in the case concerning the Aerial Incident
(Israelv. Bulgaria). Starting from the concept that the purpose of
Article 37 of the Statute of the Court is the same as that of Articl36,
paragraph 5, and basing myself on the considerations of the Judgment
in question, 1 consider that the Court should have found that it is
without jurisdiction.
As to the third Preliminary Objection,1 think the Court should have
considered as relevant the arguments on which the Spanish Government
founds its third Preliminary Objection.
Judge KOKETSKY makes the following declaration
1 agree with the Judgment and its reasoning. 1 venture to make
some additional observations as regards the first Preliminary Objection.
Much has been said in the written documents and in the oral pro-
ceedings about discontinuance of the action (désistementd'action) and
discontinuance of the proceedings (désistementd'instance). But this
dichotomy is unltnown to the Rules of Court. Articles 68 and 69 know
only discontinuance of the proceedings in its two possible forms-
either by mutual agreement of the parties (Article 68), or by unilateral
declaration of the applicant (Article69).
Under Article 68 the parties inform the Court in writing either that
they have concluded an agreement as to the settlement of the dispute
or that they are not going on with the proceedings, whilst under
Article 69 the applicant informs the Court that it is not going on with
the proceedings. In either case the Court directs the removal of the
case from its list. Under Article 68 however it officially records the
conclusion of the settlement or the mutual agreement to discontinue,
whilst under Article 69 it officially records the discontinuance of the
proceedings.
The conclusion of a settlement is not the discontinuance of an action
(if one tried to understand the latter expression as the abandonment of
a substantive right), for a settlement is usually the realization of a
right which was in dispute. A dispute may subsequently arise in con-
nection with the implementation of this settlement giving rise (possibly)
to new proceedings.
It is to be recalled that the heading for Articles8 and 69 is "Settle-
ment and Discontinuance". At the tirne of the deliberations on the
Rules of Court in 1935 Judge Fromageot (P.C.I.J., Series D, Acts andDocuments concerning the Organization of the Court, Third Addendum
to No. 2, pp. 313et seq.) said that he "wished to change the heading
of the whole section. The word 'agreement' was not sufficiently
explicit as an indication of its contents." He was of the opinion that
the section should have been héaded : "Settlement and abandonment
of proceedings."
The emphasis on the settlement of the dispute in Article 68 and in
the heading of the section was to al1 appearances not accidental.
Generally speaking, the main task of the Court is to settle disputes
between States. Article 33 of the Charter in the section headed "Pacific
settlement of disputes" provides that "the parties to any dispute .. .
shall ...seek a solution by jamong the peaceful means mentioned there]
judicialsettlement".
In Article 68 settlement occupies the first position. In the light of
the Court's task in the settlement of dis~utes. we have to resolve the
procedural questions in this case, especially the question of the conse-
quences of the discontinuance of the proceedings, the question of the
permissibility of a reinstitution of the proceedings after discontinuance.
The discontinuance of the proceedings in this case was in a sense a
conditional one. Though the Belgian Government made no reservation
of its substantive rights the conditionality of the discontinuance is
evident. One may consider this conditionality as tacit (from a forma1
point of view), implied, but the documents show that a withdrawal of
the proceedings instituted before the Court was demanded of Belgiüm
as a precondition for the opening of negotiations proper (Preliminary
Objections, Introduction, paragraph 4,and Observations, paragraph 25) ;
it was then evident that the demand was related to Belgium's Appli-
cation to the Court, but not to the substantive right, about which
the proceedings were instituted. About what then was it intendèd to
carry on negotiations if it be considered that the Belgian Government,
by the withdrawal of its Application, decided not to remove an obstacle
to promising negotiations but to abandon even its (and its nationals')
substantive rights? If no substantive rights existed there would be no
subject for negotiations. And we may conclude that discontinuance
of the proceedings does not involve an abandonment of a corresponding
substantive right. Discontinuance even by mutual agreement is not
necessarily a pactum de non petendo, which supposes not only discon-
tinuance of a given action but an obligation not to sue at all, which is
tantamount to the abandonment of the claim. And it has not been
proved in this case that tlie renunciation of a substantive right has
taken place.
Judge JESSUP makes the following declaration :
1 am in full agreement with the Court that no one ofthe Preliminary
Objections could be upheld at this.stage, and that the first two mustbe rejected now for reasons stated in the Judgrnent. 1 am also in
accord with what the Court has toSay about the general considerations
which govern a decision to join a preliminary objection to the merits.
1 agree that those general considerations requirthat the third and
fourth Preliminary Objections should be joined to the merits. Con-
sequently, in order to be consistent with those general considerations,
conclusions of law applicable to arguments involved in those two
objections, even though1would find them capable of formulation now,
may appropriately be deferred until a subsequent stageof the case.
Vice-Preside~it WELLIXGTON KOO and Judges TANAKA and
BUSTAMANT ERIVERO append Separate Opinions to the Judgment of
the Court.
Judge MORELLI and Judge ad hoc ARMAND-UGOa Nppend Dissenting
Opinions to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) P.S.
(Initialled) G.-C.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
THE BARCELONA TRACTION, LIGHT
AND POWER COMPANY, LIMITED
(NEW AI'L'LICATION: 1962)
(BELGIUMv.SPAIN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 24 JULY 1964
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARR~TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DE LA BARCELONA
TRACTION, LIGHT AND POWER
COMPANY, LIMITED
(NOUVELLEREQUET :1962)
(BELGIQUEc.ESPAGNE)
EXCEPTIONS PIPÉLIMINAIRES
ARRPT DU 24 JUILLET 1964 Official citat:oii
Barcclona -'raction, Light atadI'oa'erCompany, Limited,
Prclimii1ars Objections,Judgme~at.J.Reports1964, p.t).
Mode officiel(ie citation
Barcclona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited,
e~cepfio~PY~;~~IIZ~;L[avt:tC.T.J.IZfrucil 1964, 1).O.
NO de vente:
Sales number 284 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1964
24 JU~Y YEAR 1964
GeneralList :
No. 50 24 J~Y 1964
CASE CONCERNING
THE BARCELONA TRACTION, LIGHT
AND POWER COMPANY, LIMITED
(NEW APPLICATION : 1962)
(BELGIUM v. SPAIN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Preliminary objections-Competence of the Court-Admissibility of the
claim.
Discontinuance of previous proceedings-Egect of, under Article 69,
paragraph 2, of Court's Rules-Right to bring new proceedings following
upon such a discontinuance-Procedural character of the act of discontin-
uance-Onus of proof as to its linaliin regard to further action before the
Court-Alleged understanding between the Parties as to this finality-
Plea of estoppel precluding further action before the Court-Relevance of
the Treaty founding the jurisdictioof the Court to the question of discon-
tinuance.
Compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by uirtue of Article 37 of the Statute-
Question of relevance to this issue of the case concerning the Aerial Incident
of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bu1garia)--1nterpreta oftiAoticle 37-Effect
of the dissolution of the Permanent Court of International Justicon juris-
dictional clauses prouiding for recourse to that Court, and on the applicability
of Article 37-Positionof States becoming parties to thetatute of the present
Court only after the dissolution of the Permanent Court-Questionof consent
to the exercise ofntpulsory jurisdiction-Interprotationof the jurisdictional
clauses of the Treaty founding the jurisdiction of the Court-Effectin this
respect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court-Effect ratione temporis
of applicabilityof Article 37 to disputes arising between the Tveaty date
and the date when Article 37 became applicable.
Questioias of admissibility-Jus standi or capacity of Applicant Govern-
ment to act-Exhaustion of local remedies vule-Principlesgovevning joindev
of preliminary objections to the mevits-Gvoundc of joinder in respect of
theadmissibility issues. COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
199
24 ju~llet
a4 juillet1964 Rôlegénéral
no 50
AFFAIRE DE LA BARCELONA
TRACTION, LIGHT AND. POWER
COMPANY, LIMITED
(NOUVELLE REQUETE 1:962)
(BELGIQUEc. ESPAGNE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
Exceptions préliminaires - Compétence de la Cour - Recevabilité de
la demande.
Désistementd'une instance antérieure Son e.,et. aux ternies del'art60.e
paragraphe 2, du Règlement - Droit d'introduire une instance noztz*elleà
la suite d'un tel désistementCaractère brocéduralde l'acte de désistem-nt
Charge de la preuve quant au caractère définitif de cet acte pour ce qui est
d'une action ultérieure devant la Cour Entente qui serait intervenzte entre
les Parties quantà ce caractère définitif -Exception fondée sur l'estoppel
empéchanttoute action ultérieure devant la Cour -Intérét queprésente pozrr
la question du désistement le traitésur lequel repose la compétencede la Coztr.
Juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de l'artic37 dzc Statut-
Question de l'intér2t que présente à cet égard l'aoaiïe relative à l'Incident
aériendu 27juillet 1955 (Israc.Bulgarie) - Interprétation de l'art37l-
Eget de la dissolution de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale sur
les clauses juridictionnelles prévoyant le rennoi devant cette Cour et sur l'appli-
cabilité de l'arti37e- Position des Etats qui ne sont deoenus parties azt
Statut de la présente Cour qu'après la dissolution de la Cour permanen-e
Question du consentement à l'exercice de la juridiction obligato-reInter-
prétation des clauses juridictionnellesc traitd sur lequel repose la com>é-
tence de la Cour -Eget à cet égardde la dissolution de la Cour permane-te
Eget ratione temporis de I'applicabilité de l'arti37eà des dioérends nés
entre la date du traité et la datelaquelle l'arti37eest deuenzt applicable.
Questions de recevabilité Jus standi ou qualitédu Gouvernenzent deman-
deur pour agir - Règle de l'épuisement des recours internes -Principes
régissant la jonction au fond d'exceptions préliminairesotifs de jonction
à l'kgard des questions de recevabilité. JUDGMENT
Present: President Sir Percy SPENDER ; Vice-President WELLINGTON
Koo ; Judges WINIARSKIB , ADAWIS , PIROPOULOS Ç,ir Gerald
FITZMAURICE K,ORETSKY, TANAKAB , USTAMANT YERIVERO,
JESSUP,MORELLIP , ADILLANERVO,FORSTERG , ROS; Judges
ad hoc ARMAND-UGON G,ANSHOF VAN DER MEERSCH ;
RegistrarGARNIER-COIGNET.
In the case concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power
Company, Limited,
between
the Kingdom of Belgium,
represented by
M. Yves Devadder, Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and External Trade,
as Agent,
assisted by
Mme Suzanne Bastid, Professor at the Paris Faculty of Law and
Economics,
M. Henri Rolin, Professor emeritus at the Law Faculty of the Free
University of Brussels and #rofesseur associéat- the Strasbourg
Law Faculty, Advocate at the Brussels Court of Apperi!,
M. Georges Sauser-Hall, Professor emeritus of the Universities of
Geneva and Neuchâtel,
M. Jean Van Ryn, Professor at the Law Faculty of the Free Univer-
sity ofBrussels and Advocate at the Belgian Coufrtof Cassation,
M. Angelo Piero Sereni, Professor at the Bologna Faculty of Law,
Advocate at the Italian Court of Cassation, Member of the New
York State and Federal Bars,
Sir John Foster, Q.C., Member of the English Bar,
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Member of the English Bar and Lecturer at
Cambridge University,
as Counsel,
M. Michel Waelbroeck, Lecturer at the Free University of Brussels,
as Assistant Counsel and Secretary,
and
M. Leonardo Prieto Castro, Professor at the Madrid Law Faculty,
M. José Giron Tena, Professor at the Valladolid Law Faculty,
as Expert-Counsel in Spanish law,Présents: Sir Percy SPENDER, Président; M. WELLINGTONKOO,
Vice-PrésidentMM. WINIARSKI,BADAWIS , PIROPOULO sir,
Gerald FITZMAURIC MEM. KORETSKYT ,ANAKAB , USTAMANTE
Y RIVERO ,ESSUP, MORELLIP ,ADILLA NERVO ,ORSTER ,ROS,
juges; MM. ARMAND-UGONG , ANSHOF VAN DER MEERSCH,
juges ad hoc M. GARNIER-COIGNE T,refier.
En l'affaire de la Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company,
Limited,
entre
le Royaume de Belgique,
représentépar
M. Yves Devadder, jurisconsulte du ministère des Affaires étrangères
et du Commerce extérieur,
comme agent,
assistépar
Mme Suzanne Bastid, professeur à la Faculté de droit et des sciences
économiquesde Paris,
M. Henri Rolin, professeur honoraire à la Faculté de droit de l'univer-
sité libre de Bruxelles et professeur associé à la Faculté de droit
de Strasbourg, avocatà la cour d'appel de Bruxelles,
M. Georges Sauser-Hall, professeur honoraire des Universités de
Genève et de Neuchâtel,
M. Jean Van Ryn, professeur à la Faculté de droit de l'université
libre de Bruxelles et avocat la Cour de cassation de Belgique,
M. Ange10 Piero Sereni, professeur à la Faculté de droit de Bologne,
avocat àla Cour de cassation d'Italie, membre du barreau de 1'Etat
et du barreau fédéralde New York,
sir John Foster, Q.C., membre du barreau anglais,
RI.Elihu Lauterpacht, membre du barreau angl~islectureà l'univer-
sitéde Cambridge,
comme conseils,
M.MichelWaelbroeck,chargé de cours àl'université libre deBruxelles,
comme conseil adjoint et secrétaire,
et
M. Leonardo Prieto Castro, professeur à la Faculté de droit de Madrid,
M. JoséGiron Tena, professeur à la Faculté de droit de Valladolid,
comme conseils-experts en droit espagnol, and
the Spanish State,
represented by
M. Juan M. Castro-Rial, Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by
M. Roberto Ago, Professor of International Law at the University
of Rome,
M. Paul Guggenheim, Professor of International Law at the Univer-
sity of Geneva,
M. Antonio Malintoppi, Professor of International Law at the Uni-
versity of Camerino,
M. Paul Reuter, Professor of International Law at the University of
Paris,
Sir Humphrey Waldock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., Chichele Professor of
Public International Law, University of Oxford,
as Advocates and Counsel,
M. Maarten Bos, Professor of International Law at the University
of Utrecht,
M. Jorge Carreras, Professor of Procedural Law at the University
of Pamplona,
M. Eduardo G. de Enterria, Professor of Administrative Law at the
University of Madrid, Maitre des requêteCs,onseild'Etat,
M. Federico de Castro y Bravo, Professor of Civil Law at the Uni-
versity of Madrid, LegalAdviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
M. Antonio de Luna Garcia, Professor of International Law at the
University of Madrid, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
M. José MariaTrias de Bes, Professor emeritus of International Law
at the University of Barcelona, LegalAdviser, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
as Counsel,
and
M. Mariano Baselga y Mantecon, First Secretary at the Spanish
Embassy at The Hague,
as Secretary,
composed as above,
deliversthefollowingJudgment
On 19 June 1962, the Belgian Ambassador to the Netherlands handed
to the Registrar an Application instituting "new proceedings in the
dispute between the Belgian Govemment and the Spanish Government1'Etat espagnol,
représentépar
M. Juan M. Castro-Rial, conseiller juridique du ministère des Affaires
étrangères,
comme agent,
assisté par
M. Roberto \go, professeur .de droit international à l'université de
Rome,
M. Paul Guggenheim, professeur de droit international à l'université
de Genève,
M. Antonio Malintoppi, professeur de droit international à l'univer-
sitéde Camerino,
M. Paul Reuter, professeur de droit international à l'université de
Paris,
sir Humphrey Waldock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., professeur de droit
international à l'université d'Oxford (chaire Chichele),
comme avocats et conseils,
M. Maarten Bos, professeur de droit international à l'université
d'Utrecht,
M. Jorge Carreras, professeur de droit de la procédure à l'université
de Pampelune,
M. Eduardo G. de Enterria, professeur de droit administratif à l'Uni-
versité de Madrid, maître des requêtes au Conseil d'Etat,
M. Federico de Castro y Bravo, professeur de droit civil à l'université
de Madrid, conseiller juridique au ministère des Affaires étrangères,
M.Antonio de Luna Garcia, professeur de droit international à1'Univer;-
sitédeMadrid, conseillerjuridique au ministère desAffaires étrangères,
M. José MariaTrias de Bes, professeur émérite dedroit international
à l'université de Barcelone, conseiller juridique au ministère des
Affaires étrangères,
comme conseils,
et
M. Mariano Baselga y Mantecon, premier secrétaire de l'ambassade
d'Espagne à La Haye,
comme secrétaire,
ainsi composée,
rend l'arrê t~ivant :
Le 19 juin 1962, l'ambassadeur de Belgique aux Pays-Bas a remis au
Greffier la requête introductive cd'une nouvelle instance relative au
différend opposant le Gouvernement belge au Gouvernement espagnolconceniing the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Lim-
ited". The Application refers to an earlier Application by the Belgian
Government against the Spanish Government, dated 15September 1958
and concerning the said company. The latter Application, which was
filed on 23 September 1958, was followed by the filingby the Parties
of a Memorial and Preliminary Objections, and, subsequently, by a
discontinuance referring to Article 69 of the Rules of Court, a discon-
tinuance which the Respondent stated, in accordance with the same
Article, that it did not oppose. By an Order of IO April 1961 the
Court directed that the case be removed from the Court's list.
The Application of the Belgian Government of 19 June 1962 seeks
reparation for damage claimed to have been caused to a number of
Bel~an nationals, said to be shareholders in the Barcelona Traction,
Light and Power Company, Limited, a company under Canadian law,
by the conduct, alleged to have been contrary to international law,
of various organs of the Spanish State in relation to that company and
to other companies of its group. To found the jurisdiction of the
Court the Application relies on Article17 of the Treaty of Conciliation,
Judicial Settlement and Arbitration between Belgium and Spain,
signed on 19 July 1927, and on Article 37 of the Statute of the Court.
In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, the Application was communicated to the Spanish Government.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article, the other Members
of the United Nations and the non-Member States entitled to appear
before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-Memorial
were fixed by an Order of 7 August 1962. The Memorial was filed
within the time-limit fixed. Within the time-limit fixed for the filing
of the Counter-Memorial, which expired on 15March 1963,the Spanish
Government filed Preliminary Objections submitting that the Court
was without jurisdiction and that the claim was inadmissible. Accord-
ingly, an Order of 16 March 1963, which recited that by virtue of
Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Ruies the proceedings on the merits
were suspended, fixed a time-limit for the presentation by the Belgian
Government of a written statenent of its Observations and Submissions
on the Objections. That statement was presented within the time-
limit thus fixed, which expired on Ij August 1963. The case then
became ready for hearing in respect of the Preliminary Objections.
M. W. J. Ganshof van der Meersch, Professor at the Brussels Faculty
of Law, Avocat génératlothe Belgian Court of Cassation, and M. Enrique
C. Armand-Ugon, former President of the Supreme Court of Justice
of Uruguay and a former Member of the International Court of Justice,
were respectively chosen by the Belgian Government and the Spanish
Government, in accordance with Article 31,paragraph 3, of the Statute,
to sit as Judges ad hoc in the present case.
On II to 25 March, I to 23 and 27 to 29 April, and 4 to 15 and
19 May 1964, hearings were h-eld-in thé course of which the Courtausujet de la Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Lirnited ».
La requêtese réfèreà une requêteprécédentedu Gouvernement belge
contre le Gouvernement espagnol datée du 15 septembre 1958 et visant
la même sociétéC .ette requête, déposée le23 septembre 1958,avait été
suivie du dépôt par les Parties d'un mémoire et d'exceptions prélimi-
naires, puis d'un désistement fondé sur l'article 69 du Règlement et
auquel le défendeur avait déclaré,aux termes du mêmearticle, ne pas
faire opposition. Par ordonnance du IO avril 1961, la Cour avait
prescrit la radiation de l'affaire sur son rôle.
La requête du Gouvernement belge du 19 juin 1962 a pour objet la
réparation du préjudice qui aurait été causé à un certain nombre de
ressortissants belges présentéscomme actionnaires de la sociétéde droit
canadien Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, par
le comportement,prétendu contraire au droit des gens, de divers organes
de 1'Etat espagnol à l'égard decette sociétéet d'autres sociétésde son
groupe. Pour établir la juridiction de la Cour, la requête invoque l'ar-
ticle 17 du traité de conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage
entre la Belgique et l'Espagne, signéle 19 juillet1927, ainsi que l'ar-
ticle37 du Statut de la Cour.
Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 2,du Statut de la Cour, la
requêtea étécommuniquée au Gouvernement espagnol. Conformément
au paragraphe 3 du mêmearticle, les autres Membres des Nations Unies,
ainii l& Etats non membres admis àester en justice devant la Cour,
en ont étéinformés.
Les délais pour le dépôt du mémoire et du contre-mémoire ont été
fixéspar ordonnance du 7 août 1962. Le mémoire a étédéposédans le
délai fixé.Dans le délai fixépour le dépôt du contre-mémoire et qui
expirait le 15 mars 1963, le Gouvernement espagnol a présenté des
exceptions préliminaires concluant les unes à l'incompétence de la Cour
et les autres à l'irrecevabilité de la demande. En conséquence,une ordon-
nance du 16 mars 1963, constatant qu'en vertu de l'article 62, para-
graphe 3,du Règlement, la procédure sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé
un délai pour le dépôt par le Gouvernement belge d'un exposé écrit
contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions. Cet exposé
a étéprésentédans le délai ainsi fixé, qui expirait le 15 août 1963.
L'affaire s'est trouvée alors en état pour ce qui est des exceptions préli-
minaires.
En application de l'articl31, paragraphe 3,du Statut, ont étédésignés
pour si6ger comme juges ad hoc dans la présente affaire : par le Gouver-
nement belge, M. W. J. Ganshof van der Meersch,professeur à.la Faculté
de droit de Bruxelles, avocat généralà la Cour de cassation de Belgique,
et par le Gouvernement espagnol, M. Enrique C. Armand-Ugon, ancien
président de la Cour suprême dejustice de l'Uruguay et ancien membre
de la Cour internationale de Justice.
Des audiences ont été tenues du II au 25 mars, du I~~ au 23 avril, du
27 au 29 avril, du4 au 15 mai et le 19 mai 1964, durant lesquelles ontheard the oral arguments and replies of M. Castro-Rial, Agent, M. Reuter,
Sir Humphrey Waldock, MM. Guggenheim, Ago, Malintoppi, Counsel,
on behalf of the Spanish Government ; and of M. Devadder, Agent,
MM. Rolin, Van Ryn, Sereni, Mme Bastid, Mr. Lauterpacht, M. Sauser-
Hall, Counsel, on behalf of the Belgian Government.
In the written proceedings, the following Submissions were presented
by the Parties :
On behalf of the Government oj Belgium,
in the Application :
"May it please the Court
I. to adjudge and declare that the measures, acts, decisions
and omissions of the organs of the Spanish State described in the
present Application are contrary to international law and that the
Spanish State is under an obligation towards Belgium to make
reparation for the consequential damage suffered by Belgian
nationals, individuals or legal perçons, being shareholders of
Barcelona Traction ;
2. to adjudge and declare that this reparation should, as far
as possible, ailnul al1 the consequences which these acts contrary
to international law have had for the said nationals, and that the
Spanish State is therefore under an obligation to secure, if possible,
the annulment of the adjudication in bankruptcy and of the
judicial and other acts resulting therefrom, obtaining for the
injured Belgian nationals el1 the legal effec'cswhich should result
for them from this annulment ; further, to determine the amount
of the compensation to be paid by the Spanish State to the Belgian
State by reason of al1 the incidental damage sustained by Belgian
nationals as a result of the acts complained of, including the
deprivation of enjoyment of rights and the expenses incurred in
the defence of their rights ;
3. to adjudge and declare, in the event of the annulment of
the consequences of the acts complained of proving impossible,
that the Spanish State shall be under an obligation to pay to the
Belgian State, by way of compensation, a sum equivalent to
88 per cent. of the net value of the business on 12 February 1948 ;
this compensation to be increased by an amount corresponding to al1
the incidental damage suffered by theBelgian nationals as the result
of the acts complained of, including the deprivation of enjoyment
of rights and the expenses incurred in the defence of their rights" ;
in the Memorial:
"May it please the Court :
1. to adjudge and declare that the measures, acts, decisions
and omissions of the organs of the Spanish State described in theété entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses pour le Gouvernement
espagnol, M. Castro-Rial, agent, M. Reuter, sir Humphrey Waldock,
MM. Guggenheim, Ago, Malintoppi, conseils ; et pour le Gouvernement
belge, M. Devadder, agent, MM. Rolin, Van Ryn, Sereni, MmeBastid,
MM. Lauterpacht, Sauser-Hall, conseils.
Dans la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont étéprésentées
par les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernementbelge,
dans la requête :
(Plaise à la Cour :
I. dire et juger que les mesures, actes, décisionset omissions des
organes de 1'Etat espagnol décrits dans la présente requête sont
contraires au droit des gens et que 1'Etat espagnol est tenu, à l'égard
de la Belgique, de réparer le'prhjudice qui en est résulté pourles
ressortissants belges, personnes physiques et morales, actionnaires
de la Barcelona Traction ;
2. dire et juger que cette réparation doit, autant que possible,
effacer toutes les conséquences que ces actes contraires au droit des
gens ont eues pour lesdits ressortissants et que 1'Etat espagnol est
tenu, dès lors, d'assurer, si possible, l'annulation du jugement de
faillite et des actes judiciaires et autres qui en ont découlé,en assu-
rant aux ressortissants belges léséstous les effets juridiques devant
résulter pour eux de cette annulation ; déterminer, en outre,
l'indemnité à verser par 1'Etat espagnol à 1'Etat belge à raison de
tous les préjudices accessoires subis par les ressortissants belges par
suite des actes incriminés, en ce compris la privation de jouissance
et les frais exposéspour la défensede leurs droits ;
3. dire et juger, au cas où l'effacement des conséquences des actes
incriminés serévéleraitimpossible, que 1'Etat espagnol sera tenu de
verser à 1'Etat belge, à titre d'indemnité, une somme équivalant à
88% de la valeur nette de I'affaire au 12 février 1948 ; cette indem-
nité devant êtreaugmentée d'une somme correspondant à tous les
préjudices accessoires subis par les ressortissants belges par suite
des actes incriminés, en ce compris la privation de jouissance et les
frzis exposéspour la défensede leurs droits );
dans le mémoire:
(Plaise à la Cour :
1. Dire et juger que les mesures, actes, décisionset omissions des
organes de 1'Etat espagnol décrits dans le présent mémoire sont present Memorial are contrary to international law and that the
Spanish State is under an obligation towards Belgium to make
reparation for the consequential damage suffered by Belgian
nationals, individuals or legal persons, being shareholders of
Barcelona Traction ;
II. to adjudge and declare that this reparation should, as far
as possible, annul al1 the consequences which these acts contrary
to international law have had for the said nationals, and that the
Spanish State is therefore under an obligation to secure, if possible,
the annulment by administrative means of the adjudication in
bankruptcy and of the judicial and other acts resulting therefrom,
obtaining forthe said injured Belgian nationals al1the legal effects
which should result for thém from this annulment; further, to
determine the amount of the compensation to be paid by the
Spanish State to the Belgian State by reason of al1 the incidental
damage sustained by Belgian nationals as a result of the acts
complained of, including the deprivation of enjoyrnent of rights
and the expenses incurred in the defence of their rights ;
III. to adjudge and declare, in the event of the annulment of
the consequences of the acts complained of proving impossible,
that the Spanish State shall be under an obligation to pay to
the Belgian State, by way of compensation, a sum equivalent to
88 percent. of the sum of $88,6oo,ooo arrived at in paragraph 379
of the preseni Memorial, this compensation to be increased by an
amount corresponding to al1 the incidental damage suffered by
the said Belgian nationals as the result of the acts complained of,
including the deprivation of enjoyment of rights, the expenses
incurred in the defence of their rights and the equivalent in capital
and interest of the amount of Barcelona Traction bonds held by
Belgian nationals and of their other claims on companies in the
group which it was not possible to recover owing to the acts com-
plained of."
