Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures

Document Number
192-20231228-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

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APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being duly authorised by the
Government of the Republic of South Africa, state as follows:
In accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 of the Statute of the Court and Article 38 of the Rules of
Court, I have the honour to submit this Application instituting proceedings in the name of the Republic
of South Africa (“South Africa”) against the State of Israel (“Israel”). Pursuant to Article 41 of the
Statute, the Application includes a request that the Court indicate provisional measures to protect the
rights invoked herein from imminent and irreparable loss.
I. INTRODUCTION
1. This Application concerns acts threatened, adopted, condoned, taken and being taken by the
Government and military of the State of Israel against the Palestinian people, a distinct national, racial
and ethnical group, in the wake of the attacks in Israel on 7 October 2023. South Africa unequivocally
condemns all violations of international law by all parties, including the direct targeting of Israeli
civilians and other nationals and hostage-taking by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups. No
armed attack on a State’s territory no matter how serious — even an attack involving atrocity crimes —
can, however, provide any possible justification for, or defence to, breaches of the 1948 Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (‘Genocide Convention’ or ‘Convention’),1
whether as a matter of law or morality. The acts and omissions by Israel complained of by South Africa
are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part
of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group, that being the part of the Palestinian group in the
Gaza Strip (‘Palestinians in Gaza’). The acts in question include killing Palestinians in Gaza, causing
them serious bodily and mental harm, and inflicting on them conditions of life calculated to bring about
their physical destruction. The acts are all attributable to Israel, which has failed to prevent genocide
and is committing genocide in manifest violation of the Genocide Convention, and which has also
violated and is continuing to violate its other fundamental obligations under the Genocide Convention,
including by failing to prevent or punish the direct and public incitement to genocide by senior Israeli
officials and others.
2. In preparing this Application, South Africa has paid close attention to the provisions of the
Genocide Convention, to its interpretation, and to its application in the years following its entry into
force on 12 January 1951, as well as to the jurisprudence of this Court and that of other international
courts and tribunals, including the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court. South Africa is highly
cognisant of the fact that acts of genocide are distinct from other violations of international law
sanctioned or perpetrated by the Israeli government and military in Gaza — including intentionally
directing attacks against the civilian population, civilian objects and buildings dedicated to religion,
education, art, science, historic monuments, hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are
collected; torture; the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare; and other war crimes and crimes
against humanity — though there is often a close connection between all such acts. South Africa is also
aware that acts of genocide inevitably form part of a continuum — as Raphaël Lemkin who coined the
1 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted 9 December 1948, entered into force 12
January 1951), 78 UNTS 277.
2
term ‘genocide’ himself recognised.2 For this reason it is important to place the acts of genocide in the
broader context of Israel’s conduct towards Palestinians during its 75-year-long apartheid, its 56-yearlong
belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory and its 16-year-long blockade of Gaza, including the
serious and ongoing violations of international law associated therewith, including grave breaches of
the Fourth Geneva Convention,3 and other war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, when
referring in this Application to acts and omissions by Israel which are capable of amounting to other
violations of international law, South Africa’s case is that those acts and omissions are genocidal in
character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent (dolus specialis) to destroy
Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group.
3. South Africa is acutely aware of the particular weight of responsibility in initiating proceedings
against Israel for violations of the Genocide Convention. However, South Africa is also acutely aware
of its own obligation — as a State party to the Genocide Convention — to prevent genocide. Israel’s
acts and omissions in relation to Palestinians violate the Genocide Convention. That is the shared view
of numerous other States parties to the Convention, including the State of Palestine itself, which has
called on “world leaders” to “take responsibility… to stop the genocide against our people”.4 United
Nations experts have also repeatedly sounded “the alarm” for over 10 weeks that “[c]onsidering
statements made by Israeli political leaders and their allies, accompanied by military action in Gaza and
escalation of arrests and killing in the West Bank” there is a “risk of genocide against the Palestinian
people”.5 United Nations experts have also expressed their “profound … concern” about “the failure of
the international system to mobilise to prevent genocide” against Palestinians, and have called on the
“international community” to “do everything it can to immediately end the risk of genocide against the
Palestinian people”.6 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (‘CERD’), acting
under its ‘early warning and urgent action procedure’, has also called on “all State parties” to the
Genocide Convention to “fully respect” their “obligation to prevent… genocide”.7 This application by
South Africa and its request for the indication of provisional measures fall to be considered in that
context and in the light of those calls. It is made against the background of South Africa’s foreign policy
objective for the attainment of a durable peace between Israel and the State of Palestine, with two States
existing side by side within internationally recognised borders, based on those existing on 4 June 1967,
prior to the outbreak of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, in line with all relevant United Nations resolutions
and international law.
2 Raphaël Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress
(1944), Chapter IX.
3 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287.
4 Speech by Mahmoud Abbas on Palestine TV, 18 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uRGx02vULg;
translated by WAFA: “President Abbas urges Biden to stop Israel’s ongoing genocide of Palestinians”, WAFA (18
November 2023), https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139394.
5 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (‘UN OHCHR’), Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of
hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide (19 October 2023) https://www.ohchr.org/
en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity.
6 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people (16
November 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-preventgenocide-
against.
7 UN OHCHR, Gaza Strip: States are obliged to prevent crimes against humanity and genocide, UN Committee stresses (21
December 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-strip-states-are-obliged-prevent-crimes-againsthumanity-
and-genocide. Under CERD's Early Warning and Urgent Action (‘EWUA’) procedure, CERD has extensive
expertise in compiling indicators relevant to the prevention of genocide; in 2015 it issued a Declaration on the Prevention of
Genocide which recalled this work in its preamble: see CERD, Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide (CRD/C/66/1)
(17 October 2005), https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/CERD/declaration_genocide.doc
(emphasis added).
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4. The facts relied on by South Africa in this application and to be further developed in these
proceedings establish that — against a background of apartheid, expulsion, ethnic cleansing, annexation,
occupation, discrimination, and the ongoing denial of the right of the Palestinian people to selfdetermination
— Israel, since 7 October 2023 in particular, has failed to prevent genocide and has failed
to prosecute the direct and public incitement to genocide. More gravely still, Israel has engaged in, is
engaging in and risks further engaging in genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza. Those
acts include killing them, causing them serious mental and bodily harm and deliberately inflicting on
them conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as a group. Repeated
statements by Israeli State representatives, including at the highest levels, by the Israeli President, Prime
Minister, and Minister of Defence express genocidal intent. That intent is also properly to be inferred
from the nature and conduct of Israel’s military operation in Gaza, having regard inter alia to Israel’s
failure to provide or ensure essential food, water, medicine, fuel, shelter and other humanitarian
assistance for the besieged and blockaded Palestinian people, which has pushed them to the brink of
famine. It is also clear from the nature, scope and extent of Israel’s military attacks on Gaza, which have
involved the sustained bombardment over more than 11 weeks of one of the most densely populated
places in the world, forcing the evacuation of 1.9 million people or 85% of the population of Gaza from
their homes and herding them into ever smaller areas, without adequate shelter, in which they continue
to be attacked, killed and harmed. Israel has now killed in excess of 21,110 named Palestinians,
including over 7,729 children — with over 7,780 others missing, presumed dead under the rubble —
and has injured over 55,243 other Palestinians, causing them severe bodily and mental harm. Israel has
also laid waste to vast areas of Gaza, including entire neighbourhoods, and has damaged or destroyed
in excess of 355,000 Palestinian homes, alongside extensive tracts of agricultural land, bakeries, schools,
universities, businesses, places of worship, cemeteries, cultural and archaeological sites, municipal and
court buildings, and critical infrastructure, including water and sanitation facilities and electricity
networks, while pursuing a relentless assault on the Palestinian medical and healthcare system. Israel
has reduced and is continuing to reduce Gaza to rubble, killing, harming and destroying its people, and
creating conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as a group.
5. South Africa, mindful of the jus cogens character of the prohibition of genocide and the erga
omnes and erga omnes partes character of the obligations owed by States under the Genocide
Convention, is making the present application to establish Israel’s responsibility for violations of the
Genocide Convention; to hold it fully accountable under international law for those violations; and —
most immediately — to have recourse to this Court to ensure the urgent and fullest possible protection
for Palestinians in Gaza who remain at grave and immediate risk of continuing and further acts of
genocide.
6. In light of the extraordinary urgency of the situation, South Africa seeks an expedited hearing
for its request for the indication of provisional measures. In addition, pursuant to Article 74(4) of the
Rules of Court, South Africa requests the President of the Court to protect the Palestinian people in
Gaza by calling upon Israel immediately to halt all military attacks that constitute or give rise to
violations of the Genocide Convention pending the holding of such hearing, so as to enable any order
the Court may make on the request for the indication of provisional measures to have its appropriate
effects. To that end, the Court should order Israel to cease killing and causing serious mental and bodily
harm to Palestinian people in Gaza, to cease the deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to
bring about their physical destruction as a group, to prevent and punish direct and public incitement to
genocide, and to rescind related policies and practices, including regarding the restriction on aid and
the issuing of evacuation directives.
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7. Mindful of the Court’s important role and the exercise of its grave responsibility in
circumstances in which the genocidal acts of which South Africa complains have occurred very recently
and are ongoing — and have not otherwise been subject to judicial determination or detailed fact-finding
— South Africa’s application and request for provisional measures provide a more detailed factual
account than might otherwise be usual. That account draws in significant part on statements and reports
by United Nations chiefs and bodies and non-governmental organisations (‘NGOs’), as well as eyewitness
accounts from Gaza — including from Palestinian journalists on the ground — in circumstances
where Israel continues to restrict access to Gaza by international journalists, investigators and factfinding
teams. However, neither the Application nor the request for the indication of provisional
measures depends on a determination by the Court of each individual incident or complaint referred to
herein. Notably, as the Court’s caselaw makes clear, “[w]hat the Court is required to do at the stage of
making an order on provisional measures is to establish whether… at least some of the acts alleged…
are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention”.8 At least some of the acts alleged by
South Africa are clearly capable of falling within those provisions.
II. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT
8. South Africa and Israel are both Members of the United Nations and therefore bound by the
Statute of the Court, including Article 36 (1), which provides that the Court’s jurisdiction “comprises .
. . all matters specially provided for . . . in treaties and conventions in force”.
9. South Africa and Israel are also parties to the Genocide Convention. Israel signed the Genocide
Convention on 17 August 1949 and deposited its instrument of ratification on 9 March 1950, thereby
becoming a party when the Genocide Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951. South Africa
deposited its instrument of accession on 10 December 1998. It became applicable between the parties
on the ninetieth day thereafter, pursuant to Article XIII of the Convention.
10. Article IX of the Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or
fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for
genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”
11. Neither South Africa nor Israel has entered any reservation to Article IX.
12. South Africa has repeatedly and urgently expressed its concerns and condemnation in respect
of Israel’s acts and omissions which form the basis of this Application. South Africa and other States
Parties to the Genocide Convention have, in particular, made clear that Israel’s actions in Gaza
constitute genocide against the Palestinian people. By way of example, the Presidents of Algeria,9
8 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar),
Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 14, para. 30 (hereafter ‘The Gambia v. Myanmar,
Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020’).
9 “Algeria, Türkiye discuss need for accountability over Gaza ‘genocide’”, Middle East Monitor (21 November 2023),
https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231121-algeria-president-tebboune-turkiye-president-erdogan-discuss-need-foraccountability-
over-gaza-genocide/. The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria acceded to the Genocide Convention on
31 October 1963.
5
Bolivia,10 Brazil,11 Colombia,12 Cuba,13 Iran,14 Türkiye,15 and Venezuela16 have all described Israel’s
actions as a genocide, as has the Palestinian President.17 State officials and representatives from
Bangladesh,18 Egypt,19 Honduras,20 Iraq,21 Jordan,22 Libya,23 Malaysia,24 Namibia,25 Pakistan,26 Syria,27
10 Luis Alberto Arce Catacora (Lucho Arce), Presidente Constitucional del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia,
@LuchoXBolivia, Tweet (2:43 am, November 16, 2023), https://twitter.com/LuchoXBolivia/status/1724981446001967283.
The Plurinational State of Bolivia signed the Genocide Convention on 11 December 1948 and ratified it on 14 June 2005.
11 “President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide”, AgenciaBrazil (25 October 2023),
https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide. The Federative
Republic of Brazil signed the Genocide Convention on 11 December 1948 and ratified it on 15 April 1952.
12 Gustavo Petro, Presidente de la República de Colombia, @petrogustavo, Tweet (4:00 am, November 1, 2023)
https://twitter.com/petrogustavo/status/1719565081371935150. The Republic of Colombia signed the Genocide Convention
on 12 August 1949 and ratified it 27 October 1959.
13 Ed Newman, “Diaz-Canel says Cuba will not accept ignoring genocide against Palestinians”, Radio Havana Cuba (29
October 2023), https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/337800-diaz-canel-says-cuba-will-not-accept-ignoringgenocide-
against-palestinians. The Republic of Cuba signed the Genocide Convention on 28 December 1949 and ratified it
on 4 March 1953.
14 “Iranian president condemns Gaza ‘genocide’ in meeting with Putin”, NBC News (7 December 2023),
https://www.nbcnews.com/video/iranian-president-condemns-gaza-genocide-in-meeting-with-putin-199670853701. The
Islamic Republic of Iran signed the Genocide Convention on 8 December 1949 and ratified it on 14 August 1956.
15 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Türkiye and AK Party Chairman, @RTErdogan, Tweet, (4:30 pm, 18 October 2023),
https://twitter.com/RTErdogan/status/1714665167978369531. The Republic of Türkiye acceded to the Genocide Convention
on 31 July 1950.
16 Nicolás Maduro, Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, @NicolasMaduro, Tweet (7:40 pm, November 4,
2023) https://twitter.com/NicolasMaduro/status/1720888719568191585. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela acceded to
the Genocide Convention on 12 July 1960.
17 “President Abbas urges Biden to stop Israel’s ongoing genocide of Palestinians”, WAFA (18 November 2023),
https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139394. The State of Palestine acceded to the Genocide Convention on 2 April 2014.
18 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Seventy-Eighth Session, 39th and 40th Meetings, GA/12566, Staggering Loss
of Life in Gaza, Follow-on to Temporary Truce Dominate General Assembly Debate on Decades-Long Question of
Palestine, GA/12566 (28 November 2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12566.doc.htm. The People’s Republic of
Bangladesh acceded to the Genocide Convention on 5 October 1998.
19 UN News, UN General Assembly adopts Gaza resolution calling for immediate and sustained ‘humanitarian truce’ (26
October 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847. The Arab Republic of Egypt signed the Genocide Convention
on 12 December 1948 and ratified the Convention on 8 February 1952.
20 “Live updates | Israel rebuffs US push for humanitarian pause, says hostages must be released first”, Associated Press (3
November 2023), https://web.archive.org/web/20231117082155/https://thehill.com/
homenews/ap/ap-international/ap-live-updates-israeli-troops-tighten-encirclement-of-gaza-city-as-top-us-diplomat-arrivesin-
israel/. The Republic of Honduras signed the Genocide Convention on 22 April 1949 and ratified the Convention on 5
March 1952.
21 “Israel subjects Palestinians ‘to genocide,’ says Sudani”, Rudaw (6 November 2023),
https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/06112023. The Republic of Iraq acceded to the Genocide Convention on 20
January 1959.
22 “Jordan’s foreign minister says Israel aiming ‘to empty Gaza of its people’”, AlJazeera (10 December 2023),
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/jordan-foreign-minister-says-israel-aiming-to-empty-gaza-of-its-people. The
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan acceded to the Genocide Convention on 3 April 1950.
23 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9451st Meeting, SC/15462, Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation
in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian
People (24 October 2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm. The State of Libya acceded to the Genocide
Convention on 16 May 1989.
24 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, Malaysia Acknowledges Breakthrough in the United Nations Security Council on
the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (17 November 2023), https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/malaysia-acknowledgesbreakthrough-
in-the-united-nations-security-council-on-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict. Malaysia acceded to the Genocide
Convention on 20 December 1994.
25 Neville Gertze, Ambassador of Namibia to the United Nations, Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation-
Namibia, Facebook (25 October 2023), https://fb.watch/oTgjaUXQdO/. The Republic of Namibia acceded to the Genocide
Convention on the 28 November 1994.
26 Naveed Butt, “Pakistan terms Gaza siege genocide of Palestinians”, Business Recorder (16 October 2023),
https://www.brecorder.com/news/40268277. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan signed the Genocide Convention on 11
December 1948 and acceded to the Convention on 12 October 1957.
27 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Seventy-Eighth Session 24th and 25th Meetings, GA/SHC/4385, Third
Committee Spotlights Human Rights Abuses in Conflicts, Stressing Need to End Terrorist Attacks, Genocide, Illegal
Hostage-Taking, Enforced Displacement (17 October 2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/gashc4385.doc.htm. The Syrian
Arab Republic acceded to the Genocide Convention on 25 June 1955.
6
and Tunisia,28 have also referred to genocide or the risk thereof in Gaza; as have heads of State and
State officials from non-State parties to the Genocide Convention, including Qatar29 and Mauritania.30
Speaking on behalf of the ‘Arab Group’ at the 9498th meeting of the United Nations Security Council
on 8 December 2023, ahead of the United Nations Security Council vote on a ceasefire, Egypt’s
representative stated that the “[c]ivilian fatalities [in Gaza] lay bare the lie that the war is against an
armed group. Rather, it is a collective punishment and genocide against the Palestinian people […]
Citing “the extensive destruction of civilian infrastructure and the targeting of United Nations staff
members”, he stated that “the forcible displacement of 85 per cent of Gaza’s people, living in dire
circumstances, represents . . . an effort to eliminate the Palestinian people.”31
13. Having regard to the fact that the prohibition of genocide has the character of a peremptory
norm and that the obligations under the Convention are owed erga omnes and erga omnes partes,32
Israel has been made fully aware of the grave concerns expressed by the international community, by
States Parties to the Genocide Convention, and by South Africa in particular, as to Israel’s failure to
cease, prevent and punish the commission of genocide. South Africa’s concern has been expressed,
inter alia, as follows:
— On 30 October 2023, the South African Department of International Relations and
Cooperation issued a statement calling on the international community to hold Israel
accountable for breaches of international law. Warning that “the crime of genocide, sadly looms
large” in Gaza, the statement recalled that “President Lula da Silva of Brazil has called the
attacks on Gaza a genocide” and that the South African Minister of International Relations and
Cooperation, Naledi Pandor, addressing the United Nations Security Council on 24 October
2023, had also “reminded the international community not to stand idle while another genocide
is unfolding”.33
— On 7 November, addressing the South African National Assembly, South Africa’s
International Relations Minister warned that “[t]he crime of genocide sadly looms large in
the current situation in Gaza”, recalling that “in 1994, a genocide occurred on the African
continent with much of the whole world watching as innocent people were massacred”, and
underscoring that South Africa could not stand by and allow that to happen again.34
— On 10 November 2023, the Director-General of South Africa’s Department of
International Relations and Cooperation (“DIRCO”), conducted a formal diplomatic
28 United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9451st Meeting, SC/15462, Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian
Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of
Palestinian People (24 October 2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm. The Republic of Tunisia acceded to
the Genocide Convention on the 29 November 1956.
29 “Qatari emir: ‘This is a genocide committed by Israel’”, Al Jazeera English (5 December 2023),
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drOuwKvDt8o.
30 “Mauritania Condemns Israeli Heinous Crimes in Gaza”, Agence Mauritanienne d’Information (18 October 2023),
https://ami.mr/en/archives/11732.
31 UN Meetings Coverage, 9498th Meeting, SC/15518 (8 December 2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15518.doc.htm
(emphasis added).
32 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 17, para. 41.
33 South Africa, Department of International Relations and Cooperation (‘DIRCO’), South Africa calls for the International
community to hold Israel accountable for breaches of International Law (30 October 2023), https://www.dirco.gov.za/southafrica-
calls-for-the-international-community-to-hold-israel-accountable-for-breaches-of-international-law/.
34 South Africa, DIRCO, Ministerial Statement on the Ongoing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Dr GNM Pandor, Minister for
International Relations and Cooperation, in the National Assembly House of Parliament (7 November 2023)
https://www.dirco.gov.za/ministerial-statement-on-the-ongoing-israeli-palestinian-conflict-by-dr-gnm-pandor-minister-forinternational-
relations-and-cooperation-in-the-national-assembly-house-of-parliament-7-november-2023/.
7
démarche of the Ambassador of the State of Israel to South Africa, advising him that while
South Africa “condemned the attacks on civilians by Hamas” which “should be investigated
for war crimes”, “the response by Israel was unlawful”, and that South Africa “wants the ICC
to investigate the leadership of Israel” for crimes including genocide.35
— On 13 November 2023, at a meeting at the Presidential residence with the leadership of the
South African Jewish Board of Deputies, at which they called inter alia for the re-opening of
the South African Embassy in Israel, the President of South Africa, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa
“condemn[ed] the genocide that is being inflicted against the people of Palestine, including
women and children, through collective punishment and ongoing bombardment of Gaza”.36
— On 17 November 2023, during the course of a State visit to Qatar, the President of South
Africa, announced that South Africa was referring the Situation in the State of Palestine to the
International Criminal Court, expressing his abhorrence for “what is happening right now in
Gaza, which has now turned into a concentration camp where genocide is taking place”.37
— Later on 17 November 2023, the Embassy of South Africa in The Hague, acting on behalf
of South Africa, jointly with three other States parties to the Genocide Convention — namely
Bangladesh, Bolivia, and Comoros — and Djibouti, referred the Situation in the State of
Palestine to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, requesting that the
Prosecutor vigorously investigate crimes within the jurisdictional scope of the Court, including
the crime of genocide, as provided for in Article 6 (a), (b) and (c) of the Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court (‘Rome Statute’).38
— On 21 November 2023, addressing the Extraordinary Joint Meeting of BRICS (Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa) Leaders and Leaders of invited BRICS members on the
situation in the Middle East called to address “a matter of grave global concern” in the Middle
East, the President of South Africa asserted that “[t]he deliberate denial of medicine, fuel,
food and water to the residents of Gaza is tantamount to genocide”.39
— On 12 December 2023, speaking at the 10th Emergency Special Session of the United
Nations General Assembly — at which Israel was represented — the South African
Ambassador to the United Nations stated that “[t]he events of the past six weeks in Gaza have
illustrated that Israel is acting contrary to its obligations in terms of the Genocide Convention”.
She underscored that, “[a]s a UN Member State and owing to South Africa’s painful past
35 South Africa, DIRCO, DIRCO démarches the Ambassador of the State of Israel (10 November 2023)
https://www.dirco.gov.za/dirco-demarches-the-ambassador-of-the-state-of-israel/.
36 South Africa, The Presidency, President Ramaphosa Meets with the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (13
November 2023), https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-meets-south-african-jewish-board-deputies.
37 Kate Bartlett, “South Africa Refers Israel to The Hague Over Gaza 'War Crimes'”, VOA News (17 November 2023)
https://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-refers-israel-to-the-hague-over-gaza-war-crimes-/7359022.html.
38 South Africa, Embassy in the Netherlands, Letter from the South African Embassy in the Netherlands to the Prosecutor of
the International Criminal Court (17 November 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/ICC-Referral-
Palestine-Final-17-November-2023.pdf.
39 South Africa, the Presidency, Opening remarks by President Cyril Ramaphosa to the Extraordinary Joint Meeting of
BRICS Leaders and Leaders of invited BRICS members on the situation in the Middle East (21 November 2023),
https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/opening-remarks-president-cyril-ramaphosa-extraordinary-joint-meeting-brics-leadersand-
leaders.
8
experience of a system of apartheid, this impresses on us, as Member States to take action in
accordance with international law.”40
— On 21 December 2023, South Africa sent a Note Verbale to the Embassy of Israel in South
Africa, in which South Africa raised its concerns about “credible reports that acts meeting the
threshold of genocide or related crimes as defined in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of Genocide, have been and may still be committed in the context of the
conflict” in Gaza. The Note Verbale recalled that “[a]s a State Party to the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, South Africa is under a treaty obligation
to prevent genocide from occurring, and therefore calls upon Israel which is also a State Party
to the Convention to immediately cease hostilities in Gaza and to refrain from conduct
constituting or failing to prevent violations of its obligations under the Convention”. South
Africa, “[a]larmed by rhetoric from Israeli officials and others”, also called on Israel “to prevent
and punish direct and public incitement to genocide”. This served to communicate directly to
Israel South Africa’s claims regarding the fulfilment of its own obligations under the Genocide
Convention and breaches by Israel of its obligations under the Genocide Convention and the
detail thereof.41
14. Israel has not responded directly to South Africa’s Note Verbale sent on 21 December 2023.
However, Israel has publicly rejected any suggestion that it has violated international law in its military
campaign in Gaza. Notably, Israel has dismissed as “outrageous and false” the assertion that Israel’s
military attacks on Gaza meet “the legal definition of genocide” and are aimed at “not just simply the
killing of innocent people and the destruction of their livelihoods but a systematic effort to empty Gaza
of its people”.42 Israel denies that its conduct in Gaza violates its obligations under the Genocide
Convention, asserting that “[t]he accusation of genocide against Israel is not only wholly unfounded as
a matter of fact and law, it is morally repugnant” and “antisemitic”.43 Moreover, Israel has engaged and
continues to engage in acts and omissions against the Palestinian people in Gaza as have been asserted
to be genocidal and, by its attitude and conduct, has refuted any suggestion that its actions in Gaza are
constrained by its obligations under the Genocide Convention. Indeed, the Israeli Prime Minister
asserted on 26 December 2023: “We are not stopping. We are continuing to fight, and we are deepening
the fighting in the coming days, and this will be a long battle and it is not close to being over."44 Israel’s
own conduct therefore serves to underline the parties’ disagreement. South Africa has not resiled from
its own position that it is responsible as a State party to the Genocide Convention to act to prevent
genocide or a risk thereof in Gaza.
15. According to the established case law of the Court, a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of
law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests” between parties.45 Such a disagreement or “positive
40 UN News, UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasefire during emergency session
(video of the session at 1:13:37) (12 December 2023) https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144717.
41 South Africa, DIRCO, Note Verbale (21 December 2023).
42 “Jordan says Israel aims to expel Palestinians from Gaza”, Reuters (10 December 2023),
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-israel-aims-expel-palestinians-gaza-2023-12-10/.
43 Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The War Against Hamas: Answering Your Most Pressing Questions (15 December
2023), https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-23/all-articles/the-war-against-hamas-answering-your-mostpressing-
questions/.
44 Statement by Israeli Prime Minister to Likud Party, 25 December 2023: Jeremy Sharon, "After rare visit to Gaza,
Netanyahu says war ‘not close to being over’", The Times of Israel (25 December 2023),
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over/.
45 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 13, para. 27, citing Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998,
p. 315, para. 89.
9
opposition of the claim by one party by the other need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis… the
position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever the professed view of that
party”.46
16. There is plainly a dispute between Israel and South Africa relating to the interpretation and
application of the Genocide Convention, going both to South Africa’s compliance with its own
obligation to prevent genocide, and to Israel’s compliance with its obligations not to commit genocide
and to prevent and punish genocide — including the direct and public incitement to genocide — and to
make reparations to its victims and offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition. Given that South
Africa’s claim concerns its own obligations as a State party to the Genocide Convention to act to prevent
genocide — to which Israel’s acts and omissions give rise — South Africa plainly has standing in
relation thereto. Moreover, given that “any State party to the Genocide Convention, and not only a
specially affected State, may invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to ascertaining
the alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga omnes partes, and to bring that failure to an end”,
South Africa also “has prima facie standing” to submit to the Court its dispute with Israel “on the basis
of alleged violations of obligations under the Genocide Convention”.47
17. Therefore, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Court’s Statute and Article IX of the Genocide
Convention, the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims submitted in the present Application by South
Africa against Israel.
III. THE FACTS
A. Introduction
18. Since 7 October 2023, Israel has engaged in a large-scale military assault by land, air and sea,
on the Gaza Strip (‘Gaza’), a narrow strip of land approximately of 365 square kilometres – one of the
most densely populated places in the world.48 Gaza — home to approximately 2.3 million people,
almost half of them children — has been subjected by Israel to what has been described as one of the
“heaviest conventional bombing campaigns” in the history of modern warfare.49 By 29 October 2023
alone, it was estimated that 6,000 bombs per week had been dropped on the tiny enclave.50 In just over
two months, Israel’s military attacks had “wreaked more destruction than the razing of Syria’s Aleppo
between 2012 and 2016, Ukraine’s Mariupol, or proportionally, the Allied bombing of Germany in
World War II.”51 The destruction wrought by Israel is so extreme that “Gaza is now a different colour
46 Ibid.
47 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p.17, paras. 41-42.
48 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip - Reported Impact (5 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/Gaza_casualties_info-graphic_5_Dec_2023%20final.pdf.
49 John Paul Rathbone, “Israel’s Gaza attack ‘one of history’s heaviest conventional bombing campaigns’”, The Irish Times
(6 December 2023), https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/12/06/israels-gaza-attack-one-of-historys-heaviestconventional-
bombing-campaigns/.
50 Francesca Albanese,UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since
1967, an interview with UN News, 29 October 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142952; see also: Natasha
Bertrand and Katie Bo Lillis, “Exclusive: Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are imprecise ‘dumb bombs’,
US intelligence assessment finds”, CNN (14 December 2023), https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/politics/intelligenceassessment-
dumb-bombs-israel-gaza/index.html; “Why is Israel using so many dumb bombs in Gaza”, The Economist (16
December 2023), https://www.economist.com/interactive/middle-east-and-africa/2023/12/16/why-is-israel-using-so-manydumb-
bombs-in-gaza.
51 Julia Frankel, “Israel’s military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in history, experts say”, AP News
(21 December 2023), https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-
419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796.
10
from space. It’s a different texture”.52 As stated by the United Nations Secretary-General, in a letter
dated 6 December 2023 to the President of the United Nations Security Council,53 of which the United
Nations General Assembly took express “note” in Resolution ESIO/22 of 12 December 2023 on the
Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations:54
“Civilians throughout Gaza face grave danger. Since the start of Israel's military operation, more
than 15,000 people have reportedly been killed, over 40 per cent of whom were children.
Thousands of others have been injured. More than half of all homes have been destroyed. Some
80 per cent of the population of 2.2 million has been forcibly displaced, into increasingly
smaller areas. More than 1.1 million people have sought refuge in UNRWA facilities across
Gaza, creating overcrowded, undignified, and unhygienic conditions. Others have nowhere to
shelter and find themselves on the street. Explosive remnants of war are rendering areas
uninhabitable. There is no effective protection of civilians.
The health care system in Gaza is collapsing. Hospitals have turned into battlegrounds. Only
14 hospitals out of 36 facilities are even partially functional. The two major hospitals in south
Gaza are operating at three times their bed capacity and are running out of basic supplies and
fuel. They are also sheltering thousands of displaced persons. Under these circumstances, more
people will die untreated in the coming days and weeks.
Nowhere is safe in Gaza.
Amid constant bombardment by the Israel Defense Forces, and without shelter or the essentials
to survive, I expect public order to completely break down soon due to the desperate conditions,
rendering even limited humanitarian assistance impossible. An even worse situation could
unfold, including epidemic diseases and increased pressure for mass displacement into
neighbouring countries.
While delivery of supplies through Rafah continues, quantities are insufficient and have
dropped since the pause came to an end. We are simply unable to reach those in need inside
Gaza . . . We are facing a severe risk of collapse of the humanitarian system. The situation is
fast deteriorating into a catastrophe with potentially irreversible implications for Palestinians as
a whole and for peace and security in the region. Such an outcome must be avoided at all cost.”55
19. Since that letter was written, the numbers have risen even more starkly: at least 21,110
Palestinians in Gaza have been killed and over 55,243 other Palestinians have been wounded, many
severely. 56 The death toll includes over 7,729 children,57 not including the 4,700 women and children
still missing, and presumed dead under the rubble.58 Entire multi-generational families have been wiped
out completely. Over 355,000 homes equivalent to more than 60 per cent of Gaza’s housing stock in
52 Ibid.
53 The Secretary-General, Letter by the Secretary-General to the President of Security Council invoking Article 99 of the
United Nations Charter (6 December 2023), https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf.
54 General Assembly resolution ES-10/22, Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations,
A/RES/ES-10/22 (12 December 2023), https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/N2339709.pdf.
55 The Secretary-General, Letter by the Secretary-General to the President of Security Council invoking Article 99 of the
United Nations Charter (6 December 2023), https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf.
56 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78 ; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel - reported impact| Day 82 (27 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israelreported-
impact-day-82 . Statistics cited in this Application are up to date to 27 December 2023. UNOCHA collates locally
collected data.
57 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
58 Red Crescent Society, Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report As of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until
Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM (24 December 2023), p.1,
https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en%20220%202023.pdf.
11
Gaza has been damaged or destroyed.59 1.9 million Palestinians — approximately 85 per cent of the
total population — have been internally displaced.60 Many fled the north of the territory to the south,
having been ordered to do so by Israel, only to be bombed again in the south, and told to flee once again
further south or the south west, where they are reduced to living in makeshift tents in camps with no
water, sanitation or other facilities.61 Israel has bombed, shelled and besieged Gaza’s hospitals, with
only 13 out of 36 hospitals partially functional, and no fully functioning hospital left in North Gaza.62
Gaza’s healthcare system has all but collapsed, with reports of operations, including amputations and
caesarean sections, taking place without anaesthetic.63 A significant proportion of the wounded and sick
are unable to access any or adequate care.64 Contagious and epidemic diseases are rife amongst the
displaced Palestinian population, with experts warning of the risk of meningitis, cholera and other
outbreaks.65 The entire population in Gaza is at imminent risk of famine, whereas the proportion of
households affected by acute food insecurity is the largest ever recorded according to the Integrated
Food Security Phase Classification (‘IPC’).66Experts warn that silent, slow deaths caused by hunger and
thirst risk surpassing those violent deaths already caused by Israeli bombs and missiles.67
20. The United Nations General Assembly has expressed “grave concern over the catastrophic
humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip and the suffering of the Palestinian civilian population”,68 with
the United Nations Security Council noting in particular “the disproportionate effect on children”.69 In
its Resolution ES10/22 of 12 December 2023, the United Nations General Assembly also took express
“note” of a letter dated 7 December 2023 from the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (‘UNRWA’), addressed to the President of
59 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - Reported Impact | Day 73 (19 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73.
60 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
61 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #60 (5 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60.
62 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
63 UN News, Gaza: UN’s Türk calls for political path out of 'horror' (16 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143657; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #32 (7
November 2023), https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israelflash-
update-32; UN News, Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth ‘in race against death’ (7 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
64 UN News, Gaza doctors 'terrified’ of deadly disease outbreak as aid teams race to deliver (28 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1144032.
65 World Health Organization (‘WHO’), WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the Special Session of the Executive
Board on the health situation in the occupied Palestinian territory – 10 December 2023 (10 December 2023),
https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-special-session-of-theexecutive-
board-on-the-health-situation-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory---10-december-2023; UN OCHA, Hostilities in
the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #67 (12 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-stripand-
israel-flash-update-67.
66 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77; UN OCHA, Remarks to the media by the
Secretary-General (22 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
67 Interview with James Elder, UNICEF spokesperson by Channel 4, “This is a war on children’ says UNICEF spokesperson
James Elder, who recently returned from Gaza”, Channel 4 (14 December 2023), https://www.channel4.com/news/this-is-awar-
on-children-says-unicef-spokesperson-james-elder-who-recently-returned-from-gaza; “Disease could kill more in Gaza
than bombs, WHO says amid Israeli siege”, AlJazeera (28 November 2023),
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/28/disease-could-kill-more-in-gaza-than-bombs-who-says-amid-israeli-siege.
68 General Assembly resolution ES-10/22, Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations,
A/RES/ES-10/22, (12 December 2023), https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/N2339709.pdf; General
Assembly resolution ES-10/21, Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations, A/RES/ES-10/21,
(30 October 2023), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/protection-of-civilians-and-upholding-legal-and-humanitarianobligations-
ga-resolution-a-res-es-10-21/.
69 Security Council resolution 2712, The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question, S/RES/2712 (15
November 2023), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/359/02/PDF/N2335902.pdf?OpenElement.
12
the General Assembly. In the unprecedented letter, the Commissioner-General “predict[s] . . . the
collapse of the mandate [he] is expected to fulfil” and calls for “an end to the decimation of Gaza and
of its people”.70
B. Background
1. The Gaza Strip (‘Gaza’)
21. Gaza is a narrow strip of land, bordered to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the south by
Egypt and to the north and east by Israel. Together with the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, it is
one of the two constituent territories of the occupied Palestinian territory (‘oPt’) — occupied by Israel
in 1967 — and of the State of Palestine, recognised by South Africa on 15 February 1995, and accorded
non-member observer State status in the United Nations on 29 November 2012.71
22. The population of Gaza consists of approximately 2.3 million people, over half of whom are
children. 80 per cent of Palestinians in Gaza are refugees — and their descendants — from towns and
villages in what is now the State of Israel,72 expelled or forced to flee during the mass displacement of
over 750,000 Palestinians or ‘Nakba’ during the establishment of the State of Israel.73 The Nakba and
the mass displacement associated with it therefore features prominently in the history and consciousness
of Palestinians in Gaza, as it does for the wider Palestinian people. Palestinians in Gaza form a
substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group: they are a prominent part of the
group, making up the population of one of the two constituent territories of the State of Palestine. They
are also a quantitively substantial part of the Palestinian population of the State of Palestine under
occupation, which counts approximately 5.48 million people.74
70 UNRWA, Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr.
Dennis Francis dated 7 December 2023 (7 December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwacommissioner-
general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly (emphasis added).
71 General Assembly resolution 67/19, Status of Palestine in the United Nations, A/RES/67/19 (28 November 2012),
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/739031/files/A_RES_67_19-EN.pdf. 82 States had recognised the State of Palestine in
1988, following the transmission of a declaration on the establishment of the State of Palestine by the Palestine Liberation
Organization (‘PLO’) to the UN Secretary-General on behalf of the Arab League (Declaration of State of Palestine –
Palestine National Council, Letter dated 18 November 1988 from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United
Nations addressed to the Secretary-Genera (l8 November 1988), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178680/).
The State of Palestine is now recognised by 138 States (Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United
Nations New York, Diplomatic Relations, http://palestineun.org/about-palestine/diplomatic-relations/).
72 UNRWA, About UNRWA (2012), https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2012050753530.pdf, p. 17.
73 UN OCHA, Right of return of Palestinian refugees must be prioritised over political considerations: UN experts (21 June
2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/06/right-return-palestinian-refugees-must-be-prioritised-over-political.
74 State of Palestine – Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (‘PCBS’), The International Population Day, 11/07/2023 (10
July 2023), https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/post.aspx?lang=en&ItemID=4544#:~:text=About%2014.5%20Million%20Palestinians
%20in,the%20State%20of%20Palestine%3B%202.
13
Map of the Gaza Strip75
23. Gaza comprises five Governorates. The Gaza North and Gaza Governorates constituting ‘the
North’ stretch from the north of Wadi Gaza towards Erez Crossing, a pedestrian crossing into Israel
(also known as the ‘Beit Hanoun Crossing’). ‘The North’ is ordinarily home to approximately 1.1
million Palestinians,76 many concentrated in Gaza City (approximately 713,488 inhabitants),77 as well
as in Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun, and in the Beach and Jabalia refugee camps. It is where Gaza’s largest
hospital, Al Shifa Medical Hospital, is situated, as well as the Kamal Adwan Hospital. The Deir al Balah
Governorate (‘the Middle Area’) ordinarily counts 302,507 inhabitants,78 primarily in Deir al Balah
City, as well as in the Al Maghazi, An Nuseirat, Al Bureij and Deir al Balah refugee camps; it is where
Gaza’s only power plant is located. The Khan Yunis and Rafah Governorates (‘the South’) are below
Deir al Balah Governorate and extend to the Rafah crossing with Egypt. The major population centres
in the South are Khan Yunis and Rafah, as well as the Khan Yunis and Rafah refugee camps. The Karem
Shalom Crossing (also known as ‘Karem Abu Salem Crossing’) is located four km west of Rafah. The
South is where the Nasser hospital is located.79 The South’s pre-October 2023 population stood at
75 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel – reported impact | Day 73 (19 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73.
76 UN OCHA, Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert (13
October 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-andcomply-
international.
77 State of Palestine – Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Estimated Population in Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,
1997-2021, https://tinyurl.com/34rb8w38.
78 Ibid.
79 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #66 (11 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
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approximately 673,844 inhabitants.80 The Middle Area and the South now accommodate more than 1.2
million internally displaced persons in 98 UNRWA facilities,81 and tens of thousands in makeshift tents
in Al-Mawasi area — a Bedouin Palestinian town in a small strip of mostly undeveloped sand along
Gaza’s Mediterranean coast —82 identified by Israel on the resumption of hostilities in the first week of
December 2023 as a purportedly ‘safe zone’.83 Around 160,000 more displaced Palestinians are
believed to remain in UNRWA facilities in the North,84 as well as others sheltering in other locations.
24. Until 2005, Gaza — like the West Bank today — was occupied by Israeli military forces on the
ground. However, in 2005, Israel unilaterally ‘disengaged’ from Gaza, dismantling its military bases
and relocating Israeli settlers from settlements in Gaza back to Israel and into the occupied West Bank.85
Notwithstanding its ‘disengagement’, Israel continues to exercise control over the airspace, territorial
waters, land crossings, water, electricity, electromagnetic sphere and civilian infrastructure in Gaza,86
as well as over key governmental functions, such as the management of the Palestinian population
registry for Gaza.87 Given that continuing effective control by Israel over the territory, Gaza is still
considered by the international community to be under belligerent occupation by Israel.88 The near total
control exercised by Israel over access to Gaza, and over its water, fuel, electricity and food supplies,
has been demonstrated starkly since 7 October 2023.
25. Entry and exit by air and sea to Gaza has been prohibited since the early 1990s, with Israel
operating only two crossing points – Erez (pedestrian) and Kerem Shalom (goods) – through which
Palestinians in Gaza could access the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, for business, trade,
80 State of Palestine – Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Estimated Population in Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,
1997-2021, https://tinyurl.com/34rb8w38.
81 UNRWA, UNRWA Situation Report #53 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem
(17 December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-53-situation-gaza-strip-and-westbank-
including-east-Jerusalem.
82 UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Al-Mawasi area, https://archive.unescwa.org/almawasi-
area.
83 Israel Defense Forces, “Based on the morals and values of our military establishment, the Israel Defence Army publishes a
list of the number of blocks to direct the inhabitants of Gaza in the evacuation of targeted areas” (1 December 2023),
https://tinyurl.com/mtapebm7; “Palestinians displaced to south Gaza’s overcrowded areas living on streets”, AlJazeera (10
December 2023), https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/9/palestinians-displaced-to-south-gazas-overcrowded-areasliving-
on-streets.
84 UNRWA, UNRWA Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem
(22 December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-westbank-
including-east-Jerusalem.
85 Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/HRC/50/21 (9 May 2022), para. 16.
86 GOV.UK, Guidance Overseas business risk: The Occupied Palestinian Territories (22 February 2022),
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-palestinian-territories/overseas-business-risk-theoccupied-
palestinian-territories, para. 2.5.
87 Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/HRC/50/21 (9 May 2022), para. 16.
88 See e.g., Security Council resolution 1860, S/RES/1860 (2009) (8 January 2009), where the Security Council stressed
“that the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory occupied in 1967 and will be a part of the Palestinian state,”
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/645525?ln=en#record-files-collapse-header. Recently reaffirmed in General Assembly
Resolution 77/30, Assistance to the Palestinian People, A/RES/77/30 (6 December 2022), https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/729/08/PDF/N2272908.pdf?OpenElement. See also, Human Rights Council, Human
rights situation in Palestine and the other occupied Arab territories, Report of the detailed findings of the independent
international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2 (18 March
2019), https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/A.HRC_.40.CPR_.2.pdf. Security Council resolution 2720
(2023), adopted on 22 December 2023, stresses that “the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory occupied in
1967” and reiterates “the vision of the two-State solution, with the Gaza Strip as part of the Palestinian State,”
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/424/87/PDF/N2342487.pdf?OpenElement.
15
healthcare and social and family functions.89 However, Israel imposed a stringent blockade of Gaza,
following Hamas’ electoral victory in 2006 that was followed by inter-Palestinian violence, declaring
the entire territory to be a ‘hostile territory’.90 Existing restrictions on the movement of persons were
significantly tightened, with most Palestinians in Gaza being ineligible for permits to travel, leading to
prolonged, indefinite separation for many Palestinian families.91 The few who were eligible to travel
did “not necessarily receive permits and almost always encounter[ed] delays and difficulties in the
process”.92 Between 2008 and 2021, the World Health Organization (‘WHO’) recorded that 839
Palestinians from Gaza had died while waiting for medical permits to leave Gaza for urgent medical
treatment.93 The majority of permits were for day labourers and agricultural traders, primarily to
undertake low-skilled work in Israel and on Israeli settlements in the West Bank.94 Between 2007 and
2010, Israel regulated food imports into Gaza in accordance with calories consumed per person, to limit
the transfers of food to a ‘humanitarian minimum’, without causing hunger or malnutrition.95 Israel
thereafter applied a ‘dual use’ system to imports into Gaza, severely restricting the entry of goods by
prohibiting goods considered to be capable of having a dual civilian/military use.96
26. Israel’s parallel implementation of a wide buffer zone inside Gaza’s eastern border fence
(estimated to restrict access to approximately 24 per cent of Gaza) severely impacts internal food
supply, by reducing the main agricultural area for farming.97 Israel also made fishing extremely
hazardous for Palestinians, who have not had full access to the fishing zone of 20 nautical miles
stipulated in the Oslo Accords — interim agreements concluded between the PLO and Israel in the early
1990s. The naval blockade — policed by Israeli forces through the use of force, arrests and the
confiscation of fishing equipment — severely reduced the fishing catchment area for Gaza’s fishermen
89 Egypt operates a third crossing – the Rafah Crossing – between Gaza and Egypt. UNCTAD, Economic costs of the Israeli
occupation for the Palestinian people: the Gaza Strip under closure and restrictions (13 August 2020),
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/a75d310_en_1.pdf, paras. 6, 8.
90 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Security Cabinet declares Gaza hostile territory (19 September 2007),
https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/security-cabinet-declares-gaza-hostile-territory.
91 General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the
Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk A/HRC/49/87 (12 August 2022),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinianterritories-
occupied-since-1967-report-a-hrc-49-87-advance-unedited-version/, para. 42; Norwegian Refugee Council, Legal
Memo: Movement between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (December 2016), https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/legalopinions/
legal_memo_movement_between_wb_gaza.pdf.
92 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the
protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2 (18 March 2019), https://www.un.org/unispal/wpcontent/
uploads/2019/06/A.HRC_.40.CPR_.2.pdf, para 163.
93 World Health Organisation, Fifteen Years of Gaza Blockade and Barriers to Health Access (2022),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/15_Years_Gaza_Blockade_Factsheet.jpg?ua=1.
94 UNCTAD, Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian
Territory (2023) (11 September), TD/B/EX(74)/2, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbex74d2_en.pdf, para.
38; UN OCHA, Movement in and out of Gaza: update covering July 2023 (15 August 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/movement-and-out-gaza-update-covering-july-2023.
95 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (‘ESCWA’), Palestine Under Occupation III
Mapping Israel’s Policies and Practices and their Economic Repercussions in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, E/ESCWA/CL6.GCP/2021/3 (2022), https://www.un.org/unispal/wpcontent/
uploads/2022/07/E.ESCWA_.CL6_.GCP_.2021.3_220722.pdf, p. 38.
96 The World Bank, Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (30 April 2019),
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/942481555340123420/pdf/Economic-Monitoring-Report-to-the-Ad-Hoc-
Liaison-Committee.pdf, p. 4.
97 UNCTAD, Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2023) (11 September), TD/B/EX(74)/2,
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbex74d2_en.pdf, para 36; General Assembly, Report prepared by the
secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on the economic costs of the Israeli occupation for
the Palestinian people: the Gaza Strip under closure and restrictions, A/75/310 (13 August 2020); General Assembly,
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967,
A/71/554 (19 October 2016), https://undocs.org/A/71/554.
16
to polluted waters immediately off the coastline, leading to overfishing impacting sustainability.98 As
long ago as 2015, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (‘UNCTAD’) warned that
the restrictive measures imposed by Israel risked Gaza becoming uninhabitable by 2020.99 In 2020, the
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967 described the impact of Israel’s blockade on Gaza as having turned Gaza “from a
low-income society with modest but growing export ties to the regional and international economy to
an impoverished ghetto with a decimated economy and a collapsing social service system”.100 In 2022,
he described the situation as follows:
“In Gaza, the apparent strategy of Israel is the indefinite warehousing of an unwanted
population of 2 million Palestinians, whom it has confined to a narrow strip of land through its
comprehensive 15-year-old air, land and sea blockade (with further restrictions by Egypt on the
southern border of Gaza). Ban Ki-moon has called this political quarantining of the population
a “collective punishment”, which is a serious breach of international law. The World Bank
reported in 2021 that Gaza had undergone a multi-decade process of dedevelopment and
deindustrialization, resulting in a 45 per cent unemployment rate and a 60 per cent poverty rate,
with 80 per cent of the population dependent on some form of international assistance, in
significant part because of the hermetic sealing of the access of Gaza to the outside world. The
coastal aquifer, the sole source of natural drinking water in Gaza, has become polluted and unfit
for human consumption because of contamination by seawater and sewage, substantially
driving up water costs for an already destitute population. Gaza is heavily dependent on external
sources — Israel and Egypt — for power, and Palestinians live with rolling power blackouts of
between 12 and 20 hours daily, severely impairing daily living and the economy. The entry and
export of goods is strictly controlled by Israel, which has throttled the local economy. The
health-care system in Gaza is flat on its back, with serious shortages of health-care
professionals, inadequate treatment equipment and low supplies of drugs and medicines.
Palestinians in Gaza can rarely travel outside of Gaza, which is a denial of their fundamental
right to freedom of movement. More acutely, they have endured four highly asymmetrical wars
with Israel over the past 13 years, with enormous loss of civilian life and immense property
destruction. The suffering was acknowledged by Antonio Guterres in May 2021, when he
stated: “If there is a hell on earth, it is the lives of children in Gaza”.”101
27. Between 29 September 2000 and 7 October 2023, approximately 7,569 Palestinians,102
including 1,699 children,103 were killed, including in those “four highly asymmetrical wars”, as well as
other smaller military assaults, with tens of thousands of others injured. A further 214 Palestinians,
98 UN OCHA, Gaza Strip – The Humanitarian Impact of 15 Years of the Blockade (June 2022),
https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/18041/file/Factsheet_Gaza_Blockade_2022.pdf; UNCTAD, Developments in the
economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2023), TD/B/EX(74)/2 (11 September),
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbex74d2_en.pdf, para 39.
99 UN News, Global Perspectives and Stories, Gaza could become uninhabitable in less than five years due to ongoing ‘dedevelopment’–
UN report (1 September 2015), https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/507762.
100 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, A/HRC/44/60 (15 July 2020),
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session44/Documents/A_HRC_44_60.pdf, para.
54.
101 General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87 (12 August 2022), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-thespecial-
rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967-report-a-hrc-49-87-
advance-unedited-version/, para. 45.
102 B’Tselem, Fatalities All Data, Main Data (6 October 2023), https://statistics.btselem.org/en/all-fatalities/by-date-ofincident?
section=overall&tab=overview. (not including the casualties during the Great March of Return).
103 Ibid.
17
including 46 children were killed during the ‘Great March of Return’,104 a large-scale peaceful protest
along the separation fence between Gaza and Israel, in which thousands of Palestinians participated
every Friday for over 18 months, demanding that “the blockade imposed on Gaza be lifted and the
return of Palestinian refugees” to their homes and villages in Israel.105 On one particularly lethal day
alone, Israel killed 60 Palestinian protesters.106 As determined by the Independent Commission of
Inquiry on the protests in the occupied Palestinian territory (‘Commission’):
“[D]uring these weekly demonstrations, the Israeli Security Forces (ISF) killed and gravely
injured civilians who were neither participating directly in hostilities nor posing an imminent
threat to life. Among those shot were children, paramedics, journalists, and persons with
disabilities.”107
28. Those killed by Israeli soldiers, firing from behind the separation fence, included three medics
and two journalists. A total of over 36,100 Palestinians, including nearly 8,800 children,108 were injured
by Israel, including 4,903 people who were shot in the lower limbs, “many while standing hundreds of
metres away from the snipers, unarmed”.109 156 of them had to have at least one limb amputated,110 and
over 1,200 required specialised limb reconstruction treatment.111 The Commission found that the
maiming was not accidental: the rules of engagement adopted by Israel permitted snipers to shoot at the
legs of the “major inciters”.112 One Israeli soldier admitted that he shot “42 knees in one day”.113
29. The Commission found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers
“intentionally shot” children, knowing them to be children,114 and they also “intentionally shot” health
workers and journalists “despite seeing that they were clearly marked as such”.115 It further found
“reasonable grounds to believe” that Israeli snipers shot disabled demonstrators “intentionally, despite
seeing that they had visible disabilities” and despite them not presenting an imminent threat.116
104 UN, The Question of Palestine, Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are
Still Struggling (6 April 2020), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-duringthe-
great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/.
105 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the
protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2 (18 March 2019), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2,
para. 115.
106 Human Rights Council, Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/74 (6 March 2019), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/74, para. 58.
107 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the
protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2 (18 March 2019), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2,
summary.
108 UN, The Question of Palestine, Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return”
are Still Struggling (6 April 2020), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatizedduring-
the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/.
109 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the
protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2 (18 March 2019), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2,
summary.
110 UN The Question of Palestine, Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are
Still Struggling (6 April 2020), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-duringthe-
great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/.
111 Ibid.
112 “‘42 Knees in One Day’: Israeli Snipers Open up about Shooting Gaza Protesters”, Haaretz (6 March 2020),
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-03-06/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/42-knees-in-one-day-israeli-snipers-openup-
about-shooting-gaza-protesters/0000017f-f2da-d497-a1ff-f2dab2520000.
113 Ibid.
114 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the
protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2 (18 March 2019), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2,
para. 519.
115 Ibid, paras. 526, 536.
116 Ibid, para. 537.
18
30. Other reports by United Nations bodies and mandates have repeatedly found Israel to have acted
in serious violation of international law in its previous military attacks on Gaza. By way of example:
— Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission
resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000 (16 March 2001):117
“50. . . . [T]he IDF apparently on grounds of military necessity, has destroyed homes and
laid to waste a significant amount of agricultural land, especially in Gaza, which is
already land starved. Statistics show that 94 homes have been demolished and 7,024
dunums of agricultural land bulldozed in Gaza. Damage to private houses is put at US$
9.5 million and damage to agricultural land at about US$ 27 million. . . . Houses situated
on this land had been destroyed and families compelled to live in tents. Water wells in
the vicinity had also been completely destroyed. The Commission found it difficult to
believe that such destruction, generally carried out in the middle of the night and without
advance warning, was justified on grounds of military necessity. To the Commission it
seemed that such destruction of property had been carried out in an intimidatory manner
unrelated to security, disrespectful of civilian well-being and going well beyond the
needs of military necessity. The evidence suggests that destruction of property and
demolition of houses have been replicated elsewhere in the West Bank and Gaza.
Palestinians, like other people, are deeply attached to their homes and agricultural land.
The demolition of homes and the destruction of olive and citrus trees, nurtured by farmers
over many years, has caused untold human suffering to persons unconnected with the
present violence . . .
51. The Commission concludes that the IDF has engaged in the excessive use of force at
the expense of life and property in Palestine.”
— Report of the high-level fact-finding mission to Beit Hanoun established under Council
resolution S-3/1 (1 September 2008, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Professor Christine
Chinkin): 118
“72. The mission expresses its sympathy to all victims of the shelling on 8 November
2006 of Beit Hanoun. The attack took lives, inflicted horrendous physical and mental
injuries, tore families apart, destroyed homes, took away livelihoods and traumatized a
population. Its aftermath compounded those ills . . .
75. . . . In the absence of a well-founded explanation from the Israeli military (who is in
sole possession of the relevant facts), the mission must conclude that there is a possibility
that the shelling of Beit Hanoun constituted a war crime as defined in the Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court. . . .
76. One victim of the Beit Hanoun shelling was the rule of law. There has been no
accountability for an act that killed 19 people and injured many more. . . .
117 UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, Report of the human rights inquiry commission
established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000, E/CN.4/2001/121 (16 March 2001),
https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2001/121, paras. 50 and 51 (emphasis added).
118 Human Rights Council, Report of the high-level fact-finding mission to Beit Hanoun established under Council resolution
S-3/1, A/HRC/9/26 (1 September 2008), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/9/26, paras. 72, 75 and 76.
19
— Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict established
pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-9/1 of 12 January 2009 (25 September
2009):119
“36. . . . The Mission did not find any evidence to support the allegations that hospital
facilities were used by the Gaza authorities or by Palestinian armed groups to shield
military activities or that ambulances were used to transport combatants or for other
military purposes. On the basis of its own investigations and the statements by United
Nations officials, the Mission excludes that Palestinian armed groups engaged in combat
activities from United Nations facilities that were used as shelters during the military
operations. . . .
55. The Mission investigated four incidents in which the Israeli armed forces coerced
Palestinian civilian men at gunpoint to take part in house searches during the military
operations. . . . The Mission concludes that this practice amounts to the use of Palestinian
civilians as human shields and is therefore prohibited by international humanitarian law.
. . . The Palestinian men used as human shields were questioned under threat of death or
injury to extract information about Hamas, Palestinian combatants and tunnels. This
constitutes a further violation of international humanitarian law. . . .
60. In addition to arbitrary deprivation of liberty and violation of due process rights, the
cases of the detained Palestinian civilians highlight a common thread of the interaction
between Israeli soldiers and Palestinian civilians which also emerged clearly in many
cases discussed elsewhere in the report: continuous and systematic abuse, outrages on
personal dignity, humiliating and degrading treatment contrary to fundamental
principles of international humanitarian law and human rights law. The Mission
concludes that this treatment constitutes the infliction of a collective penalty on these
civilians and amounts to measures of intimidation and terror. . . .
382. In assessing the Israeli strikes against the Legislative Council building and the main
prison, the Mission first of all notes that Hamas is an organization with distinct political,
military and social welfare components. . . .
391. The Mission rejects the analysis of present and former senior Israeli officials that,
because of the alleged nature of the Hamas government in Gaza, the distinction between
civilian and military parts of the government infrastructure is no longer relevant in
relation to Israel’s conflict with Hamas. . . .
392. The Mission is of the view that this is a dangerous argument that should be
vigorously rejected as incompatible with the cardinal principle of distinction.
International humanitarian law prohibits attacks against targets that do not make an
effective contribution to military action. Attacks that are not directed against military (or
dual use) objectives are violations of the laws of war, no matter how promising the
attacker considers them from a strategic or political point of view. . . .
522. The warning to go to city centres came at the start of the ground invasion. In the
Mission’s view it was unreasonable to assume, in the circumstances, that civilians would
indeed leave their homes. As a consequence, the conclusion that allegedly formed part
of the logic of soldiers on the ground that those who had stayed put had to be combatants
was wholly unwarranted. . . .
119 Human Rights Council, Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories, Report of the United Nations
Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, A/HRC/12/48 (25 September 2009), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/12/48, paras. 36,
55, 60, 382, 391-392, 522, 629, 1026-1027, 1214-1215, 1883, 1888-1093, 1905, 1927 and 1929 (emphasis added).
20
629. Taking into account the weapons used, and in particular the use of white
phosphorous in and around a hospital that the Israeli armed forces knew was not only
dealing with scores of injured and wounded but also giving shelter to several hundred
civilians, the Mission finds, based on all the information available to it, that in directly
striking the hospital and the ambulance depot the Israeli armed forces in these
circumstances violated article 18 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and violated
customary international law in relation to proportionality. . . .
1027. The Mission . . . found that the systematic destruction of food, production, water
services and construction industries was related to the overall policy of disproportionate
destruction of a significant part of Gaza’s infrastructure.
1214. Through its overly broad framing of the “supporting infrastructure”, the Israeli
armed forces have sought to construct a scope for their activities that, in the Mission’s
view, was designed to have inevitably dire consequences for the non-combatants in
Gaza . . . .
1215. Statements by political and military leaders prior to and during the military
operations in Gaza leave little doubt that disproportionate destruction and violence
against civilians were part of a deliberate policy. . . .
1883. The Gaza military operations were, according to the Israeli Government,
thoroughly and extensively planned. While the Israeli Government has sought to portray
its operations as essentially a response to rocket attacks in the exercise of its right to selfdefence,
the Mission considers the plan to have been directed, at least in part, at a
different target: the people of Gaza as a whole. . . .
1888. The Mission recognizes fully that the Israeli armed forces, like any army
attempting to act within the parameters of international law, must avoid taking undue
risks with their soldiers’ lives, but neither can they transfer that risk onto the lives of
civilian men, women and children. The fundamental principles of distinction and
proportionality apply on the battlefield, whether that battlefield is a built-up urban area
or an open field.
1889. The repeated failure to distinguish between combatants and civilians appears to
the Mission to have been the result of deliberate guidance issued to soldiers, as described
by some of them, and not the result of occasional lapses. . . .
1891. It is clear from evidence gathered by the Mission that the destruction of food supply
installations, water sanitation systems, concrete factories and residential houses was the
result of a deliberate and systematic policy by the Israeli armed forces. It was not carried
out because those objects presented a military threat or opportunity, but to make the daily
process of living, and dignified living, more difficult for the civilian population. . . .
1892. Allied to the systematic destruction of the economic capacity of the Gaza Strip,
there appears also to have been an assault on the dignity of the people. This was seen not
only in the use of human shields and unlawful detentions sometimes in unacceptable
conditions, but also in the vandalizing of houses when occupied and the way in which
people were treated when their houses were entered. The graffiti on the walls, the
obscenities and often racist slogans, all constituted an overall image of humiliation and
dehumanization of the Palestinian population. . . .
1893. The operations were carefully planned in all their phases. Legal opinions and advice
were given throughout the planning stages and at certain operational levels during the
campaign. There were almost no mistakes made according to the Government of Israel.
21
Its in these circumstances that the Mission concludes that what occurred in just over three
weeks at the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009 was a deliberately disproportionate
attack designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population, radically
diminish its local economic capacity both to work and to provide for itself, and to force
upon it an ever increasing sense of dependency and vulnerability. . . .
1927. The Mission found that the Israeli armed forces in Gaza rounded up and detained
large groups of persons protected under the Fourth Geneva Convention. The Mission
finds that their detention cannot be justified either as detention of “unlawful combatants”
or as internment of civilians for imperative reasons of security. . . .
1929. The Mission also finds that the Israeli armed forces unlawfully and wantonly
attacked and destroyed without military necessity a number of food production or food
processing objects and facilities (including mills, land and greenhouses), drinking-water
installations, farms and animals in violation of the principle of distinction. From the facts
ascertained by it, the Mission finds that this destruction was carried out with the purpose
of denying sustenance to the civilian population, in violation of customary law reflected
in article 54 (2) of the First Additional Protocol. The Mission further concludes that the
Israeli armed forces carried out widespread destruction of private residential houses,
water wells and water tanks unlawfully and wantonly.”
— Report of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human
Rights Council resolution S-21/1 (24 June 2015):120
“44. . . . the large number of targeted attacks against residential buildings and the fact
that such attacks continued throughout the operation, even after the dire impact of these
attacks on civilians and civilian objects became apparent, raise concern that the strikes
may have constituted military tactics reflective of a broader policy, approved at least
tacitly by decision-makers at the highest levels of the Government of Israel . . .
51. . . . the fact that the Israel Defense Forces did not modify the manner in which they
conducted their operations after initial episodes of shelling resulted in a large number of
civilian deaths indicates that their policies governing the use of artillery in densely
populated areas may not be in conformity with international humanitarian law.
53. . . . destruction by artillery fire, air strikes and bulldozers may have been adopted as
a tactic of war. Some destruction may arguably be the result of the legitimate attempts of
the Israel Defense Forces to dismantle tunnels and to protect its soldiers. The
concentration of destruction in localities close to the Green Line, in some areas amounting
to 100 per cent, and the systematic way in which these areas were flattened one after the
other, however, raise concerns that such extensive destruction was not required by
imperative military necessity. If confirmed, this would constitute a grave breach of
article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which is a war crime. . . .
55. . . . warnings to evacuate were meant to create “sterile combat zones”, and the people
remaining in the area would no longer be considered civilians and thus benefit from the
protection afforded by their civilian status. For example, the Head of the Doctrine Desk
at the Infantry Corps Headquarters, . . . , reportedly stated: “… In peacetime security,
soldiers stand facing a civilian population, but in wartime, there is no civilian population,
just an enemy.” . . .
120 Human Rights Council, Report of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council
resolution S-21/1, A/HRC/29/52 (24 June 2015), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/52, paras. 26, 37, 44-45, 50-53 and 55-58
(emphasis added).
22
56. . . . inferring that anyone remaining in an area that has been the object of a warning
is an enemy or a person engaging in “terrorist activity”, or issuing instructions to this
effect, contributes to creating an environment conducive to attacks against civilians.
Those civilians choosing not to heed a warning do not lose the protection granted by their
status. The only way in which civilians lose their protection from attack is by directly
participating in the hostilities. Merely issuing a warning does not absolve the Israel
Defense Forces of their legal obligations to protect civilian life . . .
57. An examination of actions by the Israel Defense Forces in Shuja’iya in July and Rafah
on 1 August indicates that the protection of Israeli soldiers significantly influenced the
conduct of the Israel Defense Forces in these operations, at times overriding any concern
for minimizing civilian casualties. While force protection is a legitimate objective, the
commission has the distinct impression that, when soldiers’ lives were at stake or there
was a risk of capture. . . .
58. . . . The commission believes that the military culture created by such policy priorities
may have been a factor contributing to the decision to unleash massive firepower in Rafah
and Shuja’iya, in utter disregard of its devastating impact on the civilian population.
Moreover, applying this protocol in the context of a densely populated environment
through the use of heavy weaponry predictably leads to violations of the principles of
distinction and proportionality.”
— Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established
pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1 of 23 July 2014 (24 June 2015):121
293. The sheer number of shells fired, as well as the reported dropping of over 100 oneton
bombs in a short period of time in a densely populated area, together with the reported
use of an artillery barrage, raise questions as to the respect by the IDF of the rules of
distinction, precautions and proportionality. These methods and means employed by the
IDF could not, in such a small and densely populated area, be directed at a specific
military target and could not adequately distinguish between civilians and civilian
objects and military objectives as required by IHL. The information available also
indicates that during the Shuja’iya operation on 19 and 20 July the IDF violated the
prohibition of treating several distinct individual military objectives in a densely
populated area as one single military objective. Therefore, there are strong indications
that the IDF’s Shuja’iya operation on 19 and 20 July was conducted in violation of the
prohibition of indiscriminate attacks and may amount to a war crime.
294. The Shuja’iya operation also raises serious concerns that the IDF did not conform
with its obligation to take precautionary measures in attack. The choice of the methods
and means used by the IDF cannot be reconciled with the obligation to take constant
care to spare civilians and civilian objects or at the very least to minimize incidental loss
of civilian life and damage to civilian objects in a densely populated area. . . .
340. . . . The extensive devastation, carried out by the IDF in Khuza’a, in particular the
razing of entire areas of the town by artillery fire, air strikes and bulldozers, indicates
that the IDF carried out destructions that were not required by military necessity. . . .
341. The extent of the destruction combined with the statements made during the
operation by the commander of the Brigade responsible for the Khuza’a operation to the
effect that “Palestinians have to understand that this does not pay off,” are indicative of
121 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to
Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1, A/HRC/29/CRP.4 (24 June 2015), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/CRP.4, paras.
226, 293-294, 340-342, 348, 418, 576, 671 (emphasis added).
23
a punitive intent in the action of the IDF in Khuza’a and may constitute collective
punishment. . . .
342. Information received by the commission suggests that in several cases Palestinians
who had been detained, mostly in their homes in Khuza’a, had been insulted, beaten,
threatened to be killed and otherwise ill-treated by IDF soldiers. In some cases the
treatment described by some of the witnesses could amount to torture. . . .
348. Other incidents and alleged patterns of behavior in Khuza’a raise a number of
concerns under international law. . . . These incidents include: the incidents in which
civilians were allegedly shot at by IDF soldiers; attacks against ambulances; and the
failure to provide medical assistance to wounded persons. . . .
418. The IDF has argued that the high number of buildings destroyed in Operation
“Protective Edge” resulted from the targeting of terrorist infrastructure and intense
fighting on the ground. However, the evidence gathered by the commission, including the
assessment of the episodes above, video and photo materials, observations by UNITARUNOSAT
and anecdotal testimonies by IDF soldiers, indicate that the vast scale of
destruction may have been adopted as tactics of war. . . .
576. Alongside the toll on civilian lives, there was enormous destruction of civilian
property in Gaza: 18 000 housing units were destroyed in whole or in part. . . . [H]aving
a home has an emotional dimension – the place where memories are stored – and often
many other items to which inhabitants’ memories relate. Having one’s home destroyed
or severely damaged means being deprived of more than a physical structure; it also
directly impacts on the very essence of one’s existence . . .
671. Questions arise regarding the role of senior officials who set military policy in
several areas examined by the commission, such as in the attacks of the Israel Defense
Forces on residential buildings; the use of artillery and other explosive weapons with
wide-area effects in densely populated areas; the destruction of entire neighbourhoods in
Gaza; and the regular resort to live ammunition by the Israel Defense Forces, notably in
crowd-control situations, in the West Bank. In many cases, individual soldiers may have
been following agreed military policy, but it may be that the policy itself violates the laws
of war.”
— Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian
territories occupied since 1967 (22 October 2021):122 The Special Rapporteur remarked that
“[r]egrettably, the international community’s remarkable tolerance for Israeli exceptionalism
in its conduct of the occupation has allowed realpolitik to trump rights, power to supplant justice
and impunity to undercut accountability.”
— Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian
territories occupied since 1967 (22 December 2020):123 The Special Rapporteur found that
“the actions of Israel towards the protected population of Gaza amount to collective punishment
under international law. The two million Palestinians of Gaza are not responsible for the deeds
of Hamas and other militant groups, yet they have endured a substantial share of the
punishment, intentionally so.”
122 General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/76/433 (22 October 2021), https://undocs.org/A/76/433, para. 32.
123 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/44/60 (22 December 2020), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/44/60, para. 60
(emphasis added).
24
— Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian
territories occupied since 1967 (28 August 2023): as regards the treatment by Israel of
Palestinian detainees, the Special Rapporteur found “instances of torture and cruel, inhumane
or degrading treatment include sexual assaults; being hooded and blindfolded, forced to stand
for long hours, tied to a chair in painful positions, deprived of sleep and food, or exposed to
loud music for long hours; and being punished with solitary confinement”.124 In relation to
Palestinian children, in particular, the Special Rapporteur determined that they “endure severe
ill-treatment” during interrogation.125
31. In 2019, the then Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’) held that “there is a
reasonable basis to believe” that the Israeli army committed “war crimes… in the context of the 2014
hostilities in Gaza”, in particular.126 Recently, in October 2023, the Prosecutor has confirmed that his
“Office has an ongoing investigation with jurisdiction over Palestine… [a]nd this includes jurisdiction
over current events in Gaza and also current events in the West Bank”.127 The Prosecutor noted that
Israel’s “[i]mpeding [of] relief supplies… may constitute a crime within the Court's jurisdiction”.128 He
further indicated that his Office would “scrutinise” all information in relation to Israeli attacks on
dwelling houses, schools, hospitals, churches, and mosques, for compliance with international
humanitarian law.129 The Prosecutor has not given any more recent indication as to the state of progress
of any investigation in relation to the Situation in the State of Palestine, including in response to the
request of 17 November 2023 by South Africa and other States that the ICC investigate inter alia the
crime of genocide.130
2. The West Bank (including East Jerusalem)
32. The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, the larger constituent part of the occupied Palestinian
territory, comprises 5,655 km2, with a population of 2.9 million Palestinians, is geographically separated
from Gaza, and fragmented by Israeli settlements.131
124 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, A/HRC/53/59 (28 August 2023), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/53/59, para. 61.
125 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, A/HRC/53/59 (28 August 2023), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/53/59, para. 67.
126 International Criminal Court, Situation in Palestine | Summary of Preliminary Examination Findings (20 December
2019), https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/210303-office-of-the-prosecutor-palestine-summaryfindings-
eng.pdf.
127 International Criminal Court, Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the State
of Palestine and Israel (30 October 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairosituation-
state-palestine-and-israel ; International Criminal Court, @IntlCrimCourt (4:08 p.m, October 29, 2023),
https://twitter.com/intlcrimcourt/status/1718661091155161172?s=46&t=bZu5nJejRUuojpOH1KVB5Q.
128 International Criminal Court, Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the State
of Palestine and Israel (30 October 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairosituation-
state-palestine-and-israel.
129 Ibid.
130 South Africa, Embassy in the Netherlands, Letter from the South African Embassy in the Netherlands to the Prosecutor of
the International Criminal Court (17 November 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/ICC-Referral-
Palestine-Final-17-November-2023.pdf; the fact that the Prosecutor has not yet completed any investigation or opened a
prosecution in relation to the Situation in the State of Palestine since 31 January 2021, nor opened an investigation formally
in response to the referral of genocide by South Africa and others, is no bar to the ICJ determining the present application.
Notably, the ICC’s investigation is to determine individual criminal responsibility for the crime of genocide, contrary to the
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, whereas the ICJ’s jurisdiction is to determine disputes concerning State
responsibility for genocide under the Genocide Convention.
131 UN Palestine, Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Territory in facts and figures, https://www.un.org/unispal/in-facts-andfigures/.
25
33. The Oslo Accords divided administrative competences over three areas of the West Bank
(Areas A, B, and C — not including East Jerusalem) between the Palestinian Authority and Israel, the
Occupying Power. Area A, comprising 18 per cent of the West Bank is stated to be under the full
administrative control of the Palestinian Authority; Area B, comprising 22 per cent of the West Bank
is under the administrative control of the Palestinian Authority and the security control of Israel; and
Area C, comprising 60 per cent of the West Bank, is under full Israeli administrative and security
control.132 In 1967, Israel purportedly annexed occupied East Jerusalem to its territory, and in 1980, it
incorporated a provision into its Basic Law claiming Jerusalem ‘united’ as the capital of Israel, a move
censured by the United Nations Security Council as “null and void” and to “be rescinded forthwith”.133
Since 1967, Israel has constructed 279 ‘settlements’ for Israeli civilians across the West Bank —
including 14 settlements in East Jerusalem — appropriating 750,000 dunums (185,329 acres) of
Palestinian land.134 The United Nations Security Council has repeatedly declared that the establishment
of such settlements by Israel has “no legal validity and constitutes a flagrant violation under
international law and a major obstacle to the achievement of the two-State solution and a just, lasting
and comprehensive peace”.135 Regardless, the number of Israeli settlers transferred into the West Bank
(including East Jerusalem) has increased dramatically from an estimated 247,000 at the time of the Oslo
Accords,136 to over 700,000 in 2023.137 The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’) has
determined that there is “a reasonable basis to believe” that “members of the Israeli authorities have
committed war crimes… in relation, inter alia, to the transfer of Israeli civilians into the West Bank.138
34. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian
territories occupied since 1967, described the situation in the West Bank as follows:
“53. …There, the Palestinians are subject to a harsh and arbitrary legal system quite unequal to
that enjoyed by the Israeli settlers. Much of the West Bank is off-limits to Palestinians, and they
regularly endure significant restrictions on their freedom of movement through closures,
roadblocks, and the need for hard-to-obtain travel permits.
54. Access to the natural resources of the occupied territory, especially to water, is
disproportionately allocated to Israel and the settlers. Similarly, the planning system
administered by the occupying power for housing and commercial development throughout the
West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is deeply discriminatory in favour of settlement
construction, while imposing significant barriers on Palestinians, including ongoing land
confiscation, home demolitions and the denial of building permits. Israel employs practices that
in some cases may amount to the forcible transfer of Palestinians, primarily those living in rural
areas, as a means of confiscating land for settlements, military weapons training areas and other
132 Letter dated 27 December 1995 from the Permanent Representatives of the Russian Federation and the United States of
America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, A/51/889 (5 May 1997),
https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IL%20PS_950928_InterimAgreementWestBankGazaStrip%28OsloI
I%29.pdf.
133 Security Council resolution 478, Territories Occupied by Israel, S/RES/478 (20 August 1980), https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/PDF/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement.
134 Human Rights Council, Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the
occupied Syrian Golan (12 March 2023) A/HRC/52/76, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/52/76, para. 5, 8.
135 See e.g. Security Council resolution 446, Territories occupied by Israel, S/RES/446 (22 March 1979),
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1696?ln=en, para. 1; Security Council resolution 2334, The situation in the Middle East,
including the Palestinian question (23 December 2016), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/853446?ln=en, para.1.
136 UN ESCWA, Countering economic dependence and de-development in the occupied Palestinian territory (October 2022)
https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ESCWAREPORT_280223.pdf.
137 Human Rights Council, Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the
occupied Syrian Golan (12 March 2023), A/HRC/52/76, https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G23/020/49/PDF/G2302049.pdf?OpenElement, para. 5, 8.
138 International Criminal Court, Situation in Palestine | Summary of Preliminary Examination Findings (20 December
2019), https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/210303-office-of-the-prosecutor-palestine-summaryfindings-
eng.pdf, para. 4.
26
uses exclusive to the occupying power that have little or nothing to do with its legitimate
security requirements.
55. As for East Jerusalem, the occupation has increasingly detached it from its traditional
national, economic, cultural and family connections with the West Bank because of the wall,
the growing ring of settlements and related checkpoints, and the discriminatory permit regime.
It is neglected by the municipality in terms of services and infrastructure, the occupation has
depleted its economy and the Palestinians have only a small land area on which to build
housing.”139
35. The institutionalised regime of discriminatory laws, policies and practices applied by Israel
subjects Palestinians to what constitutes an apartheid regime.140 Palestinians in the West Bank are
contained behind a segregating Wall, subjected to: discriminatory land zoning and planning policies;
punitive and administrative house demolitions;141 violent Israeli army incursions into Palestinian
villages, towns, cities and refugee camps, including in Area A;142 routine violent Israeli raids on their
homes; arbitrary arrests and indefinitely renewable administrative detention (internment without trial);
and a dual legal system pursuant to which Palestinians are tried under Israeli military legislation in
Israeli military courts, without basic protections of international humanitarian and human rights law,
while Israeli settlers living in the same territory are subject to a different legal regime, and tried in Israeli
civilian courts with full due process.143
36. Palestinians in the West Bank are also subjected to routine violence by Israeli soldiers and
armed settlers. Prior to 7 October 2023, between 1 January and 6 October 2023, 199 Palestinians had
been killed by Israeli soldiers or settlers in the West Bank and 9,000 more had been injured.144 By
139 General Assembly, Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, A/72/556, (23 October
2017), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/340/02/PDF/N1734002.pdf?OpenElement, paras. 53-55.
140 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (‘CERD’), Concluding Observations on the Combined
Seventeenth to Nineteenth Reports of Israel, CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19 (27 January 2020), https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/019/68/PDF/G2001968.pdf?OpenElement, para. 23; General Assembly, Special
Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87
(12 August 2022), https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rightsin-
the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967-report-a-hrc-49-87-advance-unedited-version/, para. 52; Amnesty
International, Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians A Look Into Decades of Oppression and Domination (2022),
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-acrime-
against-humanity/; B’Tselem, A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is
apartheid (12 January 2021), https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid; and Addameer et al.,
Israeli Apartheid: Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism (29 November 2022), https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/
download/2022/12/22/israeli-apartheid-web-final-1-page-view-1671712165.pdf. See also the 300-page report by the South
African Human Sciences Research Council (‘HSRC’) which noted that the three pillars of apartheid in South Africa are all
practised by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, the pillars being: first, the demarcation of the population of South
Africa into racial groups, with superior rights, privileges and services being accorded to one group; second, the segregation
of the population into different geographic areas, which were allocated by law to different racial groups, and the restriction
of passage by members of any group into the area allocated to other groups; and third, the imposition of a matrix of
draconian ‘security’ laws and policies, employed to suppress any opposition to the regime and to reinforce the system of
racial domination, by providing for administrative detention, torture, censorship, banning, and assassination (HSRC
Democracy and Governance Programme, Middle East Project, Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid?: A re-assessment of
Israel's practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law (June 2009),
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43295/1/Occupation_Colonialism_Apartheid-FullStudy_copy.pdf.
141 General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the
Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87 (12 August 2022), https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/448/72/PDF/G2244872.pdf?OpenElement, para. 41, 43.
142 UN OCHA, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Israel has
imposed upon Palestine an apartheid reality in a post-apartheid world (25 March 2022), https://www.ohchr.org/en/pressreleases/
2022/03/special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-occupied-palestinian-territories.
143 General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the
Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87 (12 August 2022), https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/448/72/PDF/G2244872.pdf?OpenElement, paras. 38, 39, 50.
144 UN OCHA, Data on casualties, https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties.
27
September 2023, Save the Children had already declared 2023 the deadliest year for Palestinian children
in the West Bank since 2005 with at least 38 Palestinian children having been killed.145 Since 7 October
2023, a further 295 Palestinians, including 77 children, have been killed by Israeli soldiers and settlers,
and a further 3,803, including 576 children, wounded — many seriously.146 A total of 495 Palestinians
have been killed in total in the West Bank, making it “the deadliest year for Palestinians” since 2005.147
37. In a wave of arbitrary mass arrests, Israel has detained more than 3,000 Palestinians from the
West Bank and East Jerusalem, including for social media posts relating to the situation in Gaza.148
Israel significantly increased the number of Palestinians held in administrative detention, without
charge or trial, to 2070.149 Thousands of Palestinians from Gaza working in Israel were also arbitrarily
arrested and detained, with 3,200 being forcibly returned to Gaza on 3 November 2023 into intense full
scale bombardments. Reports that the Palestinian labourers were mistreated on arrest and subjected to
physical violence, abuse and humiliation are widespread.150 Many Palestinian adult and child detainees
from the West Bank released in exchange for Israeli hostages report also severe ill-treatment, serious
beatings and other outrages to personal dignity since 7 October 2023 in particular, alongside restrictions
on access to food, water, medical treatment, and electricity in Israeli detention.151 Six Palestinian
detainees from the West Bank have died in Israeli custody since 7 October 2023, in particular.152 19
Israeli prison guards were reportedly questioned for beating to death one of the prisoners, Tha’er Abu
Asab, in Ketziot Prison.153
38. Since 7 October 2023, Israeli forces have carried out airstrikes and military raids on refugee
camps in the West Bank, killing many Palestinians, bulldozing roads, and imposing severe restrictions
on movement.154 There have been 236 attacks on ‘healthcare’ — including hospitals — in the West
Bank, with Israeli forces detaining health staff and ambulances and preventing ambulances from
145 Save the Children, 2023 marks deadliest year on record for children in the occupied West Bank (18 September 2023),
https://www.savethechildren.net/news/2023-marks-deadliest-year-record-children-occupied-west-bank.
146 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/hostilities-in-the-gaza-strip-and-israel-unocha-flash-update-77/.
147 Ibid.
148 UN OHCHR, Press Release: Dramatic rise in detention of Palestinians across occupied West Bank (1 December 2023),
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-dramatic-rise-detention-palestiniansacross-
occupied-west-bank; Tahani Mustafa, “With All Eyes on Gaza, Israel Tightens Its Grip on the West Bank”,
Crisis Group (24 November 2023), https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterraneanmena/
israelpalestine/all-eyes-gaza-israel-tightens-its.
149 Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid
spike in arbitrary arrests”, (8 November 2023), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifyingcases-
of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/.
150 “Gaza workers expelled from Israel accuse Israeli authorities of abuse, including beatings”, CNN (9 November 2023),
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/06/middleeast/gaza-workers-allege-abuse/index.html; Bethan McKernan and Rory Carroll,
“Israel deports thousands of stranded Palestinian workers back to Gaza”, The Guardian (3 November 2023),
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/03/israel-deports-thousands-of-stranded-palestinian-workers-back-to-gaza;
Gisha, “Israeli cabinet decision to return Gaza workers to the Strip” (3 November 2023), https://gisha.org/en/israeli-cabinetdecision-
to-return-gaza-workers-to-the-strip/; Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and
degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests” (8 November 2023),
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-ofpalestinian-
detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/.
151 UN OHCHR, Press Release: Dramatic rise in detention of Palestinians across occupied West Bank (1 December 2023),
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-dramatic-rise-detention-palestiniansacross-
occupied-west-bank.
152 Ibid.
153 “Israel probes death of Palestinian prisoners by 19 prison guards – report”, The Jerusalem Post (21 December 2023),
https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-778924.
154 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people (16
November 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-preventgenocide-
against.
28
accessing the wounded.155 Armed Israeli settler attacks on Palestinians — overtly supported by Israeli
politicians — have also escalated dramatically.156 Settlers — often accompanied by Israeli soldiers —
have killed at least eight Palestinians and injured at least 85 others, instilling terror among Palestinians,
especially farming communities, and damaging property.157 2,186 Palestinians in the West Bank,
including 1,058 children, have been internally displaced since 7 October 2023 as a result of extreme
Israeli settler violence, alongside punitive or administrative house demolitions carried out by the Israeli
army and damage caused to homes during Israeli military raids and operations.158 The Prosecutor of the
International Criminal Court indicated in December 2023 that he was “accelerating investigations” into
Israeli settler attacks in the West Bank.159
39. Israel’s actions in the West Bank since 7 October 2023 — including its support for and failure
to prevent or punish Israeli settlers for incitement and violence against Palestinians and Palestinian
property, including the driving out of vulnerable Palestinian communities from their lands — are
intrinsically connected to Israel’s actions in Gaza, and provide at the very least important context to
Israel’s violations of the Genocide Convention.
3. The attacks in Israel of 7 October 2023
40. Israel’s military assault in Gaza and its heightened military campaign in the West Bank were
launched in response to an attack in Israel on 7 October 2023 (dubbed ‘Operation Al Aqsa Flood’) by
two Palestinian armed groups – the military wing of Hamas (the ‘Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades’) and
Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The groups launched a large barrage of rockets towards Israel, breached the
Israeli fence besieging Gaza, and attacked Israeli military bases and civilian towns, as well as a music
festival attended by thousands of young people, in circumstances being investigated by the Prosecutor
of the ICC.160 South Africa unequivocally condemns the targeting of Israeli and foreign national
civilians by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups and the taking of hostages on 7 October 2023,
as expressly recorded in its Note Verbale to Israel of 21 December 2023.
41. Since 7 October 2023, over 1,200 Israelis and foreign nationals have been killed in Israel,
according to figures provided by the Israeli authorities, including 36 children, the vast majority on 7
October 2023 itself.161 Approximately 240 civilians — including elderly people, women and children
— and Israeli soldiers were taken as hostages into Gaza. Only 110 of them have been released to date
in exchange for 240 Palestinians — including elderly people, women and children — imprisoned or
155 World Health Organisation, oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16 (7 December 2023),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
156 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72 (18 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
157 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/hostilities-in-the-gaza-strip-and-israel-unocha-flash-update-77/.
158 Ibid.
159 International Criminal Court, Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Ramallah on the situation in the
State of Palestine and Israel (6 December 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kcramallah-
situation-state-palestine-and-israel.
160 International Criminal Court (“ICC”), Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim A.A. Khan
KC, on the Situation in the State of Palestine: receipt of a referral from five States Parties (17 November 2023),
https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-international-criminal-court-karim-aa-khan-kc-situation-state-palestine;
ICC, Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the State of Palestine and Israel (30
October 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairo-situation-state-palestine-andisrael.
161 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72 (20 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72; and UNOCHA relies on information
provided to it by the Israeli authorities.
29
‘administratively detained’ by Israel.162 57 hostages are reported to have been killed in Israeli
bombardments of Gaza; a further three hostages are confirmed to have been shot dead by Israeli soldiers
in Gaza.163 Rockets continue to be fired from Gaza into Israeli territory, leading to the ongoing
evacuation of tens of thousands of Israelis, particularly from communities bordering the security fences
with Gaza and Lebanon.164 The ICC Prosecutor has warned that hostage-taking “represents a grave
breach to the Geneva Conventions” and the taking and holding of children is an “egregious breach of
fundamental principles of humanity”.165 United Nations General Assembly Resolutions ES-10/21 and
ES-10/22 (2023) condemn acts of violence aimed at Israeli civilians and call for the release of all
civilians who are being illegally held captive.166 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712
(2023) also calls for “the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages held by Hamas and other
groups”.167
42. In response to the attacks of 7 October 2023, Israel vowed to “crush and eliminate” Hamas, and
“to clear out the hostile forces that infiltrated our territory and restore the security”.168 On 7 October
2023, the Israeli Prime Minister declared that “the IDF will immediately use all its strength to destroy
Hamas's capabilities. We will destroy them and we will forcefully avenge this dark day that they have
forced on the State of Israel and its citizens”.169 On 9 October 2023, the Prime Minister announced that
“Israel is at war”.170 Both he and the Israeli President have invoked ‘the right of self-defence’ as
justification for Israel’s ongoing military activities in Gaza.171 The escalation in hostilities between
Israel and Hamas, dubbed the ‘Swords of Iron War’ by Israel, has been referred to in international
Western media and commentary as the ‘Israel-Hamas War’.172
162 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by PM Netanyahu (16 December 2023),
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-16-dec-2023.
163 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #33 (8 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-33. UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #70 (15 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
70
164 “About 200,000 Israelis internally displaced amid ongoing Gaza war, tensions in north”, The Times of Israel (22 October
2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/about-200000-israelis-internally-displaced-amid-ongoing-gaza-war-tensions-in-north/.
165 International Criminal Court, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the
State of Palestine and Israel” (30 October 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kccairo-
situation-state-palestine-and-israel; International Criminal Court “ICC Prosecutor, Karim A. A. Khan KC, concludes
first visit to Israel and State of Palestine by an ICC Prosecutor: “We must show that the law is there, on the front lines, and
that it is capable of protecting all” (3 December 2023), https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kcconcludes-
first-visit-israel-and-state-palestine-icc-prosecutor.
166 General Assembly resolution ES10/21, Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations,
A/RES/ES–10/21 (27 October 2023); General Assembly resolution ES-10/22, Protection of civilians and upholding legal and
humanitarian obligations, A/RES/ES-10/22 (12 December 2023).
167 Security Council resolution 2712, The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question, S/RES/2712 (15
November 2023), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/359/02/PDF/N2335902.pdf?OpenElement.
168 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 11 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jb1krYLPLZI; Statement
of the Prime Minister of Israel, 7 October 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1710627409634922912.
169 Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 7 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/eventstatement071023.
170 Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 9 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/eventstatement091023.
171 See e.g., Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (1:49 pm, November 6, 2023),
https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1721525305393766829;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Israel, President Herzog meets with Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides (21 October 2023),
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-meets-with-cypriot-president-nikos-christodoulides-21-oct-2023;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Israel, President Herzog meets with UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (19 October 2023,
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-meets-with-uk-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-19-oct-2023.
172 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Swords of Iron: War in the South – Hamas’ Attach on Israel”, (18 December 2023),
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/swords-of-iron-war-in-the-south-7-oct-2023.
30
C. Genocidal Acts Committed against the Palestinian People
43. This section provides an overview of the acts in which Israel has engaged that are genocidal in
character, having regard to their nature, scope and context. These acts are ongoing, and ongoing in a
conflict context, where Israel is deliberately imposing telecommunications blackouts on Gaza and
restricting access by fact-finding bodies173 and the international media.174 At the same time Palestinian
journalists are being killed at a rate significantly higher than has occurred in any conflict in the past 100
years. In the two months since 7 October 2023, the number of journalists killed already exceeded that
of the entirety of World War II.175 Further detail will be provided regarding these acts over the course
of these proceedings. However, such information as is available establishes that Israel: (1) is engaged
in killing Palestinians in Gaza — including Palestinian children — in large numbers; (2) is causing
serious bodily and mental harm to Palestinians in Gaza, including Palestinian children; and is inflicting
on them conditions of life intended to bring about their destruction as a group. Those conditions include:
(3) expulsions from homes and mass displacement, alongside the large-scale destruction of homes and
residential areas; (4) deprivation of access to adequate food and water; (4) deprivation of access to
adequate medical care; (5) deprivation of access to adequate shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation;
and (6) the destruction of the life of the Palestinian people in Gaza; and (7) imposing measures intended
to prevent Palestinian births.
44. United Nations chiefs and the International Committee of the Red Cross (‘ICRC’) — no
strangers to conflict situations — have called what is unfolding in Gaza a “crisis of humanity”.176
“Humanitarian veterans who have served in war zones and disasters around the world — people who
have seen everything — [say] they have seen nothing like what they see today in Gaza” (United Nations
173 There is a long-standing practice of Israel restricting access to the oPt, alongside expelling and/or denying visas to UN
staff, Special Rapporteurs and fact-finding teams, including UN commissions of inquiry: see, e.g., United Nations, General
Assembly, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including
East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/78/198 (5 September 2023), para. 4, https://documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/260/71/PDF/N2326071.pdf?OpenElement; UN OCHA, Bachelet deplores Israel’s failure
to grant visas for UN Human Rights staff in the occupied Palestinian territory (30 August 2022),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/08/bachelet-deplores-israels-failure-grant-visas-un-human-rights-staffoccupied;
UN OHCHR, Occupied Palestinian Territory: UN human rights expert says Israel bent on further annexation (12
July 2019), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/07/occupied-palestinian-territory-un-human-rights-expert-saysisrael-
bent; United Nations, General Assembly, Report of the independent commission of
inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/, A/HRC/29/52 (24 June 2015), para. 3,
https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/co-i-gaza-conflict/report-co-i-gaza#report.; United Nations Human Rights Council,
Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
A/HRC/40/74 (27 February 2019), para. 3,
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIOPT/A_HRC_40_74.pdf; Rebekah Yeager-
Malkin, Israel will not renew visa of one UN employee, denies visa for another citing UN response to Hamas attacks”, Jurist
(26 December 2023), https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/12/israel-will-not-renew-the-visa-of-one-un-employee-denies-thevisa-
of-another/.
174 To date, only correspondents embedded with and subject to the censorship of the Israeli army have been permitted entry;
see, e.g., “Foreign correspondents petition Israel Supreme Court for Gaza access”, Reuters (19 December 2023),
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/foreign-correspondents-petition-israel-supreme-court-gaza-access-2023-12-19/.
175 IFJ, Ninety-four journalists killed in 2023, says IFJ (8 December 2023), https://www.ifj.org/mediacentre/
news/detail/category/press-releases/article/ninety-four-journalists-killed-in-2023-says-ifj; “How deadly is the Israel-
Gaza war for journalists?”, AlJazeera (9 November 2023), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/how-deadly-is-theisrael-
gaza-war-for-journalists.
176 United Nations, Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at United Nations Headquarters (6 November
2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22021.doc.htm; “UN chief says Gaza ‘crisis of humanity’ demands immediate
ceasefire”, The Times of Israel (6 November 2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-chief-says-gaza-crisisof-
humanity-demands-immediate-ceasefire/.
31
Secretary-General).177 This is “a moral failure” causing “intolerable suffering” (ICRC President).178
“This is an apocalyptic situation now, because these are the remnants of a nation being driven into a
pocket in the south” (Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief
Coordinator at the United Nations).179 They describe Palestinians in Gaza as “living in utter, deepening
horror” as they “continue to be relentlessly bombarded by Israel… suffering death, siege, destruction
and deprivation of the most essential human needs such as food, water, lifesaving medical supplies and
other essentials on a massive scale”; it is “apocalyptic” (United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights).180 “An entire population is besieged and under attack, denied access to the essentials for
survival, bombed in their homes, shelters, hospitals and places of worship” (Principals of the United
Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee).181 Gaza is “the most dangerous place in the world to be a
child” (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Executive Director).182 “It
is a “living hell”, it is “a war of all the superlative, everything is unprecedented” and “[w]e are out of
words to describe what is going on” (UNRWA Commissioner-General).183
1. Killing Palestinians in Gaza
45. Over 21,110 Palestinians are reported to have been killed since Israel began its military assault
on Gaza, according to the Palestinian Health Ministry, at least 70 per cent of whom are believed to be
women and children.184 An additional estimated 7,780 people, including at least 4,700 women and
177 UN, Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at United Nations Headquarters (22 December 2023),
https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22095.doc.htm.
178 ICRC, Gaza: ICRC president calls for the protection of civilians in the face of “moral failure“ (4 December 2023),
https://www.icrcnewsroom.org/story/en/2075/gaza-icrc-president-calls-for-the-protection-of-civilians-in-the-face-of-moralfailure;
ICRC, Israel and the occupied territories: President of the ICRC arrives in Gaza, calls for the protection of civilians
(4 December 2023), https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-president-icrc-arrives-gaza.
179 Julian Borger, "‘Apocalyptic’ conditions in southern Gaza blocking aid, top UN official says", The Guardian (5
December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/05/un-martin-griffiths-idf-campaign-southern-gazaapocalyptic-
conditions; Interview with UN Relief Chief Martin Griffiths on CNN, 22 November 2023, at Christiane
Amanpour, @amanpour, Tweet (3:08 pm, November 22, 2023), https://twitter.com/amanpour/status/1727343309486542926.
180 UN OHCHR, Opening statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk at press conference ahead of
Human Rights Day (6 December 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2023/12/opening-statement-unhigh-
commissioner-human-rights-volker-turk.
181 UN IASC, Statement by Principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, on the situation in Israel and the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, “We need an immediate humanitarian ceasefire” (5 November 2023),
https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/about-inter-agency-standing-committee/statement-principals-inter-agencystanding-
committee-situation-israel-and-occupied-palestinian.
182 UNICEF, Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell on the Resumption of Fighting in Gaza (1
December 2023), https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/statement-by-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-on-theresumption-
of-fighting-in-gaza/.
183 UNRWA, Remarks of UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini at the Global Refugee Forum (13 December
2023), https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/statement-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzariniglobal-
refugee; UNRWA, @UNRWA, Tweet (2:46 pm, December 12, 2023),
https://twitter.com/UNRWA/status/1734585541591486755.
184 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 82 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
For a list of those killed before 27 October 2023, see: Ministry of Health, Palestine, Detailed report for the victims of the
Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip during the period (7-26 October 2023) (26 October 2023),
https://web.archive.org/web/20231026174513/https:/www.moh.gov.ps/portal/wp-content/uploads/2023/ تقریر-نھائي-باسماء-/ 10
الشھداء- 1 .pdf. Due to the ongoing bombardment, the UN is currently relying on numbers provided by the Gaza Ministry of
Health. UN officials see no reason to doubt the figures, which have not been inflated in the past, and which recent studies
demonstrate are not now being inflated, see e.g., Adam Tayor, “More than 20,000 dead in Gaza, a historic human toll”,
Washington Post (22 December 2023), https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/22/gaza-israel-war-20000-dead/;
and Benjamin Q Hunyh, Elizabeth T Chin, Paul B Spiegel, “No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza
Ministry of Health”, The Lancet (6 December 2023), https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-
6736(23)02713-7/fulltext. There may in fact be underreporting, as those whose bodies are not brought to a hospital or
morgue are not routinely included in the casualty numbers. In circumstances where so many hospitals have ceased
32
children, are reported missing, presumed dead under the rubble of destroyed buildings — dying slow
deaths — or decomposing in the streets where they were killed.185 Israel’s blockage of adequate fuel
imports, its destruction of infrastructure and the communication blackouts it imposes severely hamper
rescue attempts. As of 8 December 2023, only one rescue vehicle was reportedly operational in the
whole of Gaza, with survivors forced to try to dig for survivors with their bare hands.186 The level of
Israel’s killing is so extensive that bodies are being buried in mass graves, often unidentified.187
46. “Nowhere is safe in Gaza”, as the United Nations Secretary-General — and many other United
Nations experts — have now made clear to the international community.188 Palestinians in Gaza have
been killed in their homes, in places where they sought shelter, in hospitals, in UNWRA schools, in
churches, in mosques, and as they tried to find food and water for their families. They have been killed
if they failed to evacuate, in the places to which they fled, and even while they attempted to flee along
Israeli declared “safe routes”.189 Reports are multiplying of Israeli soldiers performing summary
executions, including of multiple members of the same family — men, women and older people.190 One
such account is the reported execution in Gaza City of at least 11 male members of the Annan family
and their relatives — boys and men, said to have been separated out by Israeli soldiers and shot in front
of their family — before the women and children were then attacked.191 There are also reports of
unarmed people — including Israeli hostages — being shot dead on sight, despite posing no threat,
including while waving white flags.192 Attacks on Palestinian homes and residential blocks account for
functioning, where Palestinians are unable to reach them — and indeed, as there are repeated reports of people having to
resort to burying bodies on the street where they find them, the underreporting could be significant. At present,
approximately 7,780 people are missing, presumed dead, but not yet included in the official statistics, Zeina Jamaluddine,
Francesco Checchi, Oona M R Campbell, “Excess mortality in Gaza: 7-26, 2023”, The Lancet (26 November 2023),
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02640-5/fulltext.
185 Red Crescent Society, Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report As of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until
Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM (24 December 2023), p.1,
https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en%20220%202023.pdf.
186 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #63 (8 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63; and Wafaa Shurafa and Samy Magdy,
“Thousands of bodies lie buried in rubble in Gaza. Families dig to retrieve them, often by hand”, AP (17 November 2023),
https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-buried-rubble-airstrikes-89c0e8d0934d573d94d2fbfeba44d933.
187 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #48 (23 November 2023),
https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48-
enarhe.
188 Letter by the Secretary-General to the President of Security Council invoking Article 99 of the United Nations Charter, (6
December 2023), https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf; UNICEF, A dystopic scene
that seemed to stretch on endlessly (November 2023), https://www.unicef.org.uk/what-we-do/emergencies/no-safety-forchildren-
ingaza/#:~:
text=%E2%80%9CUnless%20those%20conditions%20are%20met,need%20a%20humanitarian%20ceasefire%20
now.%E2%80%9D; ICRC, Israel and the occupied territories: Deescalate now to prevent further human suffering (28
October 2023), https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-deescalate-now-prevent-further-humansuffering.
189 UN OHCHR, UN Human Rights has “grave fears” about toll on civilians in Gaza (17 October 2023),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2023/10/un-human-rights-has-grave-fears-about-toll-civilians-gaza; “Gaza
civilians afraid to leave home after bombing of ‘safe routes’”, The Guardian (15 October 2023),
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes; ICRC,
The ICRC urges protection for Gaza civilians evacuating and staying behind (13 November 2023),
https://blogs.icrc.org/ir/en/2023/11/the-icrc-urges-protection-for-gaza-civilians-evacuating-and-staying-behind/.
190 UN, The Question of Palestine, Unlawful Killings in Gaza (20 December 2023),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release/. Euro-Med Human Rights
Monitor, Euro-Med Monitor sends UN rapporteurs, ICC Prosecutor primary report documenting dozens of field execution
cases in Gaza (25 December 2023), https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6058.
191 UN, The Question of Palestine, Unlawful Killings in Gaza (20 December 2023),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release/.
192 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #70 (15 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70; “Israeli soldiers kill hostages waving
white flag after mistaking them for Hamas fighters”, Financial Times (17 December 2023),
https://www.ft.com/content/2e299603-2fed-4855-9694-9801008c48dc.
33
a significant number of the dead,193 with Israel reportedly using Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) to generate
up to 100 bombing targets per day.194
47. Israel is said to be dropping ‘dumb’ (i.e., unguided) bombs on Gaza,195 as well as heavy bombs
weighing up to 2,000 lbs (900 kgs),196 which have a predicted lethal radius “of up to 360m”, and are
“expected to cause severe injury and damage as far as 800 metres from the point of impact”.197 This
weaponry is being deployed in one of the most densely populated areas in the world, where
approximately one in every 100 people has now been killed. Some Israeli strikes on Palestinian homes
and refugee camps have killed upwards of 110 Palestinians.198 An estimated 1,779 Palestinian families
in Gaza have lost multiple family members, and hundreds of multigenerational families have been killed
in their entirety, with no remaining survivors — mothers, fathers, children, siblings, grandparents, aunts,
cousins — often all killed together.199 By 7 November 2023, 312 Palestinian families in Gaza had lost
over 10 members each.200 Numerous Palestinian families have lost upwards of 70 members each.201 The
level of mortality in Palestinian families is such that medics in Gaza have had to coin a new acronym:
‘WCNSF’, meaning ‘wounded child, no surviving family’.202
193 UN OCHA Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72 (18 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
194 Yuval Abraham, “A mass assassination factory’: Inside Israel’s calculated bombing of Gaza”, +972 Magazine (30
November 2023), https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/; and Harry Davies,
Bethan McKernan and Dan Sabbagh, “‘The Gospel’: how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza”, The Guardian
(1 December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombingtargets..
195 Office of the Director of National Intelligence assessment, reported by Natasha Bertrand and Kattie Bo Lillis, “Exclusive:
Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are imprecise ‘dumb bombs,’ US intelligence assessment finds”, CNN
(13 December 2023), https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/politics/intelligence-assessment-dumb-bombs-israelgaza/
index.html; and John Paul Rathbone, “Military briefing: the Israeli bombs raining on Gaza”, Financial Times (6
December 2023), https://www.ft.com/content/7b407c2e-8149-4d83-be01-72dcae8aee7b.
196 Amnesty International, Israel/OPT: US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza
– new investigation (5 December 2023), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/israel-opt-us-made-munitionskilled-
43-civilians-in-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-in-gaza-new-investigation/.
197 Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), Explosive weapons with large destructive radius: air-dropped bombs (the Mark 80
series and Paveway attachments) (1 March 2016), https://aoav.org.uk/2016/large-destructive-radius-air-dropped-bombs-themark-
80-series-and-paveway-attachments/; see also: Robin Stein, Haley Willis, Ishaan Jhaveri, Danielle Miller, Aaron Byrd
and Natalie Reneau, “A Times Investigation Tracked Israel’s Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza”,
New York Times (21 December 2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bombinvestigation.
html.
198 David Gritten, “Gaza health ministry says Israeli strikes kill 110 in Jabalia”, BBC News (18 December 2023),
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67749557.
199 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-78; Amnesty International, Damning
evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza, (20 October 2023),
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entirefamilies-
in-gaza/; Child Rights Connect, Child Rights Connect deplores the grave violations of children’s rights in Israel
and the occupied Palestinian territory (23 October 2023), https://childrightsconnect.org/child-rights-connect-deplores-thegrave-
violations-of-childrens-rights-in-israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territory/.
200 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 32 (7 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-32.
201 See e.g., UNDP, Statement on the killing of UNDP staff member & family in Gaza (22 December 2023),
https://www.undp.org/speeches/statement-killing-undp-staff-member-family-gaza; “Palestinian-Americans speak out about
family, friends killed in Israel-Hamas war”, ABC Eyewitness News (19 December 2023), https://abc7ny.com/palestinianamerican-
gaza-war-victims/14202160/.
202 Save the Children, Children’s Mental Health in Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point After Nearly a Month Of Siege and
Bombardment (7 November 2023), https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/childrens-mentalhealth-
in-gaza-deteriorates-one-month-on-.
34
48. For Palestinian children, in particular, “[d]eath is everywhere” and “nowhere is safe”.203 A total
of over 7,729 Palestinian children have been killed in Gaza to date — over 115 Palestinian children in
Gaza are killed every day.204 It is estimated that more Palestinian children were killed in the first three
weeks in Gaza alone (a total of 3,195) than the total number of children killed each year across the
world’s conflict zones since 2019.205 The scale of Palestinian child killings in Gaza is such that United
Nations chiefs have described it as “a graveyard for children”.206 Indeed, the unprecedented rate of
Palestinian child casualties has prompted UNICEF’s spokesperson to call Israel’s attacks on Gaza a
“war on children”. He explained:
“Most crises, they impact children terribly because children are the most vulnerable, but most
have about a casualty rate of children of around 20 per cent. This is 40. This is twice as lethal
to children as many conflicts we’ve seen in the last 15 or 20 years, and unfortunately that is
because of the sheer density of population, the indiscriminate nature, and when we see that
there’s been not even lip service to safe zones having water and sanitation for children and
young girls. That same disregard for children is being shown in the bombardments. That’s why
we see 40 per cent of casualties are children. That’s why it’s a war on children.”207
49. Doctors, journalists, teachers, academics and other professionals are also being killed at wholly
unprecedented rates. To date, Israel has killed: over 311 doctors, nurses and other health workers,
including doctors and ambulance drivers killed on duty;208 103 journalists, amounting to over one per
day,209 and more than 73 per cent of the total number of journalists and media workers killed globally
in 2023;210 40 civil defence workers — responsible for helping to dig victims out of the rubble — killed
while on duty; and over 209 teachers and educational staff.211 144 United Nations employees have also
been killed, the “highest number of aid workers killed in UN history in such a short time”.212 It is
203 UNICEF, Press Release: The war on children resumes: Geneva Palais briefing note (1 December 2023),
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/war-children-resumes-geneva-palais-briefing-note; James Elder (UNICEF
Spokesperson), “Bearing witness: No safety for children in Gaza”, UNICEF (15 December 2023),
https://www.unicef.org/blog/bearing-witness-no-safety-children-gaza.
204 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 73 (19 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73; UN, United Nations Türkiye,
Gaza crisis: Aid agencies warn of ‘tragic, avoidable surge’ in child deaths (22 November 2023),
https://turkiye.un.org/en/253479-gaza-crisis-aid-agencies-warn-%E2%80%98tragic-avoidable-surge%E2%80%99-childdeaths.
205 Save the Children, Press Release: GAZA: 3,195 children killed in three weeks surpasses annual number of children killed
in conflict zones since 2019 (29 October 2023), https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-threeweeks-
surpasses-annual-number-children-killed-conflict-zones.
206 UNICEF, Gaza has become a graveyard for thousands of children (31 October 2023), https://www.unicef.org/pressreleases/
gaza-has-become-graveyard-thousands-children.
207 Interview with James Elder, UNICEF Spokesperson by CNN, “CNN speaks to UNICEF about dire situation in Gaza”,
CNN (15 December 2023), https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/12/15/exp-unicef-gaza-james-elder-live-121402pseg1-
cnni-world.cnn.
208 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 82 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82; International Federation of
Journalists, Ninety-four journalists killed in 2023, says IFJ (8 December 2023), https://www.ifj.org/mediacentre/
news/detail/category/press-releases/article/ninety-four-journalists-killed-in-2023-says-ifj.
209 Ibid.
210 UN OHCHR, Killings of journalists and their family members in Gaza – OHCHR press release (14 December 2023),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/killings-of-journalists-and-their-family-members-in-gaza-dec14-2023/.
211 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-
78#:~:text=According%20to%20Ministry%20of%20Education,teachers%20were%20injured%20in%20Gaza.
212 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 82 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82; UN News, UN honours 101 staff
killed in Gaza conflict (13 November 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143512.
35
estimated that “it will take years to recover the remains of people from beneath the rubble” and that
“the costly, technical process will not result in the identification of each body”.213
50. In addition to being killed by Israeli weaponry, Palestinians in Gaza are also at immediate risk
of death by starvation, dehydration and disease as a result of the ongoing siege by Israel, the insufficient
aid being allowed through to the Palestinian population, and the extreme difficulties in distributing such
limited aid that is permitted to enter the territory due to the decimation of Gaza’s infrastructure in
Israel’s military attacks.214
2. Causing Serious Bodily and Mental Harm to Palestinians in Gaza
51. Over 55,243 Palestinians have been wounded in Israel’s military attacks on Gaza since 7
October 2023, the majority of them women and children.215 Burns and amputations are typical
injuries,216 with an estimated 1,000 children having lost one or both legs.217 There are reports of Israeli
forces using white phosphorus in densely populated areas in Gaza: as the World Health Organization
describes, even small amounts of white phosphorus can cause deep and severe burns, penetrating even
through bone, and capable of reigniting after initial treatment.218 There are no functioning hospitals in
the North of Gaza, in particular, such that injured persons are reduced to “waiting to die”, unable to
seek surgery or medical treatment beyond first aid, dying slow, agonising deaths from their injuries or
from resultant infections.219
52. The extreme levels of bombardment and lack of any safe areas are also causing severe mental
trauma in the Palestinian population in Gaza.220 Even before the latest onslaught, Palestinians in Gaza
suffered severe trauma from prior attacks: 80 per cent of Palestinian children experienced higher levels
of emotional distress, demonstrating bedwetting (79 per cent) and reactive mutism (59 per cent), and
engaging in self-harm (59 per cent), and suicidal thoughts (55 per cent).221 Eleven weeks of relentless
bombardment, displacement and loss will necessarily have led to a further increase in those figures,
particularly for the estimated tens of thousands of Palestinian children who have lost at least one parent,
and those who are the sole surviving members of their families.222 For the families who remain intact
213 Bassam Massou and Maggie Fick, “Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle”, Reuters (21
December 2023), https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/.
214 UN News, Gaza humanitarian disaster heralds ‘breakdown’ of society (8 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144547; UN News, Gaza: Aid access to north entirely blocked as war escalates in the
south (4 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144302.
215 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
216 WHO, WHO leads very high-risk joint humanitarian mission to Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza (18 November 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-ingaza.
217 UN News, ‘Ten weeks of hell’ for children in Gaza: UNICEF (19 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
218 Amnesty International, Israel/OPT identifying the Israeli army’s use of white phosphorus in Gaza (13 October 2023),
https://amnesty.ca/human-rights-news/israel-opt-identifying-the-israeli-armys-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-gaza/; WHO,
White Phosphorus (20 October 2023), https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/white-phosphorus.
219 UN News, UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising
‘catastrophic’ hunger levels (21 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
220 WHO, Escalation of Violence in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory (13 November 2023),
https://apps.who.int/gb/COVID-19/pdf_files/2023/13_11/Item1.pdf; UN United Nations Office at Geneva, 'Nowhere and no
one is safe' in Gaza, WHO chief tells Security Council (10 November 2023), https://www.ungeneva.org/en/newsmedia/
news/2023/11/87337/nowhere-and-no-one-safe-gaza-who-chief-tells-security-council.
221 Save the Children, Trapped: The impact of 15 years of blockade on the mental health of Gaza’s children (2022),
https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/gaza_blockade_mental_health_palestinian_children_2022.pdf.
222 Save the Children, Children’s Mental Health in Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point After Nearly a Month of Siege and
Bombardment (7 November 2023), https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/childrens-mental36
or partially intact, “it’s about doing everything you can so your child doesn’t realise that you’ve lost
control”.223
53. It is already known that “[r]epeated exposure to conflict and violence, including witnessing and
experiencing housing demolition, combined with Israel’s siege of Gaza since 2007” is “associated with
high levels of psychological distress among Palestinians”.224 Indeed, the United Nations Security
Council in Resolution 2712 (2023) expressed its “deep concern that the disruption of access to education
has a dramatic impact on children, and that conflict has lifelong effects on their physical and mental
health”.225 That disruption and its “dramatic impact” on children must be considered, in particular, in
the context of the number of Palestinian students and educators who have been killed (4,037 and 209
respectively), and wounded (estimated at 7,259),226 and the number of Palestinian schools having been
damaged or destroyed (352, or 74 per cent of the schools in the whole of Gaza).227 Medical professionals
assess that “[t]he health effects on all Palestinian children, women, men, older people, people with
disabilities, and people of marginalised identities are immense”.228 An Emergency Coordinator for
Médecins sans Frontières interviewed on her return from five weeks in Gaza described:
“[I]t's even worse in reality than it looks. It's - the amount of suffering is just something…
incomparable. It's really unbearable. I'm speechless when I try and think of the future of this
children. It's generations of children who will be handicapped, who will be traumatized. The
very children in our mental health program are telling us that they would rather die than
continue living in Gaza now.”229
54. Alongside its military campaign, Israel has engaged in the dehumanisation, and cruel, inhuman
and degrading treatment of members Palestinians in Gaza. Large numbers of Palestinian civilians,
including children, have reportedly been arrested, blindfolded, forced to undress and remain outside in
the cold weather, before being forced on to trucks and taken to unknown locations.230 Medics and first
responders, in particular, have been repeatedly detained by Israeli forces, with many being detained
incommunicado at unknown locations.231 Videos published by Israeli media on Christmas Day appeared
health-in-gaza-deteriorates-one-month-on-; Maram Humaid, “‘War is stupid and I want it to end’: Injured Palestinian
children speak”, Al Jazeera (15 December 2023), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/15/war-is-stupid-and-i-want-itto-
end-injured-palestinian-childrensay#:~:
text=At%20least%2024%2C000%20children%20have,with%20some%20in%20critical%20condition..
223 UNICEF spokesperson, quoted in: Nedal Samir Hamdouna, Aseel Mousa and Julian Borger, “The plight of ‘WCNSFs’ –
wounded child, no surviving family”, The Guardian (22 December 2023),
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/22/the-plight-of-gazas-wcnsfs-wounded-child-no-surviving-family.
224 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and Amy Neilson, “The health
dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide”, The Lancet (18 December 2023),
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-4/fulltext.
225 Security Council resolution 2712, The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question, S/RES/2712 (15
November 2023), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2712(2023).
226 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
227 Ibid.
228 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and Amy Neilson, “The health
dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide”, The Lancet (18 December 2023),
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-4/fulltext.
229 Aya Batrawy, “An aid worker describes the 'unbearable' suffering of wounded children in Gaza”, NPR (26 December
2023), https://www.npr.org/2023/12/26/1221743518/an-aid-worker-describes-the-unbearable-suffering-of-woundedchildren-
in-gaza#:~:text=Palestinian%20health%20officials%20say%20in,trying%20to%20care%20for%20children.
230 UN OHCHR, OHCHR is alarmed at Israeli strikes on or in the vicinities of schools and hospitals in the north of Gaza (9
December 2023), https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-ohchr-alarmed-israelistrikes-
or-vicinities-schools-and-hospitals-north-gaza.
231 WHO, WHO calls for protection of humanitarian space in Gaza following serious incidents in high-risk mission to
transfer patients, deliver health supplies (12 December 2023), https://www.who.int/news/item/12-12-2023-who-calls-for37
to show hundreds of Palestinians, rounded up inside Al Yarmouk football stadium in Gaza City,
“including children, older people and persons with disabilities, being forced to strip to their underwear
in degrading conditions”.232 Many Palestinian detainees who have been released report having been
subjected to torture and ill-treatment, including the deprivation of food, water, shelter and access to
toilets;233 the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (‘OCHA’) reports
“video footage showing bruises and burns on the … bodies” of detainees.234 Images of mutilated and
burned corpses — alongside videos of armed attacks by Israeli soldiers — billed as ‘exclusive content
from the Gaza Strip’, are reportedly circulated in Israel via a social media ‘Telegram’ channel called
‘72 Virgins - Uncensored’.235
3. Mass expulsion from homes and displacement of Palestinians in Gaza
55. It is estimated that over 1.9 million Palestinians out of Gaza’s population of 2.3 million people
— approximately 85 per cent of the population — have been forced from their homes.236 There is
nowhere safe for them to flee to, those who cannot leave or refuse to be displaced have been killed or
are at extreme risk of being killed in their homes.
56. Israel is repeatedly issuing ‘evacuation orders’ demanding that Palestinian civilians in certain
areas of Gaza leave their homes for other areas. The first such order, issued on 13 October 2023
demanded that the 1.1 million Palestinians living or otherwise present in the North of Gaza, including
Gaza City, move to the South of Gaza within a 24-hour window.237 The International Committee of the
Red Cross warned that the evacuation directive, impacting approximately 36 per cent of Gaza’s territory
— combined with the complete siege of Gaza — was not compatible with international humanitarian
law.238 The World Health Organization warned that it “could be tantamount to a death sentence” for
hospital patients.239 The evacuation was, however, maintained and has been reissued on a number of
occasions, including on 28 October 2023,240 ahead of the Israeli announcement of ground operations in
protection-of-humanitarian-space-in-gaza-following-serious-incidents-in-high-risk-mission-to-transfer-patients--deliverhealth-
supplies; “Gaza healthcare workers ‘taken’ by Israeli forces, says doctor, amid ‘horrendous conditions’ at hospitals”,
CNN (13 December 2023), https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/middleeast/gaza-kamal-adwan-hospital-doctors-idfintl/
index.html.
232 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77; Quds News Network, @QudsNen, Tweet
(4:02 pm, December 25, 2023), https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1739315746163859606.
233 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #69 (14 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
77.
234 Ibid.
235 See e.g., Yaniv Kubovich, “Graphic Videos and Incitement: How the IDF Is Misleading Israelis on Telegram”, Haaretz,
(12 December 2023), https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2023-12-12/ty-article/.premium/graphicvideos-
and-incitement-how-the-idf-is-misleading-israelis-on-telegram/0000018c-5ab5-df2f-adac-febd01c30000.
236 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel – reported impact | Day #82 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
237 Israeli Defence Forces, @IDF, Tweet (6:50am, October 13, 2023), https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1712707301369434398;
UN OHCHR, Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert (13
October 2023) https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-andcomply-
international.
238 ICRC, Israel and the occupied territories: Evacuation order of Gaza triggers catastrophic humanitarian consequences
(13 October 2023), https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-evacuation-order-of-gaza-triggerscatastrophic-
humanitarian-consequences.
239 WHO, Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured (14
October 2023), https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-adeath-
sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.
240 Israeli Defence Forces, @IDF, Tweet (2:16 pm, October 28, 2023),
https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1718240244129059167.
38
northern Gaza, and again thereafter. Israel has also issued more specific evacuation notices, ordering
people in certain parts of Gaza City to evacuate to other parts.241 Many of those who are unwilling or
unable to evacuate are then bombed in their homes.242
57. Palestinians fleeing the North pursuant to Israel’s evacuation orders were urged to move south
along Gaza’s main traffic artery, Salah Al Din Road, on certain days, during certain designated hours.
However, there were numerous reported instances of shelling along the routes and of other violence by
Israeli forces against evacuating Palestinian civilians, including inhuman and degrading treatment,
arbitrary arrests, unlawful detention, and killings.243 Israel has also continued bombing south of Wadi
Gaza throughout this time, killing many Palestinians who evacuated,244 initially prompting many
Palestinian families to seek to return north to at least risk being bombed in the familiar surrounding of
their homes.245 Some of those attempting to return north during the temporary pause in hostilities
between Israel and Hamas were shot at by Israeli forces, who killed at least two people, and injured
others.246
58. On 1 December 2023 — the end of the eight-day temporary truce between Israel and Hamas
— Israel began dropping leaflets, urging Palestinians to leave areas in the South to which they had
previously been told to flee — an area constituting approximately 30 per cent of Gaza.247 As stated by
the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, “Israel has
reneged on promises of safety made to those who complied with its order to evacuate northern Gaza
two months ago. Now, they have been forcibly displaced again, alongside the population of
southern Gaza”.248 Israel also published a detailed map online, dividing the Gaza Strip into hundreds
of small areas.249 The map was ostensibly intended to provide notice of Israeli orders to evacuate
individual areas ahead of planned air strikes. However, as noted by OCHA, “the publication does not
specify where people should evacuate to”. Moreover, after months of bombardment — amidst the
ongoing electricity blackout imposed by Israel since 11 October 2023 and regular telecommunications
blackouts250 — most Palestinians in Gaza have little access to electricity to charge phones or other
241 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #57 (2 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-57.
242 Ibid.
243 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #40 (15 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40; UN OCHA, Today's top news: Occupied
Palestinian Territory, South Sudan, Somalia, Ukraine (9 November 2023), https://www.unocha.org/news/todays-top-newsoccupied-
palestinian-territory-south-sudan-somalia-ukraine.
244 See e.g. UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #9 (15 October 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #10 (16 October 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
10; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #24 (30 October 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #25 (31 October 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
25.
245 According to UNRWA, approximately 30,000 Palestinians returned North due the lack of any safe zone, see UN OCHA,
Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #19 (25 October 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilitiesgaza-
strip-and-israel-flash-update-19.
246 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #53 (28 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53.
247 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #61 (6 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-61.
248 UN OHCHR, Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns (22 December 2023),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-population-gaza-un-expert-warns .
249 IDF, “Based on the ethics and values of our military institution, the IDF publishes a list of block numbers to guide Gaza
residents in evacuating the targeted areas” (1 December 2023), https://www.idf.il/ar/- جیش-الدفاع-الإسرائیلي/جیش-الدفاع
الإسرائیلي /swordsofiron-011223-150/.
250 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77 (26 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
39
devices and no reliable way of accessing the map.251 The United Nations Secretary-General has
remarked that “the people of Gaza are being told to move like human pinballs – ricocheting between
ever-smaller slivers of the south, without any of the basics for survival.”252
59. Palestinians are not safe, even in those “small … slivers”: as United Nations chiefs keep
reiterating. “No place is safe”,253 there is “nowhere safe to go”.254 The Director of UNRWA Affairs in
Gaza has pleaded that “[p]eople in Gaza are people … they are not pieces on a checkerboard - many
have already been displaced several times. The Israeli Army just orders people to move into areas where
there are ongoing airstrikes”.255 This is creating terror.256 The increased population density as a result
of the evacuation ‘orders’ is also rendering Israeli strikes ever more lethal. On Christmas Eve itself, the
Israeli army bombed Al Maghazi Refugee Camp in the Middle Area — an area to which tens of
thousands of Palestinians had fled from the North — killing an estimated 86 people, including many
women and children, and injuring many others.257 A spokesperson for the OHCHR stated that they
were “gravely concerned” that “this latest intense bombardment comes after Israeli forces ordered
residents from the south of Wadi Gaza to move to Middle Gaza”.258
60. For many Palestinians, the forced evacuation from their homes is necessarily permanent. Israel
has now damaged or destroyed an estimated 355,000 Palestinian homes — amounting to 60 per cent of
the entire housing stock in Gaza. The extent of the destruction in the North of Gaza, in particular, has
rendered it largely unliveable, with the destruction in the South reaching a similar level. As noted by
the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, “Gaza’s housing and
civilian infrastructure have been razed to the ground, frustrating any realistic prospects for displaced
Gazans to return home, repeating a long history of mass forced displacement of Palestinians by
Israel”.259 The forced displacements in Gaza are genocidal, in that they are taking place in circumstances
calculated to bring about the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza.260
251 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #56 (1 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-56.
252 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #63 (8 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63 .
253 UNRWA, Gaza: UNRWA school sheltering displaced families is hit (17 October 2023),
https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit
254 UN Secretary-General, Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General – on the Middle East (4
December 2023), https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-12-04/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-forthe-
secretary-general-%E2%80%93-the-middle-east%C2%A0%C2%A0%C2%A0.
255 Thomas White, @TomWhiteGaza, Tweet (9:22 AM, December 23, 2023),
https://twitter.com/TomWhiteGaza/status/1738475273522205155?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.
256 See, e.g., Israeli strikes on Deir Al Balah on 4 December, preceding civilians being told to flee to these areas, UN OCHA,
Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #60 (5 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilitiesgaza-
strip-and-israel-flash-update-60; and on the 12th of December 2023 the City of Rafah, after evacuation orders to Rafah,
UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #67 (12 December 2023), , following civilians being
told to flee to these areas; Ben van der Merwe, Michelle Inez Simon Olive Enokido-Lineham, and Data & Forensics Unit
“Israel said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood - then it was hit”, Sky News (22 December 2023),
https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936. ; Ben van der
Merwe, Michelle Inez Simon Olive Enokido-Lineham, and Data & Forensics Unit “Israel said Gazans could flee to this
neighbourhood - then it was hit”, Sky News (22 December 2023), https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-fleeto-
this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936.
257 UN OHCHR, Comment by UN Human Rights Office spokesperson Seif Magango on continued bombardment of Middle
Gaza (26 December 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/12/comment-un-human-rights-office-spokespersonseif-
magango-continued-bombardment.
258 Ibid.
259 UN OHCHR, Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns (22 December 2023),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-population-gaza-un-expert-warns .
260 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p.71-72, para. 163.
40
4. Deprivation of access to adequate food and water to Palestinians in Gaza
61. On 9 October 2023, Israel declared a “complete siege” on Gaza, allowing no electricity, no
food, no water and no fuel to enter the strip.261 Although the siege has been partially alleviated since
then, with some aid trucks being permitted in since 21 October 2023, this remains wholly insufficient,
and well below the pre-October 2023 average of approximately 500 trucks per day.262 Moreover, fuel
imports — permitted since 21 November 2023 — are “well below the minimum requirements for
essential humanitarian operations”,263 meaning that such limited humanitarian aid as is being allowed
in cannot easily be moved around Gaza away from entry points.264 As the Secretary-General has starkly
assessed, the level of destruction in Gaza is now so catastrophic that:
“[t]he conditions for the effective delivery of humanitarian aid no longer exist . . . But even if
sufficient supplies were permitted into Gaza, intense bombardment and hostilities, Israeli
restrictions on movement, fuel shortages, and interrupted communications, make it impossible
for UN agencies and their partners to reach most of the people in need.”265
62. In light of that, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720 of 22 December 2023 is
widely slated to be ineffectual, despite demanding that “the parties to the conflict allow and facilitate
the use of all available routes to and throughout the entire Gaza Strip, including border crossings” and
requesting “that the Coordinator expeditiously establish a United Nations mechanism for accelerating
the provision of humanitarian relief consignments”.266 That is because the watered-down resolution fails
properly to address the “four elements” identified by the United Nations Secretary-General as necessary
for allowing effective aid, capable of assisting Palestinians in Gaza: (1) security (“We are providing aid
in a war zone. The intense Israeli bombardment and active combat in densely populated urban areas
throughout Gaza threaten the lives of civilians and humanitarian aid workers alike”); (2) staff (“The
humanitarian operation requires staff who can live and work in safety. 136 of our colleagues in Gaza
have been killed in 75 days — something we have never seen in the history of the United Nations . . .
In these appalling conditions, they can only meet a fraction of the needs”); (3) logistics (“Many of our
vehicles and trucks were destroyed or left behind following our forced, hurried evacuation from the
north, but the Israeli authorities have not allowed any additional trucks to operate in Gaza. This is
massively hampering the aid operation. Delivering in the north is extremely dangerous due to active
conflict, unexploded ordnance, and heavily damaged roads. Everywhere, frequent communications
blackouts make it virtually impossible to coordinate the distribution of aid, and to let people know how
to access it”); (4) and the resumption of commercial activities (“Shelves are empty; wallets are empty;
stomachs are empty. Just one bakery is operating in the whole of Gaza. I urge the Israeli authorities to
261 Statement by Yoav Gallant, 9 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS9VY-t0. Translation by
Emmanuel Fabian, “Defense minister announces ‘complete siege’ of Gaza: No power, food or fuel”, The Times of Israel (9
October 2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-nopower-
food-or-fuel/. Gaza’s only power plant is no longer operational, Israel having reportedly threatened to target the plant
if it resumes operation: UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #6 (12 October 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-6.
262 World Health Organization, WHO Director-General’s remarks at the Emergency Meeting of the United Nations Security
Council – 10 November 2023 (10 November 2023), https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-directorgeneral-
s-remarks-at-the-emergency-meeting-of-the-united-nations-security-council---10-november-2023.
263 UN Palestine, War and health crisis in Gaza a ‘recipe for epidemics’ warns WHO (21 November 2023),
https://palestine.un.org/en/253317-war-and-health-crisis-gaza-%E2%80%98recipe-epidemics%E2%80%99-warns-who.
264 MSF, Inside Gaza: Staying alive is only a matter of luck (18 December 2023), https://www.msf.org/inside-gaza-stayingalive-
only-matter-luck.
265 United Nations Secretary-General, People of Gaza ‘Being Told to Move like Human Pinballs’, but Nowhere Is Safe,
Secretary-General Tells Security Council, Pleading for Humanitarian Ceasefire (8 December 2023),
https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22076.doc.htm (emphasis added).
266 Security Council Resolution 2720, S/RES/2720, (22 December 2023), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2720(2023).
41
lift restrictions on commercial activity immediately. We are ready to scale up our cash grant support to
vulnerable families — the most effective form of humanitarian aid. But in Gaza, there is very little to
buy”).267 Having regard to those factors, the Secretary-General was clear to advise that focusing on the
number of trucks permitted into Gaza daily was misleading:
“Many people are measuring the effectiveness of the humanitarian operation in Gaza based on
the number of trucks from the Egyptian Red Crescent, the UN and our partners that are allowed
to unload aid across the border. This is a mistake. The real problem is that the way Israel is
conducting this offensive is creating massive obstacles to the distribution of humanitarian aid
inside Gaza.”268
63. It is for that reason that United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720 — which fails
properly to address the situation on the ground, including by failing to call for a ceasefire — has been
described by a former senior UNRWA official as “a greenlight for continued genocide”, marked by
“the wholesale and industrial ignoring of international humanitarian law”.269 Oxfam has called the
“failure to call for a ceasefire” in the resolution “incomprehensible and utterly callous” as well as a
“profound dereliction of duty” on the part of the United Nations Security Council,270 having regard to
the extreme seriousness of the situation in Gaza.
64. Israel has now pushed the Palestinian population in Gaza to the brink of famine, with
international agencies warning that “the risk of famine is real” (World Food Programme or ‘WFP’) and
that it is “increasing each day” (IPC).271 Most of the Palestinian people in Gaza are now starving, with
levels of starvation rising daily.272 The World Health Organization warns that “[h]unger is ravaging
Gaza”.273 As the United Nations Secretary-General has stated, “[f]our out of five of the hungriest people
anywhere in the world are in Gaza”,274 with Palestinians in Gaza facing the highest levels of acute food
insecurity ever classified by the IPC.275 UNRWA’s Commissioner-General describes “[d]esperate,
hungry and terrified” people, who are now “stopping aid trucks, taking the food, and eating it right
away.”276 The World Health Organization has stated that “[a]n unprecedented 93% of the population in
Gaza is facing crisis levels of hunger, with insufficient food and high levels of malnutrition”. They say
that “[a]t least 1 in 4 households are facing ‘catastrophic conditions’: experiencing an extreme lack of
267 UN OCHA, Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General (22 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
268 Ibid (emphasis added).
269 “UNSC resolution ‘greenlighting genocide’: Former UNRWA official”, Al Jazeera English (22 December 2023),
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT0yW6kS3Uo.
270 Oxfam, Oxfam: UNSC’s failure to call for a ceasefire “utterly callous” (19 December 2023),
https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-unscs-failure-call-ceasefire-utterly-callous.
271 WFP Media, @WFP_Media, Tweet (10:35 pm, December 9, 2023),
https://twitter.com/WFP_Media/status/1733616413636530607; and Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, Gaza
Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 24 November - 7 December 2023 and Projection for 8 December 2023 - 7
February 2024 (21 December 2023), https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE .
272 UN Web TV, Press conference by Carl Skau (World Food Program), 14 December 2023,
https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k13/k139z8z7t5; and Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, Gaza Strip: Acute Food
Insecurity Situation for 24 November - 7 December 2023 and Projection for 8 December 2023 - 7 February 2024 (21
December 2023), https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE.
273 WHO, Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza (21 December 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
274 UN OCHA, Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General (22 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
275 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #75 (21 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75.
276 UNRWA, Remarks by UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini at Geneva Press Conference (14 December
2023), https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/remarks-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarinigeneva-
press.
42
food and starvation and having resorted to selling off their possessions and other extreme measures to
afford a simple meal”. They caution that “[s]tarvation, destitution and death are evident”,277 calling
Israel’s actions in cutting off Gaza “from water, food, anything which is necessary for any sort of life”
“a cruel campaign”, brought “against the whole population of Gaza”.278 Their Emergency Medical
Teams Coordinator explained that “every single person” he speaks to is hungry: “Everywhere we go,
people are asking us for food even in the hospital, I walked around in the emergency department,
somebody with an open bleeding wound, an open fracture; they asked for food. If that's not an indicator
of the desperation, I don't know what is”.279 The situation is such that the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights has felt the need to caution that “[s]tarvation must never be a means
or result of warfare”.280 Oxfam and Human Rights Watch have gone even further in expressly accusing
Israel of using starvation “as a weapon of war” against the Palestinian people in Gaza.281
65. The conditions created by the siege are exacerbated by Israel’s continuing strikes on Gaza,
including on its bakeries, water facilities and last remaining operating mill, and its razing of agricultural
lands, crops, orchards and greenhouses.282 By 16 November 2023, the food infrastructure in Gaza was
already considered “no longer functional”, given shop and market closures, the lack of essential food
items, and the inflated price of the scarce food available.283 Bread is scarce or non-existent,284 with food
scarcity leading to significant price hikes, and the price of flour increasing by 65 per cent at one stage.285
Livestock that has not been killed is facing starvation, and crops are damaged or destroyed.286 Many
Palestinians are resorting to foraging due to hunger, collecting spilled flour from aid distributions from
the road, or other unsafe food practices.287
277 WHO, Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza (21 December 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
278 Statement of Christian Lindmeier (World Health Organization spokesperson), 8 December 2023: UN Web TV, Geneva
Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 December 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c (emphasis
added).
279 UN News, UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising
‘catastrophic’ hunger levels (21 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
280 UN News, Gaza crisis: Starvation must never be allowed to happen, says UN rights chief (22 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145047.
281 Oxfam, Starvation as weapon of war being used against Gaza civilians (25 October 2023),
https://www.oxfam.org.uk/media/press-releases/starvation-as-weapon-of-war-being-used-against-gaza-civilians/; and HRW,
Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza (18 December 2023), https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israelstarvation-
used-weapon-war-gaza.
282 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #35 (10 November 2023),
https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35-
enarhe; and UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #40 (15 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40; and HRW, Israel: Starvation Used as
Weapon of War in Gaza (18 December 2023), https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-wargaza.
283 WFP, Gaza faces widespread hunger as food systems collapse, warns WFP (16 November 2023),
https://www.wfp.org/news/gaza-faces-widespread-hunger-food-systems-collapse-warns-wfp.
284 Ibid.
285 Action Against Hunger, Action Against Hunger calls for permanent ceasefire in Gaza (1 December 2023),
https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/press-releases/action-against-hunger-calls-for-permanent-ceasefire-in-gaza/.
286 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #51 (26 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-51.
287 WFP, Food Security Update for internally displaced populations in Southern Gaza Strip (14 December 2023),
https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000155014/download/; and “Children collect flour from the ground in Gaza”,
Middle East Eye (23 December 2023), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYpZ_aU_Ho.
43
66. Water is also severely depleted. Israel continues to cut off piped water for the North of Gaza,288
and the North’s water desalination plant is non-functioning.289 From 15 October 2023, Israel began
piping a small amount of water to the South, in part to “push the civilian population to the southern
[part of the] Strip”.290 The damage from Israeli airstrikes and shelling has also rendered most of the
water system inoperable.291 The World Food Programme has reported that there is only 1.5 to 1.8 litres
of clean water available per person per day, for all uses (drinking, washing, food preparation, sanitation
and hygiene).292 This is far below the ‘emergency threshold’ of 15 litres per day for “war or famine-like
conditions”, or the ‘survival threshold’ of 3 litres per day.293 The World Health Organization Emergency
Medical Teams Coordinator described the scene at Al Ahli Arab Hospital, where medical staff were
struggling to cope with “no food, no fuel, no water”, stating that “it looks more like a hospice now than
a hospital. But a hospice implies a level of care that the doctors and nurses are unable to provide . . .
It’s pretty unbearable to see somebody with casts on multiple limbs, external fixator on multiple limbs,
without drinking water and almost no IV fluids available”. He said that “patients were crying out in
pain, but they were also crying out for us to give them water”. He urged that “[t]he time is now. We are
dealing with starving people now, adults, children, it’s unbearable”.294
67. The lack of water is severely impacting lactating women, in particular, who, even if undertaking
only a moderate amount of exercise, require a supply of 7.5 litres of water a day for drinking, sanitation
and hygiene to keep themselves and their babies healthy.295 Young mothers — unable to breastfeed for
lack of proper nutrition arising from the food scarcity — have been forced to use contaminated water
to prepare formula — where it is available — risking disease in vulnerable babies. In parallel, the
chronic unavailability of formula is also risking the lives of newborn babies, who are already reportedly
dying from avoidable causes due to the absence of medical care, food, water and adequate sanitation.296
The impacts of malnourishment on older children may also be particularly grave and long-lasting,
preventing them from reaching their full potential in terms of physical growth, cognitive capacity,
288 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel – reported impact | Day #82 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
289 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #66 (11 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
290 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #9 (15 October 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9; and Amy Spiro, Jacob Magid and
Agencies, “Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip”, The Times of Israel (15 October 2023),
https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-is-restarting-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-strip/.
291 UN News, Barely a drop of safe water to drink in Gaza, UN aid agency warns (20 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144972; and Anera, Gaza Ceasefire: A Welcome Pause, But Far From Enough (23
November 2023), https://www.anera.org/blog/pause-in-gaza-war-not-enough/.
292 WFP, Gaza Food Security Assessment (6 December 2023), https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-
0000154766/download/.
293 UNICEF, Gaza’s Children running out of time: water shortages spark disease alarm (21 November 2023),
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/gazas-children-running-out-time-water-shortages-spark-disease-alarm; and UNICEF,
‘Barely a drop to drink’: children in the Gaza Strip do not access 90 per cent of their normal water use (20 December
2023), https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/barely-drop-drink-children-gaza-strip-do-not-access-90-cent-their-normalwater-
use.
294 UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 December 2023,
https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c.
295 UNDP, Human Development Report 2006 - Beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis (14 December
2012), https://www.undp.org/libya/publications/human-development-report-2006-beyond-scarcity-power-poverty-andglobal-
water-crisis .
296 CARE International, “70% of those killed in Gaza are women and children” CARE warns the Security Council (15
November 2023), https://www.care-international.org/news/70-those-killed-gaza-are-women-and-children-care-warns-unsecurity-
council; Oxfam, Press Release: Babies dying from preventable causes in besieged Gaza - Oxfam (23 November
2023), https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/babies-dying-preventable-causes-besieged-gaza-oxfam.
44
school performance and productivity later in life.297 Many health workers also lack sufficient food and
water to continue working, which will also necessarily further impact on health and mortality rates.298
68. This is all happening to a population that was already extremely vulnerable as a result of Israel’s
prior actions against Gaza. Israel has long hindered the creation and repair of water installation and
desalinisation plants in Gaza, such that 95 per cent of water from Gaza’s sole aquifer was already
unsuitable for consumption prior to 7 October 2023.299 Through its 16-year blockade, Israel also
severely impacted water supply.300 Its repeated attacks on Gaza and its restrictions on repairing the
degraded wastewater infrastructure damaged the soil, rendering agriculture challenging.301 Israel also
restricted access by Palestinians in Gaza to up to 35 per cent of agricultural land and up to 85 per cent
of Gaza’s fishing waters.302 Consequently, over 68 per cent of households (around 1.3 million people)
were severely or moderately food insecure prior to 7 October 2023, with 58 per cent of the population
dependent on humanitarian aid.303 7,685 children under five years of age in Gaza were suffering from
life-threatening ‘wasting’, the deadliest form of child malnutrition.304 The impact on Palestinian
children of Israel’s forced starvation of Gaza will necessarily be serious and long-lasting.
69. Recent reports of Israeli plans to flood tunnels in Gaza with seawater is of extreme concern,
given the risks it would pose of further degradation and collapse of Gaza’s water and sewage
infrastructure, and of long-lasting contamination of Gaza’s aquifer and soil.305 Environmental experts
have warned that the strategy “risks causing an ecological catastrophe” that would leave Gaza with no
drinkable water, devastate what little agriculture is possible and “ruin the conditions of life of everyone
in Gaza”.306 The United Nations Special Rapporteur for the right to water is reported to have compared
297 Global Nutrition Cluster - State of Palestine, Call for Immediate Action: Child deaths in the Gaza Strip due to disease
and malnutrition can and must be prevented (3 December 2023),
https://www.nutritioncluster.net/sites/nutritioncluster.com/files/2023-
11/SoP%20Nutrtion%20Cluster%20advocacy_final.pdf
298 UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 December 2023,
https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c.
299 United Nations, Human Rights Council, The allocation of water resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
including East Jerusalem A/HRC/48/43 (15 October 2021), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/48/43; Amnesty, The Occupation of
Water (29 November 2017), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/; EWASH,
Israel's control of water in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (26 September 2012), https://reliefweb.int/report/occupiedpalestinian-
territory/israels-control-water-occupied-palestinian-territories.
300 United Nations, Human Rights Council, The allocation of water resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
including East Jerusalem A/HRC/48/43 (15 October 2021), https://undocs.org/A/HRC/48/43.
301 UN FAO, Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive (25 May 2010),
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205890/.
302 UN Palestine, United Nations Common Country Analysis for the Occupied Palestinian Territory (16 August 2022),
https://palestine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-
09/United%20Nations%20Common%20Country%20Analysis%20for%20the%20Occupied%20Palestinian%20Territory_16
_August_2022.pdf.
303 UN OCHA, Food insecurity in the oPt: 1.3 million Palestinians in the Gaza strip are food insecure (14 December 2018),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/food-insecurity-opt-13-million-palestinians-gaza-strip-are-food-insecure; UN OCHA,
Humanitarian Response Plan OPT (January 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/HRP_2023.pdf.
304 Global Nutrition Cluster - State of Palestine, Call for Immediate Action: Child deaths in the Gaza Strip due to disease and
malnutrition can and must be prevented (3 December 2023), https://www.nutritioncluster.net/sites/nutritioncluster.com/
files/2023-11/SoP%20Nutrtion%20Cluster%20advocacy_final.pdf.
305 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Coordinator Lynn Hastings briefs the press in Geneva (13 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-coordinator-lynn-hastings-briefs-press-geneva; Emmanuel Fabian, “IDF trial
of flooding Hamas tunnels with seawater proves successful, ToI told”, The Times of Israel (15 December 2023),
https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-trial-of-flooding-hamas-tunnels-with-seawater-proves-successful-toi-told.
306 Damien Gayle and Nina Lakhani, “Flooding Hamas tunnels the seawater risks ‘ruining basic life in Gaza’, says expert”,
The Guardian (23 December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/23/israel-flooding-hamas-tunnelsseawater-
risks-ruining-basic-life-gaza-expert.
45
the plan to the mythical Roman ‘salting’ of the fields of Carthage to prevent crop growth and render the
territory uninhabitable.307
70. Experts are now predicting that more Palestinians in Gaza may die from starvation and disease
than airstrikes,308 and yet Israel is intensifying its bombing campaign, precluding the effective delivery
of humanitarian assistance to Palestinians. It is clear that Israel is through its actions and policies in
Gaza, deliberately inflicting on Palestinians conditions of life calculated to bring about their
destruction.309
5. Deprivation of access to adequate shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation to Palestinians
in Gaza
71. The majority of the 1.9 million displaced Palestinians in Gaza are seeking shelter in UNRWA
facilities, which primarily consist of schools and tents.310 These locations are themselves not safe: to
date — and despite Israel having been provided with the coordinates of all United Nations facilities311
— Israel has killed hundreds of Palestinian men, women and children seeking shelter in UNRWA
facilities, and injured over a thousand.312
72. The situation in UNRWA shelters was described as follows by the Commissioner-General of
UNRWA in his 7 December 2023 letter of which the United Nations General Assembly took note in its
Resolution ES-10/22 of 12 December 2023:
“Today, as a result of Israel’s military operation, nearly 1.2 million civilians are sheltering in
UNRWA premises. The Agency has become the primary platform for humanitarian assistance
to over 2.2 million people in Gaza — a platform on the verge of collapse.
UNRWA is, as of today, still operational in Gaza, though just barely. Our staff are still operating
health centers, managing shelters, and supporting traumatized people, some arriving carrying
their dead children. We are still distributing food, even though the corridors and courtyards of
our premises are too crowded to walk through. Our staff take their children to work so they
know they are safe or can die together. More than 130 UNRWA staff are confirmed killed in
bombardments, most with their families; the number might rise by the time you read this. At
least 70% of UNRWA staff are displaced, and lack food, water and adequate shelter. We are
hanging on by our fingertips. If UNRWA collapses, humanitarian assistance in Gaza will also
collapse.
The humanitarian situation is now untenable. Conditions in Gaza were already appalling when
I stayed overnight two weeks ago. I witnessed constant explosive munitions from sky, land and
sea, and the massive destruction of civilian infrastructure.
307 Ibid.
308 Save the Children, Press Release: Deaths by starvation and disease may top deaths by bombs as families squeezed into
deadly “safe zones”, two months into Gaza crisis (9 December 2023), https://www.savethechildren.net/news/deathsstarvation-
and-disease-may-top-deaths-bombs-families-squeezed-deadly-safe-zones-two.
309 Ibid.
310 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact | Day 82 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82; UNRWA Situation Report #56 On
the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem (22 December 2023),
https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-
Jerusalem.
311 UNRWA, Gaza: UNRWA school sheltering displaced families hit (17 October 2023),
https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit.
312 UNRWA Situation Report #56 On the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem (22
December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bankincluding-
east-Jerusalem.
46
This week, the Israeli military forces have instructed people to move further South, forcing
Gaza’s population into an ever-shrinking space. Shelters are shockingly overcrowded, with high
risk of epidemic illness. In these overfull and unsanitary spaces, more than 700 people use a
single toilet, women give birth (an average of 25 per day), and people nurse open wounds. Tens
of thousands sleep in courtyards and streets. People burn plastic to stay warm. Nearly 90
UNRWA premises, including schools, have been hit or impacted by munitions, killing over 270
internally displaced people, many this week. In Gaza as a whole, over 16,000 people, two thirds
of whom are women and children, are reported killed during bombardments. Large swathes of
Gaza are destroyed and uninhabitable.
The premise of UNRWA’s mandate — to provide services to Palestine Refugees until there is a
political solution — is at great risk: without safe shelter and aid, civilians in Gaza risk death or
will be forced to Egypt and beyond. Forced displacement out of Gaza may end prospects for
the political solution that is intrinsic to UNRWA’s mandate, with grave risks for regional peace
and security. A forced displacement beyond Palestinian land, reminiscent of the 1948 Nakba,
must be prevented.
In my 35 years working in complex emergencies, I have never written such a letter —
predicting the killing of my staff and the collapse of the mandate I am expected to fulfil.”313
73. Those Palestinians with a place in UNRWA shelters are “the lucky ones”, according to
UNRWA’s Commissioner-General.314 Others attempt to find shelter in the homes of relatives or
strangers, in government facilities, hospital courtyards, or makeshift camps, without any access to food,
water or sanitary facilities, or simply live and sleep in the streets, exposed to the elements. UNRWA’s
shelters now have on average 486 people using a single toilet,315 while other locations where people are
seeking to shelter often have no toilets at all.316 Palestinians are unable to maintain personal hygiene,
with menstruating girls and women being particularly impacted.317 The World Health Organization
estimates that there is on average “only one shower for every 4500 people”.318 Newborns in shelters are
reportedly dying from avoidable causes due to the absence of adequate sanitation, food, water and
medical care.319
74. Since the Commissioner-General of UNRWA wrote to the President of the United Nations
General Assembly on 7 December 2023, advising that the humanitarian situation in Gaza was already
“untenable”,320 over one million Palestinians have continued to be forced by Israeli military ‘orders’
into the Rafah Governorate near the Egyptian border. The area has become the “epicentre of
displacement”, with an estimated “fourfold” increase in its population density, thought to now exceed
313 UNRWA, Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr.
Dennis Francis (7 December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-generalphilippe-
lazzarini-un-general-assembly (emphasis added).
314 UN News, ‘Desperate, hungry, terrified': Gazans stopping aid trucks in search of food (14 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144807.
315 UNRWA, UNRWA Situation Report #54 on the situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem
(18 December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-54-situation-gaza-strip-and-westbank-
including-east-Jerusalem.
316 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #69 (14 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69 .
317 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UNFPA Palestine Situation Report Issue 4 (11 December 2023),
https://palestine.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/unfpa_situation_report_4_december_11.pdf.
318 WHO, Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza (21 December 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
319 Oxfam, Press Release: Babies dying from preventable causes in besieged Gaza - Oxfam (23 November 2023),
https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/babies-dying-preventable-causes-besieged-gaza-oxfam.
320 UNRWA, Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr.
Dennis Francis (7 December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-generalphilippe-
lazzarini-un-general-assembly.
47
12,000 people per square kilometre.321 OCHA is warning there is “no empty space left for people to
shelter, not even in the streets and other open areas”.322 Al-Mawasi — a sandy, barren strip of
approximately 14 square kilometres along the Mediterranean Sea, without aid provisions, water, food
or sanitation — the so-called ‘safe zone’ to which Israel has told Palestinians in Gaza to flee, is anything
but safe. As UNRWA has underscored “unilaterally-declared ‘safe zones’ are not safe at all. Nowhere
in Gaza is safe”.323 The Head of Humanitarian Policy at Save the Children International has warned:
“People are in overcrowded shelters in makeshift tents. There is no access to clean water, there are
crumbling sanitation facilities. We’ve heard of children starving in the so-called ‘safe zone’ of Al-
Mawasi.”324
75. Throughout Gaza, there are acute shortages in warm clothes, bedding, blankets and critical nonfood
items, with people heavily dependent on salvaged wood and waste for cooking and warmth, raising
the risk of respiratory diseases.325 There is also an acute shortage of clean water, severely impacting not
just the ability to hydrate, but to wash, clean and cook.326 The siege and infrastructure damage from
bombing continue to prevent adequate water treatment and distribution, and sewage management, with
flooding exponentially increasing the risks of the spread of infectious diseases amongst displaced
Palestinians.327 On 20 December 2023, the Director General of the World Health Organization warned
that “Gaza is already experiencing soaring rates of infectious disease outbreaks. Diarrhoea cases among
children aged under 5 are 25 times what they were before the conflict. Such illnesses can be lethal for
malnourished children, more so in the absence of functioning health services”.328 Sewage is flowing
into the streets where Palestinians are living, as it can no longer be managed.329 “Everywhere you look,
is congested with makeshift shelters. Everywhere you go, people are desperate, hungry and terrified.”330
These conditions — deliberately inflicted by Israel — are calculated to bring about the destruction of
the Palestinian group in Gaza.
6. Deprivation of adequate medical assistance to Palestinians in Gaza
321 UNRWA Situation Report #56 On the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem (22
December 2023), https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bankincluding-
east-Jerusalem; and UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #75 (21 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75.
322 UN News, Gaza humanitarian disaster heralds ‘breakdown’ of society (8 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144547.
323 Julian Borger and Ruth Michaelson, “IDF instructions on Gaza refuge zones cruel ‘mirage’, say aid agencies”, The
Guardian (7 December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/idf-israel-gaza-refuge-zones-cruel-miragesay-
aid-agencies .
324 Ibid.
325 ICRC, Israel and the occupied territories: The ICRC urges protection for Gaza civilians evacuating and staying behind
(12 November 2023), https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-icrc-urges-protection-gaza-civiliansevacuating-
and-staying; and UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #71 (16 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-71 .
326 WFP, Gaza Food Security Assessment (6 December 2023), https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-
0000154766/download/.
327 UN News, Barely a drop of safe water to drink in Gaza, UN aid agency warns (20 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144972; and UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #76
(22 December 2023), https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-andisrael-
flash-update-76-enarhe.
328 Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, @DrTedros, Tweet (7:05 pm,
December 20, 2023), https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1737549701728092481.
329 UN News, Gaza: Lack of fuel threatening to shut down entire humanitarian operation (16 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143672.
330 UN News, Barely a drop of safe water to drink in Gaza, UN aid agency warns (20 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144972.
48
76. Almost above all else, Israel’s military assault on Gaza has been an attack on Gaza’s medical
healthcare system, indispensable to the life and survival of the Palestinians in Gaza. Israel “has declared
an ‘unrelenting war’ on the health system in Gaza”, as observed by the United Nations Special
Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical
and mental health. In a statement issued on 7 December 2023, the United Nations expert noted that
“[t]he healthcare infrastructure in the Gaza strip has been completely obliterated” and that “[w]e bear
witness to a shameful war on healthcare workers”. She warned that “[w]e are in the darkest time for the
right to health in our lifetimes” and that “[w]e have descended into depths from which we must quickly
emerge”.331
77. In a letter to the United Nations Security Council on 4 December 2023, the International
President of Médecins Sans Frontières wrote:332
“Israel has shown a blatant and total disregard for the protection of Gaza’s medical facilities.
We are watching as hospitals are turned into morgues and ruins. These supposedly protected
facilities are being bombed, are being shot at by tanks and guns, encircled and raided, killing
patients and medical staff. The World Health Organization has documented 203 attacks on
health care that have led to at least 22 fatalities and 59 injuries of health workers on duty.
Medical staff, including our own, are utterly exhausted and in despair. They have had to
amputate limbs from children suffering from severe burns without anaesthesia or sterilised
surgical tools. Due to forcible evacuations by Israeli soldiers, some doctors have had to leave
patients behind after facing the unimaginable choice between their lives or those of their
patients. There is no justification for the atrocious attacks on healthcare…
Four of our MSF staff have been killed; many more have lost family members. Numerous other
colleagues have been injured. Other humanitarian organisations have reported dozens of their
staff have been killed…
Northern Gaza is being erased from the map. The health system has collapsed… Our emergency
team in Khan Younis, in southern Gaza, has reported massive influxes of wounded after intense
bombing. Last Saturday, 60 dead and 213 injured people arrived at the emergency room of Al-
Aqsa hospital. These strikes are also hitting overcrowded, squalid refugee camps, where people
are barely surviving on the sparse humanitarian aid available. If the bombs do not get them,
infectious diseases and starvation will…
“We did what we could. Remember us.” These are the words our Dr Mahmoud Abu Nujaila,
who has since been killed in a hospital strike, wrote on a Gaza hospital whiteboard normally
used for planning surgeries. When the guns fall silent and the true scale of devastation is
revealed, will the Council and its members be able to say the same?”
78. Since early December 2023, Israeli army attacks on Palestinian hospitals have only increased.
The Israeli army has continued to attack and besiege hospitals and healthcare centres; to deprive them
of electricity and fuel crucial to maintain effective functioning and equipment; to obstruct them from
receiving medical supplies, food and water; to force their evacuations and closure; and effectively to
destroy them. The North of Gaza, without any functioning hospital for a week, has only four severely
challenged partially functioning hospitals available now.333 Israel has transformed Palestinian hospitals
331 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN expert condemns ‘unrelenting war’ on health system amid airstrikes on hospitals and health
workers (7 December 2023) https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-un-expert-condemns-unrelenting-warhealth-
system-amid-airstrikes.
332 Médecins Sans Frontières ('MSF'), Gaza: “It must all stop now”, Letter to UN Security Council (4 December 2023),
https://www.msf.org/letter-gaza-un-security-council.
333 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
49
in Gaza from places of healing into “death zone[s]”,334 and scenes of “bloodbath”,335 “death, devastation
and despair”.336 Many hospitals have now become mere “place[s] where people are waiting to die”.337
The World Health Organisation describes the situation as “unconscionable” and “beyond belief”.338
79. There have now been more than 238 attacks on ‘healthcare’ in Gaza, in which over 61 hospitals
and other healthcare facilities have been damaged or destroyed.339 Only 13 out of 36 hospitals and 18
out of 72 healthcare centres are still even functioning — some of them barely — despite the
overwhelming number of people injured in Israeli attacks.340 The Israeli army has targeted hospital
generators, hospital solar panels,341 and other life-saving equipment, such as oxygen stations and water
tanks.342 It has also targeted ambulances, medical convoys and first responders.343 311 health workers
have been killed (on average four killed per day),344 including at least 22 health workers killed on
duty.345 Those killed include some of Gaza’s most experienced and skilled doctors including Dr Hani
Al Haitham, Head of the Emergency Section at Al Shifa hospital, killed with his wife, Dr Sameera
Ghirafi, and their children;346 Dr Mohammad Dabbour, Head of Pathology at Al Shifa Hospital,
reportedly killed with his son and father while attempting to flee Gaza City;347 Dr Medhat Saidam,
plastic reconstructive burn surgeon at Al Shifa Hospital and Dr Hammam Alloh, nephrologist at Al
Shifa Hospital were killed in attacks on their family homes.348 Interviewed shortly before his death, Dr
Alloh responded as follows when asked why he was not fleeing the North to the South: “If I go who
would treat my patients? We are not animals, we have the right to receive proper health care. You think
I went to medical school and for my postgraduate degrees for a total of 14 years so I think only about
my life and not my patients?”.349 The systematic destruction of Palestinian hospitals and the killing of
334 WHO, WHO leads very high-risk joint humanitarian mission to Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza (18 November 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-ingaza.
335 UN News, UN workers delivering aid to Gaza hospital describe ‘bloodbath’ in overflowing emergency department (16
December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144877.
336 WHO, WHO appalled by latest attack on Indonesian Hospital in Gaza (20 November 2023),
https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/who-appalled-by-latest-attack-on-indonesian-hospital-in-gaza.html.
337 UN News, UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising
'catastrophic' hunger levels (21 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
338 UN News, ‘Ten weeks of hell’ for children in Gaza: UNICEF (19 December 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
339 WHO, oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 17 (14 December 2023), https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-
_issue_17_for_review.pdf?ua=1.
340 Ibid.
341 The organisation Forensic Architecture has compiled an analysis of the various attacks on Gaza’s hospitals: Forensic
Architecture, Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza (20 December 2023), https://forensicarchitecture.
org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza.
342 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #37 (12 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-37.
343 MSF, MSF convoy attack in Gaza: All elements point to Israeli army responsibility (1 December 2023),
https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-convoy-attack-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility ; UN
OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #28 (3 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28.
344 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel – Reported Impact | Day #70 (15 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-70.
345 WHO, oPt Emergency Situation Update, issue 14 (23 November 2023),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_NOV24.pdf?ua=1.
346 Asmahan Qarjouli, “Israel ‘brutally murdered’ Al-Shifa emergency dept chief in Gaza”, Doha News (19 December 2023),
https://dohanews.co/israel-brutally-murdered-al-shifa-emergency-dept-chief-in-gaza/.
347 Weronika Strzyżyńska and Harriet Sherwood, “Doctors, poets, families, babies: victims of Israel’s war on Gaza”, The
Guardian (23 October 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/doctors-poets-families-babies-victims-ofisraels-
war-on-gaza.
348 Vanessa Romo, “Doctors are among the many dead in Gaza. These are their stories”, NPR (16 November 2023),
https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital.
349 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72 (18 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
50
specialist Palestinian doctors is not only impacting the care of Palestinians in Gaza at present, it is also
undermining the prospect of a future Palestinian healthcare system in Gaza, destroying its capacity to
rebuild and to care effectively for the Palestinian people in Gaza.
80. At least 570 Palestinians have been killed at hospitals and healthcare centres in Gaza and a
further 746 have been injured.350 They include patients and internally displaced Palestinians, who vainly
sought sanctuary on or near hospital grounds, killed by Israeli strikes or snipers.351 Palestinian mothers
have been killed in maternity hospitals, and Palestinian children in children’s hospitals.352 Even those
tending to and counting the dead –– like Saeed Al Shorbaji, Director of Nasser Hospital’s mortuary ––
have themselves been killed.353 Some have been victims of Israeli attacks multiple times over, like 12-
year old Dina Abu Mohsen –– interviewed by UNICEF after losing her parents, two siblings and her
leg in an Israeli strike on her home –– she was then killed herself when the Israeli army shelled the
hospital where she was being treated.354
81. Other Palestinians have died as a direct result of Israel cutting off electricity and fuel to
hospitals; they include five premature babies and 40 ICU and kidney patients at Al Shifa hospital.355
Other Palestinians have died as a direct result of Israel’s forced evacuation of hospitals, including at
least four babies in Al Nasr hospital, whose tiny bodies were found weeks later –– during a temporary
ceasefire –– decomposing in their hospital beds.356 Hospital courtyards have been turned into sites of
mass graves: 357 at Al-Shifa Hospital, it was medics themselves who had to dig a mass grave for the
decomposing bodies of 179 patients and others.358 Israeli bulldozers excavated and exhumed a hospital
mass grave in the besieged Kamal Adwan hospital on 16 December, where 26 Palestinians had been
buried.359 Speaking to CNN, Hossam Abu Safiya, Head of Paediatric Services at Kamal Adwan
350 WHO, oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 17 (14 December 2023), https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-
_issue_17_for_review.pdf?ua=1.
351 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #38 (13 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-38; and UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza
Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72 (18 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israelflash-
update-72.
352 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #55 (30 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55.; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #66 (11 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
66.
353 Bassam Massou and Maggie Fick, “Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle”, Reuters (21
December 2023), https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/.
354 UNICEF, @UNICEF, Tweet (10:28 pm, December 17, 2023),
https://twitter.com/UNICEF/status/1736876099890565478.
355 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #42 (17 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-42.; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #44 (19 November 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
44.
356 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #55 (30 November 2023)
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55; Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Birth and
Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip: Maternity Care Facilities Gravely Affected by Strikes, Blockade (1 December 2023),
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip.
357 See e.g., the Al Yaman Al Saeed Hospital in Jabalia refugee camp: UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel |
Flash Update #65 (10 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-65.
358 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #40 (15 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40.
359 Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (‘PCHR’), Palestinian Human Rights
Organisations Condemn the Serious Israeli Violations at Kamal Adwan Hospital in Northern Gaza (21 December 2023),
https://alhaq.org/advocacy/22388.html.
51
Hospital, stated, “[t]he soldiers dug up the graves this morning and dragged the bodies with bulldozers,
then crushed the bodies with the bulldozers … I have never seen such a thing before”.360
82. United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES10/21 of 27 October 2023 –– calling for the
“respect and protection … of all civilian and humanitarian facilities, including hospitals and other
medical facilities … as well as all of humanitarian and medical personnel”361 –– has been resolutely
ignored. Doctors and medics have continued not only to be killed but also to be rounded up and
disappeared by the Israeli authorities.362 They include the General Director of Al Shifa and his staff,
seized and held incommunicado since 23 November 2023.363
83. Those wounded by Israel in Gaza are being deprived of life-saving medical care:364 Gaza’s
healthcare system –– already crippled by years of blockade and prior attacks by Israel –– is unable to
cope with the sheer scale of the injuries, now at 55,243 injured including at least 8,663 children.365
There are reports of severely injured patients walking for miles trying to find help. UNICEF highlighted
the case of a boy from the North “whose leg had been blown off in the violence”, who “had spent ‘three
or four days’ trying to reach the south, delayed by checkpoints … The smell [of decomposition] was
clear … and that boy had shrapnel all over. Potentially, he was blind and had burns to 50 per cent of his
body”.366 OCHA identified the case of a woman with shrapnel injuries in her abdomen, who had walked
from the North to the South pressing a towel against her wounds.367 Palestinians have had to evacuate
their sick, disabled and wounded in a forced march from the North to the South –– and then again from
the South onwards –– dragging hospital beds behind cars, pushing wheelchairs, raising them on
makeshift stretchers, or simply carrying them in their arms.368
84. Those hospitals which are still functioning are described as scenes from a “horror movie”.369
The critical shortages of staff and supplies –– including anaesthetics, analgesics, medicine and
360 Abeer Salman and Kareem Khadder, “Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at
hospital Israel says was Hamas ‘command center’”, CNN (23 December 2023),
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intlcmd/
index.html.
361 UNGA Res ES10/21, Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations, A/RES/ES–10/21 (27
October 2023), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025940?ln=en.
362 WHO, WHO calls for protection of humanitarian space in Gaza following serious incidents in high-risk mission to
transfer patients, deliver health supplies (12 December 2023), https://www.who.int/news/item/12-12-2023-who-calls-forprotection-
of-humanitarian-space-in-gaza-following-serious-incidents-in-high-risk-mission-to-transfer-patients--deliverhealth-
supplies.
363 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #48 (23 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48.
364 UN News, UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising
'catastrophic' hunger levels (21 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
365 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel – Reported Impact | Day #70 (15 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-70; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the
Gaza Strip and Israel – reported impact | Day #82 (27 December 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gazastrip-
and-israel-reported-impact-day-82 .
366 UN News, Gaza doctors ‘terrified’ of deadly disease outbreak as aid teams race to deliver (28 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1144032.
367 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #45 (20 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45.
368 “Panic as Gaza’s al-Shifa evacuates, Israel army denies ordering it to do so”, Al Jazeera (18 November 2023),
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israel-gives-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-one-hour-to-evacuate.
369 UN Web TV, UNICEF, WHO, OHCHR, UNHCR - Press Briefing: Rob Holand, Emergency Coordinator WHO (1
December 2023), https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1r/k1ro1d247a (at 22:15).
52
disinfectants370 –– have led not only to otherwise unnecessary amputations of limbs,371 but also to
amputations without anaesthesia, often undertaken by flashlight.372 Pregnant women are also being
subjected to caesareans without anaesthetic.373 Patients are being treated on dirty floors covered with
blood, with family members having to stand holding saline bags, where saline is even available.374 There
are insufficient staff and resources for adequate wound or post-operative wound care:375 unclean
wounds –– often infested with worms and flies –– rapidly become infected, necrotic or gangrenous.376
Patients plead for food and water.377 Even basic pain-management treatment is often unavailable, and
patients are at risk of dying from treatable conditions.378 One doctor described having to do procedures
without anaesthetic, he said:
“I was forced to do dressing changes on massive wounds, excruciatingly painful wounds. There
was a girl with just her whole body covered in shrapnel. She was nine. I ended up having to
change and clean these wounds with no anaesthetic and no analgesic. I managed to find some
intravenous paracetamol to give her … her Dad was crying, I was crying, and the poor child
was screaming…”.379
85. In addition to the war wounded, there are hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in Gaza who
still need routine medical care for conditions such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or
diabetes.380 Thousands of Palestinians in Gaza are also in need of urgent care for kidney disease and
cancer, and an estimated 130 premature babies are dependent on incubators for survival at any given
time.381 Many of them are now unable to receive medical assistance. UNICEF warns that “[w]omen,
children and newborns in Gaza are disproportionately bearing the burden of the escalation of hostilities
370 Jason Burke, “‘We are overwhelmed: southern Gaza’s exhausted doctors forced to leave children die”, The Guardian (24
November 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/24/we-are-overwhelmed-southern-gazas-exhausted-doctorsforced-
to-leave-children-to-die.
371 Claire Gillbody-Dickerson, “Doctors in Gaza forced to amputate limbs because they lack means to treat injuries”, iNews
(30 October 2023), https://inews.co.uk/news/world/doctors-gaza-forced-amputate-limbs-hospitals-israel-evacuate-2720777.
372 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #32 (7 November 2023),
https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32.
373 UN News, Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth ‘in race against death’ (7 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
374 UN News, UN workers delivering aid to Gaza hospital describe ‘bloodbath’ in overflowing emergency department (16
December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144877.; Rajini Vaidyanathan, “WHO says Al-Shifa ‘looked almost
like a battlefield hospital’”, BBC (17 December 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67732895.
375 UN News, UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising
‘catastrophic’ hunger levels (21 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
376 Lilia Sebouai, “‘Bodies scratched, bleeding and full of flies’: Infections plague Gaza’s hospitals”, The Telegraph (6
November 2023),
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/hospital-infections-gaza-medical-supplies-clean-water/; Dr.
Hafez Abukhoussa, “The Horrors I’ve Seen Treating Patients at Gaza’s Remaining Hospitals”, Time Magazine (12 December
2023), https://time.com/6358269/horrors-treating-patients-khan-younis-gaza/.
377 UN News, UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising
'catastrophic' hunger levels (21 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
378 WHO, WHO delivers health supplies to Al-Shifa Hospital, appeals for continued access to address urgent needs in north
Gaza (17 December 2023), https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2023-who-delivers-health-supplies-to-al-shifa-hospital--
appeals-for-continued-access-to-address-urgent-needs-in-north-gaza; WHO, WHO Director-General's remarks at the
Informal Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly (17 November 2023), https://www.who.int/directorgeneral/
speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-informal-plenary-meeting-of-the-united-nations-generalassembly---
17-november-2023.
379 Interview with Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah on Channel 4 News, 27 November 2023: “‘We were having to do procedures
without anaesthetic’, says Gaza war surgeon”, Channel 4 (27 November 2023), https://www.channel4.com/news/we-werehaving-
to-do-procedures-without-anaesthetic-says-gaza-war-surgeon.
380 WHO, oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16 (7 December 2023),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
381 Ibid.
53
in the occupied Palestinian territory, both as casualties and in reduced access to health services”.382
Older persons and persons with disabilities lack essential medication, and are at higher risk of
communicable diseases, malnutrition and death.383 Pregnant women are also particularly vulnerable.384
86. Experts are beginning to warn that the numbers of Palestinians dying as a result of disease and
hunger, could already be outstripping violent deaths caused by Israeli army assaults.385 There have
already been over 360,000 documented cases of communicable diseases reported in UNRWA shelters
alone, brought on or exacerbated by unsanitary conditions, hunger and lack of clean water, with the
actual numbers believed to be considerably higher.386 As stated by the World Health Organization:
“Gaza is already experiencing soaring rates of infectious diseases. Over 100 000 cases of
diarrhoea have been reported since mid-October. Half of these are among young children under
the age of 5 years, case numbers that are 25 times what was reported before the conflict.
Over 150 000 cases of upper respiratory infection, and numerous cases of meningitis, skin
rashes, scabies, lice and chickenpox have been reported. Hepatitis is also suspected as many
people present with the tell-tale signs of jaundice.
While a healthy body can more easily fight off these diseases, a wasted and weakened body
will struggle. Hunger weakens the body’s defences and opens the door to disease.
Malnutrition increases the risk of children dying from illnesses like diarrhoea, pneumonia and
measles, especially in a setting where they lack access to life-saving health services.
Even if the child survives, wasting can have life-long impacts as it stunts growth and impairs
cognitive development…
The people of Gaza, who have already suffered enough, now face death from starvation and
diseases that could be easily treated with a functioning health system. This must stop. Food and
other aid must flow in far greater amounts. WHO reiterates its call for an immediate
humanitarian ceasefire.”387
87. Experts assess that the death toll from disease and hunger “could be multiples of that from
fighting and air strikes”.388 Israeli is through its relentless attacks on the Palestinian healthcare system
in Gaza is deliberately inflicting on Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about
their destruction.389 Writing in the British medical journal, The Lancet, a group of medics “highlight the
382 UNICEF, Joint Statement by UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, WFP and WHO on Humanitarian Supplies Crossing into Gaza
(4 November 2023), https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/joint-statement-by-unicef-undp-unfpa-wfp-and-who-onhumanitarian-
supplies-crossing-into-gaza/.
383 HRW, Gaza: Israeli Attacks, Blockade Devastating for People with Disabilities (1 November 2023),
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/01/gaza-israeli-attacks-blockade-devastating-people-disabilities; UN OHCHR, Occupied
Palestinian territory and Israel: UN experts call for permanent ceasefire to protect rights and futures of women and girls
(14 December 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/occupied-palestinian-territory-and-israel-un-expertscall-
permanent.
384 See further Section 8 infra.
385 See e.g., Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the WHO, @DrTedros, Tweet (6:26 am, November 29,
2023), https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1729748696890245146; UN News, ‘Ten weeks of hell’ for children in Gaza:
UNICEF (19 December 2023), https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
386 UNICEF, State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report Issue No. 10, 7-13 December (14 December
2023), https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-SitRep-14-December-2023.pdf.; WHO, oPt Emergency
Situation Update Issue 16 (7 December 2023),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
387 WHO, Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza (21 December 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
388 Henry Mance, “UN aid chief Martin Griffiths: ‘the war in Gaza isn’t halfway through’”, Financial Times (18 December
2023), https://www.ft.com/content/01b592be-47c7-4a20-9bbd-621aa40f7640.
389 Ibid.
54
health dimensions of violence resulting from the ongoing siege and attacks against Palestinians” rightly
warning of a “grave risk of genocide against the Palestinian people”.390
7. Destruction of Palestinian life in Gaza
88. On 16 November 2023, 15 United Nations Special Rapporteurs and 21 members of United
Nations Working Groups, warning of a “genocide in the making” in Gaza, observed that the level of
destruction that had by then taken place of “housing units, as well as hospitals, schools, mosques,
bakeries, water pipes, sewage and electricity networks . . . threatens to make the continuation of
Palestinian life in Gaza impossible”.391 As they note, Israel has in its bombing campaign against Gaza
used “powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll
and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.”392 Israel has destroyed not only individual homes,
houses, and whole apartment blocks; it has destroyed entire streets, and entire neighbourhoods:
Shuja'iyya, a suburb of Gaza City, once home to approximately 110,000 Palestinians, appears to
now be a vast wasteland, entirely flattened as far as the eye can see.393 Its shops, schools, vibrant
market place, family homes, doctors clinics, historic streets and Ibn Uthman Mosque, and
everything that once sustained Palestinian life there has been damaged or destroyed, along with so
many of its people.394 Other areas in Gaza appear to have experienced a similar level of destruction,
including Beit Hanoun,395 Beit Lahia,396 Gaza Old City,397 Al Rimal,398 and Nuseirat refugee camp
in the South.399
89. Across Gaza, Israel has targeted the infrastructure and foundations of Palestinian life,
deliberately creating conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of
Palestinian people. In addition to the attacks previously cited on homes, neighbourhoods, hospitals,
water systems, agricultural lands, bakeries and mills, Israel has also targeted the foundational civil
390 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and Amy Neilson, “The health
dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide”, The Lancet (18 December 2023),
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-4/fulltext.
391 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people (16
November 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-preventgenocide-
against.
392 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people (16
November 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-preventgenocide-
against (emphasis added).
393 “The documentation that dropped Gazans' jaws: the Shuja'iyya neighbourhood was completely wiped out: Watch”, JDN
(20 December 2023), https://www.jdn.co.il/video/2103783/; Israeli soldier reports “Shujaiya neighbourhood gone”: Bazz
News, @1717Bazz, Tweet (2:50 pm, December 20, 2023), https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1737485648158748674,
(translation by Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye (8:00am, December 21, 2023),
https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1737744722649546979).
394 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #74 (20 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74.
395 UN OCHA, Before and after: satellite images of Gaza showing damage caused in hostilities (9 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/and-after-satellite-images-gaza-showing-damage-caused-hostilities.
396 Dominic Bailey, Erwan Rivault, Daniele Palumbo, “Nearly 100,000 Gaza buildings may be damaged, satellite images
show”, BBC News (1 December 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67565872.
397 UN OCHA, Before and after: satellite images of Gaza showing damage caused in hostilities (9 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/and-after-satellite-images-gaza-showing-damage-caused-hostilities.
398 Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Destruction of al-Rimal
Neighborhood in Gaza City, an Attack on the Economic Existence of a National Group (19 October 2023),
https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/21943.html; “How Israeli Airstrikes Destroyed a Busy Neighbourhood in Gaza”, The
Financial Times (24 October 2023), https://ig.ft.com/gaza-damage/.
399 Dominic Bailey, Erwan Rivault, Daniele Palumbo, “Nearly 100,000 Gaza buildings may be damaged, satellite images
show”, BBC News (1 December 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67565872.
55
system in Gaza. Israel has targeted the Palace of Justice,400 — the main Palestinian court building in
Gaza — housing the Palestinian Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, the Court of Appeal, the
Court of First Instance, the Administrative Court and the Magistrates’ Court, as well as an archive of
court records and other historical files. Israel has also significantly damaged the Palestinian Legislative
Council complex.401 It has targeted Gaza City’s Central Archive building, containing thousands of
historical documents and national records dating back over 100 years, and forming an essential
archive of Palestinian history, as well as more modern records for Gaza City’s urban
development.402
90. Israel has left Gaza City’s main public library in ruins.403 It has also damaged or destroyed
countless bookshops, publishing houses, libraries,404 and hundreds of educational facilities.405 Israel has
targeted every one of Gaza’s four universities — including the Islamic University of Gaza, the oldest
higher education institution in the territory, which has trained generations of doctors and engineers,
amongst others,406 — destroying campuses for the education of future generations of Palestinians in
Gaza. Alongside so many others, Israel has killed leading Palestinian academics, including: Professor
Sufian Tayeh, the President of the Islamic University — an award-winning physicist and UNESCO
Chair of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences in Palestine — who died, alongside his family,
in an airstrike; Dr Ahmed Hamdi Abo Absa, Dean of the Software Engineering Department at the
University of Palestine, reportedly shot dead by Israeli soldiers as he walked away, having been released
from three days of enforced disappearance; and Professor Muhammad Eid Shabir, Professor of
Immunology and Virology, and former President of the Islamic University of Gaza, and Professor
Refaat Alareer, poet and Professor of Comparative Literature and Creative Writing at the Islamic
University of Gaza, were both killed by Israel with members of their families. Professor Alareer was a
co-founder of ‘We are Not Numbers’, a Palestinian youth project seeking to tell the stories behind
otherwise impersonal accounts of Palestinians — and Palestinian deaths — in the news.407
91. Israel has damaged and destroyed numerous centres of Palestinian learning and culture,
including: the Al Zafar Dmari Mosque and Center for Manuscripts and Ancient Documents;408 the
Orthodox Cultural Centre; the Al Qarara Cultural Museum; the Gaza Centre for Culture and Arts; the
Arab Social Cultural Centre; the Hakawi Society for Culture and Arts; and the Rafah Museum — Gaza's
newly opened museum of Palestinian heritage, housing hundreds of cultural and archaeological
artefacts. Israel’s attacks have destroyed Gaza’s ancient history: eight sites have been damaged or
400 ,Diakonia International Humanitarian Law Centre, 2023 Hostilities And Escalating Violence In The OPT | Account of
Events (13 December 2023), https://www.diakonia.se/ihl/news/2023-hostilities-in-gaza-and-israel-factual-account-ofevents/.
401 Josh Holder, “Gaza After Nine Weeks of War”, The New York Times (12 December 2023),
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/12/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-satellite-images-israel-invasion.html.
402 International Council on Archives, Statement of the International Council on Archives on the Destruction of the Central
Archives of the Municipality of Gaza (13 December 2023), https://www.ica.org/en/statement-of-the-international-council-onarchives-
on-the-destruction-of-the-central-archives-of-the.
403 Mohamad El Chamaa, “Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces” The Washington
Post (1 December 2023), https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/.
404 Laila Hussein Moustafa, “Opinion: When libraries like Gaza’s are destroyed, what’s lost is far more than books”, Los
Angeles Times (12 December 2023), https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing.
405 UNICEF, UNICEF in the State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10 (14 December 2023),
https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-SitRep-14-December-2023.pdf.
406 Brendan O’Malley, Wagdy Sawahel, “Israel bombs Gaza university, alleging use by military”, University World News
(12 October 2023), https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20231012162739531.
407 We Are Not Numbers, Tributes to Refaat Alareer, killed Dec. 9, 2023 (18 December 2023),
https://wearenotnumbers.org/tributes-to-refaat-alareer-killed-dec-9-2023/.
408 ANSCH, Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip – Palestine (7
November 2023) https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-
2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf.
56
destroyed, including the ancient port of Gaza (known as ‘Anthedon Harbour’ or ‘Al Balakhiya’) — the
archaeological site of a 2,000-year-old Roman cemetery listed on both the Islamic Heritage List and the
tentative UNESCO World Heritage List.409 Israel has also destroyed Gaza City’s ‘Old City’, including
its 146-year-old historic houses, mosques, churches, markets and schools. It has also destroyed Gaza’s
more recent history of more hopeful times, including the Rashad al-Shawa Cultural Center — site of a
historic meeting between United States President Bill Clinton and Palestinian President Yasser Arafat
25 years ago — and an important cultural hub for Palestinians in Gaza, with its theatre, library and
event space.410 And Israel is destroying Gaza’s future academic and cultural potential: alongside the
352 Palestinian schools it has damaged or destroyed,411 the 4,037 students and 209 teachers and
educational staff it has killed, alongside the other 7,259 students and 619 teachers it has injured.412
92. Israel has damaged or destroyed an estimated 318 Muslim and Christian religious sites,
demolishing the places where Palestinians have worshipped for generations.413 These include the Great
Omari Mosque, originally a fifth century Byzantine church, an iconic landmark of Gaza’s history,
architecture and cultural heritage, and a place of worship by Christians and Muslims for over 1,000
years.414 Israeli shelling has also damaged the Church of Saint Porphyrius, founded in 425 AD and
believed to be the third oldest church in the world — alongside two other churches that have
sustained direct Israeli fire.415 Gaza’s Christians themselves have been targeted and killed by Israel
in the very church compounds where they sought shelter.416
93. Along with its destruction of the physical monuments to the history and heritage of the
Palestinians in Gaza, Israel has sought to destroy the very Palestinian people who form and create that
heritage: Gaza’s celebrated journalists, its teachers, intellectuals and public figures, its doctors and
nurses, its film-makers, writers and singers, the directors and deans of its universities, the heads of its
hospitals, its eminent scientists, linguists, playwrights, novelists, artists and musicians. Israel has killed
and is killing Palestinian story-tellers and poets, Palestinian farmers and fishermen, alongside Gaza’s
local legends: pastry chef Masoud Muhammad al-Qatati, killed in an Israeli airstrike on his house on 3
November 2023, whose shop’s motto ‘let the poor eat’ — and reputation for giving away the popular
Palestinian treat ‘knafeh’ to indigent customers — earned him the nickname ‘Father of the Poor’; 84-
year-old Elham Farah, from one of Palestine’s oldest Christian families — a reputed accordionist and
music teacher, known as ‘Mother Orange’ to generations of Palestinian music students for her shock of
red hair,417 — shot dead by an Israeli sniper outside the Holy Family Church in Gaza City when she
409 UNESCO, Anthedon Harbour (2 April 2012), https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5719/.
410 “Erasing History: The Destruction of Gaza's Cultural Heritage by Israel's War Machine”, LBC International (8 December
2023), https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/news-bulletin-reports/740070/erasing-history-the-destruction-of-gazas-culturalheritage-
by-israels/en.
411 UNICEF, UNICEF in the State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10 (14 December 2023),
https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-SitRep-14-December-2023.pdf.
412 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78 (27 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
413 Palestine Red Crescent Society, Response Report as of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until Sunday, December
24th 2023, 24:00 AM (24 December 2023), https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescentsociety-
response-report-saturday-october-7th-2023-600-pm-until-sunday-december-24th-2023-2400-am-enar.
414 “Images show major damage to Gaza’s oldest mosque”, BBC News (8 December 2023),
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67664853.
415 “Photos show Gaza's Church of Saint Porphyrius, one of the oldest churches in the world, after the complex was damaged
by Israeli airstrikes”, Business Insider (24 October 2023), https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gaza-war-churchairstrikes-
damage-2023-10.
416 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72 (18 December 2023),
https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
417 “84-year-old Elham Farah: Accordionist, aunt and Gaza's first ever music teacher killed by Israeli sniper”, The New Arab
(7 December 2023), https://www.newarab.com/features/gazas-first-music-teacher-elham-farah-killed-sniper.
57
returned home for warm clothes, and was left to bleed to death;418 and Al-Shaima Saidam, the student
with the highest final high school exam grades in the whole of Palestine, killed with multiple members
of her family in a strike on Al Nuseirat refugee camp.419 Just as Israel is destroying the official memory
and records of Palestinians in Gaza through its destruction of Gaza’s archives and landmarks, it is
obliterating Palestinian personal lives and private memories, histories and futures, through bombing
and bulldozing graveyards,420 destroying family records and photographs, wiping out entire multigenerational
families,421 and killing, maiming and traumatising a generation of children.422 As a
Palestinian man, in a video by UNRWA, succinctly sums up: “These are all our memories, our entire
lives . . . Now it’s all gone; everything has turned into ashes.”423
94. The Israeli army — erecting the Israeli flag over the wreckage of devastated Palestinian
homes, towns and cities, including in Gaza City’s Palestine Square itself,424 and spurred on by calls
from within the Israeli government and without to ‘flatten Gaza’ and re-establish Israeli settlements
on the rubble of Palestinian homes,425 — is destroying the very fabric and basis of Palestinian life in
Gaza. Israel is thereby deliberately inflicting on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life
calculated to bring about its destruction.
8. Imposing measures intended to prevent Palestinian births
95. As set out above, Israel’s actions are impacting Palestinian women and children in Gaza
especially severely, with 70 per cent of those killed estimated to be women and children. Two mothers
are estimated to be killed every hour in Gaza. Over 7,729 children were estimated to have been killed
by 11 December 2023 alone,426 and at least 4,700 other women and children are reported missing,
418 Nadda Osman, “Israel-Palestine war: The elderly Christian music teacher killed by Israeli soldiers in Gaza”, Middle East
Eye (14 November 2023), https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-christian-music-teacher-killed-gaza.
419 Nader Durgham, “Israel-Palestine war: Palestine's top student killed by Israeli air strikes”, Middle East Eye (17 October
2023), https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-top-high-school-student-killed.
420 “Damage to Gaza War Cemetery shows challenge of caring for monuments in conflict zones”, Canadian Press (10
November 2023), https://www.cp24.com/news/damage-to-gaza-war-cemetery-shows-challenge-of-caring-for-monuments-inconflict-
zones-1.6639255; Christoph Koettl, Christian Triebert, “Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan
Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces”, The New York Times (14 December 2023),
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html.
421 Mahmoud Mushtaha, “A Second Nakba: Israeli attacks are erasing entire families from Gaza's civil registry”, The New
Arab (31 October 2023), https://www.newarab.com/features/gaza-entire-families-being-wiped-out-civil-registry.
422 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #74 (20 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74; UNICEF, Emergency Response Children
Trapped In Gaza Conflict Face Generational Trauma (1 November 2023), https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/childrentrapped-
gaza-conflict-face-generational-trauma.
423 Quoted in UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #70 (15 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70.
424 “Israeli flag raised in symbolic Palestine Square in Gaza City, video shows”, CNN (8 December 2023),
https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-12-08-
23/h_7516b0f4b4970e9a01bffb26f1bb4739.
425 “Far-right minister calls for Israel to ‘fully occupy’ Gaza, reestablish settlements”, The Times of Israel (15 December
2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-minister-calls-for-israel-to-fully-occupy-gaza-reestablish-settlements/.
426 UNICEF, Joint Statement by UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, WFP and WHO on Humanitarian Supplies Crossing into Gaza
(4 November 2023), https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/joint-statement-by-unicef-undp-unfpa-wfp-and-who-onhumanitarian-
supplies-crossing-into-gaza/; UN Women, Facts and figures: Women and girls during the war in Gaza (22
December 2023), https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2023/10/facts-and-figures-women-and-girlsduring-
the-war-in-gaza.
58
believed to be buried under the rubble.427 There are multiple eye-witness accounts of pregnant women
being killed by Israeli soldiers, including while trying to access healthcare.428
96. Pregnant women and children –– including newborn babies –– are also particularly impacted
by displacement, lack of access to food and water, shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation, and lack of
access to health services. These effects are severe and significant. An estimated 5,500 of approximately
52,000 pregnant Palestinian women in Gaza giving birth each month are doing so in unsafe conditions,
often with no clean water, much less medical assistance, “in shelters, in their homes, in the streets amid
rubble, or in overwhelmed healthcare facilities, where sanitation is worsening, and the risk of infection
and medical complications is on the rise”.429 Where they are able to get to a functioning hospital,
pregnant women are having to undergo caesarean sections without anaesthetic.430
97. Given the lack of access to critical medical supplies, including blood– doctors are being
compelled to perform ordinarily unnecessary hysterectomies on young women in an attempt to save
their lives, leaving them unable to have more children.431 Indeed, the Minister of Health for the State of
Palestine, Dr May al-Kaileh, confirms that the only option facing Palestinian women in Gaza who ‘bleed
out’ after giving birth is to undergo a hysterectomy in order for their lives to be saved.432 The lack of
available drugs, such as the anti-D injection –– given to Rhesus negative women on the birth of a Rhesus
positive baby –– also seriously impacts the possibility of future healthy pregnancies for affected women.
98. Premature births have reportedly increased by between 25-30 per cent, as stressed and
traumatised pregnant women face a myriad of challenges, including being compelled to walk long
distances in search of safety, attempting to escape from bombs and being crowded into shelters in often
squalid conditions. Particularly in northern Gaza, cases of placenta abruption –– a serious condition that
occurs to pregnant women during childbirth which is potentially life-threatening to both mother and
baby –– have more than doubled.433
99. An ever-increasing number of Palestinian babies in Gaza are reportedly dying from entirely
preventable causes, brought about by Israel’s actions: newborns up to three months old are dying of
diarrhoea, hypothermia, and other preventable causes. Without essential equipment and medical
support, premature and underweight babies have little to no chance of survival.434 Palestinian newborn
427 Red Crescent Society, Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report As of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until
Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM (24 December 2023), p.1,
https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en%20220%202023.pdf..
مشاھد الحصار والدمار في تل الزعتر بمخیم جبالیا" 428 ”, Al Jazeera (23 December 2023),
https://www.aljazeera.net/videos/2023/12/ مشاھد-الحصار-والدمار-في-تل-الزعتر/ 23 ; “Israeli forces 'kill pregnant women in Gaza,
run over bodies with bulldozers': report” The New Arab (23 December 2023), https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-armyshot-
pregnant-women-ran-over-bodies-report.
429 WHO, Women and newborns bearing the brunt of the conflict in Gaza, UN agencies warn (3 November 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflict-in-gaza-un-agencieswarn.
430 UN News, Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth ‘in race against death’ (7 November 2023),
https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
431 Juzoor for Health and Social Development, The ravages of war: impact on mothers & newborns in Gaza (11 November
2023), https://www.juzoor.org/cached_uploads/download/2023/11/11/maternal-health-report-final-1699726911.pdf.;
“,” الف امرأ حامل في غزة یواجھن مصیرا مجھولا 50 Al Jazeera Arabic (30 October 2023),
https://www.aljazeera.net/women/2023/10/ . تروى-لأول-مرة -تفاصيل-مرعبة-عن-واقع- 50 -ألف/ 30
432 Interview with Dr Mai Al-Kaileh (Palestinian Minister of Health) on Al Arabiya, 27 December 2023,
https://www.instagram.com/reel/C1W2QFCvmM8/?igsh=Ynk1NjRzdndnaHM5.
433 Oxfam, Babies dying from preventable causes in besieged Gaza – Oxfam (24 November 2023),
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/babies-dying-preventable-causes-besieged-gaza-oxfam.
434 Ibid.
59
babies have died due to the lack of fuel to supply hospital generators;435 others have been found
decomposing in their hospital cots, medical staff taking care of them having been forced by Israel to
evacuate.436
100. On 3 November 2023, the World Health Organisation warned that “[m]aternal deaths are
expected to increase given the lack of access to adequate care”, with deadly consequences on
reproductive health, including a rise in stress-induced miscarriages, stillbirths and premature births.437
The impact will necessarily be long lasting and severe for Palestinians in Gaza as a group. By 22
November 2023 the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes
and consequences, has expressly warned that:
“[T]he reproductive violence inflicted by Israel on Palestinian women, newborn babies, infants,
and children could be qualified as… acts of genocide under Article 2 of the Convention on the
Prevention of Genocide … including “imposing measures intended to prevent births within a
group”. She stressed that “States must prevent and punish such acts in accordance with their
responsibilities under the Genocide Convention.” 438
D. Expressions of Genocidal Intent against the Palestinian People by Israeli State Officials
and Others
101. Evidence of Israeli State officials’ specific intent (‘dolus specialis’) to commit and persist in
committing genocidal acts or to fail to prevent them has been significant and overt since October 2023.
Those statements of intent — when combined with the level of killing, maiming, displacement and
destruction on the ground, together with the siege — evidence an unfolding and continuing genocide.
They include statements by the following individuals in the positions of the highest responsibility:
— Prime Minister of Israel: On 7 October 2023, in a televised address by the Government
Press Office, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu promised to “operate forcefully
everywhere”.439 On 13 October 2023, he confirmed that “[w]e are striking our enemies with
unprecedented might . . .”.440 On 15 October 2023, when Israeli airstrikes had already killed
over 2,670 Palestinians, including 724 children,441 the Prime Minister stated that Israeli soldiers
“understand the scope of the mission” and stand ready “to defeat the bloodthirsty monsters who
435 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #44 (19 November 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44; UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip
and Israel | Flash Update #48 (23 November 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-
48.
436 “Abandoned babies found decomposing in Gaza hospital weeks after it was evacuated”, NBC News (2 December 2023),
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/abandoned-babies-found-decomposing-gaza-hospital-evacuated-rcna127533.
437 WHO, Women and newborns bearing the brunt of the conflict in Gaza, UN agencies warn (3 November 2023),
https://www.who.int/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflict-in-gaza-un-agencieswarn.
438 UN Press Release, Women bearing the brunt of Israel-Gaza conflict: UN expert (20 November 2023),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/women-bearing-brunt-israel-gaza-conflict-un-expert (emphasis added).
439 Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (10:31 pm, October 7, 2023),
https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1710769906373775373.
440 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, (13 October 2023), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4HXaZ20M6Q.
Translation in “‘Only the beginning’ says Netanyahu as Israel makes first raids into Gaza”, Reuters (13 October 2023),
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/now-is-time-war-says-israels-military-chief-2023-10-12/.
441 UNICEF, Immediate Needs Document in the State of Palestine (October – December 2023) (17 October 2023),
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/immediate-needs-document-state-palestine-october-december-
2023. (Total as of 17:45, 15 October 2023; children as of 12:00, 14 October 2023).
60
have risen against [Israel] to destroy us”.442 On 16 October 2023, in a formal address to the
Israeli Knesset, he described situation as “a struggle between the children of light and the
children of darkness, between humanity and the law of the jungle”,443 a dehumanising theme to
which he returned on various occasions, including: on 3 November 2023, in a letter to Israeli
soldiers and officers also published on the platform ‘X’ (formerly Twitter); the letter asserted
that: “[t]his is the war between the sons of light and the sons of darkness. We will not let up on
our mission until the light overcomes the darkness — the good will defeat the extreme evil that
threatens us and the entire world.”444 The Israeli Prime Minister also returned to the theme in
his ‘Christmas message’, stating: “we’re facing monsters, monsters who murdered children in
front of their parents . . . This is a battle not only of Israel against these barbarians, it’s a battle
of civilization against barbarism”.445 On 28 October 2023, as Israeli forces prepared their land
invasion of Gaza, the Prime Minister invoked the Biblical story of the total destruction of
Amalek by the Israelites, stating: “you must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our
Holy Bible. And we do remember”.446 The Prime Minister referred again to Amalek in the letter
sent on 3 November 2023 to Israeli soldiers and officers.447 The relevant biblical passage reads
as follows: “Now go, attack Amalek, and proscribe all that belongs to him. Spare no one, but
kill alike men and women, infants and sucklings, oxen and sheep, camels and asses”.448
— President of Israel: On 12 October 2023, President Isaac Herzog made clear that Israel
was not distinguishing between militants and civilians in Gaza, stating in a press conference to
foreign media — in relation Palestinians in Gaza, over one million of whom are children: “It’s
an entire nation out there that is responsible. It’s not true this rhetoric about civilians not aware
not involved. It’s absolutely not true. … and we will fight until we break their backbone.”449
On 15 October 2023, echoing the words of Prime Minister Netanyahu, the President told foreign
media that “we will uproot evil so that there will be good for the entire region and the world.”450
The Israeli President is one of many Israelis to have handwritten ‘messages’ on bombs to be
dropped on Gaza.451
— Israeli Minister of Defence: On 9 October 2023, Defence Minister Yoav Gallant in an
Israeli Army ‘situation update’ advised that Israel was “imposing a complete siege on Gaza. No
electricity, no food, no water, no fuel. Everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and
442 Israel Prime Minister’s Office, PM Netanyahu asks Ministers to Rise for a Moment of Silence (15 October 2023),
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-start151023 (emphasis added).
443 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release: Excerpt from PM Netanyahu's remarks at the opening of the Winter
Assembly of the 25th Knesset's Second Session, 16 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/excerpt-from-pmnetanyahu-
s-remarks-at-the-opening-of-the-knesset-s-winter-assembly-16-oct-2023.
444 Prime Minister’s Office in Hebrew, @IsraeliPM_heb (11:44 am, November 3, 2023),
https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1720406469055500583.
445 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Christmas message from PM Netanyahu, 24 December 2023,
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/christmas-message-from-pm-netanyahu-24-dec-2023.
446 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 28 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIPkoDk6isc. Translation
in, “Israel-Hamas war: 'We will fight and we will win', says Benjamin Netanyahu”, Sky News (28 October 2023),
https://news.sky.com/video/israel-hamas-war-we-will-fight-and-we-will-win-says-benjamin-netanyahu-12995212.
447 Prime Minister’s Office in Hebrew, @IsraeliPM_heb, Tweet (11:43 am November 3, 2023),
https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1720406463972004198.
448 Sefaria, I Samuel 15:1-34, JPS, 1985, https://www.sefaria.org/I_Samuel.15.1-34?lang=bi.
449 Rageh Omaar, “Israeli president Isaac Herzog says Gazans could have risen up to fight ‘evil' Hamas’”, ITV News (13
October 2023), https://www.itv.com/news/2023-10-13/israeli-president-says-gazans-could-have-risen-up-to-fight-hamas.
450 President of the State of Israel, @Isaac_Herzog, Tweet (10 pm, October 15, 2023),
https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/1713661051986678189.
451 President of the State of Israel, @Isaac_Herzog, Tweet (5:16 pm, December 25, 2023),
https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/173933430267074594.
61
we are acting accordingly.”452 He also informed troops on the Gaza border that he had “released
all the restraints”,453 stating in terms that: “Gaza won’t return to what it was before. We will
eliminate everything. If it doesn’t take one day, it will take a week. It will take weeks or even
months, we will reach all places.”454 He further announced that Israel was moving to “a fullscale
response” and that he had “removed every restriction” on Israeli forces.455
— Israeli Minister for National Security: On 10 November 2023, Itamar Ben-Gvir
clarified the government’s position in a televised address, stating: “[t]o be clear, when we say
that Hamas should be destroyed, it also means those who celebrate, those who support, and
those who hand out candy — they’re all terrorists, and they should also be destroyed.”456
— Israeli Minister of Energy and Infrastructure: ‘Tweeting’ on 13 October 2023, Israel
Katz stated: “All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win.
They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world.”457 On 12
October 2023, he ‘tweeted’: “Humanitarian aid to Gaza? No electrical switch will be turned on,
no water hydrant will be opened and no fuel truck will enter until the Israeli abductees are
returned home. Humanitarianism for humanitarianism. And no one will preach us morality.”458
— Israeli Minister of Finance: On 8 October 2023, Bezalel Smotrich stated at a meeting
of the Israeli Cabinet that “[w]e need to deal a blow that hasn’t been seen in 50 years and take
down Gaza.”459
— Israeli Minister of Heritage: On 1 November 2023, Amichai Eliyahu posted on
Facebook: “The north of the Gaza Strip, more beautiful than ever. Everything is blown up and
flattened, simply a pleasure for the eyes … We must talk about the day after. In my mind, we
will hand over lots to all those who fought for Gaza over the years and to those evicted from
Gush Katif” [a former Israeli settlement].460 He later argued against humanitarian aid as “[w]e
452 Statement by Yoav Gallant, 9 October 2023, 9 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS9VY-t0.
Translation in Emanuel Fabian, “Defense minister announces ‘complete siege’ of Gaza: No power, food or fuel”, The Times
of Israel (9 October 2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-ofgaza-
no-power-food-or-fuel/.
453 Filmography: Ariel Harmoni, Ministry of Defense, Kipa News, 10 October 2023,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9wx7e4u-xM. Translation in Emanuel Fabian, “Gallant: Israel moving to full offense,
Gaza will never return to what it was”, The Times of Israel (10 October 2023),
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/gallant-israel-moving-to-full-offense-gaza-will-never-return-to-what-it-was/.
454 Filmography: Ariel Harmoni, Ministry of Defense, Kipa News, 10 October 2023,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9wx7e4u-xM. Translation in “Israeli Defense Minister Warns Hamas ‘Will Regret’
Deadly Attacks”, Bloomberg (10 October 2023), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtjHcnNB0E8.
455 Bill Hutchinson, “Bombarded by Israeli airstrikes, conditions in Gaza grow more dire as power goes out”, ABC News (12
October 2023), https://abcnews.go.com/International/bombarded-israeli-airstrikes-conditions-gaza-grow-direpower/
story?id=103899193#:~:text=The%20airstrikes%20were%20launched%20by,have%20been%20hit%20in%20Gaza.
456 Interview with Itamar Ben-Gvir on Channel 12, 11 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yRl-cc-D3w
[10:30 onwards]. Translated by Quds News Network, @QudsNen, Tweet (7:28 pm, November 12, 2023),
https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1723784790682358189.
457 Israel Katz, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Member of the Political-Security Cabinet, Member of Knesset,
@Israel_katz, Tweet (6:01 pm, October 13, 2023) https://twitter.com/Israel_katz/status/1712876230762967222.
458 Israel Katz, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Member of the Political-Security Cabinet, Member of Knesset,
@Israel_katz, Tweet (7:34 am, October 12, 2023) https://twitter.com/Israel_katz/status/1712356130377113904. Translation
in “First Thing: no power, water or fuel for Gaza until hostages are freed, Israel says”, The Guardian (12 October 2023),
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/12/first-thing-no-power-water-fuel-gaza-until-hostages-freed-israel-says.
459 “By abducting over 100 people into Gaza, Hamas has put Netanyahu in a political bind”, The Times of Israel (8 October
2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/by-abducting-over-100-people-into-gaza-hamas-has-put-netanyahu-in-a-politicalbind/.
460 Amichai Eliyahu, Facebook Post (1 November 2023), https://www.facebook.com/eliyau.a/videos/148918588283326/.
62
wouldn’t hand the Nazis humanitarian aid”, and “there is no such thing as uninvolved civilians
in Gaza”.461 He also posited a nuclear attack on the Gaza Strip.462
— Israeli Minister of Agriculture: On 11 November 2023, Avi Dichter in a television
interview recalled the Nakba of 1948, in which over 80 percent of the Palestinian population of
the new Israeli State was forced from or fled their homes, stating that “[w]e are now actually
rolling out the Gaza Nakba”.463
— Deputy Speaker of the Knesset and Member of the Foreign Affairs and Security
Committee: On 7 October 2023, Nissim Vaturi ‘tweeted’ that: “[n]ow we all have one common
goal — erasing the Gaza Strip from the face of the earth. Those who are unable will be
replaced.”464
102. Similar statements have been made by Israeli army officials, advisers and spokespersons, and
others engaging with Israeli troops being deployed in Gaza:
— Israeli Army Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (‘COGAT’):
On 9 October 2023, in a video statement addressed to Hamas and Gaza residents, published by
COGAT’s official channel, Major General Ghassan Alian warned: “Hamas became ISIS and
the citizens of Gaza are celebrating instead of being horrified. Human animals are dealt with
accordingly. Israel has imposed a total blockade on Gaza, no electricity, no water, just damage.
You wanted hell, you will get hell.”465
— Israeli Army Reservist Major General, former Head of the Israeli National Security
Council, and adviser to the Defence Minister:466 On 7 October 2023, Giora Eiland, describing
the Israeli order to cut off water and electricity to Gaza, wrote in an online journal: “This is
what Israel has begun to do — we cut the supply of energy, water and diesel to the Strip . . .
But it’s not enough. In order to make the siege effective, we have to prevent others from giving
assistance to Gaza . . . The people should be told that they have two choices; to stay and to
starve, or to leave. If Egypt and other countries prefer that these people will perish in Gaza, this
461 Gili Cohen, Dov Gil-Har, Itay Blumenthal, Sulieman Masvidan, “Minister Amichai Eliyahu: Atomic bomb on Gaza?
This is one of the possibilities”, Kan (5 November 2023), https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/politic/596470/.
Translation in “Far-right minister: Nuking Gaza is an option, population should ‘go to Ireland or deserts’”, The Times of
Israel (5 November 2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/far-right-minister-nuking-gaza-is-an-optionpopulation-
should-go-to-ireland-or-deserts/.
462 Ibid. The radio comment was criticised by the Prime Minister. Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (8:05 am,
November 5, 2023), https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1721076229518823826. The Prime Minister’s Office announced
that the MK had been suspended from government meetings until further notice, although he reportedly voted in a meeting
later that day. “Netanyahu ‘suspended’ the minister who did not fire an atom bomb on Gaza - even though there is no such
option in the government regulations”, Yedioth Ahronoth (5 November 2023), https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/
rjdl5ebm6).
463 Interview with Avi Dichter on Channel 12. Hanno Hauenstein, @hahauenstein, Tweet (8:42 pm, November 11, 2023),
https://twitter.com/hahauenstein/status/1723441134221869453.
464 Nissim Vaturi, Deputy Speaker of the Knesset. Member of the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee, @nissimv,
Tweet (5:33 pm, October 7, 2023) https://twitter.com/nissimv/status/1710694866009596169. Translation in “Public
Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza”, Opinio Juris (18 October 2023),
https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/18/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/.
465 Video address by Ghassan Alian, 10 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/5a0EWv-o7mE.
466 “Former security officials and strategic advisor: the ‘cabinet’ established by Gallant for himself”, Yedioth Ahronoth (26
October 2023), https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1zlcnoga.
63
is their choice.”467 On the same day, he asserted in a national newspaper that “[w]hen you are
at war with another country you don't feed them, you don't provide them electricity or gas or
water or anything else . . . A country can be attacked in a much broader way, to bring the
country to the brink of dysfunction. This is the necessary outcome of events” in Gaza.468 He has
repeatedly asserted the benefits for Israel of the creation of a humanitarian crisis in Gaza, stating
that “Israel has no interest in the Gaza Strip being rehabilitated and this is an important point
that needs to be made clear to the Americans”,469 and that “[i]f we ever want to see the hostages
alive, the only way is to create a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza”.470 He has indicated that
water should be targeted, noting that water in Gaza “comes from wells with salt water unfit for
consumption. They have water treatment plants, Israel should hit those plants. When the entire
world says we have gone insane and this is a humanitarian disaster — we will say, it’s not an
end, it’s a means.”471 In a Times radio interview on 12 October 2023, he reiterated the army
should:
“[C]reate such a huge pressure on Gaza, that Gaza will become an area where people
cannot live. People cannot live, until Hamas is destroyed, which means that Israel not
only stops to supply energy, diesel, water, food … as we did in the last twenty years …
but we should prevent any possible assistance by others, and to create in Gaza such a
terrible, unbearable situation, that can last weeks and months”.472
Giora Eiland has repeatedly been given a media platform to call for Gaza to be made
uninhabitable, declaring “the State of Israel has no choice but to make Gaza a place that is
temporarily, or permanently, impossible to live in.”473 In an interview on 6 November 2023, he
suggested that, “if there is an intention for a military action at Shifa [Hospital], which I think is
inescapable, I hope that the head of the CIA got an explanation of why this is necessary, and
why the US must ultimately back even an operation like this, even if there are thousands of
bodies of civilians in the streets afterward.”474 Further he proposed that “Israel needs to create
a humanitarian crisis in Gaza, compelling tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands to
seek refuge in Egypt or the Gulf . . . Gaza will become a place where no human being can
exist.”475 Echoing the words of President Herzog, he has repeatedly underscored that there
should be no distinction between Hamas combatants and Palestinian civilians, saying:
467 Giora Eiland, “A new turning point in the history of the State of Israel. Most people don’t understand that”, Fathom (7
October 2023), https://fathomjournal.org/opinion-a-new-turning-point-in-the-history-of-the-state-of-israel-most-people-dontunderstand-
that/ (emphasis added).
468 Giora Eiland, “The state of Gaza has started a war against Israel - and it should be fought accordingly”, Mako (7 October
2023), https://www.mako.co.il/news-columns/2023_q4/Article-fcf787ad0ba0b81027.htm (emphasis added).
469 Interview with Giora Eiland on Kann News, 17 November 2023. Kann News, @kann_news, Tweet (6:42 pm, November
17 2023), https://twitter.com/kann_news/status/1725585143333622129 (emphasis added).
470 Ariel Whitman, “Giora Eiland outlines plan to get hostages back alive”, Globes (8 October 2023),
https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-giora-eiland-outlines-plan-to-get-hostages-back-alive-1001459631 (emphasis added).
471 “How should one respond to the massacre of hundreds?”, Yedioth Ahronoth (print) (9 October 2023),
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l5Ow2T0Na20BcoL2yautiobij8ldNsVK/view.
472 How Israel plan to ‘destroy Hamas’ | Major General Giora Eiland, 12 October 2023,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRHz0dZwF2A.
473 Giora Eiland, “This is not revenge. It's either us or them”, Yedioth Ahronoth (10 October 2023),
https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra13625377 (emphasis added).
474 “Ex-top general: IDF op against Hamas at Shifa Hospital inescapable; US must back it”, The Times of Israel (6
November 2023), https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-top-general-idf-op-against-hamas-at-shifa-hospitalinescapable-
us-must-back-it/ (emphasis added).
475 Giora Eiland, “It's time to rip off the Hamas band-aid”, Yedioth Ahronoth (12 October 2023),
https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sju3uabba (emphasis added).
64
“Who are the ‘poor’ women of Gaza? They are all the mothers, sisters or wives of Hamas
murderers. On the one hand, they are part of the infrastructure that supports the
organization, and on the other hand, if they experience a humanitarian disaster, then it
can be assumed that some of the Hamas fighters and the more junior commanders will
begin to understand that the war is futile . . . The international community warns us of a
humanitarian disaster in Gaza and of severe epidemics. We must not shy away from this,
as difficult as that may be. After all, severe epidemics in the south of the Gaza Strip will
bring victory closer . . . It is precisely its civil collapse that will bring the end of the war
closer. When senior Israeli figures say in the media ‘It's either us or them’ we should
clarify the question of who is ‘them’. ‘They’ are not only Hamas fighters with weapons,
but also all the ‘civilian’ officials, including hospital administrators and school
administrators, and also the entire Gaza population who enthusiastically supported
Hamas and cheered on its atrocities on October 7th.”476
— Israeli Army reservist “motivational speech”: On 11 October 2023, 95-year old Israeli
army reservist Ezra Yachin — a veteran of the Deir Yassin massacre during the 1948 Nakba —
reportedly called up for reserve duty to “boost morale” amongst Israeli troops ahead of the
ground invasion, was broadcast on social media inciting other soldiers to genocide as follows,
while being driven around in an Israeli army vehicle, dressed in Israeli army fatigues:
“Be triumphant and finish them off and don’t leave anyone behind. Erase the memory of
them. Erase them, their families, mothers and children. These animals can no longer live
. . . Every Jew with a weapon should go out and kill them. If you have an Arab neighbour,
don't wait, go to his home and shoot him . . . We want to invade, not like before, we want
to enter and destroy what’s in front of us, and destroy houses, then destroy the one after
it. With all of our forces, complete destruction, enter and destroy. As you can see, we
will witness things we’ve never dreamed of. Let them drop bombs on them and erase
them.”477
— Head of the Israeli army’s Air Operations Group: On 28 October 2023, Lieutenant
colonel Gilad Kinan described the Air Force as “work[ing] together with all the bodies in the
IDF when the goal is clear — to destroy everything that has been touched by the hand of
Hamas”.478
— Commander in the 2908th Battalion of the Israeli army: In a video posted online on
21 December 2023, Yair Ben David said that the Israeli army had “entered Beit Hanoun and
did there as Shimon and Levi did in Nablus,” and that “[t]he entire Gaza should resemble Beit
Hanoun”, referring to the city in northern Gaza which has been entirely devastated by the Israeli
army..479 The biblical passage in issue reads: “On the third day, when they were in pain, Simeon
476 Giora Eiland, “Let’s not be intimidated by the world”, Yedioth Ahronoth (print) (19 November 2023), in Bezalel
Smotrich, Minister of Finance, Chairman of the Religious Zionist Party, @bezalelsm, Tweet (11:20 am, November 19,
2023), https://twitter.com/bezalelsm/status/1726198721946480911. Translation by Talula Sha, Tweet (19 November 2023),
https://twitter.com/TalulaSha/status/1726267178201362438 (emphasis added).
477 Bazz News, @1717Bazz, Tweet (7:39 pm, October 11, 2023),
https://twitter.com/1717Bazz/status/1712176168823107986. Translation by Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye, Tweet (8:48
pm, October 13, 2023), https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1712918166437806294 (emphasis added).
478 Israel Defense Forces, @idfonline, Tweet (6:23 am, October 28, 2023),
https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1718136442805686351. Informal translation, emphasis added.
479 Yair Ben David, Commander in the 2908th Battalion, statement, 20 December 2023,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK8ZnGKspeI. Translation in “War on Gaza: Israeli commander vows to flatten 'entire'
Gaza Strip”, Middle East Eye (21 December 2023), https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/war-gaza-israeli-commander-vowsflatten-
entire-gaza-strip.
65
and Levi, two of Jacob’s sons, brothers of Dinah, took each his sword, came upon the city
unmolested, and slew all the males”.480
103. The above statements by Israeli decision-makers and military officials indicate in and of
themselves a clear intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a group “as such”. They also constitute clear
direct and public incitement to genocide, which has gone unchecked and unpunished. The clear
inference from the acts of the Israeli army on the ground — including from the vast number of civilians
killed and injured, and the scale of displacement, destruction and devastation wrought in Gaza — is that
those genocidal statements and directives are being implemented against the Palestinian people. That is
also the clear and necessary inference to be drawn from the emerging evidence from Israeli army
soldiers serving in Gaza, including those stationed on the ground:
— Israeli Army Colonel, Deputy Head of COGAT: speaking in a video filmed in Beit
Lahia — one of the areas of Gaza which appears to have suffered particularly severe levels of
destruction — and broadcast on Israeli television on 4 November 2023, Colonel Yogev Bar-
Sheshet stated: “[w]hoever returns here, if they return here after, will find scorched earth. No
houses, no agriculture, no nothing. They have no future;” another Army Colonel recorded in
the same video, Colonel Erez Eshel (Reserve), also commented that: “Vengeance is a great
value. There is vengeance over what they did to us … This place will be a fallow land. They
will not be able to live here”.481
— Israeli army soldiers: Israeli soldiers in uniform have been filmed on 5 December 2023
dancing, chanting and singing “May their village burn, May Gaza be erased”;482 and, two days
later, on a separate occasion inside Gaza on 7 December 2023, dancing, singing and chanting,
“we know our motto: there are no uninvolved civilians” and “to wipe off the seed of Amalek”.483
104. Notably, the second video of soldiers chanting that there are “no uninvolved citizens” in Gaza
and that they will “wipe off the seed of Amalek” was filmed on 7 December 2023. By that date, 17,177
Palestinians in Gaza had been killed — an estimated 70 per cent of whom were women and children.
7-8 December 2023 was particularly devasting for Palestinians, with 350 people killed in the space of
24 hours — approximately one Palestinian in Gaza killed every four minutes.484
105. This genocidal rhetoric of governmental and military officials is also widespread and
commonplace amongst non-cabinet members of the Israeli Knesset (‘MKs’) who have repeatedly called
480 Genesis 34:25 (NJPS 1985), https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.34.25?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en (emphasis added).
481 Channel 14 segment, 4 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqEj3DzadiM: “Special documentation from
the heart of Gaza: this is how our forces fight deep in enemy territory”, Now 14 (5 November 2023),
https://www.now14.co.il/ ./תיעוד-מיוחד-מלב-עזה-כך-כוחותינו-נלחמים
482 Video of Kobi Peretz with soldiers, 17 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcH2o4c5KZY (emphasis
added).
483 Yinon Magal, @YinonMagal, Tweet (6:44 am, 7 December 2023)
https://twitter.com/YinonMagal/status/1732652279461757102. Translation by Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye, Tweet
(1:30 pm, December 8, 2023) https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1733116719668113618 (emphasis added).
484 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #62 (7 December 2023), https://www.unocha.org/
publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62-enar.
66
for Gaza to be “wiped out”,485 “flatten[ed]”,486 “eras[ed]”,487 and “[c]rush[ed] . . . on all its
inhabitants”.488 Parliamentarians have publicly deplored anyone “feel[ing] sorry” for the “uninvolved”
Gazans, asserting repeatedly that “there are no uninvolved”,489 that “[t]here are no innocents in Gaza”,490
that “the killers of the women and children should not be separated from the citizens of Gaza”,491 that
“the children of Gaza have brought this upon themselves”,492 and that “there should be one sentence for
everyone there — death”.493 Parliamentarians have stated “[w]e must not forget that even the ‘innocent
citizens’ — the cruel and monstrous people from Gaza took an active part . . . there is no place for any
humanitarian gesture — the memory of Amalek must be protested”,494 and that “[w]ithout hunger and
thirst among the Gazan population, we will not be able to recruit collaborators”.495 Parliamentarians
have also called for “mercilessly” bombing “from the air”,496 calling for the use of nuclear
(“doomsday”) weapons,497 and a “Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 48”.498
106. Similar genocidal rhetoric is also commonplace in Israeli civil society, with genocidal messages
being routinely broadcast — without censure or sanction — in Israeli media. The media reports call for
Gaza to be “erase[d],”499 turned into a “slaughterhouse”,500 that “Hamas should not be eliminated” but
rather “Gaza should be razed”,501 on the repeated claim that “[t]here are no innocents… There is no
485 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (5:10 pm, October 29, 2023),
https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1718676748542296207.
486 Interview with Katrin “Keti” Shitrit-Peretz on Now 14, 1 November 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (9:50 pm,
November 1, 2023), https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1719834297832526215; Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet
(10:41 am, October 10, 2023), https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1711678420235534705.
487 Galit Atbaryan, @GalitDistel, Tweet (12:13 pm, November 1, 2023),
https://twitter.com/galitdistel/status/1719689095230730656.
488 Eliyahu Revivo, @revivoeliyahu, Tweet (2:46 pm, November 1, 2023),
https://twitter.com/revivoeliyahu/status/1719727722459508915.
489 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (3:46 pm, December 7, 2023),
https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1732788632430186872.
490 Avigdor Lieberman, @AvigdorLiberman, Tweet (6:45 pm, November 30, 2023),
https://twitter.com/avigdorliberman/status/1730297081959530685 (emphasis added).
491 Interview with Katrin “Keti” Shitrit-Peretz on Now 14, 1 November 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (9:50 pm,
November 1, 2023), https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1719834297832526215 (emphasis added).
492 Meirav Ben-Ari, Knesset Session, 16 October 2023,
https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=3497251110531404 [2:29:57] (emphasis added).
Translation by Jonathan Ofir, “Israeli Politician Says ‘Children of Gaza Have Brought This Upon Themselves’”, Truthout
(18 October 2023), https://truthout.org/articles/israeli-politician-says-children-of-gaza-have-brought-this-upon-themselves/.
493 “MK Yitzhak Kroizer: “The Gaza Strip should be wiped off the map”, Galey Israel (5 November 2023)
https://www.gly.co.il/item?id=30587.
Translation in “Fire Israel’s Far Right”, Haaretz (6 November 2023), https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2023-11-
06/ty-article/.premium/fire-israels-far-right/0000018b-a11c-dc0b-a1cb-e5de69890000.
494 Boaz Bismuth, @BismuthBoaz, Tweet (8:02 am, October 16, 2023)
https://twitter.com/BismuthBoaz/status/1713812686784311358.
495 Statement by Revital Gottlieb in the Knesset, 23 October 2023: Knesset Channel, @KnessetT, Tweet (6:10 pm, October
23, 2023), https://twitter.com/KnessetT/status/1716502486331113922.
496 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (7:39 am, December 13, 2023),
https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1734840416522948800.
497 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (5:59 pm, October 9, 2023)
https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1711426284322996613.
498 Ariel Kallner, @ArielKallner, Tweet (10:29 pm, October 7, 2023),
https://twitter.com/ArielKallner/status/1710769363119141268. Translated in the New Arab: “'Erase Gaza': How genocidal
rhetoric became normalised in Israel”, The New Arab (30 November 2023), https://www.newarab.com/analysis/erase-gazahow-
genocidal-rhetoric-normalised-israel and informal translation.
499 Interview with Eyal Golan on Now 14, 15 October 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (1:24 pm, October 15, 2023),
https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1713531211300167928.
500 David Mizrahy Verthaim, @dverthaim, Tweet (4:52 pm, October 7, 2023),
https://twitter.com/dverthaim/status/1710684531114602891.
501 Moshe Feiglin, @moshefeiglin, Tweet (6:16 am, October 12, 2023),
https://twitter.com/moshefeiglin/status/1712336429982846977.
67
population. There are 2.5 million terrorists”.502 One local official, reportedly called for Gaza to be
“desolate and destroyed” like the Auschwitz Museum, “demonstrating the madness of the people who
lived there”.503 Former MKs have called for a level of destruction akin to that of Dresden and
Hiroshima,504 asserting that it would be “immoral” for the Israeli army not to show themselves to be
“vengeful and cruel”.505 In an Israeli news interview, one former MK called for all Palestinians in Gaza
to be killed saying:
“I tell you, in Gaza without exception, they are all terrorists, sons of dogs. They must be
exterminated, all of them killed. We will flatten Gaza, turn them to dust, and the army will
cleanse the area. Then we will start building new areas, for us, above all, for our security.”506
107. Those statements by prominent members of Israeli society — including former
parliamentarians and news anchors — constitute clear direct and public incitement to genocide, which
has gone unchecked and unpunished by the Israeli authorities. That such sentiment appears to be so
widespread and mainstream in Israeli society is of particular concern, in circumstances where the
soldiers serving in Gaza are largely reservists, drawn from and informed by civil society.
E. Recognition of Israel’s genocidal intent against Palestinians
108. As set out above, numerous States have rightly recognised Israel’s statements in relation to
Gaza as demonstrating genocidal intent. That assessment is shared by a significant number of United
Nations experts who have repeatedly warned since at least mid-October 2023 that the Palestinian people
are at grave risk of genocide by Israel. By way of example:
— On 19 October 2023, nine United Nations Special Rapporteurs sounded “the alarm”,
warning that “[t]here is an ongoing campaign by Israel resulting in crimes against humanity in
Gaza. Considering statements made by Israeli political leaders and their allies, accompanied by
military action in Gaza and escalation of arrests and killing in the West Bank, there is also a
risk of genocide against the Palestine People.” 507
— On 27 October 2023, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination underscored that it was “[h]ighly concerned about the sharp increase in racist
502 Interview with Eliyahu Yossain on Now 14 Israel, 29 October 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (9:32 pm, October
29, 2023), https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1718742747455053922. Translated by Ahmed Eldin, Instagram Post (30
October 2023) https://www.instagram.com/reel/CzB77tJrjtW/.
503 “Israel should make Gaza look like Auschwitz - council head”, Jerusalem Post (17 December 2023),
https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778367.
504 Interview with Moshe Feiglin on Aljazeera, 25 October 2023,
https://www.aljazeeramubasher.net/news/politics/2023/10/ .عضو-كنيست-سابق-يدعو-لتكرار-سيناريو/ 25
505 Galit Distel Atbaryan, @GalitDistel, Tweet (12:13 pm, November 1, 2023),
https://twitter.com/galitdistel/status/1719689095230730656.
506 “Former Israeli Knesset member calls on the complete destruction of Gaza”, Middle East Eye (25 December 2023),
https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/former-israeli-knesset-member-calls-complete-destruction-gaza.
507 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention
of genocide (19 October 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitalsand-
schools-crimes-against-humanity (emphasis added). The statement was made by Pedro Arrojo Agudo, Special
Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation; Francesca Albanese, Special Rapporteur on the
situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967; Reem Alsalem, Special Rapporteur on violence
against women and girls; Paula Gaviria Betancur, Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons;
Michael Fakhri, Special Rapporteur on the right to food; Tlaleng Mofokeng, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Special Rapporteur
on the right to adequate housing; Farida Shaheed, Special Rapporteur on the right to education; Ashwini K.P., Special
Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
68
hate speech and dehumanization directed at Palestinians since 7 October, particularly on the
Internet and in social media, including by senior officials, politicians, members of the
Parliament, and public figures, particularly the statement of 9 October made by the Israeli
Minister of Defense, Yoav Gallant, in which he referred to Palestinians as ‘human animals’,
language which could incite genocidal actions.”508
— On 28 October 2023, the Director of the New York Office of the High Commissioner
of Human Rights (‘OHCHR’) stepped down, after penning a widely reported resignation
statement describing the situation in Gaza as a “text-book case of genocide”.509
— On 2 November 2023, eight Special Rapporteurs warned that they “remain convinced
that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide.” The experts stated that “[t]he time
for action is now”, underscoring that “Israel’s allies also bear responsibility and must act now
to prevent its disastrous course of action”.510
— On 16 November 2023, 15 United Nations Special Rapporteurs and 21 members of
United Nations Working Groups cautioned that “[g]rave violations committed by Israel
against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in
the making”. The statement highlights “evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt
intent to “destroy the Palestinian people under occupation”, loud calls for a ‘second Nakba’ in
Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with
inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of lifesustaining
infrastructure”. The experts expressed “profound … concern … about … the failure
of the international system to mobilise to prevent genocide”, cautioning that “[t]he failure to
urgently implement a ceasefire risks this situation spiralling towards a genocide conducted with
21st century means and methods of warfare”; they called on “[t]he international community,
including not only States but also non-State actors” to “do everything it can to immediately end
the risk of genocide against the Palestinian people”.511
508 CERD, Statement 5 (2023) Israel and the State of Palestine (27 October 2023),
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2
FCERD%2FSWA%2F9904 (emphasis added).
509 Letter from Craig Mokhiber to Volker Türk, High Commissioner for Human Rights (28 October 2023),
https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24103463/craig-mokhiber-resignation-letter.pdf (emphasis added).
510 UN OHCHR, Gaza is ‘running out of time’ UN experts warn, demanding a ceasefire to prevent genocide (2 November
2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-running-out-time-un-experts-warn-demanding-ceasefireprevent-
genocide (emphasis added). The statement was made by the above Special Rapporteurs on safe drinking water; the
Palestinian Territory; violence against women and girls; internally displaced persons; food; physical and mental health; and
racism; as well as Irene Khan, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and
expression.
511 UN OHCHR, Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people (16
November 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-preventgenocide-
against (emphasis added). The statement was made by the above Special Rapporteurs on the Palestinian Territory;
safe drinking water; education; adequate housing; racism; internally displaced persons; freedom of opinion and expression;
violence against women and girls; as well as by Margaret Satterthwaite, Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges
and Lawyers; Surya Deva, Special Rapporteur on the right to development; Olivier De Schutter, Special Rapporteur on
extreme poverty and human rights; Siobhán Mullally, Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and
children; Mary Lawlor, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders; Ben Saul, Special Rapporteur on the
promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; and Tomoya Obokata,
Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences; as well as by Livingstone
Sewanyana, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order; Claudia Mahler,
Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons; as well as by Barbara G. Reynolds (Chair), Bina
D’Costa, Dominique Day, Catherine Namakula, Working Group of experts on people of African Descent; Dorothy Estrada
Tanck (Chair), Claudia Flores, Ivana Krstić, Haina Lu, and Laura Nyirinkindi, Working Group on discrimination against
69
— On 20 November 2023, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against
women and girls, its causes and consequences, issued a statement warning that “[s]ince 7
October, the assault on Palestinian women’s dignity and rights has taken on new and terrifying
dimensions, as thousands have become victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and an
unfolding genocide”. The Special Rapporteur “expressed alarm at the genocidal and
dehumanising rhetoric about the Palestinian people, including women and children, by top
Israeli Government officials and public figures calling them “children of darkness””. The
Special Rapporteur referred to the description of Palestinians as ‘human animals’ and the calls
for a ‘second Nakba’ by Israeli officials, cautioning that “[s]uch statements make the Israeli
Government’s intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, absolutely and
consistently clear”.512
— On 8 December 2023, ahead of the United Nations Security Council ceasefire resolution
vote vetoed by the United States of America, 22 United Nations Special Rapporteurs and 28
Members of United Nations Working Groups reiterated their previous statement “warning
against the commission of genocide”.513
— On 21 December 2023, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,
acting under its ‘early warning and urgent action procedure’, reiterating its earlier statement,
and warning of “hate speech and dehumanising discourse targeted at Palestinians, raising severe
concerns regarding Israel’s and other State parties’ obligation to prevent … genocide”. The
Committee called on “all State parties to fully respect their international obligations, in
particular those arising from … the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide and to cooperate to bring an end [to] the violations that are taking place and to
prevent … genocide”. The Committee made detailed reference to the ongoing situation in Gaza,
stating inter alia that it was “gravely concerned about the racist hate speech, incitement to
violence and genocidal actions, as well as dehumanizing rhetoric targeted at Palestinians since
women and girls; Carlos Salazar Couto (Chair-Rapporteur), Sorcha MacLeod, Jovana Jezdimirovic Ranito, Chris M. A.
Kwaja, Ravindran Daniel, Working Group on the use of mercenaries; Damilola Olawuyi (Chairperson), Robert
McCorquodale (Vice-Chairperson), Elżbieta Karska, Fernanda Hopenhaym, and Pichamon Yeophantong, Working Group
on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises.
512 UN OHCHR, Women bearing the brunt of Israel-Gaza conflict: UN expert (20 November 2023),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/women-bearing-brunt-israel-gaza-conflict-un-expert (emphasis added).
513 UN OHCHR, UN experts urge States to unite for peace and push for ceasefire in Gaza (8 December 2023),
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/un-experts-urge-states-unite-peace-and-push-ceasefire-gaza (emphasis
added). The statement was made by the above Special Rapporteurs on safe drinking water; the Palestinian Territory;
violence against women and girls; internally displaced persons; development; extreme poverty; food; freedom of opinion and
expression; human rights defenders; physical and mental health; trafficking in persons; contemporary forms of slavery;
adequate housing; independence of judges and lawyers; countering terrorism; education; and racism; as well as David Boyd,
Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and
sustainable environment; Beatriz Miranda Galarza, Special Rapporteur on the elimination of discrimination against persons
affected by leprosy and their family members; Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of
peaceful assembly and of association; Francisco Cali Tzay, Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and
Alexandra Xanthaki, Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights; as well as by the above members of the working
group on People of African Descent; discrimination against women and girls; the use of mercenaries; human rights and
transnational corporations and other business enterprises; and Aua Baldé (Chair-Rapporteur), Gabriella Citroni (Vice-Chair),
Angkhana Neelapaijit, Grażyna Baranowska, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Perez, Working Group on enforced or involuntary
disappearances; as well as the above Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons; Cecilia
Bailliet, Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity; Graeme Reid, Independent Expert on Protection
against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity; and Attiya Waris, Independent Expert
on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all
human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights.
70
7 October 2023 by Israeli senior government officials, members of the Parliament, politicians
and public figures”.514
109. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has repeatedly condemned Israel’s military actions in
Gaza as “genocide”,515 as has the Arab group at the United Nations.516 The International Federation for
Human Rights have called for an end to the “genocide”, with the International Commission of Jurists
calling on third States “to take all reasonable measures within their power to prevent genocide in
Gaza”.517 Palestinian non-governmental organisations have also strongly condemned the genocide,
calling on the International Criminal Court to investigate the crime.518 The Palestinian Human Rights
Organizations Council on 14 November 2023 issued a detailed briefing note calling on the State of
Palestine and third States to intervene taking concrete measures and legal action to prevent genocide in
Gaza. The report cautions that “[t]here have been significant warnings by United Nations independent
human rights experts, as well as actions taken by third States, including the removal of their diplomatic
missions from Israel, some in response to the ongoing Israeli genocidal statements and acts. Together,
these warnings and State actions put the international community of States on notice, that there is a very
real risk that genocide is being, or may be committed against Palestinians in Gaza”.519
IV. THE CLAIMS OF SOUTH AFRICA
110. Based on the above, as well as the further evidence to be presented over the course of these
proceedings, South Africa considers that the conduct of Israel — through its State organs, State agents,
and other persons and entities acting on its instructions or under its direction, control or influence — in
relation to Palestinians in Gaza, is in violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention,
including Articles I, III, IV, V and VI, read in conjunction with Article II. Those violations of the
Genocide Convention include, but are not limited to:
514 UN OCHA, Gaza Strip: States are obliged to prevent crimes against humanity and genocide, UN Committee stresses (21
December 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-strip-states-are-obliged-prevent-crimes-againsthumanity-
and-genocide (emphasis added). Under CERD's Early Warning and Urgent Action (‘EWUA’) procedure, CERD
has extensive expertise in compiling indicators relevant to the prevention of genocide; in 2015 it issued a Declaration on the
Prevention of Genocide which recalled this work in its preamble: see CERD, Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide
(CRD/C/66/1) (17 October 2005),
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/CERD/declaration_genocide.doc.
515 See e.g., Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (‘OIC’), Final Communiqué of the extraordinary open-ended meeting of
the OIC Executive Committee at the level of Foreign Ministers on the brutal Israeli military aggression against the
Palestinian people (18 October 2023), https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39767&t_ref=26705&lan=en; OIC, OIC
Condemns the Massacre Committed by the Israeli Occupation in Jabalia Camp (1 November 2023), https://www.oicoci.
org/topic/?t_id=39849&ref=26728&lan=en; OIC, OIC Strongly Condemns Incursion into Gaza City Al-Shifa Hospital
and Continued Israeli Aggression against the Palestinian People (15 November 2023), https://www.oicoci.
org/topic/?t_id=39936&ref=26759&lan=en; OIC, OIC Strongly Condemns the Successive Massacres Committed by the
Israeli Occupation against the Palestinian People (18 November 2023), https://www.oicoci.
org/topic/?t_id=39945&ref=26762&lan=en.
516 UN Meetings Coverage, 9498th Meeting, SC/15518 (8 December 2023), https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15518.doc.htm.
517 Fédération Internationale pour les Droits Humains (‘FIDH’), Resolution on Israel’s unfolding crime of genocide and
other crimes in Gaza and against the Palestinian People (12 December 2023),
https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/fidh_resolution_on_israel_s_unfolding_crime_of_genocide_and_other_crimes_in_gaza_and_
against_the_palestinian_people.pdf; International Commission of Jurists, Gaza/Palestine: States have a Duty to Prevent
Genocide (17 November 2023), https://www.icj.org/gaza-occupied-palestinian-territory-states-have-a-duty-to-preventgenocide/.
518 Al Haq, Al Mezan Center, and PCHR, Palestinian Human Rights Organisations call on ICC to issue arrest warrants
against Israeli leaders for genocide and incitement to genocide (9 November 2023),
https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22138.html.
519 Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council, PHROC Calls on the State of Palestine and Third States to Intervene
Taking Concrete Measures and Legal Action to Prevent Genocide in Gaza (14 November 2023),
https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2023/11/15/briefing-note-genocide-third-state-responsibility-14-
november-2023-1700041879.pdf .
71
(a) failing to prevent genocide in violation of Article I;
(b) committing genocide in violation of Article III (a);
(c) conspiring to commit genocide in violation of Article III (b);
(d) direct and public incitement to commit genocide in violation of Article III (c);
(e) attempting to commit genocide in violation of Article III (d);
(f) complicity in genocide in violation of Article III (e);
(g) failing to punish genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to
genocide, attempted genocide and complicity in genocide, in violation of Articles I, III, IV
and VI;
(h) failing to enact the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the Genocide
Convention and to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide, conspiracy
to commit genocide, incitement to genocide, attempted genocide, and complicity in
genocide, in violation of Article V; and
(i) failing to allow and/or directly or indirectly impeding the investigation by competent
international bodies or fact-finding missions of genocidal acts committed against
Palestinians in Gaza, including those Palestinians removed by Israeli State agents or forces
to Israel, as a necessary and corollary obligation pursuant to Articles I, III, IV, V and VI.
V. THE RELIEF SOUGHT
111. While reserving the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application, and subject to the
presentation to the Court of the relevant evidence and legal arguments, South Africa respectfully
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
(1) that the Republic of South Africa and the State of Israel each have a duty to act in
accordance with their obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the members of the Palestinian group, to take all
reasonable measures within their power to prevent genocide; and
(2) that the State of Israel:
(a) has breached and continues to breach its obligations under the Genocide
Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Article I, read in conjunction
with Article II, and Articles III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
(b) must cease forthwith any acts and measures in breach of those obligations,
including such acts or measures which would be capable of killing or continuing to kill
Palestinians, or causing or continuing to cause serious bodily or mental harm to
Palestinians or deliberately inflicting on their group, or continuing to inflict on their
72
group, conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in
part, and fully respect its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular the
obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
(c) must ensure that persons committing genocide, conspiring to commit genocide,
directly and publicly inciting genocide, attempting to commit genocide and complicit in
genocide contrary to Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d) and III (e) are punished by a
competent national or international tribunal, as required by Articles I, IV, V and VI;
(d) to that end and in furtherance of those obligations arising under Articles I, IV, V
and VI, must collect and conserve evidence and ensure, allow and/or not inhibit directly
or indirectly the collection and conservation of evidence of genocidal acts committed
against Palestinians in Gaza, including such members of the group displaced from Gaza;
(e) must perform the obligations of reparation in the interest of Palestinian victims,
including but not limited to allowing the safe and dignified return of forcibly displaced
and/or abducted Palestinians to their homes, respect for their full human rights and
protection against further discrimination, persecution, and other related acts, and provide
for the reconstruction of what it has destroyed in Gaza, consistent with the obligation to
prevent genocide under Article I; and
(f) must offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of violations of the
Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III
(b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI.
VI. REQUEST FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
112. In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the
Rules of Court, South Africa requests that the Court indicate provisional measures. In light of the nature
of the rights in issue, as well as the ongoing, extreme and irreparable harm being suffered by Palestinians
in Gaza, South Africa requests that the Court address this request as a matter of extreme urgency.
113. This Application describes an exceptionally brutal military campaign by Israel in Gaza, which
is extensive and ongoing, and which Israel intends to intensify further still.520
114. Israel has engaged in and failed to prevent or to punish acts and measures which are genocidal,
constituting flagrant violations of Israel’s obligations under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III
(e), IV, V and VI of the Genocide Convention. As further evidenced in the materials set out in the
application, the acts of genocide in question in breach of Articles II (a), II (b), II (c) and II (d), in
particular, that collectively target the Palestinians in Gaza include, inter alia:
(1) killing Palestinians in Gaza, including a large proportion of women and children —
estimated to account for around 70 per cent of the more than 21,110 fatalities — some of whom
appear to have been summarily executed;
520 Statement by Israeli Prime Minister to Likud Party, 25 December 2023: Jeremy Sharon, "After rare visit to Gaza,
Netanyahu says war ‘not close to being over’", The Times of Israel (25 December 2023),
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over/.
73
(2) causing serious mental and bodily harm to Palestinians in Gaza, including through
maiming, psychological trauma, and inhuman and degrading treatment;
(3) causing the forced evacuation and displacement of around 85 per cent of
Palestinians in Gaza — including children, the elderly and infirm, and the sick and wounded
— as well as causing the large scale destruction of Palestinian homes, villages, refugee camps,
towns and entire areas in Gaza, precluding the return of a significant proportion of the
Palestinian people to their homes;
(4) causing widespread hunger, dehydration and starvation to besieged Palestinians in
Gaza, through the impeding of sufficient humanitarian assistance, the cutting off of sufficient
water, food, fuel and electricity, and the destruction of bakeries, mills, agricultural lands and
other methods of production and sustenance;
(5) failing to provide and restricting the provision of adequate shelter, clothes, hygiene
or sanitation to Palestinians in Gaza, including the 1.9 million internally displaced people,
compelled by Israel’s actions to live in dangerous situations of squalor, alongside the routine
targeting and destruction of places of shelter and the killing and wounding of those sheltering,
including women, children, the disabled and the elderly;
(6) failing to provide for or to ensure the provision for the medical needs of Palestinians
in Gaza, including those medical needs created by other genocidal acts causing serious bodily
harm, including through directly attacking Palestinian hospitals, ambulances and other
healthcare facilities in Gaza, killing Palestinian doctors, medics and nurses, including the most
qualified medics in Gaza, and destroying and disabling Gaza’s medical system; and
(7) destroying Palestinian life in Gaza, through the destruction of Gaza’s universities,
schools, courts, public buildings, public records, stores, libraries, churches, mosques, roads,
infrastructure, utilities and other facilities necessary to the sustained life of Palestinians in Gaza
as a group, alongside the killing of entire family groups — erasing entire oral histories in Gaza
— and the killing of prominent and distinguished members of society.
(8) Imposing measures intended to prevent Palestinian births in Gaza, through the
reproductive violence inflicted on Palestinian women, newborn babies, infants, and children.
115. Provisional measures are necessary in this case to protect against further, severe and irreparable
harm to the rights of the Palestinian people under the Genocide Convention, which continue to be
violated with impunity. South Africa requests that the Court indicate provisional measures to protect
and preserve those rights as well as its own rights under the Convention, and to prevent any aggravation
or extension of the dispute, pending the determination of the merits of the issues raised by the
Application.
116. South Africa notes that there are other related matters that do not directly engage obligations
under the Genocide Convention and are therefore not properly within the Court’s jurisdiction in this
case, including the urgent return of Israeli and other hostages. South Africa considers that the
provisional measures requested are nevertheless consistent with and capable of assisting towards the
progression and resolution of those matters.
74
A. Compelling Circumstances Require the Indication of Provisional Measures
117. As detailed above, contrary to Article I of the Convention, Israel has perpetrated and is
perpetrating genocidal acts identified in Article II. Israel, its officials and/or agents, have acted with the
intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza, part of a protected group under the Genocide Convention. The
compelling circumstances are set out in detail in the Application, and include that:
— Nowhere is safe in Gaza.
— Israel is dropping ‘dumb’ bombs and bombs weighing up to 2,000 lbs (900 kgs) on one
of the most densely populated places in the world.
— Palestinians in Gaza are being killed at a rate of approximately one person every six
minutes.
— At least 21,110 Palestinians have been killed to date in Gaza, with a further estimated
7,780 are missing, presumed dead under the rubble.
— An estimated 7,729 Palestinian children had already been killed by 12 December 2023;
at least 4,700 other children and women are reported missing, presumed dead under the rubble,
leading UNICEF to describe Israel’s military attacks as a ‘war against children’.
— Hundreds of Palestinians in Gaza are being wounded daily, many with life-changing and
life-threatening injuries.
— Besieged and bombed hospitals are no longer able to treat the sick and wounded; only 13
of Gaza’s 36 hospitals are still functioning.
— 1.9 million Palestinians in Gaza — approximately 85 per cent of the population — have
been forcibly displaced from their homes.
— Palestinians in Gaza are being corralled into ever smaller areas of Gaza, without
sufficient shelter, where they continue to be bombed by Israel.
— Israel continues to prevent sufficient humanitarian assistance to Palestinians in Gaza,
including preventing sufficient access to food, water, shelter, medicine and medical assistance.
— Vulnerable Palestinians, including the sick and infirm, children and expectant mothers
are at particular risk.
— Infectious diseases are spreading rapidly.
— International experts are warning of imminent mass starvation.
118. Israel has also failed to prevent or to punish: genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct
and public incitement to genocide, attempted genocide and complicity in genocide, contrary to Articles
III and IV of the Genocide Convention.
119. Israel denies wrongdoing in relation to its military activities in Gaza and is resisting all calls by
South Africa and by the broader international community to prevent and cease the commission of
genocide. Instead of ceasing violations of the Genocide Convention, preventing such violations and
punishing their perpetrators, Israel has continued, escalated and threatened further to escalate its
military campaign. It is also destroying evidence of its wrongdoing: the mass demolition and clearance
of vast areas of Gaza, and the prevention of the return of internally displaced Palestinians to their homes,
raises serious concerns about the destruction of evidence and its effect on future investigation into
crimes, including the gravest crimes under international law. Israel’s killing of large numbers of
Palestinian journalists and media workers in Gaza — at least 82 to date, often alongside multiple
members of their families — coupled with its attacks on Gaza’s telecommunications network, are
75
hampering scrutiny of Israel’s actions against Palestinians in Gaza.521 So too is Israel’s continuing
refusal to allow access to Gaza by fact-finders and foreign journalists, other than a limited number of
journalists permitted to embed themselves with the Israeli army subject to restrictions and censorship
of their reports. Palestinian NGOs and human rights defenders, themselves at risk of attack by the Israeli
army, are not able to document in real time the unremitting acts of genocide and other violations of
international law being committed by Israel.
B. The Prima Facie Jurisdiction of the Court
120. The Court is empowered to indicate provisional measures “if the provisions relied on by the
Applicant appear prima facie to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded, but need not
satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case”.522
121. As set out above, the jurisdiction of the Court is founded on Article 36, para 1, of the Statute of
the Court and Article IX of the Genocide Convention. Article IX of Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment
of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide
or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court
of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”
122. South Africa and Israel are both United Nations Member States and State parties to the
Genocide Convention. Both have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court under Article IX of the Genocide
Convention without any reservation. They are consequently bound by it.
123. In order for this Court to determine whether it has prima facie jurisdiction in order to indicate
provisional measures, the matters complained of must themselves be prima facie “capable of falling
within the provisions of [the Convention]”, such that “the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction
ratione materiae to entertain”.523 The case law of the Court establishes that a dispute is “a disagreement
on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties.524 In order for a
dispute to exist, “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other”.525
The two sides must “hold clearly opposite views concerning the question of the performance or nonperformance
of certain’ international obligations”.526 The existence of a dispute is “a matter for
objective determination by the Court; it is a matter of substance, and not a question of form or
521 Amnesty, Israel/OPT: Civilians in Gaza at unprecedented risk as Israel imposes communication black-out during
bombardment and expanding ground attacks (27 October 2023), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-optcivilians-
in-gaza-at-unprecedented-risk-as-israel-imposes-communication-black-out-during-bombardment-and-expandingground-
attacks/.
522 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 9, para. 16; and Allegations of Genocide
under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation),
Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 10-11, para. 24 (hereafter ‘Ukraine v. Russian
Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022’).
523 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 1, para. 20, citing Immunities and
Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports
2016 (II), p. 1159, para. 47.
524 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 11, para. 28, quoting Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.
525 Ibid, quoting South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.
526 Ibid, p.11-12, para 28, quoting Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 26, para. 50.
76
procedure”.527 For the purposes of deciding whether there was a dispute between the Parties at the time
of the filing of the Application, the Court “takes into account in particular any statements or documents
exchanged between the Parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings. In so doing, it
pays special attention to the author of the statement or document, their intended or actual addressee,
and their content”.528
124. For the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, the Court is not required to ascertain
whether any violation of Israel’s obligations under the Genocide Convention has occurred.529
Importantly, as previously held by the Court, “[s]uch a finding, which would notably depend on the
assessment of the existence of an intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the group … [of Palestinians] as
such, could be made by the Court only at the stage of the examination of the merits of the present
case”.530 Instead, “[w]hat the Court is required to do at the stage of making an order on provisional
measures is to establish whether the acts complained of… are capable of falling within the provisions
of the Genocide Convention”.531 The Court does not have to determine that all of the acts complained
of are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention. It suffices that “at least some of the
acts alleged … are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention”.532
125. At least some of the acts alleged by South Africa are plainly “capable of falling within the
provisions of the Convention”. They have been considered to be capable of falling within the provisions
of the Convention by numerous States and United Nations experts and bodies, including the Committee
on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.533 Notably, they are plainly capable of falling within the
provisions of Article II (a), II (b), II (c) and II (d) of the Convention, constituting as they do: (1) the
killing of Palestinians in Gaza, (2) their serious bodily or mental harm, (3) the deliberate infliction of
conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, and (4) the imposition
of measures intended to prevent births within the group. In relation to II (c), the Court has previously
explained this as including “methods of physical destruction, other than killing, whereby the perpetrator
ultimately seeks the death of the members of the group”.534 Citing jurisprudence from international
tribunals, the Court held that “such methods of destruction include notably deprivation of food, medical
care, shelter or clothing, as well as lack of hygiene, systematic expulsion from homes, or exhaustion as
a result of excessive work or physical exertion.”535 Those international tribunals have also identified the
following methods of destruction: “subjecting the group to a subsistence diet; failing to provide
adequate medical care… and generally creating circumstances that would lead to a slow death such as
the lack of proper food, water, shelter, clothing, sanitation”.536 This Court has also determined that
forced mass displacement is capable of being considered a genocidal act.537 The materials relied on in
527 Ibid, p.13-14, para. 35, citing The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 12, para. 26.
528 Ibid, pp. 220-221, para. 35, citing The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 12,
para. 26.
529 Ibid, p. 15, para. 43.
530 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 14, para. 30.
531 Ibid, p. 14, para. 30 (emphasis added); see also Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March
2022, p. 15, para. 43.
532 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 14, para. 30 (emphasis added).
533 See Section III. Facts, E. Recognition of Israel’s genocidal intent against Palestinians in Gaza, supra.
534 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p. 70, para. 161.
535 Ibid, citing ICTY, Trial Chamber II, Prosecutor v. Brđanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, Judgment (1 September 2004), para.
691 and Prosecutor v. Stakić, Case No. IT-97-24-T, Judgment (31 July 2003), paras. 517-518.
536 ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Zdravko Tolimir, Case No. IT-05-88/2-A, Judgment (8 April 2015), p. 327, para.
740.
537 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 123, para. 190 (‘Bosnia v. Serbia, Judgment’).
77
this Application constitute clear evidence of the creation by Israel of circumstances plainly capable of
constituting those methods of destruction.
126. The evidence regarding the direct and public incitement to commit genocide by Israeli State
officials, politicians and others — as set out above — and the failure by Israel to punish those
responsible, are also plainly capable of falling within the provisions of Article III and IV of the
Convention.
127. “The above mentioned elements” serve to “establish prima facie the existence of a dispute
between the Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide
Convention”.538 The dispute concerns Israel’s breaches of its obligations under the Genocide
Convention, including its failure to prevent and its perpetration of genocide, and South Africa’s own
obligations under the Genocide Convention to prevent genocide, including by taking actions to
influence effectively the actions of persons likely to commit genocide.539 The Court has described the
nature of that dispute as follows: “[A] state’s obligations to prevent, and corresponding duty to act, arise
at the instant that the State learns of, or should normally have learned of, the existence of a serious risk
that genocide will be committed. From that moment onwards, if the State has available to it means
likely to have a deterrent effect on those suspected of preparing genocide, or reasonably suspected of
harbouring specific intent (dolus specialis), it is under a duty to make use of these means as the
circumstances permit”.540
128. The Court plainly has prima facie jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures in this case as a
consequence.
C. The Rights the Protection of Which Is Sought, their Plausible Character and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested
129. The Court has “the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any
provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party”, pursuant
to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures “has
as its object the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending [the
Court’s] decision on the merits thereof”.541 It follows that “the Court must be concerned to preserve by
such measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party”.542 At this
stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon to determine definitively whether the
rights which South Africa seeks to protect exist; it need only decide whether it is satisfied that the rights
asserted by South Africa on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are “at least plausible”543
i.e. “grounded in a possible interpretation” of the Convention.544 Those rights are clearly plausible,
having regard inter alia to the statements of United Nations experts and bodies asserting that there is at
538 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 14, para. 31.
539 Bosnia v. Serbia, Judgment, p. 221, para 430.
540 Ibid, p. 43 para 431.
541 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 43; and Ukraine v. Russian
Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 223, para. 50.
542 Ibid.
543 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 43; and Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates),
Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018, p. 422, para. 43 (hereafter ‘Qatar v. United Arab
Emirates, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018.
544 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28
May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 152, para. 60 (emphasis added).
78
the very least a real risk of genocide — which risk gives rise to the obligation to prevent genocide,
pursuant to Article I of the Convention, which is binding on both Israel and South Africa. It also gives
rise to obligations binding on Israel not to commit genocide, and to punish those who directly and
publicly incite to genocide.545
130. For the Court to indicate one or more provisional measures, there must also be a link between
the rights the protection of which is sought and the provisional measure being requested.546 Such a link
clearly exists between the rights claimed by South Africa and the provisional measures requested, which
are directly linked to the rights which form the subject-matter of the dispute.
131. In relation to the nature of the rights asserted by South Africa under the Genocide Convention,
as recently recalled by the Court:
“In such a convention the contracting States do not have any interests of their own; they merely
have, one and all, a common interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which
are the raison d’être of the convention. Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot
speak of individual advantages or disadvantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect
contractual balance between rights and duties. The high ideals which inspired the Convention
provide, by virtue of the common will of the parties, the foundation and measure of all its
provisions.”547
132. Having regard to their “shared values”, all the States parties to the Genocide Convention thus
have “a common interest to ensure that acts of genocide are prevented and that, if they occur, their
authors do not enjoy impunity”.548 As determined by the Court, “that common interest implies that the
obligations in question are owed by any State party to all the other States parties to the Convention”.549
As a consequence, the relevant provisions of the Genocide Convention generate “obligations [which]
may be defined as ‘obligations erga omnes partes’ in the sense that each State party has an interest in
compliance with them in any given case”.550 Consequently, as recently confirmed by the Court:
“It follows that any State party to the Genocide Convention, and not only a specially affected
State, may invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to ascertaining the
alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga omnes partes, and to bring that failure to an
end.”551
133. South Africa seeks hereby, pursuant to that common interest urgently to protect the rights of
Palestinians in Gaza, as members of a protected group under the Convention, including their right to
exist as a group and their right to be protected from acts of genocide and the risk thereof, from
conspiracy to commit genocide, from direct and public incitement to commit genocide, from attempted
genocide, and from complicity in genocide. South Africa also seeks to protect the erga omnes partes
rights it has under the Genocide Convention as well as the erga omnes obligations it has to prevent
genocide, which mirror the erga omnes obligations of the Convention with which it is entitled to seek
545 Bosnia v. Serbia, Judgment, pp. 113-114, paras. 165-169.
546 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 44, citing Qatar v. United Arab
Emirates, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, p. 422, para. 44.
547 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 17, para. 41, quoting its Advisory Opinion
on Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion of 28
May 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23 (hereafter ‘Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951’).
548 Ibid.
549 Ibid.
550 Ibid, applying mutatis mutandis Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 449, para. 68.
551 Ibid.
79
compliance by Israel, including Israel’s obligations not to commit genocide, to prevent genocide, and
to punish genocide, including acts of genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public
incitement to genocide, attempted genocide and complicity in genocide against Palestinians. The Court
has previously recognised “the universal character both of the condemnation of genocide and of the cooperation
required ‘in order to liberate mankind from such an odious scourge’”.552
134. For the purposes of indicating provisional measures, the Court does not need to establish
definitively that Palestinians are at risk of genocide, that they are being subjected to genocidal acts, or
that Israel is otherwise breaching its obligations under the Genocide Convention. Rather, it is sufficient
that the obligation of South Africa to act to prevent genocide, or the right of South Africa to seek
compliance by Israel with its obligations under the Convention not to commit genocide, and to prevent
and punish genocide and related prohibited acts under the Convention, be “plausible”.553 Equally, there
is no requirement, before granting provisional measures, for the Court to ascertain whether the existence
of a genocidal intent is the only inference to be drawn from the material before the Court, as this
requirement would amount to the Court making a determination on the merits. Notably, the fact that the
genocidal acts are occurring — and not being prevented or punished — in the course of an armed
conflict or in asserted response to an attack by an armed group, has no bearing on whether the rights
asserted by South Africa under the Genocide Convention are “at least plausible”.554 The absence of a
prior determination of genocide by a court or fact-finding tribunal is similarly no bar to the adjudication
by this Court of an application under the Genocide Convention, much less a request for the indication
of provisional measures.555
135. The facts and circumstances described in this Application and request for provisional measures
establish that the acts complained of — which Israel has committed and is committing — are capable
of being characterised at the very least as plausibly “genocidal”. The requisite dolus specialis can be
deduced not only from Israel’s conduct against Palestinians in Gaza, but also from clear, repeated
dehumanising statements by Israeli governmental and military officials towards them. Indeed, they have
been so characterised by numerous heads of State and other State officials and representatives, as well
as by a large number of United Nations experts and various expert human rights organisations and
institutions who have repeatedly warned that Israel’s actions amount to or risk the genocide of the
Palestinian people.556 Consequently, the rights relied on by South Africa in its request for the indication
of provisional measures are at the very least “plausible. Indeed, their protection coincides with the very
object and purposes of the Genocide Convention.
D. The Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
136. The Court “has the power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be
caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard of such
552 Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, p. 23.
553 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 43.
554 Ibid.
555 See Bosnia v. Serbia, Judgment, p. 120, para. 182: “State responsibility can arise under the Convention for genocide and
complicity, without an individual being convicted of the crime or an associated one”. As explained by the Court: “Any other
interpretation could entail that there would be no legal recourse available under the Convention in some readily conceivable
circumstances: genocide has allegedly been committed within a State by its leaders but they have not been brought to trial
because, for instance, they are still very much in control of the powers of the State including the police, prosecution services
and the courts and there is no international penal tribunal able to exercise jurisdiction over the alleged crimes”: ibid, pp. 119-
120, para. 182.
556 See section III. Facts, E. Recognition of Israel’s genocidal intent against Palestinians in Gaza, supra.
80
rights may entail irreparable consequences”.557 In particular, the Court has the power to indicate
provisional measures “if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that
irreparable prejudice will be caused before the Court gives its final decision”.558 As the Court recently
confirmed, “[t]he condition of urgency is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice
can ‘occur at any moment’ before the Court makes a final decision on the case”.559
137. For the purposes of its decision on a request for the indication of provisional measures in a case
involving allegations of violations of the Genocide Convention, “[t]he Court is not called upon . . . to
establish the existence of breaches of the Genocide Convention, but to determine whether the
circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the protection of rights under this
instrument”,560 as “found to be plausible”.561 As held by the Court, this does not require it to “make
definitive findings of fact or of imputability”, and “the right of each Party to . . . submit arguments in
respect of the merits, must remain unaffected by the Court’s decision” on the request for the indication
of provisional measures.562
138. In assessing whether the condition of urgency is satisfied in cases involving allegations of
genocide in the course of an ongoing conflict, the Court typically has regard to whether the population
at risk is particularly vulnerable, and the fragility of the overall situation, including the likelihood and
the risk of the re-occurrence of harm. The Court considers a civilian population to be “extremely
vulnerable” where the military operations have “resulted in numerous civilian deaths and injuries” and
have “caused significant material damages, including the destruction of buildings and infrastructure”,
and where “[a]ttacks are ongoing and are creating increasingly difficult living conditions for the civilian
population”.563 In indicating provisional measures, the Court has considered the lack of access by many
individuals to “the most basic food-stuffs, potable water, electricity, essential medicines or heating”,564
and attempts by a “very large number of people . . . to flee from the most affected cities under extremely
insecure conditions”.565 The Court has also considered the following factors, raised by a United Nations
General Assembly Resolution, to be materially relevant in assessing whether the condition of urgency
is satisfied in cases involving allegations of genocide: “attacks on civilian facilities such as residences,
schools and hospitals, and of civilian casualties, including women, older persons, persons with
disabilities, and children”; the “scale” of military operations, including their comparison with other
conflicts, the “deteriorating humanitarian situation” in a territory, and the “increasing number of
internally displaced persons and refugees in need of humanitarian assistance”.566 Similarly, the Court
has had regard to findings of a fact-finding mission, considering factors such as “the systematic
stripping of human rights”, “dehumanizing narratives and rhetoric”, “methodical planning, “mass
557 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 24, para. 64; and Ukraine v. Russian
Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 226, para. 65, both citing Alleged Violations of the 1955
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018, p. 645, para. 77.
558 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 24, para. 65; see also Ukraine v. Russian
Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 226, para. 66.
559 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 24, para. 65; and Ukraine v. Russian
Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, pp. 226-227, para. 66.
560 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, pp. 24-25, para. 66.
561 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 227, para. 67.
562 Bosnia v. Serbia, Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, para. 44.
563 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 228, para. 75.
564 Ibid.
565 Ibid; see also The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 27, para. 71; and Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v.
Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 550, para. 53.
566 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, pp. 228-229, para. 76.
81
killing”, “mass displacement”, “mass fear”, “overwhelming levels of brutality, combined with the
physical destruction of the home of the targeted population, in every sense and on every level”.567
139. Notably, as the Court has underscored, States parties to the Genocide Convention have
“expressly confirmed their willingness to consider genocide as a crime under international law which
they must prevent and punish independently of the context ‘of peace’ or ‘of war’ in which it takes
place”.568 Consequently, a State remains bound by the obligations incumbent upon it as a State party to
the Genocide Convention, regardless of “the fact that there may be an ongoing . . . conflict between
armed groups and the . . . military”.569 Such a context “does not stand in the way of the Court’s
assessment of the existence of a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights protected
under the Convention”.570
140. Where past violations have occurred, the Court has found provisional measures appropriate
when it is “not inconceivable” that they might occur again.571 The Court has also ordered provisional
measures in circumstances that were “unstable and could rapidly change”, with “ongoing tension and
the absence of an overall settlement to the conflict” that meant the affected group remained
vulnerable.572 Consequently, any ceasefire to be agreed or any other acts by Israel that could be
perceived as capable of ameliorating the circumstances for Palestinians in the short term would not have
a dispositive effect and would impact neither on the merit nor the urgency of South Africa’s arguments.
141. There is a clear risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of the Palestinians and to South
Africa’s own rights under the Genocide Convention. The utmost urgency of the situation is self-evident:
Palestinians have suffered and are suffering irreparable harm from genocidal acts by Israel in violation
of Article II of the Genocide Convention, and from Israel’s other violations of the Convention, including
its failure to prevent or punish direct and public incitement to genocide. Should these violations of the
Genocide Convention go unchecked, there is not only a risk but a certainty of further significant and
irreparable loss of life and property, serious injury and an ever-deepening humanitarian crisis. The
opportunity to collect and preserve evidence for the merits stage of the proceedings would also be
seriously undermined, if not lost entirely.
142. As of the date of this application, an estimated 21,110 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza,
including at least 7,729 children. 55,243 Palestinians have been injured, including at least 8,663
children, of whom over 1,000 are amputees, disabled for life. Approximately 70 per cent of those killed
are said to be women and children. One Palestinian child in Gaza has been killed approximately every
15 minutes since Israel commenced military action in Gaza on 7 October 2023. Thousands more are
missing under the rubble. 61 hospitals and health care facilities in Gaza have been damaged or
destroyed; many have been placed under siege or have been subjected to forced evacuation, and only
13 hospitals are still partially functional, weighed under by mass overcrowding. 311 health workers
have been killed, many while working, meaning that many of the wounded, including seriously injured
children, cannot access healthcare. An estimated 5,500 women are having to give birth in unsafe
567 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 22, para. 55.
568 Ibid, pp. 27-28, para. 74, citing Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 615, para. 31.
569 Ibid, p. 27, para. 74. The conflict raised as being in issue in that case was an internal armed conflict.
570 Ibid, p. 28, para. 74.
571 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016,
I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 1169, para. 89.
572 See Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v.
Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 396, para. 143.
82
conditions every month. Babies are dying from preventable causes: in addition to disease and
malnutrition, premature babies have died due to lack of fuel to supply hospital generators; others have
been found decomposing in their hospital cots, medical staff having been forced to evacuate. Over 60
per cent of homes in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed. Vast swathes of Gaza have been destroyed,
including entire villages, refugee camps, towns and cities that have been or are deliberately being
rendered uninhabitable. Israel has made a humanitarian response impossible with constant
bombardment, including of safe routes. 1.9 million people, nearly 85 per cent of the population, are
displaced, including elderly, wounded and disabled people, living in makeshift tents, lacking any or
adequate sanitation and water, in United Nations schools and with relatives. The entire population is
facing starvation: 93 per cent of the population in Gaza is facing crisis levels of hunger, with more than
one in four facing “catastrophic conditions” — with death imminent. Against that background, the
Israeli Prime Minister asserted on 25 December 2023: “We are not stopping, we are continuing to fight
and we are deepening the fighting in the coming days, and this will be a long battle and it is not close
to being over”.573 The circumstances could not be more urgent.
143. The 2.3 million Palestinians in Gaza, including over a million children, are extremely
vulnerable. There is a grave threat to their existence. They are in urgent and severe need of the Court’s
protection. With each passing day that Israel’s military attacks continue, further significant loss of life
and property is being caused, and grave human rights violations are being committed. There can be no
doubt that the requirements for the indication of provisional measures are satisfied here.
E. Provisional Measures Requested
144. On the basis of the facts set forth above, South Africa, as a State party to the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, respectfully requests the Court, as a matter of
extreme urgency, pending the Court’s determination of this case on the merits, to indicate the following
provisional measures in relation to the Palestinian people as a group protected by the Genocide
Convention. These measures are directly linked to the rights that form the subject matter of South
Africa’s dispute with Israel:
(1) The State of Israel shall immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza.
(2) The State of Israel shall ensure that any military or irregular armed units which may be
directed, supported or influenced by it, as well as any organisations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance of the military
operations referred to point (1) above.
(3) The Republic of South Africa and the State of Israel shall each, in accordance with their
obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,
in relation to the Palestinian people, take all reasonable measures within their power to prevent
genocide.
(4) The State of Israel shall, in accordance with its obligations under the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the Palestinian people as a
573 Statement by Israeli Prime Minister to Likud Party, 25 December 2023: Jeremy Sharon, “After rare visit to Gaza,
Netanyahu says war ‘not close to being over’”, The Times of Israel (25 December 2023),
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over/ (emphasis
added).
83
group protected by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, desist from the commission of any and all acts within the scope of Article II of the
Convention, in particular:
(a) killing members of the group;
(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the group;
(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole or in part; and
(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.
(5) The State of Israel shall, pursuant to point (4)(c) above, in relation to Palestinians, desist
from, and take all measures within its power including the rescinding of relevant orders, of
restrictions and/or of prohibitions to prevent:
(a) the expulsion and forced displacement from their homes;
(b) the deprivation of:
(i) access to adequate food and water;
(ii) access to humanitarian assistance, including access to adequate fuel, shelter,
clothes, hygiene and sanitation;
(iii) medical supplies and assistance; and
(c) the destruction of Palestinian life in Gaza.
(6) The State of Israel shall, in relation to Palestinians, ensure that its military, as well as any
irregular armed units or individuals which may be directed, supported or otherwise influenced
by it and any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or
influence, do not commit any acts described in (4) and (5) above, or engage in direct and public
incitement to commit genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide,
or complicity in genocide, and insofar as they do engage therein, that steps are taken towards
their punishment pursuant to Articles I, II, III and IV of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
(7) The State of Israel shall take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the
preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; to that end, the State
of Israel shall not act to deny or otherwise restrict access by fact-finding missions, international
mandates and other bodies to Gaza to assist in ensuring the preservation and retention of said
evidence.
(8) The State of Israel shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect
to this Order within one week, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter at such regular
intervals as the Court shall order, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.
(9) The State of Israel shall refrain from any action and shall ensure that no action is taken
which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve.
145. The provisional measures requested are directly linked to the rights which form the subjectmatter
of the dispute.574 In particular, the first six provisional measures have been requested to ensure
574 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 44.
 