On behalf ofthe Gcge~nmentof Spain,
in the Preliminary Objections,
on the first Preliminary Objection
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that it has no jurisdiction to admit or adjudicate upon the
claim made in the Belgian Application of 1962, al1 jurisdiction
on the part of the Court to decide questions relating to that claim,
whether with regard to jurisdiction, admissibility or the merits,
having come to an end by the letters of the Belgian and Spanish
Governments respectively dated 23 March and 5 April 1961 wliich
the Court placed on record in its Order of IO April 1961" ; contraires au droit des gens et que 1'Etat espagnol est tenu, à l'égard
de la Belgique, de réparer le préjudice qui en est résultépour les
ressortissants belges, personnes physiques et morales, actionnaires
de la Barcelona Traction.
II. Dire et juger que cette réparation doit, autant que possible,
effacer toutes les conséquencesque ces actes contraires au droit des
gens ont eues pour lesdits ressortissants et que 1'Etat espagnol est
tenu, dès lors, si possible, d'assurer par voie administrative l'annu-
lation du jugement de faillite et des actes judiciaires et autres qui
en ont découlé, enassurant auxdits ressortissants belges léséstous
les effets juridiques devant résulter pour eux de cette annulation ;
déterminer, en outre, l'indemnité à verser par 1'Etat espagnol à
1'Etat belge à raison de tous les préjudices accessoires subis par les
ressortissants belges par suite des actes incriminés, en ce compris la
privation de jouissance et les frais exposés pour la défensede leurs
droits.
III. Dire et juger, au cas où l'effacement des conséquences des
actes incriminés se révélerait impossible, que 1'Etat espagnol sera
tenu de verser à 1'Etat belge, à titre d'indemnité, une somme équi-
valant à 88% du montant de $88 600 ooo fixéau paragraphe 379
du présent mémoire,cette indemnité devant être augmentée d'une
somme correspondant à tous les préjudices accessoires subis par
lesdits ressortissants belge; par suite des actes incriminés, en ce
compris la privation de jouissance, les frais exposéspour la défense
de leurs droits et l'équivalent en capital et intérêtsdu montant des
obligations de la Barcelona Traction détenues par des ressortissants
belges et de leurs autres créancesà charge des sociétésdu groupe,
dont le recouvrement n'a pu avoir lieu par suite des actes dénoncés. ))
Au nom du Gouvernement esfiagnol,
dans les exceptions préliminaires,
sur la première exception préliminaire
((Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger :
qu'elle est incompétente pour recevoir ou pour juger la réclarna-
tion formuléedans la requêtebelge de 1962, toute juridiction de la
Cour pour décider des questions se référant à cette réclamation, soit
à la compétence, à la recevabilité ou au fond, ayent pris fin par les
lettres desGouvernements belge et espagnolen date, respectivement,
du 23 mars et du 5avril 1961, et dont la Cour a pris acte dans son
ordonnance du IO avril 1961 »;on the principal second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that it has no jurisdiction to entertain or decide the claims
advanced in the Application and the Memorial of the Belgian
Government, Article 17 of the Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial
Settlement and Arbitration not having created between Spain and
Belgium a bond of compulsory jurisdiction in respect of the Inter-
national Court of Justice which could enable the Belgian Govern-
ment to submit an Application to that Court" ;
on the alternative second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that it has no jurisdiction to entertain or decide the claims
advanced in the Belgian Application and Memorial, the dispute
raised by Belgium having arisen from and relating to situations
and facts prior to the date on which the jurisdiction of the Court
could have produced its effects in relations between Spain and
Belgium (14December 1955) ;"
on the third Prelirninary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that the claim advanced by the Belgian Government in its
Application and Memorial, in each and every one of the three
submissions in which it is expressed, is definitively inadmissible
for want of capacity on the part of the Belgian Government in
the present case, in view of the fact that the Barcelona company
does not possess Belgian nationality and that in the case in point
it is not possible to allow diplomatic action or international judi-
cial proceedings on behalf of the alleged Belgian shareholders of
the company on account of the damage which the company asserts
it has suffered" ;
on the fourth Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare :
that the Application filed by the Belgian Government concerning
the alleged damage caused to Barcelona Traction by the measures
of which it has been the object on the part of the organs of the
Spanish State is definitively inadmissible for want of utilization
of the local remedies."sur la deuxième exception préliminaire principale :
« Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger :
qu'elle est incompétente pour connaître ou décider des demandes
formui-éespar la requête et le mémoire du Gouvernement belge,
l'article17 du traité de conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'ar-
bitrage n'ayant pas crééentre l'Espagne et la Belgique un lien de
juridiction obligatoire devant la Cour internationale de Justice
qui puisse permettre au Gouvernement belge de soumettre une
requêteà cette Cour »;
sur la deuxième exception préliminaire subsidiaire :
« Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger :
qu'elle est incompétente pour connaître ou décider des demandes
formulées par la requêteet le mémoire belges, le différend soulevé
par la Belgique étant né et se rapportant à des situations et des
faits antérieurs à la date à laquelle la juridiction de la Cour aurait
pu déployerseseffets dans les relations entre l'Espagne et la Belgique
(14 décembre 1955 »);
sur la troisième exception préliminaire :
« Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger :
que la demande formulée par le Gouvernement belge dans sa
requête et dans son mémoire, dans toutes et chacune des trois
conclusions dans lesquelles elle est articulée, est définitivement
irrecevable pour défaut de qualité du Gouvernement belge, dans la
présente affaire, étant donné que la société Barcelona n'a pas la
nationalité belge et que dans le cas d'espèce, l'onne saurait admettre
une action diplomatique ou judiciaire internationale en faveur
des prétendus actionnaires belges de la sociétépour le préjudice
que cette dernière affirme avoir subi »;
sur la quatrième exception préliminaire :
« Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger :
que la requête introduite par le Gouvernement belge au sujet
du prétendu préjudice causéà la Barcelona Traction par les mesures
dont elle a Cté l'objet de la part des organes de 1'Etat espagnol,
est définitivement irrecevable pour défaut d'utilisation des voies
de recours internes. )) On behalfof the Governmentof Belgium,
in the Observations and Submissions in reply to the Preliminary Objec-
tions,
on the first Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare that the arguments put fonvard by the
Spanish Government are inadmissible in so far as that Governnient
relies on alleged ambiguities which it did not remove as it was in
duty bound and able to do ;
that these arguments are in any case unfounded and that the
discontinuance of the proceedings instituted by the Application
of 15 September 1958is no bar to the institution of a new applica-
tion, the dispute betyeen the Parties not having been the subject
of any settlement and persisting to the present day" ;
on the principal second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to adjudge and declare that the Preliminary Objection No. 2 is
inadmissible ;
in the alternative, that it has jurisdiction to hear and determine
the claims put fonvard by the Belgian Government in its Applica-
tion founded on Article 17, paragraph 4, of the Spanish-Relgian
Treaty of 1927 and Article 37 of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice" ;
on the alternative second Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court,
to dismiss the alternative Preliminary Objection No. 2 raised
by the Spanish Govement and declare that it has jurisdiction to
deal with the dispute submitted to it by the Belgian Government's
Application" ;
on the third Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court :
to dismiss the Preliminary Objection No. 3 raised by the Spanish
Government and declare that the claim of the Belgian Government
is admissible ;
in the alternative, to defer a decision on this Objection No. 3
and join it to the merits" ; B.4RCELONA TRACTION (ARRÊT) I3
Au nom du Gouvernement belge,
dans les observations et conclusions en réponse aux exceptions prélimi-
naires,
sur la première exception préliminaire
((Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger que les moyens invoqués par le Gouvernement
espagnol sont irrecevables dans la mesure où ce gouvernement se
prévaut de prétendues équivoques qu'il n'a pas dissipéescomme il
en avait le devoir et la possibilité ;
que ces moyens sont en toute hypothèse non fondés et que le
désistement de l'instance introduite par la requêtedu 15 septembre
1958 ne fait nullement obstacle à l'introduction d'une nouvelle
requête, le différend entre les Parties n'ayant fait l'objet d'aucun
règlement amiable et subsistant encore aujourd'hui ));
sur la deuxième exception préliminaire principale
(Plaise à la Cour,
dire et juger que l'exception préliminaire no 2 est irrecevable ;
subsidiairement, qu'elle est compétente pour connaître et décider
des demandes formulées par le Gouvernement belge par requête
fondée sur l'article 17, paragraphe 4, du traité hispano-belge de
1927 et l'article37 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice n ;
sur la deuxième exception préliminaire subsidiaire :
(Plaise à la Cour,
rejeter l'exception préliminaire subsidiaire no 2 présentéepar le
Gouvernement espagnol et se déclarer compétente pour connaître
du différend qui lui a étésoumis par requête du Gouvernement
belge );
sur la troisième exception préliminaire :
Plaise à la Cour :
rejeter l'exception préliminaire no 3 soulevée par le Gouverne-
ment espagnol et dCclarer le Gouveinement belge recevable en sa
demande ;
subsidiairement, surseoir à statuer sur cette exception no 3 et la
joindre au fond de la cause ));on the fourth Preliminary Objection :
"May it please the Court :
to declare Objection No. 4 to be unfounded, or if not to join it
to the merits and defer a decision on it in so far as it applies to
certain of the complaints against the decisions of the Spanish
judicial authorities made in the Belgian Government's claim."
In the oral proceedings the following Submissions were presented by
the Parties :
On behalfof the Governmentof Belgium,
at the closure of the hearing on 23 April 1964 :
"May it please the Court
to adjudge and declare that the arguments put fonvard by the
Spanish Government in support of Preliminary Objection No. I
are inadmissible in so far as that Government relies on alleged
ambiguities which it did not remove as it was in duty bound and
able to do ;
that these arguments are in any case unfounded and that the
discontinuance of the proceedings instituted by the Application
of 15 September 1958 is no bar to the institution of a new appli-
cation, the dispute between the Parties still persisting today ;
to adjudge and declare that the principal Preliminary Objection
No. 2 is inadmissible ;
in the alternative, to declare that it is not well-foilrided and to
adjudge and declare that the Court has jurisdiction to hear and
determine the claims put fonvard by the Belgian Govemment by
an Application relying on Article 17, paragraph 4, of the Spanish-
Belgian Treaty of 19 July 1927 and Article 37 of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice ;
to dismiss the alternative Preliminary Objection No. 2 raised by
the Spanish Government ;
to adjudge and declare that the Court has jurisdiction to hear
and determ:ne the claims put fonvard by the Belgian Government
by an Application relying on Article 17, paragraph 4, of the
Spanish-Belgian Treaty of 19 July 1927 and Article 37 of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, there being no
ratione temporis restriction which can be validly advanced to deny
such jurisdiction ;
to dismiss as irrelevant in the present proceedings Preliminary
Objection No. 3 in so far as it is based on alleged protection by
the Applicant Government of the Barcelona Traction Company
incorporated under the laws of Canada ;sur la quatrième exception préliminaire
((Plaise à la Cour :
déclarer l'exception no 4 non fondée, sauf à la joindre au fond et
à surseoir à statuer en tant qu'elle s'applique à certains des griefs
formulésdans la demande du Gouvernement belge contre les déci-
sions des autorités judiciaires espagnoles. »
Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions ci-après ont étéprésen-
téespar les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernementbelge,
à l'issue de l'audience du 23 avril 1964 :
((Plaise à la Cour
dire et juger que les moyens invoqués par le Gouvernement
espagnol à l'appui de l'exception préliminaire no I sont irrecevables
dans la mesure où ce gouvernement se prévaut de prétendues équi-
voques qu'il n'a pas dissipées corne il en avait le devoir et la
possibilité;
que ces moyens sont, en toute hypothèse, non fondés et que le
désistement de l'instance introduite par la requêtedu 15 septembre
1958 ne fait nullement obstacle à l'introduction d'une nouvelle re-
quête,le différend entre les Parties subsistant encore aujourd'hui ;
dire et juger que l'exception préliminaire principale no 2 est
irrecevable ;
subsidiairement, la déclarer non f~ndéeet dire et juger que la
Cour est compétente pour connaître et décider des demandes for-
mulées par le Gouvernement belge par requête s'appuyant sur
l'articl17, paragraphe 4,du traité hispano-belge du 19 juillet1927
et l'articl37 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice ;
rejeter l'exception préliminaire subsidiaire no 2 présentéepar le
Gouvernement espagnol ;
dire et juger que la Cour est compétente pour connaître et décider
des demandes formulées par le Gouvernement belge par requête
fondée sur l'article 17, paragraphe 4, du traité hispano-belge du
19 juillet 1927 et l'article37 du Statut de la Cour internationale
de Justice, aucune limitation ratione temporis ne pouvant êtrevala-
blement opposée à cette compétence ;
écarter comme sans pertinence dans la présente instance l'excep-
tion préliminaire no 3 en tant qu'elle se fonde sur une prétendue
protection par le Gouvernement demandeur de la sociétéde droit
canadien Barcelona Traction ; furthermore, to dismiss the said objection in so far as it seeks
to deny the Applicant Government the right in the present case
to take up the case of its nationals, natural and juristic perçons,
who are shareholders of Barcelona Traction ;
in the alternative, to join the third Objection to the merits;
to dismiss Preliminary Objection No. 4 ;
in the alternative, should the Court consider in respect of certain
complaints that it cannot find that sufficient use has been made
of the local means of redress relating to them without examining
the content and validity of the Spanish judicial decisions by
which the remedies in fact sought were disposed of, to join the
objection to the merits."
On behalf of the Governmentof Spain,
at the closure of the hearing on 8 May 1964
"May it please the Court :
For any of these reasons, and al1others set out in the written and
oral proceedings, or for al1 of these reasons,
Firstly, since any jurisdiction of the Court to decide issues
relating to the claim formulated in the new Belgian Application
of 1962, either to competence, to admissibility or to the merits,
came to an end as a result of the letters of the Belgian and Spanish
Governments, respectively dated 23 March and j April 1961,
which the Court placed on record in its Order of IO April 1961 ;
Secondly, since the Court is without jurisdiction to deal with the
present case, the jurisdictional clause of Article 17 of the Treaty
of Conciliation,Judicial Settlement and Arbitration of 19 July 1927
not having created between Spain and Belgium a jurisdictional
nexus enabling the Belgian Government to submit -the Barcelona
Traction dispute to the International Court of Justice ;
Thirdly, since the Belgian Government is without capacity in
the present case, having regard to the fact that the Barcelona
Traction company, which is still the object of the clairn referred
to the Court, does not possess Belgian nationality ; and having
regard also to the fact that no clairn whatsoever can be recognized
in the present case on the basis of the protection of Belgian na-
tional~, being shareholders of Barcelona Traction,as the principal of
these nationals lacks the legal status ofa shareholder of Barcelona
Traction, and as international law does not recognize, in respect
ofinjury caused by a State to a foreign company, any diplomatic
protection of shareholders exercised by a State other than the
national State of the company ; rejeter pour le surplus ladite exception en tant qu'elle vise à faire
refuser au Gouvernement demandeur le droit de prendre dans la
présente affaire fait et cause pour ses ressortissants, personnes phy-
siques et morales, qui sont actionnaires de la Barcelona Traction ;
subsidiairement, joindre la troisième exception au fond ;
rejeter l'exception préliminaire no 4 ;
subsidiairement, dans le cas où la Cour estimerait, à l'égard de
certains griefs, ne pas pouvoir reconnaître l'usage suffisant des voies
de recours interne les concernant sans examiner le contenu et la
valeur des décisions judiciaires espagnoles par lesquelles les recours
effectivement intentés ont été exécutés, joindre l'exception au
fond. »
Au nom du Gouvernementespagnol,
à l'issue de l'audience du 8 mai 1964 :
((Plaise à la Cour :
Pour l'un quelconque de ces motifs, et tous autres énoncésdans
la procédure écriteet orale, ou pour tous ces motifs à la fois,
Premièrement, du fait que toute juridiction de la Cour pour déci-
der des questions se référant à la réclamation formulée dans la
nouvelle requêtebelge de 1962, quant à la compétence, quant à la
recevabilité ou quant au fond, a pris fin à la suite des lettres des
Gouvernements belge et espagnol, en date, respectivement, du
23 mars et du 5 avril 1961, et dont la Cour a pris acte dans son
ordonnance du IO avril 1g6I ;
Deuxièmement, du fait que la Cour est incompétente pour con-
naître de la présente affaire, la clause juridictionnelle de l'article 17
du traité de-conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage du
rg juillet 1927 n'ayant pas crééentre l'Espagne et la Belgique un
lien de juridiction permettant au Gouvernement belge de soumettre
le différend de la Barcelona Traction à la Cour internationale de
Justice ;
Troisièmement, du fait que le Gouvernement belge est sans qualité
en la présente affaire, étant donnéque la sociétéBarcelonaTraction,
qui reste toujours le destinataire de la réclamation soumise à la
Cour, n'a pas de nationalité belge ; et étant donné également que
l'on ne saurait admettre en l'espèce une demande quelconque au
titrede la protection de ressortissants belges, actionnaires de la
Barcelona Traction, le principal de ces ressortissants n'ayant pas
la qualité juridique d'actionnaire de la Barcelona Traction, et le
droit international n'admettant pas, en cas de préjudice causépar
un Etat à une sociétéétrangère, une protection diplomatique
d'actionnaires exercée par un Etat autre que 1'Etat national de la
société; Fo~rthly, since the local remedies and procedures were not used
by Barcelona Trcction, as required by international law ;
to adjudge and declare :
that the Application fdéd by the Belgian Government on
14 June 1962 and the final Submissions presented by it are defini-
tively inadmissible."
In the present case, the Applicant Government alleges injury and
damage to Belgian interests in a Canadian registered company, known
as the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, result-
ing from treatment of the company in Spain said to engage the inter-
national responsibility of the Respondent Government. In opposition
to the Belgian Application, the Respondent Government has advanced
four objections as being objections in respect of the competence of the
Court or the admissibility of the claim, and as having a preliminary
character. Briefly summarized, these objections are :
(1) that the discontinuance, under Article 69, paragraph 2, of the
Court's Rules, of previous proceedings relative to the same events in
Spain, disentitled the Applicant Government from bringing the present
proceedings ;
(2) that even if this waç not the case, the Court is not competent,
because the necessary jurisdictional basis requiring Spain to submit
to the jurisdiction of the Court does not exist ;
(3)that even if the Court is competent, the claim is inadmissible
because the Applicant Government lacks any jus standi to intervene
or make a claim on behalf of Belgian interests in a Canadian company,
assuming that the Belgian character of such interests were established ;
and
(4)that even if the Applicant Govemment has the necessary jus
standi, the claim still remains inadmissible because local remedies in
respect of the alleged wrongs and damage were not exhausted.
The original Belgian Application to the Court in respect of the events
said to engage the responsibility of the Respondent Government and
to entitle the Applicant Government to intervene, was filed on23 Sep- Quatrièmement,du fait que les voies et moyens de recours interne
n'ont pas étéutiliséspar la Barcelona Traction, ainsi que l'exige le
droit international ;
dire et juger :
que la requête introduite par le Gouvernement belge le 14 juin
1962 ainsi que les conclusions finales qu'il a présentéessont défini-
tivement irrecevables. ))
Dans la présente affaire, le Gouvernement demandeur prétend que
des intérêtsbelges dans une sociétéconstituée au Canada, la Barcelona
Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, ont étéatteints et lésés
par suite du traitement dont cette sociétéaurait étél'objet en Espagne et
qui engagerait la responsabilitt internationale du Gouvernement défen-
deur. A l'encontre de la requête belge, le Gouvernement défendeur a
présentéquatre exceptions visant la compétence de la Cour ou la rece-
vabilité de la demande et ayant selon lui un caractère préliminaire.
Brièvement résumées,ces exceptions sont les suivantes :
I. le fait qu'il a étémis fin, en application de l'artic69, paragraphe 2,
du Règlement de la Cour, à l'instance antérieure relative aux mêmes
événementssurvenus en Espagne a enlevéau Gouvernement demandeur
le droit d'introduire la présente instance ;
2. mêmesi tel n'est pas le cas, la Cour n'est pas compétente car la
base juridictionnelle indispensable pour obliger l'Espagne à se soumettre
à la juridiction de la Cour n'existe pas ;
3. mêmesi la Cour est compétente, la demande est irrecevable parce
que le Gouvernement demandeur n'a aucunement qualité pour inter-
venir ou présenterune demande au nom d'intérêtsbelges dans une société
canadienne, à supposer que le caractère belge de ces intérêtssoit établi ;
4. mêmesi le Gouvernement demandeur a la qualité voulue pour
agir, la demanden'en demeure pas moins irrecevableparce que les recours
internes n'ont pas étéépuisésà l'égard des griefs et du préjudice qui
auraient étécausés.
La première requêteque la Belgique adressa à la Cour au sujet de faits
qui, d'après elle, engageaient la responsabilité du Gouvernement défen-
deur et autorisaient le Gouvernement demandeur àintervenir fut dCposCetember 1958, and was followed in due course by the deposit of a Belgian
Memorial, and of a set of Spanish preliminary objections having the
sarne character as the second, third and fourth Preliminary Objections
in the present case. Before the Belgian observations on these objec-
tions were received however (the proceedings on the merits having
been suspended under Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules), the
representatives of the private Belgian and Spanish interests concerned
decided to engage in negotiations for a settlement. In connection with
this decision, and in circumstances which will be more fully stated
later, the Applicant Government informed the Court on 23 March 1961
that "at the request of Belgian nationals the protection of whom was
the reason for the filing of the Application in the case [and] availing
itself of the right conferred upon it by Article 69 of the Rules of Court
[it was] not going on with the proceedings instituted by that Applica-
tion". Nothing more was stated in the notice as to the motives for the
discontinuance, and nothing as to the Applicant's future intentions.
Since the case fell under paragraph 2 of Article 69 of the Rules (the
Respondent having taken a step in the proceedings) the discontinuance
could not become final unless, within a time-limit to be indicated by
the Court, no objection should be received from the Respondent Gov-
ernment. Within the time-limit so fixed, however, a notification was
in fact received from that Government stating that it "had no objection
to the discontinuance". No motivation or condition was attached to
this notification, and on IO April 1961 the Court made an Order in the
terms of Article 69, paragraph 2, "recording the discontinuance of the
proceedings and directing the removal of the case from the list". In
due course discussions between representatives of the private interests
concerned took place but, no agreement being reached, the Application
introducing the present proceedings was filed on 19 June 1962.
The Applicant Government maintains that the discontinuance re-
corded by the Court's Order of IO April 1961was no more than a termina-
tion of thethen current proceedingsbefore the Court ; and that the nego-
tiations in view of which it was made having broken down, the Applicant
was fully entitled to bring new proceedingsin regard to the sarne matters
of complaint. The Respondent Government, on the other hand, con-
tends that, both in principle and in the light of the circumstances
obtaining,this discontinuance precluded the Applicant Government from
bringing any furthcr proceedings, and in particular the present ones.
The main arguments advanced by the Respondent in support of its
contention are as follows :
Firstly, that a discontinuance of proceedings under Article 69 of the
Rules is in itself a purely procedural act, the real import of which canle 23 septembre 1958 et suivie, en temps voulu, du dépôt du mémoire
belge puis de plusieurs exceptions préliminaires espagnoles ayant le
mêmecaractère que les deuxième, troisième et quatrième exceptions
préliminaires formuléesen la présente affaire. Toutefois, avant la récep-
tion des observations belges relatives à ces exceptions (la procédure sur
le fond ayant étésuspendue en vertu de l'article 62, paragraphe 3, du
Règlement), les représentants des intérêtsprivésbelges et espagnols en
cause décidèrent d'engager des négociations en vue d'un arrangement.
Eu égard à cette décision,le Gouvernement dema.ndeur porta à la con-
naissance de la Cour le 23 mars 1961, dans des circonstances qui seront
ultérieurement exposkes de façon plus complète, que : (A la demande de
ressortissants belges dont la protection [avait] motivé l'introduction de
la requête relative à l'affaire [et] faisant usage de la faculté que lui [don-
nait] l'article 69 du Règlement de la Cour, il [renonçait] à poursuivre
l'instance introduite par ladite requête. ))La lettre de désistement ne
disait rien de plus quant aux motifs du désistement, ni quant aux inten-
tions du demandeur pour l'avenir. L'article 69, paragraphe 2, du Règle-
ment étant en l'espèce applicable car la Partie défenderesse avait fait
acte de procédure, le désistement ne pouvait devenir définitif que si,
dans un délai que la Cour avait à préciser, aucune opposition n'était
faitepar le Gouvernement défendeur. Dans le délai ainsi fixé,ce gouver-
nement notifia effectivement qu'il ((ne [formulait] pas d'opposition à ce
désistement a. Cette notification n'était assortie d'aucun motif ni d'au-
cune condition et, le IO avril 1961, la Cour rendit une ordonnance aux
termes de l'article 69, paragraphe 2, ((prenant acte [du désistement] et
prescrivant la radiation de l'affaire sur le rôle ))Ultérieurement, des
discussions entre des représentants des intérêtsprivés en cause eurent
lieu mais, faute d'accord, la requête introduisant la présente instance
fut déposée le19 juin 1962.
Le Gouvernement demandeursoutient que le désistement dont la Cour
a pris acte dans son ordonnance du IO avril 1961 a simplenient mis fin à
l'instance alors pendante devant la Cour et que, les négociations en con-
sidération desquelles le désistement avait eu lieu n'ayant pas abouti, le
demandeur était pleinement fondé à introduire une nouvelle procédure
du chef des mêmes griefs. Le Gouvernement défendeur, de son côté,
affirme que, tant en principe qu'en tenant compte des circonstances de
l'affaire, ceésiqement empêchaitle Gouvernement demandeur d'intro-
duire toute nouvelle procédure et en particulier la présente procédure.
Les principaux arguments avancés par le défendeur à l'appui de sa
thèse sont les suivants :
firemièrement, un désistement intervenu en application de l'article 69
du Règlement est en soi un acte purement procddural dont la portéeonly be established by reference to the surrounding circumstances-
the fact that it does not contain an express renunciation of any further
right of action not being conclusive ;
secondly, that in principle however, a discontinuance must be taken
to involve such a renunciation unless the contrary is stated, or the
right to take further action is expressly reserved ;
thirdly, that in the present case there was an understanding between
the Parties that the discontinuance did involve such a renunciation
and would be final, not only as regards the current proceedings but also
for the future ;
fourthly, that even if there was no such understanding, the Applicant
Government conducted itself in such a way as to lead the Respondent
to believe that the discontinuance would be, in the above-mentioned
sense, final, but for which the Respondent would not have agreed to it,
and in consequence of which the Respondent suffered prejudice ;
finallv-a contention of a somewhat different order-that the intro-
duction of new proceedings in regard to the same matters of complaint
was incompatible with the spirit and economy of the treaty under
which the Applicant sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court.
Before examining these various contentions, the Court will deal
with certain preliminary matters.
The present case is one in which the Court is called upon for the
first time to consider the effect of a discontinuance followed by new
proceedings. This is because, ordinarily, discontinuances have been
final in fact, whether or not they would have proved to be so in law
had an attempt to bring further proceedings been made. Sometirnes a
discontinuance, though in form unilateral, and therefore notified under
Article @ of the Rules, has been consequent on a settlement of the
dispute ; in other cases the clairnant State has had reasons, which
appeared to it to be of a final character, for not continuing to attempt
to prosecute its claim before the Court ; in others yet, it might well
have been that, the current proceedings once discontinued, the juris-
dictional basis for instituting new ones would no longer have been
available.
But, in the opinion of the Court, these various considerations are
essentially fortuitous in character ; and the fact that past discontinuances
have in practice proved "final" cannot of itself justify the conclusi~n
that any a priori element of finality inherently attaches to them.
This can readily be demonstrated by reference to circumstances in
which the Court considers that no question could arise as to the right
to institute further proceedings following upon a discontinuance, quite
16 réellene peut êtreétabliequepar référenceaux circonstances de l'espèce,
le fait qu'il ne contienne pas de renonciation expresse à tout droit d'ac-
tion pour l'avenir n'étant pas concluant ;
dezlxièmement,néanmoins, il faut en principe admettre qu'un désis-
tement emporte renonciation, à moins que le contraire ne soit exprimé
ou que le droit d'agir ne soit expressément réservépour l'avenir ;
troisièmement,en la présente affaire, il y a eu une entente entre les
Parties d'où il résulte que le désistement impliquait une telle renoncia-
tion et était définitif non seulement à l'égard de l'instance en cours,
mais encore pour l'avenir ;
qzlatrièmement,mêmeen l'absence d'une telle entente, le Gouverne-
ment demandeur s'est comportéde manière à faire croire au défendeur
que le désistement serait définitif au sens indiqué plus haut ; sinon, le
défendeur n'aurait pas donné son consentement au désistement et,
partant, n'aurait pas subi de préjudice ;
enfin,et c'est là un argument d'un ordre quelque peu différent, l'intro-
duction d'une nouvelle instance du chef des mêmes griefsétait incom-
patible avec l'esprit et l'économiedu traité en vertu duquel le deman-
deur a prétendu établir la compétencede la Cour.
Avant d'examiner ces divers arguments, la Cour traitera de certaines
questions préalables.
Dans la présente affaire, la Cour est appelée à examiner pour la pre-
mière fois l'effet d'un désistement suivi d'une instance nouvelle. Cela
tient à ce que, d'ordinaire, les désistements ont étédéfinitifs en fait,
indépendamment de la question de savoir s'ils auraient ététenus pour
tels en droit au cas où l'on aurait tenté d'engager une autre instance.
11y a eu des cas où, tout en étant unilatéral en la forme et donc notifié
en application de l'article 69 du Règlement, le désistement résultait
d'un règlement du litige ;dans d'autres cas, 1'Etat demandeur avait des
raisons, qui lui paraissaient présenter un caractère définitif, de ne pas
persister dans sa tentative pour faire valoir sa réclamation devant la
Cour ;dans d'autres cas encore, il a pu se faire que, après le désistement
de la procédure en cours, il n'y ait plus eu de base juridictionnelle sur
laquelle fonder une instance nouvelle.
Toutefois, de l'avis dela Cour,ces diverses considCrations ont un carac-
tère essentiellement fortuit ; ce n'est pas parce que, dans le passé, les
désistements se sont en pratique révélés définitifsque l'on peut en con-
clure qu'ils comportent en soi et à priori un élément définitif1 . 1est aisé
de le montrer en se référantaux circonstances dans lesquelles la Cour
considéreque le droit d'introduire une nouvelle instance à la suite d'un
désistement ne saurait faire de doute, tout à fait indépendamment de
16irrespective of whether any reasons for it were given, or any right of
further action reserved. That this might be the case was indeed
expressly recognized in the Respondent's written Preliminary Objec-
tions where, in discussing possible motives for a discontinuance, it was
stated that-
"For example, it may be that an applicant discontinues pro-
ceedings begun by him only because he finds that he has committed
an error of procedure and intends to institute a new action right
away."
Similar possibilities are that the claimant State might have failed
to give certain notices which, under an applicable treaty, had to be
given before any valid application to the Court could be made ; or the
claimant State might discover that although it thought local remedies
had been exhausted, this was not in fact the case. Again, in a claim
on behalf of an individuai, evidence might come to light indicating
that he was not, after all, a national of the claimant State, leading to
a discontinuance ; but subsequently it might be found that this evi-
dence was inaccurate. There are many other possibilities. It is,
moreover, clear that in certain of these cases, the discontinuing party
could have no foreknowledge of whether the defect or disability leading
to the discontinuance would subsequently be cured, in such a way as
to remove the obstacle to the renewal of the suit.
The existence of these possibilities suffices in itself to show that the
question of the nature of a discontinuance cannot be determined on
any aprior basis, but must be considered in close relationship with the
circumstances of the particular case. In consequence, each case of
discontinuance must be approached individually in order to determine
its real character.There would therefore be little object in the Court's
entering upon any exhaustive discussion of the theory of discontinuance
as it is provided for by Articles 68 and 69 of the Court's Rules. But
certain points may be noticed by way of clarification.
Both the inherent character of these provisions and their drafting
records show that the main object which they have in view is to provide
a procedural facility, or rather-since it would in any everit never be
practicable to compel a claimant State to continue prosecuting its
case-to reduce the process of discontinuance to order. But these
provisions are concerned solely with the "how", not with the "why",
of the matter. They impose no conditions as to the basis on which a
discontinuance may be effected other than (in cases coming under
Article 68) that the parties shall be in agreement about it, or (in those
coming under Article 69, paragraph 2) that the respondent party has
no objection ; for it is clear that there are few limits to the motives that
might inspire a discontinuance, and tliese two Articles are not concerned
with that aspect of the matter.la question de savoir si ce désistement a étémotivé et si le droit d'action
a étéréservé pour l'avenir. Que cela puisse se produire est d'ailleurs
expressément reconnu dans les exceptions préliminaires du défendeur
où, à propos de motifs pouvant justifier un désistement, il est dit :
(Par exemple, il se peut qu'un demandeur ne se désiste d'une
instance commencée par lui que parce qu'il s'aperçoit qu'il a com-
mis une erreur de procédure et qu'il a l'intention d'introduire sur-
le-champ une nouvelle action. »
On peut envisager d'autres éventualitésde cet ordre : il sepeut que 1'Etat
demandeur omette de donner certains préavis qu'un traité applicable
rend obligatoires avant qu'une requêtepuisse êtrevalablement adressée
à la Cour ; il se peut que 1'Etat demandeur, après avoir cru que les
recours internes ont étéépuisés, s'aperçoiveque tel n'est pas le cas en
fait. Ou bien encore, s'agissant d'une réclamation présentée au nom
d'un particulier, il peut résulter d'un témoignage que ce particulier n'est
pas, après tout, ressortissant de 1'Etat demandeur, ce qui entraîne un
désistement ; mais par la suite on peut s'apercevoir de l'inexactitude
du témoignage. Il y a maintes autres éventualités. Il est clair d'ailleurs
que, dans certains de ces cas, la partie qui se dCsiste ne peut pas savoir
à l'avance s'il sera remédiéultérieurement au défaut ou à l'incapacité
qui ont provoqué le désistement, de façon que soit écartél'obstacle à
une réintroduction du procès.
Ces éventualitéssuffisent àmontrer que la nature d'un désistement est
une guestion que l'on ne peut déterminer à priori ; on doit l'examiner
en liaison étroite avec les circonstances propres à l'espèce.On doit donc
examiner tout désistement en soi pour en déterminer le caractère réel.
Il n'est par conséquent pas nécessaire pour la Cour de prdsenter une
discussion exhaustive de la théorie du désistement tel qu'il est régipar
les articles 68 et 69 de son Règlement. Mais certains points peuvent
toutefois êtrerelevés à titre d'éclaircissement.
Il ressort du caractère inhérent à ces dispositions et de leur rédaction
qu'elles ont principalement pour objet de prévoir un moyen de procédure
ou plutôt, puisqu'il serait de toute façon impossible d'obliger un Etat
demandeur à poursuivre le procès, d'organiser le processus de désiste-
ment. Mais ces dispositions ne portent que sur le (comment 1)et non
sur le ((pourquoi ))des choses. Elles n'imposent, qu.ant à la base sur la-
quelle le désistement peut s'effectuer, aucune condition si ce n'est que,
dans les cas relevant de l'article 68, les parties doivent êtred'accord et
que, dans les cas relevant de l'article 69, paragraphe 2, la partie défen-
deresse ne doit pas faire opposition ; en effet, il est clair qu'il n'y a
guére de limitation aux motifs qui peuvent inspirer un désistemect et
les deux articles ne portent pas sur cet aspect de la question. One difference between the two provisions is, however, significant.
Whereas Article 68 contemplates a discontinuance which not only is
(in effect) an agreed one, but also takes the form of an agreed commu-
nication to the Court, Article 69 on the other hand contemplates a
notification to the Court which, whether it results from an agreed
settlement of the dispute or from some other cause, always takes the
form of a unilateral communication from the applicant or claimant
party, which is either immediately effective, if the case comes under
paragraph I of Article 69 (the respondent party having taken no step
in the proceedings), or which (if such a step has been taken) becomes
effective in the absence of any objections from the respondent party
within the time-limit fixed by the Court. The respondent can of course
signify expressly its non-objection, but is in no way obliged to do so.
Thus, whereas in cases coming under Article 68 the act of discontinuance
is toal1intents and purposes a joint act, in those coming under Article 69
it is an essentially unilateral act, whatever may underlie it, and even
though acquiescence is necessary before it can actualiy take effect.
Under Article 69, any notifications, whether of intention to discontinue,
or in acceptance of discontinuance, are notifications made to the Court
and not passingbetween the parties, so that any understandings between
them (and such may certainly exist) must precede and be sought for
outside the act of discontinuance itself.
The right of objection given to a respondent State which has taken
a step in the proceedings is protective, to enable it to insist on the case
continuing, with a view to bringing about a situation of res jzldicata;
or in other words (perhaps more pertinent for the present case), to
enable it to ensure that the matter is finally disposed of for good.
The role of the Court, there being no objection to the discontinuance,
is simply to record it and toremove the casefrom its list. In connection
with the discontinuance itself, the Court is not called upon to enquire
into the motives either of the discontinuing or of the respondent party :
Article 69 does not impose any obligation on the parties to give reasons
either for the wish to effect the discontinuance, or for not objecting to it.
One further element regarding the process of discontinuance which
may be noticed, is that the evidence of the drafting records of Articles 68
and 69 goes to show that in addition to making provision for what was
an evidently necessary procedural faculty, the aim was to facilitate as
much as possible the settlement of disputes-or at any rate their non-
prosecution in cases where-the claimant party was for any reason indis-
posed to discontinue. This aim would scarcely be furthered however,
if litigants felt that solely by reason of a discontinuance on their part
they would be precluded from returning to the judicial process before
the Court, even if they should othenvise be fully in a position to do so. Cesdeux dispositions présentent cependant une différencesignificative.
Alors que l'article 68 envisage un désistement qui non seulement en fait
se réalised'un commun accord mais encore prend la forme d'une commu-
nication commune à la Cour, l'article 69 envisage pour sa part une noti-
fication à la Cour qui revêt toujours, soit qu'elle résulte d'un accord sur
la solution à donner au litige, soit qu'elle résulte d'une autre cause, la
formed'une cohn.unication unilatérale émanant de la partie demande-
resse ; ou bien cette notification prend effet immédiatement, si l'affaire
relève de l'article 69, paragraphe 1, dans le cas où la partie défenderesse
n'a pas fait acte de procédure, ou bien elle prend effet par l'absence de
toute opposition de la partie défenderesse formulée dans le délai fixé
par la Cour, si la partie défenderessea déjà fait acte de procédure. Certes,
le défendeur peut signifier expressément son absence d'opposition, mais
il n'y est aucunement tenu. Ainsi, alors que dans les cas relevant de
l'article68 le désistement est à tous égardsun acte commun, dans les
cas relevant de l'article 69 il est un acte essentiellement unilatéral, quel
que soit son fondement, malgré l'acquiescement requis pour lui donner
effet. En vertu de l'article 69, toutes les notifications concernant soit
l'intention de se désister, soit l'acceptation du désistement sont des
notifications adressées à la Cour et non pas des notifications de partie à
partie, de sorte que, si une entente existe entre les parties (et une telle
entente est certainement possible), elle doit précéder l'actede désiste-
ment mêmeet êtrerecherchée en dehors de cet acte.
Le droit d'opposition accordé à 1'Etat défendeur ayant fait acte de
procédure est une protection qui lui permet d'insister pour que l'affaire
se poursuive en vue d'aboutir à une situation de chose jugée; en d'autres
termes et peut-être plus particulièrement dans la présente affaire, il
s'agit de permettre au défendeur de faire en sorte que la question soit
finalement et définitivement réglée.
En l'absence d'opposition au désistement, la Cour a pour seule tâche
de prendre acte du désistement et de radier l'affaire de son rôle. Pour
ce qui est du désistement même,la Cour n'a pas à rechercher quels sont
lesmotifs animant soit lapartiequi se désiste, soit la partie défenderesse:
l'article69 n'impose aux parties aucune obligation de motiver soit leur
désir de procéder à un désistement, soit leur absence d'opposition au
désistement.
On peut noter aussi un autre élémentdu processus de désistement :
il ressort des travaux préparatoires des articles 68 et 69 que leur but
n'est pas simplement de prévoir une faculté dont la nécessité s'impose
sur le plan procédural, mais aussi de faciliter autant que possible le
réglement des différends ou en tout cas d'arrêter la procédure lorsque
la partie demanderesse n'est pas disposéeà la poursuivre pour une raison
quelconque. Le but ne serait pas atteint si les parties avaient l'impres-
sion que, paf le seul fait de leur désistement, elles perdraient le droitde
revenir devant la Cour, à supposer même qu'elles soient par ailleurs
pleinement en mesure de le faire. It is against this background that the Court must now consider the
contentions advanced by the Respondent Government in the present
case.
In the light of what has been said about the nature of the process of
discontinuance, the Court can accept the first of these contentions,
which is to the effect that giving notice of discontinuance is a procedural
and, so to speak, "neutral" act, the real significance of which must be
sought in the attendant circumstances, and that the absence of express
renunciation of any further right of actian is inconclusive, and does net
establish in itself that there has not been such a renunciation, or that
the discontinuance is not being made in circumstances which must
preclude any further proceedings.
But for the very reason that the Court thinks this to be a correct
statement of the legal position, it cannot accept the Respondent's
second principal contention, namely that a discontinuance must always
and in principle be taken as signifying a renunciation, unless the con-
trary is indicated or unless the right to start new proceedingsis expressly
reserved. The two conceptions are mutually contradictory : a notice
of discontinuance of proceedings cannot both be in itself a purely pro-
cedural and "neutral" act, and at the same time be, $rima facie and
in principle, a renunciation of the claim. There is no need to discuss
this contention any further, except to Say that, in view of the reasonable
and legitimate circumstances which, as has already been seen, may
motivate a discontinuance, without it being possible to question the
right of further action, the Court would, if any presumption governed
the matter, be obliged to conclude that it was in the opposite sense to
that contended for by the Respondent ; and that a discontinuance
must be taken to be no bar to further action, unless the contrary clearly
appeared or could be established. The problem is however incorrectly
formulated if it is asked (as it constantly has been in the present case)
what the "effect" of a discontinuance is ; for the effect of a disconti-
nuance must always and necessarily be the same-to put and end to
the current set of proceedings. In this, precisely, lies its essentially
procedural character. The real question is not what the discontinuance
does-which is obvious-but what it implies, results from or is based
on. This must be independently established, except in those cases
where, because the notice itself gives reasons, or refers to acts or under-
takings of the parties, or to other circumstances, its import is clear and
apparent.
In the present case, the notice of discontinuance given by the Appli-
cant Government, contained no motivation apart from such impli-
cations (and they could be various) as might he drawn from the state-
ment that it was made at the request of the Belgian nationals whost
protection had led to the presentation of the original Application in
the case. On the other hand, the notice was very clearly related, and C'est dans cette perspective que la Cour doit maintenant examiner
les arguments avancéspar le Gouvernement défendeur dans la présente
affaire.
Compte tenu de ce qui a étédit de la nature du processus de désiste-
ment, la Cour peut accepter la premièrepartie de l'azgumentation, d'après
laquelle la notification d'un désistement est un acte procédural et,
pourrait-on dire, (neutre » dontla véritablesignification doit êtrerecher-
chéedans les circonstances de l'espèce ; d'après laquelle aussi l'absence
de renonciation expresse àtout droit d'action pour l'avenir n'est pas con-
cluante et ne suffit pas à établir que cette renonciation n'a pas eu lieu
ou que le désistement ne se produit pas dans des circonstances devant
empêchertoute instance ultérieure.
Mais, précisément parce qu'elle estime que ce qui précèdeest un
exposéexact de lasituation en droit, la Courne peut accepter le deuxième
argument principal du défendeur selon lequel un désistement doit
toujours en principe êtreconsidérécomme emportant renonciation, à
moins que le contrairene soit expriméou que ledroit d'intenter une nou-
velle instance ne soit expressément réservé. Lesdeux thèses se contre-
disent : un désistement ne peut à la fois être un acte purement procé-
dura1 et « neutre »et en même temps,prima facie et en principe, opérer
renonciation à la réclamation. Point n'est besoin de discuter plus avant
cet argument ; il suffirade dire cec:étant donnéqu'une attitude raison-
nable et légitime peut, on l'a vu, motiver un désistement sans qu'il
soit possible de mettre er, doute le droit d'action pour l'avenir, la Cour
serait obligéede conclure que, si une présomption était applicable en la
matière, cette présomption jouerait dans le sens opposé à celui que le
défendeurprétend et qu'un désistementne doit pasêtreconsidCr&comme
faisant obstacle à une action pour l'avenir, à moins que le contraire
ii'apparaisse clairement ou puisse êtreétabli.C'estmal poser le problème
que de se demander, comme on l'a fait constamment en l'espèce, quel
est l'e8et d'un désistement, car un désistement doit toujours et néces-
sairement avoir le mêmeeffet : mettre un terme &l'instance en cours.
C'est en celaprécisémentque réside soncaractère avant tout procédural.
La vraie question n'est pas de savoir ce que fait le désistement, car cela
est évident ;elle est de savoir de qu'il implique, de quoi il résulteet sur
quoi il se fonde. Cela doit être établi defaçon indépendante, sauf dans
les cas où, le désistement étant motivé ou se rbférant à des actes ou à
des engagements des parties ou encore àd'autres circonstances, sa portée
est claire et apparente.
Dans la présente espèce, la lettre de désistement du Gouvernement
demandeur ne contenait aucun motif, en dehors de l'indication, prêtant
d'ailleursà des déductions diverses, selon laquelle le désistement était
fait à la demande des ressortissants belges dont la protection avait
motivéle dépôtde la requêteinitiale. En revanche, le désistement était
trks clairement lié- et limig - à cette requête, dont la date et le confined, to that Application, the date and character of which were
specified. It was "the proceedings instituted by that AppIication"
to which the notice referred, and nothing else.
In these circumstances, the Court considers that, if the notice itself
left it open whether or not it involved or was consequent on a renun-
ciation of all further right of action, its terms are nevertheless such as
to place upon the Respondent Government the onus of establishing
that it meant or was based upon something more than appeared on the
face of it, namely a decision to terminate the then current proceedings
before the Court, subject to the Respondent's assent.
In seeking to discharge this onus the Respondent has put fonvard
two contentions :
The first is to the effect that there was an understanding between
the Parties about the discontinuance ; and the foundation for it lies in
the fact that when, after the original proceedings had been started,
the representatives of the Belgian interests concerned approached the
representatives of the Spanish interests with a view to re-opening nego-
tiations, they were met with a firm refusal to do so unless the case
before the Court were first brought to a definite end ; that a Belgian
offer for a suspension of the proceedings was rejected as insufficient,
and a "final withdrawal of the claim" was demanded ; that the Belgian
representatives thereupon undertook to request their Government to
effect a final discontinuance of the proceedings ; that it was perfectly
well understood on the Belgian side that the Spanish side meant and
assumed that the discontinuance would operate as putting a final end
to the claim, or at any rate to any further right of action ; and that the
Spanish representatives would not have agreed to negotiate on any
other basis, nor the Respondent Government to refrain from objecting
to the discontinuance under Article 69, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court.
On the Belgian side, it was denied that anything more was intended
or could reasonably be inferred from the Belgian statements, or from
the terms of the notice of discontinuance itself (which was before the
Respondent Government when it signified its non-objection), than a
simple, though final, termination of the then current proceedings-
particularly having regard to the prospective negotiations about to be
embarked upon.
The Court notes that, although there were various contacts at the
governmental level, the exchanges relied on took place initialiy alrnost
entirely between the representatives of the private interests concerned.
In so far as the Govemments were privy to these exchanges, it wa
evidently, at that stage, only on an unofficial bais. In order that the caractère étaient précisés.La lettre ne se référaitqu'à«l'instance intro-
duite par ladite requête».
Dans ces conditions, la Cour considère que, étaiit admis que la lettre
de désistement elle-mêmene précisaitpas si, oui ou non, le désistement
supposait ou avait pour cause une renonciation à tout droit d'action
dans l'avenir, cette lettre n'en étaitpas moins rédigéede façon àimposer
au Gouvernement défendeur la charge d'établir que ledésistement avait
un sens ou un fondement plus large que celui qu'il paraissait avoir et
visait autre chose que la décisionde mettre fin à l'instance'alors pen-
dante devant la Cour sous réservedu consentement du défendeur.
Pour faire cette preuve, le défendeuravance deux arguments :
Le premier argument, d'après lequel il y a eu une entente entre les
Parties au sujet du désistement, repose sur les élémentssuivants :après
le débutde la première procédure, lorsqueles représentants des intérêts
privésbelges en cause prirent contact avec les représentants des intérêts
espagnols en vue de rouvrir les négociations, ilsse heurtèrent à un refus
ferme de négociertant qu'il neserait pas mis définitivement fin à l'affaire
portée devant la Cour ; une offre belge tendant à la suspension de la
procédure fut rejetée comme insuffisante et le cretrait définitif de la
demande » fut exigé ; les représentants belges s'engagèrent alors à
solliciter de leur gouvernement un désistement définitifde l'instance :
du côtébelge, on comprenait parfaitement que, du côté espagnol, on
entendait que le désistement aurait pour zffet de mettre un point final
à la réclamation ou, en tout cas, à tout droit d'agir pour l'avenir ;les
représentants espagnols n'auraient pas acceptéde négociersur une autre
base et le Gouvernement défendeur ne se serait pas non plus abstenu de
faire opposition au désistement en application de l'article 69, para-
graphe 2,du Règlement de la Cour.
Du côtébelge, on conteste qu'autre chose que la fin m,ais la fin irré-
vocable, de l'instance alors en cours puisse correspondre à l'intention
ou se déduire raisonnablement soit des ddclarations belges, soit du
libellé de la lettre de désistement elle-même,dont le Gouvernement
défendeur était saisi lorsqu'il a signifiéson absence d'opposition, et ce
eu égarden particulier aux négociationsqui étaient sur le point de s'eii-
gager.
La Cour constate que, bien qu'il y ait eu divers contacts au niveau
des gouvernements, les échanges de vues invoqués ont eu lieu tout
d'abord presque exclusivement entre les représentants des intérêts
privés en cause. Pour autant qu'ils aient Btétenus au courant de ces
échangesde vues, les gouvernements ne l'ont manifestement CtCà ceGovernments on either side should in any way be committed by these
exchanges, it would be necessary to show that the representatives of
the private interests acted in such a manner as to bind their Govern-
ments. Of this there is no evidence : indeed on the Spanish side the
apparently very cautiouç nature of the contacts between the author-
ities and the private interests negatives the possibility. In this con-
nection the Court recalls that at one stage of the oral hearing, the Parties
were invited by the Court to clarify the situation by indicating how
far the acts of the representatives of the private interests were adduced
as engaging the responsibility of the Governments ; but no really clear
light was thrown on the matter.
In the circumstances, the Court sees no reason to depart from the
general rule that, in relation to an understanding said to exist between
States parties to a litigation before it, and to affect their rights in that
litigation, itan only take account of the acts and attitudes of govern-
ments or of the authorized agents of governments ; and, in the present
case, the Court can, at the governmental level, find no evidence of any
such understanding asis alleged by the Respondent. Indeed it seems
to have been above al1on the part of the latter that the greatest reluc-
tance to become involved in any understanding over the discontinuance
was manifested.
Quite apart from these considerations however, the Court finds the
various exchanges whoily inconclusive. It seems that the Parties were
deliberately avoiding a problem they were unwilling to come to grips
with, lest by doing so they should shatter the foundation of their inter-
changes. The Respondent Government must have realized that an
immediate refusal would result from any officia1request that the Appli-
cant Government, in discontinuing the current proceedings, should
definitely renounce, or undertake that it did renounce, al1further right
of action. As far as the Applicant was concerned, if it did not intimate
that it reserved the right to bring further proceedings, should the
negotiations fail, it equally avoided suggesting that it renounced that
right. The desire felt on the Spanish side not to negotiate whilst
proceedings were actually in progress before the Court, involving injur-
ious charges against Spanish authorities and nationals, was fully met
by the discontinuance effected, and nothing more was needed for that
purpose. Furthermore, it does not appear reasonable to suppose that
on the eve of difiicult negotiations, the success of which must be un-
certain, there could have been any intention on the Belgian side to
forgo the advantage represented by the possibility of renewed proceed-
ings. In the face of this, only very clear proof of the understanding
alleged by the Respondent would suffice, and none is forthcoming.