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
containing a
REQUEST
FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 29 December 2023
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
IN THE GAZA STRIP
(SOUTH AFRICA v. ISRAEL)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
assortie d’une
DEMANDE
EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 29 décembre 2023
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
DANS LA BANDE DE GAZA
(AFRIQUE DU SUD c. ISRAËL)
2
2023
General List
No. 192
I. THE MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
AND COOPERATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Pretoria, 27 December 2023.
I have the honour to inform you that in accordance with paragraph 1, Article 42 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and paragraph 2, Article 40 of the Rules of Court, the Government of the Republic of South Africa has appointed Mr Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of South Africa to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as its Agent, and Mr Cornelius Van Niekerk Scholtz, Counsellor: Legal at the South African Embassy to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as its Co-Agent, for the purposes of filing an Application instituting proceedings against the State of Israel concerning the latter’s violation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and of representing the Republic of South Africa in all aspects of the aforementioned proceedings.
This letter confirming the Agent’s appointment shall also serve as authentication of his signature on the Application.
(Signed) Naledi Pandor.
II. THE AGENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF SOUTH AFRICA TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The Hague, 28 December 2023.
On behalf of the Republic of South Africa, I have the honour to enclose two originals of an Application instituting proceedings against the State of Israel concerning the latter’s violation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, accompanied by an urgent Request for Provisional Measures in the same proceedings. I am also enclosing a USB drive with a soft copy of the Application and the Request. In addition, I have the honour to enclose a letter signed by HE Dr Naledi Pandor, the Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, conveying the decision of the Government of the Republic of South Africa to appoint me as Agent of the Republic of South Africa for the purposes of filing the enclosed Application, and of representing the Government of South Africa in all aspects of the aforementioned proceedings.
(Signed) Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela,
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
of the Republic of South Africa to the Kingdom
of the Netherlands.
3
2023
Rôle général
no 192
I. LA MINISTRE DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
ET DE LA COOPÉRATION DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUD-AFRICAINE
AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Pretoria, le 27 décembre 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous informer que, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, le Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine a désigné M. Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela, ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire
de la République sud-africaine auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas, comme agent,
et M. Cornelius Van Niekerk Scholtz, conseiller juridique à l’ambassade de la République sud-africaine au Royaume des Pays-Bas, comme coagent, aux fins du dépôt d’une requête introductive d’instance contre l’État d’Israël concernant la violation par ce dernier de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
et aux fins de la représentation de la République sud-africaine dans la procédure susmentionnée sous tous ses aspects.
La présente lettre porte confirmation de la désignation de l’agent et légalisation de la signature de celui-ci apposée sur la requête.
(Signé) Naledi Pandor.
II. L’AGENT DU GOUVERNEMENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE
SUD-AFRICAINE AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
La Haye, le 28 décembre 2023.
Au nom de la République sud-africaine, j’ai l’honneur de vous communiquer ci-
joint deux exemplaires originaux d’une requête introductive d’instance contre l’État d’Israël concernant la violation par ce dernier de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, lesquels sont accompagnés d’une demande urgente en indication de mesures conservatoires dans la même affaire. Je joins également une clé USB contenant une copie électronique de la requête portant demande. J’ai aussi l’honneur de vous transmettre ci-joint une lettre signée par S. Exc. Mme Naledi Pandor, ministre des relations internationales et de la coopération de la République sud-
africaine, portant communication de la décision du Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine de me désigner en qualité d’agent de cet État aux fins du dépôt de la requête ci-jointe et en vue de le représenter à tous égards en l’affaire.
L’ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire
de la République sud-africaine
auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
(Signé) Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela.
4
III. NOTE VERBALE No. 102/2023 FROM THE EMBASSY
OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The Hague, 28 December 2023.
The Embassy of the Republic of South Africa to the Kingdom of The Netherlands presents its compliments to the Registrar of the International Court of Justice and has the honour, in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 of the Statute of the Court and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, to submit this Application instituting proceedings in the name of the Republic of South Africa against the State of Israel concerning the latter’s violation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute, to request the Court to indicate provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein from imminent and irreparable loss.
5
III. NOTE VERBALE NO 102/2023 DE L’AMBASSADE
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUD-AFRICAINE AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
La Haye, le 28 décembre 2023.
L’ambassade de la République sud-africaine au Royaume des Pays-Bas présente ses compliments au greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice et a l’honneur de soumettre, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour
et à l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, la présente requête introductive d’instance
au nom de la République sud-africaine contre l’État d’Israël concernant la violation par ce dernier de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
et de prier la Cour d’indiquer, en application de l’article 41 de son Statut, des mesures conservatoires pour protéger les droits invoqués dans la requête contre le risque de préjudice imminent et irréparable auquel ils sont exposés.
6
IV. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being duly authorized by the Government of the Republic of South Africa, state as follows:
In accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 of the Statute of the Court and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit this Application instituting proceedings in the name of the Republic of South Africa (“South Africa”) against the State of Israel (“Israel”). Pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute, the Application includes a request that the Court indicate provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein from imminent and irreparable loss.
I. Introduction
1. This Application concerns acts threatened, adopted, condoned, taken and being taken by the Government and military of the State of Israel against the Palestinian people, a distinct national, racial and ethnical group, in the wake of the attacks in Israel on 7 October 2023. South Africa unequivocally condemns all violations of international law by all parties, including the direct targeting of Israeli civilians and other nationals and hostage-taking by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups. No armed attack on a State’s territory no matter how serious — even an attack involving atrocity crimes — can, however, provide any possible justification for, or defence to, breaches of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (“Genocide Convention” or “Convention”)1, whether as a matter of law or morality. The acts and omissions by Israel complained of by South Africa are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group, that being the part of the Palestinian group in the Gaza Strip (“Palestinians in Gaza”). The acts in question include killing Palestinians in Gaza, causing them serious bodily and mental harm, and inflicting on them conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction. The acts are all attributable to Israel, which has failed to prevent genocide and is committing genocide in manifest violation of the Genocide Convention, and which has also violated and is continuing to violate its other fundamental obligations under the Genocide Convention, including by failing to prevent or punish the direct and public incitement to genocide by senior Israeli officials and others.
2. In preparing this Application, South Africa has paid close attention to the provisions of the Genocide Convention, to its interpretation, and to its application in the years following its entry into force on 12 January 1951, as well as to the jurisprudence of this Court and that of other international courts and tribunals, including the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court (ICC). South Africa is highly cognisant
1 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted 9 December 1948, entered into force 12 January 1951), United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS), Vol. 78, p. 277.
7
IV. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
À Monsieur le Greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice, le soussigné, dûment autorisé par le Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine, déclare ce qui suit :
Conformément aux articles 36, paragraphe 1, et 40 du Statut de la Cour et à l’article 38 de son Règlement, j’ai l’honneur de soumettre à la Cour, au nom de la République sud-africaine (ci-après l’« Afrique du Sud »), la présente requête introductive d’instance contre l’État d’Israël (ci-après « Israël »). En vertu de l’article 41 du Statut, la requête est assortie d’une demande tendant à ce que la Cour indique des mesures conservatoires pour protéger les droits invoqués ci-après contre le risque de préjudice imminent et irréparable auquel ils sont exposés.
I. Introduction
1. La présente requête concerne les actions que le Gouvernement et l’armée d’Israël ont menées en adoptant, tolérant, prenant, menaçant et continuant de prendre des mesures contre le peuple palestinien, groupe national, racial et ethnique distinct, à la suite des attaques menées en Israël le 7 octobre 2023. L’Afrique du Sud condamne sans équivoque toutes les violations du droit international, quelle que soit la partie qui les commet, et notamment les attaques délibérément dirigées contre des civils israéliens et des ressortissants d’autres pays, ainsi que les prises d’otages par le Hamas et d’autres groupes armés palestiniens. Toutefois, une attaque armée lancée contre le territoire
d’un État, aussi grave soit-elle — y compris si elle donne lieu à des crimes atroces —, ne saurait en aucun cas servir de justification ou de défense pour des violations de la convention de 1948 pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (ci-après la « convention sur le génocide » ou la « convention »)1, du point de vue du droit comme de la morale. Les actes et omissions dont l’Afrique du Sud fait grief à Israël revêtent un caractère génocidaire en ce qu’ils visent à entraîner la destruction d’une partie importante du groupe national, racial et ethnique des Palestiniens, celle qui vit dans la bande de Gaza (ci-après les « Palestiniens de Gaza »). Les actes en question comprennent le meurtre de Palestiniens de Gaza, des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique ou mentale des Palestiniens de Gaza et la soumission des Palestiniens de Gaza à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner leur destruction physique. Ces actes sont tous imputables à Israël, qui a manqué de prévenir le génocide et commet le génocide en violation flagrante de la convention, et qui a aussi manqué et continue de manquer aux autres obligations fondamentales qui lui incombent au titre de la convention, notamment en s’abstenant de prévenir et de punir l’incitation directe et publique, par de hauts responsables et autres représentants israéliens, à commettre le génocide.
2. Tout au long de l’élaboration de la présente requête, l’Afrique du Sud a attaché une grande importance aux dispositions de la convention sur le génocide, à l’interprétation de cet instrument et à son application pendant les années qui ont suivi son entrée en vigueur le 12 janvier 1951, ainsi qu’à la jurisprudence de la Cour et à celle d’autres juridictions internationales, notamment le Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-
Yougoslavie, le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda et la Cour pénale interna-
1 Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime du génocide (adoptée le 9 décembre 1948, entrée en vigueur le 12 janvier 1951), Nations Unies, Recueil des traités (RTNU), vol. 78, p. 277.
8
of the fact that acts of genocide are distinct from other violations of international law sanctioned or perpetrated by the Israeli Government and military in Gaza — including intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population, civilian objects and buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science, historic monuments, hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are collected; torture; the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare; and other war crimes and crimes against humanity — though there is often a close connection between all such acts. South Africa is also aware that acts of genocide inevitably form part of a continuum — as Raphaë l Lemkin who coined the term “genocide” himself recognized2. For this reason it is important to place the acts of genocide in the broader context of Israel’s conduct towards Palestinians during its 75-year-long apartheid, its 56-year-long belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory and its 16-year-long blockade of Gaza, including the serious and ongoing violations of international law associated therewith, including grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention3, and other war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, when referring in this Application to acts and omissions by Israel which are capable of amounting to other violations of international law, South Africa’s case is that those acts and omissions are genocidal in character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent (dolus specialis) to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group.
3. South Africa is acutely aware of the particular weight of responsibility in initiating proceedings against Israel for violations of the Genocide Convention. However, South Africa is also acutely aware of its own obligation — as a State party to the
Genocide Convention — to prevent genocide. Israel’s acts and omissions in relation to Palestinians violate the Genocide Convention. That is the shared view of numerous other States parties to the Convention, including the State of Palestine itself, which
has called on “world leaders” to “take responsibility . . . to stop the genocide against
our people”4. United Nations experts have also repeatedly sounded “the alarm”
for over ten weeks that “[c]onsidering statements made by Israeli political leaders
and their allies, accompanied by military action in Gaza and escalation of arrests
and killing in the West Bank” there is a “risk of genocide against the Palestinian people”5. United Nations experts have also expressed their “profound . . . concern” about “the failure of the international system to mobilise to prevent genocide”
against Palestinians, and have called on the “international community” to “do every-thing it can to immediately end the risk of genocide against the Palestinian people”6. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”), acting under its “early warning and urgent action procedure’, has also called on “all State parties” to the Genocide Convention to “fully respect” their “obligation to prevent . . .
2 Raphaë l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (1944), Chapter IX.
3 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287.
4 Speech by Mahmoud Abbas on Palestine TV, 18 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uRGx02vULg; translated by WAFA: “President Abbas urges Biden to stop Israel’s ongoing genocide of Palestinians”, WAFA, 18 November 2023, https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139394.
5 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (“UN OHCHR”), “Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide”, 19 October 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity.
6 UN OHCHR, “Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people”, 16 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against.
9
tionale (CPI). L’Afrique du Sud sait fort bien que les actes de génocide se distinguent d’autres violations du droit international cautionnées ou perpétrées par le Gouvernement et l’armée d’Israël dans la bande de Gaza (ci-après « Gaza »)  et notamment le fait de diriger intentionnellement des attaques contre la population civile, les biens de caractère civil et les édifices consacrés aux cultes, à l’éducation, aux arts et aux sciences, les monuments historiques, les hôpitaux et les lieux de rassemblement de malades et de blessés, ainsi que la torture, l’utilisation de la famine contre les civils comme méthode de guerre et d’autres crimes de guerre et crimes contre l’humanité —, mais il existe souvent un lien étroit entre tous ces actes. Elle a aussi conscience que les actes de génocide s’inscrivent nécessairement dans un continuum, comme Raphaël Lemkin, créateur du terme « génocide », l’avait compris2. Aussi importe-t-il de replacer ces actes dans le contexte plus large du comportement d’Israël à l’égard des Palestiniens pendant 75 ans d’apartheid, 56 ans d’occupation de guerre du territoire palestinien et 16 ans de blocus de Gaza, et notamment des violations graves et persistantes du droit international qui y sont associées, telles que les infractions graves à la quatrième convention de Genève3 et d’autres crimes de guerre et crimes contre l’humanité. Lorsqu’elle se réfère, dans la présente requête, aux actes et omissions d’Israël susceptibles de constituer d’autres violations du droit international, l’Afrique du Sud considère toutefois que lesdits actes et omissions revêtent un caractère génocidaire car ils s’accompagnent de l’intention spécifique requise (dolus specialis) de détruire les Palestiniens de Gaza en tant que partie du groupe national, racial et ethnique plus large des Palestiniens.
3. L’Afrique du Sud est parfaitement consciente du poids particulier de la responsabilité qu’elle assume en introduisant une instance contre Israël pour violations de la convention sur le génocide. Elle est cependant tout aussi consciente de son obligation, en tant qu’État partie à cet instrument, de prévenir le génocide. Les actes et omissions d’Israël à l’égard des Palestiniens emportent violation de la convention sur le génocide. C’est aussi ce que pensent de nombreux autres États parties à la convention, dont l’État de Palestine lui-même, qui a appelé « les dirigeants du monde » à « prendre la responsabilité de mettre fin … au génocide contre [son] peuple »4. De même, des experts de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) ont à maintes reprises, depuis plus de dix semaines, « sonné l’alarme » en indiquant que, « [a]u vu des déclarations faites par les dirigeants politiques israéliens et leurs alliés, conjuguées aux opérations militaires menées à Gaza et à l’intensification des arrestations et des meurtres en Cisjordanie », il existe un « risque de génocide contre le peuple palestinien »5. Ils ont en outre exprimé leur « profonde préoccupation » face à « l’absence de mobilisation du système international pour empêcher le génocide » contre les Palestiniens, et ont appelé la « communauté internationale » à « faire tout ce qui [étai]t en son pouvoir pour mettre immédiatement fin au risque de génocide contre le peuple palestinien »6. Le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale (CEDR), agissant dans le cadre de ses « mesures d’alerte rapide
2 Raphaë l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (1944), chap. IX.
3 Convention de Genève relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre, 12 août 1949, RTNU, vol. 75, p. 287.
4 Speech by Mahmoud Abbas on Palestine TV, 18 novembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uRGx02vULg, translated by WAFA: « President Abbas urges Biden to stop Israel’s ongoing genocide of Palestinians », WAFA, 18 novembre 2023, https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139394.
5 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (« UN OHCHR »), « Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide », 19 octobre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity.
6 UN OHCHR, « Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people », 16 novembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/
11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against.
10
genocide”7. This Application by South Africa and its request for the indication of
provisional measures fall to be considered in that context and in the light of those calls. It is made against the background of South Africa’s foreign policy objective for
the attainment of a durable peace between Israel and the State of Palestine, with two States existing side by side within internationally recognized borders, based on those existing on 4 June 1967, prior to the outbreak of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, in line with all relevant United Nations resolutions and international law.
4. The facts relied on by South Africa in this Application and to be further developed in these proceedings establish that — against a background of apartheid, expulsion, ethnic cleansing, annexation, occupation, discrimination, and the ongoing denial of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination — Israel, since 7 October 2023
in particular, has failed to prevent genocide and has failed to prosecute the direct
and public incitement to genocide. More gravely still, Israel has engaged in, is engaging in and risks further engaging in genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza. Those acts include killing them, causing them serious mental and bodily harm and deliberately inflicting on them conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as a group. Repeated statements by Israeli State representatives, including at the highest levels, by the Israeli President, Prime Minister, and Minister of
Defence express genocidal intent. That intent is also properly to be inferred from the nature and conduct of Israel’s military operation in Gaza, having regard, inter alia,
to Israel’s failure to provide or ensure essential food, water, medicine, fuel, shelter and other humanitarian assistance for the besieged and blockaded Palestinian people, which has pushed them to the brink of famine. It is also clear from the nature, scope
and extent of Israel’s military attacks on Gaza, which have involved the sustained bombardment over more than 11 weeks of one of the most densely populated
places in the world, forcing the evacuation of 1.9 million people or 85 per cent
of the population of Gaza from their homes and herding them into ever smaller areas, without adequate shelter, in which they continue to be attacked, killed and
harmed. Israel has now killed in excess of 21,110 named Palestinians, including
over 7,729 children — with over 7,780 others missing, presumed dead under the
rubble — and has injured over 55,243 other Palestinians, causing them severe
bodily and mental harm. Israel has also laid waste to vast areas of Gaza, including
entire neighbourhoods, and has damaged or destroyed in excess of 355,000 Palestinian homes, alongside extensive tracts of agricultural land, bakeries, schools, universities, businesses, places of worship, cemeteries, cultural and archaeological sites,
municipal and court buildings, and critical infrastructure, including water and
sanitation facilities and electricity networks, while pursuing a relentless assault
on the Palestinian medical and healthcare system. Israel has reduced and
is continuing to reduce Gaza to rubble, killing, harming and destroying its people,
7 UN OHCHR, “Gaza Strip: States are obliged to prevent crimes against humanity and genocide, UN Committee stresses”, 21 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/
12/gaza-strip-states-are-obliged-prevent-crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide. Under CERD’s Early Warning and Urgent Action (“EWUA”) procedure, CERD has extensive expertise in compiling indicators relevant to the prevention of genocide; in 2015 it issued a Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide which recalled this work in its preamble: see CERD, Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide (CRD/C/66/1), 17 October 2005, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/CERD/declaration_genocide.doc (emphasis added).
11
et procédures d’intervention d’urgence », a également appelé « tous les États parties » à la convention sur le génocide à « respecter pleinement » leur « obligation de prévenir … le génocide »7. La présente requête de l’Afrique du Sud et la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires qu’elle contient doivent être examinées dans ce contexte et à la lumière de ces appels. Elles s’inscrivent dans l’objectif de politique étrangère de l’Afrique du Sud, qui est de parvenir à l’instauration d’une paix durable entre Israël et l’État de Palestine, lesquels vivraient côte à côte à l’intérieur de frontières internationalement reconnues fondées sur celles qui existaient le 4 juin 1967 avant que n’éclate la même année la guerre arabo-israélienne, conformément à toutes les résolutions adoptées sur le sujet par les instances de l’ONU et au droit international.
4. Les faits sur lesquels l’Afrique du Sud s’appuie dans la présente requête, et qui seront exposés plus en détail au cours de la procédure, établissent que, dans un contexte d’apartheid, d’expulsion, de nettoyage ethnique, d’annexion, d’occupation, de discrimination et de négation persistante du droit du peuple palestinien à l’autodétermination, Israël, en particulier depuis le 7 octobre 2023, manque de prévenir le génocide et de poursuivre les auteurs d’actes constitutifs d’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide. Plus grave encore, Israël s’est livré, se livre et risque de continuer à se livrer à des actes génocidaires contre le peuple palestinien de Gaza. Ces actes comprennent le meurtre de Palestiniens de Gaza, des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique et mentale des Palestiniens de Gaza et la soumission intentionnelle des Palestiniens de Gaza à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner leur destruction physique en tant que groupe. Les déclarations répétées des représentants de l’État israélien, y compris, au plus haut niveau, de son président, son premier ministre et son ministre de la défense, manifestent une intention génocidaire. Cette intention peut aussi être légitimement inférée de la nature de l’opération militaire israélienne à Gaza et de la manière dont celle-ci est menée, au vu notamment du fait qu’Israël ne fournit pas, ni ne veille à ce que soient fournis, la nourriture, l’eau, les médicaments, le combustible, les abris et l’aide humanitaire de quelque autre nature qui sont nécessaires au peuple palestinien assiégé et soumis au blocus, et, de ce fait, poussé au bord de la famine. L’intention génocidaire ressort aussi clairement de la nature, de la portée et de l’ampleur des attaques militaires d’Israël contre Gaza, qui ont notamment consisté à bombarder sans interruption pendant plus de 11 semaines l’une des régions les plus densément peuplées au monde, entraînant l’évacuation forcée de 1,9 million de personnes — soit 85 % de la population de Gaza —, contraintes d’abandonner leur domicile et de s’entasser dans
des espaces de plus en plus réduits, sans abris appropriés, où elles continuent
d’être attaquées, tuées et blessées. Plus de 21 110 Palestiniens identifiés, dont plus de 7 729 enfants, ont été tués à ce jour par Israël — sans compter plus de 7 780 disparus, présumés morts sous les décombres — et plus de 55 243 autres ont été victimes d’atteintes à leur intégrité physique et mentale. Israël a également ravagé de larges zones de Gaza, dont des quartiers entiers, et endommagé ou détruit plus de 355 000 maisons palestiniennes, ainsi que de vastes étendues de terres agricoles, des boulangeries,
des écoles, des universités, des commerces, des lieux de culte, des cimetières, des sites
7 UN OHCHR, « Gaza Strip: States are obliged to prevent crimes against humanity
and genocide, UN Committee stresses », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/
press-releases/2023/12/gaza-strip-states-are-obliged-prevent-crimes-against-humanity-
and-genocide. Au titre de ses mesures d’alerte rapide et procédures d’intervention d’urgence, le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale dispose d’une grande expertise
pour compiler des indicateurs relatifs à la prévention du génocide ; en 20[0]5 il a adopté
une déclaration sur la prévention du génocide dans le préambule de laquelle étaient rappelés
ses travaux ; voir Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale, déclaration sur
la prévention du génocide (CRD/C/66/1), 17 octobre 2005, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/
doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/441/21/PDF/G0544121.pdf?OpenElement (les italiques sont de nous).
12
and creating conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as a group.
5. South Africa, mindful of the jus cogens character of the prohibition of genocide and the erga omnes and erga omnes partes character of the obligations owed by States under the Genocide Convention, is making the present Application to establish Israel’s responsibility for violations of the Genocide Convention; to hold it fully accountable under international law for those violations; and — most immediately — to have recourse to this Court to ensure the urgent and fullest possible protection for Palestinians in Gaza who remain at grave and immediate risk of continuing and further acts of genocide.
6. In light of the extraordinary urgency of the situation, South Africa seeks an expedited hearing for its request for the indication of provisional measures. In addition, pursuant to Article 74 (4) of the Rules of Court, South Africa requests the President of the Court to protect the Palestinian people in Gaza by calling upon Israel immediately to halt all military attacks that constitute or give rise to violations of the Genocide Convention pending the holding of such hearing, so as to enable any order the Court may make on the request for the indication of provisional measures to have its appropriate effects. To that end, the Court should order Israel to cease killing and causing serious mental and bodily harm to Palestinian people in Gaza, to cease the deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as a group, to prevent and punish direct and public incitement to genocide, and to rescind related policies and practices, including regarding the restriction on aid and the issuing of evacuation directives.
7. Mindful of the Court’s important role and the exercise of its grave responsibility in circumstances in which the genocidal acts of which South Africa complains have occurred very recently and are ongoing — and have not otherwise been subject to judicial determination or detailed fact-finding — South Africa’s Application and request for provisional measures provide a more detailed factual account than might otherwise be usual. That account draws in significant part on statements and reports by United Nations chiefs and bodies and non-governmental organisations (“NGOs”), as well as eyewitness accounts from Gaza — including from Palestinian journalists on the ground — in circumstances where Israel continues to restrict access to Gaza by international journalists, investigators and fact-finding teams. However, neither the Application nor the request for the indication of provisional measures depends on a determination by the Court of each individual incident or complaint referred to herein. Notably, as the Court’s case law makes clear, “[w]hat the Court is required to do at the stage of making an order on provisional measures is to establish whether . . . at least some of the acts alleged . . . are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention”8. At least some of the acts alleged by South Africa are clearly capable of falling within those provisions.
8 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020 (hereinafter “The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020”), p. 14, para. 30.
13
culturels et archéologiques, des édifices municipaux, des tribunaux et des infrastructures essentielles, telles qu’installations d’approvisionnement en eau et d’assainissement et réseaux électriques, tout en poursuivant son offensive incessante contre le système de santé palestinien. Israël a réduit et continue de réduire Gaza à l’état de ruines, tuant, blessant et détruisant son peuple, et créant des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner la destruction physique de celui-ci en tant que groupe.
5. Ayant à l’esprit que l’interdiction du génocide relève du jus cogens et que les obligations imposées aux États par la convention sur le génocide revêtent un caractère erga omnes et erga omnes partes, l’Afrique du Sud introduit la présente instance afin d’établir la responsabilité d’Israël à raison de violations de cet instrument, de faire en sorte que cet État soit pleinement tenu de répondre de ses actes, en application du droit international, et, de façon plus immédiate, de faire appel à la Cour pour assurer
d’urgence la protection la plus large possible aux Palestiniens de Gaza, qui demeurent exposés au risque grave et immédiat de subir, maintenant et à l’avenir, des actes de génocide.
6. Au vu de l’urgence extrême de la situation, l’Afrique du Sud souhaite que sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires fasse l’objet d’une procédure accélérée. En outre, en vertu du paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du Règlement de la Cour, elle prie la présidente de protéger le peuple palestinien de Gaza en appelant Israël, dans l’attente de la tenue d’une l’audience, à cesser sur-le-champ toute attaque militaire constituant ou entraînant des violations de la convention sur le génocide, de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulus. À cette fin, la Cour doit ordonner à Israël de cesser de tuer des Palestiniens de Gaza et de causer des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique et mentale des membres de ce groupe, de cesser de soumettre intentionnellement le peuple palestinien de Gaza à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner sa destruction physique en tant que groupe, de prévenir et de punir l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, et de renoncer aux politiques et pratiques connexes, notamment en ce qui concerne les entraves faites à l’aide humanitaire et les ordres d’évacuation.
7. Consciente du rôle important de la Cour et de la lourde responsabilité que celle-ci doit exercer dans des circonstances où les actes de génocide allégués par l’Afrique du Sud viennent d’être commis et se poursuivent — et n’ont fait l’objet d’aucune décision judiciaire ni d’aucun examen approfondi aux fins de l’établissement des faits —, l’Afrique du Sud entrera peut-être, dans sa requête et sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, davantage dans le détail que les parties n’ont coutume de le faire. Le présent exposé s’appuie en grande partie sur des déclarations et des rapports émanant de responsables et d’organismes de l’ONU et d’organisations non gouvernementales (« ONG »), ainsi que sur les récits de témoins oculaires à Gaza, notamment des journalistes palestiniens présents sur le terrain, Israël continuant d’interdire l’accès à Gaza aux journalistes internationaux, aux enquêteurs et aux équipes d’établissement des faits. La requête et la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ne requièrent toutefois ni l’une ni l’autre que la Cour se prononce sur chacun des cas ou griefs qui y sont mentionnés. Il convient de noter que, comme il est précisé dans sa jurisprudence, « [c]e que la Cour est tenue de faire au stade d’une ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires est de déterminer si … au moins certains des actes allégués … sont susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention »8. Or, certains au moins des actes allégués par l’Afrique du Sud sont à l’évidence susceptibles d’entrer dans ces prévisions.
8 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Gambie c. Myanmar), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, C.I.J.
Recueil 2020 (ci-après « Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 jan-
vier 2020 »), p. 14, par. 30.
14
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
8. South Africa and Israel are both Members of the United Nations and therefore bound by the Statute of the Court, including Article 36 (1), which provides that the Court’s jurisdiction “comprises . . . all matters specially provided for . . . in treaties and conventions in force”.
9. South Africa and Israel are also parties to the Genocide Convention. Israel signed the Genocide Convention on 17 August 1949 and deposited its instrument of ratification on 9 March 1950, thereby becoming a party when the Genocide Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951. South Africa deposited its instrument of accession on 10 December 1998. It became applicable between the Parties on the ninetieth day thereafter, pursuant to Article XIII of the Convention.
10. Article IX of the Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”
11. Neither South Africa nor Israel has entered any reservation to Article IX.
12. South Africa has repeatedly and urgently expressed its concerns and condemnation in respect of Israel’s acts and omissions which form the basis of this Application. South Africa and other States parties to the Genocide Convention have, in particular, made clear that Israel’s actions in Gaza constitute genocide against the Palestinian people. By way of example, the Presidents of Algeria9, Bolivia10, Brazil11, Colombia12, Cuba13, Iran14, Türkiye15, and Venezuela16 have all described Israel’s actions as a
9 “Algeria, Türkiye discuss need for accountability over Gaza ‘genocide’”, Middle East Monitor, 21 November 2023, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231121-algeria-president-
tebboune-turkiye-president-erdogan-discuss-need-for-accountability-over-gaza-genocide. The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria acceded to the Genocide Convention on 31 October 1963.
10 Luis Alberto Arce Catacora (Lucho Arce), Presidente Constitucional del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, @LuchoXBolivia, Tweet (2:43 a.m.), 16 November 2023, https://twitter.com/LuchoXBolivia/status/1724981446001967283. The Plurinational State of Bolivia signed the Genocide Convention on 11 December 1948 and ratified it on 14 June 2005.
11 “President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide”, AgênciaBrasil, 25 October 2023, https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-
genocide. The Federative Republic of Brazil signed the Genocide Convention on 11 December 1948 and ratified it on 15 April 1952.
12 Gustavo Petro, Presidente de la República de Colombia, @petrogustavo, Tweet (4:00 a.m.), 1 November 2023, https://twitter.com/petrogustavo/status/1719565081371935150. The Republic of Colombia signed the Genocide Convention on 12 August 1949 and ratified it 27 October 1959.
13 Ed Newman, “Diaz-Canel says Cuba will not accept ignoring genocide against Palestinians”, Radio Havana Cuba, 29 October 2023, https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/337800-diaz-canel-says-cuba-will-not-accept-ignoring-genocide-against-palestinians. The Republic of Cuba signed the Genocide Convention on 28 December 1949 and ratified it on 4 March 1953.
14 “Iranian president condemns Gaza ‘genocide’ in meeting with Putin”, NBC News, 7 December 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/video/iranian-president-condemns-gaza-genocide-in-meeting-with-putin-199670853701. The Islamic Republic of Iran signed the Genocide Convention on 8 December 1949 and ratified it on 14 August 1956.
15 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Türkiye and AK Party Chairman, @RTErdogan, Tweet, (4:30 p.m.), 18 October 2023, https://twitter.com/RTErdogan/status/1714665167978369531. The Republic of Türkiye acceded to the Genocide Convention on 31 July 1950.
16 Nicolás Maduro, Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, @NicolasMaduro, Tweet (7:40 p.m.), 4 November 2023, https://twitter.com/NicolasMaduro/status/17208887195681
91585. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela acceded to the Genocide Convention on 12 July 1960.
15
II. La compétence de la Cour
8. L’Afrique du Sud et Israël sont tous deux Membres de l’ONU et, partant, liés par le Statut de la Cour, notamment par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36, qui dispose que la compétence de la Cour « s’étend à … tous les cas spécialement prévus dans … les traités et conventions en vigueur ».
9. L’Afrique du Sud et Israël sont aussi parties à la convention sur le génocide. Israël l’a signée le 17 août 1949 et a déposé son instrument de ratification le 9 mars 1950 ; il y est ainsi devenu partie dès son entrée en vigueur, le 12 janvier 1951. L’Afrique du Sud a, quant à elle, déposé le 10 décembre 1998 son instrument d’adhésion, qui est devenu applicable entre les deux Parties le quatre-vingt-dixième jour suivant cette date, conformément à l’article XIII de la convention.
10. L’article IX de la convention sur le génocide se lit comme suit :
« Les différends entre les Parties contractantes relatifs à l’interprétation, l’application ou l’exécution de la présente Convention, y compris ceux relatifs à la responsabilité d’un État en matière de génocide ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à l’article III, seront soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, à la requête d’une Partie au différend. »
11. Ni l’Afrique du Sud ni Israël n’ont formulé de réserve à l’article IX.
12. L’Afrique du Sud a maintes fois fait part de ses préoccupations, condamnant instamment les actes et omissions d’Israël qui motivent la présente requête. En particulier, elle a, comme d’autres États parties à la convention sur le génocide, affirmé que les actions d’Israël à Gaza étaient constitutives de génocide contre le peuple palestinien. Ainsi, les présidents de l’Algérie9, de la Bolivie10, du Brésil11, de la Colombie12, de Cuba13, de l’Iran14, de la Türkiye15 et du Venezuela16 ont tous, à l’instar du président
9 « Algeria, Türkiye discuss need for accountability over Gaza “genocide” », Middle East Monitor, 21 novembre 2023, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231121-algeria-president-tebboune-turkiye-president-erdogan-discuss-need-for-accountability-over-gaza-genocide. La Répu-
blique algérienne démocratique et populaire a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 31 octobre 1963.
10 Luis Alberto Arce Catacora (Lucho Arce), Presidente Constitucional del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, @LuchoXBolivia, Tweet (2:43 a.m.), 16 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/LuchoXBolivia/status/1724981446001967283. L’État plurinational de Bolivie a signé la convention sur le génocide le 11 décembre 1948 et l’a ratifiée le 14 juin 2005.
11 « President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide », AgênciaBrasil, 25 octobre 2023, https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide. La République fédérative du Brésil a signé la convention sur le génocide le 11 décembre 1948 et l’a ratifiée le 15 avril 1952.
12 Gustavo Petro, Presidente de la República de Colombia, @petrogustavo, Tweet (4:00 a.m.), 1er novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/petrogustavo/status/1719565081371935150. La République de Colombie a signé la convention sur le génocide le 12 août 1949 et l’a ratifiée le 27 octobre 1959.
13 Ed Newman, « Diaz-Canel says Cuba will not accept ignoring genocide against Palestinians », Radio Havana Cuba, 29 octobre 2023, https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/337800-diaz-canel-says-cuba-will-not-accept-ignoring-genocide-against-palestinians. La République de Cuba a signé la convention sur le génocide le 28 décembre 1949 et l’a ratifiée le 4 mars 1953.
14 « Iranian president condemns Gaza “genocide” in meeting with Putin », NBC News, 7 décembre 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/video/iranian-president-condemns-gaza-genocide-in-meeting-with-putin-199670853701. La République islamique d’Iran a signé la convention sur le génocide le 8 décembre 1949 et l’a ratifiée le 14 août 1956.
15 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Türkiye and AK Party Chairman, @RTErdogan, Tweet, (4:30 p.m.), 18 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/RTErdogan/status/1714665167978369531. La République de Türkiye a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 31 juillet 1950.
16 Nicolás Maduro, Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, @NicolasMaduro, Tweet (7:40 p.m.), 4 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/NicolasMaduro/status/1720888719568
191585. La République bolivarienne du Venezuela a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 12 juillet 1960.
16
genocide, as has the Palestinian President17. State officials and representatives from Bangladesh18, Egypt19, Honduras20, Iraq21, Jordan22, Libya23, Malaysia24, Namibia25, Pakistan26, Syria27, and Tunisia28, have also referred to genocide or the risk thereof in Gaza; as have heads of State and State officials from non-State parties to the Genocide Convention, including Qatar29, and Mauritania30. Speaking on behalf of the “Arab Group” at the 9498th meeting of the United Nations Security Council on 8 December
17 “President Abbas urges Biden to stop Israel’s ongoing genocide of Palestinians”, WAFA, 18 November 2023, https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139394. The State of Palestine acceded to the Genocide Convention on 2 April 2014.
18 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Seventy-Eighth Session, 39th and 40th Meetings, GA/12566, “Staggering Loss of Life in Gaza, Follow-on to Temporary Truce Dominate General Assembly Debate on Decades-Long Question of Palestine”, GA/12566, 28 November 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12566.doc.htm. The People’s Republic of Bangladesh acceded to the Genocide Convention on 5 October 1998.
19 UN News, “UN General Assembly adopts Gaza resolution calling for immediate and sustained ‘humanitarian truce’”, 26 October 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847. The Arab Republic of Egypt signed the Genocide Convention on 12 December 1948 and ratified the Convention on 8 February 1952.
20 “Live updates | Israel rebuffs US push for humanitarian pause, says hostages must be released first”, Associated Press, 3 November 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20231117082155/https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-international/ap-live-updates-israeli-troops-tighten-encircle
ment-of-gaza-city-as-top-us-diplomat-arrives-in-israel. The Republic of Honduras signed the Genocide Convention on 22 April 1949 and ratified the Convention on 5 March 1952.
21 “Israel subjects Palestinians ‘to genocide,’ says Sudani”, Rudaw, 6 November 2023, https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/06112023. The Republic of Iraq acceded to the Genocide Convention on 20 January 1959.
22 “Jordan’s foreign minister says Israel aiming ‘to empty Gaza of its people’”, Al Jazeera, 10 December 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/jordan-foreign-minister-says-israel-aiming-to-empty-gaza-of-its-people. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan acceded to the Genocide Convention on 3 April 1950.
23 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9451st Meeting, SC/15462, “Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People”, 24 October 2023, https://press.un.org/
en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm. The State of Libya acceded to the Genocide Convention on 16 May 1989.
24 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, “Malaysia Acknowledges Breakthrough in
the United Nations Security Council on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, 17 November 2023, https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/malaysia-acknowledges-breakthrough-in-the-united-
nations-security-council-on-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict. Malaysia acceded to the Genocide Convention on 20 December 1994.
25 Neville Gertze, Ambassador of Namibia to the United Nations, Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation — Namibia, 25 October 2023, https://fb.watch/oTgjaUXQdO. The Republic of Namibia acceded to the Genocide Convention on 28 November 1994.
26 Naveed Butt, “Pakistan terms Gaza siege genocide of Palestinians”, Business Recorder, 16 October 2023, https://www.brecorder.com/news/40268277. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan signed the Genocide Convention on 11 December 1948 and acceded to the Convention on 12 October 1957.
27 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Seventy-Eighth Session, 24th and 25th Meetings, “Third Committee Spotlights Human Rights Abuses in Conflicts, Stressing Need to End Terrorist Attacks, Genocide, Illegal Hostage-Taking, Enforced Displacement”, GA/SHC/4385, 17 October 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/gashc4385.doc.htm. The Syrian Arab Republic acceded to the Genocide Convention on 25 June 1955.
28 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9451st Meeting, doc. SC/15462, “Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People”, 24 October 2023, https://
press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm. The Republic of Tunisia acceded to the Genocide Convention on 29 November 1956.
29 “Qatari emir: ‘This is a genocide committed by Israel’”, Al Jazeera English, 5 December 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drOuwKvDt8o.
30 “Mauritania Condemns Israeli Heinous Crimes in Gaza”, Agence Mauritanienne d’information, 18 October 2023, https://ami.mr/en/archives/11732.
17
palestinien17, qualifié de génocide les actions d’Israël. Les agents et représentants du Bangladesh18, de l’Égypte19, du Honduras20, de l’Iraq21, de la Jordanie22, de la Libye23, de la Malaisie24, de la Namibie25, du Pakistan26, de la Syrie27 et de la Tunisie28 ont également évoqué le génocide ou le risque de génocide à Gaza, comme l’ont fait des dirigeants et représentants d’États non parties à la convention sur le génocide, parmi lesquels le Qatar29 et la Mauritanie30. S’exprimant au nom du Groupe des États arabes
17 « Le Président appelle le Président américain à intervenir immédiatement pour mettre fin au génocide contre le peuple palestinien », WAFA, 18 novembre 2023, https://french.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/212827. L’État de Palestine a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 2 avril 2014.
18 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Seventy-Eighth Session, 39th and 40th Meetings, 28 novembre 2023, « Staggering Loss of Life in Gaza, Follow-on to Temporary Truce Dominate General Assembly Debate on Decades-Long Question of Palestine », doc. GA/12566, https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12566.doc.htm. La République populaire du Bangladesh a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 5 octobre 1998.
19 UN News, « UN General Assembly adopts Gaza resolution calling for immediate and sustained “humanitarian truce” », 26 octobre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847. La République arabe d’Égypte a signé la convention sur le génocide le 12 décembre 1948 et l’a ratifiée le 8 février 1952.
20 « Live updates — Israel rebuffs US push for humanitarian pause, says hostages must be released first », Associated Press, 3 novembre 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20231117082
155/https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-international/ap-live-updates-israeli-troops-tighten-encirclement-of-gaza-city-as-top-us-diplomat-arrives-in-israel. La République du Honduras a signé la convention sur le génocide le 22 avril 1949 et l’a ratifiée le 5 mars 1952.
21 « Israel subjects Palestinians “to genocide,” says Sudani », Rudaw, 6 novembre 2023,
https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/06112023. La République d’Iraq a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 20 janvier 1959.
22 « Jordan’s foreign minister says Israel aiming “to empty Gaza of its people” », 10 décembre 2023, Al Jazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/jordan-foreign-minister-says-israel-aiming-to-empty-gaza-of-its-people. Le Royaume hachémite de Jordanie a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 3 avril 1950.
23 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9451st Meeting, doc. SC/15462, « Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People », 24 octobre 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm. L’État de Libye a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 16 mai 1989.
24 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, « Malaysia Acknowledges Breakthrough in the
United Nations Security Council on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict », 17 novembre 2023, https://
www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/malaysia-acknowledges-breakthrough-in-the-united-nations-security-council-on-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict. La Malaisie a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 20 décembre 1994.
25 Neville Gertze, Ambassador of Namibia to the United Nations, Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation — Namibia, 25 octobre 2023, https://fb.watch/oTgjaUXQdO. La République de Namibie a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 28 novembre 1994.
26 Naveed Butt, « Pakistan terms Gaza siege genocide of Palestinians », Business Recorder, 16 octobre 2023, https://www.brecorder.com/news/40268277. La République islamique du Pakistan a signé la convention sur le génocide le 11 décembre 1948 et y a adhéré le 12 octobre 1957.
27 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Seventy-Eighth Session 24th and 25th
Meetings, « Third Committee Spotlights Human Rights Abuses in Conflicts, Stressing Need
to End Terrorist Attacks, Genocide, Illegal Hostage-Taking, Enforced Displacement », 17 octobre 2023, doc. GA/SHC/4385, https://press.un.org/en/2023/gashc4385.doc.htm. La République arabe syrienne a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 25 juin 1955.
28 UN, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9451st Meeting, doc. SC/15462, « Amid Increas-
ingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People », 24 octobre 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15462.doc.htm. La République tunisienne a adhéré à la convention sur le génocide le 29 novembre 1956.
29 « Qatari emir: “This is a genocide committed by Israel” », Al Jazeera English, 5 décembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drOuwKvDt8o.
30 « La Mauritanie condamne le crime odieux commis par la machine de guerre israélienne à Gaza », Agence mauritanienne d’information, 17 octobre 2023, https://ami.mr/fr/archives/231952.
18
2023, ahead of the United Nations Security Council vote on a ceasefire, Egypt’s representative stated that the “[c]ivilian fatalities [in Gaza] lay bare the lie that the war is against an armed group. Rather, it is a collective punishment and genocide against the Palestinian people”. Citing “the extensive destruction of civilian infrastructure and the targeting of United Nations staff members”, he stated that “the forcible displacement of 85 per cent of Gaza’s people, living in dire circumstances, represents . . . an effort to eliminate the Palestinian people”31.
13. Having regard to the fact that the prohibition of genocide has the character of a peremptory norm and that the obligations under the Convention are owed erga omnes and erga omnes partes32, Israel has been made fully aware of the grave concerns expressed by the international community, by States parties to the Genocide Convention, and by South Africa in particular, as to Israel’s failure to cease, prevent and punish the commission of genocide. South Africa’s concern has been expressed, inter alia, as follows:

On 30 October 2023, the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation issued a statement calling on the international community to hold Israel accountable for breaches of international law. Warning that “the crime of genocide, sadly looms large” in Gaza, the statement recalled that “President Lula da Silva of Brazil has called the attacks on Gaza a genocide” and that the South African Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, Naledi Pandor, addressing the United Nations Security Council on 24 October 2023, had also “reminded the international community not to stand idle while another genocide is unfolding”33.

On 7 November, addressing the South African National Assembly, South Africa’s International Relations Minister warned that “[t]he crime of genocide sadly looms large in the current situation in Gaza”, recalling that “in 1994, a genocide occurred on the African continent with much of the whole world watching as innocent people were massacred”, and underscoring that South Africa could not stand by and allow that to happen again34.

On 10 November 2023, the Director-General of South Africa’s Department of International Relations and Cooperation (“DIRCO”), conducted a formal diplomatic démarche of the Ambassador of the State of Israel to South Africa, advising him that while South Africa “condemned the attacks on civilians by Hamas” which “should be investigated for war crimes”, “the response by Israel was unlawful”, and that South Africa “wants the ICC to investigate the leadership of Israel” for crimes including genocide35.
31 UN Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9498th Meeting, “Secretary-General Urges Security Council to Call for Ceasefire in Gaza. Declaring That Humanitarian Situation Is Now at ‘Breaking Point’”, SC/15518, 8 December 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15518.doc.htm (emphasis added).
32 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 17, para. 41.
33 South Africa, Department of International Relations and Cooperation (“DIRCO”), “South Africa calls for the International community to hold Israel accountable for breaches of International Law”, 30 October 2023, https://www.dirco.gov.za/south-africa-calls-for-the-international-
community-to-hold-israel-accountable-for-breaches-of-international-law.
34 South Africa, DIRCO, “Ministerial Statement on the Ongoing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Dr GNM Pandor, Minister for International Relations and Cooperation, in the National Assembly House of Parliament”, 7 November 2023, https://www.dirco.gov.za/ministerial-statement-on-the-ongoing-israeli-palestinian-conflict-by-dr-gnm-pandor-minister-for-international-relations-and-cooperation-in-the-national-assembly-house-of-parliament-7-november-2023.
35 South Africa, DIRCO, “DIRCO démarches the Ambassador of the State of Israel”, 10 November 2023, https://www.dirco.gov.za/dirco-demarches-the-ambassador-of-the-state-of-israel.
19
à la 9498e séance du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU le 8 décembre 2023, avant un vote sur un cessez-le-feu, le représentant de l’Égypte a déclaré que « les victimes civiles [à Gaza] montr[ai]ent clairement que le prétexte avancé de combattre un groupe armé [étai]t un mensonge [et qu’]il s’agi[ssai]t plutôt d’une punition collective et d’un
génocide contre le peuple palestinien ». Évoquant « les destructions massives d’infrastructures civiles et les attaques ciblant le personnel de l’ONU », il a affirmé que « le déplacement forcé de 85 % de la population de Gaza, soumise à des conditions de vie effroyables, … vis[ait] à faire disparaître le peuple palestinien »31.
13. L’interdiction du génocide revêtant le caractère d’une norme impérative et
les obligations découlant de la convention étant dues erga omnes et erga omnes partes32, Israël a eu amplement connaissance des préoccupations de la communauté internationale, des États parties à la convention sur le génocide, et de l’Afrique du Sud
en particulier, qui s’inquiétaient de ce qu’il ne cessait pas ses actes de génocide, et n’en prévenait ni n’en punissait la commission. L’Afrique du Sud a fait part de ses préoccupations de différentes manières, et notamment comme suit :

Le 30 octobre 2023, le ministère sud-africain des relations internationales et de la coopération a publié une déclaration appelant la communauté internationale à exiger d’Israël qu’il réponde de ses manquements au droit international. Soulignant que « la menace d’un crime de génocide se profil[ait] malheureusement » à Gaza, la déclaration rappelait que « le président brésilien, Lula da Silva, a[vait] qualifié les attaques contre Gaza de génocide » et que, s’adressant au Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU le 24 octobre 2023, la ministre sud-africaine des relations internationales et de la coopération, Naledi Pandor, avait aussi « incité la communauté internationale à ne pas demeurer passive alors qu’un nouveau génocide se prépar[ait] »33.