The Court considers that in any case, and whatever arnbiguities may
have existed in the private and officia1exchanges involved, the onus of
making its position clear necessarily lay on the Respondent Govern-
ment ; for it was that Government which had the right of objection tostade qu'à titre non officiel. Pour que les deux gouvernements puissent
êtreen quoi que ce soit engagéspar de tels échanges de vues, il faudrait
montrer que les représentants des intérêtsprivés ont agi de manière à
lier leurs gouvernements. De cela il n'y a aucune preuve : du côté espa-
gnol, le caractère apparemment très prudent des contacts entre les auto-
rités et les personnes privées exclut mêmecette possibilité. A cet égard,
la Cour rappelle que, lors de la procédure orale, les Parties ont étéinvi-
téespar la Cour à préciserla situation et à indiquer dans quelle mesure
elles prétendaient que les actes des représentants des intérêtsprivés
engageaient la responsabilité des gouvernements ; à cette question, il
n'a pas étédonnéde réponse satisfaisante.
Dans ces conditions, la Cour ne voit aucune raison de s'écarter de la
règle généraleselon laquelle, s'agissant d'une entente qui existerait
entre des Etats parties àun procèsporté devant la Cour et qui affecterait
leurs droits dans ce procès, elle ne peut tenir compte que des actes et
des attitudes des gouvernements ou de leurs agents autorisés ; dans la
présente affaire, la Cour ne peut trouver au niveau des gouvernements
aucune preuve de l'entente dont le défendeur allègue l'existence. Qui
plus est, c'est surtout, semble-t-il, du côtéde ce dernier que l'on a le plus
hésitéà s'engager dans la voie d'une entente sur le désistement.
Indépendamment de ces considérations, la Cour estime que ces divers
échanges de vues n'ont pas de caractère concluant. Il semble que les
Parties ont volontairement éludéun problème auquel elles désiraient ne
pas s'attaquer de peur de compromettre la base même deleurs négocia-
tions. Le Gouvernement défendeur a dû comprendre qu'un refus immé-
diat serait opposéà toute demande officielle par laquelle on aurait prié
le Gouvernement demandeur de ienoncer définitivement ou de s'engager
à renoncer, en se désistant de l'instance en cours, à tout droit d'action
pour l'avenir. Quant au demandeur, s'il n'a pas dit qu'il se réservait le
droit d'intenter une nouvelle instance en cas d'échec des négociations,
il a également évitéde donner à penser qu'il renonçait à ce droit. Le
désistement effectué répondait pleinement au désir que l'on avait, du
côté espagnol, de ne pas négociertant qu'un procèsserait pendant devant
la Cour, dans lequel des accusations injurieuses étaient formuléescontre
des autorités et des ressortissants espagnols ; rien d'autre n'était néces-
saire à cette fin. Au surplus, il ne semble pas raisonnable de supposer
que, à la veille de négociations difficiles dont le succès était forcément
aléatoire, on ait pu avoir, du côté belge, l'intention de renoncer aux
avantages que présentait la possibilité de réintroduire l'instance. Cela
étant, une démonstration particulièrement certaine de l'entente dont le
dCfendeur allègue l'existence serait nécessaire; or il n'en est produit
aucune.
En tout cas, queiles qu'aient pu êtreles ambiguïtés des Cchanges de
vues privés et officiels, la Cour considère que c'est nécessairement au
Gouvernement défendeur qu'il incombait de préciser sa position ; c'est
en effet lui qui, en vertu de l'article 69, paragraphe 2, du Règlementthe discontinuance, under Article 69, paragraph 2, of the Rules-a
nght expressly given to respondent parties for their protection, and for
the purpose, intea rlia, of enabling them to prevent what has occurred
in the present case. There is. nothing to prohibit conditions being
attached to any abstention from exercising this right, but the Respon-
dent Government attached no conditions other than, implicitly, the
one already satisfied by the notice of discontinuance, that the proceed-
ings begun by the Belgian Application of September 1958 should be
brought to an end-as they were.
A second contention, having the character of a plea of estoppel, was
advanced by the Respondent Government in seeking to discharge the
onus of proof referred to above. This was to the effect that, indepen-
dently of the existence of any understanding, the Applicant Govern-
ment by its conduct misled the Respondent about the import of the
discontinuance, but for which the Respondent would not have agreed
to it, and as a result of agreeing to which, it had suffered prejudice.
Accordingly, it is contended, the Applicant is now estopped or precluded
from denying that by, or in consequence of, the discontinuance, it
renounced al1further right of action.
This plea meets at the outset with two difficulties. In the first place,
it is not clear whether the alieged misleading conduct was on the part
of the Applicant Government itself or of private Belgian parties, or
in the latter event, how far it is contended that the complicity or res-
ponsibility of the Applicant Government is involved. In the second
place, the Court does not consider that the alleged misleading Belgian
representations have been established, any more than was the alleged
understanding between the Parties about the implications of the dis-
continuance. Nevertheless, since this aspect of its first Preliminary
Objection has been more strongly insisted upon by the Respondent
Party than perhaps any other, the Court will consider it.
Without doubt, the Respondent is worse off now than if the present
proceedings had not been brought. But that obviously is not the point,
and it has never been clear why, had it known that these proceedings
would be brought if the negotiations failed, the Respondent would not
have agreed to the discontinuance of the earlier proceedings in order to
facilitate the negotiations (the professed object) ; since it must not be
overlooked that if the Respondent had not so agreed, the previous pro-
ceedings would simply have continued, whereas negotiations offered a
possibility of finally settling the whole dispute. Given that without
the Respondent's consent to the discontinuance of the original proceed-
inas. these would have continued. what has to be considered now is not
th; .present position of the ~ei~ondent, as compared with what it
would have been if the current proceedings had never been brought, avait le .droit de s'opposer au désistement - et il s'agit d'un droit
ex~ressément destiné à assurer la ~rotection des défendeurs et notarn-
ment àleur permettre d'éviter des situations de la nature de celle qui s'est
produite dans la présente affaire. Rien n'empêche de poser des condi-
tions lorsqu'on s'abstient d'exercer un tel droit ; or le Gouvernement
défendeur n'a poséaucune condition, si ce n'est la condition implicite à
laquelle répondait déjà la lettre de désistement, à savoir qu'il devait être
mis fin à la procédure introduite par la requête belge de septembre 1958,
ce qui a été fait.
Pour faire la preuve dont il a la charge ainsi qu'il a étéindiqué ci-
dessus, le Gouvernement défendeur avance un second argument, fondé
sur la notion d'estoppel : en dehors de toute entente, le Gouvernement
demandeur a, par son comportement, trompé le défendeur quant à la
portée du désistement ; sinon, le défendeur n'aurait pas consenti au
désistement et, partant, n'aurait pas subi de préjudice. En conséquence,
soutient-on, le demandeur ne peut plus contester aujourd'hui que, par
ce désistement ou par suite de ce désistement, il a renoncé pour l'avenir
à tout droit d'agir.
Cet argument se heurte immédiatement à deux difficultés.D'abord, on
voit mal si le comportement prétendument trompeur a étéle fait du
Gouvernement demandeur lui-mêmeou des personnes privées belges et
on voit mal, dans ce dernier cas, jusqu'où il est soutenu que le Gouver-
nement demandeur en a étécomplice ou responsable. Ensuite, la Cour
ne pense pas que le caractère trompeur attribué aux déclarations faites
du côtébelge soit établi, pas plus que ne lui parait établie l'entente qui
aurait existé entre les Parties quant aux conséquences du désistement.
Néanmoins, la Partie défenderesse ayant peut-être plus insisté sur cet
aspect de la première exception préliminaire que sur tout autre, la Cour
l'examinera.
Sans doute la situation du défendeur est-elle pire aujourd'hui qu'elle
ne l'aurait étési la présente instance n'avait pas étéengagée. Mais ce
n'est évidemment pas la question et l'on n'a jamais expliqué pourquoi,
si le défendeur avait su que la présente instance allait êtreintroduite en
cas d'échec des négociations, il n'aurait pas accepté le désistement de
l'instance antérieure pour faciliter les négociations, puisque c'étaitlà le
but avoué. En effet, on ne saurait perdre de vue que, si le défendeur
n'avait pas accepté le désistement, la procédure antérieure aurait sim-
plement étépoursuivie ; or les négociations offraient la possibilité de
régler définitivement l'ensemble du litige. Etant donné que si le défen-
deur n'avait pas consenti au désistement dans l'instance initiale celle-ci
aurait étépoursuivie, ce que l'on doit examiner ce n'est pas la situation
actuelle du défendeur comparée à celle dans laquelle il se trouverait sibut what its position is in the current proceedings, as compared with
what it would have been in the event of a continuation of the old ones.
In making this comparison, the essential point is that the Respondent
Government had entered certain preliminary objections in the earlier
. .
proceedings which, if successful -(and it was presumably hoped to
succeed on them), would necessarily have brought the case to an end,
and have prevented not only a decision about, but even any discussion
at all of the allegations made against Spanish nationals and authorities.
But so equally would successful negotiations have prevented this.
At the same time, the Respondent Government ran no risk, for if the
negotiations were not successful, and the case started again, it would
still be possible once more to put forward the previous preliminary
objections. Consequently, irrespective of whether the case would
begin again or not, it cannot be seen what the Respondent stood to lose
by agreeing to negotiate on the basis of a simple discontinuance, or
why it would not have agreed had it realized that this alone, without a
substantive renunciation, was involved. The explanations given seem
to the Court unconvincing.
As to the prejudice alleged, the only point that appears to require
examination arises from the fact that in bringing the new proceedings
the Applicant Government had the advantage of being able to frame
its Application and ensuing Memorial with a foreknowledge of the
probable nature of the Respondent's reply-a foreknowledge which a
claimant State might not, at that stage of the proceedings, ordinarily
possess, even though, normally, previous negotiations and diplornatic
exchanges would have given it considerable information about the
opposing legal position. The scope of the Court's process is however
such as, in the long run, to neutralize any initial advantage that might
be obtained by either side. As regards the substance, in so far as the
Applicant ~overnment was, for the purposes of its Application in the
present proceedings,able to modify the presentation of its claim in order
to take account of objections advanced by the Respondent in the original
proceedings, it appears to the Court that the Applicant could, in the
light of those objections, have done exactly the sarne thing for the
purposes of its final submissions in those proceedings themselves,
which would have continued. The Applicant is always free to modify
its submissions and, in fact, the final submissions of a party frequently
Vary from those found in the written pleadings. Consequently the
Court is not able to hold that any true prejudice was suffered by the
Respondent. *
* *
A final, though different order of contention advanced by the Res-
pondent in support of its first Preliminary Objection, was that the
present proceedings were contrary to the spirit and economy of thela présente procédure n'avait pas étéengagée, mais bien sa situation
dans la présente procédure comparée à celle dans laquelle il se serait
trouvé si la procédure antérieure avait étépoursuivie.
En procédant à cette comparaison, il apparaît que le point essentiel
est que le Gouvernement défendeur avait soulevédans la première pro-
cédure des exceptions préliminaires qui, si elles avaient été retenues
comme ce gouvernement en avait vraisemblablement l'espoir, auraient
nécessairement mis fin à l'affaire et fait obstacle non seulement à toute
décisionsur les allégations formulées contre des autorités et des ressor-
tissants espagnols, mais même à toute discussion de ces allégations. Si
les négociations avaient réussi, elles auraient eu le mêmerésultat. Mais
le Gouvernement espagnol ne courait aucun risque car, en cas d'échec
des négociations et de reprise de l'affaire, il pouvait soulever à nouveau
les exceptions préliminaires présentées antérieurement. En condquence,
indépendamment de la question d'une reprise éventuelle de l'affaire, on
ne voit pas ce que le défendeur risqüait de perdre en acceptant de négo-
cier sur la base d'un simple désistement d'instance et on ne voit pas
pourquoi le défendeur n'aurait pas donné son consentement s'il s'était
rendu compte qu'il s'agissait seulement d'un désistement d'instance. Les
explications données ne semblent pas convaincantes à la Cour.
Pour ce qui est du préjudice allégué,le seul point qui paraisse justi-
fier un examen est le fait qu'en engageant la nouvelle instance le Gouver-
nement demandeur a eu-l'avantagé de pouvoir rédiger sa requête et
son mémoire en connaissant à l'avance la nature probable de la réponse
du défendeur, connaissance qu'un Etat demandeur n'a ordinairement
pas à ce stade dela procédure, encore que les négociations et les échanges
diplomatiques antérieurs donnent normalement à cet Etat des renseigne-
ments importants sur l'argumentation juridique de la partie adverse.
Toutefois, la procédure devant la Cour est organisée de telle manière
qu'en fin de compte tout avantage qu'une partie peut avoir eu à
l'origine par rapport à l'autre se trouve neutralisé. Du point de vue du
fond, s'il est vrai qu'aux fins de la requêtedans la présente instance le
Gouvernement demandeur a pu modifier la présentation de sa demande
pour tenir compte des exceptions souleeées par le défendeur dans la
première procédure, il paraît à la Cour que le demandeur aurait pu, en
présence de ces exceptions, procéder exactement de la même manière
dans ses conclusions définitives au cours de la première procédure, qui
aurait été poursuivie. Il est toujours loisible au demandeur de modifier
ses conclusions et en fait les conclusions finales des parties s'écartent
souvent de celles qui ont étéénoncéesdans les écritures. En condquence,
la Cour ne saurait admettre que le défendeur ait subi effectivement un
préjudice.
* * *
Ledéfendeur a invoqué enfinàl'appui de la premièreexception prélimi-
naire un argument d'un ordre différent, à savoir que la présente instance
serait contraire à l'esprit et à l'économie du traité hispano-belge du Hispano-Belgian Treaty of 19 July 1927, the jurisdictional clauses of
which are relied on by the Applicant as confemng competence on the
Court. The character of this Treaty is fully considered in connection
with the second Preliminary Objection, and it will suffice to Say here
that according to its terms, before a dispute can be submitted to adju-
dication,various preliminary stages have to be gone through. These
stages were in fact gone through in connection with the original and
discontinued proceedings, and they were repeated in connection with the
present proceedings. The contention now advanced is that it cannot
have been the intention of the Treaty that the sarne processes should be
gone through twice in relation to the same claim, and that the present
proceedings are conseqaently out of order, on the basis of the very
instrument on which the Applicant founds the jurisdiction of the Court.
The Court is sensible of the element of artificiality involved in the
repetition of the Treaty processes in regard to the same matters of
complaint. But if the right to bring new proceedings exists, apart
from this, it would seem difficult to hold that precisely because it does,
the jurisdictional basis for its exercise is thereby des<royed.
It has been argued that the first set of proceedings "exhausted"
the Treaty processes in regard to the particular matters of complaint,
the subject of those proceedings, and that the jurisdiction of the Court
having once been invoked, and the Court having been duly seised in
respect of them, the Treaty cannot be invoked a second time in order
to seise the Coiirt of the same complaints. As against this, it can be
said that the Treaty processes are not in the final sense exhausted in
respect of any one complaint until the case has been either prosecuted
to judgrnent, or discontinued in circumstances involving its final
renunciation-neither of which constitutes the position here. If, for
instance, to recall an illustration given earlier (and other instances are
possible) proceedings brought under the Treaty were discontinued
because it was found that local remedies had not been exhausted (and
it is of course at the moment of the application to the Court that they
require to be), it would be difficult to contend that (this deficiency
being remedied) a new application could not be made in the case, merely
because it would have to be preceded by a repetition of the Treaty
processes. This contention therefore cannot be accepted.
For al1 of the foregoing reasons, the Court holds that the first Pre-
liminary Objection must be rejected.
Although, for the reasons given in connection with the first Prelirni-
nary Objection, the discontinuance of the action in the original pro-
ceedings before the Court did not disentitle the Belgian Government 19juillet1927 dont les clausesjuridictionnelles confèrent, selon !edeman-
deur, compétenceàla Cour.Le caractère de ce traitésera examinéde façon
approfondie à propos de la deuxième exception préliminaire ; il suffit de
dire ici que, conformément à ses clauses, un litige ne peut être soumis
au règlement judiciaire que lorsque diverses démarches préliminaires
ont étéfaites. Ces démarches ont étéaccomplies lors de la première
procédure,terminée par un désistement, et elles ont étérenouvelées lors
de la procédure actuelle. Selon l'argument dont il s'agit, il ne peut avoir
étédans les intentions des auteurs du traité que les mêmes démarches
soient répétéesà l'égard de la mêmedemande et par conséquent la
présente instance n'est pas régulière d'après l'instrument mêmesur
lequel le demandeur fonde la compétence de la Cour.
La Cour est sensible à ce qu'il y a d'artificiel dans la répétitiondes
démarches prévues par le traité à propos des mêmesgriefs. Mais, si le
droit d'intenter une nouvelle instance existe par ailleurs, il parait difficile
de considérer que, précisémentpour cela, la base juridictionnelle de son
exercice est détruite.
On soutient que la première procédure a « épuisé» les recours prévus
dans le traité pour ce qui est des griefs particuliers sur lesquels portait
cette instance :la juridiction de la Cour ayant étéinvoquée une fois et
la Cour ayant été dûmentsaisie à leur sujet, on ne pouvait invoquer le
traitéune deuxième fois pour saisir la Cour des mêmes griefs. l'encontre
de cette thèse, on peut dire que les démarches prévuesdans le traité ne
sauraient êtreépuiséesdéfinitivement à l'égard d'un grief donné tant
que l'affaire n'a pas étéjugée ou qu'il n'y a pas étémis fin dans des
circonstances impliquant une renonciation définitive à agir, ce qui ne
répond pas à la situation actuelle. Si, pour reprendre, parmi d'autres,
l'un des exemples cités antériqrement, la procédure introduite en vertu
du traité à fait l'objet d'un désistement parce qu'on a constaté que les
recours internes n'avaient pas étéépuisés, alorsque c'est évidemment
au moment de la requêtequ'ils auraient dû l'être, ilest difficile de sou-
tenir que, cette lacune une fois comblée, aucune nouvelle requête ne
pourra plus êtredéposée,pour la seule raison qu'il faudrait renouveler
d'abord les démarches prévues par le traité. En conséquence, cet argu-
ment ne peut être retenu.
Pour tous les motifs qui précèdent, la Cour estiirie que la première
exception préliminaire doit êtrerejetée.
S'il est vrai que, pour les motifs indiqués dans l'examen de la pre-
mière exception préliminaire, le désistement intervenu dans la première
procédure engagéedevant la Cour n'a pas privé leGouvernement belgefrom commencing the present proceedings, it is nevertheless essential
that a valid jurisdictional basis for these should exist. In order to
establish this, the Applicant Government relies on the combined effect
of Article 37 of the Statute of the Court and the fourth paragraph of
Article 17 of the Hispano-Belgian Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial
Settlement and Arbitration, signed on 19 July 1927, and kept in force
by means of tacit renewals taking place at ten-yearly intervals, the
latest having occurred in 1957. This Treaty, which will henceforth
be called the 1927 Treaty, provided by its Article 2 for a reference to
adjudication of al1 disputes between the parties, involving a disagree-
ment about their legal rights. For this purpose, and if the methods of
conciliation also provided for by the Treaty failed, or were not utilized,
the parties were in each case to draw up a compromis. If, however,
agreement could not be reached upon the terms of a comprom.is within
a certain period, then the fourth paragraph of Article 17 of the Treaty,
now invoked by the Applicant Government, provided that :
[Translation]
". . either Party may, on the expiry of one month's notice, bring
the question direct before the Permanent Court of International
Justice by means of an application".
In combination with this provision, the Applicant invoked Article 37
of the Statute of the Court, the relevant portion of which in the English
text, reads as follows :
"Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference
of a matter. . .to the Permanent Court of International Justice,
the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice."
In the light of this provision, it was contended by the Applicant that,
the 1927 Treaty being "a treaty ... in force", and both the Parties in
dispute being parties to the Statute of the International Court of
Justice, that Court must, by virtue of Article 37, be deemed to have
replaced the Permanent Court in the relations between the Parties,
for thepurposes of such a provision asthe fourth paragraph of Article 17
of the Treaty-henceforth to be called Article 17 (4) ; and accordingly
that (the necessary tirne-limits having expired) this provision gave the
Applicant the right to bring the case unilaterally before the Court.
This view was contested by the Respondent Government, on the
ground that although the 1927 Treaty might as such still be in force,
the jurisdictional obligation represented by Article 17 (4) had neces-
sarily lapsed on the dissolution of the former Permanent Court on
18 April1946, since this brought about the disappearance of the judicial
organ to which Article 17 (4) referred ; that no previous substitution de son droit à intenter la présente instance, il n'en est pas moins essen-
tiel que cette instance ait une base valable en ce qui concerne la compé-
tence dela Cour. Pour établir que tel est le cas, le Gouvernement deman-
deur invoque l'effet combinéde l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour et du
quatrième alinéa de l'article 17 du traité hispano-belge de conciliation,
de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage, signéle 19juillet 1927et maintenu
en vigueur par l'effet de renouvellements tacites décennaux dont le
dernierremonte à 1957.Cetraité - ci-aprèsdénomméle traitéde 1927 -
prévoit en son article 2 que tous les litiges au sujet desquels les parties
se contestent réciproquement un droit sont soumis à un jugement. A
cette fin, si les méthodes de conciliation prévues également par le traité
échouent ou ne sont pas utilisées,les parties doivent, dans chaque cas,
établir un compromis. Si cependant elles ne peuvent arrêterles termes
d'un compromis dans un ceitain délai, alors joue le quatrième alinéa
de l'article 17 du traité, actuellement invoqué par le Gouvernement
demandeur, dont le texte dispose :
((...chaque Partie pourra, après préavis d'un mois, porter direc-
tement, par voie de requête,la contestation devant la Cour penna-
nente de Justice internationale s.
Conjointement avec cette disposition, le demandeur invoque l'article 37
du Statut dela Cour, rédigécomme suit dans le texte français :
(Lorsqu'un traitéou une convention envigueur prévoit le renvoi à
une juridiction que devait instituer la Société desNations ou à la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale, la Cour internationale
de Justice constituera cette juridiction entre les parties au présent
Statut. »
Compte tenu de cette disposition, le demandeur soutient que, le traité
de 1927étant (un traité ... en vigueur D et les Parties étant toutes deux
parties auStatut dela Cour internationale de Justice, on doit considérer
qu'en vertu de l'article 37 cette Cour a remplacé la Cour permanente
dans les relations entre les Parties pour l'application d'une disposition
telle que le quatrième alinéade l'article 17du traité - ci-après dénommé
article 17 (4) - et qu'en conséquence, les délaisprévus ayant expiré,
cette disposition a conférCau demandeur le droit de porter unilatérale-
ment l'affaire devant la Cour.
Le Gouvernement défendeur conteste cette manière de voir ; il estime
que, si le trait6 de 1927 peut encore être envigueur en tant que tel,
l'obligation juridictionnelle que représentait l'article 17 (4) est néces-
sairement devenue caduque le 18 avril 1946, au moment de la dissolu-
tion de l'ancienne Cour permanente, car cette dissolution a entraîné la
disparition de l'organe judiciaire auquel se réfère l'article 17 (4) ; leof the present for the former Court had been effected by virtue of
Article 37 before that date, Spain not being then a party to the Statute ;
and that, in consequence, the 1927 Treaty had ceased to contain any
valid jurisdictional clause by the time Spain did become a party to
the Statute upon admission to the United Nations in December 1955.
Thus, even if Spain would then in principle have become bound by
Article 37, there did not in the instant case, so it was contended, exist
at that date any clause of compuisory jurisdiction in respect of which
that provision could operate to confer jurisdiction on the present Court,
and since Article 37 could only apply to jurisdictional clauses already
in force, it could not operate to bring a former clause into force again,
which occurrence would require for its realization the express consent
of both parties, given de novo.
Another way of stating what was basically the same contention, was to
Say that Article 37 only applied in the relations between parties to the
Statute which had become such through original membership of the
United Nations, or at least by acquiring membership (or by othenvise
becoming a party to the Statute), previous to the dissolution of the
Permanent Court in April 1946 ;for only in their case had the substitu-
tion of the present Court for the Permanent Court been able to take
place at a time when the jurisdictional clauses in respect of which this
was to occur were themselves still in force. Once any such clause had
lapsed by reason of the disappearance of the Permanent Court, there
could be no substitution of forum ;or rather, any question of substitu-
tion becarne pointless, since the basic obligation of compulsory adjudi-
cation itself no longer existed. Moreover, only those States which had
already become parties to the Statute before the dissolution of the
Permanent Court could be regarded as having given a true consent to
the process involved-that is a consent directly given in respect of
jurisdictional clauses still indubitably in force. Anything else, it was
contended, would be a fiction.
There were other ways in which the Spanish contention was or could
be put, some of which will be noticed later ; but however it might be
put, it always involved at bottom the same basic contention, that the
dissolution of the Permanent Court brought about the final extinction
of all jurisdictional clauses providing for recourse to that Court, unless
they had already, previous to this dissolution, been transformed by the
operation of Article 37 of the Statute into clausesproviding for recourse
to the present Court ;and that in respect of any jurisdictional clause
not thus transformed previous tothe dissolution of the Permanent Court,
Article 37 was, thereafter, powerless to effect the transformation.
This line of reasoning was not put fonvard by the Respondent Gov-
ement in the original diplornatic exchanges between the Parties.
26 défendeur soutient aussi que la Cour actuelle n'a pu êtresubstituée à
l'ancienne en vertu de l'article37 avant cette date, l'Espagne n'étant
pas alors partie au Statut, et en conséquence que le traité de 1927 ne
contenait plus de clause juridictionnelle valable au moment où l'Espagne
est devenue partie au Statut du fait de son admission aux Nations Unies
en décembre 1955 .insi, dit-on, mêmesi l'Espagne s'est alors trouvée
liéeen principe-par l'article37, il n'existait en l'espèce, à cette date,
aucune clause de juridiction obligatoireà l'égard de laquelle cette dis-
position pût jouer pour conférer compétence à la Cour actuelle ; dès lors
que l'articl37 ne peut s'appliquer qu'à des clauses juridictionnellesen
vigueur, il n'a pu avoir pour effet de remettre en vigueur une ancienne
clause, éventualité quine peut se réaliser que si les deux parties donnent
à nouveau leur consentement exprès.
Une autre manière d'exposer ce qui est fondamentalement la même
thèse consiste à dire que l'articl37 ne joue que dans les relations entre
Etats parties au Statut qui sont Membres originaires des Nations Unies
ou du moins qui sont entrés à l'Organisation ou sont devenusd'une autre
manière parties au Statut avant la dissolution de la Cour permanente
en avril 1946 ; c'est en effet le seul cas où la Cour actuelle ait pu se sub-
stituer à la Cour permanente, dès lors que les clauses juridictionnelles à
l'égard desquelles cette substitution devait se produire étaient elles-
mêmes encore en vigueur. A partir du moment où une clause de ce genre
a étéfrappée de caducité en raison de la disparition de la Cour perma-
nente, aucune substitution de for n'a étépossible, ou plutôt toute ques-
tion de substitution est devenue sans objet, l'obligation fondamentale
de règlement judiciaire n'existmt plus. Qui plus est, seuls les Etats déjà
parties au Statut avant la dissolution de la Cour permanente peuvent
êtreconsidéréscomme ayant donné un consentement véritable au pro-
cessus en cause, c'est-à-dire un consentement directet visant des clauses
juridictionnelles encore indubitablement en vigueur. Tout le reste,
prétend-on, ne serait que fiction.
La thèse espagnole a étéformulée d'autres manièr.es encore, ou elle
aurait pu l'être,et on relèvera quelques-unes de ces manières ultérieure-
ment ; mais, sous quelque forme qu'elle puisse se présenter, elle consiste
toujours, au fond, dans cette mêmethèse de base : la dissolution de la
Cour permanente a entraîné l'extinction définitive de toutes les clauses
juridictionnelles prévoyant un renvoi à cette Cour, à moins que lesdites
clauses aient déjà ététransformées avant la dissolution, par le jeu de
l'article7 du Statut, en clauses prévoyant le renvoi à la Cour actuelle ;
et, lorsqu'il s'agit de clauses juridictionnelles non transformées cette
façon avant la dissolution de la Cour permanente, l'articl37 n'a pas pu
opérerultérieurement la transformation.
Ce raisonnement n'a pas étéexposépar le Gouvernement défendeur
dans les premiers échanges diplomatiques entre les Parties.Il l'a CnonCC 29 BARCELONA TRACTION (JUDGMENT)
It was first advanced after the decision given by the Court on
26 May 1959,in the case concerning the Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955
(Israel v. Bulgaria) (I.C.J. Reports I959, p. 127). This case had
reference, not to Article 37 but to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Sta-
tute ;and not to a treaty, such asthe Hispano-Belgian Treaty of 1927,
but to a unilateral declaration in acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction of the former Permanent Court, made under the "optional
clause" of its Statute (paragraph 2 of Article 36). It was however
contended by the Respondent that the legal considerations applicable
in that casewere applicable also in the present one ;and the arguments
advanced by the Respondent were, mutatis mutandis,similar in character
to those advanced on behalf of Bulgaria in that case. The Court will
therefore consider this matter.
The Court notes in the first place that the decision in the Israel v.
Bulgaria case was confined entirely to the question of the applicability
of Article36, paragraph 5, in a somewhat unusual situation ; that it
made only one passing and routine reference to Article 37 and notice-
ably avoided any finding on, or even consideration of the case of that
provision, the position of which it was evidently intended to leave
quite open. The Court moreover considers that there are differences
between the two cases which require that the present one should be
dealt with independently and on its merits. Not only is a different
category of instrument involved-an instrument having a conventional
form, not that of a unilateral declaration-but the essential require-
ment of being "in force", which in the cases contemplated by Article 36,
paragraph 5, bore directly on the jurisdictional clause-the unilateral
declaration itself-is, in Article 37, formaily related not to the clause
as such, but to the instrument-the treaty or convention-containing
it, from which follow certain consequences to be noticed later.
Nor can the Court be oblivious to other differences which canot but
affect the question of the need for the Court to make an independent
approach to the present case. The case of Israel v. Bulgaria was in
a certain sense sui generis. As some of the separate but concurring
opinions show (and as is evident in other ways), it might have been
decided-and still in favour of Bulgaria-on grounds whch would not
have involved the particular issue of the effect of the dissolution of the
Permanent Court on the continued existence and validity of a declara-
tion not previously "transformed into an acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the present Court. Moreover, any decision of the Court,
relative to Article 37, must affect a considerable number of surviving
treaties and conventions providing for recourse to the Permanent
Court, including instruments of a political or technical character, and
certain general multilateral conventions of great importance that seem
likely to continue in force. It is thus clear that the decision of the
Court in the present case, whatever it might be, would be liable to
have far-reaching effects. This is in no way a factor which should be pour la première fois après la décisionrendue par la Cour le 26 mai 1959
en l'affairerelative l'Incidentaériendu27juillet1955(Israël c.Bulgarie)
(C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 127). Cette affaire visait non pas l'article 37
mais l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut ; elle visait non pas un traité
comme le traité hispano-belge de 1927 mais une déclaration unilatérale
d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de l'ancienne Cour permanente
faite en vertu de la ((dispositionfacultative ))de son Statut (art. 36,
par. 2). Le défendeur a néanmoins affirméque les considérations juri-
diques applicables à cette affaire sont applicables à la présente espèce;
il a avancé des arguments qui mutatis mutandis sont similaires à ceux
que l'on avait présentésau nom de la Bulgarie dans cette affaire. La
Cour va donc examiner ce problème.
La Cour note d'abord que la décision rendue en l'affaire Israël
c.Bulgarie s'est limitéeàla seulequestion de l'applicabilité de l'article 36,
paragraphe 5, dans une situation assez inhabituelle, qu'elle n'a fait
qu'une référence incidente et de pure forme à l'article 37 et qu'elle a
manifestement évitétoute conclusion ou même toute discussion, con-
cernant cette disposition, à propos de laquelle elle n'a de toute évidence
pas voulu s'engager. La Cour considère en outre qu'il existe entre les
deux cas des différencesqui exigent que l'affaire actuelle soit traitée de
manière indépendante et en elle-même.Non seulement il s'agit d'une
catégorie différente d'instrument, en la forme une convention et non
une déclaration unilatérale, mais encore la condition essentielle du
maintien «en vigueur » qui, dans les cas envisagés par l'article 36,
paragraphe 5, porte directement sur la clause juridictionnelle, la
declaration unilatérale elle-même, est dans l'article 37 formellement
liéenon à la clause en tant que telle, mais à l'instrument - traité ou
convention - contenant cette clause et certaines conséquences s'en
déduisent qui seront indiquées ultérieurement.
La Cour ne peut davantage négligerd'autres différencesqui influent
nécessairement sur la question de savoir si elle doit aborder la présente
affaire d'une manière indépendante. L'affaire Israël c.Bulgarie était en
un sens sui generis. Comme il ressort, entre autres éléments, decertaines
opinions individuelles jointes à l'arrêtmais l'approuvant, on aurait pu
trancher l'affaire, toujours en faveur de la Bulgarie, en se fondant sur
des motifs qui auraient laisséde côté la question particulière de l'effet
de la dissolution de la Cour permanente sur le maintien en existence et
la validité d'une dbclaration non préalablement «transformée » en une
acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour actuelle. De plus,
toute décision de la Cour relative à l'article 37 ne pourra manquer de
toucher un nombre considérable de traités et conventions encore en
vigueur prévoyant le renvoi à la Cour permanente, notamment des ins-
truments de nature politique ou technique et certaines conventions
généralesmultilatérales de grande importance qui ont apparemment un
caractère durable. Il est donc clair que, quelle que soit la décisionde la
Ceur en la présente affaire, elle pourra avoir d'importantes conséquences.allowed to influence the legal character of that decision : but it does
constitute a reason why the decision should not be regarded as already
predetermined by that which was given in the different circumstances
of the Israel v. Bulgaria case.
It will be convenient at this point to mention briefly the question
of the other cases cited in the-course of the proceedings, in which
Article 36, paragraph 5, or 37, of the Statute have been involved.
None is directly in point ; for, with the exception of the declaration of
Thailand in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear, Prelimi-
nary Objections (I.C.J. Reports 1961, p.17), al1the jurisdictional clauses
concerned related to countries which were original Members of the
United Nations and ~arties to the Statute. so that the various Drocesses
provided for by thé Statute had already been completed ai regards
these clauses before the extinction of the Permanent Court. In the
Temple of Preah Vihear case, Thailand had deposited a declaration
purporting to accept the present Court's compulsory jurisdiction, by
means of a "renewal" of a previous declaration of 1940, accepting that
of the former Permanent Court. As Thailand had only become a
Member of the United Xations and a party to the Statute after the
disappearance of that Coizrt, it was argued, in the light of the Israel
v. Bulgaria decision, that the 1940declaration had ipso facto lapsed and
become extinguished, and was consequently incapable of "renewal",
so that the 1950 declaration purporting to effect such a renewal was
without legal validity. The Court however decided the matter on a
different basis, holding that, in sending in its notice of renewa!, Thailand
must have intended to accept the jurisdiction of a court of some kind-
and this could only have been the present one since, as Thailand knew,
the former Court no longer existed. Hence, despite the language of
"renewal", the notice (on its correct interpretation) 6perated as a
direct acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction, made in relation to
the present Court. Consequectly, irrespective of whether or not the
previous declaration relative to the Permanent Court had lapsed, Thai-
land had accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court.
It is clear that this case has no relevance whatever to the present one.
In the light of the foregoing considerations therefore, the Court
must decide the present case independently and without further reference
to Article 36, paragraph 5, or to the previous cases which have, in one
way or another, involved that provision or Article 37 of the Statute-
even though in three of them, the Court did actually apply Article 37.C'estlà un facteur dont on ne saurait admettre qu'il influe en quoi que ce
soit sur le fondement juridique de la décision ; mais c'est aussi une raison
de ne pas considérerla décisioncomme prédéterminéepar celle qui a été
rendue, dans des circonstances différentes, en l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie.
Il convient à ce stade de mentionner brièvement une question traitée
au cours de la procédure, celle des autres affaires où l'on a invoqué les
articles 36,paragraphe 5, ou 37 duStatut. Aucune ne présente un intérêt
direct ; en effet, à l'exception de la déclaration de la Thaïlande enl'affaire
du Temple de Priah Vihéar,exceptionsprili?ninaires (C.I.J. Recueil 1961,
p. 17), toutes les clauses juridictionnelles en question intéressaient des
pays qui étaient Membres originaires des Nations Unies et parties origi-
naires au Statut, de sorte que les divers processus indiquéspar le Statut
étaient déjà achevés à l'égardde ces clauses avant la dissolution de la
Cour permanente. Dans l'affaire du Temple de PréahVihéar,la Thaïlande
avait déposéune déclaration ayant pour objet l'acceptation de la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour actuelle par le renouvellemeztd'une décla-
ration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente
remontant à 1940. La Thaïlande n'était devenue Membre des Nations
Unies et partie au Statut qu'après la disparition de la Cour permanente ;
aussi avait-on soutenu aueL.vu la décision rendue en l'affaire Israël
c. Bulgarie, la déclaration de 1940 était devenue ipso facto caduque,
qu'elle s'était éteinte et n'avait pu par suite êtrerenouvelée,de sorte
que la déclaration de 19jo dont l'objet avait étéd'opérerce renouvelle-
ment etait sans validité juridique. La Cour a néanmoins tranché la
question sur une base différente, estimant qu'en envoyant sa notifica-
tion de renouvellement la Thaïlande avait dû avoir l'intention d'accepter
la juridiction d'une cour, quelle qu'elle fût, et que cette cour ne pouvait
êtreque la Cour actuelle puisque la Thaïlande savait que l'ancienne
Cour n'existait plus. Donc, bien qu'elle eût fait état d'un renouvellement,
la notification, si on l'interprétait bien, avait constitué une acceptation
directe de la juridiction obligatoire, visant la présente Cour. Par consé-
quent, que la déclaration antérieure intéressant la Cour permanente eût
ou non étéatteinte de caducité, la Thaïlande avait acceptéla juridiction
obligatoire de la présente Cour. Il est clair que cette affaire n'a aucune
pertinence en ce qui concerne celle dont la Cour est aujourd'hui saisie.
C'est pourquoi la Cour considère qu'elle doit trancher la présente
aifaire d'une manière indépendante et sans autre référenceà l'article 36,
paragraphe 5, ou aux affaires antérieures qui ont, d'une façon ou d'une
autre, porté sur cette disposition ou sur l'article 37 du Statut, et cela
alors même que,danstrois d'entre elles, la Cour a effectivement appliqué
l'article37. Although it will be necessary to revert to the matter at a later stage,
it is desirable at this point to Say something about what appear to
have been the objects and purposes of Article 37 at the tirne when the
Statute was being drafted in the period April-June 1945.
Historically, two main considerations appear to have moved the
drafters. In the first place, owing to the decision to create an inter-
national court of justice which would in law be a new entity, and not
a continuation of the existing Permanent Court, the dissolution of the
latter becarne essential, for it would not have been a tolerable situation
for two such Courts to be CO-existing. The disappearance of the Per-
manent Court was in any event certain to occur in fact, for lack of
machinery to replace its Judges, but it was not known precisely when
this disappearance, either as a fact or as the result of a forma1 dissolu-
tion, would come about. At the same time, there were then in existence
a very large number of treaties, conventions and other instruments,
bilateral and multilateral, containing jurisdictional clauses providing
for recourse to that Court. If therefore nothing had been inserted in
the new Statute to meet this situation, and to meet it automatically
and in advance, the preservation of these clauses would have been left
to the uncertain action of the individual parties to the various instru-
ments concemed.
It was this situation that Article37 was designed to meet, and the
governing concept evidently was to preserve as many jurisdictional
clauses as possible from becoming inoperative by reason of the pro-
spective dissolution of the Permanent Court ; and moreover, to do this
by a process which would automatically substitute the new Court for
the Permanent Court in the jurisdictional treaty relations between
al1 Members of the United Nations and other parties to the Statute,
thus avoiding the necessity for piecemeal action by special agreement
between the parties to the various instruments. The intention there-
fore was to create a special régime which, as between the parties to
the Statute, would automatically transform references to the Perma-
nent Court in these jurisdictional clauses, into referencesto the present
Court.
In these circumstances it is difficult to suppose that those who
framed Article 37 would willirigly have contemplated, and would not
have intended to avoid, a situation in which the nullification of the
jurisdictional clauses whose continuation it was desired to preserve,
would be brought about by the very event-the disappearance of the
Permanent Court-the effects of which Article 37 both foresaw and
was intended to pany ; or that they would have viewed with equanim-
ity the possibility that, although the Article would preserve many
jurisdictional clauses, there might be many others which it would not ;
thus creating that very situation of diversification and imbalance
which it was desired to avoid.
Whether Article 37 was aptly framed to carry out these objectives
remains for consideration ; but that such were the objectives, and the Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une question sur laquelle on devra revenir ulté-
rieurement, il n'en est pas moins désirable de dire dèsmaintenant quels
semblent avoir étéles motifs et les buts de l'article7 à l'époquede l'éla-
boration du Statut en avril-juin 1945.
Historiquement, deux considérations principales paraissent avoir
orientéles rédacteurs. D'abord, comme on avait décidéde créerune cour
internationale de justice qui serait en droit une institution nouvelle et
non la continuation de la Cour permanente alors en existence, la dis-
solution de celle-ci s'est imposéecar une situation dans laquelle les deux
cours auraient coexistén'aurait pas étéadmissible. Il était certain que la
Cour permanente devait en tout cas disparaître en fait puisqu'il n'existait
plus aucun mécanisme pour le remplacement de ses membres ; mais on
ne savait pas au juste à quel moment elle disparaîtrait en fait ou serait
formellement dissoute. Or de très nombreux traités. conventions et
autres instruments bilatéraux ou multilatéraux contenaient des clauses
juridictionnelles prévoyant le renvoi à cette Cour. Par conséquent, si le
nouveau Statut n'avait comporté aucune disposition permettant de faire
face à une telle situation automatiquement et à l'avance, le maintien
desdites clauses aurait dépendu d'une initiative éventuelle des parties
aux instruments en cause.
C'est à cette situation que l'artic37 avait pour objet de remédier et
l'idéedominante était manifestement d'empêcherle plus grand nombre
possible de clauses juridictionnelles inclusesdans des traités de devenir
inapplicables en raison de la dissolution prévue de la Cour permanente ;
en outre, on entendait parvenir à ce résultat par une procédure qui
substitue automatiauement la nouvelle Cour à la Cour Dermanente dans
les rapports conventionnels portant surla juridiction entre tous les Etats
Membres des Nations Unies ou ~arties au Statut et oui évite ainsi des
mesures isoléesexigeant un accord spécial entre les parties aux divers
instruments. On a donc eu l'idéede créer un régime spécialqui, entre
les parties au Statut, transformerait a~tomati~uemen~les renvois à la
Cour permanente prévus dans les clauses juridictionnelles en renvois à
la Cour actuelle.
Dans ces conditions,'il est difficile de supposer que les rédacteurs de
l'article37 aient délibérément envisagéet n'aient pas voulu éviter que
l'événement même dont l'article37 prévoyait les effets et aux consé-
quences duquel il avait pour but de remédier, à savoir la disparition
dela Cour permanente, entraîne l'annulation des clauses juridictionnelles
dont ils dCsiraient assurer le maintien ; il est difficile de supposer qu'ils
aient envisagé avec sérénitéque de nombreuses clauses juridictionnelles
puissent ne pas êtreconservées par le jeu de cet article, alors que de
nombreuses autres le seraient ; ils auraient ainsi établi prkcisément la
situation de disparité et de déséquilibre qu'ilsdésiraient éviter.
Que l'article 37 ait étérédigéde façon à bien atteindre ces objectifs,
cela reste à examiner ; mais la Cour ne saurait douter que tels étaient
29motives influencing the drafting, the Court can hardly doubt. This
conclusion finds strong support in a second historical consideration.
As is well known, Article 37 represented, so far as treaties and conven-
tions were concemed, a compromise between two extreme and opposed
schools of jurisdictional thought. There were, on the one hand, those
who wanted to insert in the Statute of the new Court a clause of universal
compulsory jurisdiction, automatically applicable to al1 disputes
between parties to the Statute, of whatever kind and howsoever arising.
Such a clause would have rendered the insertion of jurisdictional clauses
in particular treatiesor conventions unnecessary except for any special
purpose, and would have rendered a provision such as Article 37 un-
necessary also, or caused it to be differently drafted. On the other
hand, there were those who were opposed to the idea of compulsory
jurisdiction in any form, and considered that the Court should only be
competent in cases brought before it with the express consent of the
parties, given ad hoc.
The compromise between these two points of view which Article 37
represented (so far as jurisdictional clauses in treaties and conventions
were concerned) involved the rejection of the notion of a universal
compulsory jurisdiction ; but on the other hand (and for that very
reason) it also involved the preservation at least of the already existing
field of conventional compulsory jurisdiction. It was a natural element
of this compromise that the maximum, and not some merely quasi
optimum preservation of this field should be aimed at.
With this background in mind, the Court will now consider the text
of Article 37. Looking simply at its actual language, the Court sees
it primarily as a provision conferring jurisdiction upon the International
Court of Justice in respect of a certain category of disputes, and which
mentions the Permanent Court for one purpose and one only-namely
that of defining or identifying the category of dispute covered. Only
three conditions are actually stated in the Article. They are that there
should be a treaty or convention in force ; that it should provide (Le.,
make provision) for the reference of a "matter" (i.e., the matter in
litigation) to the Permanent Court ; and that the dispute should be
between States both or al1 of which are parties to the Statute. No
condition that the Permanent Court should still he in existence at any
given moment is expressed in the Article. The conclusion, in so far as
it is to be based on the actual language of Article 37 must be that the
1927 Treaty being in force ; it being a treaty which contains a provision
for a reference of the matter in dispute to the Permanent Court ; and
the Parties to the dispute both being parties to the Statute-then, as
between them, the matter is to be. ("shaU be") referred to the Inter-les desseins et les motifs qui ont inspiré sa rédaction. Cette conclusion
est nettement renforcéepar une seconde considération d'ordre historique.
Comme on le sait, l'article 37 a représenté,en ce qui concerne les traités
et conventions, un compromis entre deux tendances extrêmes et oppo-
séessur le problème de la juiidiction. D'une part, certains désiraient
inscrire dans le Statut de la nouvelle Cour une clause de juridiction
obligatoire universelle automatiquement applicable à tous les différends
entre les parties à ce Statut, de quelque nature qu'ils soient et de quelque
manière qu'ils s'élèvent. Une telleclause aurait rendu inutile l'insertion
de clauses juridictionnelles dans chaque traité ou convention, sauf à des
fins déterminées, et aurait rendu inutile aussi une disposition comme
l'article37 ou aurait obligé à la rédiger différemment. D'autre part,
certains étaient opposésàl'idéede la juridiction obligatoiresousquelque
forme que ce fût et considéraient que la Cour ne pouvait êtrecompétente
que dans les affaires qui lui seraient déféréesvec le consentement exprès
et spécialdes parties.
Le compromis entre ces deux points de vues que consacre l'article 37,
pour ce qui est des clauses juridictionnelles des traités et conventions,
impliquait le rejet de la notion de juridiction obligatoire universelle ;
en revanche, et pour cette raison même,il impliquait le maintien en tout
cas des rapports existant en matière de juridiction obligatoire conven-
tionnelle. Il était de la nature du compromis que l'on vise à conserver
le maximum et non pas simplement une partie, mêmeimportante, de
ces rapports.
C'est en tenant compte des donnéesqui précèdent quela Cour exami-
nera maintenant le texte de l'article 37. Se fondant simplement sur le
libelléde ce texte, la Cour y voit avant tout une disposition qui confère
compétence à la Cour internationale de Justice à l'égardd'une certaine
catkgorie de différendset qui ne mentionne la Cour permanente qu'CL une
seule fin,à savoir définir et identifier la catégoriede différendsen cause.
Trois conditions seulement sont énoncéesdans l'article: il doit y avoir un
traité ou une convention en vigueur ; cet instrument doit prévoir lerenvoi
d'une affaire litigieuse (dans le texte anglais : of a matter) à la Cour
permanente, c'est-à-dire qu'il doit contenir une disposition décidant
un tel renvoi ; et le différend doit opposer deux ou plusieurs Etats
parties au Statut. Le maintien en existence de la Cour permanente à un
moment quelconque ii'est pas parmi les conditions énoncéesdans
l'article. La conclusion, dans la mesure où elle peut être déduite du
libellémêmede l'article 37, doit êtrecelle-ci : le traité de 1927est en
vigueur ; il s'agit d'un traité qui contient une disposition prévoyant
le renvoi de l'affaire litigieuseà la Cour permanente et les Parties au
différendsont toutes deux parties au Statut ; dès lors, en ce qui lescon-national Court of Justice, or (according to the French text) that Court
is to be the competent forum.
Two central issues evidently-arise here. One, which will be consi-
dered later, is whether, although the words "in force" are directlyrelated
to the treaty or convention as such, they must nevertheless be regarded
as relating also, and independently, to the jurisdictional clause as
such. The other main issue is, what is the meaning to be ascnbed to
the phrase "provides for". Clearly this cannot mean "provides for"
operationally, here and now, for the Permanent Court no longer being
in existence, no treaty could still provide for that. It follows that to
irnpart rationality to the term "provides for" in its context, it must be
read in a figurative sense, almost as if it had been put between inverted
commas, and as denoting a treaty or convention still in force as such,
containing a clause providing, or making provision for, a reference to
the Permanent Court, this being simply a convenient method of defining
or identifying the category of dispute in respect of which jurisdiction
is conferred upon the International Court of Justice.
It was however argued that since Article 37, wherever it was appli-
cable, transferred jurisdiction from the Permanent Court to the present
Court, it was necessary that the former Court should still be in existence
at the moment of the transfer; for othenvise there would no longer
exist any jurisdiction to be transferred. But the Court considers that
Article 37 did not in fact operate to effect any "transfer" of jurisdiction
as such. What was created was a new Court, with a separate and
independent jurisdiction to apply in the relations between the parties
to the Statute of that new Court. In the field of the iurisdictional
clauses of treaties and conventions already in force, referring to the
Permanent Court, the modus operandi could, technically, have been
to annex to the Statute a list of al1 such instruments. Such a listing
eonomine would have left no doubt that any listed treaty was covered,
so long as it remained in force, irrespective of the date at which the
parties becarne parties to the Statute, and independently of the con-
tinued existence of the Permanent Court. Instead of any such cum-
brous procedure, the same result was achieved by resort to the common
factor involved in al1 these jurisdictional clauses, namely the provision
they contained for reference to the Permanent Court. By mentioning
this, Article37identified and defined the category involved, and nothing
else was needed.
The Court will now turn to the question of the scope to be given to
the words "in force" in Article 37. According to the actual text,
this phrase relates solely to the treaties and conventions in question,
and as such. But this cannot be considered as finally conclusive in
itself, because it is necessary to take into consideration not only whatcerne, le renvoi doit être fait (dansle texte anglais :shall be)à la Cour
internationale de Justice ou (selon le texte français) c'est cette Cour
qui constituera la juridiction compétente.
Deux questions importantes se posent évidemment ici. La première,
qui sera étudiéeultérieurement, est de savoir si, tout en se rapportant
directement au traité ou à la convention en tant que tels, l'expression
((en vigueur ))doit néanmoins êtreconsidérée commese rapportant aussi
de manière indépendante à la clause juridictionnelle proprement dite.
La seconde est de savoir quel sens on doit donner au mot (prévoit ».Il
ne s'agit certainement pas de prévoireffectivement en ce moment même
car, la Cour permanenten'existant plus, aucun traiténe peut plus le faire.
Il s'ensuit que, pour donner un sens rationnel au mot prévoit )dans son
contexte, on doit l'entendre au sens figuré, presque-comme s'il était
placéentre guillemets, comme s'il visait en tant que tels un traité ou une
convention in vigueur prévoyant le renvoi à fa Cour permanente ou
contenant une clause à cet effet;c'est simplement une manière commode
de définirou d'identifier la catégorie de différends à 1'Cgardde laquelle
compétence est conférée à la Cour internationale de Justice.
On soutient cependant que, comme l'article 37,.pour autant qu'il Ctait
applicable, a transféré à la Cour actuelle la juridiction de la Cour per-
manente. il fallait au moment du transfert aue l'ancienne Cour existe
encore ;car, sans cela, il n'y aurait plus eu de juridiction à transférer.
La Cour considère néanmoins que l'article 37 n'a pas eu en réalité pour
effet de((transférer »la juridiction en tant que telle. Cequi a étéinstitué,
c'est une nouvelle Cour dotéed'une juridiction distincte et indépendante
qui devait jouer dans les relations entre les partiesà son Statut. Pour les
clauses juridictionnelles de traités et conventions en vigueur prévoyant
le renvoi à la Cour permanente, on aurait pu techniquement adopter
le procédéconsistant à annexer au Statut la liste de ces instruments.
Une telle énumération eo nominen'aurait laisséaucun doute sur le fait
que tout traité indiqué sur la liste était visé, tant qu'il resterait en
vigueur, indépendamment de la date d'adhksion des parties au Statut
et indépendamment du maintien en existence de la Cour permanente.