Le 7 novembre, la ministre sud-africaine des relations internationales a alerté
l’Assemblée nationale d’Afrique du Sud de ce que « la menace d’un crime de génocide pes[ait] malheureusement sur la situation à Gaza » et rappelé que, « en 1994,
un génocide s’[étai]t produit sur le continent africain et qu’une grande partie du monde a[vait] assisté sans réagir au massacre d’innocents », en soulignant que l’Afrique du Sud ne pouvait permettre que cela se produise une nouvelle fois sans rien faire34.

Le 10 novembre 2023, le chef de cabinet du ministère sud-africain des relations internationales et de la coopération a engagé une démarche diplomatique officielle en informant l’ambassadeur de l’État d’Israël auprès de l’Afrique du Sud, que, même si celle-ci « condamn[ait] les attaques menées par le Hamas contre des civils », lesquelles « devraient faire l’objet d’enquêtes pour crimes de guerre », « la réponse d’Israël était illicite », et que l’Afrique du Sud « souhait[ait] que la Cour pénale internationale ouvre des enquêtes concernant les dirigeants israéliens » pour différents chefs et notamment celui de crime de génocide35.
31 UN Meetings Coverage, 9498th Meeting, « Secretary-General Urges Security Council
for Ceasefire in Gaza, Declaring that Humanitarian Situation Is Now at “Breaking Point” »,
doc. SC/15518, 8 décembre 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15518.doc.htm (les italiques sont de nous).
32 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 17, par. 41.
33 South Africa, Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO), « South Africa calls for the International community to hold Israel accountable for breaches of International Law », 30 octobre 2023, https://www.dirco.gov.za/south-africa-calls-for-the-international-
community-to-hold-israel-accountable-for-breaches-of-international-law.
34 South Africa, DIRCO, « Ministerial Statement on the Ongoing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Dr GNM Pandor, Minister for International Relations and Cooperation, in the National Assembly House of Parliament », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.dirco.gov.za/ministerial-statement-on-the-ongoing-israeli-palestinian-conflict-by-dr-gnm-pandor-minister-for-international-relations-and-cooperation-in-the-national-assembly-house-of-parliament-7-november-2023.
35 South Africa, DIRCO, « DIRCO démarches the Ambassador of the State of Israel », 10 novem-
bre 2023, https://www.dirco.gov.za/dirco-demarches-the-ambassador-of-the-state-of-israel.
20

On 13 November 2023, at a meeting at the Presidential residence with the leadership of the South African Jewish Board of Deputies, at which they called, inter alia, for the re-opening of the South African Embassy in Israel, the President of South Africa, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa “condemn[ed] the genocide that is being inflicted against the people of Palestine, including women and children, through collective punishment and ongoing bombardment of Gaza”36.

On 17 November 2023, during the course of a State visit to Qatar, the President of South Africa, announced that South Africa was referring the Situation in the State of Palestine to the International Criminal Court, expressing his abhorrence for “what is happening right now in Gaza, which has now turned into a concentration camp where genocide is taking place”37.

Later on 17 November 2023, the Embassy of South Africa in The Hague, acting on behalf of South Africa, jointly with three other States parties to the Genocide Convention — namely Bangladesh, Bolivia, and Comoros — and Djibouti, referred the Situation in the State of Palestine to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, requesting that the Prosecutor vigorously investigate crimes within the jurisdictional scope of the Court, including the crime of genocide, as provided for in Article 6 (a), (b) and (c) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (“Rome Statute”)38.

On 21 November 2023, addressing the Extraordinary Joint Meeting of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) Leaders and Leaders of invited BRICS members on the situation in the Middle East called to address “a matter of grave global concern” in the Middle East, the President of South Africa asserted that “[t]he deliberate denial of medicine, fuel, food and water to the residents of Gaza is tantamount to genocide”39.

On 12 December 2023, speaking at the 10th Emergency Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly — at which Israel was represented — the South African Ambassador to the United Nations stated that “[t]he events of the past six weeks in Gaza have illustrated that Israel is acting contrary to its obligations in terms of the Genocide Convention”. She underscored that, “[a]s a UN Member State and owing to South Africa’s painful past experience of a system of apartheid, this impresses on us, as Member States to take action in accordance with international law”40.

On 21 December 2023, South Africa sent a Note Verbale to the Embassy of Israel in South Africa, in which South Africa raised its concerns about “credible reports that acts meeting the threshold of genocide or related crimes as defined in the 1948
36 South Africa, The Presidency, President Ramaphosa Meets with the South African Jewish Board of Deputies, 13 December 2023, https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-
meets-south-african-jewish-board-deputies.
37 Kate Bartlett, “South Africa Refers Israel to The Hague Over Gaza ‘War Crimes’”, VOA News, 17 November 2023, https://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-refers-israel-to-the-hague-over-gaza-war-crimes-/7359022.html.
38 South Africa, Embassy in the Netherlands, “Letter from the South African Embassy in the Netherlands to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court”, 17 November 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/ICC-Referral-Palestine-Final-17-November-2023.pdf.
39 South Africa, The Presidency, “Opening remarks by President Cyril Ramaphosa to the Extraordinary Joint Meeting of BRICS Leaders and Leaders of invited BRICS members on the situation in the Middle East”, 21 November 2023, https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/opening-remarks-president-cyril-ramaphosa-extraordinary-joint-meeting-brics-leaders-and-leaders.
40 UN News, “UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasefire during emergency session” (video of the session at 1:13:37), 12 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144717.
21

Le 13 novembre 2023, lors d’une réunion tenue dans sa résidence avec les membres de la gouvernance du Conseil des délégués des Juifs d’Afrique du Sud (South African Jewish Board of Deputies), au cours de laquelle ces derniers ont notamment demandé la réouverture de l’ambassade d’Afrique du Sud en Israël, le président sud-africain, M. Cyril Ramaphosa, a « condamn[é] le génocide commis contre le peuple de Palestine, notamment les femmes et les enfants, au moyen d’une punition collective et de bombardements continus menés sur Gaza »36.

Le 17 novembre 2023, lors d’une visite d’État au Qatar, le président sud-africain a annoncé la décision de son gouvernement de saisir la Cour pénale internationale de la situation dans l’État de Palestine, exprimant l’horreur que lui inspirait « ce qui se pass[ait] à Gaza, devenue un … un camp de concentration et le théâtre d’un génocide »37.

Le même jour, l’ambassade de l’Afrique du Sud à La Haye, agissant au nom
de l’Afrique du Sud conjointement avec trois autres États parties à la convention sur le génocide — le Bangladesh, la Bolivie et les Comores — ainsi qu’avec Djibouti, a saisi le Bureau du procureur de la CPI de la situation dans l’État de Palestine,
le priant de mener des enquêtes approfondies sur les crimes relevant de la compétence de la Cour, dont celui de génocide, tel que défini aux alinéas a), b) et c) de l’article 6 du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale (ci-après le « Statut de Rome »)38.

Le 21 novembre 2023, s’adressant aux dirigeants des pays du groupe BRICS (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du Sud) et des nouveaux États invités à rejoindre le groupe lors d’une réunion conjointe extraordinaire consacrée à la situation au Moyen-Orient, et en particulier à l’examen d’« une question hautement préoccupante pour la planète tout entière » se rapportant à cette région, le président sud-africain a déclaré que « [l]e fait de priver délibérément les résidents de Gaza d’accès aux médicaments, au combustible, à la nourriture et à l’eau équiva[lai]t à un génocide »39.

Le 12 décembre 2023, à la dixième session extraordinaire d’urgence de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies — à laquelle Israël était représenté —, la représentante permanente de l’Afrique du Sud a déclaré que « [l]es événements des six dernières semaines à Gaza montr[ai]ent qu’Israël agi[ssai]t au mépris des obligations lui incombant au titre de la convention sur le génocide ». Elle a souligné que « l’Afrique du Sud, en tant qu’État Membre de l’ONU, et ayant elle-même une douloureuse histoire liée à un système d’apartheid, s’[étai]t sentie obligée d’appeler les États Membres à prendre des mesures conformément au droit international »40.

Le 21 décembre 2023, dans une note verbale adressée à l’ambassade d’Israël, l’Afrique du Sud a exprimé ses préoccupations quant au fait que, « selon des informations crédibles, des actes susceptibles d’être qualifiés d’actes de génocide ou
36 South Africa, The Presidency, President Ramaphosa Meets with the South African Jewish Board of Deputies, 13 décembre 2023, https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-meets-south-african-jewish-board-deputies.
37 Kate Bartlett, « South Africa Refers Israel to The Hague Over Gaza “War Crimes” », VOA News, 17 novembre 2023, https://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-refers-israel-to-the-hague-over-gaza-war-crimes-/7359022.html.
38 South Africa, Embassy in the Netherlands, « Letter from the South African Embassy in the Netherlands to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court », 17 novembre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/ICC-Referral-Palestine-Final-17-November-2023.pdf.
39 South Africa, The Presidency, « Opening remarks by President Cyril Ramaphosa to the Extraordinary Joint Meeting of BRICS Leaders and Leaders of invited BRICS members on the situation in the Middle East », 21 novembre 2023, https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/opening-remarks-president-cyril-ramaphosa-extraordinary-joint-meeting-brics-leaders-and-leaders.
40 UN News, « UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasefire during emergency session » (video of the session at 1:13:37), 12 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144717.
22
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, have been and may still be committed in the context of the conflict” in Gaza. The Note Verbale recalled that “[a]s a State Party to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, South Africa is under a treaty obligation to prevent genocide from occurring, and therefore calls upon Israel which is also a State Party to the Convention to immediately cease hostilities in Gaza and to refrain from conduct constituting or failing to prevent violations of its obligations under the Convention”. South Africa, “[a]larmed by rhetoric from Israeli officials and others”, also called on Israel “to prevent and punish direct and public incitement to genocide”.
This served to communicate directly to Israel South Africa’s claims regarding the fulfilment of its own obligations under the Genocide Convention and breaches by Israel of its obligations under the Genocide Convention and the detail thereof41.
14. Israel has not responded directly to South Africa’s Note Verbale sent on 21 December 2023. However, Israel has publicly rejected any suggestion that it has violated international law in its military campaign in Gaza. Notably, Israel has dismissed as “outrageous and false” the assertion that Israel’s military attacks on Gaza meet “the legal definition of genocide” and are aimed at “not just simply the killing of innocent people and the destruction of their livelihoods but a systematic effort to empty Gaza of its people”42. Israel denies that its conduct in Gaza violates its obligations under the Genocide Convention, asserting that “[t]he accusation of genocide against Israel is not only wholly unfounded as a matter of fact and law, it is morally repugnant” and “antisemitic”43. Moreover, Israel has engaged and continues to engage in acts and omissions against the Palestinian people in Gaza as have been asserted to be genocidal and, by its attitude and conduct, has refuted any suggestion that its
actions in Gaza are constrained by its obligations under the Genocide Convention. Indeed, the Israeli Prime Minister asserted on 26 December 2023: “We are not
stopping. We are continuing to fight, and we are deepening the fighting in
the coming days, and this will be a long battle and it is not close to being over.”44
Israel’s own conduct therefore serves to underline the parties’ disagreement.
South Africa has not resiled from its own position that it is responsible as a State party to the Genocide Convention to act to prevent genocide or a risk thereof in Gaza.
15. According to the established case law of the Court, a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests” between parties45. Such a disagreement or “positive opposition of the claim by one party by the other need not
41 South Africa, DIRCO, “Note Verbale”, 21 December 2023.
42 “Jordan says Israel aims to expel Palestinians from Gaza”, Reuters, 10 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-israel-aims-expel-palestinians-gaza-
2023-12-10.
43 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “The War Against Hamas: Answering Your Most Pressing Questions”, 15 December 2023, https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-23/all-articles/
the-war-against-hamas-answering-your-most-pressing-questions.
44 Statement by Israeli Prime Minister to the Likud Party, 25 December 2023, as reported
in Jeremy Sharon, “After rare visit to Gaza, Netanyahu says war ‘not close to being over’”,
The Times of Israel, 25 December 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over/ (emphasis added).
45 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 13, para. 27, citing Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89.
23
de crimes connexes, tels que définis dans la convention de 1948 pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, [avaie]nt été et [étaie]nt peut-être encore commis dans le cadre du conflit » à Gaza. Il était rappelé, dans la note verbale, que, « [e]n tant qu’État partie à la convention sur le génocide, l’Afrique du Sud a[vait] l’obligation conventionnelle de prévenir toute commission d’un génocide, et app[elait] par conséquent l’État d’Israël, lui aussi partie à la convention, à cesser immédiatement les hostilités à Gaza et à s’abstenir de tout comportement revenant à commettre, ou à ne pas prévenir, une violation de ses obligations au regard de la convention ». L’Afrique du Sud, « s’alarmant du discours tenu, notamment, par les responsables et autres représentants israéliens », appelait également Israël à « prévenir et punir l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide ». Par cette note verbale, Israël était formellement informé des demandes de l’Afrique du Sud concernant l’exécution de ses propres obligations au regard de la convention sur le génocide et les manquements d’Israël aux siennes41.
14. Israël n’a pas directement répondu à la note verbale que lui a adressée l’Afrique du Sud le 21 décembre 2023. Il a cependant contesté publiquement toute allégation l’accusant de violer le droit international dans sa campagne militaire à Gaza. Il jugeait notamment « choquant et faux » d’affirmer que ses attaques militaires contre Gaza répondaient à « la définition juridique du génocide » et avaient pour objectif « non seulement de tuer des innocents et de détruire leurs moyens de subsistance, mais encore de vider méthodiquement Gaza de sa population »42. Israël nie que son comportement à Gaza puisse emporter manquement aux obligations qui lui incombent au titre de la convention sur le génocide, affirmant que « [l]’accusation de génocide dont [il] fait l’objet est non seulement dépourvue de tout fondement, en fait comme en droit, mais aussi moralement abjecte » et « antisémite »43. De surcroît, Israël a commis et continue de commettre contre le peuple palestinien de Gaza des actes et omissions qui ont été considérés comme génocidaires, et, par sa position et son comportement, exclut que ses actions à Gaza puissent être conditionnées par les obligations qui lui incombent au titre de la convention sur le génocide. Le 26 décembre 2023, le premier ministre israélien a, de fait, affirmé ce qui suit : « Nous n’avons pas l’intention de nous arrêter ; nous allons continuer à nous battre et allons intensifier les combats dans les prochains jours. Ce sera une longue bataille qui n’est pas près d’être terminée. »44 Ainsi, le comportement d’Israël met lui-même en évidence ce qui oppose les parties. L’Afrique du Sud s’en tient à sa position, à savoir qu’elle a, en tant qu’État partie à la convention sur le génocide, la responsabilité d’agir pour prévenir un génocide ou le risque d’un génocide à Gaza.
15. Conformément à la jurisprudence constante de la Cour, un différend est « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, un conflit, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts » entre des parties45. Un tel désaccord ou « le fait que la réclamation de
41 South Africa, DIRCO, « Note Verbale », 21 décembre 2023.
42 « Jordan says Israel aims to expel Palestinians from Gaza », 10 décembre 2023, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-israel-aims-expel-palestinians-gaza-
2023-12-10.
43 Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, « The War Against Hamas: Answering Your Most Pressing Questions », 15 décembre 2023, https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-23/all-articles/the-war-against-hamas-answering-your-most-pressing-questions.
44 Déclaration du premier ministre israélien devant le parti du Likoud, le 25 décembre 2023, telle que reproduite dans Jeremy Sharon, « After rare visit to Gaza, Netanyahu says war “not close to being over” », The Times of Israel, 25 décembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over (les italiques sont de nous).
45 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 13, par. 27, citant Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 315, par. 89.
24
necessarily be stated expressis verbis . . . the position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever the professed view of that party”46.
16. There is plainly a dispute between Israel and South Africa relating to the interpretation and application of the Genocide Convention, going both to South Africa’s compliance with its own obligation to prevent genocide, and to Israel’s compliance with its obligations not to commit genocide and to prevent and punish genocide — including the direct and public incitement to genocide — and to make reparations to its victims and offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition. Given that South Africa’s claim concerns its own obligations as a State party to the Genocide Convention to act to prevent genocide — to which Israel’s acts and omissions give rise — South Africa plainly has standing in relation thereto. Moreover, given that “any State party to the Genocide Convention, and not only a specially affected State, may invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to ascertaining the alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga omnes partes, and to bring that failure to an end”, South Africa also “has prima facie standing” to submit to the Court its dispute with Israel “on the basis of alleged violations of obligations under the Genocide Convention”47.
17. Therefore, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Court’s Statute and Article IX of the Genocide Convention, the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims submitted in the present Application by South Africa against Israel.
III. The Facts
A. Introduction
18. Since 7 October 2023, Israel has engaged in a large-scale military assault by land, air and sea, on the Gaza Strip (“Gaza”), a narrow strip of land approximately of 365 square kilometres — one of the most densely populated places in the world48. Gaza — home to approximately 2.3 million people, almost half of them children — has been subjected by Israel to what has been described as one of the “heaviest conventional bombing campaigns” in the history of modern warfare49. By 29 October 2023 alone, it was estimated that 6,000 bombs per week had been dropped on the tiny enclave50. In just over two months, Israel’s military attacks had “wreaked more destruction than the razing of Syria’s Aleppo between 2012 and 2016, Ukraine’s Mariupol,
46 Ibid.
47 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 17, paras. 41-42.
48 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (“UN OCHA”), “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact”, 5 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/
sites/default/files/Gaza_casualties_info-graphic_5_Dec_2023 final.pdf.
49 John Paul Rathbone, “Israel’s Gaza attack ‘one of history’s heaviest conventional bombing campaigns’”, The Irish Times, 6 December 2023, https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/12/06/israels-gaza-attack-one-of-historys-heaviest-conventional-bombing-campaigns.
50 Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, an interview with UN News, UN News, “Israel-Palestine crisis has ‘reached an unprecedented level of dehumanisation’: Independent rights expert”, 29 October 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142952; see also: Natasha Bertrand
and Katie Bo Lillis, “Exclusive: Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are
imprecise ‘dumb bombs’, US intelligence assessment finds”, CNN, 14 December 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/politics/intelligence-assessment-dumb-bombs-israel-gaza/index.html; “Why is Israel using so many dumb bombs in Gaza”, The Economist, 16 December 2023, https://www.economist.com/interactive/middle-east-and-africa/2023/12/16/why-is-israel-using-so-many-dumb-bombs-in-gaza.
25
l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre ne doivent pas nécessairement être énoncés expressis verbis … il est possible … d’établir par inférence quelle est en réalité la position ou l’attitude d’une partie »46.
16. Il existe manifestement un différend entre Israël et l’Afrique du Sud au sujet de l’interprétation et de l’application de la convention sur le génocide, portant sur le respect, à la fois, de l’obligation qu’a l’Afrique du Sud elle-même de prévenir le génocide, et des obligations qu’a Israël de ne pas commettre le génocide et de prévenir
et punir le génocide — en ce compris l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide —, de réparer le préjudice causé aux victimes et de donner des garanties
et assurances de non-répétition. Étant donné que sa demande a trait à l’obligation qu’elle-même a, en tant qu’État partie à la convention, d’intervenir pour prévenir le génocide — qui est causé par les actes et omissions d’Israël —, l’Afrique du Sud a clairement qualité pour agir à cet égard. En outre, étant donné que « tout État partie à la convention sur le génocide, et non pas seulement un État spécialement affecté, peut invoquer la responsabilité d’un autre État partie en vue de faire constater le manquement allégué de celui-ci à ses obligations erga omnes partes et de mettre fin à ce manquement », l’Afrique du Sud a également « prima facie qualité » pour soumettre à la Cour le différend qui l’oppose à Israël « sur la base de violations alléguées d’obligations prévues par la convention sur le génocide »47.
17. En conséquence, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut et à l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide, la Cour a compétence pour connaître des demandes formulées par l’Afrique du Sud contre Israël dans la présente requête.
III. Les faits
A. Introduction
18. Depuis le 7 octobre 2023, Israël mène une offensive militaire de grande ampleur par voie terrestre, aérienne et maritime, contre Gaza, étroite bande de terre d’environ 365 kilomètres carrés et l’un des lieux les plus densément peuplés au monde48. Gaza, où vivent environ 2,3 millions de personnes, dont près de la moitié sont des enfants, est soumise par Israël à ce qui est décrit comme l’une des « campagnes de bombardements conventionnels les plus intenses » de l’histoire des guerres modernes49. Au 29 octobre 2023, on estimait que 6 000 bombes avaient déjà été lancées chaque semaine sur cette minuscule enclave50. En à peine plus de deux mois, les attaques de l’armée israélienne ont « fait plus de dégâts que la destruction totale d’Alep en Syrie entre 2012 et 2016,
46 Ibid.
47 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 17, par. 41-42.
48 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (« UN OCHA »), « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact », 5 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/Gaza_casualties_info-graphic_5_Dec_2023%20final.pdf.
49 John Paul Rathbone, « Israel’s Gaza attack “one of history’s heaviest conventional bombing campaigns” », The Irish Times, 6 décembre 2023, https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/12/06/israels-gaza-attack-one-of-historys-heaviest-conventional-bombing-campaigns.
50 Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, an interview with UN News, UN News, « Israel-Palestine crisis has “reached an unprecedented level of dehumanisation”: Independent rights expert », 29 octobre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142952 ; voir aussi Natasha Bertrand and Katie Bo Lillis, « Exclusive: Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are imprecise “dumb bombs”, US intelligence assessment finds », CNN, 14 décembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/politics/intelligence-assessment-dumb-bombs-israel-gaza/index.html ; « Why is Israel using so many dumb bombs in Gaza », The Economist, 16 décembre 2023, https://www.economist.com/interactive/middle-east-and-africa/2023/12/16/why-is-israel-using-so-many-dumb-bombs-in-gaza.
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or proportionally, the Allied bombing of Germany in World War II”51. The destruction wrought by Israel is so extreme that “Gaza is now a different colour from space. It’s a different texture”52. As stated by the United Nations Secretary-General53 — in a letter dated 6 December 2023 to the President of the United Nations Security Council —
of which the United Nations General Assembly took express “note” in resolution ESIO/
22 of 12 December 2023 on the Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations54:
“Civilians throughout Gaza face grave danger. Since the start of Israel’s military operation, more than 15,000 people have reportedly been killed, over 40 per cent of whom were children. Thousands of others have been injured. More than half of all homes have been destroyed. Some 80 per cent of the population of 2.2 million has been forcibly displaced, into increasingly smaller areas. More than 1.1 million people have sought refuge in UNRWA facilities across Gaza, creating overcrowded, undignified, and unhygienic conditions. Others have nowhere to shelter and find themselves on the street. Explosive remnants of war are rendering areas uninhabitable. There is no effective protection of civilians.
The health care system in Gaza is collapsing. Hospitals have turned into battlegrounds. Only 14 hospitals out of 36 facilities are even partially functional. The two major hospitals in south Gaza are operating at three times their bed capacity and are running out of basic supplies and fuel. They are also sheltering thousands of displaced persons. Under these circumstances, more people will die untreated in the coming days and weeks.
Nowhere is safe in Gaza.
Amid constant bombardment by the Israel Defense Forces, and without shelter or the essentials to survive, I expect public order to completely break down soon due to the desperate conditions, rendering even limited humanitarian assistance impossible. An even worse situation could unfold, including epidemic diseases and increased pressure for mass displacement into neighbouring countries.
While delivery of supplies through Rafah continues, quantities are insufficient and have dropped since the pause came to an end. We are simply unable to reach those in need inside Gaza . . . We are facing a severe risk of collapse of the humanitarian system. The situation is fast deteriorating into a catastrophe with potentially irreversible implications for Palestinians as a whole and for peace and security in the region. Such an outcome must be avoided at all cost.”55
51 Julia Frankel, “Israel’s military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in history, experts say”, AP News, 21 December 2023, https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796.
52 Ibid.
53 The Secretary-General, “Letter by the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council invoking Article 99 of the United Nations Charter”, 6 December 2023, https://
www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf.
54 UN General Assembly (“UNGA”) resolution ES-10/22, “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, A/RES/ES-10/22, 12 December 2023, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/22.
55 UN Secretary-General, “Letter by the Secretary-General to the President of Security Council invoking Article 99 of the United Nations Charter”, 6 December 2023, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf.
27
celle de Marioupol en Ukraine ou, toutes proportions gardées, le bombardement de l’Allemagne par les alliés lors de la seconde guerre mondiale »51. Les ravages provoqués par Israël sont si considérables que « Gaza a changé de couleur, vue de l’espace ; le sol a changé d’aspect »52. Comme l’a relevé le Secrétaire général de l’ONU dans une lettre du 6 décembre 2023 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité53, dont l’Assemblée générale a expressément pris « note » dans sa résolution ES-10/22 du 12 décembre 2023 sur la protection des civils et le respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires54,
« [d]ans toute la bande de Gaza, les civils font face à un grave danger. Depuis le début de l’opération militaire israélienne, plus de 15 000 personnes auraient été tuées, dont plus de 40 % d’enfants. Des milliers d’autres ont été blessées. Plus de la moitié des habitations ont été détruites. Environ 80 % de la population, qui compte 2,2 millions de personnes, a été déplacée de force et se retrouve dans des zones de plus en plus restreintes. Plus de 1,1 million de personnes ont trouvé refuge dans les installations de l’Office de secours et de travaux des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés de Palestine dans le Proche-Orient (UNRWA) à Gaza, ce qui crée des conditions de surpeuplement, d’indignité et d’insalubrité. D’autres n’ont nulle part où se réfugier et se retrouvent à la rue. Les restes explosifs de guerre rendent certains endroits inhabitables. Il n’y a pas de véritable protection des civils.
Le système de santé à Gaza est en train de s’effondrer. Les hôpitaux sont devenus des champs de bataille. Seuls 14 hôpitaux sur 36 sont encore fonctionnels,
ne serait-ce que partiellement. Les deux principaux hôpitaux du sud de la bande de Gaza fonctionnent au triple de leur capacité d’accueil et commencent à manquer
de fournitures de base et de carburant. Ils hébergent également des milliers de personnes déplacées. Dans ces conditions, d’autres personnes mourront, faute
de traitement, dans les jours et les semaines à venir.
Aucun endroit n’est sûr à Gaza.
Les bombardements des Forces de défense israéliennes sont constants et les gens n’ont ni abri ni produits de première nécessité pour survivre. Je m’attends à ce que les conditions désespérées qui règnent entraînent bientôt un effondrement de l’ordre public, ce qui rendrait impossible toute aide humanitaire, même limitée. La situation pourrait encore s’aggraver si des épidémies venaient à se déclencher et si des pressions accrues provoquaient des déplacements massifs vers les pays voisins.
Les livraisons de fournitures se poursuivent par Rafah, mais les quantités sont insuffisantes et elles ont diminué depuis la fin de la pause… Nous sommes face à un risque grave d’effondrement du système humanitaire. La situation se dégrade rapidement ; elle pourrait se transformer en une catastrophe aux conséquences potentiellement irréversibles pour l’ensemble des Palestiniens ainsi que pour la paix et la sécurité dans la région. Une telle issue doit être évitée à tout prix. »55
51 Julia Frankel, « Israel’s military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in history, experts say », AP News, 21 décembre 2023, https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796.
52 Ibid.
53 « Lettre datée du 6 décembre 2023 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité par le Secrétaire général en vertu de l’article 99 de la Charte des Nations Unies », https://documents-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/387/10/PDF/N2338710.pdf?OpenElement.
54 Nations Unies, résolution ES-10/22 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Protection des
civils et respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires », 12 décembre 2023, doc. A/RES/ES-10/22, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/412/98/PDF/N2341298.pdf?
OpenElement.
55 « Lettre datée du 6 décembre 2023 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité par le Secrétaire général en vertu de l’article 99 de la Charte des Nations Unies », https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/387/10/PDF/N2338710.pdf?OpenElement.
28
19. Since that letter was written, the numbers have risen even more starkly: at least 21,110 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed and over 55,243 other Palestinians
have been wounded, many severely56. The death toll includes over 7,729 children57,
not including the 4,700 women and children still missing, and presumed dead
under the rubble58. Entire multi-generational families have been wiped out completely. Over 355,000 homes equivalent to more than 60 per cent of Gaza’s housing stock in Gaza has been damaged or destroyed59. 1.9 million Palestinians — approximately 85 per cent of the total population — have been internally displaced60. Many fled the north of the territory to the south, having been ordered to do so by Israel, only to be bombed again in the south, and told to flee once again further south or the south west where they are reduced to living in makeshift tents in camps with no water, sanitation or other facilities61. Israel has bombed, shelled and besieged Gaza’s hospitals, with only 13 out of 36 hospitals partially functional, and no fully functioning hospital left in North Gaza62. Gaza’s healthcare system has all but collapsed, with reports of operations, including amputations and caesarean sections, taking place without anaesthetic63. A significant proportion of the wounded and sick are unable to access any or adequate care64. Contagious and epidemic diseases are rife amongst the displaced Palestinian population, with experts warning of the risk of meningitis, cholera and other outbreaks65. The entire population in Gaza is at imminent risk of famine, whereas the proportion of households affected by acute food insecurity is the largest ever recorded according to
56 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82. Statistics cited in this Application are up to date to 27 December 2023. UN OCHA collates locally collected data.
57 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-
strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
58 Palestine Red Crescent Society, “Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report as of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM”, 24 December 2023, p. 1, https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en%20220%202023.pdf.
59 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
60 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
61 Ibid., “Flash Update #60”, 5 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60.
62 Ibid., “Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
63 UN News, “Gaza: UN’s Türk calls for political path out of ‘horror’”, 16 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143657; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #32”, 7 November 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/
occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32; UN News, “Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth ‘in race against death’”, 7 November 2023,
https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
64 UN News, “Gaza doctors ‘terrified’ of deadly disease outbreak as aid teams race to deliver”, 28 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1144032.
65 World Health Organization (“WHO”), “WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the Special Session of the Executive Board on the health situation in the occupied Palestinian territory — 10 December 2023”, 10 December 2023, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-special-session-of-the-executive-board-on-the-health-situation-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory---10-december-2023; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #67”, 12 December 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67.
29
19. Depuis l’envoi de cette lettre, les chiffres se sont encore envolés : au moins 21 110 Palestiniens de Gaza ont été tués et plus de 55 243, blessés, dont beaucoup grièvement56. Parmi les morts figurent plus de 7 729 enfants57, auxquels il faut ajouter 4 700 femmes et enfants portés disparus, qui ont probablement péri dans les décombres58. Des familles entières de plusieurs générations ont été anéanties. Plus de 355 000 habitations, soit plus de 60 % des logements de Gaza, ont été endommagées ou détruites59. Pas moins de 1,9 million de Palestiniens — environ 85 % de la population totale — ont été déplacés sur le territoire60. Nombre d’entre eux ont quitté le nord de Gaza pour fuir vers le sud, conformément aux ordres donnés par Israël, avant d’être à nouveau bombardés et de se voir ordonner de fuir plus loin encore vers le sud ou le sud-ouest, où ils en sont réduits à vivre sous des tentes de fortune dans des camps sans eau ni assainissement ou autres équipements61. Les hôpitaux de Gaza sont bombardés, pilonnés et assiégés par Israël ; seuls 13 sur 36 fonctionnent encore partiellement, et il n’en reste aucun qui soit complètement opérationnel à Gaza-Nord62. Le système de santé de Gaza est sur le point de s’effondrer et, selon les informations recueillies, des interventions chirurgicales telles que des amputations et des césariennes sont pratiquées sans anesthésie63. De nombreux blessés et malades ne sont pas soignés de manière appropriée, voire sont privés de soins64. Les maladies contagieuses et épidémies prolifèrent parmi les Palestiniens déplacés, et les experts s’alarment du risque d’apparition de maladies telles que la méningite et le choléra65. La population de Gaza tout entière est exposée à un risque
56 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82. Les chiffres mentionnés dans la présente requête sont ceux disponibles au 27 décembre 2023. Le Bureau des Nations Unies de la coordination des affaires humanitaires (OCHA) compile les données recueillies sur place.
57 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
58 Red Crescent Society, « Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report As of Saturday, October 7, 2023, 6:00 p.m. Until Sunday, December 24, 2023, 24:00 a.m. », 24 décembre 2023, p. 1, https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en%20220%202023.pdf.
59 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact — Day 82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-
impact-day-82.
60 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
61 Ibid., « Flash Update #60 », 5 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60.
62 Ibid., « Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
63 UN News, « Gaza: UN’s Türk calls for political path out of “horror” », 16 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143657 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #32 », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/
occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32 ; UN News, Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth “in race against death” », 7 novembre 2023, https://
news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
64 UN News, « Gaza doctors “terrified” of deadly disease outbreak as aid teams race to deliver », 28 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1144032.
65 Organisation mondiale de la Santé (« OMS »), « Allocution liminaire du directeur général de l’OMS à l’occasion de la session extraordinaire du Conseil exécutif sur la situation sanitaire dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, 10 décembre 2023 », https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/speeches/item/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-special-session-of-the-executive-board-on-the-health-situation-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory---10-december-2023 ; UN OCHA, « Hostil-
ities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #67 », 12 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/
content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67.
30
the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (“IPC”)66. Experts warn that silent, slow deaths caused by hunger and thirst risk surpassing those violent deaths already caused by Israeli bombs and missiles67.
20. The United Nations General Assembly has expressed “grave concern over the catastrophic humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip and the suffering of the Palestinian civilian population”68, with the United Nations Security Council noting in particular “the disproportionate effect on children”69. In its resolution ES-10/22 of 12 December 2023, the United Nations General Assembly also took express “note” of a letter dated 7 December 2023 from the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (“UNRWA”), addressed to the President of the General Assembly. In the unprecedented letter, the Commissioner-
General “predict[s] . . . the collapse of the mandate [he] is expected to fulfil” and calls for “an end to the decimation of Gaza and of its people”70.
B. Background
1. The Gaza Strip (“Gaza”)
21. Gaza is a narrow strip of land, bordered to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the south by Egypt and to the north and east by Israel. Together with the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, it is one of the two constituent territories of the occupied Palestinian territory (“oPt”) — occupied by Israel in 1967 — and of the State of Palestine, recognised by South Africa on 15 February 1995, and accorded non-member observer State status in the United Nations on 29 November 201271.
66 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77; UN OCHA, “Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General”, 22 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
67 “‘This is a war on children’ says UNICEF spokesperson James Elder, who recently returned from Gaza”, Channel 4, 14 December 2023, https://www.channel4.com/news/this-is-a-war-
on-children-says-unicef-spokesperson-james-elder-who-recently-returned-from-gaza; “Disease could kill more in Gaza than bombs, WHO says amid Israeli siege”, Al Jazeera, 28 November 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/28/disease-could-kill-more-in-gaza-than-bombs-
who-says-amid-israeli-siege.
68 UNGA resolution ES-10/22, “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, A/RES/ES-10/22, 12 December 2023, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/22;
UNGA resolution ES-10/21, “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, A/RES/ES-10/21, 27 October 2023, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/21.
69 United Nations Security Council (“UNSC”) resolution 2712, “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”, S/RES/2712, 15 November 2023, https://undocs.org/S/RES/2712(2023).
70 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (“UNRWA”), “Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN
General Assembly President Mr. Dennis Francis dated 7 December 2023”, 7 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly (emphasis added).
71 UNGA resolution 67/19, “Status of Palestine in the United Nations”, A/RES/67/19, 28 November 2012, https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/19. Eight-two States had recognised the State of Palestine in 1988, following the transmission of a declaration on the establishment of the State of Palestine by the Palestine Liberation Organization (“PLO”) to the UN Secretary-General on behalf of the Arab League (Declaration of State of Palestine — Palestine National Council, Letter dated 18 November 1988 from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations addressed to the UN Secretary-General, 18 November 1988, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-
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imminent de famine, la proportion de ménages souffrant de grave insécurité alimentaire étant, selon le cadre intégré de classification de la sécurité alimentaire (ci-après, l’« IPC », selon son acronyme anglais), la plus importante jamais enregistrée66. Les experts préviennent que la faim et la soif pourraient tuer silencieusement et lentement plus de personnes que les bombes et les missiles israéliens, qui causent déjà de nombreuses morts violentes67.
20. L’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies s’est « déclar[ée] gravement préoccupée par la situation humanitaire catastrophique qui règne dans la bande de Gaza et par les souffrances de la population civile palestinienne »68, et le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU a relevé en particulier « [l’]effet disproportionné sur les enfants »69. Dans sa résolution ES-10/22 du 12 décembre 2023, l’Assemblée générale a aussi expressément pris « note » de la lettre du 7 décembre 2023 adressée à son président par le commissaire général de l’Office de secours et de travaux des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés de Palestine dans le Proche-Orient (« UNRWA »). Dans cet appel sans précédent, le commissaire général « prédis[ait] … l’échec total du mandat qui [lui] a[vait] été confié » et appelait à « mettre un terme à la décimation de Gaza et de sa population »70.
B. Contexte
1. La bande de Gaza (« Gaza »)
21. Gaza est une étroite bande de terre, bordée à l’ouest par la mer Méditerranée, au sud par l’Égypte et au nord et à l’est par Israël. Avec la Cisjordanie, y compris Jérusalem-Est, c’est l’un des deux territoires qui constituent le Territoire palestinien occupé — soit le territoire occupé par Israël en 1967 — et l’État de Palestine, reconnu par l’Afrique du Sud le 15 février 1995, qui s’est vu accorder le statut d’État non membre observateur auprès de l’ONU le 29 novembre 201271.
66 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77 ; UN OCHA, « Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
67 « “This is a war on children” says UNICEF spokesperson James Elder, who recently returned from Gaza », Channel 4, 14 décembre 2023, https://www.channel4.com/news/this-is-a-war-on-children-says-unicef-spokesperson-james-elder-who-recently-returned-from-gaza ; « Disease could kill more in Gaza than bombs, WHO says amid Israeli siege », Al Jazeera, 28 novembre 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/28/disease-could-kill-more-in-gaza-than-bombs-who-says-amid-israeli-siege.
68 Nations Unies, résolution ES-10/22 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Protection des civils et respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires », 12 décembre 2023, doc. A/RES/ES-10/22, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/22 ; Nations Unies, résolution ES-10/21 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Protection des civils et respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires », 27 octobre 2023, doc. A/RES/ES-10/21, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/21.
69 Nations Unies, résolution 2712 du Conseil de sécurité intitulée « La situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne », 15 novembre 2023, doc. S/RES/2712, https://undocs.org/
S/RES/2712(2023).
70 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (« UNRWA »), « Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr Dennis Francis dated 7 December 2023 », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly (les italiques sont de nous).
71 Nations Unies, résolution 67/19 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Statut de la Palestine à l’Organisation des Nations Unies », 28 novembre 2012, doc. A/RES/67/19, https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/19. En 1988, 82 États avaient reconnu l’État de Palestine après que l’Organisation de libération de la Palestine (« OLP ») eut transmis au Secrétaire général de l’ONU, au nom de la Ligue des États arabes, une déclaration concernant la création de l’État de Palestine (déclaration d’indépendance)  Conseil national palestinien, « lettre en date du 18 novembre 1988 adressée au Secrétaire général par le représentant permanent de la Jordanie auprès de l’Organisation des
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22. The population of Gaza consists of approximately 2.3 million people, over half of whom are children. 80 per cent of Palestinians in Gaza are refugees — and their descendants — from towns and villages in what is now the State of Israel72, expelled or forced to flee during the mass displacement of over 750,000 Palestinians or “Nakba” during the establishment of the State of Israel73. The Nakba and the mass displacement associated with it therefore features prominently in the history and consciousness of Palestinians in Gaza, as it does for the wider Palestinian people. Palestinians in Gaza form a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group: they are a prominent part of the group, making up the population of one of the two constituent territories of the State of Palestine. They are also a quantitively substantial part of the Palestinian population of the State of Palestine under occupation, which counts approximately 5.48 million people74.
23. Gaza comprises five Governorates. The Gaza North and Gaza Governorates constituting “the North” stretch from the north of Wadi Gaza towards Erez Crossing, a pedestrian crossing into Israel (also known as the “Beit Hanoun Crossing”). The North is ordinarily home to approximately 1.1 million Palestinians75, many concentrated in Gaza City (approximately 713,488 inhabitants)76, as well as in Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun, and in the Beach and Jabalia refugee camps. It is where Gaza’s largest hos-
pital, Al Shifa Medical Hospital, is situated, as well as the Kamal Adwan Hospital. The Deir al balah Governorate (“the Middle Area”) ordinarily counts 302,507 inhabitants77, primarily in Deir al Balah City, as well as in the Al Maghazi, An Nuseirat, Al Bureij
and Deir al Balah refugee camps; it is where Gaza’s only power plant is located.
The Khan Younis and Rafah Governorates (“the South”) are below Deir al Balah Governorate and extend to the Rafah crossing with Egypt. The major population
centres in the South are Khan Younis and Rafah, as well as the Khan Younis and
Rafah refugee camps. The Karem Shalom Crossing (also known as “Karem Abu
Salem Crossing”) is located four km west of Rafah. The South is where the Nasser hospital is located78. The South’s pre-October 2023 population stood at approxi-
mately 673,844 inhabitants79. The Middle Area and the South now accommodate
more than 1.2 million internally displaced persons in 98 UNRWA facilities80, and
tens of thousands in makeshift tents in Al-Mawasi area — a Bedouin Palestinian
town in a small strip of mostly undeveloped sand along Gaza’s Mediterranean
insert-178680/). The State of Palestine is now recognised by 138 States (Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations New York, Diplomatic Relations, http://palestineun.org/about-palestine/diplomatic-relations/).
72 UNRWA, “About UNRWA” (2012), https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2012050753530.pdf, p. 17.
73 UN OCHA, “Right of return of Palestinian refugees must be prioritised over political considerations: UN experts”, 21 June 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/06/right-return-
palestinian-refugees-must-be-prioritised-over-political.
74 State of Palestine, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (“PCBS”), “The International Population Day, 11/07/2023”, 10 July 2023, https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/post.aspx?lang=en&Item
ID=4544.
75 UN OCHA, “Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert”, 13 October 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international.
76 PCBS, “Estimated Population in Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997-2021”, https://tinyurl.com/34rb8w38.
77 Ibid.
78 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #66”, 11 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
79 PCBS, “Estimated Population in Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997-2021”, https://tinyurl.com/34rb8w38.
80 UNRWA, “UNRWA Situation Report #53 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem”, 17 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-53-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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22. Gaza compte environ 2,3 millions d’habitants, dont plus de la moitié sont des enfants. Les Palestiniens de Gaza sont à 80 % des réfugiés — et descendants de réfugiés — de villes et villages situés dans ce qui est aujourd’hui Israël72, qui ont été expulsés ou contraints de fuir pendant le déplacement massif de plus de 750 000 Palestiniens, connu sous le nom de « Nakba », lors de la création de l’État d’Israël73. La Nakba et le déplacement massif qu’elle représente occupent donc une place importante dans l’histoire et la conscience collective des Palestiniens de Gaza, et du peuple palestinien dans son ensemble. Les Palestiniens de Gaza sont une composante essentielle du groupe national, racial et ethnique des Palestiniens : ils constituent une partie importante du groupe, en tant que population de l’un des deux territoires constitutifs de l’État de Palestine, mais aussi en ce qu’ils représentent une part importante de la population palestinienne de l’État de Palestine sous occupation, qui compte environ 5,48 millions de personnes74.
23. Gaza se compose de cinq gouvernorats. Les gouvernorats de Gaza-Nord et de Gaza constituent la région « nord », qui s’étend de la rive nord du Wadi Gaza au point de passage d’Erez permettant d’entrer en Israël à pied uniquement (également connu sous le nom de « point de passage de Beit Hanoun »). Le « Nord » compte en temps normal environ 1,1 million d’habitants75, dont une grande partie vivent dans la ville de Gaza (713 488 habitants)76, à Beit Lahia et Beit Hanoun, et dans les camps de réfugiés de Beach Camp et Jabalia. C’est là que se trouvent le plus grand hôpital de Gaza, l’hôpital Al Shifa, et l’hôpital Kamal Adwan. Le gouvernorat de Deir el-Balah (« le Centre ») compte en temps normal 302 507 habitants77, qui résident principalement dans la ville de Deir el-Balah et les camps de réfugiés de Maghazi, Nuseirat, Bureij et Deir el-Balah ; il abrite l’unique centrale électrique de Gaza. Les gouvernorats de Khan Younès et de Rafah (le « Sud ») se situent au sud du gouvernorat de Deir el-Balah et s’étendent jusqu’au point de passage de Rafah vers l’Égypte. Dans cette région du Sud, la population se concentre à Khan Younès et à Rafah, ainsi que dans les camps de réfugiés des deux agglomérations. Le point de passage de Kerem Shalom (également appelé « point de passage de Karam Abou Salim ») se situe à 4 kilomètres à l’ouest de Rafah. C’est dans le Sud que se trouve l’hôpital Nasser78. Avant octobre 2023, la population du Sud était de 673 844 habitants79. Le Centre et le Sud accueillent aujourd’hui plus de 1,2 million de personnes, qui ont été contraintes de fuir d’autres parties du territoire, dans 98 installations de l’UNRWA80, et des dizaines de milliers d’autres dans des tentes
Nations Unies », 18 novembre 1988, N8830257.pdf (un.org). L’État de Palestine est aujourd’hui reconnu par 138 États (Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations New York, Diplomatic Relations, http://palestineun.org/about-palestine/diplomatic-relations/).
72 UNRWA, « About UNRWA » (2012), https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2012050753530.pdf, p. 17.
73 UN OCHA, « Right of return of Palestinian refugees must be prioritised over political considerations: UN experts », 21 juin 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/06/right-return-palestinian-refugees-must-be-prioritised-over-political.
74 State of Palestine — Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (« PCBS »), 10 juillet 2023, « The International Population Day », 11 juillet 2023, https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/post.aspx?lang=
en&ItemID=4544.
75 UN OCHA, « Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert », 13 octobre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international.
76 PCBS, « Estimated Population in Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997-2021 », https://tinyurl.com/34rb8w38.
77 Ibid.
78 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel  Flash Update #66 », 11 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
79 PCBS, « Estimated Population in Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997-2021 », https://tinyurl.com/34rb8w38.
80 UNRWA, « UNRWA Situation Report #53 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem », 17 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-53-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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Map of the Gaza Strip81
coast82, — identified by Israel on the resumption of hostilities in the first week of December 2023 as a purportedly “safe zone”83. Around 160,000 more displaced Palestinians are believed to remain in UNRWA facilities in the North84, as well as others sheltering in other locations.
81 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 73”, 19 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73.
82 UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (“UN ESCWA”), “Al-Mawasi area”, https://archive.unescwa.org/al-mawasi-area.
83 Israel Defense Forces (“IDF”), “Based on the morals and values of our military establishment, the Israel Defence Army publishes a list of the number of blocks to direct the inhabitants of Gaza in the evacuation of targeted areas”, 1 December 2023, https://tinyurl.com/mtapebm7; “Palestinians displaced to south Gaza’s overcrowded areas living on streets”, Al Jazeera, 10 December 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/9/palestinians-displaced-to-south-gazas-overcrowded-
areas-living-on-streets.
84 UNRWA, “UNRWA Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem”, 22 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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Carte de la bande de Gaza81
de fortune installées dans la zone d’Al-Mawasi, localité bédouine palestinienne située sur une petite bande de sable essentiellement sauvage le long de la côte méditerranéenne de Gaza82, censée être une « zone sûre » selon les indications fournies par Israël à la reprise des hostilités la première semaine de décembre 202383. Quelque 160 000 Palestiniens déplacés se trouveraient en outre toujours dans des installations de l’UNRWA au Nord84, et d’autres encore auraient trouvé refuge ailleurs.
81 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 73 », 19 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73.
82 UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (« ESCWA »), « Al-Mawasi area », https://archive.unescwa.org/al-mawasi-area.
83 Israel Defense Forces (« IDF »), « Based on the morals and values of our military establishment, the Israel Defence Army publishes a list of the number of blocks to direct the inhabitants of Gaza in the evacuation of targeted areas », 1er décembre 2023, https://tinyurl.com/mtapebm7 ; « Palestinians displaced to south Gaza’s overcrowded areas living on streets », Al Jazeera, 10 décembre 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/9/palestinians-displaced-to-south-gazas-overcrowded-areas-living-on-streets.
84 UNRWA, « UNRWA Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
36
24. Until 2005, Gaza — like the West Bank today — was occupied by
Israeli military forces on the ground. However, in 2005, Israel unilaterally
“disengaged” from Gaza, dismantling its military bases and relocating Israeli settlers from settlements in Gaza back to Israel and into the occupied West Bank85.
Notwithstanding its “disengagement”, Israel continues to exercise control
over the airspace, territorial waters, land crossings, water, electricity, electro-
magnetic sphere and civilian infrastructure in Gaza86, as well as over key
governmental functions, such as the management of the Palestinian population registry for Gaza87. Given that continuing effective control by Israel over the territory, Gaza is still considered by the international community to be under belligerent occupation by Israel88. The near total control exercised by Israel over access to Gaza, and over its water, fuel, electricity and food supplies, has been demonstrated starkly since 7 October 2023.
25. Entry and exit by air and sea to Gaza has been prohibited since the early 1990s, with Israel operating only two crossing points — Erez (pedestrian) and Kerem Shalom (goods) — through which Palestinians in Gaza could access the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, for business, trade, healthcare and social and family functions89. However, Israel imposed a stringent blockade of Gaza, following Hamas’ electoral victory in 2006 that was followed by inter-Palestinian violence, declaring the entire territory to be a “hostile territory”90. Existing restrictions on the movement of persons were significantly tightened, with most Palestinians in Gaza being ineligible for permits to travel, leading to prolonged, indefinite separation for many Palestinian families91. The few who were eligible to travel did “not necessarily receive permits and almost always encounter[ed] delays and difficulties in the
85 United Nations Human Rights Council (“UN HRC”), Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/HRC/50/21, 9 May 2022, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/50/21, para. 16.
86 GOV.UK, “Guidance Overseas Business Risk: The Occupied Palestinian Territories”, 22 February 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-palestinian-territories/overseas-business-risk-the-occupied-palestinian-territories, para. 2.5.
87 UN HRC, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the
Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/HRC/50/21, 9 May 2022, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/50/21, para. 16.
88 See e.g. UNSC resolution 1860, “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”, S/RES/1860, 8 January 2009, https://undocs.org/S/RES/1860(2009), where the Security Council stressed “that the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory occupied in 1967 and will be a part of the Palestinian state”. Recently reaffirmed in UNGA resolution 77/30, “Assistance to the Palestinian People”, A/RES/77/30, 6 December 2022, https://undocs.org/
A/RES/77/30. See also, UN HRC, Human rights situation in Palestine and the other occupied Arab territories, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2, 18 March 2019,
https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2. UNSC resolution 2720, “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”, S/RES/2720, 22 December 2023, https://undocs.org/
S/RES/2720(2023), stresses that “the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory
occupied in 1967” and reiterates “the vision of the two-State solution, with the Gaza Strip as part of the Palestinian State”.
89 Egypt operates a third crossing — the Rafah Crossing — between Gaza and Egypt. UNCTAD, “Economic costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people: the Gaza Strip under closure and restrictions”, 13 August 2020, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/a75d310_en_1.pdf, paras. 6, 8.
90 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Security Cabinet declares Gaza hostile territory”, 19 September 2007, https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/security-cabinet-declares-gaza-hostile-territory.
91 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the
Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87, 12 August 2022,
https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/87, para. 42; Norwegian Refugee Council, “Legal Memo: Movement
37
24. Jusqu’en 2005, Gaza — comme la Cisjordanie aujourd’hui — était occupée par des forces de l’armée israélienne présentes sur le terrain. Cependant, en 2005, Israël s’est « désengagé » de Gaza, en démantelant ses bases militaires et en réinstallant sur son sol et en Cisjordanie occupée les colons israéliens de Gaza85. Nonobstant ce « désengagement », Israël continue d’exercer un contrôle sur l’espace aérien, les eaux territoriales, les points de passage terrestres, l’approvisionnement en eau et en électricité, le spectre électromagnétique et les infrastructures civiles de Gaza86, ainsi que des fonctions gouvernementales clés telles que la gestion du registre de la population palestinienne87. Compte tenu de ce contrôle effectif qu’Israël maintient sur le territoire, Gaza demeure, aux yeux de la communauté internationale, soumise à une occupation de guerre par Israël88. Le contrôle presque total que celui-ci exerce sur l’accès à Gaza et sur son approvisionnement en eau, en combustible, en électricité et en nourriture est flagrant depuis le 7 octobre 2023.
25. Depuis le début des années 1990, il est interdit d’entrer à Gaza ou d’en sortir par voie aérienne ou maritime ; seuls deux points de passage  administrés par Israël , Erez (pour les piétons) et Kerem Shalom (pour les marchandises), permettaient aux Palestiniens de Gaza de se rendre en Cisjordanie, y compris Jérusalem-Est, pour le travail, le commerce, les soins médicaux ou les activités sociales et familiales89. Israël a toutefois imposé un blocus strict de Gaza à la suite de la victoire électorale du Hamas en 2006, qui a déclenché des violences entre Palestiniens, déclarant l’ensemble de Gaza « territoire hostile »90.
Les restrictions qui s’appliquaient déjà à la circulation des personnes ont été sensiblement durcies, si bien que les Palestiniens de Gaza, pour la plupart, ne remplissaient pas les conditions requises pour obtenir des autorisations de déplacement, et beaucoup se
sont donc trouvés durablement, et pour des durées indéterminées, séparés de leur famille91.
85 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la commission internationale indépendante chargée d’enquêter dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est,
et en Israël, 9 mai 2022, doc. A/HRC/50/21, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/50/21, par. 16.
86 GOV.UK, Guidance Overseas Business Risk: The Occupied Palestinian Territories,
22 février 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-palestinian-
territories/overseas-business-risk-the-occupied-palestinian-territories, par. 2.5.
87 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, « Rapport de la commission internationale indépendante chargée d’enquêter dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est, et en Israël », 9 mai 2022, doc. A/HRC/50/21, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/50/21, par. 16.
88 Voir, par exemple, la résolution 1860 (2009) du 8 janvier 2009, relative à la situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne, doc. S/RES/1860 (2009), dans laquelle le Conseil de sécurité a souligné « que la bande de Gaza fai[sai]t partie intégrante du territoire palestinien occupé depuis 1967 et fera[it] partie de l’État palestinien », https://undocs.org/S/RES/1860 (2009). L’Assemblée générale l’a récemment réaffirmé dans sa résolution 77/30 concernant l’assistance au peuple palestinien datée du 6 décembre 2022, doc. A/RES/77/30, https://undocs.org/A/RES/77/30. Voir aussi, UN HRC, Human rights situation in Palestine and the other occupied Arab territories, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 18 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/CRP.2, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2. Dans sa résolution 2720 (2023), adoptée le 22 décembre 2023, relative à la situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne, le Conseil de sécurité a souligné « que la bande de Gaza fai[sai]t partie intégrante du territoire occupé en 1967 » et réitéré « la vision de la solution des deux États, la bande de Gaza faisant partie de l’État palestinien », doc. S/RES/2720 (2023), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2720 (2023).
89 L’Égypte administre un troisième point de passage  celui de Rafah  entre Gaza et son territoire. CNUCED, « Les coûts économiques de l’occupation israélienne pour le peuple palestinien : bouclage de la bande de Gaza et restrictions », 13 août 2020, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N20/210/80/pdf/N2021080.pdf?OpenElement, par. 6 et 8.
90 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, « Security Cabinet declares Gaza hostile territory », 19 septembre 2007, https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/security-cabinet-declares-gaza-hostile-territory.
91 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 12 août 2022, doc. A/HRC/49/87, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/87, par. 42 ; Norwegian Refugee Council,
38
process”92. Between 2008 and 2021, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) recorded that 839 Palestinians from Gaza had died while waiting for medical permits to leave Gaza for urgent medical treatment93. The majority of permits were for day labourers and agricultural traders, primarily to undertake low-skilled work in Israel and on Israeli settlements in the West Bank94. Between 2007 and 2010, Israel regulated food imports into Gaza in accordance with calories consumed per person, to limit the transfers of food to a “humanitarian minimum”, without causing hunger or malnutrition95. Israel thereafter applied a “dual use” system to imports into Gaza, severely restricting the entry of goods by prohibiting goods considered to be capable of having a dual civilian/military use96.
26. Israel’s parallel implementation of a wide buffer zone inside Gaza’s eastern border fence (estimated to restrict access to approximately 24 per cent of Gaza) severely impacts internal food supply, by reducing the main agricultural area for farming97. Israel also made fishing extremely hazardous for Palestinians, who have not had full access to the fishing zone of 20 nautical miles stipulated in the Oslo Accords — interim agreements concluded between the PLO and Israel in the early 1990s. The naval blockade — policed by Israeli forces through the use of force, arrests and the confiscation of fishing equipment — severely reduced the fishing catchment area for Gaza’s fishermen to polluted waters immediately off the coastline, leading to overfishing impacting sustainability98. As long ago as 2015, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (“UNCTAD”) warned that the restrictive measures imposed by Israel risked Gaza becoming uninhabitable by
between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip”, December 2016, https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/legal-opinions/legal_memo_movement_between_wb_gaza.pdf.
92 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2, 18 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, para. 163.
93 WHO, “Fifteen Years of Gaza Blockade and Barriers to Health Access” (2022),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/15_Years_Gaza_Blockade_Factsheet.jpg
?ua=1.
94 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (“UNCTAD”), “Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory” (2023), TD/B/EX(74)/2, 11 September 2023, TD/B/EX(74)/2, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbex74d2_en.pdf, para. 38; UN OCHA, “Movement in and out of Gaza: update covering July 2023”, 15 August 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/movement-and-out-gaza-update-covering-july-2023.
95 UN ESCWA, “Palestine Under Occupation III Mapping Israel’s Policies and
Practices and their Economic Repercussions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, E/ESCWA/CL6.GCP/2021/3 (2022), https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/E.ESCWA_.CL6_.GCP_.2021.3_220722.pdf, p. 38.
96 The World Bank, “Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee”,
30 April 2019, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/942481555340123420/pdf/Economic-Monitoring-Report-to-the-Ad-Hoc-Liaison-Committee.pdf, p. 4.
97 UNCTAD, “Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory” (2023), TD/B/EX(74)/2, 11 September 2023, TD/B/EX(74)/2, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbex74d2_en.pdf, para. 36; UNGA, “Report prepared by the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on the economic costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people: the Gaza Strip under closure and restrictions”, A/75/310, 13 August 2020, https://undocs.org/A/75/310; UNGA, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967”, A/71/554, 19 October 2016, https://undocs.org/A/71/554.
98 UN OCHA, “Gaza Strip — The Humanitarian Impact of 15 Years of the Blockade”
(June 2022), https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/18041/file/Factsheet_Gaza_Blockade_2022.pdf; UNCTAD, “Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory” (2023),
39
Les rares personnes susceptibles d’être autorisées à se déplacer « n’[étaient] pas assurées de recevoir les autorisations nécessaires et se heurt[ai]ent presque systématiquement à des retards et à des difficultés au cours de la procédure »92. Selon les données de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (« OMS »), entre 2008 et 2021, 839 Palestiniens de Gaza sont morts alors qu’ils étaient en attente d’une autorisation de quitter le territoire pour recevoir des traitements médicaux urgents93. Les personnes autorisées à voyager étaient, en majorité, des travailleurs journaliers et marchands de produits agricoles, essentiellement pour occuper des emplois peu qualifiés en Israël et dans les colonies israéliennes en Cisjordanie94. Entre 2007 et 2010, Israël a réglementé les importations de nourriture à Gaza en fonction de la consommation de calories par personne, de manière à limiter les quantités importées à un « niveau humanitaire minimal » permettant d’éviter la famine ou la malnutrition95. Par la suite, il a imposé un régime de « double usage » aux marchandises ayant pour effet de limiter strictement les importations à Gaza en interdisant les marchandises considérées comme pouvant avoir un double usage, civil et militaire96.
26. La large zone tampon mise en place parallèlement par Israël en deçà de la clôture de séparation orientale de Gaza (dont on estime qu’elle interdit l’accès à environ 24 % du territoire de Gaza) a eu de graves répercussions sur la production alimentaire intérieure en réduisant la surface de la principale zone d’exploitation agricole97. Israël a
en outre rendu la pêche dangereuse pour les pêcheurs palestiniens, qui ne sont pas en mesure d’accéder pleinement à la zone de pêche de 20 milles marins prévue dans les accords d’Oslo, l’accord intérimaire conclu entre l’Organisation de libération de la Palestine (« OLP ») et Israël au début des années 1990. Le blocus maritime — dont les forces israéliennes assurent l’application par le recours à la force, les arrestations et la confiscation des équipements de pêche — a nettement réduit la zone d’activité des pêcheurs de Gaza qu’il a limitée aux eaux polluées le long de la côte, entraînant une surpêche qui met en péril la pérennité des ressources98. La Conférence des Nations
« Legal Memo: Movement between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip », décembre 2016, https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/legal-opinions/legal_memo_movement_between_wb_gaza.pdf.
92 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 18 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/CRP.2, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, par. 163.
93 WHO, « Fifteen Years of Gaza Blockade and Barriers to Health Access » (2022),
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/15_Years_Gaza_Blockade_Factsheet.jpg
?ua=1.
94 Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (« CNUCED »), « Évolution de l’économie du Territoire palestinien occupé » (2023), 11 septembre 2023, doc. TD/B/EX(74)/2, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2318380&t=pdf, par. 38 ; UN OCHA, « Movement in and out of Gaza: update covering July 2023 », 15 août 2023, https://www.ocha
opt.org/content/movement-and-out-gaza-update-covering-july-2023.
95 UN ESCWA, « Palestine Under Occupation III Mapping Israel’s Policies and Practices and their Economic Repercussions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory », doc. E/ESCWA/CL6.GCP/2021/3 (2022), https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/E.ESCWA_.CL6_.GCP_.2021.3_220722.pdf, p. 38.
96 The World Bank, « Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Commit-
tee », 30 avril 2019, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/942481555340123420/pdf/
Economic-Monitoring-Report-to-the-Ad-Hoc-Liaison-Committee.pdf, p. 4.
97 CNUCED, « Évolution de l’économie du Territoire palestinien occupé » (2023), 11 septembre 2023, doc. TD/B/EX(74)/2, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2318380&t=pdf, par. 36 ; Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport établi par le secrétariat de la CNUCED sur les coûts économiques de l’occupation israélienne pour le peuple palestinien : bouclage de la bande de Gaza et restrictions, 13 août 2020, doc. A/75/310, https://undocs.org/A/75/310 ; Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, 19 octobre 2016, doc. A/71/554, https://undocs.org/A/71/554.
98 UN OCHA, « Gaza Strip — The Humanitarian Impact of 15 Years of the Blockade »,
juin 2022, https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/18041/file/Factsheet_Gaza_Blockade_2022.pdf ; CNUCED, « Évolution de l’économie du Territoire palestinien occupé » (2023), 11 septem-
40
202099. In 2020, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 described the impact of Israel’s blockade on Gaza as having turned Gaza “from a low-income society with modest but growing export ties to the regional and international economy to an impoverished ghetto with a decimated economy and a collapsing social service system”100. In 2022, he described the situation as follows:
“In Gaza, the apparent strategy of Israel is the indefinite warehousing of an unwanted population of 2 million Palestinians, whom it has confined to a narrow strip of land through its comprehensive 15-year-old air, land and sea blockade (with further restrictions by Egypt on the southern border of Gaza). Ban Ki-moon has called this political quarantining of the population a ‘collective punishment’, which is a serious breach of international law. The World Bank reported in 2021 that Gaza had undergone a multi-decade process of de-development and deindustrialization, resulting in a 45 per cent unemployment rate and a 60 per cent poverty rate, with 80 per cent of the population dependent on some form of international assistance, in significant part because of the hermetic sealing of the access of Gaza to the outside world. The coastal aquifer, the sole source of natural drinking water in Gaza, has become polluted and unfit for human consumption because of contamination by seawater and sewage, substantially driving up water costs for an already destitute population. Gaza is heavily dependent on external sources — Israel and Egypt — for power, and Palestinians live with rolling power blackouts of between 12 and 20 hours daily, severely impairing daily living and the economy. The entry and export of goods is strictly controlled by Israel, which has throttled the local economy. The health-care system in Gaza is flat on its back, with serious shortages of health-care professionals, inadequate treatment equipment and low supplies of drugs and medicines. Palestinians in Gaza can rarely travel outside of Gaza, which is a denial of their fundamental right to freedom of movement. More acutely, they have endured four highly asymmetrical wars with Israel over the past 13 years, with enormous loss of civilian life and immense property destruction. The suffering was acknowledged by Antonio Guterres in May 2021, when he stated: ‘If there is a hell on earth, it is the lives of children in Gaza’.”101
27. Between 29 September 2000 and 7 October 2023, approximately 7,569 Palestinians102, including 1,699 children103, were killed, including in those “four highly asymmetrical wars”, as well as other smaller military assaults, with tens of thousands of
TD/B/EX(74)/2, 11 September 2023, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbex74d
2_en.pdf, para. 39.
99 UN News, “Gaza could become uninhabitable in less than five years due to ongoing ‘de-development’ — UN report”, 1 September 2015, https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/507762.
100 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, A/HRC/44/60, 22 December 2020, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/44/60, para. 54.
101 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87, 12 August 2022, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/87, para. 45.
102 B’Tselem, “Fatalities All Data, Main Data”, 6 October 2023, https://statistics.btselem.org/en/all-fatalities/by-date-of-incident?section=overall&tab=overview (not including the casualties during the Great March of Return).
103 Ibid.
41
Unies sur le commerce et le développement (« CNUCED ») s’était, dès 2015, inquiétée de ce que les mesures restrictives imposées par Israël risquaient de rendre Gaza inhabitable d’ici 202099. En 2020, le rapporteur spécial de l’ONU sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 indiquait que, à cause du blocus imposé par Israël, Gaza était passée d’« une société à faible revenu qui jouissait de relations d’exportation modestes mais croissantes avec d’autres pays de la région et du monde [à] un ghetto pauvre avec une économie décimée et des services publics dans un état critique »100. En 2022, il a décrit la situation comme suit :
« À Gaza, Israël a apparemment pour stratégie de parquer indéfiniment une population indésirable de 2 millions de Palestiniens, qu’il a confinée dans une étroite bande de terre au moyen d’un blocus aérien, terrestre et maritime complet vieux de quinze ans (auquel viennent s’ajouter des restrictions supplémentaires imposées par l’Égypte à la frontière sud de Gaza). Ban Ki-moon a qualifié cette mise en quarantaine politique de la population de “punition collective”, ce qui constitue une grave atteinte au droit international. En 2021, la Banque mondiale a indiqué que Gaza avait subi, durant plusieurs décennies, un processus de dé-
développement et de désindustrialisation qui avait abouti à un taux de chômage
de 45 % et un taux de pauvreté de 60 %, 80 % de la population dépendant de l’aide internationale sous une forme ou sous une autre, à cause, essentiellement, de la fermeture hermétique coupant Gaza du monde extérieur. L’aquifère côtier, seule source d’eau potable naturelle de Gaza, est pollué, et l’eau étant contaminée par l’eau de mer et les eaux usées, elle est impropre à la consommation, ce qui a entraîné une augmentation considérable du prix de l’eau, alors que la population est déjà démunie. Pour son approvisionnement en électricité, la bande de Gaza est fortement tributaire de sources extérieures, à savoir Israël et l’Égypte, et les Palestiniens subissent quotidiennement des coupures de courant tournantes de douze à vingt heures, ce qui perturbe fortement la vie quotidienne et l’économie. L’importation et l’exportation de marchandises sont strictement contrôlées par Israël, ce qui a étouffé l’économie locale. Le système de santé de Gaza est mal en point, à cause d’une grave pénurie de professionnels de la santé, d’équipements médicaux insuffisants et de stocks insuffisants de produits médicinaux et de médicaments. Les Palestiniens de Gaza peuvent rarement sortir de la bande de Gaza, ce qui constitue un déni de leur droit fondamental à la liberté de circulation. Pire encore, au cours des treize dernières années, ils ont subi quatre guerres fortement asymétriques contre Israël, qui ont causé d’énormes pertes en vies humaines et des destructions de biens considérables. À propos de ces souffrances, Antonio Guterres a déclaré, en mai 2021 : “S’il existe un enfer sur Terre, ce sont les enfants de Gaza qui le vivent”. »101
27. Entre le 29 septembre 2000 et le 7 octobre 2023, 7 569 Palestiniens102, dont 1 699 enfants103, ont été tués, notamment au cours de ces « quatre guerres fortement asymétriques » ainsi que d’autres assauts militaires de moindre ampleur, et des dizaines
bre 2023, doc. TD/B/EX(74)/2, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2318380&t=pdf, par. 39.
99 UN News, « Gaza could become uninhabitable in less than five years due to ongoing “de-development” — UN report », 1 septembre 2015, https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/507762.
100 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situa-
tion des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, 15 juillet 2020,
doc. A/HRC/44/60, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2035295&t=pdf, par. 54.
101 Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 12 août 2022, doc. A/HRC/49/87, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2258407&t=pdf, par. 45.
102 B’Tselem, « Fatalities All Data, Main Data », 6 octobre 2023, https://statistics.btselem.org/en/all-fatalities/by-date-of-incident?section=overall&tab=overview (ce chiffre ne prend pas en compte les victimes de la Grande Marche du retour).
103 Ibid.
42
others injured. A further 214 Palestinians, including 46 children were killed during the “Great March of Return”104, a large-scale peaceful protest along the separation fence between Gaza and Israel, in which thousands of Palestinians participated every Friday for over 18 months, demanding that “the blockade imposed on Gaza be lifted and the return of Palestinian refugees” to their homes and villages in Israel105. On one particularly lethal day alone, Israel killed 60 Palestinian protesters106. As determined by the Independent Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the occupied Palestinian territory (the “Commission”):
“[D]uring these weekly demonstrations, the Israeli Security Forces (ISF) killed and gravely injured civilians who were neither participating directly in hostilities nor posing an imminent threat to life. Among those shot were children, paramedics, journalists, and persons with disabilities.”107
28. Those killed by Israeli soldiers, firing from behind the separation fence, included three medics and two journalists. A total of over 36,100 Palestinians, including nearly 8,800 children108, were injured by Israel, including 4,903 people who were shot in the lower limbs, “many while standing hundreds of metres away from the snipers, unarmed”109. One hundred and fifty-six of them had to have at least one limb amputated110, and over twelve hundred required specialised limb reconstruction treatment111. The Commission found that the maiming was not accidental: the rules of engagement adopted by Israel permitted snipers to shoot at the legs of the “major inciters”112.
One Israeli soldier admitted that he shot “42 knees in one day”113.
104 UN, The Question of Palestine, “Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are Still Struggling”, 6 April 2020, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling.
105 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2, 18 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, para. 115.
106 UN HRC, Report of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/74, 6 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/74, para. 58.
107 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2, 18 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, summary.
108 UN, The Question of Palestine, “Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are Still Struggling”, 6 April 2020, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling.
109 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2, 18 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, summary.
110 UN, The Question of Palestine, “Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are Still Struggling”, 6 April 2020, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling.
111 Ibid.
112 “‘42 Knees in One Day’: Israeli Snipers Open up about Shooting Gaza Protesters”, Haaretz, 6 March 2020, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-03-06/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/
42-knees-in-one-day-israeli-snipers-open-up-about-shooting-gaza-protesters/0000017f-f2da-d497-a1ff-f2dab2520000.
113 Ibid.
43
de milliers de personnes ont été blessées. En outre, 214 Palestiniens, dont 46 enfants, ont aussi été tués au cours de « la Grande Marche du retour »104, manifestation pacifique de grande ampleur qui a rassemblé, le long de la clôture de séparation entre Gaza et Israël, des milliers de Palestiniens tous les vendredis pendant plus de 18 mois pour demander « la levée du blocus imposé à Gaza et le retour des réfugiés palestiniens » dans leurs maisons et leurs villages en Israël105. Lors d’une journée particulièrement tragique, 60 manifestants palestiniens ont été tués par Israël106. Comme l’a établi la commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur les manifestations dans le Territoire palestinien occupé (ci-après la « commission »),
« [p]endant ces manifestations hebdomadaires, les forces de sécurité israéliennes ont tué et grièvement blessé des civils qui ne participaient pas directement
aux hostilités et ne représentaient pas non plus une menace imminente pour la vie d’autrui. Ont notamment été victimes des tirs des enfants, des auxiliaires médicaux, des journalistes et des personnes handicapées. »107
28. Parmi les personnes abattues par les soldats israéliens postés de l’autre côté de la clôture de séparation figuraient trois personnels de santé et deux journalistes. Au total, plus de 36 100 Palestiniens, dont près de 8 800 enfants108, ont été blessés par Israël, parmi lesquels 4 903 personnes ont été touchées aux jambes « alors qu’elles se trouvaient, pour bon nombre d’entre elles, à plusieurs centaines de mètres des tireurs et n’étaient pas armées »109. Parmi ces blessés, 156 ont dû être amputés d’au moins un membre110, et plus de 1 200 ont dû recevoir des traitements spécialisés de reconstruction111. La commission a constaté que les mutilations n’étaient pas accidentelles, les règles d’engagement d’Israël autorisant les tireurs d’élite à tirer dans les jambes des « principaux instigateurs »112. Un soldat israélien a révélé avoir tiré sur « 42 genoux en une seule journée »113.
104 UN, The Question of Palestine, « Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are Still Struggling », 6 avril 2020, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling.
105 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 18 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/CRP.2, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, par. 115.
106 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur les manifestations dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, 6 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/74, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/74, par. 58.
107 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 18 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/CRP.2, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, summary.
108 UN, The Question of Palestine, « Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are Still Struggling », 6 avril 2020, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling.
109 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 18 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/CRP.2, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, summary.
110 UN, The Question of Palestine, « Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the “Great March of Return” are Still Struggling », 6 avril 2020, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling.
111 Ibid.
112 « “42 Knees in One Day”: Israeli Snipers Open up about Shooting Gaza Protesters », Haaretz, 6 mars 2020, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-03-06/ty-article-magazine.highlight/42-knees-in-one-day-israeli-snipers-open-up-about-shooting-gaza-protesters/0000017f-f2da-d497-a1ff-f2dab2520000.
113 Ibid.
44
29. The Commission found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers “intentionally shot” children, knowing them to be children114, and they also “intentionally shot” health workers and journalists “despite seeing that they were clearly marked as such”115. It further found “reasonable grounds to believe” that Israeli snipers shot disabled demonstrators “intentionally, despite seeing that they had visible disabilities” and despite them not presenting an imminent threat116.
30. Other reports by United Nations bodies and mandates have repeatedly found Israel to have acted in serious violation of international law in its previous military attacks on Gaza. By way of example:

Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000 (16 March 2001)117:
“50. . . . [T]he IDF apparently on grounds of military necessity, has destroyed homes and laid to waste a significant amount of agricultural land, especially in Gaza, which is already land starved. Statistics show that 94 homes have been demolished and 7,024 dunums of agricultural land bulldozed in Gaza. Damage to private houses is put at US$ 9.5 million and damage to agricultural land at about US$ 27 million . . . Houses situated on this land had been destroyed and families compelled to live in tents. Water wells in the vicinity had also been completely destroyed. The Commission found it difficult to believe that such destruction, generally carried out in the middle of the night and without advance warning, was justified on grounds of military necessity. To the Commission it seemed that such destruction of property had been carried out in an intimidatory manner unrelated to security, disrespectful of civilian well-being and going well beyond the needs of military necessity. The evidence suggests that destruction of property and demolition of houses have been replicated elsewhere in the West Bank and Gaza. Palestinians, like other people, are deeply attached to their homes and agricultural land. The demolition of homes and the destruction of olive and citrus trees, nurtured by farmers over many years, has caused untold human suffering to persons unconnected with the present violence . . .
51. The Commission concludes that the IDF has engaged in the excessive use of force at the expense of life and property in Palestine.” (Emphasis added.)

Report of the high-level fact-finding mission to Beit Hanoun established under Council resolution S-3/1 (1 September 2008, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Professor Christine Chinkin)118:
114 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/CRP.2, 18 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, para. 519.
115 Ibid., paras. 526, 536.
116 Ibid., para. 537.
117 UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights (“ECOSOC”), “Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000”, E/CN.4/2001/121, 16 March 2001, https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2001/121, paras. 50, 51 (emphasis added).
118 UN HRC, Report of the high-level fact-finding mission to Beit Hanoun established under Council resolution S-3/1, A/HRC/9/26, 1 September 2008, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/9/26, paras. 72, 75, 76.
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29. La commission a conclu qu’il existait des motifs raisonnables de penser que les tireurs d’élite israéliens avaient « intentionnellement tiré » sur des enfants, en sachant qu’il s’agissait d’enfants114, et qu’ils avaient « aussi intentionnellement tiré » sur des personnels de santé et des journalistes, « qui étaient pourtant clairement identifiables comme tels »115. La commission a en outre estimé avoir « des motifs raisonnables de penser » que des tireurs d’élite israéliens avaient visé des manifestants handicapés « de manière intentionnelle, alors même qu’ils voyaient que ces personnes souffraient de handicaps visibles » et qu’elles ne présentaient aucune menace imminente116.
30. Dans d’autres rapports, des organismes et titulaires de mandats de l’ONU ont à maintes reprises estimé qu’Israël avait commis de graves violations du droit international lors des attaques militaires lancées contre Gaza. En voici quelques exemples :

Rapport de la commission d’enquête sur les droits de l’homme établie en application de la résolution S-5/1 de la Commission en date du 19 octobre 2000 (16 mars 2001)117 :
« 50. … [L]es FDI ont, semble-t-il pour des raisons militaires, détruit des habitations et saccagé une grande quantité de terres agricoles, notamment à Gaza, qui souffre déjà cruellement du manque de terres cultivables. D’après les chiffres, 94 habitations ont été démolies et 7 024 dounams de terres agricoles ont été dévastés par des bulldozers à Gaza. Les dégâts causés aux habitations sont estimés à US$ 9,5 millions et les dégâts causés aux terres agricoles à quelque US$ 27 millions… Les habitations situées sur ce terrain avaient été détruites et plusieurs familles vivaient désormais dans des tentes. Des puits situés à proximité avaient aussi été entièrement détruits. La commission a eu de la peine à croire que ces actes de destruction, qui sont généralement perpétrés au milieu de la nuit et sans préavis, puissent être justifiés par des nécessités militaires. Elle incline plutôt à croire qu’il s’agit d’actes d’intimidation n’ayant aucun rapport avec la sécurité, qui témoignent d’un mépris du bien-être de la population civile et ne sauraient être justifiés par des nécessités militaires. Selon les informations disponibles, des terrains auraient également été saccagés et des habitations détruites dans d’autres endroits de la Cisjordanie et de Gaza. Les Palestiniens, comme les autres populations, sont profondément attachés à leurs foyers et à leurs terres agricoles. La démolition d’habitations et la destruction de plantations d’oliviers et de citrus, dont les agriculteurs prennent soin depuis de nombreuses années, ont provoqué des souffrances indicibles pour des personnes qui ne sont aucunement impliquées dans les violences actuelles…
51. La commission conclut que les FDI ont fait un usage abusif de la force aux dépens de la vie et des biens des Palestiniens. » (Les italiques sont de nous.)

Rapport de la mission d’établissement des faits de haut niveau créée en application de la résolution S-3/1 pour se rendre à Beit Hanoun (1er septembre 2008, l’archevêque Desmond Tutu et Mme Christine Chinkin)118 :
114 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 18 mars 2019, doc. A/HRC/40/CRP.2, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/CRP.2, par. 519.
115 Ibid., par. 526 et 536.
116 Ibid., par. 537.
117 Nations Unies, Conseil économique et social, Commission des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la commission d’enquête sur les droits de l’homme établie en application de la résolution S-5/1 de la Commission en date du 19 octobre 2000, 16 mars 2001, doc. E/CN.4/2001/121, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G01/118/73/pdf/G0111873.pdf?OpenElement, par. 50 et 51 (les italiques sont de nous).
118 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la mission d’établissement des faits de haut niveau créée en application de la résolution S-3/1 pour se rendre à Beit Hanoun, 1er septembre 2008, doc. A/HRC/9/26, par. 72, 75 et 76, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G0815312&t=pdf.
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“72. The mission expresses its sympathy to all victims of the shelling on 8 November 2006 of Beit Hanoun. The attack took lives, inflicted horrendous physical and mental injuries, tore families apart, destroyed homes, took away liveli-
hoods and traumatized a population. Its aftermath compounded those ills . . .
75. . . . In the absence of a well-founded explanation from the Israeli military (who is in sole possession of the relevant facts), the mission must conclude that there is a possibility that the shelling of Beit Hanoun constituted a war crime as defined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . . .
76. One victim of the Beit Hanoun shelling was the rule of law. There has been no accountability for an act that killed 19 people and injured many more . . .”

Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-9/1 of 12 January 2009 (25 September 2009)119:
“36. . . . The Mission did not find any evidence to support the allegations that hospital facilities were used by the Gaza authorities or by Palestinian armed groups to shield military activities or that ambulances were used to transport combatants or for other military purposes. On the basis of its own investigations and the statements by United Nations officials, the Mission excludes that Palestinian armed groups engaged in combat activities from United Nations facilities that were used as shelters during the military operations . . .
55. The Mission investigated four incidents in which the Israeli armed forces coerced Palestinian civilian men at gunpoint to take part in house searches during the military operations . . . The Mission concludes that this practice amounts to the use of Palestinian civilians as human shields and is therefore prohibited by international humanitarian law. . . . The Palestinian men used as human shields were questioned under threat of death or injury to extract information about Hamas, Palestinian combatants and tunnels. This constitutes a further violation of international humanitarian law . . .
60. In addition to arbitrary deprivation of liberty and violation of due process rights, the cases of the detained Palestinian civilians highlight a common thread of the interaction between Israeli soldiers and Palestinian civilians which also emerged clearly in many cases discussed elsewhere in the report: continuous and systematic abuse, outrages on personal dignity, humiliating and degrading treatment contrary to fundamental principles of international humanitarian law and human rights law. The Mission concludes that this treatment constitutes the infliction of a collective penalty on these civilians and amounts to measures of intimidation and terror . . .
382. In assessing the Israeli strikes against the Legislative Council building and the main prison, the Mission first of all notes that Hamas is an organization with distinct political, military and social welfare components . . .
391. The Mission rejects the analysis of present and former senior Israeli officials that, because of the alleged nature of the Hamas government in Gaza, the
119 UN HRC, “Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories”, Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, A/HRC/12/48, 25 September 2009, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/12/48, paras. 36, 55, 60, 382, 391-392, 522, 629, 1026-1027, 1214-1215, 1883, 1888-1093, 1905, 1927, 1929 (emphasis added).
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« 72. La [m]ission exprime sa sympathie à toutes les victimes du bombardement de Beit Hanoun du 8 novembre 2006. Cette agression a causé la mort d’êtres humains, infligé d’horribles lésions physiques et mentales, déchiré des familles, détruit des maisons, fait disparaître des moyens de subsistance et traumatisé une population. Ses séquelles ont aggravé ses effets…
75. … L’armée israélienne (qui est seule à connaître les faits pertinents) n’ayant pas donné d’explications fondées, la [m]ission doit conclure qu’il est possible que le bombardement de Beit Hanoun constitue un crime de guerre tel que le définit le Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale.
76. L’autorité du droit est l’une des victimes du bombardement de Beit Hanoun. Personne n’a eu à répondre d’une opération qui a fait 19 morts et bien plus de blessés… »

Rapport de la mission d’établissement des faits de l’Organisation des Nations Unies sur le conflit de Gaza établie en application de la résolution S-9/1 du Conseil des droits de l’homme du 12 janvier 2009 (25 septembre 2009)119 :
« 36. … La [m]ission n’a recueilli aucun élément probant permettant d’étayer les allégations selon lesquelles des établissements hospitaliers auraient été utilisés par les autorités de Gaza ou des groupes armés palestiniens pour couvrir des activités militaires, et des ambulances auraient servi à transporter des combattants ou à d’autres fins militaires. Se fondant sur ses propres investigations et sur les déclarations de hauts fonctionnaires des Nations Unies, la [m]ission exclut que des groupes armés palestiniens aient mené des opérations de combat à partir d’installations des Nations Unies qui servaient de refuge pendant les opérations militaires…
55. La [m]ission a enquêté sur quatre incidents au cours desquels des soldats israéliens ont obligé des civils palestiniens, sous la menace de leurs armes, à prendre part à des perquisitions au cours des opérations militaires… La [m]ission conclut que cette pratique revient à utiliser des civils palestiniens comme boucliers humains et est donc interdite par le droit international humanitaire... Les hommes palestiniens utilisés comme boucliers humains ont été interrogés sous la menace de mort ou de sévices pour qu’ils donnent des informations sur le Hamas, les combattants palestiniens et les tunnels. Cette pratique constitue une autre violation du droit international humanitaire…
60. Outre la privation arbitraire de liberté et la violation des droits de la défense, les cas de civils palestiniens détenus font clairement apparaître dans les rapports entre les soldats israéliens et les civils palestiniens des points communs avec de nombreuses affaires dont il est question ailleurs dans le rapport : violences continues et systématiques, atteintes à la dignité de la personne, traitements humiliants et dégradants contraires aux principes fondamentaux du droit international humanitaire et du droit international des droits de l’homme. La [m]ission conclut que ce traitement est constitutif de l’infliction d’une peine collective à ces civils ainsi que d’actes d’intimidation et de terreur…
382. Pour porter une appréciation sur les frappes israéliennes contre le bâtiment du Conseil législatif et la prison centrale, la [m]ission se doit de relever tout d’abord que le Hamas est une organisation qui comporte des composantes politique, militaire et sociale distinctes…
391. La [m]ission ne saurait souscrire à l’analyse de hautes personnalités et d’anciennes personnalités israéliennes selon laquelle, du fait de la nature qu’aurait
119 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, « La situation des droits de l’homme en Palestine et dans les autres territoires arabes occupés », rapport de la mission d’établissement des faits de l’Organisation des Nations Unies sur le conflit de Gaza, 25 septembre 2009, doc. A/HRC/12/48, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G0915867&t=pdf, par. 36, 55, 60, 382, 391-392, 522, 629, 1026-1027, 1214-1215, 1883, 1888-1093, 1905, 1927 et 1929 (les italiques sont de nous).
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distinction between civilian and military parts of the government infrastructure is no longer relevant in relation to Israel’s conflict with Hamas . . .
392. The Mission is of the view that this is a dangerous argument that should be vigorously rejected as incompatible with the cardinal principle of distinction. International humanitarian law prohibits attacks against targets that do not make an effective contribution to military action. Attacks that are not directed against military (or dual use) objectives are violations of the laws of war, no matter
how promising the attacker considers them from a strategic or political point of view . . .
522. The warning to go to city centres came at the start of the ground invasion. In the Mission’s view it was unreasonable to assume, in the circumstances, that civilians would indeed leave their homes. As a consequence, the conclusion that allegedly formed part of the logic of soldiers on the ground that those who had stayed put had to be combatants was wholly unwarranted . . .
629. Taking into account the weapons used, and in particular the use of white phosphorous in and around a hospital that the Israeli armed forces knew was not only dealing with scores of injured and wounded but also giving shelter to several hundred civilians, the Mission finds, based on all the information available to it, that in directly striking the hospital and the ambulance depot the Israeli armed forces in these circumstances violated article 18 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and violated customary international law in relation to proportionality . . .
1027. The Mission . . . found that the systematic destruction of food, production, water services and construction industries was related to the overall policy of disproportionate destruction of a significant part of Gaza’s infrastructure.
1214. Through its overly broad framing of the ‘supporting infrastructure’, the Israeli armed forces have sought to construct a scope for their activities that, in the Mission’s view, was designed to have inevitably dire consequences for the non-combatants in Gaza . . .
1215. Statements by political and military leaders prior to and during the military operations in Gaza leave little doubt that disproportionate destruction and violence against civilians were part of a deliberate policy . . .
1883. The Gaza military operations were, according to the Israeli Government, thoroughly and extensively planned. While the Israeli Government has sought to portray its operations as essentially a response to rocket attacks in the exercise of its right to self-defence, the Mission considers the plan to have been directed,
at least in part, at a different target: the people of Gaza as a whole . . .
1888. The Mission recognizes fully that the Israeli armed forces, like any army attempting to act within the parameters of international law, must avoid taking undue risks with their soldiers’ lives, but neither can they transfer that risk onto the lives of civilian men, women and children. The fundamental principles of distinction and proportionality apply on the battlefield, whether that battlefield is a built-up urban area or an open field.
1889. The repeated failure to distinguish between combatants and civilians appears to the Mission to have been the result of deliberate guidance issued
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le gouvernement du Hamas à Gaza, la distinction entre les éléments civils et les éléments militaires de l’infrastructure gouvernementale a perdu tout son sens dans le contexte du conflit qui oppose Israël au Hamas.
392. La [m]ission considère qu’il s’agit là d’un argument dangereux qui doit être énergiquement rejeté comme étant incompatible avec le principe cardinal de distinction. Le droit international humanitaire interdit les attaques dirigées contre des objectifs qui n’apportent pas de contribution effective à l’action militaire. Les attaques qui sont dirigées contre des objectifs autres que des objectifs militaires (ou des objectifs à double usage) constituent des violations des lois de la guerre, pour prometteuses que l’attaquant puisse les considérer d’un point de vue stratégique ou politique…
522. L’avertissement incitant la population civile à se diriger vers le centre-ville a été lancé au début de l’invasion terrestre. De l’avis de la [m]ission, il n’était pas raisonnable de supposer, en l’occurrence, que les civils quitteraient effectivement leurs foyers. De fait, la conclusion à laquelle menait la logique des soldats sur le terrain, à savoir que ceux qui étaient restés chez eux devaient être des combattants, était totalement dénuée de fondement…
629. Compte tenu des armes employées et en particulier de l’utilisation de phosphore blanc à l’intérieur et aux alentours d’un hôpital dont les forces armées israéliennes savaient qu’il contenait non seulement des dizaines de malades et de blessés mais aussi plusieurs centaines de civils, la [m]ission conclut, sur la base de toutes les informations dont elle dispose, qu’en attaquant directement l’hôpital et le dépôt d’ambulances les forces armées israéliennes, étant donné les circonstances, ont violé l’article 18 de la quatrième Convention de Genève, ainsi que les règles du droit international coutumier relatives à la proportionnalité…
1027. La [m]ission … conclut que la destruction systématique de moyens de production alimentaire, d’installations d’approvisionnement en eau ou d’assainissement et d’entreprises du secteur du bâtiment s’inscrivait dans le cadre d’une politique générale de destruction disproportionnée visant une part importante des équipements de la bande de Gaza…
1214. En donnant une acception beaucoup trop large à l’expression “infrastructure de soutien”, l’armée israélienne a cherché à conférer à ses activités une portée telle, selon la [m]ission, qu’elle aurait inévitablement des répercussions dramatiques sur les non-combattants dans la bande de Gaza.
1215. Les déclarations faites par les responsables politiques et militaires avant et pendant les opérations militaires de Gaza ne laissent guère de doute sur le fait que les destructions disproportionnées et la violence à l’encontre de civils participaient d’une politique délibérée…
1883. Selon le Gouvernement israélien, les opérations militaires de Gaza avaient été programmées dans toute leur ampleur et dans tous les détails. Il a beau avoir cherché à les présenter essentiellement comme une réaction aux attaques à la roquette dans l’exercice de son droit de légitime défense, la [m]ission considère que son plan visait, au moins en partie, une cible différente, la population de Gaza dans son ensemble…
1888. La [m]ission sait parfaitement que les forces armées israéliennes, comme toute armée ayant le souci d’agir dans le respect du droit international, doivent absolument s’abstenir de risquer indûment la vie de leurs soldats, sans qu’elles puissent pour autant s’en autoriser pour transférer ce risque sur les hommes, femmes et enfants qui constituent la population civile. Les principes fondamentaux de distinction et de proportionnalité s’appliquent sur le champ de bataille, que celui-ci soit une zone bâtie urbanisée ou un espace en pleine nature.
1889. Aux yeux de la [m]ission, le fait qu’il n’ait à maintes reprises été fait aucune distinction entre combattants et civils découle d’instructions données aux
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to soldiers, as described by some of them, and not the result of occasional
lapses . . .
1891. It is clear from evidence gathered by the Mission that the destruction of food supply installations, water sanitation systems, concrete factories and residential houses was the result of a deliberate and systematic policy by the Israeli armed forces. It was not carried out because those objects presented a military threat or opportunity, but to make the daily process of living, and dignified living, more difficult for the civilian population . . .
1892. Allied to the systematic destruction of the economic capacity of the Gaza Strip, there appears also to have been an assault on the dignity of the people.
This was seen not only in the use of human shields and unlawful detentions sometimes in unacceptable conditions, but also in the vandalizing of houses when occupied and the way in which people were treated when their houses were entered. The graffiti on the walls, the obscenities and often racist slogans, all constituted
an overall image of humiliation and dehumanization of the Palestinian population . . .
1893. The operations were carefully planned in all their phases. Legal opinions and advice were given throughout the planning stages and at certain operational levels during the campaign. There were almost no mistakes made according to the Government of Israel. It is in these circumstances that the Mission concludes that what occurred in just over three weeks at the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009 was a deliberately disproportionate attack designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population, radically diminish its local economic capacity both to work and to provide for itself, and to force upon it an ever increasing sense of dependency and vulnerability . . .
1927. The Mission found that the Israeli armed forces in Gaza rounded up and detained large groups of persons protected under the Fourth Geneva Convention. The Mission finds that their detention cannot be justified either as detention
of ‘unlawful combatants’ or as internment of civilians for imperative reasons of security . . .
1929. The Mission also finds that the Israeli armed forces unlawfully and wantonly attacked and destroyed without military necessity a number of food production or food processing objects and facilities (including mills, land and greenhouses), drinking-water installations, farms and animals in violation of the principle of distinction. From the facts ascertained by it, the Mission finds that this destruction was carried out with the purpose of denying sustenance to the civilian population, in violation of customary law reflected in article 54 (2) of the First Additional Protocol. The Mission further concludes that the Israeli armed forces carried out widespread destruction of private residential houses, water wells and water tanks unlawfully and wantonly.” (Emphasis added.)

Report of the independent Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1 (24 June 2015)120:
“44. . . . the large number of targeted attacks against residential buildings and the fact that such attacks continued throughout the operation, even after the dire
120 UN HRC, Report of the independent Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1, A/HRC/29/52, 24 June 2015, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/52, paras. 26, 37, 44-45, 50-53, 55-58 (emphasis added).
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soldats, ainsi que quelques-uns d’entre eux l’ont indiqué, et non pas de défaillances occasionnelles…
1891. Il ressort clairement des éléments recueillis par la [m]ission que la destruction d’installations destinées aux approvisionnements alimentaires, systèmes d’épuration d’eau, fabriques de béton et logements procédait d’une politique délibérée et systématique des forces armées israéliennes. Ces objets ont été détruits, non pas parce qu’ils présentaient un danger ou une occasion du point de vue militaire, mais pour rendre le déroulement quotidien de l’existence et une vie dans la dignité plus difficiles à la population civile…
1892. Cette destruction systématique de l’appareil économique de la bande de Gaza s’est apparemment assortie d’atteintes à la dignité de ses habitants. C’est ce que l’on a pu voir avec le recours à des boucliers humains et les détentions illégales dans des conditions parfois inadmissibles, mais aussi avec le saccage des maisons occupées et la façon dont leurs habitants étaient traités dès le seuil par les occupants. Les graffitis sur les murs, les obscénités et souvent les slogans racistes sont autant d’éléments illustrant l’humiliation et la déshumanisation générales de la population palestinienne…
1893. Les opérations avaient été soigneusement planifiées dans toutes leurs phases. Des avis et conseils juridiques furent dispensés à toutes les étapes de cette planification et à un certain niveau opérationnel au cours de la campagne. Il n’y eut presque pas d’erreurs commises, si l’on en croit le Gouvernement israélien. C’est ce qui amène la [m]ission à conclure que ce qui s’est passé en à peine plus de trois semaines à la fin de 2008 et au début de 2009 était une attaque délibérément disproportionnée visant à punir, humilier et terroriser une population civile, à réduire considérablement la capacité de l’économie locale de lui assurer du travail et de quoi subsister, et de lui imposer un sentiment toujours plus vif de dépendance et de vulnérabilité…
1927. La [m]ission a établi que les forces armées israéliennes ont raflé et détenu des groupes importants de personnes protégées au sens de la quatrième Convention de Genève. Elle estime que la détention de ces personnes ne peut se justifier ni au titre de la détention de “combattants illégaux” ni au titre de l’internement pour des motifs impérieux de sécurité…
1929. La [m]ission conclut également que les forces armées israéliennes ont attaqué de façon illicite et arbitraire et détruit sans nécessité militaire un certain nombre de biens et installations servant à la production ou au traitement de denrées alimentaires (notamment un moulin à farine, des terres agricoles et des serres), des installations d’eau potable, des exploitations agricoles et du bétail en violation du principe de distinction. Des faits qu’elle a recensés, la [m]ission conclut que ces destructions ont été commises en vue d’en priver, à raison de leur valeur de subsistance, la population civile, ce qui constitue une violation du droit coutumier
tel qu’il résulte du paragraphe 2 de l’article 54 du Protocole additionnel I. La [m]ission conclut en outre que les forces armées israéliennes ont procédé à la destruction de maisons privées, de puits et de réservoirs d’eau sur une grande échelle et de façon illicite et arbitraire. » (Les italiques sont de nous.)

Rapport de la commission d’enquête internationale indépendante créée en vertu de la résolution S-21/1 du Conseil des droits de l’homme (24 juin 2015)120 :
« 44. … [L]e grand nombre d’attaques ciblant des bâtiments résidentiels et
la poursuite de ces attaques tout au long de l’opération, même une fois leurs
120 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la commission d’enquête internationale indépendante créée en vertu de la résolution S-21/1 du Conseil des droits de l’homme, 24 juin 2015, doc. A/HRC/29/52, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1513286&
t=pdf, par. 26, 37, 44-45, 50-53 et 55-58 (les italiques sont de nous).
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impact of these attacks on civilians and civilian objects became apparent, raise concern that the strikes may have constituted military tactics reflective of a broad-
er policy, approved at least tacitly by decision-makers at the highest levels of the Government of Israel . . .
51. . . . the fact that the Israel Defense Forces did not modify the manner in which they conducted their operations after initial episodes of shelling resulted in a large number of civilian deaths indicates that their policies governing the use of artillery in densely populated areas may not be in conformity with international humanitarian law.
53. . . . destruction by artillery fire, air strikes and bulldozers may have been adopted as a tactic of war. Some destruction may arguably be the result of the legitimate attempts of the Israel Defense Forces to dismantle tunnels and to protect its soldiers. The concentration of destruction in localities close to the Green Line, in some areas amounting to 100 per cent, and the systematic way in which these areas were flattened one after the other, however, raise concerns that such extensive destruction was not required by imperative military necessity. If confirmed, this would constitute a grave breach of article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which is a war crime . . .
55. . . . warnings to evacuate were meant to create ‘sterile combat zones’, and the people remaining in the area would no longer be considered civilians and thus benefit from the protection afforded by their civilian status. For example, the Head of the Doctrine Desk at the Infantry Corps Headquarters, . . . reportedly stated: ‘. . . In peacetime security, soldiers stand facing a civilian population, but in wartime, there is no civilian population, just an enemy.’ . . .
56. . . . inferring that anyone remaining in an area that has been the object of a warning is an enemy or a person engaging in ‘terrorist activity’, or issuing instructions to this effect, contributes to creating an environment conducive to attacks against civilians. Those civilians choosing not to heed a warning do not lose the protection granted by their status. The only way in which civilians lose their protection from attack is by directly participating in the hostilities. Merely issuing a warning does not absolve the Israel Defense Forces of their legal obligations to protect civilian life . . .
57. An examination of actions by the Israel Defense Forces in Shuja’iya in July and Rafah on 1 August indicates that the protection of Israeli soldiers significantly influenced the conduct of the Israel Defense Forces in these operations, at times overriding any concern for minimizing civilian casualties. While force protection is a legitimate objective, the commission has the distinct impression that, when soldiers’ lives were at stake or there was a risk of capture . . .
58. . . . The commission believes that the military culture created by such policy priorities may have been a factor contributing to the decision to unleash massive firepower in Rafah and Shuja’iya, in utter disregard of its devastating impact on
the civilian population. Moreover, applying this protocol in the context of a
densely populated environment through the use of heavy weaponry predictably leads to violations of the principles of distinction and proportionality.” (Emphasis added.)
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conséquences dramatiques sur des civils et des biens à caractère civil établies, laissent craindre que ces frappes aient pu constituer une tactique militaire
s’inscrivant dans une politique plus générale, approuvée, au moins tacitement, aux plus hauts niveaux du Gouvernement israélien…
51. … [L]e fait que les Forces de défense israéliennes n’aient pas modifié leur mode opératoire à la suite des premiers tirs d’obus qui ont fait un grand nombre de pertes civiles tend à démontrer que leurs règles quant à l’usage de l’artillerie dans des zones densément peuplées ne sont peut-être pas conformes au droit international humanitaire.
53. … [L]es destructions causées par les tirs d’artillerie, les frappes aériennes et les bulldozers constituaient peut-être une tactique de guerre. Certaines de ces destructions s’inscrivaient sans doute dans le cadre des tentatives légitimes de démantèlement de tunnels entreprises par les Forces de défense israéliennes pour protéger leurs soldats. Cependant, la concentration des destructions dans les localités proches de la Ligne verte, jusqu’à 100 % dans certaines zones, et la manière systématique dont elles ont été rasées les unes après les autres, donnent à penser, non sans susciter des préoccupations, que de telles destructions massives n’étaient pas justifiées par une nécessité militaire. Si les faits sont avérés, ces actes seraient considérés comme une violation grave de l’article 147 de la quatrième Convention de Genève, et constitueraient donc un crime de guerre.
55. … [L]es avertissements d’évacuation avaient pour objectif de créer des “zones de combat stériles”, ce qui signifiait que les individus qui étaient restés dans ces zones n’étaient plus considérés comme des civils et ne bénéficiaient donc plus de la protection garantie aux populations civiles. À titre d’exemple, le chef du Bureau de la doctrine au quartier général du corps d’infanterie … aurait dit : “En temps de paix et de sécurité, les soldats se trouvent face à des populations civiles, mais en temps de guerre, il n’y a pas de civils, juste des ennemis.”…
56. … [L]e fait de déduire que chaque personne restée dans une zone au sujet de laquelle des avertissements ont été lancés est un ennemi ou participe à des “activités terroristes”, ou de donner des instructions dans ce sens, contribue à la création d’un environnement propice aux attaques contre la population
civile. Les civils qui choisissent de ne pas obéir à un avertissement ne perdent
pas pour autant la protection qui leur garantit leur statut. La seule raison pour laquelle ils pourraient perdre cette protection serait leur participation directe aux hostilités. Le simple fait de lancer un avertissement ne dispense pas les Forces de défense israéliennes de leur obligation juridique de protéger la vie des populations civiles…
57. L’examen des actions menées par les Forces de défense israéliennes à Shuja’iya, en juillet, et à Rafah, le 1er août, indique que la protection des soldats israéliens a eu des incidences considérables sur le comportement des membres des Forces de défense israéliennes pendant les opérations, ceux-ci passant parfois outre toute préoccupation visant à réduire au minimum le nombre des victimes civiles. Si la protection des forces de défense est un objectif légitime, la commission a toutefois la nette impression que, lorsque la vie des soldats est en jeu ou s’il existe un risque d’enlèvement…
58. … La commission estime que la culture militaire créée par de telles priorités politiques a pu contribuer à la décision de déployer une puissance de feu massive à Rafah et Shuja‘iya, au mépris total de son effet dévastateur sur la population civile. De plus, l’application de cette directive en recourant à de l’armement lourd, dans un environnement densément peuplé entraîne, nécessairement, des violations des principes de distinction et de proportionnalité. » (Les italiques sont de nous.)
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Report of the detailed findings of the independent Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1 of 23 July 2014 (24 June 2015)121:
“293. The sheer number of shells fired, as well as the reported dropping of over 100 one-ton bombs in a short period of time in a densely populated area, together with the reported use of an artillery barrage, raise questions as to the respect by the IDF of the rules of distinction, precautions and proportionality. These methods and means employed by the IDF could not, in such a small and densely populated area, be directed at a specific military target and could not adequately distinguish between civilians and civilian objects and military objectives as required by IHL. The information available also indicates that during the Shuja’iya operation on 19 and 20 July the IDF violated the prohibition of treating several distinct individual military objectives in a densely populated area as one single military objective. Therefore, there are strong indications that the IDF’s Shuja’iya operation on 19 and 20 July was conducted in violation of the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks and may amount to a war crime.
294. The Shuja’iya operation also raises serious concerns that the IDF did not conform with its obligation to take precautionary measures in attack. The choice of the methods and means used by the IDF cannot be reconciled with the obligation to take constant care to spare civilians and civilian objects or at the very least to minimize incidental loss of civilian life and damage to civilian objects in a densely populated area . . .
340. . . . The extensive devastation, carried out by the IDF in Khuza’a, in particular the razing of entire areas of the town by artillery fire, air strikes and bulldozers, indicates that the IDF carried out destructions that were not required by military necessity . . .
341. The extent of the destruction combined with the statements made during the operation by the commander of the Brigade responsible for the Khuza’a operation to the effect that ‘Palestinians have to understand that this does not pay off,’ are indicative of a punitive intent in the action of the IDF in Khuza’a and may constitute collective punishment . . .
342. Information received by the commission suggests that in several cases Palestinians who had been detained, mostly in their homes in Khuza’a, had been insulted, beaten, threatened to be killed and otherwise ill-treated by IDF soldiers. In some cases the treatment described by some of the witnesses could amount to torture . . .
348. Other incidents and alleged patterns of behavior in Khuza’a raise a number of concerns under international law . . . These incidents include: the incidents in which civilians were allegedly shot at by IDF soldiers; attacks against ambulances; and the failure to provide medical assistance to wounded persons . . .
418. The IDF has argued that the high number of buildings destroyed in Operation ‘Protective Edge’ resulted from the targeting of terrorist infrastructure and intense fighting on the ground. However, the evidence gathered by the commission, including the assessment of the episodes above, video and photo materials,
121 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1, A/HRC/29/CRP.4, 24 June 2015, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/CRP.4, paras. 226, 293-294, 340-342, 348, 418, 576, 671 (emphasis added).
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Rapport portant constatations détaillées de la commission d’enquête indépendante créée en vertu de la résolution S-21/1 du Conseil des droits de l’homme (24 juin 2015)121 :
« 293. Le nombre élevé des obus tirés et le fait que plus de 100 bombes d’une tonne auraient été lâchées dans un bref laps de temps sur une zone densément peuplée, ainsi que l’utilisation qui aurait été faite d’un barrage d’artillerie, soulèvent des questions quant au respect par les FID des principes de distinction, de précaution et de proportionnalité. Ces méthodes et moyens employés par les FID ne pouvaient, dans une zone aussi étroite et aussi densément peuplée, être dirigés contre un objectif militaire déterminé et ne pouvaient permettre, de façon adéquate, de faire une distinction entre la population civile et les biens de caractère civil, d’une part, et les objectifs militaires, d’autre part, ainsi que l’exige le droit international humanitaire. Les informations dont dispose la commission indiquent en outre que, durant l’opération de Shuja’iya menée les 19 et 20 juillet, les FID ont violé la règle interdisant de traiter comme un objectif militaire unique plusieurs objectifs militaires individuels distincts situés dans une zone densément peuplée. Il y a donc de bonnes raisons de penser que l’opération menée à Shuja’iya par les FID les 19 et 20 juillet a été conduite en violation de l’interdiction des attaques sans discrimination et qu’elle est susceptible de constituer un crime de guerre.
294. En outre, l’opération de Shuja’iya soulève de sérieuses préoccupations quant au fait que les FID ont manqué à l’obligation leur incombant de prendre des mesures de précaution lors des attaques. Le choix des méthodes et moyens utilisés par les FID est inconciliable avec l’obligation de veiller constamment à épargner les personnes civiles et les biens de caractère civil ou à tout le moins de limiter le risque de causer incidemment des pertes en vies humaines dans la population civile et des dommages aux biens de caractère civil dans une zone densément peuplée…
340. … Les dégâts considérables causés par les FID à Khuza’a, en particulier le fait que des zones entières de la ville aient été rasées par des tirs d’artillerie, des attaques aériennes et des bulldozers, indiquent que les FID ont commis des destructions que ne justifiait aucune nécessité militaire…
341. L’étendue des destructions, conjuguée aux déclarations faites pendant l’opération par le commandant de la brigade responsable de l’opération de Khuza’a, selon lesquelles “[l]es Palestiniens d[evai]ent comprendre qu’ils récolt[ai]ent ce qu’ils [avaie]nt semé”, indique qu’une intention punitive sous-tendait l’action menée par les FID à Khuza’a et pourrait être constitutive de punition collective…
342. Les informations obtenues par la commission semblent indiquer que, dans plusieurs cas, des Palestiniens arrêtés, la plupart à leur domicile, à Khuza’a, ont été insultés, battus, menacés de mort et soumis à d’autres mauvais traitements par les soldats des FID. Certains traitements décrits par des témoins pourraient constituer des actes de torture…
348. Dans d’autres cas, concernant également Khuza’a, ont été dénoncés des actes qui suscitent un certain nombre de préoccupations au regard du droit international… Ces cas concernent des civils qui auraient été abattus par des soldats des FID, des attaques lancées contre des ambulances et des blessés privés de soins médicaux…
418. Les FID ont avancé que le nombre élevé de bâtiments détruits dans l’opération “Bordure protectrice” était dû au fait que des infrastructures terroristes avaient été ciblées et que d’intenses combats avaient été livrés par les forces terrestres. Il ressort toutefois des éléments recueillis par la commission, notamment de l’analyse des
121 UN HRC, Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1, 24 juin 2015, doc. A/HRC/29/CRP.4, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/CRP.4, par. 226, 293-294, 340-342, 348, 418, 576 et 671 (les italiques sont de nous).
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observations by UNITAR-UNOSAT and anecdotal testimonies by IDF soldiers, indicate that the vast scale of destruction may have been adopted as tactics of war . . .
576. Alongside the toll on civilian lives, there was enormous destruction of civilian property in Gaza: 18 000 housing units were destroyed in whole or in part . . . [H]aving a home has an emotional dimension  the place where memories are stored  and often many other items to which inhabitants’ memories relate. Having one’s home destroyed or severely damaged means being deprived of more than a physical structure; it also directly impacts on the very essence of one’s existence . . .
671. Questions arise regarding the role of senior officials who set military policy in several areas examined by the commission, such as in the attacks of the Israel Defense Forces on residential buildings; the use of artillery and other explosive weapons with wide-area effects in densely populated areas; the destruction of entire neighbourhoods in Gaza; and the regular resort to live ammunition by the Israel Defense Forces, notably in crowd-control situations, in the West Bank. In many cases, individual soldiers may have been following agreed military policy, but it may be that the policy itself violates the laws of war.” (Emphasis added.)

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (22 October 2021)122: The Special Rapporteur remarked that “[r]egrettably, the international community’s remarkable tolerance for Israeli exceptionalism in its conduct of the occupation has allowed realpolitik to trump rights, power to supplant justice and impunity to undercut accountability”.

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (22 December 2020)123: The Special Rapporteur found that “the actions of Israel towards the protected population of Gaza amount to collective punishment under international law. The two million Palestinians of Gaza are not responsible for the deeds of Hamas and other militant groups, yet they have endured a substantial share of the punishment, intentionally so.”

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the
Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (28 August 2023): as regards the
treatment by Israel of Palestinian detainees, the Special Rapporteur found “instances of torture and cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment include
sexual assaults; being hooded and blindfolded, forced to stand for long hours,
tied to a chair in painful positions, deprived of sleep and food, or exposed to
loud music for long hours; and being punished with solitary confinement”124.
In relation to Palestinian children, in particular, the Special Rapporteur determined that they “endure severe ill-treatment” during interrogation125.
122 General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/76/433, 22 October 2021, https://undocs.org/A/76/433, para. 32.
123 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/44/60, 22 December 2020, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/44/60, para. 60 (emphasis added).
124 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, A/HRC/53/59, 28 August 2023, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/53/59, para. 61.
125 Ibid., para. 67.
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épisodes évoqués ci-dessus, des enregistrements vidéo et des photographies, des observations UNITAR-UNOSAT et des témoignages de soldats israéliens, que l’ampleur considérable des destructions pourrait avoir été le fruit d’une tactique de guerre…
576. Outre les pertes de vies civiles sont à déplorer d’énormes destructions de biens civils à Gaza : 18 000 logements ont été partiellement ou totalement détruits… [L]e logement a une dimension affective : c’est l’endroit où sont conservés les souvenirs et, souvent, bien d’autres objets encore, auxquels sont associés les souvenirs. Le fait pour une personne de voir son logement détruit ou sérieusement endommagé la prive de bien plus qu’une simple structure physique ; cela a aussi des effets directs sur l’essence même de son existence…
671. Des questions se posent quant au rôle des hauts responsables qui ont fixé les politiques militaires mises en oeuvre dans différentes zones examinées par la commission, et notamment en ce qui concerne les attaques menées par les forces israéliennes de défense contre des bâtiments d’habitation, l’utilisation de l’artillerie et d’autres armes explosives à large zone d’impact dans des secteurs densément peuplés, la destruction de quartiers entiers de Gaza, et le recours régulier aux balles réelles par les forces israéliennes de défense, notamment dans les opérations de maîtrise des mouvements de foule, en Cisjordanie. Dans de nombreux cas, les soldats appliquaient une politique militaire convenue mais il est possible que la politique elle-même ait constitué une violation du droit de la guerre. » (Les italiques sont de nous.)

Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 (22 octobre 2021)122 soulignant que, « [m]alheureusement, la remarquable tolérance de la communauté internationale à l’égard de l’exceptionnalisme qui caractérise la gestion israélienne de l’occupation a permis à la realpolitik de prendre le pas sur les droits, au pouvoir de supplanter la justice et à l’impunité de saper le principe de responsabilité ».

Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 (22 décembre 2020)123, dans lequel le rapporteur spécial a estimé que « les agissements d’Israël envers la population protégée de Gaza [étaie]nt assimilables à des peines collectives au regard du droit international. Les deux millions de Palestiniens de Gaza ne sont pas responsables des actions du Hamas et d’autres groupes militants, mais ils ont été la cible intentionnelle d’une part importante des peines imposées. »