Au lieu d'employer une procédure aussi lourde, on est parvenu au même
résultat en s'appuyant sur le facteur commun à toutes ces clauses
juridictionnelles,à savoir qu'elles prévoyaient le renvoi à la Cour per-
manente. En mentionnant ce facteur commun, l'article 37 identifiait
et définissait la catégorie en cause et rien d'autre n'&tait nécessaire.
La Cour examinera maintenant la question de la portée à attribuer
dans l'article 37 à l'expression en vigueur ». D'après le texte même,
cette expression se rapporte uniquement aux traités et conventions
en cause en tant que tels. Mais on ne peut admettre que cela soit absolu-
ment concluant en soi, car il faut prendre en considération non seulementthis provision was intended to do, but also what it was not intended to
do. It was intended to preserve a conventional jiirisdictional field
from a particular threat, narnely the extinction which would otherwise
follow from the dissolution of the Permanent Court. But that was
al1 it was intended to do. It was not intended to create any new
obligatory jurisdiction that had not existed before that dissolution.
Nor, in preserving the existing conventional jurisdiction, was it intended
to prevent the operation of causes of extinction other than the disap-
pearance of the Permanent Court. In this sense but, however, in this
sense orily, is it correct to say that regard must be had not only to
whether the treaty or convention is still in force, but also to whether
the jurisdictional clause it contains is itself, equally, still in forAnd
precisely because it was the sole object of Article 37 to prevent extinc-
tion resulting from the particular cause which the disappearance of the
Permanent Court would represent, it cannot be admitted that this
extinction should in fact proceed to follow from this very event itself.
Such a possibility would not only involve a contradiction in terms, but
would run counter to the whole intention and purpose of the Article.
The argument to the contrary is Dased on seeking to draw a distinc-
tion between those States which became parties to the Statute previous
to the dissolution of the Permanent Court, and those which became
parties aftenvards. But that is not an independent argument, for the
alleged distinction is itself only a part, or another aspect, of the same
fundamental question, namely the effect of that dissolution on the
status of these jurisdictional clauses-since the sole relevance of the
date of admission to the United Nations, if it was subsequent to the
dissolution, is whether there still remained in existence any jurisdic-
tional clause in respect of wiiich Article 37 could take effect. It is in
this way alone that ariy distinction between different parties to the
Statute could be introduced ; for otherwise it must be entirely arbi-
trary, and it is not recognized by Article37 itself which, on the contrary,
speaks of the "parties to the present Statute", not the "present parties
to the Statute". Except for the supposed effects of the dissolution,
therefore, the ordinary rule of treaty law must apply, that unless the
treaty or provision concerned expressly indicates some difference or
distinction, such phrases as "the parties to the Statute". or "the parties
to the present convention", or "the contracting parties", or "the Mem-
bers of the Orgaiiization", apply equally and indifferently to cover al1
those States which at any given time are participants, whatever the
date of their several ratifications, accessions or admissions, etc.
Consequently, since the Court cannot, for reasons already stated,
accept the dissolution of the Permanent Court as a cause of lapse or
abrogation of any of the jurisdictional clauses concerned, it musi hold
that the date at which the Respondent became a party to the Statute
is irrelevant.ce quel'article 37 avait pour objet de faire mais aussi ce qu'il n'avait pas
pour objet de faire. Son objet était d'écarter du domaine juridictionnel
une menace donnée, à savoir l'extinction de certaines dispositions
conventionnelles qui, sans cela, résulterait de la dissolution de la Cour
permanente. Mais il n'avait pas d'autre objet. Il n'avait pas pour objet
de créer une juridiction obligatoire nouvelle qui n'aurait pas exi-té
avant la dissolution. Il n'avait pas non plus pour objet, en conservmt
la juridiction existante, d'empêcher quejouent d'autres causes d'extinc-
tion de ces dispositions conventionnelles en dehors de la disparition dela
Cour permanente. C'est uniquement en ce sens qu'il est exact de dire
que l'on doit rechercher non seulement si le traité ou la convention est
encore en vigueur mais également si sa clause juridictionnelle est elle
aussi encore en vigueur. Or, précisément parce que l'article 37 avait
pour seul but d'éviter l'extinction résultant de la cause particulière
qu'allait êtrela disparition de la Cour permanente, on ne sauraitadmettre
que cette extinction découle en fait de cet événement lui-même. Une
telle possibilité n'impliquerait pas seulement une contradiction dans
les termes ;elle irait à l'encontre de l'intention et du but de l'article.
Pour justifier l'argument contraire, on cherche à faire une distinction
entre les Etats, selon qu'ils sont devenus parties au Statut avant ou
après la dissolution de la Cour permanente. Mais ce n'est pas un argu-
ment en soi ; en effet, la distinction ainsi invoquée n'est qu'un élément,
un autre aspect de la mêmequestion fondamentale, qui est l'effet de
cette dissolution sur le statut des clauses juridictionnelles, puisque la
seule question que pose la date d'admission aux Nations Unies, si elle
a étépostérieure à la dissolution, est de savoir s'il existait encore des
clauses juridictionnelles à l'égarddesquelles l'articl37 pouvait produire
effet. Telle est donc la seule manière d'établir une distinction entre les
diverses parties au Statut ; toute autre distinction serait purement arbi-
traire et ne pourrait êtredéduite del'article7 lui-mêmequi, au contraire,
parle des «parties au présent Statut » et non des présentesparties au
Statut. Mis à part les effets supposés de la dissolution, la règle ordinaire
du droit des traités doit par conséquent s'appliquer : àmoins que le traité
ou la disposition en question n'indique expressément une différence
ou une distinction, des expressions telles que les parties au statut, les
parties à la présenteconvention, les parties contractantes ou les membres
de l'organisation s'appliquent également et indifféremment à tous les
Etats participants, à une époque quelconque, quelles que soient les dates
de ratification, d'adhésion, d'admission, etc.
En conséquence, puisque la Cour ne peut admettre, pour les motifs
qui viennent d'êtreindiqués, que la dissolution de la Cour permanente
ait pu entraîner la caducité ou l'abrogation de l'une quelconque des
clauses juridictionnelles en question, elie doit conclure que la date
à laquelle le défendeur est devenu partie au Statut est sans pertinence. Certain other considerations serve to reinforce this view ; for if it
is clear from what was said earlier about the origins of Article 37,
that the aim was to be comprehensive, it is equally clear that to admit
what may for convenience be called the "dissolution" argument, would
not only be to make serious inroads upon that objective, but quite
possibly-for all that those who were drafting Article 37 could tell at
the time-to defeat almost entirely its intended purpose.
In the period April-June 1945 it was impossible to forecast when the
Permanent Court would be dissolved, or when-or on the basis of how
many ratifications-the Charter of the United Nations would come
into force. Circumstances delaying the latter event, or causing it to
occur on the basis of only a relatively small number of ratifications,
might have given rise to a situation in which, if the "dissolution"
argument were correct, many, or possibly even most, of the jurisdic-
tional clauses concerned would have fallen outside the scope of
Article 37, a result which must have been contrary to what those who
framed this provision intended. It was suggested in the course of the
oral hearing that these possibilities, had they threatened to materialize,
could and would have been avoided. by taking steps to postpone the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. This however serves only to show
what the real intentions of Article37 must have been-namely to make
any such postponement unnecessary because, whatever the date of the
coming into force of the Charter, or of the dissolution of the Permanent
Court, and whatever the date at which a State became a party to the
Statute, Article 37 would ensure. in advance the preservation of the
relevant jurisdictional clauses, by causing them to confer competence
on the present Court, as between parties to its Statute. This was its
purpose.
It has been objected that the view set forth above leads, in such a
case as that of the Respondent Government, to a situation in which
the jurisdictional clause concemed, even if in existence, is necessarily
inoperative and cannot be invoked by the other party to the treaty
containing it ; and then, after a gap of years, suddenly it becomes
operative again, and can be invcked as a clause of compulsory juris-
diction to found proceedings before the Court. It is asked whether,
in these circumstances, any true consent can be said to have been given
by the Respondent Government to the exercise of jurisdiction by the
Court in this class of case.
Noting in passing that this situation results from the act of the
Respondent itself in agplying for membership of the United Nations D'autres considérations viennent encore renforcer cette manière
de voir ; en effet, s'ilressort clairement de ce qui a étéditantérieurement
au sujet des origines de l'article 37 que sa portée devait être large,
il est également clair que, eût-on admis ce qui peut êtreappelé pour plus
de commodité l'argument de la dissolution,non seulement on aurait
gravement compromis l'objectif visé mais encore fort probablement,
pour autant que les rédacteurs de l'article 37 pouvaient le dire à
l'époque,on aurait presque totalement empêchécet article de répondre
à son objet.
Pendant la période d'avril à juin 1945 il était impossible de prévoir
quand la Cour permanente serait dissoute ni quand, et sur la base de
combien de ratifications, la Charte des Nations Unies entrerait en
vigueur. Si les circonstances avaient retardé cette entrée en vigueur
ou si celle-ci s'était produite sur la base d'un nombre relativement
faible de ratifications,on aurait pu se trouver, à supposer que l'argu-
ment de la dissolution soit exact, dans une situation telle que maintes
clauses juridictionnelles ou même peut-être la plupart d'entre elles
eussent échappé à l'application de l'article 37, résultat qui aurait cer-
tainement étécontraire aux intentions des rédacteurs de cet article.
On a dit au cours de la procédure orale que, si ces éventualités avaient
risqué de se réaliser, on aurait puy remédier et on y aurait remédié en
prenant des mesures pour différer la dissolution de la Cour permanente.
Cela met bien en lumière les véritables intentions des rédacteurs de
l'articl37, qui étaient de rendre inutile un tel report, car quelle que fût
la date de l'entrée en vigueur de la Charte ou de la dissolution de la
Cour permanente et quelle que lût la date d'adhésiond'un Etat au Statut,
l'article37 devait assurer par avance la sauvegarde des clauses juri-
dictionnelles pertinentes, en faisant en sorte qu'elles confèrent compé-
tence à la présente Cour entre parties au Statut. Tel était son but.
On objecte que cette manière de voir aboutit, dans un cas comme
celui du Gouvernement défendeur, à une situation où, mêmesi la clause
juridictionnelle en question continue à exister, elle cesse nécessaire-
ment d'êtreapplicable et ne peut être invoquée par l'autre partie au
traité qui la contient; puis, tout à coup, après un certain nombre
d'années, elle redevient applicable et peilt êtreinvoquée comme clause
de juridiction obligatoire pour fonder une instance devant la Cour. Il est
demandé si, dans ces conditions, on peut dire que le Gouvernement
défendeur a véritablement donné son consentement à l'exercice de la
compétence de la Cour dans des affaires du genre de l'affaire actuelle.
Après avoir notéen passant qu'une telle situation résulte de l'acte par
lequel le défendeur lui-mêmea demandé à êtreadmis aux Nations Unies,which, upon admission, entailed, by virtue of Article 93, paragraph 1,
of the Charter of the United Nations, becoming a party to the Statute,
the Court would observe that the notion of rignts and obligations that
are in abeyance, but not extinguished, is perfectly familiar to the law
and represents a common feature of certain fields.
In this connection, and as regards the whole question of consent,
the Court considers the case of the reactivation of a jurisdictional
clause by virtue of Article 37 to be no more than a particular case of
the familiar principle of consent given gerierally and in advance, in
respect of a certain class of jurisdictional clause. Consent to an obli-
gation of compulsory jurisdiction musr be regarded as given ipso facto
by joining an international organization, membership of which involves
such an obligation, and irrespective of the date of joining. In conse-
quence, States joining the United Nations or otherwise becoming parties
to the Statute, at whatever date, knew in advance (or must be taken
to have known) that, by reason of Article 37, one of the results of
doing so would, as between themseives and other parties to the Statute,
be the reactivation in relation to the present Court, of any jurisdictional
clauses referring to the Permanent Court, in treaties still in force, by
which they were bound. It is the position maintained by the Respon-
dent Governrnent which would create inequality, and discriminate in
favour of those entering the United Nations, or othenvise becorning
parties to the Statute, after April 1946, particularly as regards the
obligations contained in the jurisdictional clauses of important general
multilateral converitions, thus giving rise to just the kind of anomaly
Article 37 was intenàed to avoid.
The Respondent Governrnent, in the course of the diplomatic corres-
pondence preceding the original proceedings before the Court, and in
particular in the Notes exchanged in the period May 1957 to February
1958, implicitly recognized the cornpetence of the Courr for the purposes
of Article 17 (4) of the 1927 Treaty, and challenged the right of the
Applicant Governrnent to resort to the Court oniy on grounds connected
with the third and fourth Preliminary Objections in the present case.
It did not demur when the ~~~licant stated that the International
Court of Justice had been substituted for the Permanent Court in
Article 17 (4) of the Treaty. It did not even broach the possibility
that there might be a question as to the competence of the Court qua
forum. If this attitude was based on the assllmption that Article 37
of the Statute-by which the Respondent had by then become bound-
conferred iurisdiction on the Court (an assum~tion the correctness'of
which the reasoning of the decision in the Israelv. Bulgaria case might
appear to cal1 in question), then the present finding of the Court, that
this assumption was in fact correct, operates to restore the basis on
which tne Respondenr itself appears originally to have recognized the
same thing. BARCELONA TRACTION (ARRÊT) 36
acte qui, cette admission ayant eu lieu, a entraîné son adhésionauStatut
en vertu.de l'article.., parag-aphe 1, de la Charte des Nations Unies,
la Cour fera observer que la notion de droits et d'obligations suspendus
mais non éteints est bien connue en droit et qu'elle est courante dans
certains domaines.
A cet égard, et en ce qui concerne l'ensemble de la question du consen-
tement, la Cour considère que la remise en vigueur d'une clause juri-
dictionnelle en vertu de l'articl37 n'est rien d'autre qu'un cas d'applica-
tion du principe bien connu du consentement donné à titre général
et par avance, à l'égardd'une certaine catégorie de clauses juridiction-
nelles. Un consentement à une obligation de juridiction obligatoire
doit être considéré commedonné ipso factoquand on adhère à une
organisation internationale dont la charte constitutive implique une
telle obligation, quelle que soit la date d'adhésion. Par conséquent, les
Etats entrés aux Kations Unies ou devenus d'une autre manière parties
au Statut à quelque moment que ce soit savaient à l'avance ou étaient
censéssavoir qu'en vertu de l'article 37 l'un des résultats de leur admis-
sion serait la remise en application à l'égardde la Cour actuelle, entre
eux-mêmeset les autres parties au Statut, de toute clause juridiction-
nelle prévoyant le renvoi à la Cour permanente incluse dans un traité
encore en vigueur qui les liait. C'est la position adoptée par le Gouverne-
ment défendeurqui engendrerait une inégalitéet créerait une discrimina-
tion en faveur des Etats entrés aux Nations Unies ou devenus d'une
autre manière parties au Statut après le mois d'avril 1946, et ce notam-
ment pour les-obligations contenues dans les clauses-juridictionnelles
de certaines conventions m~lti~atéralesgénéralesimportantes ; or tel est
précisément legenre de situation anormale que l'article 37 avait pour
but d'éviter.
Dans la correspondance diplomatique qui a précédéla première
procédure devant la Cour et en particulier dans les notes échangées
pendant la périodede mai 1957 à février1958, le Gouvernement défen-
deur a implicitemenr reconnu la compétence de .la Cour aux fins de
l'article17 (4) du traité de 1927 et n'a contesté le droit du Gouverne-
ment demandeur de s'adresser à la Cour que pour des motifs qui sont
repris aujourd'hui dans les troisième et quatrième exceptions prélimi-
naires. II n'a pas soulevé d'objection lorsque le demandeur a déclaré
que, dans l'article 17 (4)du traité, la Cour internationale de Justice
avait été substituée à la Cour permanente. Il n'a mêmepas envisagé
qu'une question puisse se poser quant à la compétence de la Cour en
tant qve tribunal. Si le dkfendeur a pris cette attitude parce qu'il est
parti de l'hypothèse que l'article 37 du Statut par lequel il se trouvait
alors liéavait conferécompétence à la Cour, hypothèse que le raisonne-
ment sur lequel reposait la décisionrendue en l'affaire Israël c.Bulgarie
a pu sembler remettre en question, la conclusion favorable à cette
hypothèse à laquelle pa~ent présentement la Cour a pour effet de
rétablir la base sur laquelle le défendeur lui-mêmeparaît s'être appuyé
pour conclure dans le mêmesens. The Court has thought it desirable to base itself up to this point
wholly on considerations relating to Article 37 of the Statute which,
in its opinion, would (in the absence of any relevant special factor) be
applicable to the case of al1 the jurisdictional clauses in the treaties
and conventions to which Article 37 applies. In the case of treaties
having the character of the Hispano-Belgian Treaty of 1927, however,
there are special features which afford additional support for the con-
clusions arrived at on the bais of Article 37 alone.
Article 17 (4) of the Treaty was discussed between the Parties in
the course of the written and oral proceedings, largely in relation to the
question of its "severability" from the rest of the Treaty. Into this
question, which has implications reaching far beyond the scope of the
present case, the Court does not consider it necessary to go. What
must be true, on any view of the matter, is that Article 17 (4) is an
integral part of the Treaty as a whole ; and its judicial fate cannot be
considered in isolation.
It is at this point necessary to note that Article 17 (4), the relevant
terms of which are cited above, had as its prirnary object in the scheme
of the 1927 Treaty, what was more a matter of mechanics-namely to
indicate in what circurnstances, and at what precisepoint in the attempt
to dispose of the dispute, either party would have the right to take the
matter to the Court. This right was to be exercisable if the (optional)
conciliation procedure provided for by the Treaty had not been made
use of, or had failed ;and if agreement had not been reached within a
certain period on the terms of a comfiromisfor the submission of the
dispute by mutual consent to the Court or to arbitration; and if,
thereupon, a month's notice was given of the intention to take the matter
to the Court unilaterally.
The basic obligation to submit to compulsory adjudication, however,
was and is camed by two other provisions of the Treaty, namely
Article 2, and the hst paragraph of Article 17. The relevant para-
graph of Article 2 reads as follows :
[Translation]
"Al1disputes of every kind between the High Contracting Parties
with regard to which the Parties are in confiict as to their respec-
tive rights, and which it may not have been possible to settle
amicably by the normal methods of diplomacy, shall be submitted
for decision to an arbitral tribunal or to the Permanent Court of
International Justice."
The Treaty theri goes on to provide for the conciliation procedure,
and continues in Article 17 (1) to reaffirm the essence of Article 2 as
follows : La Cour a estimé désirablede ne se fonder jusqu'ici que sur des con-
sidérations relativesà l'article 37 du Statut qu'ell: estime, en l'absence
de tout élément particulièrement pertinent, applicables à toutes les
clauses juridictionnelles des traités et conventions viséspar l'article 37.
Dans le cas des traités ayant le caractère du traité hispano-belgede 1927,
certains traits particuliers viennent encore renforcer les conclusions
auxquelles la Cour est parvenue sur la seule base de l'article 37.
Une bonne part de la discussion qui s'est dérouléeentre les Parties,
tant par écrit qu'oralement, au sujet de l'article 17 (4) du traité a eu
pour thème la question de la divisibi dleicette clause par rapport
au reste du traité. La Cour n'estime pas nécessaire d'examiner cette
question dont les conséquencesdépassentde loin la portéedela présente
affaire. Quelqueopinion que l'on ait à cet égard, une choseest certaine :
l'article 17 (4) fait partie intégrante de l'ensemble du traité ; le sort
à lui réserver sur le plan judiciaire ne peut êtreexaminé isolément.
Il est nécessairede noter,à ce stade, que l'article 17 (4), dont le pas-
sage pertinent est cité ci-dessus, avait surtout à jouer dans le système
du traité de 1927 un rôle plutôt mécanique ;il devait indiquer dans
quelles circonstances et à quel moment précis de la tentative de règle-
ment du litige l'une ou l'autre partie aurait le droit de s'adresser à la
Cour. Ce droit devait pouvoir s'exercer si la procédure facultative de
conciliation prévue par le traité n'avait pas étéutiliséeou avait échoué,
si aucun accord n'avait étéréalisédans un certain délaisur les termes
d'un compromis soumettant d'un commun accord le litige à la Cour
ou à l'arbitrage et si l'intention de saisir unilatéralement la Cour de
l'affaire était annoncée avec un préavisd'un mois.
L'obligation fondamentale de se soumettre à un règlement judiciaire
étaitet demeure dnoncéedansdeuxautres dispositions du traité, àsavoir
l'article2 et, le premier alinéa de l'article 17. L'alinéa pertinent de
l'article2prévoit :
«Tous litiges entre les Hautes Parties contractantes, de quelque
nature qu'ils soient, au sujet desquels les Parties se contesteraient
réciproquement un droit et qui n'auraient pu êtreréglés à l'amiable
par les procédésdiplomatiques ordinaires, seront soumis pour juge-
ment soit àun tribunalarbitral, soità la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale. ))
Le traité contient ensuite des dispositions concernant la procédure de
conciliationpuis, à l'articl17 (1), il réaffirmedans son essence l'artic2e
de la manière suivante : [Translation]
"In the event of no amicable agreement being reached before
the Permanent Conciliation Commission, the dispute shall be
submitted either to an Arbitral Tribunal or to the Permanent
Ccurt of International Justice, as provided in Articl2 of the present
Treaty."
In the light of these provisions, it would be difficult either to deny
the seriousness of the intention to create an obligation to have recourse
to compulsory adjudication-al1 other means of settlement failing-
or to assert that this obligation was exclusively dependent on the exis-
tence of a particular forum, in such a way that it would become totally
abrogated and extinguished by the disappearance of that forum. The
error of such an assertion would lie in a confusion of ends with means-
the end being obligatory judicial settlement, the means an indicated
forum, but not necessarily the oilly possible one.
This double aspect appears particularly clearly on the basis of the
several jurisdictional clauses of the 1927 Treaty, taken as a whole ;
and these considerations furnish the answer to the contention that the
obligation of compulsory adjudication in the Treaty was so indissolubly
bound UD with the indication of the Permanent Court as the forum.
as to be inseparable from it, and incapable of continued existence in the
absence of that Court. On the very language of Articles 2 and 17 (1),
this is not the case. An obligation of recourse to judicial settlement
will, it is true, normally find its expression in terms of recourse to a
particular forum. But it does not follow that this is the essence of the
obligation. It was this fallacy which underlay the contenticii advanced
during the hearings: that the alleged lapse of Article 17 (4) was due to
the disappearance of the "object" of that clause, namely the Permanent
Court. But that Court was never the substantive "object" of the
clause. The substantive object was compulsory adjudication, and the
Permanent Court was merely a means for achieving that object. It
was not the primary purpose to specify one tribunal rather than another,
but to create an obligation af compulsory adjudication. Such an
obligation naturally entailed that a forum would be indicated ; but
this was consequential.
If the obligation exists independently of the particular forum (a
fact implicitly recognized in the course of the proceedings, inasmuch
as the alleged extinction was related to Article 17 (4) rather than to
Articles 2 or 17 (1)), then if it subsequently happens that the forum
goes out of existence, and no provision is made by the parties, or other-
wise, for remedying the deficiency, it will follow that the clause con-
taining the obligation will for the tirne being become (and perhaps
remain indefinitely) inoperative, i.e., without pos;ibility of effective
application. But if the obligation remains substantively in existence, « A défaut de conciliation devant la Commission permanente de
conciliation, la contestation sera soumise soit à un tribunal arbitral,
soit à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, suivant les
stipulations de l'article 2 du présent traité. ))
Compte tenu de ces dispositions, il serait difficile soit de nier que l'on
ait eu sérieusement l'intention de créerune obligation de recourir à un
règlement judiciaire en cas d'échec detous les autres modes de règlement,
soit d'affirmer que cette obligation dépendaitexclusivementdel'existence
d'un tribunal doriné,de telle sorte que la disparition de ce tribunal aurait
entraîné l'abrogation ou l'extinction totale de ladite obligation. L'erreur
d'une telle affirmation paraît résider dans une confusion entre la fin
et le moyen, la fin étant le règlement judiciaire obligatoire, le moyen
étant un tribunal désigné,qui n'est pas nécessairement le seul tribunal
~ossible.
Cedouble aspect ressort avec une clarté particulière lorsqu'on envisâge
dans leur ensembleles diverses clauses juridictionnelles du traité de 1927 ;
cela permet de répondre à l'argument selon lequel l'obligation de règle-
ment judiciaire prévue dans le traité était si indissolublement liéeà la
désignation de la Cour permanente comme juridiction qu'elle en était
inséparable et ne pouvait rester valable en l'absence de cette Cour.
A en juger par le libelléde l'article 2 et de l'article17 (1),tel n'est pas
le cas. Il est vrai qu'une obligation de recourir au règlement judiciaire
est normalement exprimée sous la forme du recours à un tribunal donné.
Mais il ne s'ensuit pas que ce soit là l'essence de l'obligation. C'est cette
erreur qui inspire la thèse soutenue au coiirs de la procédure orale selon
laquelle la prétendue caducité de l'article 17 (4) était due à la disparition
de l'objet de cette clause, à savoir la Cour permanente. Mais la Cour
permanente n'a jamais étél'objetv6ritable de la clause. L'objet véritable
en était le règlement judiciaire obligatoire et la Cour permanente était
simplement un moyen d'atteindre cet objet. Le but premier de la clause
n'était pas de désigner tel tribunal plutôt que tel autre, mais de créer
une obligation de règlement judiciaire. Cette obligation impliquait
naturellement la désignation d'une juridiction, mais il ne s'agissait là
que d'une conséquence.
Si l'obligation existe indépendamment d'un tribunal donné, ce qui
a étéimplicitement reconnu au cours de la procédure dans la mesure
où la prétendue extinction a étéinvoquée par rapport à l'article 17 (4)
plus que par rapport à l'article 2 ou à l'article17 (1),et s'il arriveensuite
que ce tribunal disparaisse et qu'aucune disposition ne soit adoptée par
les parties, ou prise de toute autre manière, pour remédier à cette lacune,
il en résulte que la clause contenant l'obligation devient inapplicable
à 1'Cpoqueconsidéréeet peut-être indkfiniment, c'est-à-dire qu'elle est
dCpourvue de toute possibilité d'application effective. Mais, si cettethough not functionally capable of being implemented, it can always
be rendered operative once more, if for instance the parties agree on
another tribunal, or if another is supplied by the automatic operation
of some other instrument by which both parties are bound. The
Statute is such an instrument, and its Article 37 has precisely that
effect.
Accordingly, "International Court of Justice" must now be read
for "Permanent Court of International Justice" in Articles 2 and 17
of the Treaty. The same applies in respect of Article 23, under which
the Court is made competent to determine any disputed question of
interpretation or application arising in regard to the Treaty ; and
similar substitutions in Articles21 and 22 would follow consequentially.