Rapport de la rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 (28 août 2023) : en ce qui concerne le traitement par Israël de détenus palestiniens, la rapporteuse spéciale a constaté l’existence de « cas … de torture et de traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants [dans lesquels] les détenus [avaie]nt fait l’objet d’agressions sexuelles, [avaie]nt eu la tête recouverte d’une cagoule et les yeux bandés, [et avaie]nt été forcés de rester debout de longues heures, attachés à une chaise dans des positions douloureuses, privés de sommeil et de nourriture, exposés à de la musique à plein volume pendant de longues heures ou placés à l’isolement en guise de punition »124. S’agissant en particulier des enfants palestiniens, la rapporteuse spéciale a établi qu’ils étaient « soumis à de graves mauvais traitements » au cours des interrogatoires125.
122 Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 22 octobre 2021, doc. A/76/433, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2129966&t=pdf, par. 32.
123 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 22 décembre 2020, doc. A/HRC/44/60, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2035295
&t=pdf, par. 60 (les italiques sont de nous).
124 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Francesca Albanese, 28 août 2023, doc. A/HRC/53/59, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2311662&t=pdf, par. 61.
125 Ibid., par. 67.
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31. In 2019, the then Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (“ICC”) held that “there is a reasonable basis to believe” that the Israeli army committed “war crimes . . . in the context of the 2014 hostilities in Gaza”, in particular126. Recently, in October 2023, the Prosecutor has confirmed that his “Office has an ongoing investigation with jurisdiction over Palestine . . . [a]nd this includes jurisdiction over current events in Gaza and also current events in the West Bank”127. The Prosecutor noted that Israel’s “[i]mpeding [of] relief supplies . . . may constitute a crime within the Court’s jurisdiction”128. He further indicated that his Office would “scrutinise” all information in relation to Israeli attacks on dwelling houses, schools, hospitals, churches, and mosques, for compliance with international humanitarian law129. The Prosecutor has not given any more recent indication as to the state of progress of any investigation in relation to the Situation in the State of Palestine, including in response to the request of 17 November 2023 by South Africa and other States that the ICC investigate, inter alia, the crime of genocide130.
2. The West Bank (including East Jerusalem)
32. The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, the larger constituent part of the occupied Palestinian territory, comprises 5,655 km2, with a population of 2.9 million Palestinians, is geographically separated from Gaza, and fragmented by Israeli settlements131.
33. The Oslo Accords divided administrative competences over three areas of the West Bank (Areas A, B, and C — not including East Jerusalem) between the Palestinian Authority and Israel, the Occupying Power. Area A, comprising 18 per cent of the West Bank is stated to be under the full administrative control of the Palestinian Authority; Area B, comprising 22 per cent of the West Bank is under the administrative control of the Palestinian Authority and the security control of Israel; and Area C, comprising 60 per cent of the West Bank, is under full Israeli administrative and
126 International Criminal Court (“ICC”), “Situation in Palestine — Summary of Preliminary Examination Findings”, 20 December 2019, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/items
Documents/210303-office-of-the-prosecutor-palestine-summary-findings-eng.pdf.
127 ICC, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation
in the State of Palestine and Israel”, 30 October 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-
icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairo-situation-state-palestine-and-israel; International Criminal Court, @IntlCrimCourt (4:08 p.m.), 29 October 2023, https://twitter.com/intlcrimcourt/status/
1718661091155161172?s=46&t=bZu5nJejRUuojpOH1KVB5Q.
128 ICC, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the State of Palestine and Israel”, 30 October 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairo-situation-state-palestine-and-israel.
129 Ibid.
130 South Africa, Embassy in the Netherlands, “Letter from the South African Embassy in the Netherlands to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court”, 17 November 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/ICC-Referral-Palestine-Final-17-November-2023.pdf. The fact that the Prosecutor has not yet completed any investigation or opened a prosecution in relation to the Situation in the State of Palestine since 31 January 2021, nor opened an investigation formally in response to the referral of genocide by South Africa and others, is no bar to the ICJ determining the present application. Notably, the ICC’s investigation is to determine individual criminal responsibility for the crime of genocide, contrary to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, whereas the ICJ’s jurisdiction is to determine disputes concerning State responsibility for genocide under the Genocide Convention.
131 United Nations, The Question of Palestine, “Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Territory in facts and figures”, https://www.un.org/unispal/in-facts-and-figures.
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31. En 2019, la procureure de la CPI a estimé qu’« il existait une base raisonnable permettant de penser » que l’armée israélienne avait commis « [d]es crimes de guerre, dans le contexte des hostilités ayant éclaté à Gaza en 2014 », en particulier126. Récemment, en octobre 2023, le procureur a confirmé que son « Bureau m[enait] une enquête sur la Palestine [et que sa] compétence s’appliqu[ait] également aux événements qui se déroul[ai]ent … à Gaza et en Cisjordanie »127. Il a noté que « [l]e fait [pour Israël] d’entraver l’acheminement des secours … p[ouvai]t constituer un crime relevant de la compétence de la Cour [pénale internationale] »128. Il a aussi indiqué que son Bureau « examinera[it] » toutes les informations ayant trait aux attaques menées par Israël contre des maisons d’habitation, écoles, hôpitaux, églises et mosquées, pour s’assurer qu’elles respectaient le droit international humanitaire129. Le procureur n’a donné aucune information récente sur l’état d’avancement des enquêtes éventuellement menées sur la situation dans l’État de Palestine, et ce, en dépit de la demande présentée le 17 novembre 2023 par l’Afrique du Sud et d’autres États tendant à ce que la Cour pénale internationale ouvre une enquête, notamment pour crime de génocide130.
2. La Cisjordanie (y compris Jérusalem-Est)
32. La Cisjordanie (y compris Jérusalem-Est), qui constitue la plus grande partie du Territoire palestinien occupé, avec une superficie de 5 655 kilomètres carrés et une population de 2,9 millions de Palestiniens, est séparée géographiquement de Gaza, et morcelée par des colonies israéliennes131.
33. En vertu des accords d’Oslo, les compétences administratives sur les trois secteurs de la Cisjordanie (les zones A, B et C — n’incluant pas Jérusalem-Est) sont réparties entre l’Autorité palestinienne et Israël, la puissance occupante. La zone A, comprenant 18 % de la Cisjordanie, est censée être sous le contrôle administratif total de l’Autorité palestinienne ; la zone B, représentant 22 % de la Cisjordanie, est sous le contrôle administratif de l’Autorité palestinienne et sous le contrôle d’Israël en ce qui concerne la sécurité ; enfin la zone C, couvrant 60 % de la Cisjordanie, est sous le
126 Cour pénale internationale (« CPI »), « Situation en Palestine — Résumé des résultats de l’examen préliminaire », 20 décembre 2019, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/items
Documents/210303-office-of-the-prosecutor-palestine-summary-findings-fra.pdf.
127 CPI, « Déclaration du procureur de la CPI, Karim A. A. Khan KC, depuis Le Caire, sur
la situation dans l’État de Palestine et en Israël », 30 octobre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/
news/declaration-du-procureur-de-la-cpi-karim-aa-khan-kc-depuis-le-caire-sur-la-situation-dans ; International Criminal Court, @IntlCrimCourt (4:08 p.m.), 29 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/intlcrimcourt/status/1718661091155161172?s=46&t=bZu5nJejRUuojpOH1KVB5Q.
128 CPI, « Déclaration du procureur de la CPI, Karim A.A. Khan KC, depuis Le Caire, sur la situation dans l’État de Palestine et en Israël », 30 octobre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/news/declaration-du-procureur-de-la-cpi-karim-aa-khan-kc-depuis-le-caire-sur-la-situation-dans.
129 Ibid.
130 South Africa, Embassy in the Netherlands, « Letter from the South African Embassy in the Netherlands to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court », 17 novembre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/ICC-Referral-Palestine-Final-17-November-2023.pdf. Le fait que le procureur n’ait encore conduit aucune enquête ni engagé de poursuites concernant la situation dans l’État de Palestine depuis le 31 janvier 2021, et qu’il n’ait pas formellement ouvert d’enquête en réponse au renvoi, pour génocide, de cette situation par l’Afrique du Sud et d’autres États ne fait pas obstacle à ce que la Cour se prononce sur la présente requête. Il est à noter que les enquêtes de la Cour pénale internationale consistent à déterminer si la responsabilité pénale d’une personne est engagée pour crime de génocide, en violation du Statut de Rome, la Cour étant, quant à elle, compétente pour trancher les différends ayant trait à la responsabilité des États pour génocide au regard de la convention sur le génocide.
131 Système d’information des Nations Unies sur la question de Palestine (« UNISPAL », selon son acronyme anglais), « Occupation israélienne du Territoire palestinien — Faits et chiffres », https://www.un.org/unispal/fr/faits-et-chiffres.
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security control132. In 1967, Israel purportedly annexed occupied East Jerusalem to its territory, and in 1980, it incorporated a provision into its Basic Law claiming Jerusalem “united” as the capital of Israel, a move censured by the United Nations Security Council as “null and void” and to “be rescinded forthwith”133. Since 1967, Israel has constructed 279 “settlements” for Israeli civilians across the West Bank — including 14 settlements in East Jerusalem — appropriating 750,000 dunums (185,329 acres) of Palestinian land134. The United Nations Security Council has repeatedly declared that the establishment of such settlements by Israel has “no legal validity and constitutes a flagrant violation under international law and a major obstacle to the achievement of the two-State solution and a just, lasting and comprehensive peace”135. Regardless, the number of Israeli settlers transferred into the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) has increased dramatically from an estimated 247,000 at the time of the Oslo Accords136, to over 700,000 in 2023137. The Prosecutor of the ICC has determined that there is “a reasonable basis to believe” that “members of the Israeli authorities have committed war crimes . . . in relation, inter alia, to the transfer of Israeli civilians into the West Bank”138.
34. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, described the situation in the West Bank as follows:
“53. . . . There, the Palestinians are subject to a harsh and arbitrary legal system quite unequal to that enjoyed by the Israeli settlers. Much of the West Bank is off-limits to Palestinians, and they regularly endure significant restrictions on their freedom of movement through closures, roadblocks, and the need for hard-to-
obtain travel permits.
54. Access to the natural resources of the occupied territory, especially to water, is disproportionately allocated to Israel and the settlers. Similarly, the planning system administered by the occupying power for housing and commercial development throughout the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is deeply discriminatory in favour of settlement construction, while imposing significant
132 Letter dated 27 December 1995 from the Permanent Representatives of the Russian Federation and the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, A/51/889, 5 May 1997, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/240821?ln=ru&v=pdf.
133 UNSC resolution 478, “Territories occupied by Israel”, S/RES/478, 22 December 2023, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/478.
134 UN HRC, “Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan”, A/HRC/52/76, 12 March 2023, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/52/76, paras. 5, 8.
135 See e.g. UNSC resolution 446, “Territories occupied by Israel”, S/RES/446, 22 March 1979, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1696?ln=en, para. 1; UNSC resolution 2334, “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”, S/RES/2334, 23 December 2016, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/853446?ln=en, para. 1.
136 UN ESCWA, “Countering economic dependence and de-development in the occupied Palestinian territory”, October 2022, https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ESCWAREPORT_280223.pdf.
137 UN HRC, “Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan”, 12 March 2023, A/HRC/52/76, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/52/76, paras. 5, 8.
138 ICC, “Situation in Palestine | Summary of Preliminary Examination Findings”, 20 December 2019, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/210303-office-of-the-prosecutor-palestine-summary-findings-eng.pdf, para. 4.
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contrôle total d’Israël, aussi bien sur le plan administratif que du point de vue de la sécurité132. En 1967, Israël a prétendu annexer à son territoire Jérusalem-Est occupée et, en 1980, il a fait figurer dans sa loi fondamentale une disposition revendiquant Jérusalem comme sa capitale « unifiée », initiative censurée par le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU qui l’a qualifiée de « nulle[] et non avenue[] », précisant qu’elle devait être « rapportée[] immédiatement »133. Depuis 1967, Israël a construit 279 « colonies » pour des civils israéliens dans toute la Cisjordanie — dont 14 dans Jérusalem-Est —, s’appropriant 750 000 dounoums (34 532 hectares) de terre palestinienne134. Le Conseil de sécurité a dit à maintes reprises que l’implantation, par Israël, de telles colonies « n’a[vait] aucun fondement en droit et constitu[ait] une violation flagrante du droit international et un obstacle majeur à la réalisation de la solution des deux États et à l’instauration d’une paix globale, juste et durable »135. Pourtant, le nombre de colons israéliens transférés en Cisjordanie (y compris Jérusalem-Est) a augmenté de manière spectaculaire, passant de quelque 247 000 au moment des accords d’Oslo136 à plus de 700 000 en 2023137. La procureure de la CPI a déclaré qu’« il exist[ait] une base raisonnable permettant de croire » que « des membres des autorités israéliennes [avaie]nt commis des crimes de guerre … compte tenu, notamment, du transfert de civils israéliens en Cisjordanie »138.
34. Le rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 a décrit la situation en Cisjordanie de la manière suivante :
« 53. … Les Palestiniens [y] sont soumis à un système juridique arbitraire et sévère, très différent de celui dont bénéficient les colons israéliens. La plus grande partie de la Cisjordanie est interdite aux Palestiniens, et ceux-ci font régulièrement l’objet de restrictions importantes à leur liberté de circulation en raison de bouclages, de barrages routiers et de l’obligation de posséder une autorisation de déplacement, au demeurant difficile à obtenir.
54. Les colons israéliens bénéficient d’un accès aux ressources naturelles du territoire occupé, en particulier à l’eau, de manière disproportionnée. De même,
le système de planification administré par la puissance occupante en matière de logement et de développement commercial dans l’ensemble de la Cisjordanie,
y compris Jérusalem-Est, est profondément discriminatoire et favorise la construc-
132 Lettre datée du 27 décembre 1995 adressée au Secrétaire général par les représentants permanents de la Fédération de Russie et des États-Unis d’Amérique auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, 5 mai 1997, doc. A/51/889, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/119/99/pdf/N9711999.pdf.
133 Nations Unies, résolution 478 du Conseil de sécurité intitulée « Territoires occupés par Israël », 20 août 1980, doc. S/RES/478, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=NR0399
94&t=pdf.
134 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, « Les colonies de peuplement israéliennes dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est, et le Golan syrien occupé », 12 mars 2023, doc. A/HRC/52/76, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/52/76, par. 5 et 8.
135 Voir, par exemple, Nations Unies, résolution 446 du Conseil de sécurité intitulée « Territoires occupés par Israël », 22 mars 1979, doc. S/RES/446, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=NR037078&t=pdf, par. 1, résolution 2334 du Conseil de sécurité intitulée « La situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne », 23 décembre 2016, doc S/RES/2334, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1646392&t=pdf, par. 1.
136 UN ESCWA, « Countering economic dependence and de-development in the occupied Palestinian territory », octobre 2022, https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ESCWAREPORT_280223.pdf.
137 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, « Les colonies de peuplement israéliennes dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est, et le Golan syrien occupé », 12 mars 2023, doc. A/HRC/52/76, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/52/76, par. 5 et 8.
138 CPI, « Situation en Palestine — Résumé des résultats de l’examen préliminaire », 20 décembre 2019, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/210303-office-of-the-prosecutor-palestine-summary-findings-fra.pdf, par. 4.
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barriers on Palestinians, including ongoing land confiscation, home demolitions and the denial of building permits. Israel employs practices that in some cases may amount to the forcible transfer of Palestinians, primarily those living in rural areas, as a means of confiscating land for settlements, military weapons training areas and other uses exclusive to the occupying power that have little or nothing to do with its legitimate security requirements.
55. As for East Jerusalem, the occupation has increasingly detached it from its traditional national, economic, cultural and family connections with the West Bank because of the wall, the growing ring of settlements and related checkpoints, and the discriminatory permit regime. It is neglected by the municipality in terms of services and infrastructure, the occupation has depleted its economy and the Palestinians have only a small land area on which to build housing.”139
35. The institutionalised regime of discriminatory laws, policies and practices applied by Israel subjects Palestinians to what constitutes an apartheid regime140.
Palestinians in the West Bank are contained behind a segregating Wall, subjected to: discriminatory land zoning and planning policies; punitive and administrative
house demolitions141; violent Israeli army incursions into Palestinian villages, towns, cities and refugee camps, including in Area A142; routine violent Israeli raids on their homes; arbitrary arrests and indefinitely renewable administrative detention (internment
139 UN HRC, “Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967”, A/72/556, 23 October 2017, https://undocs.org/A/72/556, paras. 53-55.
140 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”), Concluding Observations on the Combined Seventeenth to Nineteenth Reports of Israel, CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19, 27 January 2020, https://undocs.org/CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19, para. 23; UN HRC, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87, 12 August 2022, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/87, para. 52; Amnesty International, “Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians A Look Into Decades of Oppression and Domination” (2022), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/; B’Tselem, “A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid”, 12 January 2021, https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid; Adda-meer et al., “Israeli Apartheid: Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism”, 29 November 2022, https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2022/12/22/israeli-apartheid-web-final-1-page-view-1671712165.pdf. See also the 300-page report by the South African Human Sciences Research Council (“HSRC”) which noted that the three pillars of apartheid in South Africa are all practised by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, the pillars being: first, the demarcation of the population of South Africa into racial groups, with superior rights, privileges and services being accorded to one group; second, the segregation of the population into different geographic areas, which were allocated by law to different racial groups, and the restriction of passage by members of any group into the area allocated to other groups; and third, the imposition of a matrix of draconian ‘security’ laws and policies, employed to suppress any opposition to the regime and to reinforce the system of racial domination, by providing for administrative detention, torture, censorship, banning, and assassination (HSRC Democracy and Governance Programme, Middle East Project, “Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid? A re-assessment of Israel’s practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law”, June 2009, http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43295/1/Occupation_Colonialism_Apartheid-FullStudy_copy.pdf.
141 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87, 12 August 2022, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/87, paras. 41, 43.
142 UN OCHA, “Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestin-
ian Territories: Israel has imposed upon Palestine an apartheid reality in a post-apartheid world”,
63
tion de colonies, tout en créant de gros problèmes aux Palestiniens, comme en témoignent notamment la poursuite des confiscations de terres, la démolition de maisons et les refus de permis de construire. Israël emploie des pratiques qui peuvent dans certains cas être qualifiées de transfert forcé de Palestiniens, en particulier ceux vivant dans les zones rurales, afin de confisquer des terres pour y implanter des colonies, des zones militaires pour l’entraînement aux armes et d’autres utilisations servant exclusivement les intérêts de la puissance occupante et qui n’ont que peu ou pas de lien avec ses besoins légitimes en matière de sécurité.
55. Pour ce qui est de Jérusalem-Est, l’occupation l’a de plus en plus détachée de ses liens traditionnels nationaux d’ordre économique, culturel et familial avec la Cisjordanie, en raison du mur, de son encerclement croissant par des colonies et les points de contrôle qui y sont associés et du régime de permis discriminatoire. Elle est négligée par la municipalité en termes de services et d’infrastructures, l’occupation a épuisé son économie, et les Palestiniens ne disposent que d’une faible superficie pour construire leurs logements. »139
35. Le régime institutionnalisé de lois, politiques et pratiques discriminatoires appliqué par Israël soumet les Palestiniens à ce qui constitue un régime d’apartheid140. Les Palestiniens de Cisjordanie sont maintenus derrière un mur ségrégatif, et subissent un zonage du territoire et des politiques d’aménagement discriminatoires ; des démolitions de logements à titre punitif ou pour des raisons administratives141 ; de violentes incursions de l’armée israélienne dans des villages, villes, agglomérations et camps de réfugiés palestiniens, y compris dans la zone A142 ; de violentes descentes domiciliaires
139 Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, « Situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 », 23 octobre 2017, doc. A/72/556, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1734003&t=pdf, par. 53-55.
140 Nations Unies, Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale (« CERD »), Observations finales concernant le rapport d’Israël valant dix-septième à dix-neuvième rapports périodiques, doc. CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19, 27 janvier 2020, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2001969&t=pdf, par. 23 ; Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 12 août 2022, doc. A/HRC/49/87, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G
2258407&t=pdf, par. 52 ; Amnesty International, « L’apartheid d’Israël contre la population palestinienne : un système cruel de domination et un crime contre l’humanité » (2022), https://
www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/ ; B’Tselem, « A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid », 12 janvier 2021, https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid; et Addameer et al., Israeli Apartheid: Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism, 29 novembre 2022, https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2022/12/22/israeli-apartheid-web-final-1-page-view-1671712165.pdf. Voir aussi le rapport de 300 pages du Conseil de la recherche sur les sciences humaines (« HSRC »), organisme sud-africain, qui relevait que les trois piliers de l’apartheid en Afrique du Sud étaient tous mis en oeuvre par Israël dans les territoires palestiniens occupés, ces piliers étant : premièrement, la catégorisation de la population sud-africaine en groupes raciaux, l’un de ces groupes disposant de droits, de privilèges et de services supérieurs ; deuxièmement, la ségrégation de la population en différentes zones géographiques, lesquelles étaient attribuées aux différents groupes raciaux par la loi, et la restriction des droits de passage des membres d’un groupe dans la zone attribuée à un autre groupe ; et troisièmement, l’application d’un ensemble de lois et de politiques de « sécurité » draconiennes qui visaient à éliminer toute opposition au régime et à renforcer le système de domination raciale en prévoyant détention administrative, torture, censure, interdictions, et assassinats (HSRC Democracy and Governance Programme, Middle East Project, « Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid?: A re-assessment of Israel’s practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under
international law », juin 2009, http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43295/1/Occupation_Colonialism_Apartheid-FullStudy_copy.pdf).
141 Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 12 août 2022, doc. A/HRC/49/87, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2258407&t=pdf, par. 41 et 43.
142 UN OCHA, Conseil des droits de l’homme, M. Michael Lynk qualifie d’« apartheid »
le système politique appliqué par Israël aux territoires palestiniens occupés, 25 mars 2022, https://
64
without trial); and a dual legal system pursuant to which Palestinians are tried under Israeli military legislation in Israeli military courts, without basic protections of international humanitarian and human rights law, while Israeli settlers living in the same territory are subject to a different legal regime, and tried in Israeli civilian courts with full due process143.
36. Palestinians in the West Bank are also subjected to routine violence by Israeli soldiers and armed settlers. Prior to 7 October 2023, between 1 January and 6 October 2023, 199 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli soldiers or settlers in the West Bank and 9,000 more had been injured144. By September 2023, Save the Children had already declared 2023 the deadliest year for Palestinian children in the West Bank since 2005 with at least 38 Palestinian children having been killed145. Since 7 October 2023, a further 295 Palestinians, including 77 children, have been killed by Israeli soldiers and settlers, and a further 3,803, including 576 children, wounded — many seriously146. A total of 495 Palestinians have been killed in total in the West Bank, making it “the deadliest year for Palestinians” since 2005147.
37. In a wave of arbitrary mass arrests, Israel has detained more than 3,000 Palestinians from the West Bank and East Jerusalem, including for social media posts relating to the situation in Gaza148. Israel significantly increased the number of Palestinians held in administrative detention, without charge or trial, to 2070149. Thousands of Palestinians from Gaza working in Israel were also arbitrarily arrested and detained, with 3,200 being forcibly returned to Gaza on 3 November 2023 into intense full scale bombardments. Reports that the Palestinian labourers were mistreated on arrest and subjected to physical violence, abuse and humiliation are widespread150. Many Palestinian adult and child detainees from the West Bank released in exchange for Israeli
25 March 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/03/special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-occupied-palestinian-territories.
143 UN HRC, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Michael Lynk, A/HRC/49/87, 12 August 2022, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/87, paras. 38, 39, 50.
144 UN OCHA, “Data on casualties”, https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties.
145 Save the Children, “2023 marks deadliest year on record for children in the occupied West Bank”, 18 September 2023, https://www.savethechildren.net/news/2023-marks-deadliest-year-record-children-occupied-west-bank.
146 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/hostilities-in-the-gaza-strip-and-israel-unocha-flash-update-77.
147 Ibid.
148 UN OHCHR, Press Release, “Dramatic rise in detention of Palestinians across
occupied West Bank”, 1 December 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-dramatic-rise-detention-palestinians-across-occupied-west-
bank; Tahani Mustafa, “With All Eyes on Gaza, Israel Tightens Its Grip on the West Bank”,
Crisis Group, 24 November 2023, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/israelpalestine/all-eyes-gaza-israel-tightens-its.
149 Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests”, 8 November 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests.
150 “Gaza workers expelled from Israel accuse Israeli authorities of abuse, including beatings”, CNN, 9 November 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/06/middleeast/gaza-workers-allege-abuse/index.html; Bethan McKernan and Rory Carroll, “Israel deports thousands of stranded
65
régulièrement menées par les autorités israéliennes ; des arrestations arbitraires et détentions administratives renouvelables indéfiniment (internement sans procès) ; enfin, un double système juridique dans lequel les Palestiniens sont jugés selon la législation militaire israélienne par des tribunaux militaires israéliens, sans les protections fondamentales du droit international humanitaire et du droit des droits de l’homme, alors que les colons israéliens vivant sur le même territoire relèvent d’un régime juridique différent et sont jugés devant des tribunaux civils israéliens avec toutes les garanties d’une procédure régulière143.
36. Les Palestiniens de Cisjordanie subissent aussi régulièrement des violences de la part de soldats et de colons israéliens armés. Avant le 7 octobre 2023, entre le 1er janvier et le 6 octobre 2023, 199 Palestiniens avaient été tués en Cisjordanie par des soldats ou des colons israéliens, et plus de 9 000 avaient été blessés144. En septembre, l’organisation Save the Children avait déjà annoncé que l’année 2023 était la plus meurtrière depuis 2005 pour les enfants palestiniens de Cisjordanie, 38 au moins ayant été tués145. Depuis le 7 octobre 2023, ce sont 295 Palestiniens de plus, dont 77 enfants, qui ont été tués par des soldats et des colons israéliens, et 3 803, dont 576 enfants, qui ont été blessés — pour beaucoup grièvement146. Au total, 495 Palestiniens ont été tués en Cisjordanie, ce qui fait de 2023 « l’année la plus meurtrière pour les Palestiniens » depuis 2005147.
37. Au cours d’une vague d’arrestations arbitraires massives, Israël a arrêté plus de 3 000 Palestiniens de Cisjordanie et de Jérusalem-Est, notamment pour des publications sur les réseaux sociaux concernant la situation à Gaza148. Le nombre de Palestiniens placés par Israël en détention administrative, sans inculpation ni procès, a considérablement augmenté, atteignant 2 070149. Des milliers de Palestiniens de Gaza travaillant en Israël ont également été arbitrairement arrêtés et détenus, parmi lesquels 3 200 ont été renvoyés de force à Gaza le 3 novembre 2023, sous des bombardements intenses et de grande ampleur. Maintes sources font état d’ouvriers agricoles palestiniens maltraités lors de leur arrestation et ayant été roués de coups et soumis à des sévices et des humiliations150. De nombreux
www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2022/03/special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-occupied-palestinian-territories.
143 Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967, Michael Lynk, 12 août 2022,
doc. A/HRC/49/87, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2258407&t=pdf, par. 38-39
et 50.
144 UN OCHA, « Data on casualties », https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties.
145 Save the Children, « 2023 marks deadliest year on record for children in the occupied
West Bank », 18 septembre 2023, https://www.savethechildren.net/news/2023-marks-deadliest-year-record-children-occupied-west-bank.
146 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/hostilities-in-the-gaza-strip-and-israel-unocha-flash-update-77.
147 Ibid.
148 UN OHCHR, Press Release: « Dramatic rise in detention of Palestinians across occupied
West Bank », 1er décembre 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-
human-rights-office-opt-dramatic-rise-detention-palestinians-across-occupied-west-bank ; Tahani Mustafa, « With All Eyes on Gaza, Israel Tightens Its Grip on the West Bank », Crisis Group, 24 novembre 2023, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/israelpalestine/all-eyes-gaza-israel-tightens-its.
149 Amnesty International, « Israël et territoires palestiniens occupés. Des détenu·e·s palestiniens sont soumis à des actes de torture et des traitements dégradants, sur fond de multiplication des arrestations arbitraires », 8 novembre 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests.
150 « Gaza workers expelled from Israel accuse Israeli authorities of abuse, including beatings », CNN, 9 novembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/06/middleeast/gaza-workers-allege-abuse/index.html ; Bethan McKernan and Rory Carroll, « Israel deports thousands of stranded
66
hostages report also severe ill-treatment, serious beatings and other outrages to personal dignity since 7 October 2023 in particular, alongside restrictions on access to food, water, medical treatment, and electricity in Israeli detention151. Six Palestinian detainees from the West Bank have died in Israeli custody since 7 October 2023, in particular152. Nineteen Israeli prison guards were reportedly questioned for beating to death one of the prisoners, Tha’er Abu Asab, in Ketziot Prison153.
38. Since 7 October 2023, Israeli forces have carried out airstrikes and military raids on refugee camps in the West Bank, killing many Palestinians, bulldozing roads, and imposing severe restrictions on movement154. There have been 236 attacks on “healthcare” — including hospitals — in the West Bank, with Israeli forces detaining health staff and ambulances and preventing ambulances from accessing the wounded155. Armed Israeli settler attacks on Palestinians — overtly supported by Israeli politicians — have also escalated dramatically156. Settlers — often accompanied by Israeli soldiers — have killed at least eight Palestinians and injured at least 85 others, instilling terror among Palestinians, especially farming communities, and damaging property157. Two thousand one hundred and eighty-six Palestinians in the West Bank, including one thousand and fifty-eights children, have been internally displaced since 7 October 2023 as a result of extreme Israeli settler violence, alongside punitive or administrative house demolitions carried out by the Israeli army and damage caused to homes during Israeli military raids and operations158. The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court indicated in December 2023 that he was “accelerating investigations” into Israeli settler attacks in the West Bank159.
39. Israel’s actions in the West Bank since 7 October 2023 — including its support for and failure to prevent or punish Israeli settlers for incitement and violence against
Palestinian workers back to Gaza”, The Guardian, 3 November 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/03/israel-deports-thousands-of-stranded-palestinian-workers-back-to-gaza; Gisha, “Israeli cabinet decision to return Gaza workers to the Strip”, 3 November 2023, https://gisha.org/en/israeli-cabinet-decision-to-return-gaza-workers-to-the-strip/; Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests”, 8 November 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-
spike-in-arbitrary-arrests.
151 UN OHCHR, Press Release, “Dramatic rise in detention of Palestinians across occupied West Bank”, 1 December 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-
human-rights-office-opt-dramatic-rise-detention-palestinians-across-occupied-west-bank.
152 Ibid.
153 “Israel probes death of Palestinian prisoners by 19 prison guards — report”, The Jerusalem Post, 21 December 2023, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-778924.
154 UN OHCHR, “Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people”, 16 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/
2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against.
155 WHO, “oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16”, 7 December 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/
images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
156 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72”, 18 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
157 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/hostilities-in-the-gaza-strip-and-israel-unocha-flash-update-77.
158 Ibid.
159 ICC, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Ramallah on the situation in the State of Palestine and Israel”, 6 December 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-ramallah-situation-state-palestine-and-israel.
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détenus palestiniens de Cisjordanie, enfants et adultes, libérés en échange d’otages israéliens signalent également de graves sévices, de violents passages à tabac et d’autres atteintes à la dignité des personnes, notamment depuis le 7 octobre 2023, outre un accès restreint à la nourriture, à l’eau, aux soins médicaux et à l’électricité dans les lieux de détention israéliens151. En particulier, depuis le 7 octobre 2023, six Palestiniens de Cisjordanie sont morts pendant leur détention par Israël152. Dix-neuf gardiens de prison israéliens auraient été interrogés pour avoir battu à mort un prisonnier, Tha’er Abu Asab, dans la prison de Ketziot153.
38. Depuis le 7 octobre 2023, les forces israéliennes mènent des attaques aériennes et des opérations militaires contre des camps de réfugiés de Cisjordanie, tuant de nombreux Palestiniens, détruisant des routes, et entravant considérablement les déplacements154. Il y a eu 236 attaques dirigées contre le « système de santé » — y compris des hôpitaux — en Cisjordanie : les forces israéliennes ont arrêté des personnels de santé et bloqué des ambulances, les empêchant d’accéder aux blessés155. Les attaques menées contre des Palestiniens par des colons israéliens armés — ouvertement soutenues par les responsables politiques israéliens — ont aussi considérablement augmenté156. Des colons — souvent accompagnés de soldats israéliens — ont tué au moins huit Palestiniens et en ont blessé au moins 85 autres, semant la terreur parmi la population palestinienne, surtout dans les communautés d’agriculteurs, et endommageant des biens157. Depuis le 7 octobre 2023, 2 186 Palestiniens de Cisjordanie, dont 1 058 enfants, sont devenus des déplacés à cause de l’extrême violence des colons israéliens, à laquelle s’ajoutent les destructions d’habitations auxquelles l’armée israélienne a procédé pour des raisons administratives ou à titre punitif, et les dommages causés aux logements au cours des opérations et attaques militaires israéliennes158. Le procureur de la CPI a indiqué, en décembre 2023, qu’il « accélér[ait] les enquêtes » sur les attaques menées en Cisjordanie par des colons israéliens159.
39. Le comportement d’Israël en Cisjordanie depuis le 7 octobre 2023 — notamment son soutien aux colons israéliens qui s’en prennent et incitent à s’en prendre aux
Palestinian workers back to Gaza », The Guardian, 3 novembre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/03/israel-deports-thousands-of-stranded-palestinian-workers-back-to-gaza ; Gisha, « Israeli cabinet decision to return Gaza workers to the Strip », 3 novembre 2023, https://gisha.org/en/israeli-cabinet-decision-to-return-gaza-workers-to-the-strip/ ; Amnesty International, « Israël et territoires palestiniens occupés. Des détenu·e·s palestinien·ne·s sont soumis·es à des actes de torture et des traitements dégradants, sur fond de multiplication des arrestations arbitraires », 8 novembre 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/ews/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests.
151 UN OHCHR, Press Release: « Dramatic rise in detention of Palestinians across occupied West Bank », 1er décembre 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-
human-rights-office-opt-dramatic-rise-detention-palestinians-across-occupied-west-bank.
152 Ibid.
153 « Israel probes death of Palestinian prisoners by 19 prison guards — report », The Jerusalem Post, 21 décembre 2023, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-778924.
154 UN OHCHR, « Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people », 16 novembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/
2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against.
155 WHO, « oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16 », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/
images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
156 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #72 », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
157 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/hostilities-in-the-gaza-strip-and-israel-unocha-flash-
update-77.
158 Ibid.
159 CPI, « Déclaration du procureur de la CPI, Karim A. A. Khan KC, depuis Ramallah sur la situation dans l’État de Palestine et en Israël », 6 décembre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/news/declaration-du-procureur-de-la-cpi-karim-aa-khan-kc-depuis-ramallah-sur-la-situation-dans.
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Palestinians and Palestinian property, including the driving out of vulnerable Palestinian communities from their lands — are intrinsically connected to Israel’s actions
in Gaza, and provide at the very least important context to Israel’s violations of the Genocide Convention.
3. The attacks in Israel of 7 October 2023
40. Israel’s military assault in Gaza and its heightened military campaign in the West Bank were launched in response to an attack in Israel on 7 October 2023 (dubbed “Operation Al Aqsa Flood”) by two Palestinian armed groups — the military wing of Hamas (the “Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades”) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The groups launched a large barrage of rockets towards Israel, breached the Israeli fence besieging Gaza, and attacked Israeli military bases and civilian towns, as well as a music festival attended by thousands of young people, in circumstances being investigated by the Prosecutor of the ICC160. South Africa unequivocally condemns the targeting of Israeli and foreign national civilians by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups and the taking of hostages on 7 October 2023, as expressly recorded in its Note Verbale to Israel of 21 December 2023.
41. Since 7 October 2023, over 1,200 Israelis and foreign nationals have been killed in Israel, according to figures provided by the Israeli authorities, including 36 children, the vast majority on 7 October 2023 itself161. Approximately 240 civilians — including elderly people, women and children — and Israeli soldiers were taken as hostages into Gaza. Only 110 of them have been released to date in exchange for 240 Palestinians — including elderly people, women and children — imprisoned or “administratively detained” by Israel162. Fifty-seven hostages are reported to have been killed in Israeli bombardments of Gaza; a further three hostages are confirmed to have been shot dead by Israeli soldiers in Gaza163. Rockets continue to be
fired from Gaza into Israeli territory, leading to the ongoing evacuation of tens
of thousands of Israelis, particularly from communities bordering the security
fences with Gaza and Lebanon164. The ICC Prosecutor has warned that hostage-
taking “represents a grave breach to the Geneva Conventions” and the taking
and holding of children is an “egregious breach of fundamental principles of
160 ICC, “Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim A. A. Khan KC, on the Situation in the State of Palestine: receipt of a referral from five States Parties”, 17 November 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-international-criminal-court-karim-aa-khan-kc-situation-state-palestine; ICC, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the State of Palestine and Israel”, 30 October 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairo-situation-state-palestine-and-israel.
161 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72”, 20 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72; and UN OCHA relies on information provided to it by the Israeli authorities.
162 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by PM Netanyahu, 16 December 2023,
https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-16-dec-2023.
163 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #33”, 8 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-33; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #70”, 15 December 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70.
164 “About 200,000 Israelis internally displaced amid ongoing Gaza war, tensions in north”, The Times of Israel, 22 October 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/about-200000-israelis-internally-displaced-amid-ongoing-gaza-war-tensions-in-north.
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Palestiniens et à leurs biens, y compris en expulsant des communautés palestiniennes vulnérables de leurs terres, et le fait qu’il n’ait pas empêché ni puni ces agissements — est intrinsèquement lié à son comportement à Gaza, et constitue à tout le moins un élément important du contexte des violations de la convention sur le génocide que commet Israël.
3. Les attaques du 7 octobre 2023 en Israël
40. L’attaque militaire qu’Israël a menée à Gaza, et la campagne militaire soutenue qu’il a menée en Cisjordanie, ont été lancées en réaction à une attaque dont il a été la cible le 7 octobre 2023 (appelée opération « Déluge d’Al-Aqsa ») par deux groupes armés palestiniens — la branche militaire du Hamas (les « brigades Izz ad-Din Al-
Qassam ») et le Jihad islamique palestinien. Ces groupes ont tiré un large barrage de roquettes en direction d’Israël, réussi à franchir la clôture d’enceinte érigée par Israël autour de Gaza, et attaqué des bases militaires et des localités civiles israéliennes, ainsi qu’un site où avait lieu un festival de musique auquel participaient des milliers de jeunes gens, dans des circonstances qui font actuellement l’objet d’une enquête par le procureur de la CPI160. L’Afrique du Sud condamne sans ambiguïté le fait que le Hamas et d’autres groupes armés palestiniens aient pris pour cible des civils israéliens et d’autres nationalités, ainsi que la prise d’otages du 7 octobre 2023, comme elle l’a expressément fait savoir dans sa note verbale à Israël du 21 décembre 2023.
41. Depuis le 7 octobre 2023, d’après les chiffres fournis par les autorités israéliennes, plus de 1 200 Israéliens et ressortissants étrangers, y compris 36 enfants,
ont été tués en Israël, dans leur grande majorité le jour même du 7 octobre161. Quelque 240 civils — dont des personnes âgées, des femmes et des enfants — et des soldats israéliens ont été pris en otage et emmenés à Gaza. À ce jour, seuls 110 ont été libérés, en échange de 240 Palestiniens — notamment des personnes âgées, des femmes et des enfants — emprisonnés ou placés en « détention administrative » par Israël162. Cinquante-sept otages auraient été tués dans les bombardements de Gaza par Israël, et il est confirmé que trois autres ont été tués par balles par des soldats israéliens à Gaza163. Des roquettes continuent d’être tirées de Gaza vers le territoire israélien, entraînant l’évacuation, toujours en cours, de dizaines de milliers d’Israéliens, notamment ceux qui vivent dans les communautés à proximité des clôtures de sécurité installées aux frontières avec Gaza et le Liban164. Le procureur de la CPI a souligné que la prise d’otages « constitu[ait] une grave violation des Conventions de Genève », et que l’enlèvement et la détention d’en160
CPI, « Déclaration du procureur de la Cour pénale internationale, Karim A. A. Khan KC,
sur la situation dans l’État de Palestine : réception d’un renvoi émanant de cinq États parties », 17 novembre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/news/declaration-du-procureur-de-la-cour-penale-internationale-karim-aa-khan-kc-sur-la-situation ; CPI, « Déclaration du procureur de la CPI, Karim A. A. Khan KC, depuis Le Caire, sur la situation dans l’État de Palestine et en Israël », 30 octobre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairo-situation-state-palestine-and-israel.
161 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #72 », 20 décembre
2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72 ; l’UNOCHA
s’appuie sur les informations que lui fournissent les autorités israéliennes.
162 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by PM Netanyahu, 16 décembre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-16-dec-2023.
163 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #33 », 8 novem-
bre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-33 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #70 », 15 décembre 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70.
164 « About 200,000 Israelis internally displaced amid ongoing Gaza war, tensions in north », The Times of Israel, 22 octobre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/about-200000-israelis-internally-displaced-amid-ongoing-gaza-war-tensions-in-north.
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humanity”165. United Nations General Assembly Resolutions ES-10/21 and ES-10/22 (2023) condemn acts of violence aimed at Israeli civilians and call for the release of
all civilians who are being illegally held captive166. United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712 (2023) also calls for “the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages held by Hamas and other groups”167.
42. In response to the attacks of 7 October 2023, Israel vowed to “crush and eliminate” Hamas, and “to clear out the hostile forces that infiltrated our territory and restore the security”168. On 7 October 2023, the Israeli Prime Minister declared that “the IDF will immediately use all its strength to destroy Hamas’s capabilities. We will destroy them and we will forcefully avenge this dark day that they have forced on the State of Israel and its citizens”169. On 9 October 2023, the Prime Minister announced that “Israel is at war”170. Both he and the Israeli President have invoked “the right of self-defence” as justification for Israel’s ongoing military activities in Gaza171. The escalation in hostilities between Israel and Hamas, dubbed the ‘Swords of Iron War’ by Israel, has been referred to in international Western media and commentary as the ‘Israel-Hamas War’172.
C. Genocidal Acts Committed against the Palestinian People
43. This section provides an overview of the acts in which Israel has engaged that are genocidal in character, having regard to their nature, scope and context. These acts are ongoing, and ongoing in a conflict context, where Israel is deliberately imposing
165 ICC, “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC from Cairo on the situation in the State of Palestine and Israel”, 30 October 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-cairo-situation-state-palestine-and-israel; ICC, “ICC Prosecutor, Karim A. A. Khan KC, concludes first visit to Israel and State of Palestine by an ICC Prosecutor: ‘We must show that the law is there, on the front lines, and that it is capable of protecting all’”, 3 December 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-concludes-first-visit-israel-and-state-palestine-icc-prosecutor.
166 UNGA resolution ES-10/21, “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, A/RES/ES-10/21, 27 October 2023, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/21; General Assembly resolution ES-10/22, 12 December 2023, “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, A/RES/ES-10/22, https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/22.
167 UNSC resolution 2712, “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question”, S/RES/2712, 15 November 2023, https://undocs.org/S/RES/2712(2023).
168 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 11 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jb1krYLPLZI; Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 7 October 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1710627409634922912.
169 Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 7 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/event-statement071023.
170 Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 9 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/event-statement091023.
171 See e.g. Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (1:49 p.m.), 6 November 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1721525305393766829; Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
“President Herzog meets with Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides”, 21 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-meets-with-cypriot-president-nikos-christodoulides-21-oct-2023; Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “President Herzog meets with UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak”, 19 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-meets-with-uk-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-19-oct-2023.
172 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Swords of Iron: War in the South — Hamas’ Attack on Israel”, 18 December 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/swords-of-iron-war-in-the-south-7-oct-2023.
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fants étaient une « violation flagrante des principes fondamentaux de l’humanité »165. Les résolutions ES-10/21 et ES-10/22 (2023) de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies condamnent les actes de violence visant des civils israéliens et appellent à la libération de l’ensemble des civils qui sont retenus illégalement en captivité166. Dans sa résolution 2712 (2023), le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU demande également « la libération immédiate et inconditionnelle de tous les otages détenus par le Hamas et d’autres groupes »167.
42. En réponse aux attaques du 7 octobre 2023, Israël a juré d’« écraser et d’éliminer » le Hamas, ainsi que de « chasser les forces hostiles qui se sont infiltrées dans [son] territoire, et de rétablir la sécurité »168. Le 7 octobre 2023, le premier ministre israélien a déclaré ce qui suit : « Les forces de défense israéliennes vont dès à présent mettre tout en oeuvre pour réduire les capacités du Hamas à néant. Nous allons l’anéantir, et nous sommes déterminés à nous venger de cette funeste journée qu’il a fait subir à l’État
d’Israël et à ses citoyens »169. Le 9 octobre 2023, le premier ministre a annoncé qu’« Israël [était] en guerre »170. Le président israélien et lui-même se sont prévalus du « droit à la légitime défense » pour justifier les activités militaires que leur pays mène actuellement à Gaza171. Cette escalade des hostilités avec le Hamas est désignée sous le nom d’opération « Glaives de fer » par Israël, tandis que les médias internationaux occidentaux et les observateurs parlent de « guerre Israël-Hamas »172.
C. Actes de génocide contre le peuple palestinien
43. La partie qui suit donne une vue d’ensemble des actes commis par Israël qui revêtent un caractère génocidaire, de par leur nature, leur portée et le contexte dans lequel ils se produisent. Ces actes se poursuivent à l’heure actuelle, et de surcroît dans
165 CPI, « Déclaration du procureur de la CPI, Karim A. A. Khan KC, depuis Le Caire, sur la situation dans l’État de Palestine et en Israël », 30 octobre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/news/declaration-du-procureur-de-la-cpi-karim-aa-khan-kc-depuis-le-caire-sur-la-situation-dans ; CPI, « Le Procureur de la CPI, Karim A. A. Khan KC, conclut la première visite d’un Procureur de la CPI en Israël et dans l’État de Palestine : “Nous devons montrer que le droit est là, en première ligne, et qu’il peut protéger tout le monde” », 3 décembre 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/fr/news/le-procureur-de-la-cpi-karim-khan-kc-conclut-la-premiere-visite-dun-procureur-de-la-cpi-en.
166 Nations Unies, résolution ES10/21 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Protection des civils et respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires », 27 octobre 2023, doc. A/RES/ES-10/21, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2332703&t=pdf ; résolution ES-10/22 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Protection des civils et respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires », 12 décembre 2023, doc. A/RES/ES-10/22, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2341298&t=pdf.
167 Nations Unies, résolution 2712 du Conseil de sécurité sur la situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne, 15 novembre 2023, doc. S/RES/2712, https://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=S/RES/2712%20(2023)&Lang=F.
168 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 11 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jb1krYLPLZI; Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 7 octobre 2023, https://
twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1710627409634922912.
169 Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 7 octobre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/event-statement071023.
170 Statement of the Prime Minister of Israel, 9 octobre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/event-statement091023.
171 Voir, par exemple, Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (1:49 p.m.), 6 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1721525305393766829 ; Ministry of Foreign Affairs Israel, « President Herzog meets with Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides », 21 octobre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-meets-with-cypriot-president-nikos-christodoulides-21-oct-2023 ; Ministry of Foreign Affairs Israel, « President Herzog meets with UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak », 19 octobre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-meets-with-uk-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-19-oct-2023.
172 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, « Swords of Iron: War in the South — Hamas’ Attack on Israel », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/swords-of-iron-war-in-the-south-7-oct-2023.
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telecommunications blackouts on Gaza and restricting access by fact-finding bodies173 and the international media174. At the same time Palestinian journalists are being killed at a rate significantly higher than has occurred in any conflict in the past 100 years. In the two months since 7 October 2023, the number of journalists killed already exceeded that of the entirety of World War II175. Further detail will be provided regarding these acts over the course of these proceedings. However, such information as is available establishes that Israel: (1) is engaged in killing Palestinians in Gaza — including Palestinian children — in large numbers; (2) is causing serious bodily and mental harm to Palestinians in Gaza, including Palestinian children; and is inflicting on them conditions of life intended to bring about their destruction as a group. Those conditions include: (3) expulsions from homes and mass displacement, alongside the large-scale destruction of homes and residential areas; (4) deprivation of access to adequate food and water; (4) deprivation of access to adequate medical care; (5) deprivation of access to adequate shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation; and (6) the destruction of the life of the Palestinian people in Gaza; and (7) imposing measures intended to prevent Palestinian births.
44. United Nations chiefs and the International Committee of the Red Cross (“ICRC”) — no strangers to conflict situations — have called what is unfolding in Gaza a “crisis of humanity”176. “Humanitarian veterans who have served in war zones and
173 There is a long-standing practice of Israel restricting access to the oPt, alongside expelling and/or denying visas to UN staff, Special Rapporteurs and fact-finding teams, including UN commissions of inquiry: see, e.g. United Nations, General Assembly, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, A/78/198, 5 September 2023, https://undocs.org/A/78/198, para. 4; UN OCHA, “Bachelet deplores Israel’s failure to grant visas for UN Human Rights staff in the occupied Palestinian territory” (30 August 2022), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/
08/bachelet-deplores-israels-failure-grant-visas-un-human-rights-staff-occupied; UN OHCHR, “Occupied Palestinian Territory: UN human rights expert says Israel bent on further annexation”, 12 July 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/07/occupied-palestinian-territory-un-human-rights-expert-says-israel-bent; UN HRC, Report of the independent Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/, A/HRC/29/52, 24 June 2015, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/52, para. 3; UN HRC, Report of the independent international Commission of Inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A/HRC/40/74, 6 March 2019, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/74, para. 3; Rebekah Yeager-Malkin, “Israel will not renew visa of one UN employee, denies visa for another citing UN response to Hamas attacks”, Jurist, 26 December 2023, https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/12/israel-will-not-renew-the-visa-of-one-un-employee-denies-the-visa-of-another.
174 To date, only correspondents embedded with and subject to the censorship of the Israeli army have been permitted entry; see, e.g. “Foreign correspondents petition Israel Supreme
Court for Gaza access”, Reuters, 19 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/foreign-correspondents-petition-israel-supreme-court-gaza-access-2023-12-19.
175 International Federation of Journalists (“IFJ”), “Ninety-four journalists killed in 2023, says IFJ”, 8 December 2023, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/ninety-four-journalists-killed-in-2023-says-ifj; “How deadly is the Israel-Gaza war for journalists?”, Al Jazeera, 9 November 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/how-
deadly-is-the-israel-gaza-war-for-journalists.
176 UN, “Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at United Nations Headquarters”, 6 November 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22021.doc.htm; “UN chief says Gaza ‘crisis of humanity’ demands immediate ceasefire”, The Times of Israel, 6 November 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-chief-says-gaza-crisis-of-humanity-demands-immediate-ceasefire.
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le contexte d’un conflit, dans lequel Israël coupe délibérément les télécommunications à Gaza et y restreint l’accès des organes chargés de l’établissement des faits173 et des médias internationaux174. Dans le même temps, les journalistes palestiniens se font tuer à un rythme sensiblement plus soutenu que dans n’importe quel autre conflit survenu ces 100 dernières années. Dans les deux mois suivant le 7 octobre 2023, le nombre de ceux qui avaient perdu la vie était déjà supérieur à celui des journalistes tués pendant toute la seconde guerre mondiale175. Ces faits seront décrits plus en détail au cours
de la présente procédure. Il ressort néanmoins des informations disponibles qu’Israël : 1) commet des meurtres de Palestiniens de Gaza — y compris des enfants — en grand nombre ; 2) porte des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique ou mentale des Palestiniens de Gaza, y compris des enfants, tout en les soumettant à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner leur destruction en tant que groupe, notamment : 3) l’expulsion du domicile et le déplacement massifs de Palestiniens de Gaza, ainsi que la destruction à grande échelle des habitations et des zones résidentielles ; 4) la privation d’un accès approprié à l’eau et à la nourriture imposée aux Palestiniens de Gaza ; 5) la privation d’un accès aux abris, vêtements, produits d’hygiène et conditions sanitaires voulus ;
6) la privation d’un accès approprié à des soins médicaux ;7) la destruction de la vie palestinienne à Gaza ; et 8) l’imposition de mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe.
44. Les hauts responsables de l’ONU et le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (« CICR ») — familiers des situations de conflit — ont qualifié ce qui se passe à Gaza de « crise de l’humanité »176. « Des vétérans de l’humanitaire, qui sont intervenus dans des
173 Israël s’emploie de longue date à restreindre l’accès aux TPO, en plus d’expulser le personnel de l’ONU, les rapporteurs spéciaux et les équipes d’établissement des faits (ou de refuser de leur délivrer des visas), y compris les commissions d’enquête de l’ONU : voir, par exemple, Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport de la commission internationale indépendante chargée d’enquêter dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est,
et en Israël, 5 septembre 2023, doc. A/78/198, par. 4, https://documents.un.org/ api/symbol/access?j=N2326072&t=pdf ; Nations Unies, OCHA, « Michelle Bachelet déplore qu’Israël n’accorde pas de visas au personnel du HCDH dans le territoire palestinien occupé », 30 août 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2022/08/bachelet-deplores-israels-failure-grant-visas-un-human-rights-staff-occupied ; UN OHCHR, « Occupied Palestinian Territory: UN human rights expert says Israel bent on further annexation », 12 juillet 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/07/occupied-palestinian-territory-un-human-rights-expert-says-israel-bent ; Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Rapport de la commission d’enquête internationale indépendante créée en vertu de la résolution S-21/1 du Conseil des droits de l’homme en date du 24 juin 2015, doc. A/HRC/29/52, par. 3, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1513286&t=pdf ; Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, Rapport de la commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur les manifestations dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, doc. A/HRC/40/74, 6 mars 2019, par. 3, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1906144&t=pdf ; Rebekah Yeager-Malkin, « Israel will not renew visa of one UN employee, denies visa for another citing UN response to Hamas attacks », Jurist, 26 décembre 2023, https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/12/israel-will-not-renew-the-visa-of-one-un-employee-denies-the-visa-of-another.
174 À ce jour, seuls les correspondants accompagnant l’armée israélienne, et soumis à la
censure de cette dernière, sont autorisés à entrer sur le territoire ; voir, par exemple, « Foreign correspondents petition Israel Supreme Court for Gaza access », Reuters, 19 décembre 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/foreign-correspondents-petition-israel-supreme-court-gaza-access-2023-12-19.
175 International Federation of Journalists (« IFJ »), « Ninety-four journalists killed in 2023, says IFJ », 8 décembre 2023, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/ninety-four-journalists-killed-in-2023-says-ifj ; « How deadly is the Israel-Gaza war for journalists? », Al Jazeera, 9 novembre 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/how-deadly-is-the-israel-gaza-war-for-journalists.
176 UN, « Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at United Nations Headquarters », 6 novembre 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22021.doc.htm ; « UN chief says Gaza “crisis of humanity” demands immediate ceasefire », The Times of Israel, 6 novembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-chief-says-gaza-crisis-of-humanity-demands-immediate-ceasefire.
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disasters around the world — people who have seen everything — [say] they have seen nothing like what they see today in Gaza” (United Nations Secretary-General)177. This is “a moral failure” causing “intolerable suffering” (ICRC President)178. “This is an apocalyptic situation now, because these are the remnants of a nation being driven into a pocket in the south” (Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator at the United Nations)179. They describe Palestinians in Gaza as “living in utter, deepening horror” as they “continue to be relentlessly bombarded by Israel . . . suffering death, siege, destruction and deprivation of the most essential
human needs such as food, water, lifesaving medical supplies and other essentials on a massive scale”; it is “apocalyptic” (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights)180. “An entire population is besieged and under attack, denied access to the essentials for survival, bombed in their homes, shelters, hospitals and places of worship” (Principals of the United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee)181. Gaza is “the most dangerous place in the world to be a child” (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Executive Director)182. “It is a “living hell”, it is
“a war of all the superlative, everything is unprecedented” and “[w]e are out of words to describe what is going on” (UNRWA Commissioner-General)183.
1. Killing Palestinians in Gaza
45. Over 21,110 Palestinians are reported to have been killed since Israel began its military assault on Gaza, according to the Palestinian Health Ministry, at least
177 UN, “Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at United Nations Headquarters”, 22 December 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22095.doc.htm.
178 International Committee of the Red Cross (“ICRC”), “Gaza: ICRC president calls for
the protection of civilians in the face of ‘moral failure’”, 4 December 2023, https://www.icrcnews
room.org/story/en/2075/gaza-icrc-president-calls-for-the-protection-of-civilians-in-the-face-of-moral-failure; ICRC, “Israel and the occupied territories: President of the ICRC arrives in Gaza, calls for the protection of civilians”, 4 December 2023, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-president-icrc-arrives-gaza.
179 Julian Borger, “‘Apocalyptic’ conditions in southern Gaza blocking aid, top UN official says”, The Guardian, 5 December 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/05/un-
martin-griffiths-idf-campaign-southern-gaza-apocalyptic-conditions; Interview with UN Relief Chief Martin Griffiths on CNN, 22 November 2023, at Christiane Amanpour, @amanpour,
Tweet (3:09 p.m.), 22 November 2023, https://twitter.com/amanpour/status/172734330948654
2926.
180 UN OHCHR, “Opening statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk at press conference ahead of Human Rights Day”, 6 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2023/12/opening-statement-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-volker-turk.
181 United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee (“UN IASC”), “Statement by Principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, on the situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, ‘We need an immediate humanitarian ceasefire’”, 5 November 2023, https://interagency
standingcommittee.org/about-inter-agency-standing-committee/statement-principals-inter-agency-standing-committee-situation-israel-and-occupied-palestinian.
182 United Nations Children’s Fund (“UNICEF”), “Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell on the Resumption of Fighting in Gaza”, 1 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/statement-by-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-on-the-resumption-of-fighting-in-gaza.
183 UNRWA, “Remarks of UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini at the Global Refugee Forum”, 13 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/statement-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-global-refugee; UNRWA, @UNRWA, Tweet, 13 December 2023, https://twitter.com/UNRWA/status/1734585541591486755.
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zones de guerre et des régions touchées par des catastrophes partout dans le monde — et qui ont donc tout vu — [disent] qu’ils n’avaient jamais rien vu de comparable à ce qui se passe aujourd’hui à Gaza » (Secrétaire général de l’ONU)177. C’est une « faillite morale » qui engendre des « souffrances intolérables » (président du CICR)178. « La situation est devenue apocalyptique, avec les derniers représentants d’une nation chassés dans une poche au Sud » (Secrétaire général adjoint de l’ONU aux affaires humanitaires et coordonnateur des secours d’urgence)179. Les Palestiniens de Gaza sont décrits comme « vivant dans une horreur absolue et de plus en plus profonde » tandis qu’ils « continuent d’être bombardés sans relâche par Israël … et sont tués, subissent l’état de siège et des destructions et sont massivement privés de ce qui est le plus essentiel, comme la nourriture, l’eau, les fournitures médicales vitales et d’autres produits de première nécessité » ; c’est une situation « apocalyptique » (haut-commissaire des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme)180. « Toute une population est assiégée et attaquée, privée de l’accès aux produits de première nécessité, bombardée jusque dans les logements, les abris, les hôpitaux, et les lieux de culte » (membres du Comité permanent interorganisations des Nations Unies)181. Gaza est « l’endroit le plus dangereux au monde pour un enfant » (directrice générale du Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance (« UNICEF »))182. C’est l’« enfer sur terre », « la guerre de tous les superlatifs, c’est du jamais-vu dans tous les domaines » et « [l]es mots manquent pour décrire ce qui se passe » (commissaire général de l’UNRWA)183.
1. Le meurtre de Palestiniens de Gaza
45. Le ministère palestinien de la santé a recensé plus de 21 110 Palestiniens tués depuis qu’Israël a lancé son offensive militaire contre Gaza, dont 70 % au moins
177 UN, « Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at United Nations Headquarters », 22 décembre 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22095.doc.htm.
178 International Committee of the Red Cross (« ICRC »), « Gaza: ICRC president calls for the protection of civilians in the face of “moral failure” », 4 décembre 2023, https://www.icrcnews
room.org/story/en/2075/gaza-icrc-president-calls-for-the-protection-of-civilians-in-the-face-of-moral-failure ; CICR, « Israël et les territoires occupés : arrivée à Gaza, la présidente du CICR appelle à la protection des civils », 4 décembre 2023, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-et-les-territoires-occupes-arrivee-gaza-la-presidente-du-cicr-appelle-la-protection.
179 Julian Borger, « “Apocalyptic” conditions in southern Gaza blocking aid, top UN official says », The Guardian, 5 décembre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/05/un-martin-griffiths-idf-campaign-southern-gaza-apocalyptic-conditions ; Interview with UN Relief Chief Martin Griffiths on CNN, 22 novembre 2023, at Christiane Amanpour, @amanpour,
Tweet (3:08 p.m.), 22 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/amanpour/status/172734330948654
2926.
180 Nations Unies, HCDH, « Déclaration liminaire de Volker Türk, haut-commissaire des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme, lors d’une conférence de presse à l’approche de la Journée des droits de l’homme », 6 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/fr/statements-and-speeches/
2023/12/opening-statement-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-volker-turk.
181 United Nations Inter Agency Standing Committee (« UN IASC »), « Statement by Principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, on the situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, “We need an immediate humanitarian ceasefire” », 5 novembre 2023, https://inter
agencystandingcommittee.org/about-inter-agency-standing-committee/statement-principals-inter-agency-standing-committee-situation-israel-and-occupied-palestinian.
182 United Nations Children’s Fund (« UNICEF »), « Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell on the Resumption of Fighting in Gaza », 1er décembre 2023, https://
www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/statement-by-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-on-the-resumption-of-fighting-in-gaza.
183 UNRWA, « Remarks of UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini at the Global Refugee Forum », 13 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/statement-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-global-refugee ; UNRWA, @UNRWA, Tweet (2:46 p.m.), 13 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/UNRWA/status/1734585541591486755.
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70 per cent of whom are believed to be women and children184. An additional estimated 7,780 people, including at least 4,700 women and children, are reported missing, presumed dead under the rubble of destroyed buildings — dying slow deaths — or decomposing in the streets where they were killed185. Israel’s blockage of adequate fuel imports, its destruction of infrastructure and the communication blackouts it imposes severely hamper rescue attempts. As of 8 December 2023, only one rescue vehicle was reportedly operational in the whole of Gaza, with survivors forced to try to dig for survivors with their bare hands186. The level of Israel’s killing is so extensive that bodies are being buried in mass graves, often unidentified187.
46. “Nowhere is safe in Gaza”, as the United Nations Secretary-General — and many other United Nations experts — have now made clear to the international community188. Palestinians in Gaza have been killed in their homes, in places where they sought shelter, in hospitals, in UNWRA schools, in churches, in mosques,
and as they tried to find food and water for their families. They have been killed
if they failed to evacuate, in the places to which they fled, and even while they
184 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82. For a list of those killed before 27 October 2023, see: Ministry of Health,
Palestine, “Detailed report for the victims of the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip during
the period (7-26 October 2023)”, 26 October 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/2023102617
4513/https:/www.moh.gov.ps/portal/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ تقرير-نهائي-باسماء-الشهداء- 1 .pdf.
Due to the ongoing bombardment, the United Nations is currently relying on numbers provided by the Gaza Ministry of Health. UN officials see no reason to doubt the figures, which have not been inflated in the past, and which recent studies demonstrate are not now being inflated,
see e.g. Adam Taylor, “More than 20,000 dead in Gaza, a historic human toll”, Washington
Post, 22 December 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/22/gaza-israel-war-20000-dead/; Benjamin Q. Huynh, Elizabeth T. Chin, Paul B. Spiegel, “No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health”, The Lancet, 6 December 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02713-7/fulltext. There may in fact be underreporting, as those whose bodies are not brought to a hospital or morgue are not routinely included in the casualty numbers. In circumstances where so many hospitals have ceased functioning, where Palestinians are unable to reach them — and indeed, as there are repeated reports of people having to resort to burying bodies on the street where they find them, the underreporting could be significant. At present, approximately 7,780 people are missing, presumed dead, but not yet included in the official statistics, Zeina Jamaluddine, Francesco Checchi, Oona M. R. Campbell, “Excess mortality in Gaza: October 7-26, 2023”, The Lancet, 26 November 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02640-5/fulltext.
185 Palestine Red Crescent Society, “Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report as of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM”, 24 December 2023, p. 1, https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/
en 220 2023.pdf.
186 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #63”, 8 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63; Wafaa Shurafa and Samy Magdy, “Thousands of bodies lie buried in rubble in Gaza. Families dig to retrieve them, often by hand”, AP, 17 November 2023, https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-buried-rubble-airstrikes-89c0e8d0934d573d94d2fbfeba44d933.
187 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #48”, 23 November 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48-enarhe.
188 UN Secretary-General, “Letter by the Secretary-General to the President of Security Council invoking Article 99 of the United Nations Charter”, 6 December 2023, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf; UNICEF, “A dystopic scene that seemed to stretch on endlessly”, November 2023, https://www.unicef.org.uk/what-we-do/emergencies/no-safety-for-children-in-gaza/; ICRC, “Israel and the occupied territories: Deescalate now to prevent further human suffering”, 28 October 2023, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-deescalate-now-prevent-further-human-suffering.
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seraient des femmes et des enfants184. On estime que 7 780 autres personnes, dont 4 700 femmes et enfants, sont portées disparues, présumées mortes — ou encore agonisantes — sous les décombres des immeubles détruits, ou se décomposant dans les rues où elles ont été tuées185. Le fait qu’Israël empêche l’importation de carburant en quantité suffisante, détruise les infrastructures et coupe les communications entrave considérablement les tentatives de sauvetage. Au 8 décembre 2023, un seul véhicule d’assistance était apparemment opérationnel dans tout Gaza, les rescapés devant creuser à mains nues pour chercher des survivants186. L’intensité des tueries perpétrées par Israël est telle que les corps sont enterrés dans des fosses communes, souvent sans avoir été identifiés187.
46. « Aucun endroit n’est sûr à Gaza », comme le Secrétaire général de l’ONU — ainsi que de nombreux autres experts de l’Organisation — l’a clairement dit à la communauté internationale188. Les Palestiniens de Gaza sont tués dans leurs foyers, dans les endroits où ils ont cherché refuge, dans les hôpitaux, dans les écoles de l’UNRWA, dans les églises, dans les mosquées, et quand ils sortent pour essayer de trouver de la nourriture et de l’eau pour leur famille. Ils sont tués sur place s’ils ne
184 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82. Pour obtenir une liste des personnes tuées avant le 27 octobre 2023, voir Ministry of Health, Palestine, « Detailed report for the victims of the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip during the period » (7-26 October 2023), 26 octobre 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20231026
174513/https:/www.moh.gov.ps/portal/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ تقرير-نهائي-باسماء-الشهداء- 1 .pdf.
En raison des bombardements en cours, l’ONU se fonde actuellement sur les chiffres fournis par le ministère de la santé de Gaza. Les responsables de l’ONU ne voient aucune raison de mettre en doute des chiffres qui n’ont jamais été surestimés par le passé, et qui, selon de récentes études, ne le sont pas aujourd’hui non plus : voir, par exemple, Adam Tayor, « More than 20,000 dead in Gaza, a historic human toll », Washington Post, 22 décembre 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/22/gaza-israel-war-20000-dead/ ; Benjamin Q. Huynh, Elizabeth T. Chin et Paul B. Spiegel, « No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health », The Lancet, 6 décembre 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736
(23)02713-7/fulltext. Les chiffres sont peut-être même sous-estimés, car les corps qui ne sont pas amenés à l’hôpital ou à la morgue ne sont en général pas pris en compte dans le calcul du nombre de victimes. De très nombreux hôpitaux ne fonctionnant plus, ou étant inaccessibles pour les Palestiniens — de nombreuses sources attestent en effet que des corps sont enterrés dans la rue, là où ils sont trouvés , la sous-estimation pourrait être importante. Actuellement, 7 780 personnes environ sont portées disparues, présumées mortes, mais les statistiques officielles n’en tiennent pas encore compte, Zeina Jamaluddine, Francesco Checchi et Oona M. R. Campbell, « Excess mortality in Gaza: 7-26 octobre 2023 », The Lancet, 26 novembre 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02640-5/fulltext.
185 Palestine Red Crescent Society, « Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report as of Saturday, October 7, 2023, 6:00 p.m. Until Sunday, December 24, 2023, 24:00 a.m. », 24 décembre 2023, p. 1, https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en 220 2023.pdf.
186 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #63 », 8 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63 ; Wafaa Shurafa et Samy Magdy, « Thousands of bodies lie buried in rubble in Gaza. Families dig to retrieve them, often by hand », AP, 17 novembre 2023, https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-buried-rubble-airstrikes-89c0e8d0934d573d94d2fbfeba44d933.
187 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #48 », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48-enarhe.
188 « Lettre datée du 6 décembre 2023 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité par le Secrétaire général dans laquelle celui-ci invoque l’article 99 de la Charte des Nations Unies », https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4029412/files/S_2023_962-FR.pdf?ln=en ; UNICEF, « A dystopic scene that seemed to stretch on endlessly », novembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org.uk/what-we-do/emergencies/no-safety-for-children-in-gaza ; ICRC, « Israel and the occupied territories: Deescalate now to prevent further human suffering », 28 octobre 2023, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-deescalate-now-prevent-further-human-suffering.
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attempted to flee along Israeli declared “safe routes”189. Reports are multiplying
of Israeli soldiers performing summary executions, including of multiple members
of the same family — men, women and older people190. One such account is
the reported execution in Gaza City of at least 11 male members of the Annan
family and their relatives — boys and men, said to have been separated out
by Israeli soldiers and shot in front of their family — before the women and children were then attacked191. There are also reports of unarmed people — including Israeli hostages — being shot dead on sight, despite posing no threat, including while waving white flags192. Attacks on Palestinian homes and residential blocks account for a significant number of the dead193, with Israel reportedly using Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) to generate up to 100 bombing targets per day194.
47. Israel is said to be dropping “dumb” (i.e. unguided) bombs on Gaza195, as well as heavy bombs weighing up to 2,000 lbs (900 kgs)196, which have a predicted lethal radius “of up to 360 m”, and are “expected to cause severe injury and damage as far as 800 metres from the point of impact”197. This weaponry is being deployed in one of the
189 UN OHCHR, “UN Human Rights has ‘grave fears’ about toll on civilians in Gaza”, 17 October 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2023/10/un-human-rights-has-grave-fears-about-toll-civilians-gaza; “Gaza civilians afraid to leave home after bombing of ‘safe routes’”, The Guardian, 15 October 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes; ICRC, “The ICRC urges protection for Gaza civilians evacuating and staying behind”, 13 November 2023, https://blogs.icrc.org/ir/en/2023/11/the-icrc-urges-protection-for-gaza-civilians-evacuating-and-staying-behind.
190 UN, OHCHR, The Question of Palestine, “Unlawful Killings in Gaza City”, 20 December 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release/; Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor, “Euro-Med Monitor sends UN rapporteurs, ICC Prosecutor primary report documenting dozens of field execution cases in Gaza”, 25 December 2023, https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6058.
191 UN, OHCHR, The Question of Palestine, “Unlawful Killings in Gaza City”, 20 December 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release.
192 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #70”, 15 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70; “Israeli soldiers kill hostages waving white flag after mistaking them for Hamas fighters”, Financial Times, 17 December 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/2e299603-2fed-4855-9694-9801008c48dc.
193 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72”, 18 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
194 Yuval Abraham, “‘A mass assassination factory’: Inside Israel’s calculated bombing of Gaza”, +972 Magazine, 30 November 2023, https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/; Harry Davies, Bethan McKernan and Dan Sabbagh, “‘The Gospel’: how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza”, The Guardian, 1 Decem-
ber 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets.
195 Office of the Director of National Intelligence assessment, reported by Natasha Bertrand and Kattie Bo Lillis, “Exclusive: Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are imprecise ‘dumb bombs,’ US intelligence assessment finds”, CNN, 13 December 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/
2023/12/13/politics/intelligence-assessment-dumb-bombs-israel-gaza/index.html; John Paul Rathbone, “Military briefing: the Israeli bombs raining on Gaza”, Financial Times, 6 December 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/7b407c2e-8149-4d83-be01-72dcae8aee7b.
196 Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT: US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza — new investigation”, 5 December 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/
en/latest/news/2023/12/israel-opt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-in-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-in-gaza-new-investigation.
197 Action on Armed Violence (“AOAV”), “Explosive weapons with large destructive radius: air-dropped bombs (the Mark 80 series and Paveway attachments)”, 1 March 2016, https://
aoav.org.uk/2016/large-destructive-radius-air-dropped-bombs-the-mark-80-series-and-paveway-attachments/; see also: Robin Stein, Haley Willis, Ishaan Jhaveri, Danielle Miller, Aaron Byrd
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parviennent pas à quitter le secteur, mais aussi là où ils se sont enfuis, et même pendant qu’ils s’enfuient sur des routes déclarées « sûres » par les Israéliens189. On entend de plus en plus parler de soldats israéliens procédant à des exécutions sommaires, y compris de plusieurs membres d’une même famille — hommes, femmes et personnes âgées190. Dans un cas ainsi rapporté, dans la ville de Gaza, au moins 11 membres de sexe masculin de la famille Annan et de familles apparentées — des hommes et des jeunes, que les soldats israéliens auraient séparés du reste du groupe — auraient été exécutés devant leurs proches, avant que les femmes et les enfants ne soient agressés à leur tour191. Sont également signalés des cas de personnes non armées — y compris des otages israéliens — abattues sans sommation alors qu’elles ne représentaient aucune menace, et agitaient parfois même un drapeau blanc192. Les attaques menées contre des habitations et des immeubles résidentiels palestiniens sont à l’origine d’un nombre important des morts recensés193, Israël ayant semble-t-il recours à l’intelligence artificielle (« IA ») pour définir plus de 100 cibles à bombarder par jour194.
47. Israël larguerait des bombes « à chute libre » (c’est-à-dire non guidées) sur Gaza195, ainsi que des bombes pesant jusqu’à 900 kilos196, dont le rayon létal théorique peut « atteindre 360 mètres », et qui « visent à causer de graves blessures et des dommages importants jusqu’à 800 mètres autour du point d’impact »197. Ce matériel de
189 UN OHCHR, « UN Human Rights has “grave fears” about toll on civilians in Gaza », 17 octobre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2023/10/un-human-rights-has-grave-fears-about-toll-civilians-gaza ; « Gaza civilians afraid to leave home after bombing of ‘safe routes’ », The Guardian, 15 octobre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes ; ICRC, « The ICRC urges protection for Gaza civilians evacuating and staying behind », 13 novembre 2023, https://blogs.icrc.org/ir/en/2023/11/the-icrc-urges-protection-for-gaza-civilians-evacuating-and-staying-behind.
190 UN, OHCHR, The Question of Palestine, « Unlawful Killings in Gaza City », 20 décembre 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release. Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor, « Euro-Med Monitor sends UN rapporteurs, ICC Prosecutor primary report documenting dozens of field execution cases in Gaza », 25 décembre 2023, https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6058.
191 UN OHCHR, The Question of Palestine, « Unlawful Killings in Gaza City », 20 décembre 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release.
192 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #70 », 15 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70 ; « Israeli soldiers kill hostages waving white flag after mistaking them for Hamas fighters », Financial Times, 17 décembre 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/2e299603-2fed-4855-9694-9801008c48dc.
193 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #72 », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
194 Yuval Abraham, « “A mass assassination factory”: Inside Israel’s calculated bombing of Gaza », +972 Magazine, 30 novembre 2023, https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ ; Harry Davies, Bethan McKernan and Dan Sabbagh, « “The Gospel”: how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza », The Guardian, 1er décembre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets.
195 Office of the Director of National Intelligence assessment, reported by Natasha Bertrand and Kattie Bo Lillis, « Exclusive: Nearly half of the Israeli munitions dropped on Gaza are imprecise “dumb bombs”, US intelligence assessment finds », CNN, 13 décembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/politics/intelligence-assessment-dumb-bombs-israel-gaza/index.html ; John Paul Rathbone, « Military briefing: the Israeli bombs raining on Gaza », Financial Times, 6 décembre 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/7b407c2e-8149-4d83-be01-72dcae8aee7b.
196 Amnesty International, « Israel/OPT: US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza — new investigation », 5 décembre 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/
en/latest/news/2023/12/israel-opt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-in-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-in-gaza-new-investigation.
197 Action on Armed Violence (« AOAV »), « Explosive weapons with large destructive radius: air-dropped bombs (the Mark 80 series and Paveway attachments) », 1er mars 2016, https://
aoav.org.uk/2016/large-destructive-radius-air-dropped-bombs-the-mark-80-series-and-paveway-attachments/ ; voir aussi : Robin Stein, Haley Willis, Ishaan Jhaveri, Danielle Miller, Aaron Byrd
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most densely populated areas in the world, where approximately one in every 100 people has now been killed. Some Israeli strikes on Palestinian homes and refugee camps have killed upwards of 110 Palestinians198. An estimated 1,779 Palestinian families
in Gaza have lost multiple family members, and hundreds of multigenerational
families have been killed in their entirety, with no remaining survivors — mothers, fathers, children, siblings, grandparents, aunts, cousins — often all killed together199. By 7 November 2023, 312 Palestinian families in Gaza had lost over 10 members each200. Numerous Palestinian families have lost upwards of 70 members each201. The level of mortality in Palestinian families is such that medics in Gaza have had to coin a new acronym: “WCNSF”, meaning “wounded child, no surviving family”202.
48. For Palestinian children, in particular, “[d]eath is everywhere” and “nowhere is safe”203. A total of over 7,729 Palestinian children have been killed in Gaza to date — over 115 Palestinian children in Gaza are killed every day204. It is estimated that more Palestinian children were killed in the first three weeks in Gaza alone (a total of 3,195) than the total number of children killed each year across the world’s conflict zones since 2019205. The scale of Palestinian child killings in Gaza is such that United Nations
and Natalie Reneau, “A Times Investigation Tracked Israel’s Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza”, The New York Times, 21 December 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/
2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html.
198 David Gritten, “Gaza health ministry says Israeli strikes kill 110 in Jabalia”, BBC News, 18 December 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67749557.
199 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-78; Amnesty International, “Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza”, 20 October 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/; Child Rights Connect, “Child Rights Connect deplores the grave violations of children’s rights in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory”, 23 October 2023, https://childrightsconnect.org/child-rights-connect-deplores-the-grave-violations-of-childrens-rights-in-israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territory.
200 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 32”, 7 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-32.
201 See e.g. UNDP, “Statement on the killing of UNDP staff member and family in Gaza”, 22 December 2023, https://www.undp.org/speeches/statement-killing-undp-staff-member-family-gaza; “Palestinian-Americans speak out about family, friends killed in Israel-Hamas war”, ABC Eyewitness News, 19 December 2023, https://abc7ny.com/palestinian-american-gaza-war-victims/
14202160.
202 Save the Children, “Children’s Mental Health in Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point
After Nearly a Month of Siege and Bombardment”, 7 November 2023, https://www.savethe
children.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/childrens-mental-health-in-gaza-deteriorates-one-month-on-.
203 UNICEF, Press Release, “The war on children resumes: Geneva Palais briefing note”, 1 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/war-children-resumes-geneva-palais-
briefing-note; James Elder (UNICEF Spokesperson), “Bearing witness: No safety for children in Gaza”, UNICEF, 15 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org/blog/bearing-witness-no-safety-children-gaza.
204 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 73”, 19 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73; UN, United Nations Türkiye, “Gaza crisis: Aid agencies warn of ‘tragic, avoidable surge’ in child deaths”, 22 November 2023, https://turkiye.un.org/en/253479-gaza-crisis-aid-agencies-warn-‘tragic-avoidable-surge’-child-deaths.
205 Save the Children, Press Release, “Gaza: 3,195 children killed in three weeks surpasses annual number of children killed in conflict zones since 2019”, 29 October 2023, https://
www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-three-weeks-surpasses-annual-number-
children-killed-conflict-zones.
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guerre est déployé dans l’une des régions les plus densément peuplées au monde, où à présent une personne sur 100 environ a perdu la vie. Certaines frappes israéliennes sur des habitations et des camps de réfugiés palestiniens ont tué plus de 110 Palestiniens198. On estime que 1 779 familles palestiniennes de Gaza ont perdu plusieurs de leurs proches, et que des centaines d’autres ont disparu entièrement, sans survivant d’aucune génération — ni mères, pères, enfants, frères, soeurs, grands-parents, tantes ou cousins —, tous étant souvent tués en même temps199. Au 7 novembre 2023, 312 familles palestiniennes de Gaza avaient perdu chacune plus de 10 de leurs membres200. De nombreuses familles palestiniennes ont perdu plus de 70 membres chacune201. La mortalité est telle dans les familles palestiniennes que le personnel médical à Gaza a dû créer un nouveau sigle : « WCNSF » (« wounded child, no surviving family ») pour désigner les enfants blessés sans aucun proche en vie202.
48. Pour les enfants palestiniens en particulier, « [l]a mort est partout » et « aucun endroit n’est sûr »203. Au moins 7 729 enfants palestiniens ont été tués à Gaza jusqu’à présent — plus de 115 le sont chaque jour204. On estime que, pendant les seules trois premières semaines du conflit, leur nombre (3 195 au total) a été supérieur à celui des enfants tués chaque année dans l’ensemble des zones de conflit dans le monde depuis 2019205. L’ampleur de ces tueries à Gaza est telle que des responsables de l’ONU ont
et Natalie Reneau, « A Times Investigation Tracked Israel’s Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza », The New York Times, 21 décembre 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/
12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html.
198 David Gritten, « Gaza health ministry says Israeli strikes kill 110 in Jabalia », BBC News, 18 décembre 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67749557.
199 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-78 ; Amnesty International, Des preuves accablantes de crimes de guerre, alors que les attaques israéliennes anéantissent des familles entières à Gaza, 20 octobre 2023, https://
www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ ; Child Rights Connect, « Child Rights Connect deplores the grave violations of children’s rights in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory », 23 octobre 2023, https://childrightsconnect.org/child-rights-connect-deplores-the-grave-violations-of-childrens-rights-in-israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territory.
200 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 32 », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-32.
201 Voir, par exemple, UNDP), « Statement on the killing of UNDP staff member and family in Gaza », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.undp.org/speeches/statement-killing-undp-staff-member-family-gaza ; « Palestinian-Americans speak out about family, friends killed in Israel-Hamas war », ABC Eyewitness News, 19 décembre 2023, https://abc7ny.com/palestinian-american-gaza-war-victims/14202160.
202 Save the Children, « Children’s Mental Health in Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point
After Nearly a Month of Siege and Bombardment », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.savethe
children.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/childrens-mental-health-in-gaza-deteriorates-one-month-on-.
203 UNICEF, Press Release: « The war on children resumes: Geneva Palais briefing note », 1er décembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/war-children-resumes-geneva-palais-briefing-note ; James Elder (UNICEF Spokesperson), « Bearing witness: No safety for children in Gaza », UNICEF, 15 décembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org/blog/bearing-witness-no-safety-children-gaza.
204 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 73 », 19 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-73 ; United Nations Türkiye, « Gaza crisis: Aid agencies warn of “tragic, avoidable surge” in child deaths », 22 novembre 2023, https://turkiye.un.org/en/253479-gaza-crisis-aid-agencies-warn-‘tragic-avoidable-surge’-child-deaths.
205 Save the Children, Press Release: « GAZA: 3,195 children killed in three weeks surpasses annual number of children killed in conflict zones since 2019 », 29 octobre 2023, https://
www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-three-weeks-surpasses-annual-number-children-killed-conflict-zones.
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chiefs have described it as “a graveyard for children”206. Indeed, the unprecedented rate of Palestinian child casualties has prompted UNICEF’s spokesperson to call Israel’s attacks on Gaza a “war on children”. He explained:
“Most crises, they impact children terribly because children are the most vulnerable, but most have about a casualty rate of children of around 20 per cent. This is 40. This is twice as lethal to children as many conflicts we’ve seen in the last 15 or 20 years, and unfortunately that is because of the sheer density of population, the indiscriminate nature, and when we see that there’s been not even lip service to safe zones having water and sanitation for children and young girls. That same disregard for children is being shown in the bombardments. That’s why we see 40 per cent of casualties are children. That’s why it’s a war on children.”207
49. Doctors, journalists, teachers, academics and other professionals are also being killed at wholly unprecedented rates. To date, Israel has killed: over 311 doctors, nurses and other health workers, including doctors and ambulance drivers killed on duty208; 103 journalists, amounting to over one per day209, and more than 73 per cent of the total number of journalists and media workers killed globally in 2023210; 40 civil defence workers — responsible for helping to dig victims out of the rubble — killed while on duty; and over 209 teachers and educational staff211. One hundred and forty-four United Nations employees have also been killed, the “highest number of aid workers killed in UN history in such a short time”212. It is estimated that “it will take years to recover the remains of people from beneath the rubble” and that “the costly, technical process will not result in the identification of each body”213.
50. In addition to being killed by Israeli weaponry, Palestinians in Gaza are also at immediate risk of death by starvation, dehydration and disease as a result of the ongoing siege by Israel, the insufficient aid being allowed through to the Palestinian population, and the extreme difficulties in distributing such limited aid that is permitted to enter the territory due to the decimation of Gaza’s infrastructure in Israel’s military attacks214.
206 UNICEF, “Gaza has become a graveyard for thousands of children”, 31 October 2023, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/gaza-has-become-graveyard-thousands-children.
207 Interview with James Elder, UNICEF Spokesperson by CNN, “CNN speaks to UNICEF about dire situation in Gaza”, CNN, 15 December 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/
2023/12/15/exp-unicef-gaza-james-elder-live-121402pseg1-cnni-world.cnn.
208 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78; IFJ, “Ninety-four journalists killed in 2023, says IFJ”, 8 December 2023, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/ninety-four-journalists-killed-in-2023-says-ifj.
209 Ibid.
210 UN OHCHR, Press Release, “Killings of journalists and their family members in Gaza”, 14 December 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/killings-of-journalists-and-their-family-
members-in-gaza-dec14-2023.
211 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
212 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82; UN News, “UN honours 101 staff killed in Gaza conflict”, 13 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143512.
213 Bassam Massoud and Maggie Fick, “Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle”, Reuters, 22 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21.
214 UN News, “Gaza humanitarian disaster heralds ‘breakdown’ of society”, 8 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144547; UN News, “Gaza: Aid access to north entirely
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parlé de « cimetière pour enfants »206. Le nombre inédit de victimes parmi les enfants palestiniens a d’ailleurs conduit le porte-parole de l’UNICEF à qualifier les attaques israéliennes contre Gaza de « guerre contre les enfants » :
« La plupart des crises ont des effets terribles sur les enfants, car ceux-ci sont les plus vulnérables, mais ils représentent en général autour de 20 % des victimes.
Là, on est à 40 %. Cela veut dire deux fois plus d’enfants tués que dans les nombreux conflits que nous avons connus au cours des 15 ou 20 dernières années, et cela est hélas uniquement dû à la densité de la population et au caractère aveugle des attaques, et au fait que personne n’a même envisagé de prévoir des zones sûres disposant d’eau et d’installations sanitaires pour les enfants et les jeunes filles.
Les bombardements trahissent la même indifférence à l’égard des enfants. C’est pourquoi 40 % des victimes sont des enfants. C’est pourquoi on peut parler de guerre contre les enfants. »207
49. Des médecins, des journalistes, des enseignants, des universitaires et des membres d’autres corps de métier sont également tués à un rythme totalement inédit.
À ce jour, Israël a tué au moins 311 médecins, infirmiers et autres personnels de santé, y compris des médecins et des ambulanciers tués dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions208 ; 103 journalistes, ce qui représente plus d’un par jour209 et plus de 73 % du nombre total de journalistes et personnels des médias tués en 2023 dans le monde210 ; 40 agents de la protection civile — qui aident à dégager les victimes des décombres — pendant leur service, et au moins 209 enseignants et personnels éducatifs211. Parmi le personnel de l’ONU également, 144 personnes ont perdu la vie, soit « le plus grand nombre de travailleurs humanitaires tués en si peu de temps de toute l’histoire des Nations Unies »212. On estime qu’« il faudra des années pour récupérer les dépouilles des personnes ensevelies sous les décombres » et que « ce processus technique coûteux ne permettra pas d’identifier chaque corps »213.
50. En plus de tomber sous le feu des forces israéliennes, les Palestiniens de Gaza courent également le risque immédiat de mourir de faim, de déshydratation et de maladie à cause du siège imposé par Israël, de l’insuffisance de l’assistance qui est autorisée à leur parvenir, et de la grande difficulté à distribuer cette assistance limitée du fait que les infrastructures à Gaza ont été anéanties dans les attaques militaires d’Israël214.
206 UNICEF, « Gaza est devenue un cimetière pour des milliers d’enfants », 31 octobre 2023, https://www.unicef.fr/article/gaza-est-devenu-un-cimetiere-pour-des-milliers-denfants.
207 Interview with James Elder, UNICEF Spokesperson by CNN, « CNN speaks to UNICEF about dire situation in Gaza », CNN, 15 décembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/12/15/exp-unicef-gaza-james-elder-live-121402pseg1-cnni-world.cnn.
208 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82 ; IFJ, « Ninety-four journalists killed in 2023, says IFJ », 8 décembre 2023, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/ninety-four-journalists-killed-in-2023-says-ifj.
209 Ibid.
210 UN OHCHR, Press Release, « Killings of journalists and their family members in Gaza », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/killings-of-journalists-and-their-family-members-in-gaza-dec14-2023.
211 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
212 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day 82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82 ; ONU Info, « L’ONU rend hommage aux 101 membres du personnel tués dans le conflit à Gaza », 13 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/11/1140577.
213 Bassam Massoud and Maggie Fick, « Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle », Reuters, 21 décembre 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21.
214 ONU Info, « La catastrophe humanitaire à Gaza annonce un “effondrement” de la société, selon l’ONU », 8 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141437 ; ONU Info,
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2. Causing serious bodily and mental harm to Palestinians in Gaza
51. Over 55,243 Palestinians have been wounded in Israel’s military attacks on Gaza since 7 October 2023, the majority of them women and children215. Burns and amputations are typical injuries216, with an estimated 1,000 children having lost one or both legs217. There are reports of Israeli forces using white phosphorus in densely populated areas in Gaza: as the World Health Organization describes, even small amounts of white phosphorus can cause deep and severe burns, penetrating even through bone, and capable of reigniting after initial treatment218. There are no functioning hospitals in the North of Gaza, in particular, such that injured persons are reduced to “waiting to die”, unable to seek surgery or medical treatment beyond first aid, dying slow, agonising deaths from their injuries or from resultant infections219.
52. The extreme levels of bombardment and lack of any safe areas are also causing severe mental trauma in the Palestinian population in Gaza220. Even before the latest onslaught, Palestinians in Gaza suffered severe trauma from prior attacks: 80 per cent of Palestinian children experienced higher levels of emotional distress, demonstrating bedwetting (79 per cent) and reactive mutism (59 per cent), and engaging in self-
harm (59 per cent), and suicidal thoughts (55 per cent)221. Eleven weeks of relentless bombardment, displacement and loss will necessarily have led to a further increase in those figures, particularly for the estimated tens of thousands of Palestinian children who have lost at least one parent, and those who are the sole surviving members of their families222. For the families who remain intact or partially intact, “it’s about doing everything you can so your child doesn’t realise that you’ve lost control”223.
blocked as war escalates in the south”, 4 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/
1144302.
215 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 Decem-
ber 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
216 WHO, “WHO leads very high-risk joint humanitarian mission to Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza”, 18 November 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza.
217 UN News, “‘Ten weeks of hell’ for children in Gaza: UNICEF”, 19 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
218 Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT identifying the Israeli army’s use of white phosphorus in Gaza”, 13 October 2023, https://amnesty.ca/human-rights-news/israel-opt-identifying-the-israeli-armys-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-gaza/; WHO, White Phosphorus, 20 October 2023,
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/white-phosphorus.
219 UN News, “UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels”, 21 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
220 WHO, “Escalation of Violence in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory”, 13 November 2023, https://apps.who.int/gb/COVID-19/pdf_files/2023/13_11/Item1.pdf; UN United Nations Office at Geneva, “‘Nowhere and no one is safe’ in Gaza, WHO chief tells Security Council”, 10 November 2023, https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/11/87337/nowhere-and-no-one-safe-gaza-who-chief-tells-security-council.
221 Save the Children, “Trapped: The impact of 15 years of blockade on the mental health of Gaza’s children” (2022), https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/gaza_blockade_mental_health_palestinian_children_2022.pdf.
222 Save the Children, “Children’s Mental Health in Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point
After Nearly a Month of Siege and Bombardment”, 7 November 2023, https://www.savethe
children.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/childrens-mental-health-in-gaza-deteriorates-one-month-on-; Maram Humaid, “‘War is stupid and I want it to end’: Injured Palestinian children speak”, Al Jazeera, 15 December 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/15/war-is-stupid-and-i-want-it-to-end-injured-palestinian-children-say.
223 UNICEF spokesperson, quoted in: Nedal Samir Hamdouna, Aseel Mousa and Julian Borger, “The plight of ‘WCNSFs’ — wounded child, no surviving family”, The Guardian, 22 December
85
2. Les atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique ou mentale des Palestiniens de Gaza
51. Au moins 55 243 Palestiniens ont été blessés dans les attaques militaires menées contre Gaza par Israël depuis le 7 octobre 2023, en majorité des femmes et des enfants215. Brûlures et amputations sont fréquentes216, et on estime qu’un millier d’enfants auraient perdu une ou leurs deux jambes217. Selon certaines informations, des forces israéliennes ont recours au phosphore blanc dans des zones densément peuplées de Gaza : or, comme l’explique l’OMS, même de petites quantités suffisent pour provoquer des brûlures profondes et graves, allant jusqu’à traverser les os, et cette substance peut s’enflammer de nouveau après un premier traitement218. Dans le nord de Gaza en particulier, aucun hôpital n’est opérationnel, si bien que les blessés se résignent à « attend[re] de mourir », étant dans l’impossibilité d’être opérés ou soignés au-delà des premiers soins d’urgence, et succombent à leurs blessures ou aux infections qui en résultent, après une lente et atroce agonie219.
52. L’intensité extrême des bombardements et l’absence de zones sûres sont également à l’origine de graves traumatismes psychologiques chez les Palestiniens de Gaza220. Même avant la dernière offensive, ces derniers souffraient de graves traumatismes dus à de précédentes attaques : 80 % des enfants palestiniens éprouvaient une grande détresse émotionnelle, se traduisant par l’énurésie (79 %), un mutisme réactionnel (59 %), des comportements d’automutilation (59 %) et des idées suicidaires (55 %)221. Après 11 semaines continuellement rythmées par les bombardements, les déplacements et les pertes, ces chiffres n’ont pu qu’augmenter, surtout pour les dizaines de milliers d’enfants palestiniens qui, selon les estimations, ont perdu au moins un de leurs parents, et pour ceux qui sont les seuls survivants de leur famille222. Pour les familles qui ont été épargnées, ou partiellement, par les pertes, « il faut tout faire pour que l’enfant ne se rende pas compte qu’[elles] [ont] perdu le contrôle de la situation »223.« Gaza : l’accès de l’aide au Nord est bloqué en raison de l’escalade des bombardements dans le Sud », 4 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141232.
215 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
216 OMS, « L’OMS dirige une mission humanitaire conjointe à très haut risque à l’hôpital Al-Shifa de Gaza », 18 novembre 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza.
217 ONU Info, « Dix semaines d’enfer pour les enfants de Gaza », 19 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141762.
218 Amnesty International, « Israel/OPT identifying the Israeli army’s use of white phosphorus in Gaza », 13 octobre 2023, https://amnesty.ca/human-rights-news/israel-opt-identifying-the-israeli-armys-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-gaza/ ; OMS, « Phosphore blanc », 20 octobre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/white-phosphorus.
219 ONU Info, « Dans le nord de Gaza, les patients blessés “attendent de mourir” alors que le dernier hôpital ferme ses portes », 21 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/114
1817.
220 WHO, « Escalation of Violence in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory »,
13 novembre 2023, https://apps.who.int/gb/COVID-19/pdf_files/2023/13_11/Item1.pdf ; UNOG, « “Nowhere and no one is safe” in Gaza, WHO chief tells Security Council », 10 novembre 2023, https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/11/87337/nowhere-and-no-one-safe-gaza-who-chief-tells-security-council.
221 Save the Children, « Trapped: The impact of 15 years of blockade on the mental health of Gaza’s children » (2022), https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/gaza_blockade_mental_health_palestinian_children_2022.pdf.
222 Save the Children, « Children’s Mental Health in Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point After Nearly a Month of Siege and Bombardment », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/childrens-mental-health-in-gaza-deteriorates-one-month-on- ; Maram Humaid, « “War is stupid and I want it to end”: Injured Palestinian children speak », Al Jazeera, 15 décembre 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/15/war-is-stupid-and-i-want-it-to-end-injured-palestinian-children-say.
223 UNICEF spokesperson, quoted in: Nedal Samir Hamdouna, Aseel Mousa and Julian Borger, « The plight of “WCNSFs” — wounded child, no surviving family », The Guardian, 22 décembre
86
53. It is already known that “[r]epeated exposure to conflict and violence, including witnessing and experiencing housing demolition, combined with Israel’s siege of Gaza since 2007” is “associated with high levels of psychological distress among Palestinians”224. Indeed, the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 2712 (2023) expressed its “deep concern that the disruption of access to education has a dramatic impact on children, and that conflict has lifelong effects on their physical and mental health”225. That disruption and its “dramatic impact” on children must be considered, in particular, in the context of the number of Palestinian students and educators who have been killed (4,037 and 209 respectively), and wounded (estimated at 7,259)226, and the number of Palestinian schools having been damaged or destroyed (352, or 74 per cent of the schools in the whole of Gaza)227. Medical professionals assess that “[t]he health effects on all Palestinian children, women, men, older people, people with disabilities, and people of marginalised identities are immense”228. An Emergency Coordinator for Médecins Sans Frontières interviewed on her return from five weeks in Gaza des-
cribed
“[I]t’s even worse in reality than it looks. It’s  the amount of suffering is just something . . . incomparable. It’s really unbearable. I’m speechless when I try and think of the future of these children. It’s generations of children who will be han-
dicapped, who will be traumatized. The very children in our mental health program are telling us that they would rather die than continue living in Gaza now.”229
54. Alongside its military campaign, Israel has engaged in the dehumanisation, and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of Palestinians in Gaza. Large numbers of Palestinian civilians, including children, have reportedly been arrested, blindfolded, forced to undress and remain outside in the cold weather, before being forced on to trucks and taken to unknown locations230. Medics and first responders, in particular, have been repeatedly detained by Israeli forces, with many being detained incommunicado at unknown locations231. Videos published by Israeli media on Christmas Day appeared to show hundreds of Palestinians, rounded up inside Al Yarmouk
2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/22/the-plight-of-gazas-wcnsfs-wounded-child-
no-surviving-family.
224 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and Amy Neilson, “The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide”, The Lancet, 18 December 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-
4/fulltext.
225 UNSC resolution 2712, The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian Question, S/RES/2712, 15 November 2023, https://undocs.org/S/RES/2712(2023).
226 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
227 Ibid.
228 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and Amy Neilson, “The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide”, The Lancet, 18 December 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)0275
1-4/fulltext.
229 Aya Batrawy, “An aid worker describes the ‘unbearable’ suffering of wounded children in Gaza”, NPR, 26 December 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/12/26/1221743518/an-aid-worker-describes-the-unbearable-suffering-of-wounded-children-in-gaza.
230 UN OHCHR, “OHCHR is alarmed at Israeli strikes on or in the vicinities of schools and hospitals in the north of Gaza”, 9 December 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-ohchr-alarmed-israeli-strikes-or-vicinities-schools-
and-hospitals-north-gaza.
231 WHO, “WHO calls for protection of humanitarian space in Gaza following serious incidents in high-risk mission to transfer patients, deliver health supplies”, 12 December 2023, https://
87
53. On sait déjà que « l’exposition répétée aux conflits et à la violence, y compris le fait d’assister à des destructions d’habitations et de voir son logement démoli, conjuguée au siège imposé à Gaza par Israël depuis 2007 », est « associée à des niveaux élevés de détresse psychologique chez les Palestiniens »224. Dans sa résolution 272 (2023), le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU s’est d’ailleurs déclaré « vivement préoccupé par l’effet dramatique qu’a sur les enfants la perturbation de l’accès à l’éducation et par les conséquences persistantes du conflit sur leur santé physique et mentale »225. Il convient d’inscrire cette perturbation et son « effet dramatique » sur les enfants dans un contexte où nombre d’élèves et d’enseignants palestiniens ont été tués (4 037 et 209, respectivement) et blessés (selon les estimations, 7 259)226, et nombre d’écoles palestiniennes, endommagées ou détruites (352, soit 74 % des écoles de la totalité du territoire de Gaza)227. Des professionnels de santé estiment que « les effets sur la santé de l’ensemble des Palestiniens, qu’il s’agisse d’enfants, de femmes, d’hommes, de personnes âgées, de personnes handicapées ou de personnes marginalisées, sont considérables »228. Une coordonnatrice d’urgence de Médecins Sans Frontières, interrogée à son retour d’une mission de cinq semaines à Gaza, a dit ce qui suit :
« [L]a situation est en réalité encore pire qu’elle en a l’air. Les souffrances endurées… C’est du jamais vu. C’est vraiment insupportable. Les mots me manquent quand j’essaie d’imaginer l’avenir de ces enfants. Ce sont des générations entières d’enfants qui seront handicapés, traumatisés. Les enfants qui participent à notre programme de santé mentale nous disent qu’ils préféreraient mourir que de continuer à vivre à Gaza maintenant. »229
54. Parallèlement à sa campagne militaire, Israël se livre à un processus de déshumanisation des Palestiniens de Gaza, en les soumettant à des traitements cruels, inhumains et dégradants. De nombreux civils palestiniens, y compris des enfants, auraient été arrêtés puis, les yeux bandés, forcés à se déshabiller et à rester dehors dans le froid, avant d’être contraints de monter dans des camions pour être emmenés vers des destinations inconnues230. Des médecins et des secouristes, notamment, ont été arrêtés à maintes reprises par les forces israéliennes, et nombre d’entre eux étaient détenus au secret dans des lieux dont on ignorait tout231. Des vidéos publiées par des médias israéliens
2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/22/the-plight-of-gazas-wcnsfs-wounded-child-no-surviving-family.
224 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and Amy Neilson, « The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide », The Lancet, 18 décembre 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-
4/fulltext.
225 Nations Unies, résolution 272 du Conseil de sécurité intitulée « La situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne », 15 novembre 2023, doc. S/RES/2712, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2335903&t=pdf.
226 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
227 Ibid.
228 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith et
Amy Neilson, « The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide », The Lancet, 18 décembre 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)
02751-4/fulltext.
229 Aya Batrawy, « An aid worker describes the “unbearable” suffering of wounded children in Gaza », NPR, 26 décembre 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/12/26/1221743518/an-aid-worker-describes-the-unbearable-suffering-of-wounded-children-in-gaza.
230 UN OHCHR, « OHCHR is alarmed at Israeli strikes on or in the vicinities of schools
and hospitals in the north of Gaza », 9 décembre 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-ohchr-alarmed-israeli-strikes-or-vicinities-schools-
and-hospitals-north-gaza.
231 OMS, « L’OMS appelle à la protection de l’espace humanitaire à Gaza à la suite d’incidents graves survenus lors d’une mission à haut risque de transfert de patients et de livraison de
88
football stadium in Gaza City, “including children, older people and persons with dis-
abilities, being forced to strip to their underwear in degrading conditions”232. Many Palestinian detainees who have been released report having been subjected to torture and ill-treatment, including the deprivation of food, water, shelter and access to toilets233; the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (“OCHA”) reports “video footage showing bruises and burns on the . . . bodies” of detainees234. Images of mutilated and burned corpses — alongside videos of armed attacks by Israeli soldiers — billed as “exclusive content from the Gaza Strip”, are reportedly circulated in Israel via a social media “Telegram” channel called “72 Virgins — Uncensored”235.
3. Mass expulsion from homes and displacement of Palestinians in Gaza
55. It is estimated that over 1.9 million Palestinians out of Gaza’s population of 2.3 million people — approximately 85 per cent of the population — have been forced from their homes236. There is nowhere safe for them to flee to, those who cannot leave or refuse to be displaced have been killed or are at extreme risk of being killed in their homes.
56. Israel is repeatedly issuing “evacuation orders” demanding that Palestinian civilians in certain areas of Gaza leave their homes for other areas. The first such order, issued on 13 October 2023 demanded that the 1.1 million Palestinians living or otherwise present in the North of Gaza, including Gaza City, move to the South of Gaza within a 24-hour window237. The International Committee of the Red Cross warned that the evacuation directive, impacting approximately 36 per cent of Gaza’s territory — combined with the complete siege of Gaza — was not compatible with international humanitarian law238. The World Health Organization warned that it “could be tantawww.
who.int/news/item/12-12-2023-who-calls-for-protection-of-humanitarian-space-in-gaza-following-serious-incidents-in-high-risk-mission-to-transfer-patients--deliver-health-supplies; “Gaza healthcare workers ‘taken’ by Israeli forces, says doctor, amid ‘horrendous conditions’ at hospitals”, CNN, 13 December 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/middleeast/gaza-kamal-adwan-hospital-doctors-idf-intl/index.html.
232 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77; Quds News Network, @QudsNen, Tweet (4:02 p.m.), 25 December 2023, https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/
1739315746163859606.
233 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #69”, 14 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
234 Ibid. (emphasis added).
235 See e.g. Yaniv Kubovich, “Graphic Videos and Incitement: How the IDF Is Misleading Israelis on Telegram”, Haaretz, 12 December 2023, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2023-12-12/ty-article/.premium/graphic-videos-and-incitement-how-the-idf-is-misleading-israelis-on-telegram/0000018c-5ab5-df2f-adac-febd01c30000.
236 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
237 Israeli Defence Forces, @IDF, Tweet (6:50 a.m.), 13 October 2023, https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1712707301369434398; UN OHCHR, “Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert”, 13 October 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international.
238 ICRC, “Israel and the occupied territories: Evacuation order of Gaza triggers cata-
strophic humanitarian consequences”, 13 October 2023, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-
89
le jour de Noël semblaient montrer des centaines de Palestiniens rassemblés dans le stade de football Al Yarmouk de la ville de Gaza, « y compris des enfants, des personnes âgées et des personnes handicapées, forcés de se mettre en sous-vêtements dans des conditions dégradantes »232. De nombreux détenus palestiniens racontent, une fois
libérés, qu’ils ont été soumis à la torture et à des mauvais traitements, en étant notamment privés de nourriture, d’eau, d’abri et d’accès aux toilettes233 ; le Bureau de la coordination des affaires humanitaires de l’ONU (« OCHA ») signale l’existence d’« enregistrements vidéo montrant des meurtrissures et des brûlures sur le … corps » de détenus234. Des images de cadavres mutilés et brûlés, annoncées comme du « contenu exclusif en provenance de la bande de Gaza », circuleraient en Israël sur un canal de l’application Telegram nommé « 72 vierges — Non censuré », qui diffuse notamment des vidéos d’attaques armées commises par des soldats israéliens235.
3. L’expulsion du domicile et le déplacement massifs de Palestiniens de Gaza
55. Plus de 1,9 million de Palestiniens, sur les 2,3 que compte Gaza — soit près de 85 % de la population —, auraient été chassés de leur domicile236. Ils n’ont nulle part où aller pour être en sécurité ; ceux qui ne peuvent pas partir ou refusent d’être délogés sont tués chez eux ou risquent grandement de l’être.
56. Israël multiplie les « ordres d’évacuation », sommant les civils palestiniens de certaines zones de Gaza de quitter leurs maisons et de rejoindre d’autres zones. Le premier ordre, émis le 13 octobre 2023, intimait aux Palestiniens vivant ou se trouvant pour une autre raison dans Gaza-Nord, y compris la ville de Gaza — soit 1,1 million de personnes —, d’évacuer vers le sud dans les 24 heures237. Le CICR a averti que cette évacuation massive, qui touchait environ 36 % du territoire de Gaza et s’ajoutait au siège complet de la bande, n’était pas compatible avec le droit international humanitaire238. L’OMS a quant à elle signalé qu’elle pourrait « s’apparenter[] à une
fournitures médicales », 12 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/12-12-2023-who-calls-for-protection-of-humanitarian-space-in-gaza-following-serious-incidents-in-high-risk-mission-to-transfer-patients--deliver-health-supplies ; « Gaza healthcare workers ‘taken’ by Israeli forces, says doctor, amid ‘horrendous conditions’ at hospitals », CNN, 13 décembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/middleeast/gaza-kamal-adwan-hospital-doctors-idf-intl/index.html.
232 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77 ; Quds News Network, @QudsNen, Tweet (4:02 p.m.), 25 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1739315746163859606.
233 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #69 », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69 ; ibid., « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
234 Ibid. (les italiques sont de nous).
235 Voir, par exemple, Yaniv Kubovich, « Graphic Videos and Incitement: How the IDF Is Misleading Israelis on Telegram », Haaretz, 12 décembre 2023, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2023-12-12/ty-article/.premium/graphic-videos-and-incitement-how-the-
idf-is-misleading-israelis-on-telegram/0000018c-5ab5-df2f-adac-febd01c30000.
236 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day #82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
237 Israeli Defence Forces, @IDF, Tweet (6:50 a.m.), 13 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1712707301369434398 ; UN OHCHR, « Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert », 13 octobre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international.
238 CICR, « Israël et les territoires occupés : l’ordre d’évacuation de Gaza entraîne des conséquences humanitaires catastrophiques », 13 octobre 2023, https://www.icrc.org/fr/document/
90
mount to a death sentence” for hospital patients239. The evacuation order was, however, maintained and has been reissued on a number of occasions, including on 28 October 2023240, ahead of the Israeli announcement of ground operations in northern Gaza, and again thereafter. Israel has also issued more specific evacuation notices, ordering people in certain parts of Gaza City to evacuate to other parts241. Many of those who are unwilling or unable to evacuate are then bombed in their homes242.
57. Palestinians fleeing the North pursuant to Israel’s evacuation orders were urged to move south along Gaza’s main traffic artery, Salah Al Din Road, on certain
days, during certain designated hours. However, there were numerous reported instances of shelling along the routes and of other violence by Israeli forces against evacuating Palestinian civilians, including inhuman and degrading treatment, arbitrary
arrests, unlawful detention, and killings243. Israel has also continued bombing south of Wadi Gaza throughout this time, killing many Palestinians who evacuated244,
initially prompting many Palestinian families to seek to return north to at least
risk being bombed in the familiar surroundings of their homes245. Some of those attempting to return north during the temporary pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas were shot at by Israeli forces, who killed at least two people, and injured others246.
58. On 1 December 2023 — the end of the eight-day temporary truce between Israel and Hamas — Israel began dropping leaflets, urging Palestinians to leave areas in the South to which they had previously been told to flee — an area constituting approximately 30 per cent of Gaza247. As stated by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, “Israel has reneged on promises of
and-occupied-territories-evacuation-order-of-gaza-triggers-catastrophic-humanitarian-consequences.
239 WHO, “Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured”, 14 October 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.
240 Israeli Defence Forces, @IDF, Tweet (2:16 p.m.), 28 October 2023, https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1718240244129059167.
241 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #57”, 2 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-57.
242 Ibid.
243 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #40”, 15 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40; UN OCHA, “Today’s top news: Occupied Palestinian Territory, South Sudan, Somalia, Ukraine”, 9 November 2023, https://www.unocha.org/news/todays-top-news-occupied-palestinian-territory-south-sudan-somalia-ukraine.
244 See e.g. UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #9”, 15 October 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #10”, 16 October 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-10; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #24”, 30 October 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #25”, 31 October 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-25.
245 According to UNRWA, approximately 30,000 Palestinians returned North due the lack of any safe zone, see UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #19”, 25 October 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-19.
246 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #53”, 28 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53.
247 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #61”, 6 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-61.
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condamnation à mort » pour les patients des hôpitaux239. L’ordre d’évacuation a toutefois été maintenu et réitéré à maintes reprises, notamment le 28 octobre 2023240, peu avant l’annonce par Israël des opérations terrestres dans le nord de Gaza, et de nouveau par la suite. Israël a également émis des avis d’évacuation plus spécifiques, ordonnant par exemple aux habitants de la ville de Gaza de quitter certains quartiers pour aller dans d’autres241. Beaucoup de ceux qui refusent ou ne sont pas en mesure de partir sont bombardés chez eux242.
57. Les Palestiniens qui fuyaient vers le Sud conformément aux ordres d’évacuation d’Israël avaient été sommés d’emprunter la principale artère de circulation de Gaza, la route Salah al-Din, à certaines dates et à certaines heures déterminées. Or, on a signalé sur cette route de nombreux bombardements et d’autres actes de violence perpétrés par les forces israéliennes contre les civils palestiniens évacués, notamment des traitements inhumains et dégradants, des arrestations arbitraires, des détentions illégales et des meurtres243. Israël a également continué, pendant toute cette période, de bombarder au sud du Wadi Gaza, tuant de nombreux Palestiniens jetés sur les routes244, ce qui a d’abord poussé de nombreuses familles palestiniennes à tenter de retourner dans le Nord où, quitte à risquer d’être bombardées, elles le seraient au moins dans le cadre familier de leur domicile245. Ceux qui ont entrepris ce retour vers le Nord durant la suspension temporaire des hostilités entre Israël et le Hamas ont, dans certains cas, été visés par des tirs des forces israéliennes, qui ont fait au moins deux morts et plusieurs blessés246.
58. Le 1er décembre 2023, date de fin de la trêve de huit jours qu’il avait conclue avec le Hamas, Israël a commencé à larguer des tracts appelant les Palestiniens à évacuer les zones du Sud où ils s’étaient réfugiés conformément aux ordres précédents  zones qui représentent environ 30 % du territoire de Gaza247. Ainsi que l’a déclaré
la rapporteuse spéciale de l’ONU sur les droits humains des personnes déplacées dans
israel-et-territoires-occupes-ordre-evacuation-gaza-entraine-consequences-humanitaires-catastrophiques.
239 OMS, « Les ordres d’évacuation adressés par Israël aux hôpitaux du nord de Gaza sont une condamnation à mort pour les malades et les blessés », 14 octobre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.
240 Israeli Defence Forces, @IDF, Tweet (2:16 p.m.), 28 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1718240244129059167.
241 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #57 », 2 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-57.
242 Ibid.
243 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #40 », 15 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40 ; ibid., « Today’s top news: Occupied Palestinian Territory, South Sudan, Somalia, Ukraine », 9 novembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/news/todays-top-news-occupied-palestinian-territory-south-sudan-somalia-ukraine.
244 Voir, par exemple, UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #9 », 15 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9 ; ibid., « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #10 », 16 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-10 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #24 », 30 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #25 », 31 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-25.
245 Selon l’UNRWA, quelque 30 000 Palestiniens sont retournés dans le Nord, en raison de l’absence de zones sûres ; voir UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #19 », 25 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-19.
246 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #53 », 28 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53.
247 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #61 », 6 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-61.
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safety made to those who complied with its order to evacuate northern Gaza two months ago. Now, they have been forcibly displaced again, alongside the population of southern Gaza”248. Israel also published a detailed map online, dividing the Gaza Strip into hundreds of small areas249. The map was ostensibly intended to provide notice of Israeli orders to evacuate individual areas ahead of planned air strikes. However, as noted by OCHA, “the publication does not specify where people should evacuate to”. Moreover, after months of bombardment — amidst the ongoing electricity blackout imposed by Israel since 11 October 2023 and regular telecommunications blackouts250, — most Palestinians in Gaza have little access to electricity to charge phones or other devices and no reliable way of accessing the map251. The United Nations Secretary-General has remarked that “the people of Gaza are being told to move like human pinballs — ricocheting between ever-smaller slivers of the south, without any of the basics for sur-
vival.”252
59. Palestinians are not safe, even in those “small . . . slivers”: as United Nations chiefs keep reiterating. “No place is safe”253, there is “nowhere safe to go”254. The Director of UNRWA Affairs in Gaza has pleaded that “[p]eople in Gaza are people . . . they are not pieces on a checkerboard — many have already been displaced several times. The Israeli Army just orders people to move into areas where there are ongoing airstrikes”255. This is creating terror256. The increased population density as a result of the evacuation ‘orders’ is also rendering Israeli strikes ever more lethal. On Christmas Eve itself, the Israeli army bombed Al Maghazi Refugee Camp in the Middle Area — an area to which tens of thousands of Palestinians had fled from the North — killing
an estimated 86 people, including many women and children, and injuring many
248 UN OHCHR, “Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns”, 22 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-
population-gaza-un-expert-warns.
249 IDF, “Based on the ethics and values of our military institution, the IDF publishes a list of block numbers to guide Gaza residents in evacuating the targeted areas”, 1 December 2023, https://www.idf.il/ar/ جيش-الدفاع-الإسرائيلي/جيش-الدفاع-الإسرائيلي /swordsofiron-011223-150.
250 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #77”, 26 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
251 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #56”, 1 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-56.
252 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #63”, 8 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63.
253 UNRWA, “Gaza: UNRWA school sheltering displaced families is hit”, 17 October 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit.
254 UN Secretary-General, “Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General — on the Middle East”, 4 December 2023, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-12-04/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-%E2%
80%93-the-middle-east%C2%A0%C2%A0%C2%A0.
255 Thomas White, @TomWhiteGaza, Tweet (9:22 a.m., 23 December 2023), https://twitter.com/
TomWhiteGaza/status/1738475273522205155?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.
256 See, e.g. Israeli strikes on Deir Al Balah on 4 December, preceding civilians being told to flee to these areas, UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #60”, 5 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60; on the 12th of December 2023 the City of Rafah, after evacuation orders to Rafah and following civilians being told to flee to these areas, UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #67”, 12 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67; Ben van der Merwe, Michelle Inez Simon and Olive Enokido-Lineham, Data and Forensics Unit, “Israel said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood — then it was hit”, Sky News, 22 December 2023, https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936.
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leur propre pays, « Israël a trahi les promesses de sécurité qu’il avait faites à ceux qui ont suivi son ordre d’évacuer le nord de Gaza il y a deux mois. Ils ont de nouveau été déplacés de force, tout comme la population du sud de Gaza »248. Israël a également mis en ligne une carte détaillée montrant Gaza divisée en centaines de petites zones249, dont il prétend qu’elle sert à désigner les zones visées par de prochaines frappes aériennes et qui doivent donc être évacuées. Toutefois, ainsi que l’a relevé l’OCHA, « le document ne précise pas où les populations concernées doivent se rendre ». En outre, après des mois de bombardements — et du fait de la coupure de courant imposée par Israël depuis le 11 octobre et des pannes régulières des réseaux de télécommunications250 —, la plupart des Palestiniens de Gaza ne disposent pas de l’électricité nécessaire pour recharger leurs téléphones ou autres appareils, ni d’autre moyen fiable de consulter cette carte251. Ainsi que l’a déclaré le Secrétaire général de l’ONU, « les habitants de Gaza, tels des boules de billard, sont renvoyés d’un endroit à l’autre dans le Sud, dans des miettes de territoire toujours plus minuscules, privés des moyens de subsistance les plus élémentaires »252.
59. Même dans ces « miettes de territoire … minuscules », les Palestiniens ne sont pas en sécurité. Ainsi que ne cessent de le répéter certains responsables de l’ONU, « [a]ucun endroit n’est sûr »253, il n’y a « nulle part où aller pour être en sécurité »254.
Le directeur des affaires de l’UNRWA à Gaza a déclaré ceci : « Les Gazaouis sont des êtres humains … ce ne sont pas des pions sur un échiquier. Beaucoup ont déjà été déplacés plusieurs fois. L’armée israélienne ordonne ni plus ni moins aux gens de se rendre dans des zones où des frappes aériennes sont en cours »255. Il en résulte un climat de terreur256. En outre, ces « ordres » d’évacuation entraînent une densification de la population qui rend les frappes israéliennes plus meurtrières encore. Le soir même du réveillon de Noël, l’armée israélienne a bombardé le camp de réfugiés d’Al-Maghazi,
248 UN OHCHR, « Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-
population-gaza-un-expert-warns.
249 IDF, « Based on the ethics and values of our military institution, the IDF publishes a list of block numbers to guide Gaza residents in evacuating the targeted areas », 1er décembre 2023, https://www.idf.il/ar/ جيش-الدفاع-الإسرائيلي/جيش-الدفاع-الإسرائيلي /swordsofiron-011223-150.
250 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #77 », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77.
251 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #56 », 1er décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-56.
252 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #63 », 8 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63.
253 UNRWA, « Gaza: UNRWA school sheltering displaced families hit », 17 octobre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit.
254 UN Secretary-General, « Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General — on the Middle East », 4 décembre 2023, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-12-04/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-%E2%8
0%93-the-middle-east%C2%A0%C2%A0%C2%A0.
255 Thomas White, @TomWhiteGaza, Tweet (9:22 a.m.), 23 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/
TomWhiteGaza/status/1738475273522205155?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.
256 On pense, par exemple, aux frappes israéliennes menées sur Deir al Balah le 4 décembre, avant que l’ordre soit donné aux civils de fuir vers cette zone : UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #60 », 5 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60 ; il en va de même des frappes menées le 12 décembre 2023 contre la ville de Rafah, alors que les civils avaient reçu l’ordre de s’y réfugier : UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #67 », 12 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67 ; Ben van der Merwe, Michelle Inez and Simon Olive Enokido-Lineham, and Data and Forensics Unit, « Israel
said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood — then it was hit », Sky News, 22 décembre 2023, https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-
hit-13034936.
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others257. A spokesperson for the OHCHR stated that they were “gravely concerned” that “this latest intense bombardment comes after Israeli forces ordered residents from the south of Wadi Gaza to move to Middle Gaza”258.
60. For many Palestinians, the forced evacuation from their homes is necessarily permanent. Israel has now damaged or destroyed an estimated 355,000 Palestinian homes — amounting to 60 per cent of the entire housing stock in Gaza. The extent of the destruction in the North of Gaza, in particular, has rendered it largely unliveable, with the destruction in the South reaching a similar level. As noted by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, “Gaza’s housing and civilian infrastructure have been razed to the ground, frustrating any realistic prospects for displaced Gazans to return home, repeating a long history of mass forced displacement of Palestinians by Israel”259. The forced displacements in Gaza are genocidal, in that they are taking place in circumstances calculated to bring about the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza260.
4. Deprivation of access to adequate food and water to Palestinians in Gaza
61. On 9 October 2023, Israel declared a “complete siege” on Gaza, allowing
no electricity, no food, no water and no fuel to enter the strip261. Although the siege has been partially alleviated since then, with some aid trucks being permitted in
since 21 October 2023, this remains wholly insufficient, and well below the pre-
October 2023 average of approximately 500 trucks per day262. Moreover, fuel imports — permitted since 21 November 2023 — are “well below the minimum requirements for essential humanitarian operations”263, meaning that such limited humanitarian aid as is being allowed in cannot easily be moved around Gaza away
257 UN OHCHR, “Comment by UN Human Rights Office spokesperson Seif Magango on continued bombardment of Middle Gaza”, 26 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/
2023/12/comment-un-human-rights-office-spokesperson-seif-magango-continued-bombardment.
258 Ibid.
259 UN OHCHR, “Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns”, 22 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-population-gaza-un-expert-warns.
260 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I), pp. 71-72, para. 163.
261 Statement by Yoav Gallant, 9 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS9V
Y-t0. Translation by Emanuel Fabian, “Defense minister announces ‘complete siege’ of Gaza: No power, food or fuel”, The Times of Israel, 9 October 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel. Gaza’s only power plant is no longer operational, Israel having reportedly threatened to target
the plant if it resumes operation: UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash
Update #6”, 12 October 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-6.
262 WHO, “WHO Director-General’s remarks at the Emergency Meeting of the United Nations Security Council — 10 November 2023”, 10 November 2023, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-emergency-meeting-of-the-
united-nations-security-council---10-november-2023.
263 United Nations, The Question of Palestine, “War and health crisis in Gaza a ‘recipe for epidemics’ warns WHO”, 21 November 2023, https://palestine.un.org/en/253317-war-and-health-crisis-gaza-‘recipe-epidemics’-warns-who.
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situé dans le centre de Gaza, où des dizaines de milliers de Palestiniens venus du Nord s’étaient réfugiés, une attaque qui aurait fait 86 morts, dont beaucoup de femmes et d’enfants, et de nombreux blessés257. Le Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme (« HCDH ») a fait savoir, par un de ses porte-parole, qu’il était « gravement préoccupé » par le fait que « ce dernier bombardement intense s’[étai]t produit après que les forces israéliennes [avaient] ordonné aux habitants au sud du Wadi Gaza de rejoindre le centre de Gaza »258.
60. Pour de nombreux Palestiniens qui ont été forcés de quitter leur domicile, cette évacuation est nécessairement définitive. Israël a déjà endommagé ou détruit environ 355 000 habitations de Palestiniens, soit 60 % de l’ensemble du parc de logements de Gaza. Dans le Nord, en particulier, l’ampleur des destructions est telle que les logements sont devenus en grande partie inhabitables, et les dégâts causés dans le Sud sont en train d’atteindre le même niveau. Ainsi que l’a souligné la rapporteuse spéciale sur les droits humains des personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays, « [l]es logements et les infrastructures civiles de Gaza ont été réduits en poussière, ce qui prive les Gazaouis déplacés de toute perspective réaliste de retour chez eux, dans un éternel recommencement des déplacements forcés de masse qu’Israël impose de longue date aux Palestiniens »259. Les déplacements forcés à Gaza constituent des actes génocidaires, en ce qu’ils ont lieu dans des circonstances visant à entraîner la destruction physique des Palestiniens de Gaza260.
4. La privation d’un accès approprié à l’eau et à la nourriture imposée aux Palestiniens de Gaza
61. Le 9 octobre 2023, Israël a annoncé un « siège complet » de Gaza, interdisant tout approvisionnement en électricité, en nourriture, en eau ou en combustible261. Bien qu’un assouplissement soit intervenu depuis, permettant le passage de quelques camions d’aide humanitaire depuis le 21 octobre 2023, cela reste totalement insuffisant et bien loin des quelque 500 camions en moyenne qui pénétraient chaque jour dans Gaza avant le mois d’octobre 2023262. Les importations de combustible — autorisées depuis le 21 novembre 2023 — sont « nettement inférieures aux besoins minimums des opérations humanitaires essentielles »263, et il n’est donc pas facile
257 UN OHCHR, « Comment by UN Human Rights Office spokesperson Seif Magango on continued bombardment of Middle Gaza », 26 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/
2023/12/comment-un-human-rights-office-spokesperson-seif-magango-continued-bombardment.
258 Ibid.
259 UN OCHCHR, « Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-population-gaza-un-expert-warns.
260 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (I), p. 71-72, par. 163.
261 Statement by Yoav Gallant, 9 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS9V
Y-t0. Traduction française d’Emanuel Fabian, « Gallant : “Siège complet” de Gaza, pas d’électricité, ni nourriture ni carburant », The Times of Israel, 9 octobre 2023, https://fr.timesofisrael.com/live
blog_entry/gallant-un-siege-complet-de-gaza-pas-delectricite-ni-nourriture-ni-carburant. L’unique centrale électrique de Gaza est à l’arrêt, Israël ayant, selon certaines sources, menacé de l’attaquer si elle était remise en activité : UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #6 », 12 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-6.
262 OMS, « Allocution du Directeur général de l’OMS lors de la séance d’urgence du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies sur la situation en Israël et dans le Territoire palestinien occupé — 10 novembre 2023 », 10 novembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-emergency-meeting-of-the-united-nations-security-council---10-november-2023.
263 UN, The Question of Palestine, « War and health crisis in Gaza a “recipe for epidemics”, warns WHO », 21 novembre 2023, https://palestine.un.org/en/253317-war-and-health-crisis-gaza-‘recipe-epidemics’-warns-who.
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from entry points264. As the Secretary-General has starkly assessed, the level of destruction in Gaza is now so catastrophic that:
“[t]he conditions for the effective delivery of humanitarian aid no longer exist . . . But even if sufficient supplies were permitted into Gaza, intense bombardment and hostilities, Israeli restrictions on movement, fuel shortages, and interrupted communications, make it impossible for UN agencies and their partners to reach most of the people in need.”265
62. In light of that, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720 of 22 December 2023 is widely slated to be ineffectual, despite demanding that “the parties to the conflict allow and facilitate the use of all available routes to and throughout the entire Gaza Strip, including border crossings” and requesting “that the Coordinator expeditiously establish a United Nations mechanism for accelerating the provision of humanitarian relief consignments”266. That is because the watered-down resolution fails properly to address the “four elements” identified by the United Nations Secretary-General as necessary for allowing effective aid, capable of assisting Palestinians in Gaza: (1) security (“We are providing aid in a war zone. The intense Israeli bombardment and active combat in densely populated urban areas throughout Gaza threaten the lives of civilians and humanitarian aid workers alike”); (2) staff (“The humanitarian operation requires staff who can live and work in safety. 136 of our colleagues in Gaza have been killed in 75 days — something we have never seen in the history of the United Nations . . . In these appalling conditions, they can only meet a fraction of the needs”); (3) logistics (“Many of our vehicles and trucks were destroyed or left behind following our forced, hurried evacuation from the north, but the Israeli authorities have not allowed any additional trucks to operate in Gaza. This is massively hampering the aid operation. Delivering in the north is extremely dangerous due to active conflict, unexploded ordnance, and heavily damaged roads. Everywhere, frequent communications blackouts make it virtually impossible to coordinate the distribution of aid, and to let people know how to access it”); (4) and the resumption of commercial activities (“Shelves are empty; wallets are empty; stomachs are empty. Just one bakery is operating in the whole of Gaza. I urge the Israeli authorities to lift restrictions on commercial activity immediately. We are ready to scale up our cash grant support to vulnerable families — the most effective form of humanitarian aid. But in Gaza, there is very little to buy”)267. Having regard to those factors, the Secretary-General was clear to advise that focusing on the number of trucks permitted into Gaza daily was misleading:
264 Médecins Sans Frontières (“MSF”), “Inside Gaza: Staying alive is only a matter of luck”, 18 December 2023, https://www.msf.org/inside-gaza-staying-alive-only-matter-luck.
265 UN Secretary-General, “People of Gaza ‘Being Told to Move like Human Pinballs’, but Nowhere Is Safe, Secretary-General Tells Security Council, Pleading for Humanitarian Ceasefire”, 8 December 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22076.doc.htm (emphasis added).
266 UNSC resolution 2720, “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”, S/RES/2720, 22 December 2023, https://undocs.org/S/RES/2720(2023).
267 UN OCHA, “Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General”, 22 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
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d’acheminer des points de passage au reste du territoire l’aide limitée qui est autorisée à entrer dans Gaza264. Ainsi que le Secrétaire général en a fait le sombre constat, l’ampleur des destructions à Gaza est à présent si catastrophique que
« [l]es conditions nécessaires à l’acheminement efficace de l’aide humanitaire n’existent plus… Mais même si des fournitures suffisantes étaient autorisées à entrer dans Gaza, les organismes de l’ONU et leurs partenaires ne pourraient pas, en raison de l’ampleur des bombardements et des hostilités, des restrictions imposées par Israël à la liberté de circulation, des pénuries de carburant et des pannes des réseaux de communications, faire parvenir cette aide à la plupart des personnes qui en ont besoin. »265
62. Dans ces conditions, la résolution 2720 adoptée le 22 décembre 2023 par le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU risque fort d’être inefficace, même s’il y est exigé « de toutes les parties au conflit qu’elles autorisent et facilitent le recours à l’ensemble des voies d’accès et de circulation disponibles dans toute la bande de Gaza, notamment aux points de passage » et demandé « que le Coordonnateur mette rapidement en place un mécanisme des Nations Unies destiné à accélérer l’acheminement des secours humanitaires »266. Il s’agit en effet d’un texte édulcoré, qui ne traite pas comme il le devrait les « quatre éléments » que le Secrétaire général a désignés comme étant nécessaires pour permettre une aide efficace, susceptible de soulager les Palestiniens de Gaza, à savoir : 1) la sécurité des populations (« Nous apportons de l’aide dans une zone de guerre. Partout dans Gaza, les intenses bombardements israéliens et les combats qui font rage dans des zones urbaines densément peuplées menacent la vie des civils comme celle des travailleurs humanitaires ») ; 2) la sécurité du personnel humanitaire (« L’opération humanitaire nécessite du personnel en mesure de vivre et de travailler en toute sécurité. En 75 jours, 136 de nos collègues ont été tués à Gaza — cela est inédit dans l’histoire de l’ONU… Dans ces conditions effroyables, [nos équipes] ne peuvent répondre qu’à une fraction des besoins ») ; 3) les moyens logistiques (« Nombre de nos véhicules et camions ont été détruits ou laissés sur place après notre évacuation forcée et précipitée du Nord, mais les autorités israéliennes n’ont pas autorisé d’autres camions à circuler dans Gaza. Cela entrave considérablement l’opération d’aide. L’acheminement de l’aide dans le Nord est extrêmement dangereux en raison des hostilités en cours, des munitions non explosées et des routes très endommagées. Partout, à cause des fréquentes coupures des communications à Gaza, il est pratiquement impossible de coordonner la distribution de l’aide et d’aider les populations à y avoir accès ») ; et 4) la reprise de l’activité commerciale (« Les rayons sont vides ; les porte-monnaie sont vides ; les estomacs sont vides. Il n’y a qu’une seule boulangerie en activité dans tout Gaza. J’appelle les autorités israéliennes à lever immédiatement les restrictions sur les activités commerciales. Nous sommes prêts à généraliser notre programme de subventions en espèces au profit des familles vulnérables, qui constitue la forme la plus efficace d’aide humanitaire, mais à Gaza, il n’y a presque rien à acheter »)267. Eu égard à ces éléments, le Secrétaire général a prévenu clairement que considérer seulement le nombre de camions autorisés à entrer dans Gaza chaque jour donnait une image fausse de la situation :
264 Médecins Sans Frontières (« MSF »), « À l’intérieur de Gaza : “Rester en vie n’est qu’une question de chance” », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.msf.fr/actualites/a-l-interieur-de-gaza-
rester-en-vie-n-est-qu-une-question-de-chance.
265 UN Secretary-General, « People of Gaza “Being Told to Move like Human Pinballs”, but Nowhere Is Safe, Secretary-General Tells Security Council, Pleading for Humanitarian Ceasefire », 8 décembre 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sgsm22076.doc.htm (les italiques sont de nous).
266 Nations Unies, résolution 2720 du Conseil de sécurité relative à la situation au Moyen-Orient, y compris la question palestinienne, 22 décembre 2023, doc. S/RES/2720, https://undocs.org/
S/RES/2720(2023).
267 UN OCHA, « Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
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“Many people are measuring the effectiveness of the humanitarian operation in Gaza based on the number of trucks from the Egyptian Red Crescent, the UN and our partners that are allowed to unload aid across the border. This is a mistake. The real problem is that the way Israel is conducting this offensive is creating massive obstacles to the distribution of humanitarian aid inside Gaza.”268
63. It is for that reason that United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720 — which fails properly to address the situation on the ground, including by failing to call for a ceasefire — has been described by a former senior UNRWA official as “a greenlight for continued genocide”, marked by “the wholesale and industrial ignoring of international humanitarian law”269. Oxfam has called the “failure to call for a ceasefire” in the resolution “incomprehensible and utterly callous” as well as a “profound dereliction of duty” on the part of the United Nations Security Council270, having regard to the extreme seriousness of the situation in Gaza.
64. Israel has now pushed the Palestinian population in Gaza to the brink of famine, with international agencies warning that “the risk of famine is real”
(World Food Programme or “WFP”) and that it is “increasing each day” (IPC)271. Most of the Palestinian people in Gaza are now starving, with levels of starvation rising daily272. The World Health Organization warns that “[h]unger is ravaging Gaza”273. As the United Nations Secretary-General has stated, “[f]our out of five of the hungriest people anywhere in the world are in Gaza”274, with Palestinians in Gaza facing the highest levels of acute food insecurity ever classified by the IPC275. UNRWA’s Commissioner-General describes “[d]esperate, hungry and terrified” people, who are now “stopping aid trucks, taking the food, and eating it right away”276. The World Health Organization has stated that “[a]n unprecedented 93%
of the population in Gaza is facing crisis levels of hunger, with insufficient food
and high levels of malnutrition”. They say that “[a]t least 1 in 4 households are facing ‘catastrophic conditions’: experiencing an extreme lack of food and starvation and having resorted to selling off their possessions and other extreme measures to afford a simple meal”. They caution that “[s]tarvation, destitution and death are
268 Ibid. (emphasis added).
269 “UNSC resolution ‘greenlighting genocide’: Former UNRWA official”, Al Jazeera English 22 December 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT0yW6kS3Uo.
270 Oxfam, “Oxfam: UNSC’s failure to call for a ceasefire ‘utterly callous’”, 19 December 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-unscs-failure-call-ceasefire-utterly-callous.
271 WFP Media, @WFP_Media, Tweet (10:35 p.m.), 9 December 2023, https://twitter.com/WFP_Media/status/1733616413636530607; Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, “Gaza Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 24 November-7 December 2023 and Projection for 8 December 2023-7 February 2024”, 21 December 2023, https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE.
272 UN Web TV, Press conference by Carl Skau (World Food Program), 14 December 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k13/k139z8z7t5; and Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, “Gaza Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 24 November-7 December 2023 and Projection for 8 December 2023-7 February 2024”, 21 December 2023, https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-
analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE.
273 WHO, “Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza”, 21 December 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
274 UN OCHA, “Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General”, 22 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
275 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #75”, 21 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75.
276 UNRWA, “Remarks by UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini at Geneva Press Conference”, 14 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/remarks-
unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-geneva-press.
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« Nombreux sont ceux qui mesurent l’efficacité de l’opération humanitaire à Gaza au nombre de camions d’aide du Croissant-Rouge égyptien, de l’ONU et de nos partenaires qui sont autorisés à livrer leur cargaison de l’autre côté de la frontière. C’est une erreur. Le vrai problème est que la manière dont Israël mène cette offensive crée des obstacles considérables à la distribution de l’aide humanitaire à l’intérieur de Gaza. »268
63. C’est pour cette raison qu’un ancien responsable de l’UNRWA a estimé que la résolution 2720 du Conseil de sécurité — qui ne répond pas à la situation sur le terrain comme il le faudrait, notamment en n’appelant pas à un cessez-le-feu — revenait à « avaliser la poursuite d’un génocide » caractérisé par « un mépris généralisé et systématique du droit international humanitaire »269. L’organisation Oxfam a estimé que le « refus d’appeler à un cessez-le-feu » dans la résolution était « incompréhensible et cruel », et constituait, de la part du Conseil de sécurité, un « considérable manquement [à son] devoir »270, eu égard à l’extrême gravité de la situation à Gaza.
64. Israël a poussé la population palestinienne de Gaza au bord de la famine, des organismes internationaux affirmant que « le risque de famine est réel » (Programme alimentaire mondial) et « s’accroît chaque jour » (IPC)271. La plupart des Palestiniens de Gaza souffrent déjà de la famine, et les niveaux de pénurie alimentaire augmentent de jour en jour272. L’OMS s’alarme de ce que « [l]a faim fait des ravages à Gaza »273. Ainsi que l’a relevé le Secrétaire général de l’ONU, « [p]armi les personnes qui souffrent le plus de la faim dans le monde, quatre sur cinq se trouvent à Gaza »274, les Palestiniens faisant face aux niveaux de précarité alimentaire les plus catastrophiques jamais enregistrés par l’IPC275. Le commissaire général de l’UNRWA décrit des habitants « [d]ésespérés, affamés et terrifiés », qui « arrêtent les camions d’aide pour prendre la nourriture et la manger sur place »276. Selon l’OMS, « 93 % de la population de Gaza — proportion sans précédent — atteint des taux de famine critiques, car la nourriture est insuffisante et les niveaux de malnutrition sont élevés ». Elle affirme qu’« [a]u moins 1 ménage sur 4 vit dans des “conditions catastrophiques” : il souffre d’un manque extrême de nourriture et de famine et a dû vendre ses biens et prendre d’autres mesures drastiques pour pouvoir se payer un simple repas ». Elle ajoute que « [l]a famine, le dénuement et la mort sautent
268 Ibid. (les italiques sont de nous).
269 « UNSC resolution “greenlighting genocide” : Former UNRWA official », Al Jazeera English, 22 décembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT0yW6kS3Uo.
270 Oxfam, « Oxfam: UNSC’s failure to call for a ceasefire “utterly callous” », 19 décembre 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-unscs-failure-call-ceasefire-utterly-callous.
271 WFP Media, @WFP_Media, Tweet (10:35 p.m.), 9 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/WFP_Media/status/1733616413636530607 ; Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, « Gaza
Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 24 November-7 December 2023 and Projection for 8 December 2023-7 February 2024 », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE.
272 UN Web TV, Press conference by Carl Skau (World Food Program), 14 décembre 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k13/k139z8z7t5 ; et Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, « Gaza Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 24 November-7 December 2023 and Projection for 8 December 2023-7 February 2024 », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE.
273 OMS, « Les conséquences mortelles de la faim associée à la maladie entraîneront de nouveaux décès à Gaza », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
274 UN OCHA, « Remarks to the media by the Secretary-General », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/remarks-media-secretary-general.
275 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #75 », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75.
276 UNRWA, « Remarks by UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini at Geneva Press Conference », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/remarks-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-geneva-press.
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evident”277, calling Israel’s actions in cutting off Gaza “from water, food, anything which is necessary for any sort of life” “a cruel campaign”, brought “against the whole population of Gaza”278. Their Emergency Medical Teams Coordinator explained that “every single person” he speaks to is hungry:
“Everywhere we go, people are asking us for food even in the hospital, I walked around in the emergency department, somebody with an open bleeding wound, an open fracture; they asked for food. If that’s not an indicator of the desperation, I don’t know what is”279.
The situation is such that the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has felt the need to caution that “[s]tarvation must never be a means or result of warfare”280. Oxfam and Human Rights Watch have gone even further in expressly accusing Israel of using starvation “as a weapon of war” against the Palestinian people in Gaza281.
65. The conditions created by the siege are exacerbated by Israel’s continuing strikes on Gaza, including on its bakeries, water facilities and last remaining operating mill, and its razing of agricultural lands, crops, orchards and greenhouses282. By 16 November 2023, the food infrastructure in Gaza was already considered “no longer functional”, given shop and market closures, the lack of essential food items, and the inflated price of the scarce food available283. Bread is scarce or non-existent284, with food scarcity leading to significant price hikes, and the price of flour increasing by 65 per cent at one stage285. Livestock that has not been killed is facing starvation, and crops are damaged or destroyed286. Many Palestinians are resorting to foraging due to
277 WHO, “Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza”, 21 December 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
278 Statement of WHO spokesperson Christian Lindmeier, 8 December 2023: UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 December 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c (emphasis added).
279 UN News, “UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels”, 21 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
280 UN News, “Gaza crisis: Starvation must never be allowed to happen, says UN rights chief”, 22 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145047.
281 Oxfam, “Starvation as weapon of war being used against Gaza civilians”, 25 October 2023, https://www.oxfam.org.uk/media/press-releases/starvation-as-weapon-of-war-being-used-against-gaza-civilians/; Human Rights Watch (“HRW”), “Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza”, 18 December 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza.
282 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #35”, 10 November 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35-enarhe; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #40”, 15 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40; HRW, “Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza”, 18 December 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza.
283 UN World Food Programme (“WFP”), “Gaza faces widespread hunger as food systems collapse, warns WFP”, 16 November 2023, https://www.wfp.org/news/gaza-faces-widespread-hunger-food-systems-collapse-warns-wfp.
284 Ibid.
285 Action Against Hunger, “Action Against Hunger calls for permanent ceasefire in Gaza”, 1 December 2023, https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/press-releases/action-against-hunger-calls-
for-permanent-ceasefire-in-gaza.
286 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #51”, 26 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-51.
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aux yeux »277, et que les actions d’Israël visant à priver Gaza « d’eau, de nourriture, et de tout ce qui est nécessaire à une quelconque forme de vie » constituent « une campagne cruelle », menée « contre l’ensemble de la population de Gaza »278. Le coordonnateur de l’équipe médicale d’urgence de l’OMS a rapporté que « chaque personne » à qui il avait parlé avait faim :
« Partout où nous allons, les gens nous demandent de la nourriture, même à l’hôpital, je … suis [allé] dans le service des urgences [il y a ] des blessés qui ont des plaies béantes, qui perdent leur sang, qui ont des fractures ouvertes [et qui] demand[ent] de la nourriture. Si ce n’est pas un indicateur du désespoir, je ne sais pas ce que c’est »279.
La situation est telle que le haut-commissaire des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme a tenu à rappeler que « [l]a famine ne d[eva]it jamais être un moyen ou un résultat de la guerre »280. Les organisations Oxfam et Human Rights Watch sont allées encore plus loin, accusant ouvertement Israël d’utiliser la faim « comme une arme de guerre » contre le peuple palestinien de Gaza281.
65. Les conditions créées par le siège sont aggravées par les frappes qu’Israël continue de lancer contre Gaza, touchant notamment des boulangeries, des installations hydriques, ainsi que le dernier moulin à farine en activité, et détruisant des terres agricoles, des récoltes, des vergers et des serres282. Au 16 novembre 2023, le système alimentaire de Gaza était déjà considéré en état d’« effondrement », du fait de la fermeture des magasins et des marchés, de la pénurie de produits alimentaires essentiels, et de la hausse des prix des rares denrées disponibles283. Le pain est rare, voire introuvable284, et la pénurie alimentaire entraîne une flambée des prix, celui de la farine ayant à un moment bondi de 65 %285. Le bétail qui n’a pas été tué meurt de faim, et les cultures sont endommagées ou détruites286.
277 OMS, « Les conséquences mortelles de la faim associée à la maladie entraîneront de nouveaux décès à Gaza », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
278 Statement of WHO spokesperson Christian Lindmeier, 8 décembre 2023: UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 décembre 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c (les italiques sont de nous).
279 UN News, « UPDATED : Injured patients “waiting to die” in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising “catastrophic” hunger levels », 21 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141817.
280 ONU Info, « Gaza : la famine ne doit jamais être permise, déclare le chef des droits de l’homme de l’ONU », 22 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141847.
281 Oxfam, « Starvation as weapon of war being used against Gaza civilians », 25 octobre 2023, https://www.oxfam.org.uk/media/press-releases/starvation-as-weapon-of-war-being-used-against-gaza-civilians/ ; Human Rights Watch (HRW), « Israël : La famine utilisée comme arme de guerre à Gaza », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/12/18/israel-la-famine-utilisee-comme-arme-de-guerre-gaza.
282 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #35 », 10 novembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35-enarhe ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #40 », 15 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40 ; HRW, « Israël : La famine utilisée comme arme de guerre à Gaza », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/12/18/israel-la-famine-utilisee-comme-arme-de-guerre-gaza.
283 Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM), « Gaza fait face à une faim généralisée alors que les systèmes alimentaires s’effondrent, avertit le PAM », 16 novembre 2023, https://fr.wfp.org/communiques-de-presse/gaza-fait-face-une-faim-generalisee-alors-que-les-systemes-alimentaires.
284 Ibid.
285 Action Against Hunger, « Action Against Hunger calls for permanent ceasefire in Gaza », 1er décembre 2023, https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/presse/la-treve-humanitaire-a-gaza-a-ete-insuffisante.
286 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #51 », 26 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-51.
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hunger, collecting spilled flour from aid distributions from the road, or other unsafe food practices287.
66. Water is also severely depleted. Israel continues to cut off piped water for the North of Gaza288, and the North’s water desalination plant is non-functioning289. From 15 October 2023, Israel began piping a small amount of water to the South, in part to “push the civilian population to the southern [part of the] Strip”290. The damage from Israeli airstrikes and shelling has also rendered most of the water system inoperable291. The World Food Programme has reported that there is only 1.5 to 1.8 litres of clean water available per person per day, for all uses (drinking, washing, food preparation, sanitation and hygiene)292. This is far below the “emergency threshold” of 15 litres per day for “war or famine-like conditions”, or the ‘survival threshold’ of 3 litres per day293. The World Health Organization Emergency Medical Teams Coordinator described the scene at Al Ahli Arab Hospital, where medical staff were struggling to cope with “no food, no fuel, no water”, stating that
“it looks more like a hospice now than a hospital. But a hospice implies a level of care that the doctors and nurses are unable to provide . . . It’s pretty unbearable to see somebody with casts on multiple limbs, external fixator on multiple limbs, without drinking water and almost no IV fluids available”.
He said that “patients were crying out in pain, but they were also crying out for us to give them water”. He urged that “[t]he time is now. We are dealing with starving people now, adults, children, it’s unbearable”294.
67. The lack of water is severely impacting lactating women, in particular, who, even if undertaking only a moderate amount of exercise, require a supply of
7.5 litres of water a day for drinking, sanitation and hygiene to keep themselves and
287 WFP, “Food Security Update for internally displaced populations in Southern Gaza Strip”, 14 December 2023, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000155014/download/; “Children collect flour from the ground in Gaza”, Middle East Eye, 23 December 2023, https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYpZ_aU_Ho.
288 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
289 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #66”, 11 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
290 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #9”, 15 October 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9; Amy Spiro, Jacob Magid and Agencies, “Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip”, The Times of Israel, 15 October 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-is-restarting-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-strip.
291 UN News, “Barely a drop of safe water to drink in Gaza, UN aid agency warns”, 20 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144972; Anera, “Gaza Ceasefire: A Welcome Pause, But Far From Enough”, 23 November 2023, https://www.anera.org/blog/pause-in-gaza-war-not-enough.
292 WFP, “Gaza Food Security Assessment”, 6 December 2023, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000154766/download.
293 UNICEF, “Gaza’s Children running out of time: water shortages spark disease alarm”, 21 November 2023, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/gazas-children-running-out-time-water-shortages-spark-disease-alarm; UNICEF, “‘Barely a drop to drink’: children in the Gaza Strip do not access 90 per cent of their normal water use”, 20 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/barely-drop-drink-children-gaza-strip-do-not-access-90-cent-their-normal-water-use.
294 UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 December 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c.
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La faim pousse de nombreux Palestiniens à se nourrir de tout ce qu’ils trouvent, ramassant la farine tombée des camions lors des distributions d’aide ou recourant à d’autres pratiques dangereuses287.
66. L’eau manque aussi cruellement. Israël continue de couper l’approvisionnement en eau du nord de Gaza288 et l’usine de dessalement d’eau située dans cette région est à l’arrêt289. Le 15 octobre 2023, il a commencé à réacheminer de l’eau, en faible quantité, vers le Sud, notamment pour « pousser la population civile dans [cette partie] du territoire »290. Les dégâts causés par ses frappes aériennes et ses bombardements ont aussi mis hors d’usage une grande partie du système d’adduction d’eau291. Selon le Programme alimentaire mondial, les Gazaouis ne disposent que de 1,5 à 1,8 litre d’eau propre par personne et par jour, tous besoins confondus (consommation, nettoyage, cuisine, assainissement et hygiène)292. Ce chiffre est nettement inférieur au « minimum d’urgence » de 15 litres par jour, correspondant au volume nécessaire « en temps de guerre ou dans des conditions de famine », ou au « minimum de survie » de 3 litres par jour293. Évoquant la situation de l’hôpital al-Ahli Arab, où le personnel médical peinait à faire face à « l’absence de nourriture, de carburant et d’eau », le coordonnateur de l’équipe médicale d’urgence de l’OMS a dit ce qui suit :
« Cela ressemble plus à un hospice qu’à un hôpital. Mais un hospice implique un niveau de soins que les médecins et les infirmières ne sont pas en mesure de fournir… Il est assez insupportable de voir quelqu’un avec des plâtres sur plusieurs membres, un fixateur externe sur plusieurs membres, sans eau potable et pratiquement sans perfusion ».
Il a ajouté que « [l]es patients criaient de douleur, mais ils criaient aussi pour qu’[on] leur donn[e] de l’eau », avant de lancer cet appel : « C’est maintenant qu’il faut agir. Nous sommes face à des personnes affamées, des adultes, des enfants, c’est insupportable. »294
67. Le manque d’eau touche encore plus durement les femmes allaitantes, qui, même lorsqu’elles ne font que des efforts physiques modérés, ont besoin de 7,5 litres d’eau par jour pour la consommation, l’hygiène et les autres besoins sanitaires, et ce,
287 UN World Food Programme (WFP), « Food Security Update for internally displaced populations in Southern Gaza Strip », 14 décembre 2023, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000155014/download/ ; « Children collect flour from the ground in Gaza », Middle East Eye, 23 décembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYpZ_aU_Ho.
288 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day #82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
289 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #66 », 11 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
290 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #9 », 15 octobre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9 ; Amy Spiro, Jacob Magid and Agencies, « Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip », The Times of Israel, 15 octobre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-is-restarting-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-strip.
291 ONU Info, « Il y a à peine une goutte d’eau potable à boire à Gaza, avertit l’UNICEF », 20 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141802 ; Anera, « Gaza Ceasefire: A Welcome Pause, But Far From Enough », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.anera.org/blog/pause-in-gaza-war-not-enough.
292 WFP, « Gaza Food Security Assessment », 6 décembre 2023, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000154766/download.
293 UNICEF, « Gaza : les pénuries d’eau suscitent l’inquiétude quant aux risques sanitaires », 21 novembre 2023, https://www.unicef.fr/article/gaza-les-penuries-deau-suscitent-linquietude-quant-aux-risques-sanitaires/ ; et UNICEF, « “À peine de quoi boire” : Dans la bande de Gaza, les enfants sont privés de 90 % de leurs besoins en eau », 19 décembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org/fr/communiques-de-presse/gaza-les-enfants-sont-prives-de-90%25-de-leurs-besoins-en-eau.
294 UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 décembre 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c.
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their babies healthy295. Young mothers — unable to breastfeed for lack of proper
nutrition arising from the food scarcity — have been forced to use contaminated
water to prepare formula — where it is available — risking disease in vulnerable babies. In parallel, the chronic unavailability of formula is also risking the
lives of newborn babies, who are already reportedly dying from avoidable
causes due to the absence of medical care, food, water and adequate sanitation296.
The impacts of malnourishment on older children may also be particularly
grave and long-lasting, preventing them from reaching their full potential in terms
of physical growth, cognitive capacity, school performance and productivity
later in life297. Many health workers also lack sufficient food and water to continue working, which will also necessarily further impact on health and mortality rates298.
68. This is all happening to a population that was already extremely vulnerable as a result of Israel’s prior actions against Gaza. Israel has long hindered the creation and repair of water installation and desalinisation plants in Gaza, such that 95 per cent of water from Gaza’s sole aquifer was already unsuitable for consumption prior to 7 October 2023299. Through its 16-year blockade, Israel also severely impacted water supply300. Its repeated attacks on Gaza and its restrictions on repairing the degraded wastewater infrastructure damaged the soil, rendering agriculture challenging301. Israel also restricted access by Palestinians in Gaza to up to 35 per cent of agricultural land and up to 85 per cent of Gaza’s fishing waters302. Consequently, over 68 per cent of households (around 1.3 million people) were severely or moderately food insecure prior to 7 October 2023, with 58 per cent of the population dependent on humanitarian
295 UNDP, “Human Development Report 2006 — Beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis”, 14 December 2012, https://www.undp.org/libya/publications/human-development-report-2006-beyond-scarcity-power-poverty-and-global-water-crisis.
296 CARE International, “‘70% of those killed in Gaza are women and children’, CARE warns the UN Security Council”, 15 November 2023, https://www.care-international.org/news/70-those-killed-gaza-are-women-and-children-care-warns-un-security-council; Oxfam, Press Release, “Babies dying from preventable causes in besieged Gaza — Oxfam”, 23 November 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/babies-dying-preventable-causes-besieged-gaza-oxfam.
297 Global Nutrition Cluster — State of Palestine, “Call for Immediate Action: Child deaths in the Gaza Strip due to disease and malnutrition can and must be prevented”, 3 December 2023, https://www.nutritioncluster.net/sites/nutritioncluster.com/files/2023-11/SoP Nutrition Cluster advocacy_final.pdf.
298 UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 December 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c.
299 UN HRC, The allocation of water resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, A/HRC/48/43, 15 October 2021, https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/
2021/10/A.HRC_.48.43_230921.pdf; Amnesty International, “The Occupation of Water”, 29 November 2017, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/; Emergency Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Group (“EWASH”), “Israel’s control of water in the Occupied Palestinian Territories”, 26 September 2012, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israels-control-water-occupied-palestinian-territories.
300 UN HRC, “The allocation of water resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem”, A/HRC/48/43, 15 October 2021, https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/
2021/10/A.HRC_.48.43_230921.pdf .
301 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (“UN FAO”), “Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive”, 25 May 2010,
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205890.
302 United Nations, The Question of Palestine, “United Nations Common Country Analysis for the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, 16 August 2022, https://palestine.un.org/sites/default/files/
2022-09/United Nations Common Country Analysis for the Occupied Palestinian Territory_16_August_2022.pdf.
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afin de préserver leur santé et celle de leur bébé295. Les femmes qui viennent d’accoucher et sont dans l’incapacité d’allaiter — conséquence de la malnutrition causée par la pénurie de nourriture — en sont réduites à utiliser de l’eau contaminée pour la préparation des biberons — lorsque le lait en poudre est disponible —, exposant leurs bébés vulnérables au risque de maladies. Les pénuries chroniques de lait en poudre menacent elles aussi la vie des nouveau-nés, qui seraient déjà en train de mourir de causes évitables, faute de soins médicaux, de nourriture, d’eau et de conditions sanitaires adéquates296. Les effets de la malnutrition peuvent aussi être particulièrement graves et durables chez les enfants plus âgés, qui se verront empêchés de développer pleinement leur potentiel en ce qui concerne la croissance, les capacités cognitives, les résultats scolaires et, plus tard, la productivité297. En outre, de nombreux personnels de santé n’ont pas un accès suffisant à la nourriture et à l’eau pour pouvoir continuer de travailler, ce qui a nécessairement aussi des répercussions sur la santé et les taux de
mortalité298.
68. Tout cela frappe une population qui était déjà extrêmement fragilisée par les actions passées d’Israël contre Gaza. Israël entrave depuis longtemps la construction et la réparation d’installations hydriques et d’usines de dessalement à Gaza, de sorte que 95 % de l’eau du seul aquifère de Gaza était déjà impropre à la consommation avant le 7 octobre 2023299. Le blocus qu’Israël impose depuis 16 ans a lui aussi lourdement pesé sur l’approvisionnement en eau300. Les attaques répétées contre Gaza et les entraves faites à la remise en état des infrastructures détériorées de traitement des eaux usées ont endommagé les sols, rendant plus difficile l’agriculture301. Israël a en outre empêché les Palestiniens de Gaza d’utiliser jusqu’à 35 % des terres agricoles et jusqu’à 85 % des zones de pêches302. En conséquence, plus de 68 % des ménages (environ 1,3 million de personnes) se trouvaient déjà, avant le 7 octobre 2023, en situation de précarité alimen-
295 UNDP, « Human Development Report 2006 — Beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis », 14 décembre 2012, https://www.undp.org/libya/publications/human-development-report-2006-beyond-scarcity-power-poverty-and-global-water-crisis.
296 CARE International, « 70% of those killed in Gaza are women and children, CARE warns the Security Council », 15 novembre 2023, https://www.care-international.org/news/70-those-killed-gaza-are-women-and-children-care-warns-un-security-council ; Oxfam, « Siège de Gaza : des bébés meurent de causes évitables », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/fr/communiques-presse/siege-de-gaza-des-bebes-meurent-de-causes-evitables.
297 Global Nutrition Cluster — State of Palestine, « Call for Immediate Action: Child
deaths in the Gaza Strip due to disease and malnutrition can and must be prevented », 3 décembre 2023, https://www.nutritioncluster.net/sites/nutritioncluster.com/files/2023-11/SoP Nutrtion Cluster advocacy_final.pdf.
298 UN Web TV, Geneva Press Briefing: WHO, FAO, UNHCR, ICRC, 8 décembre 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1eez0ym7c.
299 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, « Répartition des ressources en eau dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris à Jérusalem-Est », 15 octobre 2021, doc. A/HRC/48/43, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/48/43 ; Amnesty International, « L’occupation de l’eau », 29 novembre 2017, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/ ; Emergency Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Group (EWASH), « Israel’s control of water in the Occupied Palestinian Territories », 26 septembre 2012, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israels-control-water-occupied-palestinian-territories.
300 Nations Unies, Conseil des droits de l’homme, « Répartition des ressources en eau dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris à Jérusalem-Est », 15 octobre 2021, doc. A/HRC/48/43, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/48/43.
301 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO), « Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive », 25 mai 2010, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205890.
302 UN, The Question of Palestine, « United Nations Common Country Analysis for the Occupied Palestinian Territory », 16 août 2022, https://palestine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/United Nations Common Country Analysis for the Occupied Palestinian Territory_16_August_2022.pdf.
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aid303. 7,685 children under five years of age in Gaza were suffering from life-
threatening “wasting”, the deadliest form of child malnutrition304. The impact on Palestinian children of Israel’s forced starvation of Gaza will necessarily be serious and long-lasting.
69. Recent reports of Israeli plans to flood tunnels in Gaza with seawater is of extreme concern, given the risks it would pose of further degradation and collapse
of Gaza’s water and sewage infrastructure, and of long-lasting contamination of
Gaza’s aquifer and soil305. Environmental experts have warned that the strategy “risks causing an ecological catastrophe” that would leave Gaza with no drinkable water, devastate what little agriculture is possible and “ruin the conditions of life of everyone in Gaza”306. The United Nations Special Rapporteur for the right to water is reported to have compared the plan to the mythical Roman ‘salting’ of the fields of Carthage to prevent crop growth and render the territory uninhabitable307.
70. Experts are now predicting that more Palestinians in Gaza may die from starvation and disease than airstrikes308, and yet Israel is intensifying its bombing campaign, precluding the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance to Palestinians. It is clear that Israel is through its actions and policies in Gaza, deliberately inflicting on Palestinians conditions of life calculated to bring about their destruction309.
5. Deprivation of access to adequate shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation to Palestinians in Gaza
71. The majority of the 1.9 million displaced Palestinians in Gaza are seeking shelter in UNRWA facilities, which primarily consist of schools and tents310. These locations are themselves not safe: to date — and despite Israel having been provided with the
303 UN OCHA, “Food insecurity in the oPt: 1.3 million Palestinians in the Gaza strip are food insecure”, 14 December 2018, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/food-insecurity-opt-13-million-palestinians-gaza-strip-are-food-insecure; UN OCHA, “Humanitarian Response Plan OPT”, January 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/HRP_2023.pdf.
304 Global Nutrition Cluster — State of Palestine, “Call for Immediate Action: Child deaths in the Gaza Strip due to disease and malnutrition can and must be prevented”, 3 December 2023, https://www.nutritioncluster.net/sites/nutritioncluster.com/files/2023-11/SoP Nutrition Cluster advocacy_final.pdf.
305 UN OCHA, “Humanitarian Coordinator Lynn Hastings briefs the press in Geneva”, 13 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-coordinator-lynn-hastings-
briefs-press-geneva; Emanuel Fabian, “IDF trial of flooding Hamas tunnels with seawater proves successful, ToI told”, The Times of Israel, 15 December 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-trial-of-flooding-hamas-tunnels-with-seawater-proves-successful-toi-told.
306 Damien Gayle and Nina Lakhani, “Flooding Hamas tunnels with seawater risks ‘ruining basic life in Gaza’, says expert”, The Guardian, 23 December 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/
world/2023/dec/23/israel-flooding-hamas-tunnels-seawater-risks-ruining-basic-life-gaza-expert.
307 Ibid.
308 Save the Children, Press Release, “Deaths by starvation and disease may top deaths by bombs as families squeezed into deadly ‘safe zones’, two months into Gaza crisis”, 9 December 2023, https://www.savethechildren.net/news/deaths-starvation-and-disease-may-top-deaths-bombs-families-squeezed-deadly-safe-zones-two.
309 Ibid.
310 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82; UNRWA, “Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem”, 22 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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taire grave ou modérée, et 58 % de la population dépendait de l’aide humanitaire303. L’« émaciation », qui constitue la forme de malnutrition infantile la plus mortelle, menace la vie de 7 685 enfants gazaouis de moins de cinq ans304. La famine qu’Israël impose à Gaza aura nécessairement des effets graves et durables sur les enfants palestiniens.
69. Les informations récentes indiquant qu’Israël prévoirait d’inonder d’eau de mer des tunnels situés dans Gaza sont extrêmement préoccupantes, sachant que cela risque d’endommager encore davantage les réseaux d’eau et systèmes d’égouts de Gaza, voire entraîne leur effondrement, et pollue durablement l’aquifère et les sols305. Des experts de l’environnement ont prévenu que cette stratégie « pourr[ait] provoquer une catastrophe écologique » qui priverait Gaza d’eau potable, réduirait à néant ce qui reste de son agriculture, et « aurait un effet dévastateur sur les conditions de vie de tous les Gazaouis »306. Le rapporteur spécial de l’ONU sur les droits de l’homme à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement aurait comparé ce projet au mythe des Romains répandant du sel dans les champs de Carthage pour empêcher les cultures de pousser et rendre ainsi cette terre inhabitable307.
70. Alors même que, selon les dernières prévisions des experts, la faim et les maladies pourraient tuer plus de Palestiniens de Gaza que les frappes aériennes308, Israël intensifie sa campagne de bombardements, empêchant toute livraison efficace de l’aide humanitaire aux Palestiniens. Il est clair que, par les actions et les politiques qu’il mène à Gaza, Israël soumet délibérément les Palestiniens à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner leur destruction309.
5. La privation d’un accès aux abris, vêtements, produits d’hygiène et conditions sanitaires voulus, imposée aux Palestiniens de Gaza
71. La plupart du 1,9 million de Palestiniens de Gaza qui ont été déplacés cherchent refuge dans les installations de l’UNRWA, lesquelles sont pour l’essentiel des écoles et des tentes310. Ces lieux ne sont eux-mêmes pas sûrs : à ce jour — et bien que les coordonnées
303 UN OCHA, « Food insecurity in the oPt: 1.3 million Palestinians in the Gaza strip are food insecure », 14 décembre 2018, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/food-insecurity-opt-13-million-
palestinians-gaza-strip-are-food-insecure ; UN OCHA, « Humanitarian Response Plan OPT » (janvier 2023), https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/HRP_2023.pdf.
304 Global Nutrition Cluster — State of Palestine, « Call for Immediate Action: Child
deaths in the Gaza Strip due to disease and malnutrition can and must be prevented », 3 décembre 2023, https://www.nutritioncluster.net/sites/nutritioncluster.com/files/2023-11/SoP Nutrtion Cluster advocacy_final.pdf.
305 UN OCHA, « Humanitarian Coordinator Lynn Hastings briefs the press in Geneva », 13 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-coordinator-lynn-hastings-briefs-press-geneva ; Emanuel Fabian, « Les essais d’inondation des tunnels du Hamas à l’eau de mer sont concluants  ToI », The Times of Israel, 15 décembre 2023, https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-essais-dinondation-des-tunnels-de-gaza-a-leau-de-mer-sont-concluants-toi.
306 Damien Gayle and Nina Lakhani, « Flooding Hamas tunnels the seawater risks “ruining basic life in Gaza”, says expert », The Guardian, 23 décembre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/23/israel-flooding-hamas-tunnels-seawater-risks-ruining-basic-life-gaza-expert.
307 Ibid.
308 Save the Children, Press Release: « Deaths by starvation and disease may top deaths by bombs as families squeezed into deadly “safe zones”, two months into Gaza crisis », 9 décembre 2023, https://www.savethechildren.net/news/deaths-starvation-and-disease-may-top-deaths-bombs-
families-squeezed-deadly-safe-zones-two.
309 Ibid.
310 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day #82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82 ; UNRWA, « Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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coordinates of all United Nations facilities311, — Israel has killed hundreds of Palestinian men, women and children seeking shelter in UNRWA facilities, and injured over a thousand312.
72. The situation in UNRWA shelters was described as follows by the Commissioner-
General of UNRWA in his 7 December 2023 letter of which the United Nations General Assembly took note in its Resolution ES-10/22 of 12 December 2023:
“Today, as a result of Israel’s military operation, nearly 1.2 million civilians are sheltering in UNRWA premises. The Agency has become the primary platform for humanitarian assistance to over 2.2 million people in Gaza — a platform on the verge of collapse.
UNRWA is, as of today, still operational in Gaza, though just barely. Our staff are still operating health centers, managing shelters, and supporting traumatized people, some arriving carrying their dead children. We are still distributing food, even though the corridors and courtyards of our premises are too crowded to walk through. Our staff take their children to work so they know they are safe or can die together. More than 130 UNRWA staff are confirmed killed in bombardments, most with their families; the number might rise by the time you read this. At least 70% of UNRWA staff are displaced, and lack food, water and adequate shelter. We are hanging on by our fingertips. If UNRWA collapses, humanitarian assistance in Gaza will also collapse.
The humanitarian situation is now untenable. Conditions in Gaza were already appalling when I stayed overnight two weeks ago. I witnessed constant explosive munitions from sky, land and sea, and the massive destruction of civilian infrastructure.
This week, the Israeli military forces have instructed people to move further South, forcing Gaza’s population into an ever-shrinking space. Shelters are shockingly overcrowded, with high risk of epidemic illness. In these overfull and unsanitary spaces, more than 700 people use a single toilet, women give birth (an average of 25 per day), and people nurse open wounds. Tens of thousands sleep in courtyards and streets. People burn plastic to stay warm. Nearly 90 UNRWA premises, including schools, have been hit or impacted by munitions, killing
over 270 internally displaced people, many this week. In Gaza as a whole, over 16,000 people, two thirds of whom are women and children, are reported killed during bombardments. Large swathes of Gaza are destroyed and uninhabitable.
The premise of UNRWA’s mandate — to provide services to Palestine Refugees until there is a political solution — is at great risk: without safe shelter and aid, civilians in Gaza risk death or will be forced to Egypt and beyond. Forced displacement out of Gaza may end prospects for the political solution that is intrinsic to UNRWA’s mandate, with grave risks for regional peace and security. A forced displacement beyond Palestinian land, reminiscent of the 1948 Nakba, must be prevented.
311 UNRWA, “Gaza: UNRWA school sheltering displaced families hit”, 17 October 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit.
312 UNRWA, “Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem”, 22 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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de toutes les installations de l’ONU lui aient été communiquées311 —, Israël a tué des centaines d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants palestiniens venus s’abriter dans les structures de l’UNRWA, et en a blessé plus d’un millier312.
72. Dans sa lettre en date du 7 décembre 2023, dont l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies a pris note dans sa résolution ES-10/22 du 12 décembre 2023, le commissaire général de l’UNRWA a décrit en ces termes la situation qui règne dans les refuges de l’organisme :
« En conséquence de l’opération militaire menée par Israël, près de 1,2 million de civils s’abritent actuellement dans les installations de l’UNRWA. Celui-ci est devenu le premier fournisseur d’aide humanitaire à Gaza, où il porte secours à plus de 2,2 millions de personnes, mais il est aujourd’hui au bord de l’effondrement.
À ce jour, l’UNRWA poursuit ses opérations à Gaza, mais à grand-peine.
Nos équipes continuent de diriger des centres médicaux, d’administrer des refuges et d’aider des personnes traumatisées, dont certaines arrivent avec, dans les bras, leurs enfants morts. Nous continuons de distribuer de la nourriture, même si l’affluence est telle qu’elle bloque la circulation dans les couloirs et les cours de nos bâtiments. Nos collaborateurs viennent au travail avec leurs enfants pour les savoir en sécurité, ou pour qu’ils puissent mourir ensemble. Il a été confirmé que plus de 130 membres du personnel de l’UNRWA avaient péri dans des bombardements, la plupart avec leur famille ; au moment où vous lirez cette lettre, ce bilan pourrait s’être alourdi. Au moins 70 % des employés de l’UNRWA sont des déplacés et manquent de nourriture, d’eau et d’un abri adéquat. Nous ne tenons qu’à un fil. Si l’UNRWA s’effondre, l’aide humanitaire à Gaza s’effondrera également.
La situation humanitaire est devenue intenable. Les conditions de vie à Gaza étaient déjà effroyables quand j’y ai passé une nuit il y a deux semaines. J’ai été témoin de bombardements constants depuis les airs, la terre et la mer, et de la destruction massive d’infrastructures civiles.
Cette semaine, les forces militaires israéliennes ont ordonné aux habitants de partir plus au Sud, poussant la population de Gaza dans un espace qui se réduit comme peau de chagrin. La surpopulation extrême des abris entraîne un risque élevé d’épidémies. Dans ces lieux surchargés et insalubres, plus de 700 personnes se partagent un seul WC, des femmes accouchent (25 par jour en moyenne), et on soigne des plaies ouvertes. Des dizaines de milliers de personnes dorment dans des cours et dans la rue. Les gens brûlent du plastique pour se réchauffer. Près de 90 structures de l’UNRWA, dont des écoles, ont été atteintes, directement ou indirectement par des tirs. Plus de 270 déplacés ont ainsi été tués, dont un grand nombre cette semaine. Sur l’ensemble du territoire, plus de 16 000 personnes, dont les deux tiers sont des femmes et des enfants, auraient perdu la vie dans les bombardements. De vastes zones de Gaza ont été détruites et rendues inhabitables.
La mission même de l’UNRWA — prêter assistance aux réfugiés palestiniens jusqu’à ce qu’une solution politique soit trouvée — est sérieusement en péril : sans abri sûr et sans aide, les civils de Gaza risquent la mort ou devront fuir en Égypte et au-delà. Leur déplacement forcé hors de Gaza pourrait anéantir l’espoir d’une solution politique, élément intrinsèque de la mission de l’UNRWA, et compromettre gravement la paix et la sécurité de la région. Il faut éviter un déplacement forcé hors de la terre palestinienne, qui rappellerait la Nakba de 1948.
311 UNRWA, « Gaza: UNRWA school sheltering displaced families hit », 17 octobre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit.
312 UNRWA, « Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West
Bank, including East Jerusalem », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
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In my 35 years working in complex emergencies, I have never written such a letter — predicting the killing of my staff and the collapse of the mandate I am expected to fulfil.”313
73. Those Palestinians with a place in UNRWA shelters are “the lucky ones”, according to UNRWA’s Commissioner-General314. Others attempt to find shelter in the homes of relatives or strangers, in government facilities, hospital courtyards, or makeshift camps, without any access to food, water or sanitary facilities, or simply live and sleep in the streets, exposed to the elements. UNRWA’s shelters now have on average 486 people using a single toilet315, while other locations where people are seeking to shelter often have no toilets at all316. Palestinians are unable to maintain personal hygiene, with menstruating girls and women being particularly impacted317. The World Health Organization estimates that there is on average “only one shower for every 4500 people”318. Newborns in shelters are reportedly dying from avoidable causes due to the absence of adequate sanitation, food, water and medical care319.
74. Since the Commissioner-General of UNRWA wrote to the President of the United Nations General Assembly on 7 December 2023, advising that the humanitarian situation in Gaza was already “untenable”320, over one million Palestinians have continued to be forced by Israeli military ‘orders’ into the Rafah Governorate near the Egyptian border. The area has become the “epicentre of displacement”, with an estimated “fourfold” increase in its population density, thought to now exceed 12,000 people per square kilometre321. OCHA is warning there is “no empty space left for people to shelter, not even in the streets and other open areas”322. Al-Mawasi — a sandy, barren strip of approximately 14 square kilometres along the Mediterranean Sea, without aid provisions, water, food or sanitation — the so-called “safe zone” to which Israel has
313 UNRWA, “Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr. Dennis Francis”, 7 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly (emphasis added).
314 UN News, “‘Desperate, hungry, terrified’: Gazans stopping aid trucks in search of food”, 14 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144807.
315 UNRWA, “UNRWA Situation Report #54 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem”, 18 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-54-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
316 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #69”, 14 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69.
317 United Nations Population Fund (“UNFPA”), “UNFPA Palestine Situation Report Issue 4”, 11 December 2023, https://palestine.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/unfpa_situation_report_
4_december_11.pdf.
318 WHO, “Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza”, 21 December 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
319 Oxfam, “Press Release: Babies dying from preventable causes in besieged Gaza — Oxfam”, 23 November 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/babies-dying-preventable-causes-besieged-gaza-oxfam.
320 UNRWA, “Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr. Dennis Francis”, 7 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly.
321 UNRWA, “Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West
Bank, including East Jerusalem”, 22 December 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/
reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #75”, 21 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75.
322 UN News, “Gaza humanitarian disaster heralds ‘breakdown’ of society”, 8 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144547.
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En 35 ans passés à travailler dans des situations d’urgence complexes, je n’ai jamais eu à écrire une telle lettre, c’est-à-dire à envisager la mort du personnel de l’UNRWA et l’effondrement du mandat que je suis censé accomplir. »313
73. Selon le commissaire général de l’UNRWA, les Palestiniens qui ont une place dans les abris de l’organisme sont « les plus chanceux »314. D’autres tentent de se réfugier chez des proches ou d’autres personnes, dans des bâtiments publics, dans les cours d’hôpitaux ou dans des camps de fortune, sans accès à la nourriture, à l’eau ou à des sanitaires. D’autres encore vivent et dorment tout simplement dans la rue, exposés aux éléments. Les abris de l’UNRWA sont actuellement équipés d’un WC pour 486 personnes en moyenne315, tandis que d’autres lieux accueillant des réfugiés sont totalement dépourvus d’installations sanitaires316. Les Palestiniens ne sont pas en mesure d’assurer leur hygiène personnelle, ce dont souffrent tout particulièrement les filles et les femmes pendant les menstruations317. L’OMS estime qu’il n’y a en moyenne « qu’une douche pour 4 500 personnes »318. Selon les informations recueillies, des bébés nés dans les abris meurent de causes évitables, faute de conditions sanitaires, de nourriture, d’eau et de soins médicaux adéquats319.
74. Depuis que le commissaire général de l’UNRWA a écrit au président de
l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, le 7 décembre 2023, pour l’avertir que la situation humanitaire à Gaza était déjà « intenable »320, plus d’un million de Palestiniens ont continué d’affluer vers le gouvernorat de Rafah, près de la frontière égyptienne, contraints par les « ordres » de l’armée israélienne. Dans cette zone, devenue l’« épicentre des déplacements », on estime que la densité de population a « quadruplé » pour
s’établir aujourd’hui à plus de 12 000 personnes au kilomètre carré321. L’OCHA a averti qu’il n’y avait « plus d’espace vide où les gens puissent s’abriter, pas même dans les rues et autres espaces extérieurs »322. La zone dite « sûre » d’Al-Mawasi — une bande de terre sableuse et aride qui s’étend sur environ 14 kilomètres carrés le long de la mer
313 UNRWA, « Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr. Dennis Francis », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly
(les italiques sont de nous).
314 ONU Info, « “Désespérés, affamés, terrifiés”, des Gazaouis arrêtent les camions humanitaires en quête de nourriture », 14 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141647.
315 UNRWA, « Situation Report #54 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West
Bank, including East Jerusalem », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-54-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem.
316 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #69 », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69.
317 United Nations Population Fund (« UNFPA »), « UNFPA Palestine Situation Report Issue 4 », 11 décembre 2023, https://palestine.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/unfpa_situation_report_
4_december_11.pdf.
318 OMS, « Les conséquences mortelles de la faim associée à la maladie entraîneront de nouveaux décès à Gaza », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza.
319 Oxfam, « Siège de Gaza : des bébés meurent de causes évitables », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/fr/communiques-presse/siege-de-gaza-des-bebes-meurent-de-causes-
evitables.
320 UNRWA, « Letter from UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini to the UN General Assembly President Mr. Dennis Francis », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/un-unrwa/letter-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-un-general-assembly.
321 UNRWA, « Situation Report #56 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-56-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — flash Update #75 », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75.
322 ONU Info, « La catastrophe humanitaire à Gaza annonce un “effondrement” de la société, selon l’ONU », 8 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141437.
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told Palestinians in Gaza to flee, is anything but safe. As UNRWA has underscored “unilaterally-declared ‘safe zones’ are not safe at all. Nowhere in Gaza is safe”323. The Head of Humanitarian Policy at Save the Children International has warned: “People are in overcrowded shelters in makeshift tents. There is no access to clean water, there are crumbling sanitation facilities. We’ve heard of children starving in the so-called ‘safe zone’ of Al-Mawasi.”324
75. Throughout Gaza, there are acute shortages in warm clothes, bedding, blankets and critical non-food items, with people heavily dependent on salvaged wood and waste for cooking and warmth, raising the risk of respiratory diseases325. There is also an acute shortage of clean water, severely impacting not just the ability to hydrate, but to wash, clean and cook326. The siege and infrastructure damage from bombing continue to prevent adequate water treatment and distribution, and sewage management, with flooding exponentially increasing the risks of the spread of infectious diseases amongst displaced Palestinians327. On 20 December 2023, the Director-General of the World Health Organization warned that “Gaza is already experiencing soaring rates of
infectious disease outbreaks. Diarrhoea cases among children aged under 5 are
25 times what they were before the conflict. Such illnesses can be lethal for malnourished children, more so in the absence of functioning health services”328. Sewage is flowing into the streets where Palestinians are living, as it can no longer be managed329. “Everywhere you look, is congested with makeshift shelters. Everywhere you go, people are desperate, hungry and terrified.”330 These conditions — deliberately inflicted by Israel — are calculated to bring about the destruction of the Palestinian group in Gaza.
6. Deprivation of adequate medical assistance to Palestinians in Gaza
76. Almost above all else, Israel’s military assault on Gaza has been an attack on Gaza’s medical healthcare system, indispensable to the life and survival of the Palestinians in Gaza. Israel “has declared an ‘unrelenting war’ on the health system in Gaza”,
323 Julian Borger and Ruth Michaelson, “IDF instructions on Gaza refuge zones cruel ‘mirage’, say aid agencies”, The Guardian, 7 December 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/idf-israel-gaza-refuge-zones-cruel-mirage-say-aid-agencies.
324 Ibid.
325 ICRC, “Israel and the occupied territories: The ICRC urges protection for Gaza civilians evacuating and staying behind”, 12 November 2023, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-
and-occupied-territories-icrc-urges-protection-gaza-civilians-evacuating-and-staying; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #71”, 16 December 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-71.
326 WFP, “Gaza Food Security Assessment”, 6 December 2023, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000154766/download.
327 UN News, “Barely a drop of safe water to drink in Gaza, UN aid agency warns”, 20 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144972; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #76”, 22 December 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-76-enarhe.
328 Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, @DrTedros, Tweet (7:05 p.m.), 20 December 2023, https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/173754970
1728092481.
329 UN News, “Gaza: Lack of fuel threatening to shut down entire humanitarian operation”, 16 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143672.
330 UN News, “Barely a drop of safe water to drink in Gaza, UN aid agency warns”, 20 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144972.
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Méditerranée, et qui est dépourvue de structures d’aide, d’eau, de nourriture et d’installations sanitaires — vers laquelle Israël a intimé aux Palestiniens de Gaza de fuir, est tout sauf sûre. Ainsi que l’UNRWA l’a souligné, « les zones déclarées unilatéralement “zones sûres” ne le sont absolument pas. Il n’y a aucun endroit sûr à Gaza »323. La responsable de la politique humanitaire de l’organisation Save the Children International a prévenu : « Les gens s’entassent dans des tentes de fortune. Il n’y a pas d’accès à l’eau propre et les installations sanitaires tombent en ruines. Nous avons appris que des enfants mouraient de faim dans la supposée “zone sûre” d’Al-Mawasi. »324
75. Partout dans Gaza, on manque cruellement de vêtements chauds, de couchages, de couvertures et de produits non alimentaires essentiels, les habitants en étant réduits à brûler du bois de récupération et des déchets pour cuisiner et se chauffer, augmentant le risque de maladies respiratoires325. On manque aussi cruellement d’eau propre, de sorte qu’il est très difficile non seulement de s’hydrater, mais aussi de se laver, de nettoyer et de cuisiner326. Le siège et les dégâts causés aux infrastructures par les bombardements continuent d’empêcher le bon fonctionnement des installations de traitement et de distribution de l’eau, ainsi que la gestion des eaux usées, et les inondations augmentent de façon exponentielle les risques de propagation de maladies infectieuses parmi les Palestiniens déplacés327. Le 20 décembre 2023, le directeur général de l’OMS a lancé cet avertissement : « Gaza connaît déjà une explosion des taux de maladies infectieuses. Les cas de diarrhée chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans sont 25 fois plus nombreux qu’avant le conflit. Chez les enfants mal nourris, ces maladies peuvent être fatales, surtout en l’absence de services de santé opérationnels. »328 Faute de pouvoir être traitées, les eaux usées s’écoulent dans les rues, où vivent des Palestiniens329. « Partout où vous regardez, il y a des abris de fortune. Partout où vous allez, les gens sont désespérés, affamés et terrifiés. »330 Ces conditions — délibérément imposées par Israël — visent à entraîner la destruction des Palestiniens de Gaza en tant que groupe.
6. La privation d’un accès approprié à des soins médicaux imposée aux Palestiniens de Gaza
76. Pour couronner le tout, si l’on peut dire, l’assaut militaire d’Israël contre Gaza était une attaque contre le système de santé de Gaza, qui est indispensable à la vie et à la survie des Palestiniens de Gaza. Ainsi que l’a relevé la rapporteuse spéciale sur le
323 Julian Borger and Ruth Michaelson, « IDF instructions on Gaza refuge zones cruel “mirage”, say aid agencies », The Guardian, 7 décembre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/idf-israel-gaza-refuge-zones-cruel-mirage-say-aid-agencies.
324 Ibid.
325 CICR, « Israël et les territoires occupés : le CICR demande instamment que les civils de Gaza soient protégés, qu’ils évacuent la zone ou non », 12 novembre 2023, https://www.icrc.org/fr/document/israel-et-les-territoires-occupes-le-cicr-demande-instamment-que-les-civils-de-gaza-soient ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #71 », 16 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-71.
326 WFP, « Gaza Food Security Assessment », 6 décembre 2023, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000154766/download.
327 ONU Info, « Il y a à peine une goutte d’eau potable à boire à Gaza, avertit l’UNICEF » (20 décembre 2023), https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141802 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #76 », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-76-enarhe.
328 Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, @DrTedros, Tweet (7:05 p.m.), 20 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/173754970
1728092481.
329 ONU Info, « Gaza : le manque de carburant menace d’arrêter “toute” l’opération humanitaire », 16 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/11/1140722.
330 ONU Info, « Il y a à peine une goutte d’eau potable à boire à Gaza, avertit l’UNICEF », 20 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141802.
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as observed by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. In a statement issued on 7 December 2023, the United Nations expert noted that “[t]he healthcare infrastructure in the Gaza strip has been completely obliterated” and that “[w]e bear witness to a shameful war on healthcare workers”. She warned that “[w]e are in the darkest time for the right to health in our lifetimes” and that “[w]e have descended into depths from which we must quickly emerge”331.
77. In a letter to the United Nations Security Council on 4 December 2023, the International President of Médecins Sans Frontières wrote:
“Israel has shown a blatant and total disregard for the protection of Gaza’s medical facilities. We are watching as hospitals are turned into morgues and ruins. These supposedly protected facilities are being bombed, are being shot at by tanks and guns, encircled and raided, killing patients and medical staff. The World Health Organization has documented 203 attacks on health care that have led to at least 22 fatalities and 59 injuries of health workers on duty. Medical staff, including our own, are utterly exhausted and in despair. They have had to amputate limbs from children suffering from severe burns without anaesthesia or sterilised surgical tools. Due to forcible evacuations by Israeli soldiers, some doctors have had to leave patients behind after facing the unimaginable choice between their lives or those of their patients. There is no justification for the atrocious attacks on healthcare . . .
Four of our MSF staff have been killed; many more have lost family members. Numerous other colleagues have been injured. Other humanitarian organisations have reported dozens of their staff have been killed . . .
Northern Gaza is being erased from the map. The health system has collapsed . . . Our emergency team in Khan Younis, in southern Gaza, has reported massive influxes of wounded after intense bombing. Last Saturday, 60 dead and 213 injured people arrived at the emergency room of Al-Aqsa hospital. These strikes are also hitting overcrowded, squalid refugee camps, where people are barely surviving on the sparse humanitarian aid available. If the bombs do not get them, infectious diseases and starvation will . . .
‘We did what we could. Remember us.’ These are the words our Dr Mahmoud Abu Nujaila, who has since been killed in a hospital strike, wrote on a Gaza hospital whiteboard normally used for planning surgeries. When the guns fall silent and the true scale of devastation is revealed, will the Council and its members be able to say the same?”332 (Emphasis added.)
78. Since early December 2023, Israeli army attacks on Palestinian hospitals have only increased. The Israeli army has continued to attack and besiege hospitals and healthcare centres; to deprive them of electricity and fuel crucial to maintain effective functioning and equipment; to obstruct them from receiving medical supplies, food and water; to force their evacuations and closure; and effectively to destroy them.
The North of Gaza, without any functioning hospital for a week, has only four severely challenged partially functioning hospitals available now333. Israel has
transformed Palestinian hospitals in Gaza from places of healing into “death
331 UN OHCHR, “Gaza: UN expert condemns “unrelenting war” on health system amid airstrikes on hospitals and health workers”, 7 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-un-expert-condemns-unrelenting-war-health-system-amid-airstrikes.
332 MSF, “Gaza: ‘It must all stop now’, Letter to UN Security Council”, 4 December 2023, https://www.msf.org/letter-gaza-un-security-council.
333 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
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droit de toute personne de jouir du meilleur état de santé physique et mentale possible, Israël « a déclaré une “guerre implacable” contre le système de santé à Gaza ». Dans un communiqué publié le 7 décembre 2023, cette experte de l’ONU constatait que « [l]es infrastructures de santé de la bande de Gaza [avaie]nt été réduites à néant » et que l’on assistait « à une guerre honteuse contre le personnel de santé ». Elle a souligné qu’il s’agissait là « des heures les plus sombres que le droit à la santé ait connues de mémoire d’homme » et que l’on avait « sombré dans un abîme dont il [fallait] sortir au plus vite »331.
77. Dans une lettre adressée au Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU le 4 décembre 2023, le président international de MSF a écrit :
« Israël fait montre d’un mépris flagrant et total pour la protection des installations médicales à Gaza. Les hôpitaux se transforment, sous nos yeux, en morgues ou en ruines. Ces structures, pourtant censées être protégées, sont touchées par des frappes et par des tirs de blindés et d’artillerie, elles sont encerclées et prises
d’assaut, et les patients et le personnel médical sont tués. L’Organisation mondiale de la Santé a recensé 203 attaques contre des établissements de santé, qui ont fait au moins 22 morts et 59 blessés parmi le personnel de santé en service. Le personnel médical, y compris [celui de MSF], est totalement épuisé et désespéré. Certains ont dû amputer des enfants souffrant de graves brûlures, sans anesthésie ni matériel chirurgical stérilisé. En raison des évacuations conduites de force par les soldats israéliens, certains médecins ont dû abandonner des patients après avoir dû faire un choix inimaginable, sauver leur vie ou celle de leurs patients. Rien ne peut justifier d’infliger de telles atrocités à l’assistance médicale…
Quatre membres du personnel de MSF ont été tués, beaucoup d’autres ont perdu des proches. De nombreux autres collègues ont été blessés. D’autres organisations humanitaires ont fait état de dizaines de morts parmi leur personnel…
Le nord de Gaza est en train d’être rayé de la carte. Le système de santé s’est effondré… Notre équipe d’urgence à Khan Younès, dans le sud de la bande de Gaza, a signalé un afflux massif de blessés à la suite de bombardements intensifs. Samedi dernier, 60 morts et 213 blessés sont arrivés aux urgences de l’hôpital al-Aqsa. Les frappes touchent également des camps de réfugiés insalubres et surpeuplés où les gens survivent à peine grâce à la rare aide humanitaire disponible. Si les bombes ne les tuent pas, les maladies infectieuses et la faim le feront[.]
« On a fait ce qu’on pouvait. Souvenez-vous de nous ». Ces mots écrits à Gaza, sur un tableau blanc normalement utilisé pour planifier les interventions chirurgicales, sont ceux du Dr Mahmoud Abu Nujaila, qui a depuis été tué lors d’une frappe contre un hôpital. Lorsque les armes se tairont et que l’ampleur de la dévastation sera révélée, le Conseil et ses membres pourront-ils en dire autant ? »332 (Les italiques sont de nous.)
78. Depuis début décembre 2023, les attaques d’Israël contre les hôpitaux palestiniens n’ont cessé de s’intensifier. L’armée israélienne a continué d’attaquer et d’assiéger des hôpitaux et des centres de santé, de les priver de l’électricité et du carburant indispensables à leur bon fonctionnement et à leurs équipements, de les empêcher de recevoir des fournitures médicales, de l’eau et de la nourriture, de les contraindre à évacuer et à fermer leurs portes, ce qui revient, en pratique, à les détruire. Dans le nord de Gaza, il ne reste plus aucun hôpital opérationnel depuis une semaine, et seuls quatre hôpitaux en très grande difficulté fonctionnent de manière très limitée333. Israël a fait en sorte que les
331 UN OHCHR, « Gaza: UN expert condemns “unrelenting war” on health system amid airstrikes on hospitals and health workers », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-un-expert-condemns-unrelenting-war-health-system-amid-airstrikes.
332 MSF, « Gaza: “It must all stop now”, Letter to UN Security Council », 4 décembre 2023, https://www.msf.org/letter-gaza-un-security-council.
333 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
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zone[s]”334, and scenes of “bloodbath”335, “death, devastation and despair”336. Many hospitals have now become mere “place[s] where people are waiting to die”337. The World Health Organization describes the situation as “unconscionable” and “beyond belief”338.
79. There have now been more than 238 attacks on “healthcare” in Gaza, in which over 61 hospitals and other healthcare facilities have been damaged or destroyed339. Only 13 out of 36 hospitals and 18 out of 72 healthcare centres are still even functioning — some of them barely — despite the overwhelming number of people injured in Israeli attacks340. The Israeli army has targeted hospital generators, hospital solar panels341, and other life-saving equipment, such as oxygen stations and water tanks342. It has also targeted ambulances, medical convoys and first responders343. Three hundred and eleven health workers have been killed (on average four killed per day)344, including at least twenty-two health workers killed on duty345. Those killed include some of Gaza’s most experienced and skilled doctors including Dr Hani Al Haitham, Head of the Emergency Section at Al Shifa hospital, killed with his wife, Dr Sameera Ghirafi, and their children346; Dr Mohammad Dabbour, Head of Pathology at Al Shifa Hospital, reportedly killed with his son and father while attempting to flee Gaza City347; Dr Medhat Saidam, plastic reconstructive burn surgeon at Al Shifa Hospital, and
334 WHO, “WHO leads very high-risk joint humanitarian mission to Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza”, 18 November 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-
joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza.
335 UN News, “UN workers delivering aid to Gaza hospital describe ‘bloodbath’ in overflowing emergency department”, 16 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144877.
336 WHO, “WHO appalled by latest attack on Indonesian Hospital in Gaza”, 20 November 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/who-appalled-by-latest-attack-on-indonesian-hospital-in-gaza.html.
337 UN News, “UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising “catastrophic” hunger levels”, 21 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
338 UN News, “‘Ten weeks of hell’ for children in Gaza: UNICEF”, 19 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
339 WHO, “oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 17”, 14 December 2023, https://
www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-_issue_17_for_review.pdf?ua=1.
340 Ibid.
341 The organisation Forensic Architecture has compiled an analysis of the various attacks on Gaza’s hospitals: Forensic Architecture, “Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza”, 20 December 2023, https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza.
342 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #37”, 12 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-37.
343 MSF, “MSF convoy attack in Gaza: All elements point to Israeli army responsibility”, 1 December 2023, https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-convoy-attack-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #28”, 3 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28.
344 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 70”, 15 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-70.
345 WHO, “oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 14”, 23 November 2023, https://
www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_NOV24.pdf?ua=1.
346 Asmahan Qarjouli, “Israel ‘brutally murdered’ Al-Shifa emergency dept chief in Gaza”, Doha News, 19 December 2023, https://dohanews.co/israel-brutally-murdered-al-shifa-emergency-dept-chief-in-gaza.
347 Weronika Strzyżyńska and Harriet Sherwood, “Doctors, poets, families, babies: victims of Israel’s war on Gaza”, The Guardian, 23 October 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/
2023/oct/23/doctors-poets-families-babies-victims-of-israels-war-on-gaza.
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hôpitaux palestiniens de Gaza, où les gens venaient en quête de soins, deviennent des « zone[s] de mort »334, où l’on voit des « bain[s] de sang »335 et des scènes « de mort, de dévastation et de désespoir »336. De nombreux hôpitaux ne sont désormais plus que des endroits où « les gens attendent de mourir »337. L’OMS qualifie la situation d’« inadmissible » et d’« inconcevable »338.
79. Plus de 238 attaques ont été menées à ce jour contre le système de santé à Gaza, endommageant ou détruisant plus de 61 hôpitaux et dispensaires339. Seuls 13 hôpitaux sur 36 et 18 centres de santé sur 72 continuent de fonctionner — certains de manière minimale — alors qu’un nombre démesuré de personnes sont blessées lors des attaques israéliennes340. L’armée israélienne prend pour cible les générateurs et les panneaux solaires des hôpitaux341 ainsi que d’autres équipements permettant de sauver des vies, tels que les stations d’oxygène et les citernes d’eau342. Elle s’en est prise également aux ambulances, aux convois médicaux et aux secouristes343. Le nombre de personnels de santé tués se monte à 311 (soit quatre par jour en moyenne)344, dont 22 au moins ont été tués dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions345. Certains médecins parmi les plus chevronnés et compétents de Gaza ont ainsi perdu la vie, dont Hani Al Haitham, chef du service des urgences de l’hôpital Al-Shifa, tué avec son épouse, Sameera Ghirafi, et leurs enfants346, Mohammad Dabbour, chef du service de pathologie de l’hôpital Al-Shifa, qui aurait été tué avec son fils et son père alors qu’ils tentaient de fuir la ville de Gaza347, Medhat
334 OMS, « L’OMS dirige une mission humanitaire conjointe à très haut risque à l’hôpital Al-Shifa de Gaza », 18 novembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-to-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza.
335 ONU Info, « Gaza : les travailleurs de l’ONU livrant de l’aide à l’hôpital Al-Shifa décrivent un “bain de sang” », 16 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141722.
336 WHO, « WHO appalled by latest attack on Indonesian Hospital in Gaza », 20 novembre 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/who-appalled-by-latest-attack-on-indonesian-hospital-in-gaza.html.
337 ONU Info, « Dans le nord de Gaza, les patients blessés “attendent de mourir” alors que le dernier hôpital ferme ses portes », 21 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/114
1817.
338 ONU Info, « Dix semaines d’enfer pour les enfants de Gaza »,UNICEF, 19 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/12/1141762.
339 WHO, « oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 17 », 14 décembre 2023, https://
www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-_issue_17_for_review.pdf?ua=1.
340 Ibid.
341 L’organisation Forensic Architecture a compilé et analysé des données sur les diverses attaques contre les hôpitaux de Gaza : « Forensic Architecture, Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza », 20 décembre 2023, https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza.
342 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #37 », 12 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-37.
343 MSF, « MSF convoy attack in Gaza: All elements point to Israeli army responsibility », 1er décembre 2023, https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-convoy-attack-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility ; et UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #28 », 3 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28.
344 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day #70 », 15 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-
impact-day-70.
345 WHO, « oPt Emergency Situation Update, Issue 14 », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_NOV24.pdf?ua=1.
346 Asmahan Qarjouli, « Israel ‘brutally murdered’ Al-Shifa emergency dept chief in Gaza », Doha News, 19 décembre 2023, https://dohanews.co/israel-brutally-murdered-al-shifa-emergency-dept-chief-in-gaza.
347 Weronika Strzyżyńska and Harriet Sherwood, « Doctors, poets, families, babies: victims of Israel’s war on Gaza », The Guardian, 23 octobre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/doctors-poets-families-babies-victims-of-israels-war-on-gaza.
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Dr Hammam Alloh, nephrologist at Al Shifa Hospital were killed in attacks on their family homes348. Interviewed shortly before his death, Dr Alloh responded as follows when asked why he was not fleeing the North to the South: “If I go who would treat my patients? We are not animals, we have the right to receive proper health care. You think I went to medical school and for my postgraduate degrees for a total of 14 years so I think only about my life and not my patients?”349. The systematic destruction of Palestinian hospitals and the killing of specialist Palestinian doctors is not only impacting the care of Palestinians in Gaza at present, it is also undermining the prospect of a future Palestinian healthcare system in Gaza, destroying its capacity to rebuild and to care effectively for the Palestinian people in Gaza.
80. At least 570 Palestinians have been killed at hospitals and healthcare centres in Gaza and a further 746 have been injured350. They include patients and internally displaced Palestinians, who vainly sought sanctuary on or near hospital grounds, killed by Israeli strikes or snipers351. Palestinian mothers have been killed in maternity hospitals, and Palestinian children in children’s hospitals352. Even those tending to and counting the dead — like Saeed Al Shorbaji, Director of Nasser Hospital’s mortuary — have themselves been killed353. Some have been victims of Israeli attacks multiple times over, like 12-year old Dina Abu Mohsen: interviewed by UNICEF after losing her parents, two siblings and her leg in an Israeli strike on her home, she was then killed herself when the Israeli army shelled the hospital where she was being treated354.
81. Other Palestinians have died as a direct result of Israel cutting off electricity
and fuel to hospitals; they include five premature babies and 40 ICU and kidney
patients at Al Shifa hospital355. Other Palestinians have died as a direct result of Israel’s forced evacuation of hospitals, including at least four babies in Al Nasr hospital, whose
tiny bodies were found weeks later — during a temporary ceasefire — decomposing
348 Vanessa Romo, “Doctors are among the many dead in Gaza. These are their stories”,
NPR, 16 November 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital.
349 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72”, 18 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
350 WHO, “oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 17”, 14 December 2023, https://
www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-_issue_17_for_review.pdf?ua=1.
351 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #38”, 13 Novem-
ber 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-38; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72”, 18 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
352 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #55”, 30 Novem-
ber 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #66” (11 December 2023),
https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
353 Bassam Massou and Maggie Fick, “Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle”, Reuters, 21 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21.
354 UNICEF, @UNICEF, Tweet (10:28 p.m.), 17 December 2023, https://twitter.com/UNICEF/status/1736876099890565478.
355 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #42”, 17 Novem-
ber 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-42; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #44”, 19 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44.
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Saidam, chirurgien à l’hôpital Al-Shifa spécialisé en chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et en traitement des grands brûlés, et Hammam Alloh, néphrologue à l’hôpital Al-Shifa, tués à leur domicile au cours d’une attaque348. Peu avant sa mort, alors qu’on lui demandait pourquoi il ne partait pas se réfugier dans le Sud, Hammam Alloh avait répondu en ces termes : « Si je pars, qui s’occupera de mes patients ? Nous ne sommes pas des animaux, nous avons le droit d’être soignés comme il se doit. Vous croyez que j’ai fait 14 ans d’études de médecine pour ne me préoccuper que de moi, et pas de mes patients ? »349. Le fait que les hôpitaux palestiniens soient détruits de manière systématique et que des médecins spécialistes palestiniens soient tués n’a pas seulement une incidence sur la prise en charge médicale actuelle des Palestiniens de Gaza, mais compromet également l’avenir du système de santé palestinien à Gaza, en privant ce système de toute possibilité de se reconstruire et de prendre efficacement soin du peuple palestinien de Gaza.
80. Au moins 570 Palestiniens ont été tués dans des hôpitaux et des centres de santé à Gaza et 746 autres ont été blessés350. Il s’agit notamment de patients et de déplacés, venus vainement chercher refuge dans les hôpitaux ou à proximité, et qui ont été tués par des frappes ou des snipers de l’armée israélienne351. Des mères palestiniennes ont été tuées dans des maternités, et des enfants palestiniens dans des hôpitaux pédiatriques352. Ceux qui recensent les morts et s’en occupent –– comme Saeed Al Shorbaji, directeur de la morgue de l’hôpital Nasser –– ont aussi été tués353. Certaines personnes ont été victimes plusieurs fois des attaques israéliennes, comme Dina Abu Mohsen, 12 ans, que l’UNICEF a interviewée après qu’elle eut perdu ses parents ainsi que deux de ses frères et soeurs lors d’une frappe sur le domicile familial au cours de laquelle elle-même avait perdu une jambe, et qui a été tuée à son tour lorsque l’armée israélienne a bombardé l’hôpital où elle était soignée354.
81. D’autres Palestiniens sont morts en conséquence directe des coupures, par Israël, de l’électricité et du carburant qui approvisionnaient les hôpitaux ; parmi eux, cinq bébés prématurés et 40 patients en soins intensifs ou en insuffisance rénale à l’hôpital Al-Shifa355. D’autres encore sont morts en conséquence directe des évacuations des hôpitaux imposées par Israël, dont au moins quatre bébés, dont les petits corps en
348 Vanessa Romo, « Doctors are among the many dead in Gaza. These are their stories »,
NPR, 16 novembre 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital.
349 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #72 », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
350 WHO, oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 17, 14 décembre 2023, https://
www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-_issue_17_for_review.pdf?ua=1.
351 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #38 », 13 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-38 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #72 », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
352 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #55 », 30 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #66 », 11 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66.
353 Bassam Massoud and Maggie Fick, « Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle », Reuters, 21 décembre 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21.
354 UNICEF, @UNICEF, Tweet (10:28 p.m.), 17 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/UNICEF/status/1736876099890565478.
355 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #42 », 17 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-42 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #44 », 19 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44.
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in their hospital beds356. Hospital courtyards have been turned into sites of mass graves357: at Al Shifa Hospital, it was medics themselves who had to dig a mass grave for the decomposing bodies of 179 patients and others358. Israeli bulldozers excavated and exhumed a hospital mass grave in the besieged Kamal Adwan hospital on 16 December, where 26 Palestinians had been buried359. Speaking to CNN, Hossam Abu Safiya, Head of Paediatric Services at Kamal Adwan Hospital, stated, “[t]he soldiers dug up the graves this morning and dragged the bodies with bulldozers, then crushed the bodies with the bulldozers . . . I have never seen such a thing before”360.
82. United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21 of 27 October 2023  calling for the “respect and protection . . . of all civilian and humanitarian facilities, including hospitals and other medical facilities . . . as well as all of humanitarian and medical personnel”361,  has been resolutely ignored. Doctors and medics have continued not only to be killed but also to be rounded up and disappeared by the Israeli authorities362. They include the General Director of Al Shifa and his staff, seized and held incommunicado since 23 November 2023363.
83. Those wounded by Israel in Gaza are being deprived of life-saving medical care364: Gaza’s healthcare system — already crippled by years of blockade and prior attacks by Israel — is unable to cope with the sheer scale of the injuries, now at 55,243 injured including at least 8,663 children365. There are reports of severely injured
356 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #55”, 30 Novem-
ber 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55; HRW, “Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip: Maternity Care Facilities Gravely Affected by Strikes, Blockade”, 1 December 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip.
357 See e.g. the Al Yaman Al Saeed Hospital in Jabalia refugee camp: UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #65”, 10 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-65.
358 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #40”, 15 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40.
359 Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights (“Al Mezan”), Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (“PCHR”), “Palestinian Human Rights Organisations Condemn the Serious Israeli Vio-
lations at Kamal Adwan Hospital in Northern Gaza”, 21 December 2023, https://alhaq.org/
advocacy/22388.html.
360 Abeer Salman and Kareem Khadder, “Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at hospital Israel says was Hamas ‘command center’”, CNN, 23 Decem-
ber 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html.
361 UNGA resolution ES-10/21 “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, A/RES/ES-10/21, 27 October 2023, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025940
?ln=en.
362 WHO, “WHO calls for protection of humanitarian space in Gaza following serious incidents in high-risk mission to transfer patients, deliver health supplies”, 12 December 2023, https://
www.who.int/news/item/12-12-2023-who-calls-for-protection-of-humanitarian-space-in-gaza-following-serious-incidents-in-high-risk-mission-to-transfer-patients--deliver-health-supplies.
363 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #48”, 23 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48.
364 UN News, “UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels”, 21 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
365 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 70”, 15 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-70; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — reported impact | Day 82”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82.
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décomposition ont été trouvés après plusieurs semaines –– lors d’un cessez-le-feu temporaire –– dans leurs berceaux de l’hôpital Al-Nasr356. Des fosses communes ont été creusées dans des cours d’hôpitaux357 : à l’hôpital Al-Shifa, ce sont des membres du personnel médical eux-mêmes qui ont été contraints de creuser une fosse commune pour y enterrer 179 corps en décomposition de patients et d’autres358. Le 16 décembre, des bulldozers israéliens ont ouvert une fosse commune dans l’hôpital assiégé Kamal Adwan et exhumé 26 Palestiniens qui y avaient été enterrés359. Interrogé sur CNN, Hossam Abu Safiya, chef du service pédiatrique de l’hôpital Kamal Adwan, a déclaré : « Ce matin les soldats ont déterré les corps des tombes avec des bulldozers, avant de les écraser avec ces mêmes bulldozers … je n’ai jamais rien vu de tel »360.
82. La résolution ES-10/21 adoptée le 27 octobre 2023 par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies –– demandant le « respect et la protection … de toutes les installations civiles et humanitaires, y compris les hôpitaux et les autres installations médicales … ainsi que du personnel humanitaire et médical »361 –– a été résolument ignorée. Médecins et autres professionnels de santé continuent non seulement d’être tués mais aussi de faire l’objet de rafles par les autorités israéliennes, à la suite desquelles certains sont portés disparus362. Parmi ceux-ci figurent le directeur général de l’hôpital Al-Shifa et son équipe, enlevés et détenus au secret depuis le 23 novembre 2023363.
83. Ceux qui sont blessés par Israël à Gaza sont privés de soins médicaux vitaux364 : le système de santé de Gaza  déjà affaibli par des années de blocus et les attaques antérieures d’Israël  n’est pas en mesure de faire face au nombre démesuré de blessés, qui atteint actuellement 55 243, dont au moins 8 663 enfants365. Des cas de patients
356 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #55 », 30 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55 ; HRW, « Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip: Maternity Care Facilities Gravely Affected by
Strikes, Blockade », 1er décembre 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip.
357 Voir, par exemple, l’hôpital Al-Yaman Al-Saeed dans le camp de réfugiés de Jabalia : UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #65 », 10 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-65.
358 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #40 », 15 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40.
359 Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights (Al Mezan), Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), « Palestinian Human Rights Organisations Condemn the Serious Israeli Violations at Kamal Adwan Hospital in Northern Gaza », 21 décembre 2023, https://alhaq.org/advocacy/
22388.html.
360 Abeer Salman and Kareem Khadder, « Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at hospital Israel says was Hamas “command center” », CNN, 23 décembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html.
361 Nations Unies, résolution ES10/21 de l’Assemblée générale intitulée « Protection des civils et respect des obligations juridiques et humanitaires », 27 octobre 2023, doc. A/RES/ES-10/21, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025940?ln=fr.
362 OMS, « L’OMS appelle à la protection de l’espace humanitaire à Gaza à la suite d’incidents graves survenus lors d’une mission à haut risque de transfert de patients et de livraison de fournitures médicales », 12 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/12-12-2023-who-calls-for-protection-of-humanitarian-space-in-gaza-following-serious-incidents-in-high-risk-mission-to-transfer-patients--deliver-health-supplies.
363 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #48 », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48.
364 UN News, « UPDATED: Injured patients “waiting to die” in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels », 21 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
365 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day #70 », 15 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-70 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Reported Impact — Day #82 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-82 .
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patients walking for miles trying to find help. UNICEF highlighted the case of a boy from the North “whose leg had been blown off in the violence”, who “had spent ‘three or four days’ trying to reach the south, delayed by checkpoints . . . The smell [of decomposition] was clear . . . and that boy had shrapnel all over. Potentially, he was blind and had burns to 50 per cent of his body”366. OCHA identified the case of a woman with shrapnel injuries in her abdomen, who had walked from the North to the South pressing a towel against her wounds367. Palestinians have had to evacuate their sick, disabled and wounded in a forced march from the North to the South — and then again from the South onwards — dragging hospital beds behind cars, pushing wheelchairs, raising them on makeshift stretchers, or simply carrying them in their arms368.
84. Those hospitals which are still functioning are described as scenes from
a “horror movie”369. The critical shortages of staff and supplies  including
anaesthetics, analgesics, medicine and disinfectants370,  have led not only to otherwise unnecessary amputations of limbs371, but also to amputations without anaesthesia, often undertaken by flashlight372. Pregnant women are also being subjected to caesareans without anaesthetic373. Patients are being treated on dirty floors covered with blood, with family members having to stand holding saline
bags, where saline is even available374. There are insufficient staff and resources
for adequate wound or post-operative wound care375: unclean wounds 
often infested with worms and flies  rapidly become infected, necrotic or gangrenous376. Patients plead for food and water377. Even basic pain-management treatment is often unavailable, and patients are at risk of dying from treat-
366 UN News, “Gaza doctors ‘terrified’ of deadly disease outbreak as aid teams race to deliver”, 28 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1144032.
367 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #45”, 20 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45.
368 “Panic as Gaza’s al-Shifa evacuates, Israel army denies ordering it to do so”, Al Jazeera, 18 November 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israel-gives-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-one-hour-to-evacuate.
369 UN Web TV, “Geneva Press Briefing: UNICEF, WHO, OHCHR, UNHCR, Rob Holand, Emergency Coordinator WHO”, 1 December 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1r/k1ro1d247a (at 22:15).
370 Jason Burke, “‘We are overwhelmed’: southern Gaza’s exhausted doctors forced to leave children to die”, The Guardian, 24 November 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/
nov/24/we-are-overwhelmed-southern-gazas-exhausted-doctors-forced-to-leave-children-to-die.
371 Claire Gillbody-Dickerson, “Doctors in Gaza forced to amputate limbs because they lack means to treat injuries”, iNews, 30 October 2023, https://inews.co.uk/news/world/doctors-
gaza-forced-amputate-limbs-hospitals-israel-evacuate-2720777.
372 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #32” (7 November 2023), https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-
strip-and-israel-flash-update-32.
373 UN News, “Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth ‘in race against death’”, 7 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
374 UN News, “UN workers delivering aid to Gaza hospital describe ‘bloodbath’ in overflowing emergency department”, 16 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144877; Rajini Vaidyanathan, “WHO says Al-Shifa ‘looked almost like a battlefield hospital’”, BBC News, 17 December 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67732895.
375 UN News, “UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels”, 21 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
376 Lilia Sebouai, “‘Bodies scratched, bleeding and full of flies’: Infections plague Gaza’s hospitals”, The Telegraph, 6 November 2023, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/hospital-infections-gaza-medical-supplies-clean-water/; Dr Hafez Abukhoussa, “The Horrors I’ve Seen Treating Patients at Gaza’s Remaining Hospitals”, Time Magazine, 12 December 2023, https://time.com/6358269/horrors-treating-patients-khan-younis-gaza.
377 UN News, “UPDATED: Injured patients ‘waiting to die’ in northern Gaza as last hospital
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grièvement blessés marchant des kilomètres pour tenter de trouver de l’aide ont été signalés. L’UNICEF a relaté le cas d’un garçon du nord de Gaza « dont la jambe avait été arrachée lors des violences », qui « a[vait] passé “trois ou quatre jours” à tenter d’atteindre le Sud… retardé par les points de contrôle… L’odeur [de décomposition] était claire… et ce garçon avait des éclats d’obus partout. Il était possiblement aveugle et avait des brûlures sur 50 % de son corps »366. L’OCHA a recensé le cas d’une femme qui, touchée par des éclats d’obus à l’abdomen, avait marché du Nord au Sud en tenant une serviette appliquée sur ses blessures367. Les Palestiniens ont été contraints d’évacuer leurs malades, leurs invalides et leurs blessés dans une marche forcée du Nord vers le Sud –– puis de repartir encore plus loin –– en les transportant dans des lits d’hôpitaux traînés par des voitures, dans des chaises roulantes, sur des brancards de fortune, ou tout simplement dans leurs bras368.
84. Les hôpitaux qui fonctionnent encore sont décrits comme étant dignes d’un « film d’horreur »369. Les graves pénuries de personnel et de fournitures  notamment les anesthésiants, analgésiques, médicaments et désinfectants370 ont obligé les soignants non seulement à procéder à des amputations qui n’étaient pas nécessaires371, mais également à les pratiquer sans anesthésie, souvent à la lampe torche372. Des femmes enceintes subissent également des césariennes sans anesthésie373. Des patients sont soignés à même le sol, sale et couvert de sang, et leurs proches doivent tenir les poches de sérum physiologique, lorsque celles-ci sont disponibles374. Il n’y a pas assez de personnel ni de ressources pour soigner adéquatement les blessures et les plaies postopératoires375 : les plaies qui ne sont pas nettoyées  souvent infestées par des vers parasitaires et des mouches  deviennent rapidement infectées, nécrotiques, voire gangrénées376. Les patients supplient qu’on leur donne à boire et à manger377. Même les traitements antidouleur les plus élémen-
366 Info ONU, « Le risque d’épidémies mortelles terrifie les médecins de Gaza alors que l’aide continue d’arriver », 28 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/11/1141017.
367 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #45 », 20 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45.
368 « Panic as Gaza’s al-Shifa evacuates, Israel army denies ordering it to do so », Al Jazeera, 18 novembre 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israel-gives-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-one-hour-to-evacuate.
369 UN Web TV, « Geneva Press Briefing: UNICEF, WHO, OHCHR, UNHCR, Rob Holand, Emergency Coordinator WHO », 1er décembre 2023, https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1r/k1ro1d247a (at 22:15).
370 Jason Burke, « We are overwhelmed: southern Gaza’s exhausted doctors forced to leave children die », The Guardian, 24 novembre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/24/we-are-overwhelmed-southern-gazas-exhausted-doctors-forced-to-leave-children-to-die.
371 Claire Gillbody-Dickerson, « Doctors in Gaza forced to amputate limbs because they lack means to treat injuries », iNews, 30 octobre 2023, https://inews.co.uk/news/world/doctors-gaza-forced-amputate-limbs-hospitals-israel-evacuate-2720777.
372 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #32 », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32.
373 UN News, « Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth “in race against death” », 7 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
374 UN News, « UN workers delivering aid to Gaza hospital describe “bloodbath” in overflowing emergency department », 16 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144877 ; Rajini Vaidyanathan, « WHO says Al-Shifa “looked almost like a battlefield hospital” », BBC, 17 décembre 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67732895.
375 UN News, « UPDATED: Injured patients “waiting to die” in northern Gaza as last hospital shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels », 21 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
376 Lilia Sebouai, « “Bodies scratched, bleeding and full of flies”: Infections plague Gaza’s hospitals », The Telegraph, 6 novembre 2023, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/hospital-infections-gaza-medical-supplies-clean-water ; Dr Hafez Abukhoussa, « The Horrors I’ve Seen Treating Patients at Gaza’s Remaining Hospitals », Time Magazine, 12 décembre 2023, https://time.com/6358269/horrors-treating-patients-khan-younis-gaza.
377 UN News, « UPDATED: Injured patients “waiting to die” in northern Gaza as last hospital
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able conditions378. One doctor described having to do procedures without anaesthetic, he said:
“I was forced to do dressing changes on massive wounds, excruciatingly painful wounds. There was a girl with just her whole body covered in shrapnel. She was nine. I ended up having to change and clean these wounds with no anaesthetic and no analgesic. I managed to find some intravenous paracetamol to give her . . . her Dad was crying, I was crying, and the poor child was screaming . . .”379.
85. In addition to the war wounded, there are hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in Gaza who still need routine medical care for conditions such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes380. Thousands of Palestinians in Gaza are also in need of urgent care for kidney disease and cancer, and an estimated 130 premature babies are dependent on incubators for survival at any given time381. Many of them are now unable to receive medical assistance. UNICEF warns that “[w]omen, children and newborns in Gaza are disproportionately bearing the burden of the escalation of hostilities in the occupied Palestinian territory, both as casualties and in reduced access to health ser-
vices”382. Older persons and persons with disabilities lack essential medication, and are at higher risk of communicable diseases, malnutrition and death383. Pregnant women are also particularly vulnerable384.
86. Experts are beginning to warn that the numbers of Palestinians dying as a result of disease and hunger, could already be outstripping violent deaths caused by Israeli army assaults385. There have already been over 360,000 documented cases of communicable diseases reported in UNRWA shelters alone, brought on or exacerbated by
shuts down, amid rising ‘catastrophic’ hunger levels”, 21 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
378 WHO, “WHO delivers health supplies to Al-Shifa Hospital, appeals for continued access to address urgent needs in north Gaza”, 17 December 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2023-who-delivers-health-supplies-to-al-shifa-hospital--appeals-for-continued-access-to-address-urgent-needs-in-north-gaza; WHO, “WHO Director-General’s remarks at the Informal Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly”, 17 November 2023, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-informal-plenary-meeting-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly---17-november-2023.
379 Interview with Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah on Channel 4 News, 27 November 2023: “‘We were having to do procedures without anaesthetic’, says Gaza war surgeon”, Channel 4, 27 Novem-
ber 2023, https://www.channel4.com/news/we-were-having-to-do-procedures-without-anaesthetic-
says-gaza-war-surgeon.
380 WHO, “oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16” (7 December 2023), https://
www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
381 Ibid.
382 UNICEF, “Joint Statement by UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, WFP and WHO on Humanitarian Supplies Crossing into Gaza”, 4 November 2023, https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/joint-statement-by-unicef-undp-unfpa-wfp-and-who-on-humanitarian-supplies-crossing-into-gaza.
383 HRW, “Gaza: Israeli Attacks, Blockade Devastating for People with Disabilities”, 1 November 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/01/gaza-israeli-attacks-blockade-devastating-people-disabilities; UN OHCHR, “Occupied Palestinian territory and Israel: UN experts call for permanent ceasefire to protect rights and futures of women and girls”, 14 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/occupied-palestinian-territory-and-israel-un-experts-call-permanent.
384 See further Section 8, infra.
385 See e.g. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the WHO, @DrTedros, Tweet (6:26 a.m.), 29 November 2023, https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1729748696890245146; UN News, “‘Ten weeks of hell’ for children in Gaza: UNICEF”, 19 December 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
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taires viennent souvent à manquer, et les patients courent le risque de mourir des suites d’une pathologie qui pourrait être traitée378. Un médecin a ainsi raconté comment il a dû soigner des patients sans anesthésiant :
« Je me suis vu contraint de changer des pansements sur des plaies très graves, des plaies extrêmement douloureuses. Il y avait une fillette dont le corps tout entier était couvert d’éclats d’obus. Elle avait neuf ans. Finalement, j’ai dû changer ses pansements et nettoyer ses plaies sans anesthésiant ni analgésique. J’ai réussi à mettre la main sur une solution de paracétamol à administrer par intraveineuse … son père pleurait, je pleurais et la pauvre enfant hurlait… »379.
85. Outre les blessés de guerre, des centaines de milliers de Palestiniens de Gaza continuent d’avoir besoin de soins médicaux réguliers pour des pathologies telles que l’hypertension, les maladies cardiovasculaires ou le diabète380. Des milliers de Palestiniens de Gaza atteints de maladies rénales ou de cancers ont également besoin de soins d’urgence et environ 130 bébés prématurés dépendent à tout moment des incubateurs pour leur survie381. Nombre de ces patients ne peuvent maintenant plus recevoir d’aide médicale. L’UNICEF signale que « [l]es femmes, les enfants et les nouveau-nés à Gaza paient le plus lourd tribut de l’escalade des hostilités dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, à la fois en nombre de victimes mais aussi en raison d’un accès réduit aux services de santé »382. Les personnes âgées ou handicapées manquent de médicaments essentiels et sont davantage exposées au risque de contracter des maladies contagieuses, de souffrir de malnutrition et de mourir383. Les femmes enceintes sont elles aussi particulièrement vulnérables384.
86. Les experts commencent à alerter sur le fait que le nombre de Palestiniens morts de maladie ou de faim pourrait déjà dépasser le nombre de morts violentes causées par les attaques de l’armée israélienne385. Rien que dans les abris de l’UNRWA, on a signalé 360 000 cas de maladies contagieuses, causés ou exacerbés par les conditions insalu-
shuts down, amid rising “catastrophic” hunger levels », 21 décembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017.
378 WHO, « WHO delivers health supplies to Al-Shifa Hospital, appeals for continued access to address urgent needs in north Gaza », 17 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2023-who-delivers-health-supplies-to-al-shifa-hospital--appeals-for-continued-access-to-address-urgent-needs-in-north-gaza ; WHO, « WHO Director-General’s remarks at the Informal Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly », 17 novembre 2023, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-informal-plenary-meeting-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly---17-november-2023.
379 Interview with Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah on Channel 4 News, 27 novembre 2023: « “We were having to do procedures without anaesthetic”, says Gaza war surgeon », Channel 4, 27 novembre 2023, https://www.channel4.com/news/we-were-having-to-do-procedures-without-anaesthetic-says-gaza-war-surgeon.
380 WHO, « oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16 », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
381 Ibid.
382 UNICEF, « Joint Statement by UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, WFP and WHO on Humanitarian Supplies Crossing into Gaza », 4 novembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/joint-statement-by-unicef-undp-unfpa-wfp-and-who-on-humanitarian-supplies-crossing-into-gaza.
383 HRW, « Gaza: Israeli Attacks, Blockade Devastating for People with Disabilities », 1er novem-
bre 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/01/gaza-israeli-attacks-blockade-devastating-people-disabilities; UN OHCHR, « Occupied Palestinian territory and Israel: UN experts call for permanent ceasefire to protect rights and futures of women and girls », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/occupied-palestinian-territory-and-israel-un-experts-call-permanent.
384 Voir aussi point 8 ci-dessous.
385 Voir, par exemple, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the WHO, @DrTedros, Tweet (6:26 a.m.), 29 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/172974869689024
5146; ONU Info, « Ten weeks of hell for children in Gaza: UNICEF », 19 décembre 2023, https://
news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144927.
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unsanitary conditions, hunger and lack of clean water, with the actual numbers believed to be considerably higher386. As stated by the World Health Organization:
“Gaza is already experiencing soaring rates of infectious diseases. Over 100,000 cases of diarrhoea have been reported since mid-October. Half of these are among young children under the age of 5 years, case numbers that are 25 times what was reported before the conflict.
Over 150,000 cases of upper respiratory infection, and numerous cases of meningitis, skin rashes, scabies, lice and chickenpox have been reported. Hepatitis is also suspected as many people present with the tell-tale signs of jaundice.
While a healthy body can more easily fight off these diseases, a wasted and weakened body will struggle. Hunger weakens the body’s defences and opens the door to disease.
Malnutrition increases the risk of children dying from illnesses like diarrhoea, pneumonia and measles, especially in a setting where they lack access to life-
saving health services.
Even if the child survives, wasting can have life-long impacts as it stunts growth and impairs cognitive development . . .
The people of Gaza, who have already suffered enough, now face death from starvation and diseases that could be easily treated with a functioning health system. This must stop. Food and other aid must flow in far greater amounts.
WHO reiterates its call for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire.”387
87. Experts assess that the death toll from disease and hunger “could be multiples of that from fighting and air strikes”388. Israel is, through its relentless attacks on the Palestinian healthcare system in Gaza, deliberately inflicting on Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about their destruction389. Writing in the British medical journal, The Lancet, a group of medics “highlight the health dimensions of violence resulting from the ongoing siege and attacks against Palestinians” rightly warning of a “grave risk of genocide against the Palestinian people”390.
7. Destruction of Palestinian life in Gaza
88. On 16 November 2023, 15 United Nations Special Rapporteurs and 21 members of United Nations Working Groups, warning of a “genocide in the making” in Gaza, observed that the level of destruction that had by then taken place of “housing units,
386 UNICEF, “State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report Issue No. 10, 7-13 December”, 14 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-
Humanitarian-SitRep-14-December-2023.pdf; WHO, “oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16”, 7 December 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
387 WHO, “Lethal combination of hunger and disease to lead to more deaths in Gaza”, 21 December 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza (emphasis added).
388 Henry Mance, “UN aid chief Martin Griffiths: ‘the war in Gaza isn’t halfway through’”, Financial Times, 18 December 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/01b592be-47c7-4a20-9bbd-621aa40f7640.
389 Ibid.
390 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and
Amy Neilson, “The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide”, The Lancet, 18 December 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)
02751-4/fulltext.
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bres, la faim et le manque d’eau propre, ce chiffre étant probablement bien en deçà du nombre réel386. Comme l’a déclaré l’OMS :
« Les taux de maladies infectieuses montent déjà en flèche à Gaza. Plus de 100 000 cas de maladies diarrhéiques ont été signalés depuis la mi-octobre. La moitié d’entre eux concernent de jeunes enfants de moins de cinq ans, soit 25 fois plus qu’avant le conflit.
Plus de 150 000 cas d’infection des voies respiratoires supérieures et de nombreux cas de méningite, d’éruptions cutanées, de gale, d’infestation par les poux et de varicelle ont été notifiés. Des cas d’hépatite sont également suspectés car de nombreuses personnes présentent des signes évidents d’ictère.
Il est plus facile de lutter contre la maladie pour un organisme sain que pour un organisme épuisé et affaibli. La faim affaiblit les défenses immunitaires et favorise la survenue de maladies.
La malnutrition augmente le risque pour les enfants de mourir de maladies diarrhéiques, de pneumonie et de rougeole, en particulier car ils n’ont pas accès à des services de santé vitaux.
Même si l’enfant survit, l’émaciation peut avoir des conséquences définitives, car elle retarde la croissance et altère le développement cognitif…
Les habitants de Gaza, qui ont déjà assez souffert, risquent maintenant de mourir de faim et de maladies qui pourraient être facilement traitées si le système de santé fonctionnait. Cela ne peut plus durer. L’aide alimentaire et autre doit être acheminée en quantités beaucoup plus importantes. L’OMS appelle à nouveau à un cessez-le-feu humanitaire immédiat. »387
87. Les experts estiment que le bilan des morts dues aux maladies et à la faim « pourrait être plusieurs fois supérieur à celui des victimes des combats et des frappes aériennes »388. Par ses attaques incessantes sur le système de santé palestinien de Gaza, Israël soumet intentionnellement les Palestiniens de Gaza à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner leur destruction389. Dans un article paru dans la revue médicale britannique The Lancet, un groupe de médecins et d’experts souligne « les dimensions sanitaires de la violence résultant du siège et des attaques dont les Palestiniens continuent d’être victimes », avertissant à juste titre du « grave risque de génocide contre le peuple palestinien »390.
7. La destruction de la vie palestinienne à Gaza
88. Le 16 novembre 2023, 15 rapporteurs spéciaux et 21 membres de groupes de travail de l’ONU, s’inquiétant d’un « risque de génocide » à Gaza, ont fait observer que l’ampleur des destructions subies jusqu’alors par les « habitations, ainsi que les hôpitaux,
386 UNICEF, « State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report Issue No. 10, 7-13 December », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-SitRep-14-décembre-2023.pdf ; WHO, « oPt Emergency Situation Update Issue 16 », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/oPt_Emergency_Situation_Update_-_DEC7b.pdf.
387 OMS, « Les conséquences mortelles de la faim associée à la maladie entraîneront de nouveaux décès à Gaza », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-12-2023-lethal-combination-of-hunger-and-disease-to-lead-to-more-deaths-in-gaza (les italiques sont de nous).
388 Henry Mance, « UN aid chief Martin Griffiths: “the war in Gaza isn’t halfway through” », Financial Times, 18 décembre 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/01b592be-47c7-4a20-9bbd-621aa40f7640.
389 Ibid.
390 Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Ashgar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith and
Amy Neilson, « The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide », The
Lancet, 18 décembre 2023, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)
02751-4/fulltext.
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as well as hospitals, schools, mosques, bakeries, water pipes, sewage and electricity networks . . . threatens to make the continuation of Palestinian life in Gaza impossible”391. As they note, Israel has in its bombing campaign against Gaza used “powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure”392. Israel has destroyed not only individual homes, houses, and whole apartment blocks; it has destroyed entire streets, and entire neighbourhoods: Shuja’iyya, a suburb of Gaza City, once home to approximately 110,000 Palestinians, appears to now be a vast wasteland, entirely flattened as far as the eye can see393. Its shops, schools, vibrant marketplace, family homes, doctors clinics, historic streets and Ibn Uthman Mosque, and everything that once sustained Palestinian life there, has been damaged or destroyed, along with so many of its people394.
Other areas in Gaza appear to have experienced a similar level of destruction, including Beit Hanoun395, Beit Lahia396, Gaza Old City397, Al Rimal398, and Nuseirat refugee camp in the South399.
89. Across Gaza, Israel has targeted the infrastructure and foundations of Palestinian life, deliberately creating conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian people. In addition to the attacks previously cited on homes, neighbourhoods, hospitals, water systems, agricultural lands, bakeries and mills, Israel has also targeted the foundational civil system in Gaza. Israel has targeted the Palace of Justice400, — the main Palestinian court building
in Gaza — housing the Palestinian Supreme Court, the constitutional Court,
the Court of Appeal, the Court of First Instance, the Administrative Court and
the Magistrates’ Court, as well as an archive of court records and other historical files. Israel has also significantly damaged the Palestinian Legislative Council
391 UN OHCHR, “Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people”, 16 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/
11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against.
392 Ibid. (emphasis added).
393 “The documentation that dropped Gazans’ jaws: the Shuja’iyya neighbourhood was completely wiped out: Watch”, JDN, 20 December 2023, https://www.jdn.co.il/video/2103783/; Israeli soldier reports “Shujaiya neighbourhood gone”: Bazz News, @1717Bazz, Tweet (2:50 p.m.), 20 December 2023, https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1737485648158748674. Translation by Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye (8:00 a.m.), 21 December 2023, https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1737744722649546979.
394 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #74”, 20 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74.
395 UN OCHA, “Before and after: satellite images of Gaza showing damage caused in hostilities”, 9 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/and-after-satellite-images-gaza-showing-damage-caused-hostilities.
396 Dominic Bailey, Erwan Rivault, Daniele Palumbo, “Nearly 100,000 Gaza buildings may be damaged, satellite images show”, BBC News, 1 December 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67565872.
397 UN OCHA, “Before and after: satellite images of Gaza showing damage caused in hostilities”, 9 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/and-after-satellite-images-gaza-showing-damage-caused-hostilities.
398 Al-Haq, Al Mezan, PCHR, “Destruction of al-Rimal Neighborhood in Gaza City, an Attack on the Economic Existence of a National Group”, 19 October 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/21943.html; “How Israeli Airstrikes Destroyed a Busy Neighbourhood in Gaza”, The Financial Times, 24 October 2023, https://ig.ft.com/gaza-damage.
399 Dominic Bailey, Erwan Rivault, Daniele Palumbo, “Nearly 100,000 Gaza buildings may be damaged, satellite images show”, BBC News, 1 December 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67565872.
400 Diakonia International Humanitarian Law Centre, “2023 Hostilities and Escalating Violence in the OPT | Account of Events”, 13 December 2023, https://www.diakonia.se/ihl/news/2023-hostilities-in-gaza-and-israel-factual-account-of-events.
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les écoles, les mosquées, les boulangeries, les conduites d’eau et d’égout et les réseaux d’électricité … risqu[ait] de rendre toute vie à Gaza impossible pour les Palestiniens »391. Comme ils le relèvent, Israël a utilisé, au cours de sa campagne de bombardements sur Gaza, « des armes puissantes qui par nature frappent sans distinction, responsables d’un bilan humain colossal et de la destruction d’infrastructures vitales »392. Israël n’a pas seulement détruit des logements individuels, des maisons et des immeubles ; il a également détruit des rues entières et des quartiers entiers : celui de Shuja’iyya, situé en périphérie de la ville de Gaza, où vivaient autrefois quelque 110 000 Palestiniens, semble avoir été entièrement rasé et ne ressemble plus aujourd’hui qu’à un vaste terrain vague qui s’étend à perte de vue393. Ses boutiques, ses écoles, son marché animé, ses maisons familiales, ses cabinets médicaux, ses rues historiques et sa mosquée Ibn Uthman, tout ce qui permettait aux Palestiniens d’y vivre a été endommagé ou détruit, et nombre de ses résidents ont été blessés ou tués394. D’autres secteurs de Gaza semblent avoir connu un sort similaire, dont Beit Hanoun395, Beit Lahia396, la vieille ville de Gaza397, Al-Rimal398 et le camp de réfugiés de Nuseirat dans le Sud399.
89. Dans l’ensemble du territoire de Gaza, Israël a ciblé l’infrastructure et les fondations de la vie palestinienne, créant intentionnellement des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner la destruction physique du peuple palestinien. Outre les attaques précédemment citées qui ont ciblé des logements, des quartiers, des hôpitaux, des systèmes d’alimentation en eau, des terres agricoles, des boulangeries et des moulins à farine, Israël s’en est également pris aux institutions civiles à Gaza. Ainsi, il a frappé le Palais de Justice400  le principal tribunal palestinien à Gaza —, qui abrite la Cour suprême palestinienne, la Cour constitutionnelle, la Cour d’appel, la Cour administrative et les tribunaux de première instance (tribunal judiciaire et tribunal de proximité), ainsi que
les archives judiciaires et d’autres dossiers historiques. Israël a en outre gravement
391 UN OHCHR, « Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people », 16 novembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/
2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against.
392 Ibid. (les italiques sont de nous).
393 « The documentation that dropped Gazans’ jaws: the Shuja’iyya neighbourhood was completely wiped out: Watch », JDN, 20 décembre 2023, https://www.jdn.co.il/video/2103783/; Israeli soldier reports « Shujaiya neighbourhood gone », Bazz News, @1717Bazz, Tweet (2:50 p.m.), 20 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1737485648158748674 (translation by
Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye (8:00 a.m.), 21 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1737744722649546979).
394 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #74 », 20 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74.
395 UN OCHA, « Before and after: satellite images of Gaza showing damage caused in hostilities », 9 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/and-after-satellite-images-gaza-showing-
damage-caused-hostilities.
396 Dominic Bailey, Erwan Rivault and Daniele Palumbo, « Nearly 100,000 Gaza buildings may be damaged, satellite images show », BBC News, 1er décembre 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67565872.
397 UN OCHA, « Before and after: satellite images of Gaza showing damage caused in hostilities », 9 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/and-after-satellite-images-gaza-showing-
damage-caused-hostilities.
398 Al-Haq, Al Mezan, PCHR, « Destruction of al-Rimal Neighborhood in Gaza City, an Attack on the Economic Existence of a National Group », 19 octobre 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/
21943.html; « How Israeli Airstrikes Destroyed a Busy Neighbourhood in Gaza », The Financial Times, 24 octobre 2023, https://ig.ft.com/gaza-damage.
399 Dominic Bailey, Erwan Rivault and Daniele Palumbo, « Nearly 100,000 Gaza buildings may be damaged, satellite images show », BBC News, 1er décembre 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67565872.
400 Diakonia International Humanitarian Law Centre, « 2023 Hostilities and Escalating Violence in the OPT — Account of Events », 13 décembre 2023, https://www.diakonia.se/ihl/news/2023-hostilities-in-gaza-and-israel-factual-account-of-events/.
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complex401. It has targeted Gaza City’s Central Archive building, containing thousands of historical documents and national records dating back over 100 years, and forming an essential archive of Palestinian history, as well as more modern records for Gaza City’s urban development402.
90. Israel has left Gaza City’s main public library in ruins403. It has also damaged or destroyed countless bookshops, publishing houses, libraries404, and hundreds of educational facilities405. Israel has targeted every one of Gaza’s four universities — including the Islamic University of Gaza, the oldest higher education institution in the territory, which has trained generations of doctors and engineers, amongst others406 — destroying campuses for the education of future generations of Palestinians in Gaza. Alongside so many others, Israel has killed leading Palestinian academics, including: Professor Sufian Tayeh, the President of the Islamic University — an award-winning physicist and UNESCO Chair of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences in Palestine — who died, alongside his family, in an airstrike; Dr Ahmed Hamdi Abo Absa, Dean of
the Software Engineering Department at the University of Palestine, reportedly shot dead by Israeli soldiers as he walked away, having been released from three days of enforced disappearance; and Professor Muhammad Eid Shabir, Professor of Immunology and Virology, and former President of the Islamic University of Gaza, and Professor Refaat Alareer, poet and Professor of Comparative Literature and Creative Writing at the Islamic University of Gaza, both killed by Israel with members of their families. Professor Alareer was a co-founder of “We are Not Numbers”, a Palestinian youth project seeking to tell the stories behind otherwise impersonal accounts of Palestinians — and Palestinian deaths — in the news407.
91. Israel has damaged and destroyed numerous centres of Palestinian learning and culture, including: the Al Zafar Dmari Mosque and Center for Manuscripts and Ancient Documents408; the Orthodox Cultural Centre; the Al Qarara Cultural Museum; the Gaza Centre for Culture and Arts; the Arab Social Cultural Centre; the Hakawi Society for
401 Josh Holder, “Gaza After Nine Weeks of War”, The New York Times, 12 December 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/12/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-satellite-images-israel-invasion.html.
402 International Council on Archives, “Statement of the International Council on Archives on the Destruction of the Central Archives of the Municipality of Gaza”, 13 December 2023, https://www.ica.org/statement-of-the-international-council-on-archives-on-the-destruction-of-the-central-archives-of-the-municipality-of-gaza.
403 Mohamad El Chamaa, “Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces”, The Washington Post, 1 December 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/
11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture.
404 Laila Hussein Moustafa, “Opinion: When libraries like Gaza’s are destroyed, what’s lost is far more than books”, Los Angeles Times, 12 December 2023, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing.
405 UNICEF, “UNICEF in the State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10”, 14 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-Sit
Rep-14-December-2023.pdf.
406 Brendan O’Malley and Wagdy Sawahel, “Israel bombs Gaza university, alleging use
by military”, University World News, 12 October 2023, https://www.universityworldnews.com/
post.php?story=20231012162739531.
407 We Are Not Numbers, “Tributes to Refaat Alareer, killed Dec. 9, 2023”, 18 December 2023, https://wearenotnumbers.org/tributes-to-refaat-alareer-killed-dec-9-2023.
408 Arab Network of Civil Society Organizations to Safeguard Cultural Heritage (“ANSCH”), “Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip — Palestine”, 7 November 2023, https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf.
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endommagé l’enceinte du Conseil législatif palestinien401. Il a ciblé le bâtiment des archives centrales de la ville de Gaza, qui contient des milliers de documents historiques et des registres nationaux datant pour certains de plus d’un siècle, témoignage essentiel de l’histoire palestinienne, ainsi que des archives plus récentes relatives au développement urbain de la ville de Gaza402.
90. Israël a laissé la bibliothèque centrale de la ville de Gaza en ruines403. Il a aussi endommagé ou détruit d’innombrables librairies, maisons d’édition et bibliothèques404, ainsi que des centaines d’établissements d’enseignement405. Il a ciblé chacune des quatre universités de Gaza — dont l’université islamique de Gaza, le plus ancien établissement d’enseignement supérieur du territoire, qui a formé des générations de médecins et d’ingénieurs, entre autres406 —, détruisant les campus où devaient se former les futures générations de Palestiniens de Gaza. Parmi les nombreuses victimes d’Israël figurent des universitaires palestiniens de premier plan, dont Sufian Tayeh, président de l’université islamique — physicien primé et titulaire de la chaire UNESCO pour
l’astronomie, l’astrophysique et les sciences spatiales en Palestine —, qui a été tué avec sa famille par une frappe aérienne, Ahmed Hamdi Abo Absa, doyen du département d’ingénierie logicielle de l’université de Palestine, qui aurait été abattu par des soldats israéliens alors qu’il repartait à pied après avoir été libéré au bout de trois jours de disparition forcée, ainsi que Muhammad Eid Shabir, professeur d’immunologie et
de virologie et ancien président de l’université islamique de Gaza, et Refaat Alareer, poète et professeur de littérature comparée et de création littéraire à l’université islamique de Gaza, tous deux ont été tués en même temps que des membres de leur famille. Le professeur Alareer était cofondateur de « We are Not Numbers », un projet palestinien mené par des jeunes dont l’objectif est de donner, par des témoignages, une visibilité aux Palestiniens — et aux victimes palestiniennes — dont les médias parlent de manière impersonnelle407.
91. Israël a endommagé et détruit de nombreux centres palestiniens de formation et de culture, dont la mosquée Al-Zafar Dmari et le centre des manuscrits et documents anciens408, le centre culturel orthodoxe, le musée culturel Al-Qarara, le centre gazaoui pour la culture et les arts, le centre culturel social arabe, la société Hakawi pour la
401 Josh Holder, « Gaza After Nine Weeks of War », The New York Times, 12 décembre 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/12/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-satellite-images-israel-invasion.html.
402 International Council on Archives, « Statement of the International Council on Archives on the Destruction of the Central Archives of the Municipality of Gaza », 13 décembre 2023, https://www.ica.org/en/statement-of-the-international-council-on-archives-on-the-destruction-of-the-central-archives-of-the-municipality-of-gaza.
403 Mohamad El Chamaa, « Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces », The Washington Post, 1 décembre 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture.
404 Laila Hussein Moustafa, « Opinion: When libraries like Gaza’s are destroyed, what’s lost is far more than books », Los Angeles Times, 12 décembre 2023, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing.
405 UNICEF, « UNICEF in the State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10 », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-Sit
Rep-14-décembre-2023.pdf.
406 Brendan O’Malley et Wagdy Sawahel, « Israel bombs Gaza university, alleging use by military », University World News, 12 octobre 2023, https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?
story=20231012162739531.
407 We Are Not Numbers, « Tributes to Refaat Alareer, killed Dec. 9, 2023 », 18 décembre 2023, https://wearenotnumbers.org/tributes-to-refaat-alareer-killed-dec-9-2023.
408 Arab Network of Civil Society Organizations to Safeguard Cultural Heritage (« ANSCH »), « Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip —
Palestine », 7 novembre 2023, https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-
Palestine-english.pdf.
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Culture and Arts; and the Rafah Museum — Gaza’s newly opened museum of Palestinian heritage, housing hundreds of cultural and archaeological artefacts. Israel’s attacks have destroyed Gaza’s ancient history: eight sites have been damaged or destroyed, including the ancient port of Gaza (known as “Anthedon Harbour” or “Al Balakhiya”) — the archaeological site of a 2,000-year-old Roman cemetery listed on both the Islamic Heritage List and the tentative UNESCO World Heritage List409. Israel has also destroyed Gaza City’s “Old City”, including its 146-year-old historic houses, mosques, churches, markets and schools. It has also destroyed Gaza’s more recent history of more hopeful times, including the Rashad al-Shawa Cultural Center — site of a historic meeting between United States President Bill Clinton and Palestinian President Yasser Arafat 25 years ago — and an important cultural hub for Palestinians in Gaza, with its theatre, library and event space410. And Israel is destroying Gaza’s future academic and cultural potential: alongside the 352 Palestinian schools it has damaged or destroyed411, the 4,037 students and 209 teachers and educational staff it has killed, alongside the other 7,259 students and 619 teachers it has injured412.
92. Israel has damaged or destroyed an estimated 318 Muslim and Christian rel-
igious sites, demolishing the places where Palestinians have worshipped for generations413. These include the Great Omari Mosque, originally a fifth century Byzantine church, an iconic landmark of Gaza’s history, architecture and cultural heritage, and a place of worship by Christians and Muslims for over 1,000 years414. Israeli shelling has also damaged the Church of Saint Porphyrius, founded in 425 AD and believed to be the third oldest church in the world — alongside two other churches that have sustained direct Israeli fire415. Gaza’s Christians themselves have been targeted and killed by Israel in the very church compounds where they sought shelter416.
93. Along with its destruction of the physical monuments to the history and heritage of the Palestinians in Gaza, Israel has sought to destroy the very Palestinian people who form and create that heritage: Gaza’s celebrated journalists, its teachers, intellectuals and public figures, its doctors and nurses, its film-makers, writers and singers, the directors and deans of its universities, the heads of its hospitals, its eminent scientists,
409 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (“UNESCO”), Anthedon Harbour, 2 April 2012, https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5719.
410 “Erasing History: The Destruction of Gaza’s Cultural Heritage by Israel’s War Machine”, LBC International, 8 December 2023, https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/news-bulletin-reports/7400
70/erasing-history-the-destruction-of-gazas-cultural-heritage-by-israels/en.
411 UNICEF, “UNICEF in the State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10”, 14 December 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-Sit
Rep-14-December-2023.pdf.
412 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #78”, 27 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
413 Palestine Red Crescent Society, “Response Report as of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM”, 24 December 2023, https://reliefweb.int/
report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescent-society-response-report-saturday-
october-7th-2023-600-pm-until-sunday-december-24th-2023-2400-am-enar.
414 “Images show major damage to Gaza’s oldest mosque”, BBC News, 8 December 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67664853.
415 “Photos show Gaza’s Church of Saint Porphyrius, one of the oldest churches in the world, after the complex was damaged by Israeli airstrikes”, Business Insider, 24 October 2023, https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gaza-war-church-airstrikes-damage-2023-10.
416 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #72”, 18 December 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-
strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
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culture et les arts, et le musée Rafah — le nouveau musée de Gaza consacré au patrimoine palestinien, abritant des centaines d’objets culturels et archéologiques. Par ses attaques, Israël a détruit le patrimoine historique de Gaza : huit sites ont été endommagés ou détruits, dont l’ancien port de Gaza (connu sous le nom de « port Anthedon » ou « Al-Balakhiya ») — site archéologique d’un cimetière romain vieux de 2 000 ans figurant à la fois sur la liste du patrimoine islamique et la liste indicative du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO409. Il a également détruit la « vieille ville » de Gaza, dont ses maisons historiques vieilles de 146 ans, ses mosquées, ses marchés et ses écoles. Il a également détruit des bâtiments plus récents de Gaza, symboles d’un avenir plus prometteur, comme le centre culturel Rashad al-Shawa, qui a accueilli une rencontre historique entre le président américain Bill Clinton et le président palestinien Yasser Arafat il y a 25 ans, et qui était un lieu culturel important pour les Palestiniens de Gaza, avec son théâtre, sa bibliothèque et son espace dédié aux événements410. À cela s’ajoute le fait qu’Israël est en train d’anéantir le futur potentiel universitaire et culturel de Gaza : il a endommagé ou détruit 352 écoles palestiniennes411, tué 4 037 étudiants et 209 enseignants et personnels éducatifs, et blessé 7 259 étudiants et 619 enseignants de plus412.
92. Israël a endommagé ou détruit environ 318 sites religieux musulmans et chrétiens, démolissant les lieux où les Palestiniens viennent se recueillir depuis plusieurs générations413. Parmi ceux-ci figure la grande mosquée Omari, à l’origine une église byzantine du Ve siècle et un symbole iconique de l’histoire, de l’architecture et du patrimoine culturel de Gaza, lieu de prière pour les chrétiens et les musulmans depuis plus de 1 000 ans414. Les tirs d’artillerie israéliens ont également endommagé l’église Saint-Porphyre, fondée en 425 après J.-C. et considérée comme la troisième plus ancienne église au monde — ainsi que deux autres églises qui ont été directement visées par les frappes415. Des chrétiens de Gaza ont, eux aussi, été pris pour cible et tués par Israël alors qu’ils se trouvaient dans l’enceinte même des églises où ils étaient venus chercher refuge416.
93. Outre la destruction des monuments physiques qui sont l’histoire et le patrimoine des Palestiniens de Gaza, Israël a cherché aussi à détruire les Palestiniens qui constituent et créent précisément ce patrimoine : journalistes renommés, enseignants, intellectuels et personnalités publiques, médecins et infirmiers, cinéastes, auteurs et chanteurs, directeurs et doyens d’universités, directeurs d’hôpitaux, éminents scientifiques, linguistes,
409 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), « Anthedon Harbour », 2 avril 2012, https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5719.
410 « Erasing History: The Destruction of Gaza’s Cultural Heritage by Israel’s War Machine », LBC International, 8 décembre 2023, https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/news-bulletin-reports/
740070/erasing-history-the-destruction-of-gazas-cultural-heritage-by-israels/en.
411 UNICEF, « UNICEF in the State of Palestine Escalation Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10 », 14 décembre 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/150141/file/SoP-Humanitarian-Sit
Rep-14-décembre-2023.pdf.
412 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #78 », 27 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78.
413 Palestine Red Crescent Society, « Response Report as of Saturday, October 7, 2023, 6:00 p.m. Until Sunday, December 24 2023, 24:00 a.m. », 24 décembre 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescent-society-response-report-saturday-
october-7th-2023-600-pm-until-sunday-december-24th-2023-2400-am-enar.
414 « Images show major damage to Gaza’s oldest mosque », BBC News, 8 décembre 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67664853.
415 « Photos show Gaza’s Church of Saint Porphyrius, one of the oldest churches in the world, after the complex was damaged by Israeli airstrikes », Business Insider, 24 octobre 2023, https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gaza-war-church-airstrikes-damage-2023-10.
416 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #72 », 18 décembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72.
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linguists, playwrights, novelists, artists and musicians. Israel has killed and is killing Palestinian story-tellers and poets, Palestinian farmers and fishermen, alongside Gaza’s local legends: pastry chef Masoud Muhammad al-Qatati, killed in an Israeli airstrike on his house on 3 November 2023, whose shop’s motto “let the poor eat” — and reputation for giving away the popular Palestinian treat “knafeh” to indigent customers — earned him the nickname “Father of the Poor”; 84-year-old Elham Farah, from one of Palestine’s oldest Christian families — a reputed accordionist and music teacher, known as “Mother Orange” to generations of Palestinian music students for her shock of red hair417, — shot dead by an Israeli sniper outside the Holy Family Church in Gaza City when she returned home for warm clothes, and was left to bleed to death418; and Al-Shaima Saidam, the student with the highest final high school exam grades in the whole of Palestine, killed with multiple members of her family in a strike on Al Nuseirat refugee camp419. Just as Israel is destroying the official memory and records of Palestinians in Gaza through its destruction of Gaza’s archives and landmarks, it is obliterating Palestinian personal lives and private memories, histories and futures, through bombing and bulldozing graveyards420, destroying family records and photographs, wiping out entire multi-generational families421, and killing, maiming and traumatising a generation of children422. As a Palestinian man, in a video by UNRWA, succinctly sums up: “These are all our memories, our entire lives . . . Now it’s all gone; everything has turned into ashes.”423
94. The Israeli army — erecting the Israeli flag over the wreckage of devastated Palestinian homes, towns and cities, including in Gaza City’s Palestine Square itself424, and spurred on by calls from within the Israeli government and without to “flatten Gaza” and re-establish Israeli settlements on the rubble of Palestinian
417 “84-year-old Elham Farah: Accordionist, aunt and Gaza’s first ever music teacher killed by Israeli sniper”, The New Arab, 7 December 2023, https://www.newarab.com/features/gazas-first-music-teacher-elham-farah-killed-sniper.
418 Nadda Osman, “Israel-Palestine war: The elderly Christian music teacher killed by Israeli soldiers in Gaza”, Middle East Eye, 14 November 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-christian-music-teacher-killed-gaza.
419 Nader Durgham, “Israel-Palestine war: Palestine’s top student killed by Israeli air strikes”, Middle East Eye, 17 October 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-top-high-school-student-killed.
420 “Damage to Gaza War Cemetery shows challenge of caring for monuments in conflict zones”, Canadian Press, 10 November 2023, https://www.cp24.com/news/damage-to-gaza-
war-cemetery-shows-challenge-of-caring-for-monuments-in-conflict-zones-1.6639255; Christoph Koettl and Christian Triebert, “Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces”, The New York Times, 14 December 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html.
421 Mahmoud Mushtaha, “A Second Nakba: Israeli attacks are erasing entire families from Gaza’s civil registry”, The New Arab, 31 October 2023, https://www.newarab.com/features/gaza-entire-families-being-wiped-out-civil-registry.
422 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #74”, 20 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74; UNICEF, “Emergency Response: Children Trapped in Gaza Conflict Face Generational Trauma”, 1 November 2023, https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/children-trapped-gaza-conflict-face-generational-trauma.
423 Quoted in UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #70”,
15 December 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-
update-70.
424 “Israeli flag raised in symbolic Palestine Square in Gaza City, video shows”, CNN, 8 December 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-12-0823/h_7516b0f4b4970e9a01bffb26f1bb4739.
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dramaturges, romanciers, artistes et musiciens de Gaza. Israël a tué et tue encore des conteurs et des poètes, des agriculteurs et des pêcheurs palestiniens, ainsi que des légendes locales de Gaza : le chef pâtissier Masoud Muhammad al-Qatati, tué le 3 novembre 2023 à son domicile par une frappe aérienne, surnommé « père des pauvres » en raison du slogan de sa boutique — « Que les pauvres mangent ! » — et de l’habitude qu’il avait d’offrir le fameux dessert palestinien « knafeh » aux clients pauvres ; Elham Farah, âgée de 84 ans, issue d’une des plus anciennes familles chrétiennes de Palestine, accordéoniste et professeure de musique réputée, dont la chevelure rousse lui valait d’être surnommée « Mère Orange » par des générations d’étudiants palestiniens en musique417, qui a été touchée par le tir d’un sniper israélien à l’extérieur de l’église de la Sainte-Famille, dans la ville de Gaza, alors qu’elle rentrait chez elle chercher des vêtements chauds, et qui est morte dans la rue, seule, après s’être vidée de son sang418 ; ou encore Al-Shaima Saidam, l’étudiante ayant obtenu les meilleures notes au baccalauréat dans toute la Palestine, tuée avec plusieurs membres de sa famille lors d’une frappe sur le camp de réfugiés Al-Nuseirat419. Et de la même manière qu’il détruit la mémoire et le passé officiels des Palestiniens de Gaza en détruisant les archives et les grands sites de Gaza, Israël anéantit les vies personnelles et les souvenirs privés des Palestiniens, leur histoire et leur avenir, en bombardant des cimetières ou en les saccageant au bulldozer420, en détruisant des documents familiaux et des photographies personnelles, en éliminant plusieurs générations d’une même famille421, et en tuant, mutilant et traumatisant une génération d’enfants422. Comme le résume en quelques mots un Palestinien dans une vidéo de l’UNRWA : « Ce sont là nos souvenirs, nos vies tout entières… Tout a disparu ; tout n’est plus que cendres. »423
94. L’armée israélienne, qui plante le drapeau israélien sur les ruines des maisons, villes et villages palestiniens dévastés, y compris sur la place de la Palestine elle-même dans la ville de Gaza424, et qui est encouragée à la fois par le Gouvernement israélien et par d’autres personnes à « raser Gaza » et à établir des colonies israéliennes sur les
417 « 84-year-old Elham Farah: Accordionist, aunt and Gaza’s first ever music teacher killed by Israeli sniper », The New Arab, 7 décembre 2023, https://www.newarab.com/features/gazas-first-music-teacher-elham-farah-killed-sniper.
418 Nadda Osman, « Israel-Palestine war: The elderly Christian music teacher killed by Israeli soldiers in Gaza », Middle East Eye, 14 novembre 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-christian-music-teacher-killed-gaza.
419 Nader Durgham, « Israel-Palestine war: Palestine’s top student killed by Israeli air strikes », Middle East Eye, 17 octobre 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-top-high-school-student-killed.
420 « Damage to Gaza War Cemetery shows challenge of caring for monuments in conflict zones », Canadian Press, 10 novembre 2023, https://www.cp24.com/news/damage-to-gaza-war-cemetery-shows-challenge-of-caring-for-monuments-in-conflict-zones-1.6639255 ; Christoph Koettl et Christian Triebert, « Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces », The New York Times, 14 décembre 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html.
421 Mahmoud Mushtaha, « A Second Nakba: Israeli attacks are erasing entire families from Gaza’s civil registry », The New Arab, 31 octobre 2023, https://www.newarab.com/features/gaza-entire-families-being-wiped-out-civil-registry.
422 UN OCHA, Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #74, 20 décembre
2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74 ; UNICEF, « Emergency Response: Children Trapped in Gaza Conflict Face Generational Trauma »,
1er novembre 2023, https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/children-trapped-gaza-conflict-face-generational-trauma.
423 Cité dans UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel — Flash Update #70 », 15 décembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70.
424 « Israeli flag raised in symbolic Palestine Square in Gaza City, video shows », CNN, 8 décembre 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-12-08-23/h_7516b0f4b4970e9a01bffb26f1bb4739.
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homes425 — is destroying the very fabric and basis of Palestinian life in Gaza.
Israel is thereby deliberately inflicting on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about its destruction.
8. Imposing measures intended to prevent Palestinian births
95. As set out above, Israel’s actions are impacting Palestinian women and children in Gaza especially severely, with 70 per cent of those killed estimated to be women and children. Two mothers are estimated to be killed every hour in Gaza. Over 7,729 children were estimated to have been killed by 11 December 2023 alone426, and at least 4,700 other women and children are reported missing, believed to be buried under the rubble427. There are multiple eye-witness accounts of pregnant women being killed by Israeli soldiers, including while trying to access healthcare428.
96. Pregnant women and children  including newborn babies  are also particularly impacted by displacement, lack of access to food and water, shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation, and lack of access to health services. These effects are severe and significant. An estimated 5,500 of approximately 52,000 pregnant Palestinian women in Gaza giving birth each month are doing so in unsafe conditions, often with no clean water, much less medical assistance, “in shelters, in their homes, in the streets amid rubble, or in overwhelmed healthcare facilities, where sanitation is worsening, and the risk of infection and medical complications is on the rise”429. Where they are able to get to a functioning hospital, pregnant women are having to undergo caesarean sections without anaesthetic430.
97. Given the lack of access to critical medical supplies, including blood, doctors are being compelled to perform ordinarily unnecessary hysterectomies on young women in an attempt to save their lives, leaving them unable to have more children431. Indeed, the Minister of Health for the State of Palestine, Dr May al-Kaileh, confirms that the only
425 “Far-right minister calls for Israel to ‘fully occupy’ Gaza, reestablish settlements”, The Times of Israel, 15 December 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-minister-calls-for-israel-to-fully-occupy-gaza-reestablish-settlements.
426 UNICEF, “Joint Statement by UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, WFP and WHO on Humanitarian Supplies Crossing into Gaza”, 4 November 2023, https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/joint-statement-by-unicef-undp-unfpa-wfp-and-who-on-humanitarian-supplies-crossing-into-gaza/; UN Women, “Facts and figures: Women and girls during the war in Gaza”, 22 December 2023, https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2023/10/facts-and-figures-women-and-girls-during-the-war-in-gaza.
427 Palestine Red Crescent Society, “Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report As
of Saturday, October 7th 2023, 6:00 PM Until Sunday, December 24th 2023, 24:00 AM”, 24 December 2023, p. 1, https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse
23012023/en 220 2023.pdf.
مشاهد الحصار والدمار في تل الزعتر بمخيم جباليا“ 428 ”, Al Jazeera, 23 December 2023, https://

� www.aljazeera.net/videos/2023/12/ مشاهد-الحصار-والدمار-في-تل-الزعتر/ 23 “Israeli forces ‘kill preg
nant women in Gaza, run over bodies with bulldozers’: report”, The New Arab (23 December 2023), https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-army-shot-pregnant-women-ran-over-bodies-report.
429 WHO, “Women and newborns bearing the brunt of the conflict in Gaza, UN agencies warn”, 3 November 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflict-in-gaza-un-agencies-warn.
430 UN News, “Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth ‘in race against death’”, 7 November 2023, https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
431 Juzoor for Health and Social Development, “The ravages of war: impact on mothers and newborns in Gaza”, 11 November 2023, https://www.juzoor.org/cached_uploads/download/2023/
11/11/maternal-health-report-final-1699726911.pdf; “ ,”الف امرأ حامل في غزة يواجهن مصيرا مجهولا 50
137
décombres des maisons palestiniennes425, détruit le tissu et les fondations mêmes de la vie palestinienne à Gaza. Ce faisant, Israël soumet intentionnellement le groupe des Palestiniens de Gaza à des conditions d’existence visant à entraîner sa destruction.
8. L’imposition de mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe
95. Comme il a été montré ci-dessus, les actions d’Israël ont un effet particulièrement grave sur les femmes et les enfants palestiniens de Gaza, qui représentent, selon les estimations, 70 % des personnes tuées. On estime que deux femmes sont tuées toutes les heures à Gaza. Selon les données du 11 décembre 2023, plus de 7 729 enfants auraient déjà été tués426, et au moins 4 700 femmes et enfants sont portés disparus, probablement ensevelis sous les décombres427. De très nombreux témoins racontent avoir vu des femmes enceintes tuées par des soldats israéliens, parfois même alors qu’elles cherchaient à obtenir des soins de santé428.
96. Les femmes enceintes et les enfants  ainsi que les nouveau-nés  souffrent également plus particulièrement des déplacements, du manque d’eau, de nourriture, de vêtements et de produits d’hygiène, de l’insuffisance des abris et des installations sanitaires, et du manque d’accès aux services de santé. Ces conséquences sont graves et importantes. On estime que, sur environ 52 000 femmes enceintes palestiniennes à Gaza, 5 500 accouchent chaque mois dans des conditions dangereuses, souvent sans disposer d’eau propre et encore moins d’aide médicale, « dans des abris, à domicile, dans la rue au milieu des décombres ou dans des établissements de santé débordés, où l’assainissement se détériore et où le risque d’infection et de complications médicales augmente »429. Même lorsqu’elles parviennent à se rendre dans un hôpital opérationnel, les femmes enceintes qui accouchent par césarienne ne reçoivent pas d’anesthésiant430.
97. Compte tenu du manque de fournitures médicales vitales, notamment de sang, des médecins se voient contraints de pratiquer des hystérectomies, qui ne seraient pas nécessaires dans d’autres circonstances, sur des jeunes femmes, afin de tenter de leur sauver la vie, les privant de la possibilité d’avoir d’autres enfants431. De fait, Mme May
425 « Far-right minister calls for Israel to “fully occupy” Gaza, reestablish settlements », The Times of Israel, 15 décembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-minister-calls-for-israel-to-fully-occupy-gaza-reestablish-settlements.
426 UNICEF, « Joint Statement by UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, WFP and WHO on Humanitarian Supplies Crossing into Gaza » (4 novembre 2023), https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/joint-statement-by-unicef-undp-unfpa-wfp-and-who-on-humanitarian-supplies-crossing-into-gaza/ ; UN Women, « Facts and figures: Women and girls during the war in Gaza », 22 décembre 2023, https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2023/10/facts-and-figures-women-and-girls-during-the-war-in-gaza.
427 Palestine Red Crescent Society, « Palestine Red Crescent Society Response Report as of Saturday, October 7, 2023, 6:00 p.m. Until Sunday, December 24, 2023, 24:00 a.m. », 24 décembre 2023, p. 1, https://www.palestinercs.org/public/files/image/2023/News/latestresponse23012023/en%20220%202023.pdf.
428 « مشاهد الحصار والدمار في تل الزعتر بمخيم جباليا », Al Jazeera, 23 décembre 2023, https://
www.
aljazeera.net/videos/2023/12/ مشاهد-الحصار-والدمار-في-تل-الزعتر/ 23 ; « Israeli forces “kill preg
nant women in Gaza, run over bodies with bulldozers”: report », The New Arab, 23 décembre 2023, https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-army-shot-pregnant-women-ran-over-bodies-report.
429 OMS, « Les institutions des Nations Unies lancent un avertissement : les femmes et les nouveau-nés sont les premières victimes du conflit à Gaza », 3 novembre 2023, https://www.who.int/
fr/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflict-in-gaza-un-agencies-warn.
430 UN News, « Interview: 5,500 women in Gaza set to give birth “in race against death” », 7 novembre 2023, https://news.un.org/en/interview/2023/11/1143327.
431 Juzoor for Health and Social Development, « The ravages of war: impact on mothers and newborns in Gaza », 11 novembre 2023, https://www.juzoor.org/cached_uploads/download/2023/
» 11/11/maternal-health-report-final-1699726911.pdf ; الف امرأ حامل في غزة يواجهن مصيرا مجهولا 50 »,
138
option facing Palestinian women in Gaza who “bleed out” after giving birth is to undergo a hysterectomy in order for their lives to be saved432. The lack of available drugs, such as the anti-D injection  given to Rhesus negative women on the birth of a Rhesus positive baby  also seriously impacts the possibility of future healthy pregnancies for affected women.
98. Premature births have reportedly increased by between 25-30 per cent, as stressed and traumatised pregnant women face a myriad of challenges, including being compelled to walk long distances in search of safety, attempting to escape from bombs and being crowded into shelters in often squalid conditions. Particularly in northern Gaza, cases of placenta abruption  a serious condition that occurs to pregnant women during childbirth which is potentially life-threatening to both mother and baby  have more than doubled433.
99. An ever-increasing number of Palestinian babies in Gaza are reportedly dying from entirely preventable causes, brought about by Israel’s actions: newborns up to three months old are dying of diarrhoea, hypothermia, and other preventable causes. Without essential equipment and medical support, premature and underweight babies have little to no chance of survival434. Palestinian newborn babies have died due to the lack of fuel to supply hospital generators435; others have been found decomposing in their hospital cots, medical staff taking care of them having been forced by Israel to evacuate436.
100. On 3 November 2023, the World Health Organization warned that “[m]aternal deaths are expected to increase given the lack of access to adequate care”, with deadly consequences on reproductive health, including a rise in stress-induced miscarriages, stillbirths and premature births437. The impact will necessarily be long lasting and severe for Palestinians in Gaza as a group. By 22 November 2023 the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes and consequences, expressly warned that:
“[T]he reproductive violence inflicted by Israel on Palestinian women, newborn babies, infants, and children could be qualified as . . . acts of genocide under Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention of Genocide . . . including “imposing measures intended to prevent births within a group”.
Al Jazeera Arabic, 30 October 2023, https://www.aljazeera.net/women/2023/10/ تروى-لأول-مرة-/ 30
.تفاصيل-مرعبة-عن-واقع- 50 -ألف
432 Interview with Dr Mai Al Kaileh (Palestinian Minister of Health) on Al Arabiya, 27 Decem-
ber 2023, https://www.instagram.com/reel/C1W2QFCvmM8/?igsh=Ynk1NjRzdndnaHM5.
433 Oxfam, “Babies dying from preventable causes in besieged Gaza — Oxfam”, 24 November 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/babies-dying-preventable-causes-besieged-gaza-oxfam.
434 Ibid.
435 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #44”, 19 November 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44; UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #48”, 23 November 2023, https://
www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48.
436 “Abandoned babies found decomposing in Gaza hospital weeks after it was evacuated”, NBC News, 2 December 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/abandoned-babies-found-decomposing-gaza-hospital-evacuated-rcna127533.
437 WHO, “Women and newborns bearing the brunt of the conflict in Gaza, UN agencies warn”, 3 November 2023, https://www.who.int/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflict-in-gaza-un-agencies-warn.
139
al-Kaileh, ministre de la santé de l’État de Palestine et médecin, a confirmé que les femmes palestiniennes de Gaza qui souffrent d’hémorragie après l’accouchement n’ont pas d’autre choix que de subir une hystérectomie afin de rester en vie432. Le manque de médicaments, tels que des injections d’anti-D  faites aux femmes de rhésus négatif qui donnent naissance à un bébé de rhésus positif  peuvent également entraîner des problèmes graves pour les futures grossesses des femmes concernées.
98. Les naissances prématurées ont augmenté, selon certaines sources, de 25 à 30 %, conséquence des nombreuses difficultés auxquelles sont exposées les femmes enceintes, stressées et traumatisées, comme le fait d’être forcées de marcher de longues distances pour chercher un abri sûr, de fuir les bombardements ou encore de vivre dans des conditions de promiscuité et souvent d’insalubrité dans des abris surpeuplés. Dans le nord de Gaza en particulier, les cas de décollement placentaire  complication grave qui touche certaines femmes pendant la grossesse et peut mettre en danger la vie de la mère et du bébé  ont plus que doublé433.
99. Selon certaines informations, un nombre sans cesse croissant de bébés palestiniens à Gaza meurent de causes tout à fait évitables, occasionnées par les actions d’Israël : des nouveau-nés de moins de trois mois meurent de diarrhée, d’hypothermie et d’autres causes évitables. Faute d’équipement et de suivi médical, les bébés prématurés et souffrant d’insuffisance pondérale n’ont que peu ou pas de chances de survivre434. Des nouveau-nés palestiniens sont morts en raison du manque de carburant pour alimenter les générateurs des hôpitaux435 ; d’autres ont été trouvés morts dans leur berceau d’hôpital, en cours de décomposition, le personnel médical qui s’occupait d’eux ayant été forcé par Israël d’évacuer l’établissement436.
100. Le 3 novembre 2023, l’OMS a averti que la mortalité maternelle « devrait augmenter compte tenu de la difficulté d’accéder à des soins adéquats », avec des conséquences fatales pour la santé reproductive, notamment une augmentation du nombre de fausses couches, de cas de mortinatalité et de naissances prématurées imputables au stress437. Les répercussions seront forcément durables et graves pour les Palestiniens de Gaza en tant que groupe. Le 22 novembre 2023, la rapporteuse spéciale de l’ONU sur la violence contre les femmes, ses causes et ses conséquences, a expressément appelé l’attention sur ce qui suit :
« [L]es violences reproductives infligées par Israël aux femmes, nouveau-nés, nourrissons et enfants palestiniens pourraient être qualifiées … [d’]actes de génocide au sens de l’article 2 de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide … notamment de “mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe”. »Al Jazeera Arabic, 30 octobre 2023, https://www.aljazeera.net/women/2023/10/ تروى-لأول-مرة-/ 30
. تفاصيل-مرعبة-عن-واقع- 50 -ألف
432 Interview with Dr Mai Al-Kaileh (Palestinian Minister of Health) on Al Arabiya, 27 décem-
bre 2023, https://www.instagram.com/reel/C1W2QFCvmM8/?igsh=Ynk1NjRzdndnaHM5.
433 Oxfam, « Siège de Gaza : des bébés meurent de causes évitables », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.oxfam.org/fr/communiques-presse/siege-de-gaza-des-bebes-meurent-de-causes-evitables.
434 Ibid.
435 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel  Flash Update #44 », 19 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44 ; UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel  Flash Update #48 », 23 novembre 2023, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48.
436 « Abandoned babies found decomposing in Gaza hospital weeks after it was evacuated », NBC News, 2 décembre 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/abandoned-babies-found-decomposing-gaza-hospital-evacuated-rcna127533.
437 OMS, « Les institutions des Nations Unies lancent un avertissement : les femmes et les nouveau-nés sont les premières victimes du conflit à Gaza », 3 novembre 2023, https://www.who.int/
fr/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflict-in-gaza-un-agencies-warn.
140
She stressed that “States must prevent and punish such acts in accordance with their responsibilities under the Genocide Convention.”438
D. Expressions of Genocidal Intent against the Palestinian People
by Israeli State Officials and Others
101. Evidence of Israeli State officials’ specific intent (“dolus specialis”) to commit and persist in committing genocidal acts or to fail to prevent them has been significant and overt since October 2023. Those statements of intent — when combined with the level of killing, maiming, displacement and destruction on the ground, together with the siege — evidence an unfolding and continuing genocide. They include statements by the following individuals in the positions of the highest responsibility:

Prime Minister of Israel: On 7 October 2023, in a televised address by the Government Press Office, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu promised to “operate forcefully everywhere”439. On 13 October 2023, he confirmed that “[w]e are striking our enemies with unprecedented might . . .”440. On 15 October 2023, when Israeli airstrikes had already killed over 2,670 Palestinians, including 724 children441, the Prime Minister stated that Israeli soldiers “understand the scope of the mission” and stand ready “to defeat the bloodthirsty monsters who have risen against [Israel] to destroy us”442. On 16 October 2023, in a formal address to the Israeli Knesset, he described situation as “a struggle between the children of light and the children of darkness, between humanity and the law of the jungle”443, a dehumanising theme to which he returned on various occasions, including: on 3 November 2023, in a letter to Israeli soldiers and officers also published on the platform “X” (formerly Twitter); the letter asserted that: “[t]his is the war between the sons of light and the sons of darkness. We will not let up on our mission until the light overcomes the darkness — the good will defeat the extreme evil that threatens us and the entire world.”444 The Israeli Prime Minister also returned to the theme in his “Christmas message”, stating: “we’re facing monsters, monsters who murdered children in front of their parents . . . This is a battle not only of Israel against these barbarians, it’s a battle of civilization against
438 UN OHCHR, “Press Release, Women bearing the brunt of Israel-Gaza conflict: UN expert”, 20 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/women-bearing-brunt-israel-
gaza-conflict-un-expert (emphasis added).
439 Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (10:31 p.m.), 7 October 2023, https://twitter.com/
IsraeliPM/status/1710769906373775373.
440 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 13 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4HXaZ20M6Q. Translation in “‘Only the beginning’ says Netanyahu as Israel makes first raids into Gaza”, Reuters, 13 October 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/now-is-time-war-says-israels-military-chief-2023-10-12.
441 UNICEF, “Immediate Needs Document in the State of Palestine (October-December 2023)”, 17 October 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/immediate-needs-document-state-palestine-october-december-2023. (Total as of 17:45, 15 October 2023; children as of 12:00, 14 October 2023).
442 Israel Prime Minister’s Office, “PM Netanyahu asks Ministers to Rise for a Moment of Silence”, 15 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-start151023 (emphasis added).
443 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Press Release: Excerpt from PM Netanyahu’s remarks at the opening of the Winter Assembly of the 25th Knesset’s Second Session”, 16 October 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/excerpt-from-pm-netanyahu-s-remarks-at-the-opening-of-the-knesset-s-winter-assembly-16-oct-2023.
444 Prime Minister’s Office in Hebrew, @IsraeliPM_heb, Tweet (11:44 a.m.), 3 November 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1720406469055500583.
141
Elle a précisé que les États devaient « prévenir et punir de tels actes conformément aux responsabilités qui leur incombent en vertu de la convention sur le génocide »438.
D. Expression d’une intention génocidaire contre le peuple palestinien
par des représentants de l’État israélien et d’autres personnes
101. Depuis octobre 2023, des éléments nombreux et éloquents prouvent l’intention spécifique (« dolus specialis ») des représentants de l’État israélien de commettre et de continuer de commettre des actes génocidaires ou de manquer de prévenir de tels actes. Cette intention déclarée — lorsqu’elle est associée à l’ampleur des meurtres, mutilations, déplacements et destructions sur le terrain et au fait qu’un siège est imposé — prouve qu’un génocide est en cours et se poursuit. Des déclarations dans ce sens ont notamment été prononcées par les personnes suivantes, qui occupent des positions au plus haut niveau :

Le premier ministre israélien : Le 7 octobre 2023, dans une allocution télévisée du bureau de presse gouvernemental, le premier ministre Benyamin Netanyahou a promis d’« agir partout avec toute [sa] force »439, ce qu’il a confirmé le 13 octobre suivant en ces termes : « Nous frappons nos ennemis avec une force sans précédent… »440. Le 15 octobre 2023, alors que les frappes aériennes israéliennes avaient déjà tué plus de 2 670 Palestiniens, dont 724 enfants441, il a déclaré que les soldats israéliens « compren[ai]ent l’ampleur de la mission » et se tenaient prêts à « vaincre les monstres assoiffés de sang qui se sont dressés contre [Israël] pour [le] détruire »442. Le 16 octobre 2023, lors d’une allocution officielle devant la Knesset israélienne, il a décrit la situation comme « une lutte entre les enfants de la lumière et les enfants des ténèbres, entre l’humanité et la loi de la jungle »443, un thème déshumanisant auquel il a eu de nouveau recours à plusieurs reprises, notamment dans une lettre adressée le 3 novembre 2023 aux soldats et officiers israéliens, également publiée sur la plate-forme « X » (anciennement Twitter), dans laquelle il a dit : « C’est une guerre entre les fils de la lumière et les fils des ténèbres. Nous n’abandonnerons pas notre mission tant que la lumière n’aura pas vaincu les ténèbres  le bien vaincra le mal extrême qui nous menace, nous et le monde entier. »444 Le premier ministre israélien est encore revenu sur ce thème dans son message de Noël, dans lequel il a déclaré : « Nous sommes face à des monstres,
438 UN OHCHR, Press Release, « Women bearing the brunt of Israel-Gaza conflict: UN expert », 20 novembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/women-bearing-brunt-israel-gaza-conflict-un-expert (les italiques sont de nous).
439 Prime Minister of Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (10:31 p.m.), 7 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/
IsraeliPM/status/1710769906373775373.
440 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 13 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4HXaZ20M6Q. Translation in « “Only the beginning” says Netanyahu as Israel makes first raids into Gaza », Reuters, 13 octobre 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/now-
is-time-war-says-israels-military-chief-2023-10-12.
441 UNICEF, « Immediate Needs Document in the State of Palestine (October-December 2023) », 17 octobre 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/immediate-needs-document-state-palestine-october-december-2023. (Chiffre total établi au 15 octobre 2023, 17h45, chiffre concernant les enfants établi au 14 octobre 2023, 12 heures.)
442 Israel Prime Minister’s Office, « PM Netanyahu asks Ministers to Rise for a Moment of Silence », 15 octobre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-start151023 (les italiques sont de nous).
443 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release: « Excerpt from PM Netanyahu’s remarks at the opening of the Winter Assembly of the 25th Knesset’s Second Session », 16 octobre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/excerpt-from-pm-netanyahu-s-remarks-at-the-opening-of-the-knesset-s-winter-assembly-16-oct-2023.
444 Prime Minister’s Office in Hebrew, @IsraeliPM_heb, Tweet (11:44 a.m.), 3 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1720406469055500583.
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barbarism”445. On 28 October 2023, as Israeli forces prepared their land invasion of Gaza, the Prime Minister invoked the Biblical story of the total destruction of Amalek by the Israelites, stating: “you must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember”446. The Prime Minister referred again to Amalek in the letter sent on 3 November 2023 to Israeli soldiers and officers447. The relevant biblical passage reads as follows: “Now go, attack Amalek, and proscribe all that belongs to him. Spare no one, but kill alike men and women, infants and sucklings, oxen and sheep, camels and asses.”448.

President of Israel: On 12 October 2023, President Isaac Herzog made clear that Israel was not distinguishing between militants and civilians in Gaza, stating in a press conference to foreign media — in relation to Palestinians in Gaza, over one million of whom are children: “It’s an entire nation out there that is responsible.
It’s not true this rhetoric about civilians not aware not involved. It’s absolutely not true. . . . and we will fight until we break their backbone.”449 On 15 October 2023, echoing the words of Prime Minister Netanyahu, the President told foreign media that “we will uproot evil so that there will be good for the entire region and the world”450. The Israeli President is one of many Israelis to have handwritten “messages” on bombs to be dropped on Gaza451.

Israeli Minister of Defence: On 9 October 2023, Defence Minister Yoav Gallant in an Israeli army “situation update” advised that Israel was “imposing a complete siege on Gaza. No electricity, no food, no water, no fuel. Everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly”452. He also informed troops on the Gaza border that he had “released all the restraints”453, stating in terms that: “Gaza won’t return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything. If it doesn’t take one day, it will take a week. It will take weeks or even months,
445 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Christmas message from PM Netanyahu”, 24 Decem-
ber 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/christmas-message-from-pm-netanyahu-24-dec-
2023.
446 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 28 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIPkoDk6isc. Translation in “Israel-Hamas war: ‘We will fight and we will win’, says Benjamin Netanyahu”, Sky News, 28 October 2023, https://news.sky.com/video/israel-hamas-war-we-will-fight-and-we-will-win-says-benjamin-netanyahu-12995212.
447 Prime Minister’s Office in Hebrew, @IsraeliPM_heb, Tweet (11:43 a.m.), 3 November 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1720406463972004198.
448 I Samuel 15:1-34 (New Jewish Publication Society, 1985), https://www.sefaria.org/I_
Samuel.15.1-34?lang=bi.
449 Rageh Omaar, “Israeli president Isaac Herzog says Gazans could have risen up to fight ‘evil’ Hamas”, ITV News, 13 October 2023, https://www.itv.com/news/2023-10-13/israeli-president-says-gazans-could-have-risen-up-to-fight-hamas.
450 President of the State of Israel, @Isaac_Herzog, Tweet (10:00 p.m.), 15 October 2023, https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/1713661051986678189.
451 President of the State of Israel, @Isaac_Herzog, Tweet (5:16 p.m.), 25 December 2023, https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/1739334302670745946.
452 Statement by Yoav Gallant, 9 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS
9VY-t0. Translation in Emanuel Fabian, “Defense minister announces ‘complete siege’ of Gaza: No power, food or fuel”, The Times of Israel, 9 October 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel.
453 Filmography: Ariel Harmoni, Ministry of Defense, Kipa News, 10 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9wx7e4u-xM. Translation in Emanuel Fabian, “Gallant: Israel moving to full offense, Gaza will never return to what it was”, The Times of Israel, 10 October 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/gallant-israel-moving-to-full-offense-gaza-will-
never-return-to-what-it-was.
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des monstres qui ont assassiné des enfants devant leurs parents… Il s’agit d’une bataille, non seulement d’Israël contre ces barbares, mais aussi d’une bataille de la civilisation contre la barbarie »445. Le 28 octobre 2023, alors que les forces israéliennes se préparaient à lancer l’invasion terrestre de Gaza, il a invoqué le récit biblique de la destruction totale d’Amaleq par les Israélites, en disant : « Souvenez-
vous de ce qu’Amaleq vous a fait, dit notre Sainte Bible. Et nous nous souvenons »446. Dans sa lettre du 3 novembre 2023 aux soldats et officiers israéliens, le premier ministre faisait aussi référence à Amaleq447. Le passage biblique en question se lit comme suit : « Maintenant va, tu frapperas Amaleq, et tu le voueras à l’anathème avec tout ce qui est à lui ; tu ne l’épargneras pas, tu feras mourir hommes et femmes, enfants et nourrissons, boeufs et menu bétail, chameaux et ânes. »448

Le président d’Israël : Le 12 octobre 2023, le président Isaac Herzog a fait clairement savoir qu’Israël n’opérait pas de distinction entre les militants et les civils à Gaza, déclarant lors d’une conférence de presse devant des médias étrangers, au sujet des Palestiniens de Gaza, dont plus d’un million sont des enfants : « C’est toute une nation qui est responsable. Tous ces beaux discours sur les civils qui ne savaient rien et ne faisaient rien sont faux, absolument faux … et nous nous battrons jusqu’à leur briser la colonne vertébrale. »449 Le 15 octobre 2023, faisant écho aux propos du premier ministre Netanyahou, il a dit aux médias étrangers : « Nous déracinerons le mal pour que le bien l’emporte dans la région tout entière et dans le monde »450. Le président est l’un des nombreux Israéliens à avoir écrit des « messages » à la main sur les bombes destinées à être larguées sur Gaza451.

Le ministre israélien de la défense : Le 9 octobre 2023, le ministre de la défense Yoav Gallant, lors d’un point de situation sur l’armée israélienne, a indiqué qu’Israël « imposait un siège complet à Gaza. Pas d’électricité, pas de nourriture, pas d’eau, pas de combustible. Tout est fermé. Ceux que nous combattons sont des animaux et nous agissons en conséquence »452. Il a également informé les troupes à la frontière de Gaza qu’il avait « levé toutes les limites »453, annonçant : « Gaza ne reviendra
pas à ce qu’elle était avant. Nous détruirons tout. Si un jour ne suffit pas,
445 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, « Christmas message from PM Netanyahu », 24 décem-
bre 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/christmas-message-from-pm-netanyahu-24-dec-
2023.
446 Address by the Prime Minister of Israel, 28 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIPkoDk6isc. Translation in « Israel-Hamas war: “We will fight and we will win”, says Benjamin Netanyahu », Sky News, 28 octobre 2023, https://news.sky.com/video/israel-hamas-war-we-will-fight-and-we-will-win-says-benjamin-netanyahu-12995212.
447 Prime Minister’s Office in Hebrew, @IsraeliPM_heb, Tweet (11:43 a.m.), 3 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1720406463972004198.
448 E. Osty et J. Trinquet, La Bible — Samüel 15:1-34, 1973, Le Seuil.
449 Rageh Omaar, « Israeli president Isaac Herzog says Gazans could have risen up to fight “evil Hamas” », ITV News, 13 octobre 2023, https://www.itv.com/news/2023-10-13/israeli-president-says-gazans-could-have-risen-up-to-fight-hamas.
450 President of the State of Israel, @Isaac_Herzog, Tweet (10:00 p.m.), 15 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/1713661051986678189.
451 President of the State of Israel, @Isaac_Herzog, Tweet (5:16 p.m.), 25 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/1739334302670745946.
452 Statement by Yoav Gallant, 9 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS9V
Y-t0. Translation in Emanuel Fabian, « Defense minister announces “complete siege” of Gaza: No power, food or fuel », The Times of Israel, 9 octobre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel.
453 Filmography: Ariel Harmoni, Ministry of Defense, Kipa News, 10 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9wx7e4u-xM. Translation in Emanuel Fabian, « Gallant: Israel moving to full offense, Gaza will never return to what it was », The Times of Israel, 10 octobre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/gallant-israel-moving-to-full-offense-gaza-will-never-return-to-what-it-was.
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we will reach all places.”454 He further announced that Israel was moving to “a full-scale response” and that he had “removed every restriction” on Israeli forces455.

Israeli Minister for National Security: On 10 November 2023, Itamar Ben-Gvir clarified the government’s position in a televised address, stating: “[t]o be clear, when we say that Hamas should be destroyed, it also means those who celebrate, those who support, and those who hand out candy — they’re all terrorists, and they should also be destroyed.”456

Israeli Minister of Energy and Infrastructure: “Tweeting” on 13 October 2023, Israel Katz stated: “All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win. They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world.”457 On 12 October 2023, he ‘tweeted’: “Humanitarian aid to Gaza? No electrical switch will be turned on, no water hydrant will be opened and no fuel truck will enter until the Israeli abductees are returned home. Humanitarianism for humanitarianism. And no one will preach us morality.”458

Israeli Minister of Finance: On 8 October 2023, Bezalel Smotrich stated at a meeting of the Israeli Cabinet that “[w]e need to deal a blow that hasn’t been seen in 50 years and take down Gaza.”459

Israeli Minister of Heritage: On 1 November 2023, Amichai Eliyahu posted on Facebook: “The north of the Gaza Strip, more beautiful than ever. Everything is blown up and flattened, simply a pleasure for the eyes . . . We must talk about the day after. In my mind, we will hand over lots to all those who fought for Gaza over the years and to those evicted from Gush Katif” [a former Israeli settlement]460.
He later argued against humanitarian aid as “[w]e wouldn’t hand the Nazis humanitarian aid”, and “there is no such thing as uninvolved civilians in Gaza”461. He also posited a nuclear attack on the Gaza Strip462.
454 Ibid. Translation in “Israeli Defense Minister Warns Hamas ‘Will Regret’ Deadly Attacks”, Bloomberg, 10 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtjHcnNB0E8.
455 Bill Hutchinson, “Bombarded by Israeli airstrikes, conditions in Gaza grow more dire as power goes out”, ABC News, 12 October 2023, https://abcnews.go.com/International/bombarded-israeli-airstrikes-conditions-gaza-grow-dire-power/story?id=103899193.
456 Interview with Itamar Ben-Gvir on Channel 12, 11 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yRl-cc-D3w [10:30 onwards]. Translated by Quds News Network, @QudsNen, Tweet (7:28 p.m.), 12 November 2023, https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1723784790682358189.
457 Israel Katz, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Member of the Political-Security Cabinet, Member of Knesset, @Israel_katz, Tweet (6:01 p.m.), 13 October 2023, https://twitter.com/Israel_katz/status/1712876230762967222.
458 Israel Katz, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Member of the Political-Security Cabinet, Member of Knesset, @Israel_katz, Tweet (7:34 a.m.), 12 October 2023, https://twitter.com/Israel_katz/status/1712356130377113904. Translation in “First Thing: no power, water or fuel for Gaza until hostages are freed, Israel says”, The Guardian, 12 October 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/12/first-thing-no-power-water-fuel-gaza-until-hostages-freed-israel-says.
459 “By abducting over 100 people into Gaza, Hamas has put Netanyahu in a political bind”, The Times of Israel, 8 October 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/by-abducting-over-100-
people-into-gaza-hamas-has-put-netanyahu-in-a-political-bind.
460 Amichai Eliyahu, Facebook Post, 1 November 2023, https://www.facebook.com/eliyau.a/videos/148918588283326.
461 Gili Cohen, Dov Gil-Har, Itay Blumenthal and Suleiman Masveda, “Minister Amichai Eliyahu: Atomic bomb on Gaza? This is one of the possibilities”, Kan, 5 November 2023,
https://wwwj.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/politic/596470. Translation in “Far-right minister: Nuking Gaza is an option, population should ‘go to Ireland or deserts’”, The Times of Israel, 5 November 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/far-right-minister-nuking-gaza-is-an-option-population-should-go-to-ireland-or-deserts.
462 Ibid. The radio comment was criticised by the Prime Minister. Prime Minister of Israel,
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cela prendra une semaine. Cela prendra des semaines, voire des mois, aucun endroit ne nous échappera. »454 Il a ajouté qu’Israël se préparait à une « riposte totale »
et qu’il avait « levé toute restriction » susceptible de freiner les forces israéliennes455.

Le ministre israélien de la sécurité nationale : Le 10 novembre 2023, Itamar Ben-Gvir a clarifié la position du Gouvernement lors d’une allocution télévisée, au cours de laquelle il a expliqué : « Pour être clair, lorsque nous disons que le Hamas doit être détruit, cela englobe tous ceux qui se réjouissent, qui apportent leur soutien et qui le montrent en distribuant des bonbons. Ce sont tous des terroristes et tous doivent également être détruits. »456

Le ministre israélien de l’énergie et des infrastructures : Dans un tweet du 13 octobre 2023, Israël Katz a déclaré : « L’ordre a été donné à toute la population civile de Gaza de partir immédiatement. Nous gagnerons. Ils ne recevront pas la moindre goutte d’eau ni la moindre batterie tant qu’ils seront de ce monde. »457 Le 12 octobre 2023, il a déclaré dans un nouveau tweet : « Aide humanitaire à Gaza ? Aucun interrupteur électrique ne sera allumé, aucune pompe à eau ne sera ouverte et aucun camion-citerne n’entrera tant que les Israéliens qui ont été enlevés ne seront pas rendus à leur famille. Humanitarisme contre humanitarisme.
Et personne ne peut nous prêcher la moralité. »458

Le ministre israélien des finances : Le 8 octobre 2023, Bezalel Smotrich a déclaré à l’occasion d’une réunion du conseil des ministres israélien : « Nous devons porter un coup jamais vu en 50 ans et anéantir Gaza. »459

Le ministre israélien du patrimoine : Le 1er novembre 2023, Amichai Eliyahu a publié le message suivant sur Facebook : « Le nord de Gaza est plus beau que jamais. Tout a explosé, tout a été rasé, c’est un plaisir pour les yeux… Nous devons parler du jour d’après. Mon idée est que nous allons distribuer des parcelles à tous ceux qui se battent depuis des années pour Gaza, et aux expulsés de Gush Katif » [ancienne colonie israélienne]460. Par la suite, il s’est opposé à l’entrée de toute aide humanitaire, affirmant qu’« [o]n n’aurait pas fourni d’aide humanitaire aux nazis », et que « des civils qui n’y sont pour rien, ça n’existe pas dans la bande de Gaza »461. Il a même évoqué la possibilité d’une attaque nucléaire sur Gaza462.
454 Ibid. Translation in « Israeli Defense Minister Warns Hamas “Will Regret” Deadly Attacks », Bloomberg, 10 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtjHcnNB0E8.
455 Bill Hutchinson, « Bombarded by Israeli airstrikes, conditions in Gaza grow more dire as power goes out », ABC News, 12 octobre 2023, https://abcnews.go.com/International/bombarded-israeli-airstrikes-conditions-gaza-grow-dire-power/story?id=103899193.
456 Interview with Itamar Ben-Gvir on Channel 12, 11 novembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=2yRl-cc-D3w [10:30 onwards]. Translated by Quds News Network, @QudsNen, Tweet (7:28 p.m.), 12 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1723784790682358189.
457 Israel Katz, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Member of the Political-Security Cabinet, Member of Knesset, @Israel_katz, Tweet (6:01 p.m.), 13 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/Israel_katz/status/1712876230762967222.
458 Israel Katz, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Member of the Political-Security Cabinet, Member of Knesset, @Israel_katz, Tweet (7:34 a.m.), 12 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/Israel_katz/status/1712356130377113904. Translation in « First Thing: no power, water or fuel for Gaza until hostages are freed, Israel says », The Guardian, 12 octobre 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/12/first-thing-no-power-water-fuel-gaza-until-hostages-freed-israel-says.
459 « By abducting over 100 people into Gaza, Hamas has put Netanyahu in a political bind », The Times of Israel, 8 octobre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/by-abducting-over-100-people-into-gaza-hamas-has-put-netanyahu-in-a-political-bind.
460 Amichai Eliyahu, Facebook Post, 1er novembre 2023, https://www.facebook.com/eliyau.a/videos/148918588283326.
461 Gili Cohen, Dov Gil-Har, Itay Blumenthal et Sulieman Masvedan, « Minister Amichai Eliyahu: Atomic bomb on Gaza? This is one of the possibilities », Kan, 5 novembre 2023, https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/politic/596470. Translation in « Far-right minister: Nuking Gaza is an option, population should “go to Ireland or deserts” », The Times of Israel, 5 novembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/far-right-minister-nuking-gaza-is-an-option-population-should-go-to-ireland-or-deserts.
462 Ibid. Cette remarque faite à la radio a été critiquée par le premier ministre. Prime Minister of
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Israeli Minister of Agriculture: On 11 November 2023, Avi Dichter in a television interview recalled the Nakba of 1948, in which over 80 per cent of the Palestinian population of the new Israeli State was forced from or fled their homes, stating that “[w]e are now actually rolling out the Gaza Nakba”463.