The Respondent Government also advanced a subsidiary plea in
relation to its second Preliminary Objection, which requires to be
considered only if the Court should reject the objection in its principal
aspect. Since the Court does reject it, it must now consider this sub-
sidiary plea. This was to the effect that the dissolution of the Perma-
nent Court having extinguished Article 17 (4) of the 1927 Treaty, or
at any rate deprived it of its force, then if (contrary to the principal
contention of the Respondent) Article 37 of the Statute operated to
re-activate this clause upon Spain's admission to the United Nations in
December 1955,what in consequence came into existence at that date
was a new or revised obligation between the Parties ;and that just as
the original obligation only applied to disputes arising after the Treaty
date, so the new or revised obligation could only apply to disputes
arising after the date of Spain's admission to the United Nations,
creative of that obligation. Since the dispute had in fact arisen pre-
vious to that date, it was accordingly not covered ; or could only be
regarded as covered by a retroactive application of the obligation which
its terms, as they must now be deemed to stand, excluded.
In the Respondent's written Preliminary Objections, what was
postulated as emerging in 1955 was not merely a new jurisdictional
obligation but a whole new "treaty". In the Respondent's Final Sub-
missions, however, as lodged at the end of the oral hearing, what was
referred to was a "revised" Article 17 (4) of the 1927Treaty. It is in
fact clear that no new Treaty as such could have emerged in 1955,
because it was common ground in the case that, apart from the question
of Article 17 (4),the Treaty of 1927 had never ceased to be in force,
and had been operative throughout. At the most, therefore, what
might have happened in 1955 was that the Treaty was amended by
the inclusion in it of a new or revised jurisdictional clause, providingobligation survit en substance, bien qu'elle ne puisse être exécutée
fonctionnellement, elle peut toujours redevenir applicable si, par
exemple, les parties conviennent d'un autre tribunal ou si un autre tri-
bunal est fourni par le jeu automatique d'un autre instrument liant les
deux parties. Le Statut est ün instrument de ce genre et son article 37
a prCcisémentun tel effet.
En conséquence, on doit lire maintenant aux articles2 et 17 du traité
Cowrinternationalede ].ustice au lieu de «Cour permanente de Justice
internationale 1)Cela vaut aussi pour l'article 23 en vertu duquella Cour
a compétence pour se prononcer sur les contestations qui surgiraient
au sujet de l'interprétation ou de l'exécution du trait6 ; il faut opérer
une substitution du mêmeordre aux articles 21 et22.
Le Gouvernement défendeur a soulevé ausG, en liaison avec la
deuxième exception préliminaire, une exception subsidiaire qui ne devait
êtreexaminée que si la Cour rejetait l'exception formulée à titre princi-
pal. Puisque la Cour a décidéce rejet, elle doit examiner maintenant
l'excepticn subsidiaire. D'après celle-ci, la dissolution de la Cour per-
manente ayant abrogé l'article 17 (4) du traité de 1927 ou l'ayant
en tout cas privé d'effet, il en résulte que, si contrairement à la thèse
principale du défendeur l'article 37 du Statut a eu pour consCquence
de redonner vie à cette clauselorsque l'Espagne a étéadmise aux Nations
Unies en décembre 1955, c'est une obligation nouvelle ou revisée qui est
néeentre les Parties à cette date ; de mêmeque l'obligation primitive ne
s'appliquait qu'aux litiges nés après la date du traité, de même l'obliga-
tion nouvelle ou reviséene peut s'appliquer qu'aux différends nésaprès
la date de l'admission de l'Espagne aux Nations Unies, source de cette
dernière obligation. Le différend étant survenu en fait avant cette date,
il n'est donc pas visé ; ou bien on ne peut le considérercomme viséqu'à
la condition d'appliquer rétroactivement l'obligation, ce qui est exclu
d'après ses termes mêmes, tels qu'ils ont maintenant étédéterminés.
Dans le texte écrit des exceptions préliminaires du défendeur, on
affirme que ce qui est né en 1955 ce n'est pas simpiement une nouvelle
obligation juridictionnelle mais un nouveau « traité))tout entier. Dans
les conclusions finales du défendeur, telles qu'elles ont étCformulées
à l'issue de la procédure orale, c'est à un articl17 (4)((revisé» du traité
de 1927 que l'on se réfère.Il est clair en fait qu'aucun nouveau traité
en tant que teln'a pu naître en 1955 parce que l'onest d'accord en l'espèce
pour admettre que, indépendamment de la question de l'article 17 (4),
le traité de 1927 n'a jamais cesséd'êtreen vigueur et est constamment
resté applicable. Ainsi donc ce qui a pu avoir lieu en 1955, tout au plus,
c'est une modification du traité limitée à l'insertion d'une clause juri-for a reference to the International Court of Justice instead of to the
former Permanent Court. However, as the Respondent's Submissions
recognize, the limitation ratione temporis regarding the cases which
were justiciable under the Treaty was contained in, or arose from
Articles I and 2, and from the Einal lrotocol to the Treaty. As these
provisions had ex hypothesinever ceased to be in force, they would have
applied automatically to any new or revised obligation when the latter
arose. This must have been so. for othenvise the revised Treatv would
have contained two independent and incompatible sets of requirements
ratione temporis; but in truth, it continued to contain only one set,
since the "revised" obligation (as stated in the Respondent's Final
Submissions) related to Article 17 (4),which itself contained no require-
ment ratione temporis,while the "revision" related only to the substitu-
tion of the present for the former Court. It follows that any new or
revised obligation could only operate ratione temporis in the same way
as the original one, and therefore it must cover al1disputes arising after
the Treaty date.
However, it is not necessary to rely on this conclusion, for in the
opinion of the Court, the grounds on which the second Preliminary
Objection has been rejected in its principal aspect, necessarily entai1
its rejection in its subsidiary aspect also. These grounds are that the
basic obligation to submit to compulsory adjudication was never extin-
guished by the disappearance of the Permanent Court, but was merely
rendered functionally inoperative by the lack of a forum through
which it could be implemented. What therefore happened in 1955,
when this lacuna was made good by Spain's admission to the United
Nations, was that the operation of the obligation revived, because the
means of implementing it had once more become available ; but there
\vas neither any new creation of, nor revision of the basic obligation.
Its operation having revived, by virtue of Article 37 of the Statute,
this obligation could only function in accordance with the terms of the
Treaty providing for it, as the Parties must be deemed to have intended,
and it consequently continued to relate (as it always had done) to any
disputes arising after the Treaty date.
Alternatively, to refer to another part of the grounds on which the
objection in its principal aspect was rejected, once Article37 was appli-
cable, the Court became, in the language of that provision, competent
as between parties to the Statute to adjudicate on any matter which,
under a treaty or convention in force, would have fallen to be referred
to the Permanent Court had it still existed andhad Article 37 never been
framed. The present case is such a matter.
For the reasons given, therefore, the Court rejects the second Pre-
liminary Objection both in its principal and in its subsidiary aspects.dictionnelle nouvelle ou revisée prévoyant le renvoi à la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice au lieu de l'ancienne Cour permanente. Quoi qu'il
en soit, comme les conclusions du défendeur le reconnaissent, la limita-
tion rationetemperis concernant les affaires auxquelles le traité pouvait
s'appliquer était contenue dans les articles I et 2 et le protocole final
du traité, ou en résultait. Comme par hypothèse ces dispositions n'ont
jamais cesséd'êtreen vigueur, elles se seraient appliquées automatique-
ment à toute obligation nouvelle ou revisée lorsque celle-ci serait nCe.
Cela était inévitable car, s'il n'en avait pas étéainsi, le traité revisé
aurait contenu deux sériesde conditions rationetemporis indépendantes
et incompatibles ; mais en réalitéil a continué de contenir une seule série
de conditions, puisque l'obligation «revisée »,selon les termes des con-
clusions finales du défendeur, se rapportait à l'article 17 (4), lequel ne
contenait liii-mêmeaucune condition rationetemporis, et que la revision
a porté uniquement sur la substitution de la Cour actuelle à l'ancienne
Cour. Il s'ensuit qu'une obligation nouvekle ou revisée ne pourrait
jouer ratione temporis que comme l'obligation originaire et devrait
donc s'appliquer à tous les litiges néspostérieurement à la date du traité.
Quoi qu'il en soit, il n'est pas nécessairede se fonder sur cette conclu-
sion car, de l'avis de la Cour, les motifs pour lesquels la deuxième excep-
tion préliminaire a étérejetée à titre principal imposent forcément son
rejet à titre subsidiaire. Ces motifs tiennent à ce que la disparition de la
Cour permanente n'a jamais éteint l'obligation fondamentale de se
soumettre à un règlement judiciaire mais l'a rendue fonctionnellement
inapplicable faute d'un tribunal pouvant assurer sa mise en Œuvre.
Ce qui s'est donc produit en 1955, lorsque cette lacune a étécomblée
avec l'admission de l'Espagne aux Nations Unies, c'est que l'obligation
est redevenue applicable, puisqu'il existait de nouveau un moyen de
la mettre en Œuvre ; mais il n'y a eu ni création nouvelle ni revision de
l'obligation fondamentale. Redevenue applicable en vertu de l'article 37
du Statut, l'obligation n'a pu jouer que sur la base des termes du traité
qui la prévoyait, conformément à l'intention que l'on doit attribuer aux
Parties, et en conséquence elle a continué de s'appliquer, comme cela
avait toujours étéle cas, à tout litige né après la date du traité.
D'autre part, pour se référeràun autre desmotifs pour lesquels l'excep
tion a étérejetée à titre principal, on peut dire que, dès lors que
l'article 37 était applicable, la Cour, d'après le libellé mêmede cette
disposition, est devenue compétente entre parties au Statut pour
trancher toute question qui, en vertu d'un traité ou d'une convention
en vigueur, aurait dû être renvoyée à la Cour permanente si celle-ci
avait encore existé et si l'article 37 n'avait jamais étérédigé. Nous
sommes en présence d'un cas de ce genre.
Pour ces motifs, la Cour rejette la deuxième exception préliminaire
tant à titre principal qu'à titre subsidiaire. Having decided, in rejecting the first Prelirninary Objection, that
the discontinuance of the original proceedings did not bar the Applicant
Government from reintroducing its claim, and having determined, in
rejecting the second Preliminary Objection, that the Court has juris-
diction to entertain the Application, the Court has now to consider the
third and fourth Preliminary Objections which involve the question
of whether the claim is admissible.
In considering whether these Preliminary Objections should be up-
held, the Court recalls the fact that the Applicant has submitted alter-
native pleas that these objections, unless rejected by the Court, should
be joined to the merits. It will therefore be appropriate at this point
to make some general observations about such joinders. These are
effected under Article 62, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, which
reads as follows :
"After hearing the parties the Court shall give its decision on
the objection or shall join the objection to the ments. If the
Court ovemles the objection or joins it to the merits, it shall once
more fix time-limits for the further proceedings."
Since this paragraph repeats verbatim the like provision in the 1936
Rules of the Permanent Court of International Justice, it is pertinent
to take note of the various reasons which that Court gave for deciding
to join a prelirninary objection to the merits.
In the Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy case (Hungary v. Yugoslavia), the
Court, on 23 May 1936, issued an Order joining the Yugoslav objections
to thements because "the questions raised by the first of these objections
and those arising out of the appeal as set forth in the Hungarian Govern-
ment's submissions on the merits are too intimately related and too
closely interconnected for the Court to be able to adjudicate upon the
former without prejudging the latter" ; and because "the further pro-
ceedings on the merits ... will place the Court in a better position to
adjudicate with a full knowledge of the facts upon the second objection"
(P.C.I.J., Series A /B, No. 66, p.9).
Shortly after this, in theLosinger case, the Court, in an Order dated
27 June 1936, stated with reference to a plea to the jurisdiction made
in that case, that such a plea "may be regarded ... as a ... defence on
the merits, or at any rate as being founded on arguments which might
be employed for the purposes of that defence". Consequently,
"the Court might be in danger, were it to adjudicate now upon
the plea to the jurisdiction, of passing upon questions which
appertain to the .merits of the case, or of prejudging their solution". TROISIÈME ET QUATRIÈME EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
Ayant conclu, par le rejet de la première exception préliminaire, que
le désistement de la procédure initiale n'empêchait pas le Gouvernement
demandeur de réintroduire sa demande et, par le rejet de la deuxième
exception préliminaire, que la Cour est compétente pour connaître de la
requête, la Cour doit maintenant examiner les troisième et quatrième
exceptions préliminaires qui soulèvent la question de la recevabilité de
la demande.
En recherchant si ces exceptions préliminaires doivent êtreretenues,
la Cour constate que le demandeur a présentédes demandes subsidiaires
tendant à ce que lesdites exceptions, si elles ne sont pas rejetées par la
Cour, soient jointes au fond. Il conviendra donc de faire d'abord des
observations d'ordre généralsur la jonction au fond. Celle-ci s'effectue
en application de l'article 62, paragraphe 5, du Règlement, qui est ainsi
conçu :
(La Cour, après avoir entendu les parties, statue sur l'exception
ou la joint au fond. Si la Cour rejette l'exception ou la joint au fond,
elle fixe de nouveau les délaispour la suite de l'instance. »
Puisque ce paragraphe reprend mot pour mot la disposition identique
du Règlement établi en 1936 par la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, il est pertinent de noter les motifs pour lesquels la Cour per-
manente a décidéde joindre des exceptions préliminaires au fond.
Dans l'affaire Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy (Hongrie c. Yougoslavie),
la Cour a rendu le 23 mai 1936 une ordonnance par laquelle elle joignait
les exceptions yougoslaves au fond, considérant (qu'il [existait] entre
les questions soulevées par la première de ces exceptions et celles qui
[étaient] à la base de la demande en appel formuléepar les conclusions
au fond du Gouvernement hongrois des rapports trop étroits et une
connexitétrop intime pour que la Cour [pût] statuer sur les unes et éviter
de se prononcer sur les autres ); et (que le développement de la procé-
dure sur le fond [mettrait] la Cour à mêmede statuer en meilleure
connaissance de cause sur la deuxième exception » (C.P.J.I. série AIB
no 66, p. 9).
Peu après, à propos d'une exception d'incompétence présentée en
l'affaire Losinger, la Cour a indiqué,dans une ordonriance du 27 juin 1936,
que cette exception pouvait apparaître comme un moyen de défense
au fond ou tout au moins comme basée sur des arguments de nature
à pouvoir êtreinvoquée à ce titre ».Par conséquent
((en statuant dès maintenant sur l'exception d'incompétence, la
Cour risquerait, soit de trancher des questions appartenant au fond
de l'affaire, soit d'enprCjuger la solution ».Therefore, the Court concluded, the objection to the jurisdiction
should be joined to the merits, so that "the Court will give its decision
upon it, and if need be, on the merits, in one and the same judgment".
The Court went on to Say in regard to another objection, relating to the
admissibility of the suit, that "the facts and arguments adduced for or
against the two objections are largely interconnected and even, in
some respects, indistinguishable". Accordingly, this objection also
was joined to the merits (P.C.I.J., Series AlB, No. 67, pp. 23-24).
In the Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway case, the Court, in its Order
of 30 June 1938, joining two preliminary objections to the merits,
said tliat-
"at the present stage of the proceedings, a decision cannot be taken
either as to the preiiminary character of the objections or on the
question whether they are well-founded ; any such decision would
raise questions of fact and law in regard to which the Parties are
in several respects in disagreement and which are too closely linked
to the merits for the Court to adjudicate upon them at the present
stage".
Two further reasons which were given were that-
"if it were now to pass upon these objections, the Court would
run the risk of adjudicating on questions which appertain to the
merits of the case or of prejudging their solution"
and that-
"the Court may order the joinder of preliminary objections to the
merits, whenever the interests of the good administration of justice
require it" (P.C.I.J., Series A /B, No. 75, pp. 55-56).
The present Court has been guided by like considerations in the two
cases in which it has had occasion to join the prelirninary objections to
the merits. In the case of CertainNorwegian Loans, the Court, on the
basis of an understanding between the Parties to that effect, joined the
preliminary objections to the merits "in order that it may adjudicate
in one and the same judgment upon these Objections and, if need.be,
on the merits" (I.C.J. Re9orts 1956, p. 74).
In the case concerning Kight of Passage over Indian Territory, the
Court found that both the elucidation of the facts, and the legal effect
or significance of certain practices and circumstances, would beinvolved
in pronouncing on one of the preliminary objections, and that the
Court could therefore not pronounce upon it "without prejudging the
merits". In regard to another objection, the Court said that "havingLa Cour a donc conclu qu'il y avait lieu de joindre au fond l'exception
visant la compétence, «la Cour devant statuer à cet égard et, s'il y
[avait; lieu, sur le fond, par un seul et mêmearrêt )).La Cour a ajouté
quant-à une autre exception, visant la recevabilité de la requête; que
ccles faits et arguments invoqués pour ou contre les deux exceptions
[étaient] dans une large mesure interdépendants et qu'ils se [confon-
daient] mêmeà certains égards ». En conséquence, cette exception a été
également jointe au fond (C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 67, p. 23-24).
Dans l'affaire du Chemin de fer Panevezys-Saldutiskis, en joignant au
fond deux exceptions préliminaires par ordonnance du 30 juin 1938,
la Cour a déclaré
((que, dans la phase actuelle de la procédure, une décisionne peut
êtreprise ni sur le caractère préliminaire des exceptions, ni sur le
bien-fondé de ces mêmesexceptions ; qu'en effet, une telle décision
soulèverait des questions de fait et des points de droit sur lesquels
les Parties sont à plusieurs égards en désaccord et qui sont trop
étroitement liésau fond pour que la Cour puisse se prononcer, dés
à présent, à leur sujet ».
Elle a donné deux autres raisons, à savoir
« qu'en statuant sur les exceptions la Cour risquerait soit de trancher
des questions qui appartiennent au fond de l'affaire, soit d'en
préjuger la solution ))
((que la Cour peut toujours ordonner la jonction des exceptions
préliminaires au fond, lorsque les intérêtsde la bonne adminis-
tration de la justice lui en font un devoir » (C.P.J.I. sérieAIB
no 7.5, P.55-56).
La Cour actuelle s'est inspirée de considérations analogues dans
les deux affaires où elle a eu l'occasion de prescrire une jonction au fond.
Dans l'affaire relative à Certainsempruntsnorvégiens, la Cour, se fondant
sur un accord intervenu entre les Parties sur ce point, a joint les excep-
tions préliminaires au fond «pour êtrestatué par un seul et mêmearrêt
sur lesdites exceptions et, éventuellement, sur le fond » (C.I.J. Recueil
19.56, P. 74).
Dans l'affaire du Droitde passagesur territoireindien, la Cour a estirnC
que, pour statuer sur l'une des exceptions préliminaires, il lui aurait
fallu à la fois élucider lesfaits et examiner la portée ou les conséquences
juridiques de certaines pratiques et de certaines circonstances ; il ne lui
était donc pas possible de se prononcer sur cette exception ((sans pré-
juger le fond )).S'agissant d'une autre exception, la Cour a dit qu'ayant43 BARCELONA TRACTION (JUDGMENT)
heard conflicting arguments" it was "not in a position to determine at
this stage" certain issues which had been raised. It further found
that in regard to certain other questions, it was not "in possession of
sufficient evidence to enable it to pronounce on these questions", and
that to attempt an evaluation of certain factors involved, "although
limited to the purposes of the Sixth Preliminary Objection, would
entai1 the risk of prejudging some of the issues closely connected with
the merits" (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 150-152).
The Permanent Court of International Justice drew attention to an
important aspect of the matter when, as mentioned above, it said that
"the Court rnay order the joinder of preliminary objections to the
merits, whenever the interests of the good administration of justice
require it". But the safeguarding of the rights of respondent States
is equally an essential part of "the good administration of justice",
and it is in the interests of the respondents that the Rules of Court
should contain Article 62 permitting the filing of preliminary objec-
tions. It must not be overlooked however, that respondents are given
broad powers by this provision, since merely by labelling and filing a
plea as a preliminary objection they automatically bring about the
suspension of the proceedings on the merits (paragraph 3 of Article 62).
This assures the respondent State that the Court will give consideration
to its objection before requiring it to respond on the merits ; the Court
takes no further step until after hearing the parties (paragraph 5 of
Article 62-see the discussion on this point by the Permanent Court in
1936, P.C.I. J., SeriesD, Third Addendz~mto No. 2, pp. 646-649). The
attitude of the respondent State is however only one of the elements
that the Court rnay take into consideration ; and paragraph 5 of the
Article simply provides that, after the hearing, "the Court shall give
its decision on the objection or shall join the objection to the merits".
In reaching its conclusion, the Court rnay decide that the objection
does not in fact have a preliminary character, and that therefore,
without prejudice to the right of the respondent Stateto raise the same
question at another stage of the proceedings, if such there be, the objec-
tion cannot be entertained as a "preliminary objection". Again, the
Court rnay find that the objection is properly a preliminary one as,
for example, to the jurisdiction of the Court, and it rnay dispose of it
forthwith, either upholding it or rejecting it. In other situations, of
which examples are given in the cases referred to above, the Court rnay
find that the objection is so related to the merits, or to questions of
fact or law touching the merits, that it cannot be considered separately
without going into the merits (which the Court cannot do while pro-
ceedings on the merits stand suspended under Article 62), or without
prejudging the merits before these have been fully argued. In these
latter situations, the Court will join the preliminary objection to the« entendu présenter des allégations opposées » elle n'était pa«en mesure
de déterminer à ce stade » certaines des questions soulevées.Elle a égale-
ment constaté qu'elle n'avait pas « d'éléments suffisants pour lui per-
mettre de statuer » sur d'autres questions et que toute tentatived'appré-
ciation de certains élémentsen cause, « bien que limitéeà ce qui concerne
la sixième exception préliminaire, impliquerait le risque de préjuger
certains points étroitement liésau fond »(C.I.J. Recueil1957,p. 150-152).
La Cour permanente de Justice internationale a attiré l'attention
sur un aspect important du problème lorsqu'elle a dit, comme on l'a
indiqué ci-dessus, que «la Cour peut toujours ordonner la jonction des
exceptions préliminaires au fond, lorsque les intérêtsde la bonne adminis-
tration de la justice lui en font un devoir. Mais la protection des àroits
de 1'Etat défendeur est un élément essentiel dela « bonne administration
dela justice »et c'est dans l'intérêtdu défendeur que le Règlement de la
Cour contient un article 62 qui autorise la présentation d'exceptions
préliminaires. On ne doit pas oublier que cette disposition donne au
défendeur des pouvoirs étendus, puisque le seul dépôt par celui-ci d'un
document intitulé exceptions préliminaires entraîne automatiquement
la suspension de la procédure sur le fond (art. 62, par. 3).'Etat défen-
deur est ainsi assuré que la Cour examinera ses exceptions avant de
l'inviter à répondre sur le fond ; la Cour ne prend aucune autre mesure
jusqu'à ce que les parties aient étéentendues (art. 62, par. 5) (ce point
a étédiscutépar la Cour permanente en 1936 ; voir C.P.J.I. sérieD no 2,
troisièmeaddendum, p. 646-649). L'attitude de 1'Etat défendeur n'est
cependant que l'un des élémentsque la Cour peut prendre en considéra-
tion ; l'article 62, paragraphe 5, dispose simplement que « La Cour,
après avoir entendu les parties, statue sur l'exception ou la joint au
fond. 1)
Pour parvenir à une décision, la Cour peut établir que l'exception
n'a pas en fait un caractère préliminaire et par conséquent que, sans
préjuger le droit de 1'Etat défendeur de soulever la même question
à un autre stade de la procédure, s'il doit y en avoir un, l'exception
ne saurait être traitée comme une exception préliminaire. Ou encore
la Cour peut constater que l'exception est bien une exception prélimi-
naire visant, par exemple, sa compétence et elle peut en disposer immé-
diatement, soit en la retenant, soit en la rejetant. Dans d'autres cas,
dont les affaires citées plus haut offrent des exemples, la Cour peut
juger que l'exception est tellement liéeau fond ou à des points de fait
ou de droit touchant au fond qu'on ne saurait l'examiner séparément
sans aborder le fond, ce que la Cour ne saurait faire tant que la procédure
sur le fond est suspendue aux termes de l'article 62, ou sans prCjuger
le fond avant que celui-ci ait fait l'objet d'une discussion exhaustive.
Dans de tels cas, la Cour joindra l'exception préliminaire au fond,merits. It will not do so except for good cause, seeing that the object
of a preliminary objection is to avoid not merely a decision on, but
even any discussion of the merits. On the other hand, a joinder does
not in any respect indicate that the objection has been ignored. Indeed,
as happened in the case of CertainNorwegianLoans, the Court, at the
stage of the merits, to which the objections had been joined, upheld an
objection to the jurisdiction, and therefore did not adjudicate upon
the merits at all.
The Court will proceed to consider the third and fourth Preliminary
Objections with these considerations in mind.
By its third Preliminary Objection the Respondent Government denies
the jus standi of the Applicant Government in the present proceedings,
and its legal capacity to protect the Belgian interests on behalf of
which it claims, the Belgian national character of most of these being
also contested. The grounds of the objection can be stated in various
ways, but briefly its main basis is that the acts complained of, said to
engage the international responsibility of the Respondent Government,
took place not in relation to any Belgian natural or juristic person but
to the Barcelona Traction company, which is a juristic entity registered
in Canada, the Belgian interests concerned being in the nature of share-
holding interests in that company. In these circumstances, it is con-
tended that (citing a passage .from the Respondent's final Submissions)
"international law does not recognize, in respect of injury caused by
a State to a foreign company, any diplomatic protection of shareholders
exercised by a State other than the national State of the company".
Hence, it is said, no claim can be made by the Applicarit Government.
The latter, for its part,contests the view of international law thus put
forward, and asserts its right to intervene on behalf of Belgian nationals,
shareholders in the company.
Put as stated above, the objection evidently has a preliminary
character or aspect. But it can also be put in another way, which does
not directly raise the question of the Applicant Government's jus
standi-or does so only at one remove. It can be asked whether
international law recognizes for the shareholders in a company a separate
and independent right or interest in respect of damage done to the
company by a foreign government ; and if so to what extent and in
what circumstances and, in particular, whether those circumstances
(if they exist) would include those of the present case. Put in this
way, the question appears as one not sirnply of the admissibility of the
claim, but of substantive legal rights pertaining to the merits which
are not confined solely to such matters as whether the acts complained
of took place, and if so what their legal effect was, internationaliy : Elle ne le fera que pour des motifs sérieux, considérant que l'objet d'une
exception préliminaire est d'éviter non seulement une décision mais
aussi toute discussion du fond. D'un autre côté,une jonction au focd ne
signifie nullement que l'exception ait été perdue de vue. D'ailleurs,
dans l'affaire relative à Certains emprunts norvégiens,où les exceptions
avaient été jointes au fond, la Cour a retenu au stade du fond une
exception d'incompétence et ne s'est donc pas prononcée sur le fond
du différend.
C'est en tenant compte de ces considérations que la Cour examinera
les troisième et quatrième exceptions préliminaires.
Par la troisième exception préliminaire, le Gouvernement défendeur
nie que le Gouvernement demandeur ait un jus standi en l'espèceet qu'il
ait juridiquement qualité pour protéger les intérêtsbelges au nom des-
quels il a formulé sa demande ; le Gouvernement défendeur conteste
même le caractèrebelge de la plupart de ces intérêts.Les motifs de cette
exception peuvent s'énoncer de plusieurs façons mais, en bref, elle se
fonde principalement sur ce que les mesures incriminées, mesures qui
auraient engagé la responsabilité internationale du Gouvernement
défendeur, ont étéprises à l'égard non pas de personnes physiques ou
morales belges mais de la société BarcelonaTraction, personne morale
constituée au Canada, les intérêtsbelges en cause se présentant sous
la forme d'actions de cette société.Dans ces conditions, on soutient,
pour reprendre un passage des conclusions finales du défendeur, que
« le droit international n'[admet] pas, en cas de préjudice causépar un
Etat à une sociétéétrangère, une protection diplomatique d'actionnaires
exercéepar un Etat autre que 1'Etat national de la société».Le Gouver-
nement demandeur n'a donc, affirme-t-on, aucune réclamation à faire
valoir. Le demandeur conteste de son côté cette manière de présenter
le droit international et il prétend êtrefondé à intervenir au nom des
ressortissants belges actionnaires de la société.
Ainsi formulée, l'exception a évidemment un caractère ou un aspect
préliminaire. Mais on peut l'exprimer aussi d'une autre façon, sans
soulever directement la question de la qualité du Gouvernement deman-
deur pour agir, ou en se bornant à l'effleurer. On peut demander si le
droit international reconnaît aux actionnaires d'une société, encas de
préjudice causéà cette sociétépar un gouvernement étranger, un droit
ou un intérêt distincts et indépendants et, s'il en est ainsi, dans quelle
mesure et dans quelles circonstances ; on peut notamment demander
si de telles circonstances, à supposer qu'elles puissent exister, sont
rCuniesdans l'affaire actuelle. Il apparaît que, présentéedecette manière,
la question se réfèrenon pas seulement à la recevabilité de la demande,
mais à des droits substantiels touchant au fond, lequel ne porte pa;s
seulement sur des points comme la réalité desactes incriminés et leuror rather, this latter question itself constitutes the greater part of the
real issue in this case, and pertains to the substantive legal merits. In
short, the question of the jus standi of a government to protect the
interests of shareholders as such, is itself merely a reflection, or con-
sequence, of the antecedent question of what is the juridical situation in
respect of shareholding interests, as recognized by international law.
Where, in a case such as the present one, a government is not merely
purporting to exercise diplomatic protection, but to make a claim before
an international tribunal, it necessarily invokes rights which, so it
contends, are conferred on it in respect of its nationals by the rules of
international law concerning the treatment of foreigners. Hence the
question whether international law does or does not confer those rights
is of the essence of the matter. In short, a finding by the Court that
the Applicant Govemment has no jus standi, would be tantamount to
a finding that these rights did not exist, and that the claim was, for that
reason, not well-founded in substance.
If the Court we're to take the view that the issues raised by the
Respondent's third Preliminary Objection had no other character than
that of substantive issues relating to the merits, it would have to
declare the objection irreceivable as such, and the issues it involved
as being part of the merits. Since however the objection clearly has
certain aspects which are of a preliminary character, or involves ele-
ments which have hitherto tended to be regarded in that light, the
Court will content itself with joining the objection to the merits.
By way of illustration of the sort of situation which the Court con-
siders to exist here, in regard to the question of joinder-and it is not
suggested that there are any other analogies-it may be recalled that
when in the Panevezys-SaldutiskisRailway case the Permanent Court
joined two preliminary objections to the merits, it said in its Order of
30 June 1938 that at the preluninary stage it could not even decide
"as tothe preliminary character of the objections" (P.C.I.J., SeriesA /B,
No. 75, p. 56) ; and subsequently on the merits said that :
"Though it is true that an objection disputing the national
character of a clairn is in principle of a preliminary character, this
is not so in the actual case before the Court" (P.C.I.J., SeriesA /B,
No. 76, p. 17).
It is evident that certain kinds of objections (of which the second
Objection in the present case affords an example) are so unconnected
with the merits that their wholly preliminary character can never be
in doubt. They could anse in connection with almost any set of facts
imaginable, and the Court could have neither reason nor justification
for not deciding them at once, by way either of acceptance or rejection.
Any such clear cut situation is, however, far from existing as regardseffet juridique éventuelsur le plan international ; ou plutôt cette dernière
question constitue l'essentiel du véritable problème à trancher en
l'espèceet relève bien, en droit, du fond. Bref, la question de la qualité
d'un gouvernement pour protéger les intérêtsd'actionnaires en tant que
tels n'est elle-mêmequ'un aspect ou une conséquence de la question
préalable de la situation juridique des actionnaires telle que le droit
international la reconnaît. Lorsque dans une affaire comme celle-ci,
un gouvernement prétend non pas exercer seulement une protection
diplomatique mais présenter aussi une demande devant un tribunal
international, il invoque nécessairement des droits qu'il estime lui être
conférés, enfaveur de ses ressortissants, par les règles de droit inter-
national relatives au traitement des étrangers. La question de savoir si
le droit international confère ou non de tels dioits est donc essentielle
en l'espèce. Ainsi, dire que le Gouvernement demandeur n'a pas qualité
pour agir équivaudrait de la part de la Cour à conclure que ces droits
n'existent pas et que la demande est pour ce motif injustifiée quant
au fond.
Si la Cour considérait lesquestions soulevéespar la troisième exception
préliminaire du défendeur comme relevant purement et simplement du
fond, elle devrait déclarer que l'exception est irrecevable en tant que
telle et que les questions qu'elle pose appartiennent au fond. Mais, puis-
qu'il est clair que l'exception a, à certains égards, un caractère prélimi-
naire ou qu'elle comporte des élémentsque l'on a étéporté jusqu'à
présent à envisager sous ce jour, la Cour se bornera à joindre l'exception
au fond.
Afin d'illustrer le genre de situation que la Cour estime rencontrer
ici quant à la question de la jonction au fond, on peut, sans suggérer
toutefois d'autres analogies, rappeler que, lorsque la Cour permanente
a joint au fond les deux exceptions préliminaires en l'affaire du Chemin
de fer Panevezys-Saldzctiskis, elle a dit dans son ordonnance du
30 juin 1938 qu'au stade préliminaire elle ne pouvait mêmepas prendre
une décision « sur le caractère préliminaire des exceptions » (C.P.J.I.
sérieAIB no 75, p. 55) ; puis, statuant au fond, elle a énoncé:
((S'il est vrai qu'une exception ayant en vue de contester le
caractère national d'une réclamation est en principe de nature
préliminaire, il n'en est pas ainsi dans le cas concret dont la Cour
est saisie» (C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 76, p. 17.)
Il est évident que certaines sortes d'exceptions, comme par exemple
la deuxième exception en l'espèce,sont si dépourvues de lien avec le fond
que leur caractère tout à fait préliminaire ne saurait en aucun cas être
mis en doute. Elles peuvent avoir trait à presque tous les groupes de
faits concevables et il n'y aurait ni raison ni justification pour que la
Cour ne statue pas immédiatement à leur sujet, soit en les accueillant,
soit en les rejetant. Mais la situation est loin d'êtreaussi claire en ce qui 46 B.4RCELON.4 TRACTION (JUDGMENT)
the third Preliminary Objection in the present case, and the sarne thing
is even more true of the fourth Objection.
The third Objection involves a number of closely interwoven strands
of mixed law, fact and status, to a degree such that the Court could not
pronounce upon it at this stage in full confidence that it was in posses-
sion of al1 the elements that might have a bearing on its decision.
The existence of this situation received an implicit recognition from the
Parties, by the extent to which, even at this stage, they went into
questions of merits, in the course of their written and oral pleadings.
Moreover, it was particularly on behalf of the Respondent that it was
sought to justify the process of discussing questions of merits, as in-
volving matters pertinent to or connected with the third and fourth
Objections, which the Respondent had itself advanced.
The Court is not called upon to specify which particular points,
relative to the questions of fact and law involved by the third Objec-
tion, it considers an examination of the merits might help to clarify,
or for what reason it might do so. The Court will therefore content
itself by saying that it decides to join this objection to the merits
because-to quote the Permanent Court in the Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy
case (P.C.I.J., SeriesA /B, No. 66, at p. 9)-"the ... proceedings on the
merits ... will place the Court in a better position to adjudicate with a
full knowledge of the facts" ; and because "the questions raised by ...
these objections and those arising ... on the merits are too intimately
related and too closely interconnected for the Court to be able to adju-
dicate upon the former without prejudging the latter".
As regards the fourth Preliminary Objection, the foregoing consider-
ations apply a fortiori for the purpose of requiring it to be joined to
the merits ; for this is not a case where the allegation of failure to
exhaust local remedies stands out as a clear-cut issue of a preliminary
character that can be determined on its own. It is inextricably inter-
woven with the issues of denial of justice which constitute the major
part of the merits. The objection of the Respondent that local remedies
were not exhausted is met al1 along the line by the Applicant's con-
tention that it was, inter alia,precisely in the attempt to exhaust local
remedies that the alleged denials of justice were suffered. This is so
obvious on the face of the pleadings, both written and oral, that the
'Court does not think it necessary to justify it further at this stage, by
any statement or consideration of the events in question, which can be
left until the merits are heard.
Accordingly, the Court decides to join the third and fourth Prelimi-
nary Objections to the merits.concerne la troisième exception préliminaire soulevée en la présente
affaire et cela est encore plus vrai de la quatrième.
La troisième exception comporte un tel enchevêtrement de questions
de droit, de fait et de qualité pour agir que la Cour ne saurait se pro-
noncer sur cette exception au présent stade avec la pleine assurance
d'êtreen possession de tous les élémentspouvant avoir de l'importance
pour sa décision.Les Parties ont implicitement reconnu qu'il en est ainsi,
dans la mesure où, mêmeau présent stade, elles ont abordé des points
de fond dans les écritiires et les plaidoiries. C'est d'ailleurs surtout au
nom du défendeur qu'on s'est justifié de traiter de points de fond en
invoquant leurs rapports avec des questions qui avaient un lien ou une
relation avec les troisième et quatrième exceptions formulées par le
défendeur lui-même.
La Cour n'a pas à indiquer sur quels points particuliers elle considère
que les questions de fait ou de droit relatives à la troisième exception
pourraient êtreéclairciespar un examen au fond ; elle n'a pas non plus
à indiquer pourquoi ces questions pourraient êtreéclaircies par un tel
examen. Elle se contentera donc de dire qu'elle décidede joindre l'excep-
tion au fond motif pris, pour citer les termes employéspar la Cour per-
manente en l'affaire Pajzs, Csaky, Esterhazy (C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 66,
p. g), de ce que «la procédure sur le fond ...mettra la Cour à mêmede
statuer en meilleure connaissance de cause n ; et de ce«qu'il existe entre
les questions soulevéespar ...ces exceptions et celles qui [touchent] au
fond ... des rapports trop étroits et une connexité trop intime pour que
la Cour puisse statuer sur les unes et éviter de se prononcer sur les
autres )).
En ce qui concerne la quatrième exception préliminaire, les considéra-
tions qui précèdent s'appliquent à fortiori pour justifier une jonction
au fond ; en effet, la présente affaire n'est pas de celles où l'allégation
touchant le non-épuisement des recours internes soulèvesans le moindre
doute des problèmes de caractère préliminaire pouvant être réglés
indépendamment. Cette allégation est inextricablement liéeaux ques-
tions de déni de justice qui constituent la plus grande partie du fond.
L'exception du défendeur d'aprèslaquelle les recours internesn'auraient
pas étéépuisésse heurte constamment à la thèse du demandeur d'après
laquelle c'est notamment en essayant d'épuiser les recours internes que
l'on aurait subi les dénisde justice allégués. Celaressort avec une telle
évidencedes écritures et des plaidoiries que la Cour n'estime pas néces-
saire de l'établir au stade actuel par un exposéou par un commentaire
des événements en question, exposé ou commentaire qui peuvent être
reportés jusqu'à la phase de l'examen au fond.
En conséquence, la Cour décide de joindre au fond les troisième
et quatrième exceptions préliminaires. For these reasons,
by twelve votes to four,
rejects the first Preliminary Objection ;
by ten votes to six,
rejects the second Preliminary Objection ;
by nine votes to seven,
joins the third Preliminary Objection to the merits ;
by ten votes to six,
joins the fourth Preliminary Objection to the merits.
Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-fourth day of July, one
thousand nine hundred and sixty-four, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium and to the Government
of the Spanish State respectively.
(Signed) Percy C. SPENDER,
President.
(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Registrar.
President Sir Percy SPENDERmakes the following declaration
1 concur in the Judgment of the Court. 1 wish, however, to say a
few words on the second Preliminary Objection of the Government of
Spain.
Whilst the text of Article 37 of the Court's Statute is quite different
to that of Article 36 (5), which was the subject of examination in
Israel v. Bulgaria, and its terms are, in my view, so clear as to admit
of no doubt as to their meaning, it is difficult to discern any decisive
distinction in principle between Article36 (5) and Article 37 in relation
to the cardinal questions raised by the second Prelirninary Objection.
For my part, for reasons which appear in the Joint Dissenting Opinion
in Israel v. Bulgaria, to which 1 continue to adhere, 1 would, apart
from other considerations referred to in the Court's Judgment, be
compelled to reject this Prelirninary Objection. BARCELONA TRACTION (ARRÊT)
Par ces motifs,
par douze voix contre quatre,
rejette la première exception préliminaire ;
par dix voix contre six,
rejette la deuxième exception préliminaire ;
par neuf voix contre sept,
joint au fond la troisième exception préliminaire ;
par dix voix contre six,
joint au fond la quatrième exception préliminaire.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais
de la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-quatre juillet mil neuf cent soixante-
quatre, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la
Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement
du Royaume de Belgique et au Gouvernement de 1'Etat espagnol.
Le Président,
(Signé) Percy C. SPENDER.
Le Greffier,
(Signé) GARNIER-COIGNET.
Sir Percy SPENDER,Président, fait la déclaration suivante
Je m'associe à l'arrêtde la Cour. Je voudrais cependant dire quelques
mots de la deuxième exception préliminaire présentCepar le Gouveme-
ment espagnol.
Si le texte de l'artic37 du Statut de la Cour est fort différent de celui
de l'article36, paragraphe 5, qui était à l'examer, dans l'affaire Israël
c. Bulgarie - et les termes de l'article 37 sont à mon avis si clairs
qu'aucun doute n'est permis sur leur sens -, une distinction décisive,
en principe, n'en est pas moins difficile à faire entre l'articl36, para-
graphe 5,et l'articl37 pour ce qui est desquestions essentielles soulevées
par la deuxième exception préliminaire.
En ce qui me concerne, les motifs indiqués dans l'opinion dissidente
collective en l'affairesraëlc.Bulgarie, motifs quime paraissent toujours
valables, m'obligeraient, indépendamment des autres considCrations
énoncCesdans l'arrêtde la Cour, à rejeter cette exception prdirninaire.
45 Judge SPI~~OPOULm OaSkes the following declaration
1 regret that1 am unable to share the view of the Court in regard
to the second, third and fourth Preliminary Objections.
As to the second Preliminary Objection, my position is determined
by the Court's Judgment in the case concerning the Aerial Incident
(Israelv. Bulgaria). Starting from the concept that the purpose of
Article 37 of the Statute of the Court is the same as that of Articl36,
paragraph 5, and basing myself on the considerations of the Judgment
in question, 1 consider that the Court should have found that it is
without jurisdiction.
As to the third Preliminary Objection,1 think the Court should have
considered as relevant the arguments on which the Spanish Government
founds its third Preliminary Objection.
Judge KOKETSKY makes the following declaration
1 agree with the Judgment and its reasoning. 1 venture to make
some additional observations as regards the first Preliminary Objection.
Much has been said in the written documents and in the oral pro-
ceedings about discontinuance of the action (désistementd'action) and
discontinuance of the proceedings (désistementd'instance). But this
dichotomy is unltnown to the Rules of Court. Articles 68 and 69 know
only discontinuance of the proceedings in its two possible forms-
either by mutual agreement of the parties (Article 68), or by unilateral
declaration of the applicant (Article69).
Under Article 68 the parties inform the Court in writing either that
they have concluded an agreement as to the settlement of the dispute
or that they are not going on with the proceedings, whilst under
Article 69 the applicant informs the Court that it is not going on with
the proceedings. In either case the Court directs the removal of the
case from its list. Under Article 68 however it officially records the
conclusion of the settlement or the mutual agreement to discontinue,
whilst under Article 69 it officially records the discontinuance of the
proceedings.
The conclusion of a settlement is not the discontinuance of an action
(if one tried to understand the latter expression as the abandonment of
a substantive right), for a settlement is usually the realization of a
right which was in dispute. A dispute may subsequently arise in con-
nection with the implementation of this settlement giving rise (possibly)
to new proceedings.
It is to be recalled that the heading for Articles8 and 69 is "Settle-
ment and Discontinuance". At the tirne of the deliberations on the
Rules of Court in 1935 Judge Fromageot (P.C.I.J., Series D, Acts and M. SPIROPOULOS ju,ge, fa.it la déclaration suivante :
Nous regrettons de ne pouvoir partager l'avis de la Cour en ce qui
concerne les deuxième, troisième et quatrième exceptions prélimi-
naires.
Quant à la deuxième exception préliminaire, notre position est déter-
minée par l'arrêtde la Cour dans l'affaire relative à l'Incident aérien
(Israëlc. Bulgarie). Partant de la conception que l'article 37 du Statut
de la Cour a le mêmebut que celui de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, et nous
inspirant des considérations de l'arrêt en question, nous estimons que
la Cour aurait dû se déclarer incompétente.
Quant à la troisième exception préliminaire, nous pensons que la
Cour aurait dû considérer comme pertinents les arguments sur lesquels
le Gouvernement espagnol fonde sa troisième exception préliminaire.
M. KORETSKY juge, fait la déclaration suivante :
Je m'associe au dispositif et aux motifs de l'arrêt. Je me permets
de faire ici quelques observations supplémentaires touchant la première
exception préliminaire.
Il a étébeaucoup parlé, dans les écritures comme dans les plaidoiries,
du désistement d'action et du désistement d'instance. Mais cette dicho-
tomie est inconnue du Règlement de la Cour. Les articles 68 et 69 ne
connaissent que le désistement d'instance sousses deux formes possibles :
soit du commun accord des parties (art. 68) soit par déclaration unilaté-
rale de la partie demanderesse (art. 69).
Aux termes de l'article 68, les parties font connaître par écritla Cour
ou bien qu'elles sont tombées d'accord sur la solution à donner au litige,
ou bien qu'elles renoncent à poursuivre l'instance, tandis qu'aux termes
de l'article 69 la partie demanderesse fait connaître à la Cour qu'elle
renonce à poursuivre la procédure. Dans l'un et l'autre cas, la Cour
prescrit la radiation dé l'affaire sur le rôle. Toutefois, aux termes de
l'article 68, elle donne acte aux parties de leur arrangement amiable
ou prend acte de leur désistement, d'un commun accord, tandis qu'aux
tennes de l'article 68 elle prend acte du désistement.
L'arrangement amiable ne constitue pas un désistement d'action
(sil'on veut entendre par là la renonciation à un droit touchant au fond),
car il emporte généralement reconnaissance d'un droit contesté. Un dif-
férendpeut surgir ensuite au sujet de la mise en Œuvre de cet arrange-
ment et donner éventuellement naissance à une nouvelle procédure.
On se souviendra que la rubrique où figurent les articles 68 et 69a pour
titre Des arrangementsamiableset des désistements. En 1935, à l'époque
de la revision du Règlement de la Cour, M. Fromageot a déclaréqu'ilDocuments concerning the Organization of the Court, Third Addendum
to No. 2, pp. 313et seq.) said that he "wished to change the heading
of the whole section. The word 'agreement' was not sufficiently
explicit as an indication of its contents." He was of the opinion that
the section should have been héaded : "Settlement and abandonment
of proceedings."
The emphasis on the settlement of the dispute in Article 68 and in
the heading of the section was to al1 appearances not accidental.
Generally speaking, the main task of the Court is to settle disputes
between States. Article 33 of the Charter in the section headed "Pacific
settlement of disputes" provides that "the parties to any dispute .. .
shall ...seek a solution by jamong the peaceful means mentioned there]
judicialsettlement".
In Article 68 settlement occupies the first position. In the light of
the Court's task in the settlement of dis~utes. we have to resolve the
procedural questions in this case, especially the question of the conse-
quences of the discontinuance of the proceedings, the question of the
permissibility of a reinstitution of the proceedings after discontinuance.
The discontinuance of the proceedings in this case was in a sense a
conditional one. Though the Belgian Government made no reservation
of its substantive rights the conditionality of the discontinuance is
evident. One may consider this conditionality as tacit (from a forma1
point of view), implied, but the documents show that a withdrawal of
the proceedings instituted before the Court was demanded of Belgiüm
as a precondition for the opening of negotiations proper (Preliminary
Objections, Introduction, paragraph 4,and Observations, paragraph 25) ;
it was then evident that the demand was related to Belgium's Appli-
cation to the Court, but not to the substantive right, about which
the proceedings were instituted. About what then was it intendèd to
carry on negotiations if it be considered that the Belgian Government,
by the withdrawal of its Application, decided not to remove an obstacle
to promising negotiations but to abandon even its (and its nationals')
substantive rights? If no substantive rights existed there would be no
subject for negotiations. And we may conclude that discontinuance
of the proceedings does not involve an abandonment of a corresponding
substantive right. Discontinuance even by mutual agreement is not
necessarily a pactum de non petendo, which supposes not only discon-
tinuance of a given action but an obligation not to sue at all, which is
tantamount to the abandonment of the claim. And it has not been
proved in this case that tlie renunciation of a substantive right has
taken place.
Judge JESSUP makes the following declaration :
1 am in full agreement with the Court that no one ofthe Preliminary
Objections could be upheld at this.stage, and that the first two mustdésirait «voir changer le titre de toute la section))le mot accord n'étant
pas suffisamment explicite pour indiquer quel en était le contenu.
Il préférait que l'on adoptât : Arrangement amiable et désistement.
(C.P.J.I. sérieD, Actes et documentsrelatifs à l'organisationde la Cour,
troisièmeaddendumau no 2, p.313 et suiv.)
Selon toute apparence, l'importance donnée à l'arrangement amiable
dans l'article68 et dans le titre de la section n'est pas fortuite. D'une
manière générale, laCour a pour principale mission de réglerles différends
entre Etats. Sousl'en-tête : Règlementfiacifiquedesdigérends, l'article 33
de la Charte dispose que « Les parties à tout différend ...doivent en
rechercher la solution [entre autres moyens de règlement pacifique
énoncésdans cet article] par voie de règlement judiciaire.))
Dans l'article 68, cette question de règlement passe avant tout le reste.
C'est en fonction de la mission de la Cour en matière de règlement
des différends qu'il nous faut résoudre les questions de procédure que
pose la présente affaire et notamment celle des conséquencesdu désiste-
ment d'instance, celle de la possibilité de réintroduire une instance
après un désistement.
En l'espèce, le désistement d'instance a étéen un certain sens con-
ditionnel. Bien que le Gouvernement belge n'ait formulé aucune réserve
à l'égard de ses droits touchant au fond, ce caractère conditionnel du
désistement est évident. On peut considérer d'un point de vue formel
qu'il a été tacite, sous-entendu, mais les documents témoignent que le
retrait de l'instance introduite devant la Cour par la Belgique a étéexigé
d'elle comme condition préalable à l'ouverture de véritables négociations
(exceptions préliminaires, introduction, par. 4,et observations, par. 25) ;
il était évident que cette demande portait sur la requêtedéposéepar la
Belgique auprès de la Cour et non pas sur le droit pour la protection
duquel l'instance avait été introduite. A quel sujet avait-on l'intention
de mener des négociations, si l'on peut estimer que le Gouvernement
belge, en retirant sa requête,étaitdécidé nonpas à supprimerun obstacle
à des nkgociations prometteuses, mais à abandonner jusqu'à ses droits
et ceux de ses ressortissants en ce qui concerne le fond ?S'il n'avait pas
existé de tels droits, il n'y aurait pas eu matière à nkgociations. Nous
pouvons donc conclure que le désistement d'instance n'implique pas
l'abandon du droit en cause quant au fond. Mêmedécidéd'un commun
accord, le désistement n'est pas nécessairement un fiactum de non
petendo lequel suppose non seulement le désistement d'une action
donnée, mais encore l'obligation de ne plus agir en justice, emportant
abandon de la demande. Or il n'est pas prouvé en l'espèce qu'il y ait
eu renonciation à un droit touchant au fond.
M. JESSUP, juge, fait la déclaration suivante :
Je suis pleinement d'accord avec la Cour pour admettre qu'aucune
des exceptions préliminaires ne peut être retenue au stade actuel.be rejected now for reasons stated in the Judgrnent. 1 am also in
accord with what the Court has toSay about the general considerations
which govern a decision to join a preliminary objection to the merits.
1 agree that those general considerations requirthat the third and
fourth Preliminary Objections should be joined to the merits. Con-
sequently, in order to be consistent with those general considerations,
conclusions of law applicable to arguments involved in those two
objections, even though1would find them capable of formulation now,
may appropriately be deferred until a subsequent stageof the case.
Vice-Preside~it WELLIXGTON KOO and Judges TANAKA and
BUSTAMANT ERIVERO append Separate Opinions to the Judgment of
the Court.
Judge MORELLI and Judge ad hoc ARMAND-UGOa Nppend Dissenting
Opinions to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) P.S.
(Initialled) G.-C.et que les deux premières doivent êtredèsmaintenant rejetées pour les
motifs énoncésdans l'arrêt. Jem'associe également à l'exposéfait par la
Cour des considérations généralesqui président à toute décision de
joindre une exception préliminaire au fond. J'admets aussi que ces
considérations générales exigent la jonction au fond des troisième
et quatrième exceptions préliminaires. En conséquence, il peut être
approprié,pour tenircompte de cesconsidérationsgénérales,de n'énoncer
qu'à un stade ultérieur de l'affaire les conclusions de droit applicables
aux arguments relatifs à ces deux exceptions, bien que ces conclusions
me paraissent pouvoir êtreformuléesd'ores et déjà.
M. WELLINGTO KOO, Vice-Président, MM. TANAKA et BUSTAMANTE
Y RIVERO, juges, joignent à l'arrêt les exposés de leuropinion
individuelle.
M. MORELLIj,uge, etM.ARMAND-UGOjN u,ge ad hoc, joignent à l'arrêt
les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) P.S.
(Paraphé)G.-C.
Preliminary Objections
Judgment of 24 July 1964