Deputy Speaker of the Knesset and Member of the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee: On 7 October 2023, Nissim Vaturi “tweeted” that: “[n]ow we all have one common goal — erasing the Gaza Strip from the face of the earth. Those who are unable will be replaced.”464
102. Similar statements have been made by Israeli army officials, advisers and spokespersons, and others engaging with Israeli troops being deployed in Gaza:

Israeli army Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (“COGAT”): On 9 October 2023, in a video statement addressed to Hamas and Gaza residents, published by COGAT’s official channel, Major General Ghassan Alian warned: “Hamas became ISIS and the citizens of Gaza are celebrating instead of being horrified. Human animals are dealt with accordingly. Israel has imposed a total blockade on Gaza, no electricity, no water, just damage. You wanted hell, you will get hell.”465

Israeli army reservist Major General, former head of the Israeli National Security Council, and adviser to the Defence Minister466: On 7 October 2023, Giora Eiland, describing the Israeli order to cut off water and electricity to Gaza, wrote in an online journal: “This is what Israel has begun to do — we cut the supply of energy, water and diesel to the Strip . . . But it’s not enough. In order to make the siege effective, we have to prevent others from giving assistance to Gaza . . . The people should be told that they have two choices; to stay and to starve, or to leave. If Egypt and other countries prefer that these people will perish in Gaza, this is their choice.”467 On the same day, he asserted in a national newspaper that “[w]hen you are at war with another country you don’t feed them, you don’t provide them electricity or gas or water or anything else . . . A country can be attacked in a much broader way, to bring the country to the brink of dysfunction. This is the necessary outcome of events” in Gaza468. He has repeatedly asserted the benefits for Israel of the creation of a humanitarian crisis in Gaza, stating that “Israel has no interest in
@IsraeliPM, Tweet (8:05 a.m.), 5 November 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/17210762
29518823826. The Prime Minister’s Office announced that the MK had been suspended from government meetings until further notice, although he reportedly voted in a meeting later that day. “Netanyahu ‘suspended’ the minister who did not fire an atom bomb on Gaza — even though there is no such option in the government regulations”, Yedioth Ahronoth, 5 November 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/rjdl5ebm6.
463 Interview with Avi Dichter on Channel 12: Hanno Hauenstein, @hahauenstein, Tweet (8:42 p.m.), 11 November 2023, https://twitter.com/hahauenstein/status/1723441134221869453.
464 Nissim Vaturi, Deputy Speaker of the Knesset, Member of the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee, @nissimv, Tweet (5:33 p.m.), 7 October 2023, https://twitter.com/nissimv/status/
1710694866009596169. Translation in “Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide
in Gaza”, Opinio Juris, 18 October 2023, https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/18/public-statement-
scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza.
465 Video address by Ghassan Alian, 10 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/5a0E
Wv-o7mE.
466 “Former security officials and strategic advisor: the ‘cabinet’ established by Gallant for himself”, Yedioth Ahronoth, 26 October 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1zlcnoga.
467 Giora Eiland, “A new turning point in the history of the State of Israel. Most people don’t understand that”, Fathom, 7 October 2023, https://fathomjournal.org/opinion-a-new-turning-point-in-the-history-of-the-state-of-israel-most-people-dont-understand-that/ (emphasis added).
468 Giora Eiland, “The state of Gaza has started a war against Israel — and it should be fought accordingly”, Mako, 7 October 2023, https://www.mako.co.il/news-columns/2023_q4/Article-fcf787ad0ba0b81027.htm (emphasis added).
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Le ministre israélien de l’agriculture : Le 11 novembre 2023, Avi Dichter, dans une allocution télévisée, évoquant la Nakba de 1948, qui vit plus de 80 % des habitants palestiniens de l’État d’Israël, alors nouvellement créé, chassés de leurs foyers, a déclaré : « Nous lançons maintenant la Nakba de Gaza. »463

Le vice-président de la Knesset et membre de la commission des affaires étrangères et de la sécurité : Le 7 octobre 2023, Nissim Vaturi a annoncé dans un tweet : « Désormais, nous avons tous un même but commun : effacer la bande de Gaza de la surface de la Terre. Ceux qui n’en sont pas capables seront remplacés. »464
102. Des déclarations similaires ont été prononcées par des officiers, des conseillers et des porte-parole de l’armée israélienne, ainsi que par d’autres personnes actives aux côtés des troupes israéliennes déployées à Gaza :

Le coordonnateur israélien des activités gouvernementales dans les territoires (« COGAT ») : Le 9 octobre 2023, dans une déclaration filmée adressée au Hamas et aux résidents de Gaza, publiée sur la chaîne officielle du COGAT, le général de division Ghassan Alian a déclaré : « Le Hamas est devenu ISIS et les habitants
de Gaza, au lieu d’être horrifiés, se réjouissent. Les hommes qui se comportent comme des animaux doivent être traités comme tels. Israël a imposé un blocus total de Gaza, pas d’électricité, pas d’eau, juste des dégâts. Vous avez voulu l’enfer, vous aurez l’enfer. »465

Un général de division réserviste israélien, ancien chef du conseil national de sécurité israélien et conseiller auprès du ministre de la défense466 : Le 7 octobre 2023, Giora Eiland, décrivant l’ordre donné par Israël de couper l’eau et l’électricité à Gaza, a écrit dans un journal en ligne : « Voilà ce qu’Israël a commencé à faire : nous coupons l’approvisionnement en énergie, en eau, en combustible de la bande… Mais cela ne suffit pas. Pour que le siège soit efficace, nous devons empêcher les autres de porter secours à Gaza… Il faut dire aux gens qu’ils ont le choix entre deux options : rester et mourir de faim, ou partir. Si l’Égypte et d’autres pays préfèrent que ces gens périssent à Gaza, c’est leur choix. »467 Le même jour, il a affirmé dans un journal national : « Lorsqu’on est en guerre avec un autre pays, on ne le nourrit pas, on ne l’approvisionne pas en électricité ou en gaz, ou en eau, ou en quoi que ce soit d’autre… On peut attaquer un pays de manière beaucoup plus large, afin de l’amener au bord de l’effondrement. C’est nécessairement ainsi que cela va finir » à Gaza468. À plusieurs reprises, M. Eiland a défendu les avantages
Israel, @IsraeliPM, Tweet (8:05 a.m.), 5 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/
1721076229518823826. Bien que le bureau du Premier ministre ait annoncé que le parlementaire avait été suspendu des réunions du gouvernement jusqu’à nouvel ordre, celui-ci aurait voté lors d’une réunion tenue un peu plus tard le même jour. « Netanyahu “suspended” the minister who did not fire an atom bomb on Gaza  even though there is no such option in the government regulations », Yedioth Ahronoth, 5 novembre 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/rjdl5ebm6.
463 Interview with Avi Dichter on Channel 12: Hanno Hauenstein, @hahauenstein, Tweet (8:42 p.m.), 11 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/hahauenstein/status/1723441134221869453.
464 Nissim Vaturi, Deputy Speaker of the Knesset, Member of the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee, @nissimv, Tweet (5:33 p.m.), 7 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/nissimv/status/1710
694866009596169. Translation in « Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza », Opinio Juris, 18 octobre 2023, https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/18/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza.
465 Video address by Ghassan Alian, 10 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/5a0EW
v-o7mE.
466 « Former security officials and strategic advisor: the “cabinet” established by Gallant for himself », Yedioth Ahronoth, 26 octobre 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1zlcnoga.
467 Giora Eiland, « A new turning point in the history of the State of Israel. Most people don’t understand that », Fathom, 7 octobre 2023, https://fathomjournal.org/opinion-a-new-turning-point-in-the-history-of-the-state-of-israel-most-people-dont-understand-that/ (les italiques sont de nous).
468 Giora Eiland, « The state of Gaza has started a war against Israel — and it should be fought accordingly », Mako, 7 octobre 2023, https://www.mako.co.il/news-columns/2023_q4/Article-fcf787ad0ba0b81027.htm (les italiques sont de nous).
148
the Gaza Strip being rehabilitated and this is an important point that needs to be made clear to the Americans”469, and that “[i]f we ever want to see the hostages alive, the only way is to create a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza”470. He has indicated that water should be targeted, noting that water in Gaza “comes from wells with salt water unfit for consumption. They have water treatment plants,
Israel should hit those plants. When the entire world says we have gone insane and this is a humanitarian disaster — we will say, it’s not an end, it’s a means”471.
In a Times radio interview on 12 October 2023, he reiterated the army should: “[C]reate such a huge pressure on Gaza, that Gaza will become an area where people cannot live. People cannot live, until Hamas is destroyed, which means that Israel not only stops to supply energy, diesel, water, food . . . as we did in the last 20 years . . . but we should prevent any possible assistance by others, and to create in Gaza such a terrible, unbearable situation, that can last weeks and months”472. Giora Eiland has repeatedly been given a media platform to call for Gaza to be made uninhabitable, declaring “the State of Israel has no choice but to make Gaza a place that is temporarily, or permanently, impossible to live in”473. In an interview on 6 November 2023, he suggested that, “if there is an intention for a military action at Shifa [Hospital], which I think is inescapable, I hope that the head of the CIA got an explanation of why this is necessary, and why the US must ultimately back even an operation like this, even if there are thousands of bodies of civilians in the streets afterward”474. Further he proposed that “Israel needs to create a humanitarian crisis in Gaza, compelling tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands to seek refuge in Egypt or the Gulf . . . Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist.”475 Echoing the words of President Herzog, he has repeatedly underscored that there should be no distinction between Hamas combatants and Palestinian civilians, saying: “Who are the ‘poor’ women of Gaza? They are all the mothers, sisters or wives of Hamas murderers. On the one hand, they are part of the infrastructure that supports the organization, and on the other hand, if they experience a humanitarian disaster, then it can be assumed that some of the Hamas fighters and the more junior commanders will begin to understand that the war is futile . . .
The international community warns us of a humanitarian disaster in Gaza and of severe epidemics. We must not shy away from this, as difficult as that may be. After all, severe epidemics in the south of the Gaza Strip will bring victory closer . . .
It is precisely its civil collapse that will bring the end of the war closer. When senior Israeli figures say in the media ‘It’s either us or them’ we should clarify the
question of who is ‘them’. ‘They’ are not only Hamas fighters with weapons, but also all the ‘civilian’ officials, including hospital administrators and school
469 Interview with Giora Eiland on Kann News, 17 November 2023: Kann News, @kann_news, Tweet (6:42 p.m.), 17 November 2023, https://twitter.com/kann_news/status/172558514333362
2129 (emphasis added).
470 Ariel Whitman, “Giora Eiland outlines plan to get hostages back alive”, Globes, 8 October 2023, https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-giora-eiland-outlines-plan-to-get-hostages-back-alive-100
1459631 (emphasis added).
471 “How should one respond to the massacre of hundreds?”, Yedioth Ahronoth (print), 9 October 2023, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l5Ow2T0Na20BcoL2yautiobij8ldNsVK/view.
472 How Israel plans to “destroy Hamas” | Major General Giora Eiland, 12 October 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRHz0dZwF2A.
473 Giora Eiland, “This is not revenge. It’s either us or them”, Yedioth Ahronoth, 10 October 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra13625377 (emphasis added).
474 “Ex-top general: IDF op against Hamas at Shifa Hospital inescapable; US must back it”,
The Times of Israel, 6 November 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-top-general-idf-op-against-hamas-at-shifa-hospital-inescapable-us-must-back-it/ (emphasis added).
475 Giora Eiland, “It’s time to rip off the Hamas band-aid”, Yedioth Ahronoth, 12 October 2023, https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sju3uabba (emphasis added).
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pour Israël d’une crise humanitaire à Gaza, faisant valoir qu’« Israël n’a[vait] aucun intérêt, à ce que la bande de Gaza se relève et c’[était] là un point important qu’il fa[llait] clairement expliquer aux Américains »469, et que si Israël voulait « revoir un jour les otages vivants, la seule manière [était] de créer une grave crise humanitaire à Gaza »470. Il a suggéré de cibler l’eau, en rappelant que, à Gaza, elle « provient de puits d’eau salée impropre à la consommation [et qu’il y a] des usines de traitement d’eau qu’Israël devrait cibler », et en ajoutant : « [l]orsque le monde entier dira que nous sommes devenus fous et que c’est un désastre humanitaire, nous répondrons qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une fin en soi, mais d’un moyen »471. Lors d’un entretien radiophonique accordé le 12 octobre 2023 à Times Radio, il a réaffirmé que l’armée devait « [e]xercer une pression telle sur Gaza que les gens ne puissent plus y vivre. Les gens ne peuvent pas vivre tant que le Hamas n’est pas détruit, ce qui signifie qu’Israël doit non seulement cesser d’approvisionner le territoire en énergie, en combustible, en eau, en nourriture … comme nous l’avons fait ces 20 dernières années … mais aussi empêcher que des tiers apportent une aide quelconque, afin de créer une situation absolument terrible et insupportable à Gaza, pouvant perdurer des semaines, voire des mois »472. Régulièrement invité à s’exprimer dans les médias, Giora Eiland a maintes fois réitéré son appel à rendre Gaza inhabitable, en déclarant : « L’État d’Israël n’a pas d’autre choix que de faire de Gaza un lieu où il sera temporairement, ou pour toujours, impossible de vivre »473. Lors d’un entretien accordé le 6 novembre 2023, il a laissé entendre que, « si une action militaire [étai]t envisagée à [l’hôpital] Al-Shifa, ce qu[’il] pens[ait] être inéluctable, [il] esp[érait] qu’on a[vait] expliqué au chef de la CIA pourquoi cela [étai]t nécessaire, et pourquoi les États-Unis d[evai]ent en fin de compte soutenir une opération comme celle-ci, même si les rues d[evai]ent se trouver jonchées de milliers de corps de civils »474. Il a ensuite émis l’idée qu’Israël devait « provoquer une crise humanitaire à Gaza, obligeant des dizaines de milliers, voire des centaines de milliers de personnes, à chercher refuge en Égypte ou dans le Golfe … [ajoutant que] Gaza deviendra[it] un endroit où aucun être humain ne pourra[it] exister. »475 Faisant écho aux propos du président Herzog, il a maintes fois souligné qu’il n’y avait pas lieu de faire la distinction entre les combattants du Hamas et les civils palestiniens, en déclarant ce qui suit : « Qui sont ces “pauvres” femmes de Gaza ? Ce sont les mères, les soeurs ou les épouses des meurtriers du Hamas. D’une part, elles font partie de l’infrastructure qui soutient l’organisation et, d’autre part, si elles subissent un désastre humanitaire, on peut supposer que certains combattants du Hamas et commandants moins haut placés commence-
ront à comprendre que la guerre est vaine… La communauté internationale
469 Interview with Giora Eiland on Kann News, 17 novembre 2023, Kann News, @kann_news, Tweet (6:42 p.m.), 17 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/kann_news/status/172558514333362
2129 (les italiques sont de nous).
470 Ariel Whitman, « Giora Eiland outlines plan to get hostages back alive », Globes, 8 octobre 2023, https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-giora-eiland-outlines-plan-to-get-hostages-back-alive-1001
459631 (les italiques sont de nous).
471 « How should one respond to the massacre of hundreds? », Yedioth Ahronoth (print), 9 octobre 2023, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l5Ow2T0Na20BcoL2yautiobij8ldNsVK/view.
472 How Israel plans to « destroy Hamas »  Major General Giora Eiland, 12 octobre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRHz0dZwF2A.
473 Giora Eiland, « This is not revenge. It’s either us or them », Yedioth Ahronoth, 10 octobre 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra13625377 (les italiques sont de nous).
474 « Ex-top general: IDF op against Hamas at Shifa Hospital inescapable; US must back it », The Times of Israel, 6 novembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-top-general-idf-op-against-hamas-at-shifa-hospital-inescapable-us-must-back-it/ (les italiques sont de nous).
475 Giora Eiland, « It’s time to rip off the Hamas band-aid », Yedioth Ahronoth, 12 octobre 2023, https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sju3uabba (les italiques sont de nous).
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administrators, and also the entire Gaza population who enthusiastically supported Hamas and cheered on its atrocities on October 7th.”476

Israeli army reservist “motivational speech”: On 11 October 2023, 95-year old Israeli army reservist Ezra Yachin — a veteran of the Deir Yassin massacre during the 1948 Nakba — reportedly called up for reserve duty to “boost morale” amongst Israeli troops ahead of the ground invasion, was broadcast on social media inciting other soldiers to genocide as follows, while being driven around in an Israeli army vehicle, dressed in Israeli army fatigues: “Be triumphant and finish them off and don’t leave anyone behind. Erase the memory of them. Erase them, their families, mothers and children. These animals can no longer live . . . Every Jew with a weapon should go out and kill them. If you have an Arab neighbour, don’t wait, go to his home and shoot him . . . We want to invade, not like before, we want to enter and destroy what’s in front of us, and destroy houses, then destroy the one after it. With all of our forces, complete destruction, enter and destroy. As you can see, we will witness things we’ve never dreamed of. Let them drop bombs on them and erase them.”477

Head of the Israeli army’s Air Operations Group: On 28 October 2023, Lieutenant Colonel Gilad Kinan described the Air Force as “work[ing] together with all the bodies in the IDF when the goal is clear — to destroy everything that has been touched by the hand of Hamas”478.

Commander in the 2908th Battalion of the Israeli army: In a video posted online on 21 December 2023, Yair Ben David said that the Israeli army had “entered
Beit Hanoun and did there as Shimon and Levi did in Nablus”, and that
“[t]he entire Gaza should resemble Beit Hanoun”, referring to the city in northern Gaza which has been entirely devastated by the Israeli army479. The biblical passage in issue reads: “On the third day, when they were in pain, Simeon
and Levi, two of Jacob’s sons, brothers of Dinah, took each his sword, came upon the city unmolested, and slew all the males.”480
476 Giora Eiland, “Let’s not be intimidated by the world”, Yedioth Ahronoth (print), 19 November 2023, in Bezalel Smotrich, Minister of Finance, Chairman of the Religious Zionist Party, @bezalelsm, Tweet (11:20 a.m.), 19 November 2023, https://twitter.com/bezalelsm/status/172619
8721946480911. Translation by Talula Sha, Tweet, 19 November 2023, https://twitter.com/Talula
Sha/status/1726267178201362438 (emphasis added).
477 Bazz News, @1717Bazz, Tweet (7:39 p.m.), 11 October 2023, https://twitter.com/1717Bazz/status/1712176168823107986. Translation by Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye, Tweet (8:48 p.m.), 13 October 2023, https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1712918166437806294 (emphasis added).
478 Israel Defense Forces, @idfonline, Tweet (6:23 a.m.), 28 October 2023, https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1718136442805686351. (Informal translation) (emphasis added).
479 Yair Ben David, Commander in the 2908th Battalion, statement, 20 December 2023,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK8ZnGKspeI. Translation in “War on Gaza: Israeli commander vows to flatten ‘entire’ Gaza Strip”, Middle East Eye, 21 December 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/war-gaza-israeli-commander-vows-flatten-entire-gaza-strip.
480 Genesis 34:25 (New Jewish Publication Society, 1985), https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.34.25?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en (emphasis added).
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redoute un désastre humanitaire et de graves épidémies. Nous ne devons pas reculer pour autant, aussi difficile que cela puisse être. Après tout, de graves épidémies dans le sud de la bande de Gaza nous rapprocheront de la victoire… C’est précisément son effondrement civil qui contribuera à mettre un terme à la guerre. Lorsque de hauts responsables israéliens affirment dans les médias : “c’est eux ou nous”, il nous faut clarifier qui est ce “eux”. Ce ne sont pas seulement les combattants armés du Hamas, mais aussi l’ensemble des responsables “civils”, dont les directeurs des hôpitaux et des écoles, et la population de Gaza tout entière qui a soutenu le Hamas avec enthousiasme et s’est réjouie de ses atrocités le 7 octobre. »476

Le « discours motivateur » d’un réserviste de l’armée israélienne : Le 11 octobre 2023, Ezra Yachin, réserviste de l’armée israélienne âgé de 95 ans — vétéran du massacre de Deir Yassin pendant la Nakba de 1948 — aurait été rappelé sous les drapeaux pour « motiver » les troupes israéliennes à l’approche de l’invasion terrestre. Les réseaux sociaux ont publié une vidéo le montrant circulant à bord d’un véhicule de l’armée israélienne, en tenue de combat, parmi les soldats qu’il incite à commettre un génocide dans les termes suivants : « Soyez triomphants, achevez-les et n’épargnez personne. Effacez leur souvenir. Exterminez-les, leur famille, leur mère et leurs enfants. Ces animaux ne doivent plus vivre… Chaque juif qui a une arme doit aller les tuer. Si vous avez un voisin arabe, n’attendez pas, allez chez lui et abattez-le… Nous voulons envahir, pas comme avant, nous voulons entrer et détruire tout ce qui sera devant nous, détruire les maisons, l’une après l’autre. Avec toutes nos forces, les détruire complètement, entrer et détruire. Voyez-vous, nous verrons des choses dont nous n’avions jamais rêvé. Qu’on largue des bombes sur eux pour les exterminer ! »477

Le chef du groupe d’opérations aériennes de l’armée israélienne : Le 28 octobre 2023, le lieutenant-colonel Gilad Kinan a décrit les forces aériennes comme « travaill[ant] de concert avec tous les organes des forces de défense israéliennes dans un objectif clair : détruire tout ce qui a été touché par la main du Hamas »478.

Un commandant au sein du 2908e bataillon de l’armée israélienne : Dans une vidéo mise en ligne le 21 décembre 2023, Yair Ben David a déclaré que l’armée israélienne était « entrée dans Beit Hanoun et y a[vait] fait ce que Siméon et Lévi [avaie]nt fait à Naplouse », et que « Gaza tout entière devait ressembler à Beit Hanoun », en référence à la ville du nord de Gaza qui a été entièrement dévastée par l’armée israélienne479. Le passage biblique auquel il est fait allusion est le suivant : « Or, le troisième jour, alors qu’ils étaient souffrants, deux fils de Jacob, Siméon et Lévi, frères de Dina, prirent chacun son glaive, marchèrent sur la ville en toute sécurité et tuèrent tous les mâles. »480
476 Giora Eiland, « Let’s not be intimidated by the world », Yedioth Ahronoth (print), 19 novembre 2023, dans Bezalel Smotrich, Minister of Finance, Chairman of the Religious Zionist Party, @bezalelsm, Tweet (11:20 a.m.), 19 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/bezalelsm/status/1726198721946480911. Traduction anglaise de Talula Sha, Tweet (19 novembre 2023), https://twitter.com/TalulaSha/status/1726267178201362438 (les italiques sont de nous).
477 Bazz News, @1717Bazz, Tweet (7:39 p.m.), 11 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/1717Bazz/status/1712176168823107986. Traduction anglaise de Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye, Tweet (8:48 p.m.), 13 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1712918166437806294 (les italiques sont de nous).
478 Israel Defense Forces, @idfonline, Tweet (6:23 a.m.), 28 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1718136442805686351. Traduction anglaise informelle (les italiques sont de nous).
479 Yair Ben David, Commander in the 2908th Battalion, statement, 20 décembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK8ZnGKspeI. Translation in « War on Gaza: Israeli commander vows to flatten “entire” Gaza Strip », Middle East Eye, 21 décembre 2023, https://www.middle
easteye.net/news/war-gaza-israeli-commander-vows-flatten-entire-gaza-strip.
480 E. Osty et J. Trinquet, La Bible  Genèse 34:25, 1973, Le Seuil (les italiques sont de
nous).
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103. The above statements by Israeli decision-makers and military officials indicate in and of themselves a clear intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a group “as such”. They also constitute clear direct and public incitement to genocide, which has gone unchecked and unpunished. The clear inference from the acts of the Israeli army on the ground — including from the vast number of civilians killed and injured, and the scale of displacement, destruction and devastation wrought in Gaza — is that those genocidal statements and directives are being implemented against the Palestinian people. That is also the clear and necessary inference to be drawn from the emerging evidence from Israeli army soldiers serving in Gaza, including those stationed on the ground:

Israeli army Colonel, Deputy Head of COGAT: speaking in a video filmed in Beit Lahia — one of the areas of Gaza which appears to have suffered particularly severe levels of destruction — and broadcast on Israeli television on 4 November 2023, Colonel Yogev Bar-Sheshet stated: “[w]hoever returns here, if they return here after, will find scorched earth. No houses, no agriculture, no nothing. They have no future”. Another Army Colonel recorded in the same video, Colonel Erez Eshel (Reserve), also commented that: “Vengeance is a great value. There is vengeance over what they did to us . . . This place will be a fallow land. They will not be able to live here.”481

Israeli army soldiers: Israeli soldiers in uniform have been filmed on 5 December 2023 dancing, chanting and singing “May their village burn, May Gaza be erased”482; and, two days later, on a separate occasion inside Gaza on 7 December 2023, dancing, singing and chanting, “we know our motto: there are no uninvolved civilians” and “to wipe off the seed of Amalek”483.
104. Notably, the second video of soldiers chanting that there are “no uninvolved citizens” in Gaza and that they will “wipe off the seed of Amalek” was filmed on 7 December 2023. By that date, 17,177 Palestinians in Gaza had been killed — an estimated 70 per cent of whom were women and children. 7-8 December 2023 was particularly devasting for Palestinians, with 350 people killed in the space of 24 hours — approximately one Palestinian in Gaza killed every four minutes484.
105. This genocidal rhetoric of governmental and military officials is also
widespread and commonplace amongst non-cabinet members of the Israeli
Knesset (“MKs”) who have repeatedly called for Gaza to be “wiped out”485, “flat-
481 Channel 14 segment, 4 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqEj3DzadiM: “Special documentation from the heart of Gaza: this is how our forces fight deep in enemy
territory”, Now 14, 5 November 2023, https://www.now14.co.il/- תיעוד-מיוחד-מלב-עזה-כך-כוחותינו
.נלחמים
482 Video of Kobi Peretz with soldiers, 17 November 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcH2o4c5KZY (emphasis added).
483 Yinon Magal, @YinonMagal, Tweet (6:44 a.m.), 7 December 2023, https://twitter.com/YinonMagal/status/1732652279461757102. Translation by Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye, Tweet (1:30 p.m.), 8 December 2023, https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/173311671966
8113618 (emphasis added).
484 UN OCHA, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #62”, 7 December 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62-enar.
485 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (5:10 p.m.), 29 October 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1718676748542296207.
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103. Les déclarations qui précèdent, prononcées par des responsables et des officiers militaires israéliens, indiquent en elles-mêmes une intention claire de détruire les Palestiniens de Gaza en tant que groupe « comme tel ». Elles constituent également une incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, qui n’a pas été sanctionnée, ni même relevée. Il ressort clairement des actes de l’armée israélienne sur le terrain — notamment du nombre considérable de civils tués et blessés, de l’ampleur des déplacements, et de la destruction et la dévastation infligées à Gaza — que ces déclarations et directives génocidaires se traduisent en pratique par des actes contre le peuple palestinien. C’est également la conclusion qui s’impose, de manière claire et directe, au vu des éléments qui commencent à nous parvenir des soldats de l’armée israélienne affectés à Gaza, notamment ceux déployés sur le terrain :

Un colonel de l’armée israélienne, chef adjoint du COGAT : S’exprimant dans une vidéo filmée à Beit Lahia — l’une des zones de Gaza où le degré de destruction semble particulièrement important — et diffusée à la télévision israélienne le 4 novembre 2023, le colonel Yogev Bar-Sheshet a dit : « Quiconque revient ici, s’il revient ici plus tard, trouvera de la terre brûlée. Pas de maisons, pas d’agriculture, rien. Ils n’ont pas d’avenir ». Un autre colonel de l’armée qui apparaît dans la même vidéo, le colonel Erez Eshel (réserviste), a lui aussi déclaré : « La vengeance est une grande valeur. Nous nous vengeons de ce qu’ils nous ont fait… Cet endroit sera une terre en friche. Ils ne pourront pas y vivre. »481

Des soldats de l’armée israélienne : Des soldats israéliens en uniforme ont été filmés le 5 décembre 2023 en train de danser, en scandant et en chantant « Que leur village brûle ! Que Gaza soit rasée ! »482, puis le 7 décembre 2023, soit deux jours plus tard, à une autre occasion à l’intérieur de Gaza, en train de danser, en chantant et en scandant « Nous connaissons notre mot d’ordre : un civil qui n’y est pour rien, ça n’existe pas » et « il faut anéantir la souche d’Amaleq »483.
104. Il convient de noter que la deuxième vidéo des soldats qui scandent qu’« un civil [à Gaza] qui n’y est pour rien, ça n’existe pas » et qu’ils vont « anéantir la souche d’Amaleq » a été filmée le 7 décembre 2023. À cette date, 17 177 Palestiniens de Gaza avaient déjà été tués — dont environ 70 % de femmes et d’enfants. Les 7 et 8 décembre 2023 ont été particulièrement dévastateurs pour les Palestiniens, avec 350 personnes tuées en l’espace de 24 heures — soit environ un Palestinien de Gaza tué toutes les quatre minutes484.
105. Ce discours génocidaire porté par des responsables gouvernementaux et militaires est également courant et largement répandu parmi les membres de la Knesset extérieurs au Gouvernement qui ont, à maintes reprises, appelé à « anéantir »485,
481 Channel 14 segment, 4 novembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqEj3DzadiM: « Special documentation from the heart of Gaza: this is how our forces fight deep in enemy
territory», Now 14, 5 novembre 2023, https://www.now14.co.il/ -וניתוחוכ-ךכ-הזע-בלמ-דחוימ-דועית
.םימחלנ
482 Video of Kobi Peretz with soldiers, 17 novembre 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcH2o4c5KZY (les italiques sont de nous).
483 Yinon Magal, @YinonMagal, Tweet (6:44 a.m.), 7 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/YinonMagal/status/1732652279461757102. Traduction anglaise de Middle East Eye, @MiddleEastEye, Tweet (1:30 p.m.), 8 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/173311
6719668113618 (les italiques sont de nous).
484 UN OCHA, « Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel  Flash Update #62 », 7 décembre 2023, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62-enar.
485 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (5:10 p.m.), 29 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1718676748542296207.
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ten[ed]”486, “eras[ed]”487, and “[c]rush[ed] . . . on all its inhabitants”488. Parliamentarians have publicly deplored anyone “feel[ing] sorry” for the “uninvolved” Gazans, asserting repeatedly that “there are no uninvolved”489, that “[t]here are no innocents in Gaza”490, that “the killers of the women and children should not be separated from the citizens of Gaza”491, that “the children of Gaza have brought this upon themselves”492, and that “there should be one sentence for everyone there — death”493. Parliamentarians have stated “[w]e must not forget that even the ‘innocent citizens’ — the cruel and monstrous people from Gaza took an active part . . . there is no place for any humanitarian gesture — the memory of Amalek must be protested”494, and that “[w]ithout hunger and thirst among the Gazan population, we will not be able to recruit collaborators”495. Parliamentarians have also called for “mercilessly” bombing “from the air”496, calling for the use of nuclear (“doomsday”) weapons497, and a “Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of [19]48”498.
106. Similar genocidal rhetoric is also commonplace in Israeli civil
society, with genocidal messages being routinely broadcast — without censure
or sanction — in [the] Israeli media. The media reports call for Gaza to be
486 Interview with Katrin “Keti” Shitrit-Peretz on Now 14, 1 November 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (9:50 p.m.), 1 November 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1719
834297832526215; Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (10:41 a.m.), 10 October 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1711678420235534705.
487 Galit Distel Atbaryan, @GalitDistel, Tweet (12:13 p.m.), 1 November 2023, https://twitter.com/
galitdistel/status/1719689095230730656.
488 Eliyahu Revivo, @revivoeliyahu, Tweet (2:46 p.m.), 1 November 2023, https://twitter.com/revivoeliyahu/status/1719727722459508915.
489 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (3:46 p.m.), 7 December 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1732788632430186872.
490 Avigdor Lieberman, @AvigdorLiberman, Tweet (6:45 p.m.), 30 November 2023, https://twitter.com/avigdorliberman/status/1730297081959530685 (emphasis added).
491 Interview with Katrin “Keti” Shitrit-Peretz on Now 14, 1 November 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (9:50 p.m.), 1 November 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1719
834297832526215 (emphasis added).
492 Meirav Ben-Ari, Knesset Session, 16 October 2023, https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=3497251110531404 [2:29:57] (emphasis added). Translation by Jonathan Ofir, “Israeli Politician Says ‘Children of Gaza Have Brought This Upon Themselves’”, Truthout, 18 October 2023, https://truthout.org/articles/israeli-politician-says-children-of-gaza-have-brought-this-upon-themselves.
493 “MK Yitzhak Kroizer: “The Gaza Strip should be wiped off the map”, Galey Israel, 5 November 2023, https://www.gly.co.il/item?id=30587. Translation in “Fire Israel’s Far Right”, Haaretz, 6 November 2023, https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2023-11-06/ty-article/.premium/fire-israels-far-right/0000018b-a11c-dc0b-a1cb-e5de69890000.
494 Boaz Bismuth, @BismuthBoaz, Tweet (8:02 a.m.), 16 October 2023, https://twitter.com/BismuthBoaz/status/1713812686784311358.
495 Statement by Revital Gottlieb in the Knesset, 23 October 2023: Knesset Channel, @KnessetT, Tweet (6:10 p.m.), 23 October 2023, https://twitter.com/KnessetT/status/1716502486
331113922.
496 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (7:39 a.m.), 13 December 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1734840416522948800.
497 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (5:59 p.m.), 9 October 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1711426284322996613.
498 Ariel Kallner, @ArielKallner, Tweet (10:29 p.m.), 7 October 2023, https://twitter.com/Ariel
Kallner/status/1710769363119141268. Translated in The New Arab: “‘Erase Gaza’: How genocidal rhetoric became normalised in Israel”, The New Arab, 30 November 2023, https://
www.newarab.com/analysis/erase-gaza-how-genocidal-rhetoric-normalised-israeland (informal translation).
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« raser »486, « supprimer »487 Gaza, et à « écraser … tous ses habitants »488. Des parlementaires ont publiquement condamné ceux qui « prennent en pitié » les Gazaouis « qui n’y sont pour rien », répétant que « ils y sont tous pour quelque chose »489, qu’« [i]l n’y a pas d’innocents à Gaza »490, qu’« aucune distinction ne devrait être faite entre les tueurs de femmes et d’enfants et les Gazaouis »491, que « les enfants de Gaza se sont mis eux-mêmes dans cette situation »492, et que « la seule peine que tous méritent [à Gaza] est la mort »493. Des parlementaires ont également déclaré : « Nous ne devons pas oublier que même les “innocents” — les habitants cruels et monstrueux de Gaza — ont joué un rôle actif … il n’y a pas de place pour le moindre geste humanitaire  il faut effacer la mémoire d’Amaleq. »494. L’un a fait observer que, « [s]ans faim et sans soif parmi la population gazaouie, il ne serait pas possible de recruter de collaborateurs »495. Des parlementaires ont également appelé à multiplier « sans merci » les bombardements « par voie aérienne »496, à employer des armes nucléaires (« apocalyptiques »)497, et à provoquer une « Nakba qui surpassera celle de [19]48 »498.
106. De tels propos génocidaires sont également courants dans la société civile israélienne, des messages génocidaires étant régulièrement diffusés — sans susciter aucune censure ni sanction — dans les médias israéliens. Ceux-ci publient des appels
486 Interview with Katrin « Keti » Shitrit-Peretz on Now 14, 1er novembre 2023 : Now 14, @Now
14Israel, Tweet (9:50 p.m.), 1er novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/171983
4297832526215 ; Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (10:41 a.m.), 10 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1711678420235534705.
487 Galit Distel Atbaryan, @GalitDistel, Tweet (12:13 p.m.), 1er novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/
galitdistel/status/1719689095230730656.
488 Eliyahu Revivo, @revivoeliyahu, Tweet (2:46 p.m.), 1er novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/
revivoeliyahu/status/1719727722459508915.
489 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (3:46 p.m.), 7 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/
TallyGotliv/status/1732788632430186872.
490 Avigdor Lieberman, @AvigdorLiberman, Tweet (6:45 p.m.), 30 novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/avigdorliberman/status/1730297081959530685 (les italiques sont de nous).
491 Interview with Katrin « Keti » Shitrit-Peretz on Now 14, 1er novembre 2023 : Now 14,
@Now14Israel, Tweet (9:50 p.m.), 1er novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1719834297832526215 (les italiques sont de nous).
492 Meirav Ben-Ari, Knesset Session, 16 octobre 2023, https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=3497251110531404 [2:29:57] (les italiques sont de nous). Translation by Jonathan Ofir, « Israeli Politician Says “Children of Gaza Have Brought This Upon Themselves” », Truthout, 1er octobre 2023, https://truthout.org/articles/israeli-politician-says-children-of-gaza-have-brought-this-upon-themselves.
493 MK Yitzhak Kroizer: « The Gaza Strip should be wiped off the map », Galey Israel, 5 novembre 2023, https://www.gly.co.il/item?id=30587. Translation in « Fire Israel’s Far Right », Haaretz, 6 novembre 2023, https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2023-11-06/ty-article/.premium/fire-israels-far-right/0000018b-a11c-dc0b-a1cb-e5de69890000.
494 Boaz Bismuth, @BismuthBoaz, Tweet (8:02 a.m.), 16 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/BismuthBoaz/status/1713812686784311358.
495 Statement by Revital Gottlieb in the Knesset, 23 octobre 2023 : Knesset Channel,
@KnessetT, Tweet (6:10 p.m.), 23 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/KnessetT/status/1716502486
331113922.
496 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (7:39 a.m.), 13 décembre 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1734840416522948800.
497 Revital Gottlieb, @TallyGotliv, Tweet (5:59 p.m.), 9 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/TallyGotliv/status/1711426284322996613.
498 Ariel Kallner, @ArielKallner, Tweet (10:29 p.m.), 7 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/Ariel
Kallner/status/1710769363119141268. Translated in The New Arab : « “Erase Gaza” : How genocidal rhetoric became normalised in Israel », The New Arab, 30 novembre 2023, https://
www.newarab.com/analysis/erase-gaza-how-genocidal-rhetoric-normalised-israel et traduction informelle.
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“erase[d]”499, turned into a “slaughterhouse”500, that “Hamas should not be eliminated” but rather “Gaza should be razed”501, on the repeated claim that “[t]here are no innocents . . . There is no population. There are 2.5 million terrorists”502. One local official, reportedly called for Gaza to be “desolate and destroyed” like the Auschwitz Museum, “demonstrating the madness of the people who lived there”503. Former MKs have called for a level of destruction akin to that of Dresden and Hiroshima504, asserting that it would be “immoral” for the Israeli army not to show themselves to be “vengeful and cruel”505. In an Israeli news interview, one former MK called for all Palestinians in Gaza to be killed saying:
“I tell you, in Gaza without exception, they are all terrorists, sons of dogs. They must be exterminated, all of them killed. We will flatten Gaza, turn them to dust, and the army will cleanse the area. Then we will start building new areas, for us, above all, for our security.”506
107. Those statements by prominent members of Israeli society — including former parliamentarians and news anchors — constitute clear direct and public incitement to genocide, which has gone unchecked and unpunished by the Israeli authorities. That such sentiment appears to be so widespread and mainstream in Israeli society is of particular concern, in circumstances where the soldiers serving in Gaza are largely reservists, drawn from and informed by civil society.
E. Recognition of Israel’s Genocidal Intent against Palestinians
108. As set out above, numerous States have rightly recognised Israel’s statements in relation to Gaza as demonstrating genocidal intent. That assessment is shared by a significant number of United Nations experts who have repeatedly warned since at least mid-October 2023 that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide by Israel. By way of example:

On 19 October 2023, nine United Nations Special Rapporteurs sounded “the alarm”, warning that “[t]here is an ongoing campaign by Israel resulting in crimes against humanity in Gaza. Considering statements made by Israeli political leaders and their allies, accompanied by military action in Gaza and escalation of arrests
499 Interview with Eyal Golan on Now 14, 15 October 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (1:24 p.m.), 15 October 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1713531211300167928.
500 David Mizrahy Verthaim, @dverthaim, Tweet (4:52 p.m.), 7 October 2023, https://twitter.com/dverthaim/status/1710684531114602891.
501 Moshe Feiglin, @moshefeiglin, Tweet (6:16 a.m.), 12 October 2023, https://twitter.com/moshefeiglin/status/1712336429982846977.
502 Interview with Eliyahu Yossain on Now 14 Israel, 29 October 2023: Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (9:32 p.m.), 29 October 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/171874274745505
3922. Translated by Ahmed Eldin, Instagram Post, 30 October 2023, https://www.instagram.com/
reel/CzB77tJrjtW/ (emphasis added).
503 “Israel should make Gaza look like Auschwitz — council head”, Jerusalem Post, 17 December 2023, https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778367.
504 Interview with Moshe Feiglin on Al Jazeera, 25 October 2023, https://www.aljazeera
mubasher.net/news/politics/2023/10/ .عضو-كنيست-سابق-يدعو-لتكرار-سيناريو/ 25
505 Galit Distel Atbaryan, @GalitDistel, Tweet (12:13 p.m.), 1 November 2023, https://twitter.com/
galitdistel/status/1719689095230730656.
506 “Former Israeli Knesset member calls on the complete destruction of Gaza”, Middle East Eye, 25 December 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/former-israeli-
knesset-member-calls-complete-destruction-gaza (emphasis added).
157
de gens qui veulent que Gaza soit « supprim[ée] »499, transformée en « abattoir »500, qui disent que le « Hamas ne doit pas [juste] être éliminé » mais que « Gaza doit être rasée »501, toujours pour la même raison, à savoir qu’« [i]l n’y a pas d’innocents… Il n’y a pas de population. Il y a 2,5 millions de terroristes »502. Un responsable local aurait réclamé que Gaza devienne un lieu « de désolation et de destruction » à l’image du musée d’Auschwitz, « en témoignage de la folie des gens qui y vivaient »503. D’anciens parlementaires ont souhaité une destruction de la même ampleur que celles qu’ont connues Dresde et Hiroshima504, affirmant qu’il serait « immoral » pour l’armée israélienne de ne pas se montrer « vengeresse et cruelle »505. Dans un entretien accordé à un média israélien, un ancien parlementaire a appelé à tuer tous les Palestiniens de Gaza, en déclarant :
« Je vous le dis, à Gaza, sans exception, ce sont tous des terroristes, des fils de chiens. Il faut les exterminer, les tuer, tous. Nous raserons Gaza, nous les réduirons en poussière, et l’armée nettoiera la zone. Puis nous construirons de nouveaux quartiers, pour nous, avant tout, pour notre sécurité. »506
107. Ces déclarations de membres éminents de la société israélienne — dont
d’anciens parlementaires et des présentateurs de journaux télévisés — constituent clairement une incitation directe et publique au génocide, qui n’a pas été sanctionnée,
ni même relevée par les autorités israéliennes. Le fait qu’un tel sentiment semble si répandu et si courant dans la société israélienne est d’autant plus préoccupant que les soldats déployés à Gaza sont, pour la plupart, des réservistes, issus de la société civile et influencés par celle-ci.
E. Reconnaissance de l’intention génocidaire d’Israël contre les Palestiniens
108. Comme il a été exposé ci-dessus, de nombreux États ont reconnu, à juste titre, que les déclarations d’Israël concernant Gaza démontraient une intention génocidaire. C’est également le constat que font un nombre important d’experts de l’ONU qui, depuis au moins la mi-octobre 2023, ont maintes fois alerté sur le fait que le peuple palestinien était exposé à un grave risque de génocide de la part d’Israël. En voici quelques exemples :

Le 19 octobre 2023, neuf rapporteurs spéciaux ont tiré la « sonnette d’alarme », avertissant en ces termes : « Nous assistons à une campagne actuellement menée par Israël qui donne lieu à des crimes contre l’humanité à Gaza. Compte tenu des déclarations prononcées par des responsables politiques israéliens et par leurs
499 Interview with Eyal Golan on Now 14, 15 octobre 2023 : Now 14, @Now14Israel, Tweet (1:24 p.m.), 15 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/1713531211300167928.
500 David Mizrahy Verthaim, @dverthaim, Tweet (4:52 p.m.), 7 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/
dverthaim/status/1710684531114602891.
501 Moshe Feiglin, @moshefeiglin, Tweet (6:16 a.m.), 12 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/moshefeiglin/status/1712336429982846977.
502 Interview with Eliyahu Yossain on Now 14 Israel, 29 octobre 2023: Now 14, @Now14
Israel, Tweet (9:32 p.m.), 29 octobre 2023, https://twitter.com/Now14Israel/status/171874274
7455053922. Translated by Ahmed Eldin, Instagram Post, 30 octobre 2023, https://www.instagram.com/reel/CzB77tJrjtW (les italiques sont de nous).
503 « “Israel should make Gaza look like Auschwitz” — council head », Jerusalem Post, 17 décembre 2023, https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778367.
504 Interview with Moshe Feiglin on Al Jazeera, 25 octobre 2023, https://www.aljazeera
mubasher.net/news/politics/2023/10/ .عضو-كنيست-سابق-يدعو-لتكرار-سيناريو/ 25
505 Galit Distel Atbaryan, @GalitDistel, Tweet (12:13 p.m.), 1er novembre 2023, https://twitter.com/
galitdistel/status/1719689095230730656.
506 « Former Israeli Knesset member calls on the complete destruction of Gaza », Middle
East Eye, 25 décembre 2023, https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/former-
israeli-knesset-member-calls-complete-destruction-gaza (les italiques sont de nous).
158
and killing in the West Bank, there is also a risk of genocide against the Palestine People”507.

On 27 October 2023, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination underscored that it was “[h]ighly concerned about the sharp increase in racist hate speech and dehumanization directed at Palestinians since 7 October, particularly on the Internet and in social media, including by senior officials, politicians, members of the Parliament, and public figures, particularly the statement of 9 October made by the Israeli Minister of Defense, Yoav Gallant, in which he referred to Palestinians as ‘human animals’, language which could incite genocidal actions”508.

On 28 October 2023, the Director of the New York Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (“OHCHR”) stepped down, after penning a widely reported
resignation statement describing the situation in Gaza as a “text-book case of genocide”509.

On 2 November 2023, eight Special Rapporteurs warned that they “remain convinced that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide”. The experts stated that “[t]he time for action is now”, underscoring that “Israel’s allies also bear responsibility and must act now to prevent its disastrous course of action”510.

On 16 November 2023, 15 United Nations Special Rapporteurs and 21 members of United Nations Working Groups cautioned that “[g]rave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making”. The statement highlights “evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to ‘destroy the Palestinian people under occupation’,
507 UN OHCHR, “Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide”, 19 October 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-
releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-
humanity (emphasis added). The statement was made by Pedro Arrojo Agudo, Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation; Francesca Albanese, Special Rappor-
teur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967; Reem Alsalem, Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls; Paula Gaviria Betancur, Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons; Michael Fakhri,
Special Rapporteur on the right to food; Tlaleng Mofokeng, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;
Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing; Farida Shaheed, Special Rapporteur on the right to education; Ashwini K. P., Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
508 CERD, “Statement 5 (2023) Israel and the State of Palestine”, 27 October 2023, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCERD
%2FSWA%2F9904 (emphasis added).
509 Letter from Craig Mokhiber to Volker Türk, High Commissioner for Human Rights,
28 October 2023, https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24103463/craig-mokhiber-resignation-letter.pdf (emphasis added).
510 UN OHCHR, “Gaza is ‘running out of time’ UN experts warn, demanding a ceasefire to prevent genocide”, 2 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-running-out-time-un-experts-warn-demanding-ceasefire-prevent-genocide (emphasis added). The statement was made by the above Special Rapporteurs on safe drinking water; the Palestinian Territory; violence against women and girls; internally displaced persons; food; physical and mental health; and racism; as well as Irene Khan, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
159
alliés, auxquelles s’ajoutent les actions militaires à Gaza et une escalade des arrestations et des homicides en Cisjordanie, nous sommes également en présence d’un risque de génocide du peuple palestinien »507.

Le 27 octobre 2023, le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale a fait part de « [s]a vive inquiétude quant à la nette augmentation des propos haineux à caractère raciste et déshumanisants tenus à l’égard des Palestiniens depuis le 7 octobre, particulièrement sur Internet et les réseaux sociaux, notamment par de hauts responsables, des politiciens, des membres du Parlement, et des personnalités publiques, en particulier la déclaration dans laquelle le ministre israélien de la défense, Yoav Gallant, a, le 9 octobre, qualifié les Palestiniens d’“animaux”, un terme qui pourrait inciter à des actes génocidaires »508.

Le 28 octobre 2023, le directeur du bureau de New York du Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l’homme (HCDH) a quitté ses fonctions, après avoir rédigé une lettre de démission largement relayée par les médias, dans laquelle il décrit la situation à Gaza comme un « un parfait exemple de génocide »509.

Le 2 novembre 2023, huit rapporteurs spéciaux ont fait savoir qu’ils « rest[ai]ent convaincus que le peuple palestinien cour[ait] un grave risque de génocide ».
Ces experts ont déclaré qu’« [i]l [étai]t temps d’agir », soulignant que « [l]es alliés d’Israël port[aient] également une responsabilité et d[evai]ent agir maintenant pour empêcher son action désastreuse »510.

Le 16 novembre 2023, 15 rapporteurs spéciaux et 21 membres de groupes de travail de l’ONU ont averti que « [de] graves violations commises par Israël contre les Palestiniens au lendemain du 7 octobre, en particulier à Gaza, laiss[ai]ent présager un génocide en devenir ». Dans leur déclaration, ils constatent qu’il existe « une incitation croissante au génocide, une intention manifeste de “détruire le
507 UN OHCHR, « Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide », 19 octobre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-
humanity (les italiques sont de nous). Les auteurs de la déclaration sont Pedro Arrojo Agudo, rapporteur spécial sur les droits de l’homme à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement ; Francesca Albanese, rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans les territoires palestiniens occupés depuis 1967 ; Reem Alsalem, rapporteuse spéciale sur la violence contre les femmes et les filles, ses causes et ses conséquences ; Paula Gaviria Betancur, rapporteuse spéciale sur les droits humains des personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays ; Michael Fakhri, rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l’alimentation ; Tlaleng Mofokeng, rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit qu’a toute personne de jouir du meilleur état de santé physique et mentale possible ; Balakrishnan Rajagopal, rapporteur spécial sur le droit à un logement convenable ; Farida Shaheed, rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit à l’éducation ; Ashwini K. P., rapporteuse spéciale sur les formes contemporaines de racisme, de discrimination raciale, de xénophobie et de l’intolérance qui y est associée.
508 CERD, « Statement 5 (2023) Israel and the State of Palestine », 27 octobre 2023, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCERD
%2FSWA%2F9904 (les italiques sont de nous).
509 Letter from Craig Mokhiber to Volker Türk, High Commissioner for Human Rights (28 octobre 2023), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24103463/craig-mokhiber-resignation-letter.pdf (les italiques sont de nous).
510 Nations Unies, HCDH, « Le temps presse » pour Gaza, avertissent les experts de l’ONU, qui exigent un cessez-le-feu pour empêcher un génocide (2 novembre 2023), https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-running-out-time-un-experts-warn-demanding-ceasefire-prevent-genocide (les italiques sont de nous). Les auteurs de la déclaration sont les rapporteuses spéciales et rapporteurs spéciaux susmentionnés sur les droits de l’homme à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement ; sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans le Territoire palestinien ; sur la violence contre les femmes et les filles, ses causes et ses conséquences ; sur les droits de l’homme des personnes déplacées à l’intérieur de leur propre pays ; sur le droit à l’alimentation ; sur le droit qu’a toute personne de jouir du meilleur état de santé physique et mentale possible ; sur les formes contemporaines de racisme, de discrimination raciale, de xénophobie et de l’intolérance qui y est associée ; ainsi que Irene Khan, rapporteuse spéciale sur la promotion et la protection du droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression.
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loud calls for a ‘second Nakba’ in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure”. The experts expressed “profound . . . concern . . . about . . . the failure of the international system to mobilise to prevent genocide”, cautioning that “[t]he failure to urgently implement a ceasefire risks this situation spiralling towards a genocide conducted with 21st century means and methods of warfare”; they called on “[t]he international community, including not only States but also non-State actors” to “do everything it can to immediately end the risk of genocide against the Palestinian people”511.

On 20 November 2023, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes and consequences, issued a statement warning that “[s]ince 7 October, the assault on Palestinian women’s dignity and rights has taken on new and terrifying dimensions, as thousands have become victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and an unfolding genocide”. The Special Rapporteur “expressed alarm at the genocidal and dehumanising rhetoric about the Palestinian people, including women and children, by top Israeli Government officials and public figures calling them ‘children of darkness’”. The Special Rapporteur referred to the description of Palestinians as ‘human animals’ and the calls for a ‘second Nakba’ by Israeli officials, cautioning that “[s]uch statements make the Israeli Government’s intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, absolutely and consistently clear”512.

On 8 December 2023, ahead of the United Nations Security Council ceasefire resolution vote vetoed by the United States of America, 22 United Nations Special
511 UN OHCHR, “Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people”, 16 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/
11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against (emphasis added). The statement was made by the above Special Rapporteurs on the Palestinian Territory; safe drinking water; education; adequate housing; racism; internally displaced persons; freedom of opinion and expression; violence against women and girls; as well as by Margaret Satterthwaite, Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers; Surya Deva, Special Rapporteur on the right to development; Olivier De Schutter, Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights; Siobhán Mullally, Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; Mary Lawlor, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders; Ben Saul, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; and Tomoya Obokata, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences; as well as by Livingstone Sewanyana, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order; Claudia Mahler, Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons; as well as by Barbara G. Reynolds (Chair), Bina D’Costa, Dominique Day and Catherine Namakula, Working Group of experts on people of African Descent; Dorothy Estrada Tanck (Chair), Claudia Flores, Ivana Krstić, Haina Lu, and Laura Nyirinkindi, Working Group on discrimination against women and girls; Carlos Salazar Couto (Chair-Rapporteur), Sorcha MacLeod, Jovana Jezdimirovic Ranito, Chris M. A. Kwaja and Ravindran Daniel, Working Group on the use of mercenaries; Damilola Olawuyi (Chairperson), Robert McCorquodale (Vice-Chairperson), Elżbieta Karska, Fernanda Hopenhaym and Pichamon Yeophantong, Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises.
512 UN OHCHR, “Women bearing the brunt of Israel-Gaza conflict: UN expert”, 20 November 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/women-bearing-brunt-israel-gaza-conflict-un-
expert (emphasis added).
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peuple palestinien sous occupation” », qu’« une “seconde Nakba” à Gaza et dans le reste du Territoire palestinien occupé est réclamée à grands cris », et que « sont utilisées des armes puissantes, qui par nature frappent de manière aveugle, entraînant un bilan colossal de morts et la destruction des infrastructures vitales ». Les experts se disent « profondément préoccupés par … l’échec du système international à se mobiliser pour empêcher le génocide », avertissant que « [l]’incapacité à instaurer d’urgence un cessez-le-feu risque de conduire à un génocide mis en oeuvre avec les moyens et les méthodes de guerre du XXIe siècle » ; ils appellent « [l]a communauté internationale, y compris non seulement les États mais aussi les acteurs non étatiques », à « faire tout ce qui est en son pouvoir pour mettre immédiatement fin au risque de génocide contre le peuple palestinien »511.

Le 20 novembre 2023, la rapporteuse spéciale sur la violence contre les femmes et les filles, ses causes et ses conséquences a publié une déclaration dénonçant le fait que « [d]epuis le 7 octobre les atteintes à la dignité et aux droits des femmes palestiniennes ont pris une ampleur nouvelle et terrifiante, des milliers d’entre elles subissant des crimes de guerre, des crimes contre l’humanité et un génocide qui est en train de se produire ». La rapporteuse spéciale s’est dite « alarmée par les propos génocidaires et déshumanisants tenus par de hauts responsables gouvernementaux israéliens et d’importantes personnalités publiques au sujet du peuple palestinien, y compris les femmes et les enfants, qualifiés d’« enfants des ténèbres ». Se référant au terme « animaux » employé pour désigner les Palestiniens et aux appels à une « seconde Nakba » des responsables israéliens, elle a averti que « [d]e telles déclarations prouv[ai]ent, de manière absolument et parfaitement claire, l’intention du Gouvernement israélien de détruire le peuple palestinien, en tout ou en partie »512.

Le 8 décembre 2023, avant le vote du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU sur un projet de résolution exigeant un cessez-le-feu auquel les États-Unis ont opposé leur veto,
511 UN OHCHR, « Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people », 16 novembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/
11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against (les italiques sont de nous). Les auteurs de la déclaration sont les rapporteuses spéciales et rapporteurs spéciaux susmentionnés sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans le Territoire palestinien ; sur les droits de l’homme à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement ; sur le droit à l’éducation ; sur le droit à un logement convenable ; sur les formes contemporaines de racisme ; sur les droits humains des personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays ; sur la liberté d’opinion et d’expression ; sur la violence contre les femmes et les filles ; ainsi que Margaret Satterthwaite, rapporteuse spéciale sur l’indépendance des juges et des avocats ; Surya Deva, rapporteur spécial sur le droit au développement ; Olivier De Schutter, rapporteur spécial sur les droits de l’homme et l’extrême pauvreté ; Siobhán Mullally, rapporteuse spéciale sur la traite des êtres humains, en particulier les femmes et les enfants ; Mary Lawlor, rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des défenseurs et défenseuses des droits de l’homme ; Ben Saul, rapporteur spécial sur la promotion et la protection des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales dans la lutte antiterroriste ; et Tomoya Obokata, rapporteur spécial sur les formes contemporaines
d’esclavage, y compris leurs causes et leurs conséquences ; ainsi que Livingstone Sewanyana, expert indépendant sur la promotion d’un ordre international démocratique et équitable ; Claudia Mahler, experte indépendante sur la jouissance de tous les droits de l’homme par les personnes âgées ; Barbara G. Reynolds (présidente), Bina D’Costa, Dominique Day et Catherine Namakula, groupe de travail d’experts sur les personnes d’ascendance africaine ; Dorothy Estrada Tanck (présidente), Claudia Flores, Ivana Krstić, Haina Lu et Laura Nyirinkindi, groupe de travail sur la discrimination à l’égard des femmes et des filles ; Carlos Salazar Couto (président-rapporteur), Sorcha MacLeod, Jovana Jezdimirovic Ranito, Chris M. A. Kwaja et Ravindran Daniel, groupe de travail sur l’utilisation de mercenaires ; Damilola Olawuyi (président), Robert McCorquodale (vice-président), Elżbieta Karska, Fernanda Hopenhaym et Pichamon Yeophantong, groupe de travail sur la question des droits de l’homme et des sociétés transnationales et autres entreprises.
512 UN OHCHR, « Women bearing the brunt of Israel-Gaza conflict: UN expert », 20 novembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/women-bearing-brunt-israel-gaza-conflict-
un-expert (les italiques sont de nous).
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Rapporteurs and 28 Members of United Nations Working Groups reiterated their previous statement “warning against the commission of genocide”513.

On 21 December 2023, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, acting under its “early warning and urgent action procedure”, reiterating its earlier statement, and warning of “hate speech and dehumanising discourse targeted at Palestinians, raising severe concerns regarding Israel’s and other State parties’ obligation to prevent . . . genocide”. The Committee called on “all State parties to fully respect their international obligations, in particular those arising from . . . the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and to cooperate to bring an end [to] the violations that are taking place and to prevent . . . genocide”. The Committee made detailed reference to the ongoing situation in Gaza, stating, inter alia, that it was “gravely concerned about the racist hate speech, incitement to violence and genocidal actions, as well as dehumanizing rhetoric targeted at Palestinians since 7 October 2023 by Israeli senior government officials, members of the Parliament, politicians and public figures”514.
513 UN OHCHR, “UN experts urge States to unite for peace and push for ceasefire in Gaza”, 8 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/un-experts-urge-states-unite-peace-and-push-ceasefire-gaza (emphasis added). The statement was made by the above Special Rapporteurs on safe drinking water; the Palestinian Territory; violence against women and girls; internally displaced persons; development; extreme poverty; food; freedom of opinion and expression; human rights defenders; physical and mental health; trafficking in persons; contemporary forms of slavery; adequate housing; independence of judges and lawyers; countering terrorism; education; and racism; as well as David Boyd, Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment; Beatriz Miranda Galarza, Special Rapporteur on the elimination of discrimination against persons affected by leprosy and their family members; Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association; Francisco Cali Tzay, Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and Alexandra Xanthaki, Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights; as well as by the above members of the working group on People of African Descent; discrimination against women and girls; the use of mercenaries; human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises; and Aua Baldé (Chair-Rapporteur), Gabriella Citroni (Vice-Chair), Angkhana Neelapaijit, Grażyna Baranowska and Ana Lorena Delgadillo Perez, Working Group on enforced or involuntary disappearances; as well as the above Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons; Cecilia Bailliet, Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity; Graeme Reid, Independent Expert on Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity; and Attiya Waris, Independent Expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights.
514 UN OCHA, “Gaza Strip: States are obliged to prevent crimes against humanity and genocide, UN Committee stresses”, 21 December 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/
2023/12/gaza-strip-states-are-obliged-prevent-crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide (emphasis added). Under CERD’s EWUA procedure, CERD has extensive expertise in compiling indicators relevant to the prevention of genocide; in 2015 it issued a Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide which recalled this work in its preamble: see CERD, “Declaration on the Prevention
of Genocide” (CRD/C/66/1), 17 October 2005, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/
HRBodies/CERD/declaration_genocide.doc.
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22 rapporteurs spéciaux et 28 membres de groupes de travail ont réitéré leur déclaration précédente « mettant en garde contre la commission d’un génocide »513.

Le 21 décembre 2023, le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale, agissant au titre de ses « mesures d’alerte rapide et procédures d’intervention
d’urgence », et réitérant sa déclaration précédente, a mis en garde contre « les propos haineux et les discours déshumanisants ciblant les Palestiniens, qui soulèvent de graves préoccupations quant à l’obligation d’Israël et des autres États parties de prévenir … le génocide ». Le comité a appelé « tous les États parties à pleinement respecter leurs obligations internationales, en particulier celles découlant de … la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide et à coopérer pour mettre un terme [aux] violations qui sont perpétrées et à prévenir … le génocide ». Il a évoqué en détail la situation en cours à Gaza, indiquant notamment qu’il était « gravement préoccupé par les propos haineux à caractère raciste, l’incitation à la violence et aux actes génocidaires, ainsi que les discours déshumanisants à propos des Palestiniens, tenus depuis le 7 octobre 2023 par de hauts responsables du gouvernement, des parlementaires, des politiciens et des personnalités publiques en Israël »514.
513 UN OHCHR, « UN experts urge States to unite for peace and push for ceasefire in Gaza », 8 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/un-experts-urge-states-unite-peace-and-push-ceasefire-gaza (les italiques sont de nous). Les auteurs de la déclaration sont les rapporteuses spéciales et rapporteurs spéciaux susmentionnés sur les droits de l’homme à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement ; sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans le Territoire palestinien ; sur la violence contre les femmes et les filles ; sur les droits de l’homme des personnes déplacées à l’intérieur de leur propre pays ; sur le droit au développement ; sur les droits de l’homme et
l’extrême pauvreté ; sur le droit à l’alimentation ; sur la promotion et la protection du droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression ; sur la situation des défenseurs et défenseuses des droits de l’homme ; sur le droit qu’a toute personne de jouir du meilleur état de santé physique et mentale possible ; sur la traite des êtres humains, en particulier les femmes et les enfants ; sur les formes contemporaines d’esclavage ; sur le droit à un logement convenable ; sur l’indépendance des juges et des avocats ; sur les droits de l’homme et la lutte antiterroriste ; sur le droit à l’éducation ; sur les formes contemporaines de racisme ; ainsi que David Boyd, rapporteur spécial sur la question des obligations relatives aux droits de l’homme se rapportant aux moyens de bénéficier d’un environnement sûr, propre, sain et durable ; Beatriz Miranda Galarza, rapporteuse spéciale sur l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des personnes touchées par la lèpre et des membres de leur famille ; Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, rapporteur spécial sur les droits à la liberté de réunion pacifique et à la liberté d’association ; Francisco Cali Tzay, rapporteur spécial sur les droits des peuples autochtones ; et Alexandra Xanthaki, rapporteuse spéciale dans le domaine des droits culturels ; ainsi que les membres susmentionnés des groupes de travail d’experts sur les personnes d’ascendance africaine ; sur la discrimination à l’égard des femmes et des filles ; sur l’utilisation de mercenaires ; sur la question des droits de l’homme et des sociétés transnationales et autres entreprises ; et Aua Baldé (directrice-rapporteuse), Gabriella Citroni (vice-présidente), Angkhana Neelapaijit, Grażyna Baranowska et Ana Lorena Delgadillo Perez, groupe de travail sur les disparitions forcées ou involontaires ; ainsi que l’experte indépendante sur la jouissance de tous les droits de l’homme par les personnes âgées ; Cecilia Bailliet, experte indépendante sur les droits de l’homme et la solidarité internationale ; Graeme Reid, expert indépendant chargé de la question de la protection contre la violence et la discrimination liées à l’orientation sexuelle et à l’identité de genre ; et Attiya Waris, experte indépendante chargée d’examiner les effets de la dette extérieure et des obligations financières internationales connexes des États sur le plein exercice de tous les droits de l’homme, en particulier des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels.
514 UN OCHA, « Gaza Strip: States are obliged to prevent crimes against humanity and genocide, UN Committee stresses », 21 décembre 2023, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/
2023/12/gaza-strip-states-are-obliged-prevent-crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide (les italiques sont de nous). Au titre de ses mesures d’alerte rapide et procédures d’intervention d’urgence, le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale dispose d’une grande expertise pour compiler des indicateurs relatifs à la prévention du génocide ; en 20[0]5, il a publié une déclaration sur la prévention du génocide dans le préambule de laquelle était rappelé ce travail : voir Comité pour l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale, déclaration sur la prévention du génocide, 17 octobre 2005, doc. CERD/C/66/1 [voir par. 459, https://undocs.org/A/60/18(SUPP)].
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109. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has repeatedly condemned Israel’s military actions in Gaza as “genocide”515, as has the Arab group at the United Nations516. The International Federation for Human Rights have called for an end to the “genocide”, with the International Commission of Jurists calling on third States “to take all reasonable measures within their power to prevent genocide in Gaza”517. Palestinian non-governmental organisations have also strongly condemned the genocide, calling on the International Criminal Court to investigate the crime518. The Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council on 14 November 2023 issued a detailed briefing note calling on the State of Palestine and third States to intervene, taking concrete measures and legal action to prevent genocide in Gaza. The report cautions that “[t]here have been significant warnings by United Nations independent human rights experts, as well as actions taken by third States, including the removal of their diplomatic missions from Israel, some in response to the ongoing Israeli genocidal statements and acts. Together, these warnings and State actions put the international community of States on notice, that there is a very real risk that genocide is being, or may be committed against Palestinians in Gaza.”519
IV. The Claims of South Africa
110. Based on the above, as well as the further evidence to be presented over the course of these proceedings, South Africa considers that the conduct of Israel — through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities acting on its instructions or under its direction, control or influence — in relation to Palestinians in Gaza, is in violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention, including Articles I, III, IV, V and VI, read in conjunction with Article II. Those violations of the Genocide Convention include, but are not limited to:
515 See e.g. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (“OIC”), “Final Communiqué of the extraordinary open-ended meeting of the OIC Executive Committee at the level of Foreign Ministers on the brutal Israeli military aggression against the Palestinian people”, 18 October 2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39767&t_ref=26705&lan=en; OIC, “OIC Condemns the Massacre Committed by the Israeli Occupation in Jabalia Camp”, 1 November 2023, https://www.oic-
oci.org/topic/?t_id=39849&ref=26728&lan=en; OIC, “OIC Strongly Condemns Incursion into Gaza City Al-Shifa Hospital and Continued Israeli Aggression against the Palestinian People”, 15 November 2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39936&t_ref=26759&lan=en; OIC, “OIC Strongly Condemns the Successive Massacres Committed by the Israeli Occupation against the Palestinian People”, 18 November 2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39945&ref=26762
&lan=en.
516 UN Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 9498th Meeting, SC/15518, 8 December 2023, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15518.doc.htm.
517 Fédération Internationale pour les Droits Humains (“FIDH”), “Resolution on Israel’s unfolding crime of genocide and other crimes in Gaza and against the Palestinian People”, 12 December 2023, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/fidh_resolution_on_israel_s_unfolding_crime_of_genocide_and_other_crimes_in_gaza_and_against_the_palestinian_people.pdf; International Commission of Jurists, “Gaza/Palestine: States have a Duty to Prevent Genocide”, 17 November 2023, https://
www.icj.org/gaza-occupied-palestinian-territory-states-have-a-duty-to-prevent-genocide.
518 Al-Haq, Al Mezan, and PCHR, “Palestinian Human Rights Organisations call on ICC to issue arrest warrants against Israeli leaders for genocide and incitement to genocide”, 9 November 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22138.html.
519 Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council, “PHROC Calls on the State of Palestine and Third States to Intervene Taking Concrete Measures and Legal Action to Prevent Genocide in Gaza”, 14 November 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2023/11/15/briefing-
note-genocide-third-state-responsibility-14-november-2023-1700041879.pdf.
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109. L’Organisation de la coopération islamique a maintes fois condamné les actions militaires d’Israël à Gaza en les qualifiant de « génocide »515, tout comme l’a fait le Groupe des États arabes auprès de l’ONU516. La Fédération internationale pour les droits humains a demandé la cessation du « génocide » et la Commission internationale de juristes a exhorté les États tiers « à prendre toutes les mesures raisonnables en leur pouvoir pour prévenir un génocide à Gaza »517. Des ONG palestiniennes ont également fermement condamné le génocide, appelant la CPI à enquêter sur ce crime518. Le 14 novembre 2023, le Conseil des organisations palestiniennes des droits de l’homme a publié une note d’information détaillée dans laquelle il appelle l’État de Palestine et les États tiers à intervenir en prenant des mesures concrètes et en engageant des procédures judiciaires pour prévenir un génocide à Gaza. Il y rappelle que « [l]es experts indépendants de l’ONU chargés des droits de l’homme ont lancé de nombreux avertissements, et des États tiers ont pris de nombreuses mesures, dont le rappel de leurs missions diplomatiques en Israël, parfois en réponse aux déclarations et actes génocidaires d’Israël qui sont en cours. Ensemble, ces avertissements et ces mesures prises par les États mettent en garde la communauté internationale des États contre le risque bien réel qu’un génocide soit en train d’être commis, ou puisse être commis, contre les Palestiniens de Gaza. »519
IV. Les griefs de l’Afrique du Sud
110. Au vu de ce qui précède, ainsi que des éléments de preuve qui seront présentés en cours d’instance, l’Afrique du Sud considère que le comportement d’Israël à l’égard des Palestiniens de Gaza — par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents de l’État, ainsi que d’autres personnes et entités agissant sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction, son autorité ou son influence — est contraire aux obligations découlant de la convention sur le génocide, notamment aux articles premier, III, IV, V et VI, lus conjointement avec l’article II. Ces manquements à la convention sur le génocide sont notamment, mais pas seulement, les suivants :
515 Voir, par exemple, Organisation de la coopération islamique (OCI), « Communiqué final de la réunion extraordinaire du comité exécutif à composition non limitée au niveau des ministres des affaires étrangères de l’OCI, consacrée à l’examen de l’agression militaire israélienne brutale en cours contre le peuple palestinien », 18 octobre 2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39767
&t_ref=26705&lan=fr ; OCI, « L’OCI condamne le massacre commis par l’occupation israélienne dans le camp de Jabalia », 1er novembre 2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39849&ref=
26728&lan=fr ; OCI, « L’Organisation de coopération islamique condamne fermement l’assaut de l’hôpital Al-Shifa dans la ville de Gaza et l’agression israélienne continue contre la population palestinienne », 15 novembre 2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39936&ref=26759&
lan=fr ; OCI, « L’OCI condamne fermement les massacres successifs commis par l’occupation israélienne contre le peuple palestinien » (18 novembre 2023), https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39945&ref=26762&lan=fr.
516 Nations Unies, Conseil de sécurité, couverture des réunions, 9498e séance, 8 décembre 2023, doc. CS/15518, https://press.un.org/fr/2023/cs15518.doc.htm.
517 Fédération internationale pour les droits humains (FIDH), « Résolution sur le génocide en cours et les autres crimes commis par Israël à Gaza et contre le peuple palestinien », 12 décembre 2023, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ resolutiongenocidefr-2023-12-11-5.pdf ; Commission internationale de juristes, « Gaza/Palestine: States have a Duty to Prevent Genocide », 17 novembre 2023, https://www.icj.org/gaza-occupied-palestinian-territory-states-have-a-duty-to-prevent-genocide.
518 Al-Haq, Al Mezan, et PCHR, « Palestinian Human Rights Organisations call on ICC to issue arrest warrants against Israeli leaders for genocide and incitement to genocide », 9 novembre 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22138.html.
519 Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council, « PHROC Calls on the State of Palestine and Third States to Intervene Taking Concrete Measures and Legal Action to Prevent Genocide
in Gaza », 14 novembre 2023, https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2023/11/15/briefing-note-genocide-third-state-responsibility-14-november-2023-1700041879.pdf.
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(a) failing to prevent genocide in violation of Article I;
(b) committing genocide in violation of Article III (a);
(c) conspiring to commit genocide in violation of Article III (b);
(d) direct and public incitement to commit genocide in violation of Article II);
(e) attempting to commit genocide in violation of Article III (d);
(f) complicity in genocide in violation of Article III (e);
(g) failing to punish genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to genocide, attempted genocide and complicity in genocide, in violation of Articles I, III, IV and VI;
(h) failing to enact the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the Genocide Convention and to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, incitement to genocide, attempted genocide, and complicity in genocide, in violation of Article V; and
(i) failing to allow and/or directly or indirectly impeding the investigation by competent international bodies or fact-finding missions of genocidal acts committed against Palestinians in Gaza, including those Palestinians removed by Israeli State agents or forces to Israel, as a necessary and corollary obligation pursuant to Articles I, III, IV, V and VI.
V. The Relief Sought
111. While reserving the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application, and subject to the presentation to the Court of the relevant evidence and legal arguments, South Africa respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
(1) that the Republic of South Africa and the State of Israel each have a duty to act in accordance with their obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the members of the Palestinian group, to take all reasonable measures within their power to prevent genocide; and
(2) that the State of Israel:
(a) has breached and continues to breach its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Article I, read in conjunction with Article II, and Articles III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
(b) must cease forthwith any acts and measures in breach of those obligations, including such acts or measures which would be capable of killing or continuing to kill Palestinians, or causing or continuing to cause serious bodily or mental harm to Palestinians or deliberately inflicting on their group, or continuing to inflict on their group, conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part, and fully respect its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
(c) must ensure that persons committing genocide, conspiring to commit genocide, directly and publicly inciting genocide, attempting to commit genocide and complicit in genocide contrary to Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d) and III (e) are punished by a competent national or international tribunal, as required by Articles I, IV, V and VI;
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a) le fait de ne pas prévenir le génocide, en violation de l’article premier ;
b) la commission du génocide, en violation du litt. a) de l’article III ;
c) l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, en violation du litt. b) de l’article III ;
d) l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, en violation du litt. c) de l’article III ;
e) la tentative de génocide, en violation du litt. d) de l’article III ;
f) la complicité dans le génocide, en violation du litt. e) de l’article III ;
g) le fait de ne pas punir le génocide, l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide,
l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, la tentative de génocide
et la complicité dans le génocide, en violation des articles premier, III, IV et VI ;
h) le fait de ne pas prendre les mesures législatives nécessaires pour assurer l’application des dispositions de la convention sur le génocide et de ne pas prévoir des sanctions pénales efficaces applicables aux auteurs de génocide, d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, d’incitation à commettre le génocide, de tentative de génocide et de complicité dans le génocide, en violation de l’article V ; et
i) le fait de ne pas permettre ou d’empêcher directement ou indirectement que des organes internationaux compétents ou des missions d’établissement des faits enquêtent sur les actes génocidaires commis contre les Palestiniens de Gaza, y compris ceux qui sont emmenés en Israël par des agents de l’État ou des forces israéliennes, obligation nécessaire et corollaire de celles des articles premier, III, IV, V et VI.
V. Les remèdes sollicités
111. Tout en se réservant le droit de réviser, compléter ou modifier la présente requête, et sous réserve de la présentation à la Cour des éléments de preuve et arguments juridiques pertinents, l’Afrique du Sud prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que :
1) la République sud-africaine et l’État d’Israël sont tous deux tenus d’agir conformément à l’obligation que leur fait la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide de prendre, en ce qui concerne les membres du groupe des Palestiniens, toutes les mesures raisonnables en leur pouvoir pour prévenir un génocide ; et que
2) l’État d’Israël :
a) a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations que lui fait la convention sur le génocide, notamment celles énoncées à l’article premier, lu conjointement avec l’article II, aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, et aux articles IV, V et VI ;
b) doit immédiatement mettre fin à tout acte et toute mesure emportant manquement à ces obligations, notamment les actes ou mesures susceptibles de causer ou continuer de causer le meurtre de Palestiniens, de porter ou continuer de porter une grave atteinte à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de Palestiniens, ou de constituer ou continuer de constituer une soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle, et doit respecter pleinement les obligations que lui fait la convention sur le génocide, en particulier celles énoncées à l’article premier, aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III et aux articles IV, V et VI ;
c) doit s’assurer que les personnes commettant des actes tels que le génocide, l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, la tentative de génocide et la complicité dans le génocide en violation de l’article premier et des litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III soient punies par une juridiction nationale ou internationale compétente, comme requis aux articles premier, IV, V et VI ;
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(d) to that end and in furtherance of those obligations arising under Articles I, IV, V and VI, must collect and conserve evidence and ensure, allow and/or not inhibit directly or indirectly the collection and conservation of evidence of genocidal acts committed against Palestinians in Gaza, including such members of the group displaced from Gaza;
(e) must perform the obligations of reparation in the interest of Palestinian victims, including but not limited to allowing the safe and dignified return of forcibly displaced and/or abducted Palestinians to their homes, respect for their full human rights and protection against further discrimination, persecution, and other related acts, and provide for the reconstruction of what it has destroyed in Gaza, consistent with the obligation to prevent genocide under Article I; and
(f) must offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of violations of the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI.
VI. Request for Provisional Measures
112. In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, South Africa requests that the Court indicate provisional measures. In light of the nature of the rights in issue, as well as the ongoing, extreme and irreparable harm being suffered by Palestinians in Gaza, South Africa requests that the Court address this request as a matter of extreme urgency.
113. This Application describes an exceptionally brutal military campaign by Israel in Gaza, which is extensive and ongoing, and which Israel intends to intensify further still520.
114. Israel has engaged in and failed to prevent or to punish acts and measures which are genocidal, constituting flagrant violations of Israel’s obligations under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI of the Genocide Convention. As further evidenced in the materials set out in the Application, the acts of genocide in question in breach of Articles II (a), II (b), II (c) and II (d), in particular, that collectively target the Palestinians in Gaza include, inter alia:
(1) killing Palestinians in Gaza, including a large proportion of women and children — estimated to account for around 70 per cent of the more than 21,110 fatalities — some of whom appear to have been summarily executed;
(2) causing serious mental and bodily harm to Palestinians in Gaza, including through maiming, psychological trauma, and inhuman and degrading treatment;
(3) causing the forced evacuation and displacement of around 85 per cent of Palestinians in Gaza — including children, the elderly and infirm, and the sick and wounded — as well as causing the large-scale destruction of Palestinian homes, villages, refugee camps, towns and entire areas in Gaza, precluding the return of a significant proportion of the Palestinian people to their homes;
(4) causing widespread hunger, dehydration and starvation to besieged Palestinians in Gaza, through the impeding of sufficient humanitarian assistance, the cutting off
520 Statement by Israeli Prime Minister to the Likud Party, 25 December 2023, reported by Jeremy Sharon, “After rare visit to Gaza, Netanyahu says war ‘not close to being over’”, The Times of Israel, 25 December 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over.
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d) à cette fin, et pour donner effet auxdites obligations découlant des articles premier, IV, V et VI, doit recueillir et conserver, et faire en sorte, permettre ou ne pas empêcher, directement ou indirectement, que soient recueillis et conservés les éléments de preuve relatifs à des actes génocidaires commis contre les Palestiniens de Gaza, y compris les membres de ce groupe qui ont été déplacés de Gaza ;
e) doit satisfaire à ses obligations de réparation en faveur des victimes palestiniennes, notamment, mais pas seulement, en permettant le retour dans leurs foyers, en toute sécurité et dans la dignité, des Palestiniens déplacés de force ou enlevés, en respectant pleinement leurs droits de l’homme et en les protégeant contre tout nouvel acte de discrimination, persécution et autres actes connexes, et faire le nécessaire pour reconstruire ce qu’il a détruit à Gaza, conformément à l’obligation d’empêcher le génocide énoncée à l’article premier ; et
f) doit offrir des assurances et des garanties de non-répétition des violations de la convention sur le génocide, en particulier en ce qui concerne les obligations énoncées à l’article premier, aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III et aux articles IV, V et VI.
VI. Demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
112. En vertu de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour, et conformément aux articles 73, 74 et 75 de son Règlement, l’Afrique du Sud demande à la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires. Compte tenu de la nature des droits en cause, ainsi que du préjudice extrême et irréparable que subissent actuellement les Palestiniens de Gaza, elle la prie d’examiner cette demande de toute urgence.
113. La présente requête décrit une campagne militaire d’une brutalité exceptionnelle, menée sans relâche et à grande échelle à Gaza par Israël, et que celui-ci entend encore intensifier520.
114. Israël se livre à des actes et prend des mesures qui sont génocidaires, en violation flagrante des obligations qui lui incombent au titre de l’article premier, des litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi que des articles IV, V et VI de la convention sur le génocide, et manque à son devoir de prévenir et de punir de tels actes et mesures. Ainsi que le confirment les documents présentés dans la requête, les actes de génocide en question, contraires aux litt. a), b), c) et d) de l’article II, en particulier, qui visent collectivement les Palestiniens de Gaza, comprennent :
1) le meurtre de Palestiniens de Gaza, dont un grand nombre de femmes et d’enfants  on estime qu’ils représentent environ 70 % des quelque 21 110 morts , qui, dans certains cas, semblent avoir été sommairement exécutés ;
2) des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de Palestiniens de Gaza, notamment par des mutilations, des traumatismes psychologiques et des traitements inhumains ou dégradants ;
3) l’évacuation et le déplacement forcés d’environ 85 % des Palestiniens de Gaza  y compris des enfants, des personnes âgées ou infirmes, ainsi que des malades et des blessés  et la destruction à grande échelle de maisons, villages, villes et camps de réfugiés palestiniens et de secteurs entiers de Gaza, excluant le retour d’une grande partie des Palestiniens dans leurs foyers ;
4) le fait de soumettre les Palestiniens assiégés de Gaza à la privation de nourriture, à la déshydratation et à la famine en faisant obstruction à la fourniture de l’aide
520 Déclaration du premier ministre israélien devant le parti du Likoud, le 25 décembre 2023, telle que reproduite dans Jeremy Sharon, « After rare visit to Gaza, Netanyahu says war “not close to being over” », The Times of Israel, 25 décembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over.
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of sufficient water, food, fuel and electricity, and the destruction of bakeries, mills, agricultural lands and other methods of production and sustenance;
(5) failing to provide and restricting the provision of adequate shelter, clothes,
hygiene or sanitation to Palestinians in Gaza, including the 1.9 million internally displaced people, compelled by Israel’s actions to live in dangerous situations of squalor, alongside the routine targeting and destruction of places of shelter and the killing and wounding of those sheltering, including women, children, the disabled and the elderly;
(6) failing to provide for or to ensure the provision for the medical needs of Palestinians in Gaza, including those medical needs created by other genocidal acts causing serious bodily harm, including through directly attacking Palestinian hospitals, ambulances and other healthcare facilities in Gaza, killing Palestinian doctors, medics and nurses, including the most qualified medics in Gaza, and destroying and disabling Gaza’s medical system;
(7) destroying Palestinian life in Gaza, through the destruction of Gaza’s universities, schools, courts, public buildings, public records, stores, libraries, churches, mosques, roads, infrastructure, utilities and other facilities necessary to the sustained life of Palestinians in Gaza as a group, alongside the killing of entire family groups — erasing entire oral histories in Gaza — and the killing of prominent and distinguished members of society; and
(8) imposing measures intended to prevent Palestinian births in Gaza, through the reproductive violence inflicted on Palestinian women, newborn babies, infants and children.
115. Provisional measures are necessary in this case to protect against further, severe and irreparable harm to the rights of the Palestinian people under the Genocide
Convention, which continue to be violated with impunity. South Africa requests that
the Court indicate provisional measures to protect and preserve those rights as well
as its own rights under the Convention, and to prevent any aggravation or extension
of the dispute, pending the determination of the merits of the issues raised by the Application.
116. South Africa notes that there are other related matters that do not directly engage obligations under the Genocide Convention and are therefore not properly within the Court’s jurisdiction in this case, including the urgent return of Israeli and other hostages. South Africa considers that the provisional measures requested are nevertheless consistent with and capable of assisting towards the progression and resolution of those matters.
A. Compelling Circumstances Require the Indication
of Provisional Measures
117. As detailed above, contrary to Article I of the Convention, Israel has perpetrated and is perpetrating genocidal acts identified in Article II. Israel, its officials and/or agents, have acted with the intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza, part of a protected group under the Genocide Convention. The compelling circumstances are set out in detail in the Application, and include that:

Nowhere is safe in Gaza.
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humanitaire nécessaire, en coupant l’approvisionnement vital en eau, en nourriture, en combustibles et en électricité, et en détruisant les boulangeries, moulins à farine, terres agricoles et autres moyens de production et de subsistance ;
5) le fait de ne pas assurer ou d’entraver la fourniture des abris, vêtements, produits d’hygiène et conditions sanitaires voulus aux Palestiniens de Gaza, en particulier au 1,9 million de personnes déplacées à l’intérieur du territoire, contraintes par les actions d’Israël de vivre dans des conditions dangereuses d’insalubrité, auxquelles s’ajoutent les attaques et destructions fréquentes qui ciblent les lieux de refuge, tuant et blessant ceux qui s’y abritent, notamment des femmes, des enfants, des handicapés et des personnes âgées ;
6) le fait de ne pas pourvoir ou de ne pas veiller à ce qu’il soit pourvu aux besoins médicaux des Palestiniens de Gaza, en particulier lorsqu’ils résultent d’autres actes génocidaires causant des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique, notamment les attaques dirigées directement contre les hôpitaux, ambulances et autres établissements sanitaires palestiniens de Gaza, le meurtre de médecins et de personnels de santé et infirmiers palestiniens  y compris les plus qualifiés  de Gaza, ainsi que la destruction et la paralysie du système médical de Gaza ;
7) la destruction de la vie palestinienne à Gaza à travers la destruction des universités, écoles, tribunaux, bâtiments publics, archives, magasins, bibliothèques, églises, mosquées, routes, infrastructures, services publics et autres installations nécessaires au maintien de la vie des Palestiniens de Gaza en tant que groupe, à laquelle s’ajoutent le meurtre de familles entières  entraînant la disparition de tout un patrimoine oral à Gaza  et le meurtre de personnalités connues et de membres éminents de la société ; et
8) les mesures visant à entraver les naissances palestiniennes à Gaza à travers la violence reproductive, qui compromet la santé des femmes et des nouveau-nés, nourrissons et enfants palestiniens.
115. Des mesures conservatoires sont nécessaires en la présente espèce pour protéger contre un nouveau préjudice grave et irréparable les droits que le peuple palestinien tient de la convention sur le génocide, droits qui continuent d’être violés en toute impunité. L’Afrique du Sud prie la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires tendant à protéger et à préserver lesdits droits ainsi que les siens propres au titre de la convention, et à empêcher toute aggravation ou extension du différend, en attendant que les questions soulevées dans la requête soient tranchées sur le fond.
116. L’Afrique du Sud note qu’il existe d’autres questions liées qui ne font pas directement jouer des obligations découlant de la convention sur le génocide et, en conséquence, ne relèvent pas à proprement parler de la compétence de la Cour en la présente affaire, notamment celle du retour urgent des otages, israéliens et autres. Elle estime que les mesures conservatoires sollicitées vont toutefois dans le sens de la progression et de la résolution de ces questions, et sont susceptibles d’y contribuer.
A. Des circonstances rendent impérieuse l’indication
de mesures conservatoires
117. Ainsi que cela est exposé ci-dessus, Israël a commis et commet, en violation de l’article premier de la convention sur le génocide, les actes génocidaires visés à l’article II de celle-ci. Israël ainsi que ses représentants et agents sont animés de l’intention de détruire les Palestiniens de Gaza, qui font partie d’un groupe protégé au regard de la convention. Les circonstances qui rendent impérieuse l’indication de mesures conservatoires, présentées en détail dans la requête, sont notamment les suivantes :

Aucune partie de Gaza n’est sûre.
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Israel is dropping “dumb” bombs and bombs weighing up to 2,000 lbs (900 kgs) on one of the most densely populated places in the world.

Palestinians in Gaza are being killed at a rate of approximately one person every six minutes.

At least 21,110 Palestinians have been killed to date in Gaza, with a further estimated 7,780 are missing, presumed dead under the rubble.

An estimated 7,729 Palestinian children had already been killed by 12 December 2023; at least 4,700 other children and women are reported missing, presumed dead under the rubble, leading UNICEF to describe Israel’s military attacks as a “war against children”.

Hundreds of Palestinians in Gaza are being wounded daily, many with life-
changing and life-threatening injuries.

Besieged and bombed hospitals are no longer able to treat the sick and wounded; only 13 of Gaza’s 36 hospitals are still functioning.

1.9 million Palestinians in Gaza — approximately 85 per cent of the population — have been forcibly displaced from their homes.

Palestinians in Gaza are being corralled into ever smaller areas of Gaza, without sufficient shelter, where they continue to be bombed by Israel.

Israel continues to prevent sufficient humanitarian assistance to Palestinians in Gaza, including preventing sufficient access to food, water, shelter, medicine and medical assistance.

Vulnerable Palestinians, including the sick and infirm, children and expectant
mothers are at particular risk.

Infectious diseases are spreading rapidly.

International experts are warning of imminent mass starvation.
118. Israel has also failed to prevent or to punish: genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to genocide, attempted genocide and complicity in genocide, contrary to Articles III and IV of the Genocide Convention.
119. Israel denies wrongdoing in relation to its military activities in Gaza and is resisting all calls by South Africa and by the broader international community to prevent and cease the commission of genocide. Instead of ceasing violations of the Genocide Convention, preventing such violations and punishing their perpetrators, Israel has continued, escalated and threatened further to escalate its military campaign. It is also destroying evidence of its wrongdoing: the mass demolition and clearance of vast areas of Gaza, and the prevention of the return of internally displaced Palestinians to their homes, raises serious concerns about the destruction of evidence and its effect on future investigation into crimes, including the gravest crimes under international law. Israel’s killing of large numbers of Palestinian journalists and media workers in Gaza — at least 82 to date, often alongside multiple members of their families — coupled with its attacks on Gaza’s telecommunications network, are hampering scrutiny of Israel’s actions against Palestinians in Gaza521. So too is Israel’s continuing refusal to allow access to Gaza by fact-finders and foreign journalists, other than a limited number of journalists permitted to embed themselves with the Israeli army subject to restrictions and censorship of their reports. Palestinian NGOs and human rights defenders,
521 Amnesty International, “Israel/OPT: Civilians in Gaza at unprecedented risk as Israel imposes communication black-out during bombardment and expanding ground attacks”, 27 October 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-civilians-in-gaza-at-unprecedented-risk-as-israel-imposes-communication-black-out-during-bombardment-and-expanding-ground-attacks.
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Israël lâche des bombes non guidées et des bombes pesant jusqu’à 900 kilogrammes sur une région qui est l’une des plus densément peuplées au monde.

Les Palestiniens de Gaza sont actuellement tués au rythme d’un toutes les six minutes environ.

À ce jour, au moins 21 110 Palestiniens ont été tués à Gaza, et quelque 7 780 autres sont présumés morts sous les décombres.

Le nombre d’enfants tués, au 12 décembre 2023, était estimé à 7 729  auxquels viennent s’ajouter au moins 4 700 autres enfants et femmes probablement morts sous les décombres , ce qui a conduit l’UNICEF à qualifier les attaques militaires d’Israël de « guerre contre les enfants ».

Des centaines de Palestiniens de Gaza sont blessés chaque jour, nombre d’entre eux souffrant de lésions potentiellement mortelles ou susceptibles de causer des handicaps à vie.

Les hôpitaux assiégés et bombardés ne sont plus en mesure de traiter les malades et les blessés ; seuls 13 des 36 hôpitaux de Gaza fonctionnent encore.

1,9 million de Palestiniens de Gaza  environ 85 % de la population  ont été déplacés de force.

Les Palestiniens de Gaza sont parqués dans des zones toujours plus petites du territoire, où ils ne disposent pas d’abris suffisants et continuent d’être bombardés par Israël.

Israël continue de priver les Palestiniens de Gaza de l’aide humanitaire nécessaire, en particulier d’un accès suffisant à la nourriture, à l’eau, aux abris, aux médicaments et aux soins médicaux.

Les Palestiniens vulnérables, notamment les malades et les infirmes, les enfants
et les femmes enceintes, sont particulièrement exposés.

Les maladies infectieuses se propagent rapidement.

Une famine à très vaste échelle est imminente selon les experts internationaux.
118. Israël manque en outre à l’obligation de prévenir ou de punir le génocide,
l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, la tentative de génocide et la complicité dans le génocide, en violation des articles III et IV de la convention.
119. Israël conteste tout acte illicite en ce qui concerne ses activités militaires à Gaza, et reste sourd à tous les appels qui lui sont adressés par l’Afrique du Sud, et plus largement par la communauté internationale, pour qu’il fasse cesser les actes de génocide et en prévienne la commission. Au lieu de mettre un terme aux violations de la convention sur le génocide, de prévenir pareilles violations et d’en punir les auteurs, Israël poursuit, amplifie et menace d’intensifier encore davantage sa campagne militaire. Il détruit en outre les preuves de ses faits illicites : les démolitions massives et le déblaiement de vastes secteurs de Gaza, ainsi que les efforts déployés pour empêcher le retour des Palestiniens chassés de leur domicile, suscitent de vives inquiétudes quant à la destruction de preuves et aux conséquences que cela pourrait avoir pour les enquêtes qui seront menées sur les crimes commis, notamment les plus graves au regard du droit international. Le meurtre par Israël de nombreux journalistes et professionnels des médias palestiniens à Gaza  82 au moins ont été tués à ce jour, souvent avec plusieurs membres de leur famille , conjugué aux attaques lancées contre les réseaux de télécommunications gazaouis, nuit à l’examen des actes commis par Israël contre
les Palestiniens de Gaza521. Il en va de même de son refus continu d’ouvrir l’accès à
521 Amnesty International, « Israël/TPO. Les civil·e·s à Gaza font face à des dangers sans précédent alors qu’Israël impose une coupure des communications durant les bombardements et l’intensification des attaques au sol », 27 octobre 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-civilians-in-gaza-at-unprecedented-risk-as-israel-imposes-communication-black-out-during-bombardment-and-expanding-ground-attacks.
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themselves at risk of attack by the Israeli army, are not able to document in real time the unremitting acts of genocide and other violations of international law being committed by Israel.
B. The Prima Facie Jurisdiction of the Court
120. The Court is empowered to indicate provisional measures “if the provisions relied on by the Applicant appear prima facie to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded, but need not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case”522.
121. As set out above, the jurisdiction of the Court is founded on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and Article IX of the Genocide Convention. Article IX of Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”
122. South Africa and Israel are both United Nations Member States and State parties to the Genocide Convention. Both have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court under Article IX of the Genocide Convention without any reservation. They are consequently bound by it.
123. In order for this Court to determine whether it has prima facie jurisdiction in order to indicate provisional measures, the matters complained of must themselves be prima facie “capable of falling within the provisions of [the Convention]”, such that “the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to enter-
tain”523. The case law of the Court establishes that a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties524. In
order for a dispute to exist, “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is
positively opposed by the other”525. The two sides must “hold clearly opposite
views concerning the question of the performance or non-performance of certain
international obligations”526. The existence of a dispute is “a matter for objective determination by the Court; it is a matter of substance, and not a question of form or
522 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 9, para. 16; Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), pp. 10-11, para. 24 (hereafter “Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022”).
523 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 1, para. 20, citing Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1159, para. 47.
524 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 218, para. 28, quoting Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.
525 Ibid., quoting South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.
526 Ibid., pp. 218-219, para. 28, quoting Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 26, para. 50.
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Gaza aux missions d’établissement des faits et aux médias étrangers, hormis quelques journalistes autorisés à accompagner les soldats de l’armée israélienne sous réserve de restrictions et de censure de leurs comptes rendus. Les ONG et organisations palestiniennes de défense des droits de l’homme, elles-mêmes exposées aux attaques
de l’armée israélienne, ne sont pas en mesure de recenser en temps réel les actes de génocide et autres violations du droit international qui sont commis sans relâche par Israël.
B. La compétence prima facie de la Cour
120. La Cour est habilitée à indiquer des mesures conservatoires « si les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais n’a pas besoin de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au fond de l’affaire »522.
121. Ainsi qu’il a été dit plus haut, la compétence de la Cour est fondée sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut et sur l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide. Cette dernière disposition se lit comme suit :
« Les différends entre les Parties contractantes relatifs à l’interprétation, l’application ou l’exécution de la présente Convention, y compris ceux relatifs à la responsabilité d’un État en matière de génocide ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à l’article III, seront soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, à la requête d’une partie au différend. »
122. L’Afrique du Sud et Israël sont tous deux Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et États parties à la convention sur le génocide. Ils ont l’un et l’autre accepté la compétence de la Cour au titre de l’article IX de la convention sans formuler de réserve. Ils sont donc tenus de s’y soumettre.
123. Pour que la Cour puisse déterminer si elle a compétence prima facie pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires, il faut que les questions dont le demandeur tire grief soient elles-mêmes, prima facie, « susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de [la convention] », de sorte que « le différend [soi]t de ceux dont la Cour pourrait avoir compétence pour connaître ratione materiae »523. Selon la jurisprudence de la Cour, un différend est « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts » entre des parties524. Pour qu’un différend existe, « [i]l [doit être] démontr[é] que la réclamation de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre »525. Il faut que les « “points de vue des deux parties, quant à l’exécution ou à la non-exécution” de certaines obligations internationales, “so[ie]nt nettement opposés” »526. L’existence d’un différend « doit être établie objectivement par la Cour ; c’est une question
522 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 9, par. 16 ; et Allégations de génocide au titre de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (I), p. 217-218, par. 24 (ci-après « Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022 »).
523 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 10, par. 20, citant Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1159, par. 47.
524 Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 218, par. 28, citant Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11.
525 Ibid., citant Sud-Ouest africain (Éthiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328.
526 Ibid., p. 218-219, par. 28, citant Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 26, par. 50.
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procedure”527. For the purposes of deciding whether there was a dispute between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application, the Court
“takes into account in particular any statements or documents exchanged between the Parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings. In so doing, it pays special attention to the author of the statement or document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content.”528
124. For the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, the Court is not required to ascertain whether any violation of Israel’s obligations under the Genocide Convention has occurred529. Importantly, as previously held by the Court, “[s]uch a finding, which would notably depend on the assessment of the existence of an intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the group . . . [of Palestinians] as such, could be made by the Court only at the stage of the examination of the merits of the present case”530. Instead, “[w]hat the Court is required to do at the stage of making an order on provisional measures is to establish whether the acts complained of . . . are capable of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention”531. The Court does not have to determine that all of the acts complained of are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention. It suffices that “at least some of the acts alleged . . . are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention”532.
125. At least some of the acts alleged by South Africa are plainly “capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention”. They have been considered to be capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention by numerous States and United Nations experts and bodies, including the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination533. Notably, they are plainly capable of falling within the provisions of Article II (a), II (b), II (c) and II (d) of the Convention, constituting as they do: (1) the killing of Palestinians in Gaza, (2) their serious bodily or mental harm, (3) the deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, and (4) the imposition of measures intended to prevent births within the group. In relation to II (c), the Court has previously explained this as including “methods of physical destruction, other than killing, whereby the perpetrator ultimately seeks the death of the members of the group”534. Citing jurisprudence from international tribunals, the Court held that “such methods of destruction include notably deprivation of food, medical care, shelter or clothing, as well as lack of hygiene, systematic expulsion from homes, or exhaustion as a result of excessive work or physical exertion”535. Those international tribunals have also identified the following methods of destruction: “subjecting the group to a subsistence diet; failing to provide adequate medical care . . . and generally
527 Ibid., p. 221, para. 35, citing The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 12, para. 26.
528 Ibid., pp. 220-221, para. 35, citing The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 12, para. 26.
529 Ibid., p. 222, para. 43.
530 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 14,
para. 30.
531 Ibid., p. 14, para. 30 (emphasis added); see also Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 222, para. 43.
532 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 14, para. 30 (emphasis added).
533 See Section III. Facts, E. Recognition of Israel’s genocidal intent against Palestinians in Gaza, supra.
534 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I), p. 70, para. 161.
535 Ibid., citing International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”), Trial Chamber II, Prosecutor v. Radoslav Brđanin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, Judgment (1 September 2004),
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de fond, et non de forme ou de procédure »527. Pour déterminer s’il existait un différend entre les Parties au moment du dépôt de la requête, la Cour
« tient notamment compte de toute déclaration ou de tout document échangé entre les Parties, ainsi que de tout échange ayant eu lieu dans des enceintes multilatérales. Ce faisant, elle porte une attention particulière aux auteurs des déclara-
tions ou documents, aux personnes auxquelles ils étaient destinés ou qui en ont
effectivement eu connaissance et à leur contenu. »528
124. Aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoires, la Cour n’a pas à se prononcer sur la question de savoir si des violations d’obligations incombant à Israël au regard de la convention sur le génocide ont été commises529. Il importe de noter, pour reprendre des termes qu’elle a employés par le passé, qu’« [u]ne telle conclusion, qui suppose notamment de rechercher s’il existait une intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, le groupe des [Palestiniens] comme tel, ne pourrait être formulée par la Cour qu’au stade de l’examen au fond de la présente affaire »530. De fait, « [c]e que la Cour est tenue de faire au stade d’une ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires est de déterminer si les actes dont [il est] tir[é] grief sont susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention sur le génocide »531. La Cour n’a pas à conclure que tous les actes en question sont susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention ; il suffit qu’« au moins certains des actes allégués » le soient532.
125. Au moins certains des actes allégués par l’Afrique du Sud sont clairement « susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention ». Ils ont été considérés comme étant susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention par de nombreux États et de nombreux experts et organismes de l’ONU, notamment le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale533. En particulier, ils sont clairement susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions des litt. a), b), c) et d) de l’article II de la convention, dans la mesure où ils portent sur 1) le meurtre de Palestiniens de Gaza, 2) des atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique ou mentale des Palestiniens de Gaza, 3) la soumission intentionnelle des Palestiniens de Gaza à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner leur destruction et 4) des mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe. S’agissant de la litt. c) de l’article II, la Cour a expliqué par le passé qu’elle concerne « les modes de destruction physique, autres que le meurtre, par lesquels l’auteur vise, à terme, la mort des membres du groupe »534. Citant la jurisprudence de juridictions internationales, elle a dit que « [c]es modes de destruction [étaient] notamment la privation de nourriture, de soins médicaux, de logements ou de vêtements, le manque d’hygiène, l’expulsion systématique des logements ou l’épuisement par des travaux ou des efforts physiques excessifs »535. Ces mêmes juridictions internationales ont en outre établi les
527 Ibid., p. 221, par. 35, citant Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 12, par. 26.
528 Ibid., p. 220-221, par. 35, citant Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 12, par. 26.
529 Ibid., p. 222, par. 43.
530 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 14, par. 30 [les italiques sont de nous].
531 Ibid., p. 14, par. 30 (les italiques sont de nous) ; voir aussi Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 222, par. 43.
532 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 14, par. 30 (les italiques sont de nous).
533 Voir supra partie III (Les faits), sect. E (Reconnaissance de l’intention génocidaire d’Israël contre les Palestiniens à Gaza).
534 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (I), p. 70, par. 161.
535 Ibid., citant Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY), Le Procureur c. Radoslav Brđanin, affaire no IT-99-36-T, chambre de première instance II, jugement, 1er septembre
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creating circumstances that would lead to a slow death such as the lack of proper food, water, shelter, clothing, sanitation”536. This Court has also determined that forced mass displacement is capable of being considered a genocidal act537. The materials relied on in this Application constitute clear evidence of the creation by Israel of circumstances plainly capable of constituting those methods of destruction.
126. The evidence regarding the direct and public incitement to commit genocide by Israeli State officials, politicians and others — as set out above — and the failure by Israel to punish those responsible, are also plainly capable of falling within the provisions of Articles III and IV of the Convention.
127. “The above mentioned elements” serve to “establish prima facie the existence of a dispute between the Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention”538. The dispute concerns Israel’s breaches of its obligations under the Genocide Convention, including its failure to prevent and its perpetration of genocide, and South Africa’s own obligations under the Genocide Convention to prevent genocide, including by taking actions to influence effectively the actions of persons likely to commit genocide539. The Court has described the nature of that dispute as follows:
“[A] state’s obligations to prevent, and corresponding duty to act, arise at the instant that the State learns of, or should normally have learned of, the existence of a serious risk that genocide will be committed. From that moment onwards, if the State has available to it means likely to have a deterrent effect on those suspected of preparing genocide, or reasonably suspected of harbouring specific intent (dolus specialis), it is under a duty to make use of these means as the circumstances permit.”540
128. The Court plainly has prima facie jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures in this case as a consequence.
C. The Rights the Protection of Which Is Sought, Their Plausible Character
and the Link between such Rights and the Measures Requested
129. The Court has “the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party”, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures “has as its object the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending [the Court’s] decision on the merits thereof”541.
para. 691, and Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakić, Case No. IT-97-24-T, Judgment (31 July 2003), paras. 517-518.
536 ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Zdravko Tolimir, Case No. IT-05-88/2-A, Judgment (8 April 2015), p. 327, para. 740.
537 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 123, para. 190 (“Bosnia v. Serbia Judgment”).
538 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 14, para. 31.
539 Bosnia v. Serbia Judgment, p. 221, para. 430.
540 Ibid., p. 222, para. 431.
541 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 43; Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 223, para. 50.
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modes de destruction suivants : « la soumission du groupe à un régime alimentaire de subsistance, la privation de soins médicaux … et, plus généralement, la création de conditions entraînant une mort lente, comme la privation de nourriture et d’eau, la privation de logement et de vêtements adéquats [et] le manque d’hygiène »536. La Cour a, quant à elle, estimé que le déplacement forcé massif pouvait être considéré comme un acte génocidaire537. Il ressort manifestement des documents invoqués à l’appui de la présente requête qu’Israël a créé des circonstances clairement susceptibles de constituer pareils modes de destruction.
126. Les éléments se rapportant à l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide à laquelle se livrent les représentants et responsables politiques d’Israël ainsi que d’autres personnes  comme cela est exposé ci-dessus  et le fait qu’Israël ne punit pas ceux qui en sont responsables sont aussi clairement susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions des articles III et IV de la convention.
127. « [L]es éléments susmentionnés » permettent d’« établir l’existence prima facie d’un différend entre les Parties relatif à l’interprétation, l’application ou l’exécution de la convention sur le génocide »538. Ce différend concerne les manquements d’Israël aux obligations que lui impose la convention sur le génocide, en particulier le fait qu’il n’empêche pas que soit commis le génocide, et le commette lui-même, ainsi que l’obligation que l’Afrique du Sud a elle-même, au regard de la convention, de prévenir le génocide, notamment en prenant des mesures visant à influencer effectivement l’action des personnes susceptibles de commettre un génocide539. La Cour a décrit la nature d’un tel différend dans les termes suivants :
« l’obligation de prévention et le devoir d’agir qui en est le corollaire prennent naissance, pour un État, au moment où celui-ci a connaissance, ou devrait normalement avoir connaissance, de l’existence d’un risque sérieux de commission d’un génocide. Dès cet instant, l’État est tenu, s’il dispose de moyens susceptibles d’avoir un effet dissuasif à l’égard des personnes soupçonnées de préparer un génocide, ou dont on peut raisonnablement craindre qu’ils nourrissent l’intention spécifique (dolus specialis), de mettre en oeuvre ces moyens, selon les circonstances. »540
128. En conséquence, la Cour a clairement compétence prima facie pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires en la présente espèce.
C. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée, leur caractère plausible
et le lien entre ces droits et les mesures sollicitées
129. Aux termes de l’article 41 de son Statut, la Cour a « le pouvoir d’indiquer, si elle estime que les circonstances l’exigent, quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun doivent être prises à titre provisoire ». Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires « a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués par chacune des parties »541. Il s’ensuit que
2004, par. 691, et Le Procureur c. Milomir Stakić, affaire no IT-97-24-T, chambre de première instance II, jugement, 31 juillet 2003, par. 517 et 518.
536 TPIY, Le Procureur c. Zdravko Tolimir, affaire no IT-05-88/2-T, chambre de première instance II, [jugement, 12 décembre 2012, p. 399], par. 740.
537 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 123, par. 190 (ci-après l’« arrêt Bosnie c. Serbie »).
538 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 14, par. 31.
539 Arrêt Bosnie c. Serbie, p. 221, par. 430.
540 Ibid., p. 222, par. 431.
541 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 18, par. 43 ; Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 223, par. 50.
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It follows that “the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party”542. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon to determine definitively whether the rights which South Africa seeks to protect exist; it need only decide whether it is satisfied that the rights asserted by South Africa on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are “at least plausible”543 i.e. “grounded in a possible interpretation” of the Convention544. Those rights are clearly plausible, having regard, inter alia, to the statements of United Nations experts and bodies asserting that there is at the very least a real risk of genocide — which risk gives rise to the obligation to prevent genocide, pursuant to Article I of the Convention, which is binding on both Israel and South Africa. It also gives rise to obligations binding on Israel not to commit genocide, and to punish those who directly and publicly incite to genocide545.
130. For the Court to indicate one or more provisional measures, there must also be a link between the rights the protection of which is sought and the provisional measure being requested546. Such a link clearly exists between the rights claimed by South Africa and the provisional measures requested, which are directly linked to the rights which form the subject-matter of the dispute.
131. In relation to the nature of the rights asserted by South Africa under the Genocide Convention, as recently recalled by the Court:
“In such a convention the contracting States do not have any interests of their own; they merely have, one and all, a common interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which are the raison d’être of the convention. Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot speak of individual advantages or disadvantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual balance between rights and duties. The high ideals which inspired the Convention provide, by virtue of the common will of the parties, the foundation and measure of all its provisions.”547
132. Having regard to their “shared values”, all the States parties to the Genocide Convention thus have “a common interest to ensure that acts of genocide are prevented and that, if they occur, their authors do not enjoy impunity”548. As determined by the Court, “that common interest implies that the obligations in question are owed by any State party to all the other States parties to the Convention”549. As a consequence, the relevant provisions of the Genocide Convention generate “obligations [which] may be defined as ‘obligations erga omnes partes’ in the sense that each State party has an
542 Ibid.
543 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 43; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 422, para. 43 (hereafter “Qatar v. United Arab Emirates, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018”).
544 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 152, para. 60 (emphasis added).
545 Bosnia v. Serbia Judgment, pp. 113-114, paras. 165-169.
546 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 44, citing Qatar v. United Arab Emirates, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, p. 422, para. 44.
547 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 17, para. 41, quoting its Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23 (hereafter Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951”).
548 Ibid.
549 Ibid.
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« la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties »542. À ce stade de la procédure, cependant, la Cour n’est pas appelée à se prononcer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que l’Afrique du Sud souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si, de son point de vue, les droits que l’Afrique du Sud revendique au fond et dont elle sollicite la protection sont « au moins plausibles »543, c’est-à-dire « fondés sur une interprétation possible » de la convention544. Ces droits sont clairement plausibles, eu égard, notamment, aux déclarations d’experts
et d’organismes de l’ONU affirmant qu’il existe à tout le moins un risque réel de génocide — risque qui fait jouer l’obligation de prévention du génocide prévue à l’article premier de la convention, contraignante tant pour Israël que pour l’Afrique du Sud,
et qui fait aussi jouer les obligations, contraignantes pour Israël, de ne pas commettre le génocide et de punir ceux qui y incitent directement et publiquement545.
130. Pour que la Cour indique une ou plusieurs mesures conservatoires, il faut en outre qu’un lien existe entre les droits dont la protection est recherchée et les mesures demandées546. Un tel lien existe clairement entre les droits revendiqués par l’Afrique du Sud et les mesures conservatoires sollicitées, lesquelles concernent directement les droits qui constituent l’objet du différend.
131. En ce qui concerne la nature des droits invoqués par l’Afrique du Sud au titre de la convention sur le génocide, ainsi que la Cour l’a récemment rappelé,
« [d]ans une telle convention, les États contractants n’ont pas d’intérêts propres ; ils ont seulement, tous et chacun, un intérêt commun, celui de préserver les fins supérieures qui sont la raison d’être de la convention. Il en résulte que l’on ne saurait, pour une convention de ce type, parler d’avantages ou de désavantages individuels des États, non plus que d’un exact équilibre contractuel à maintenir entre les droits et les charges. La considération des fins supérieures de la Convention est, en vertu de la volonté commune des parties, le fondement et la mesure de toutes les dispositions qu’elle renferme. »547
132. Au vu des « valeurs qu’ils partagent », tous les États parties à la convention sur le génocide ont donc un « intérêt commun à assurer la prévention des actes de génocide et, si de tels actes sont commis, à veiller à ce que leurs auteurs ne bénéficient pas de l’impunité »548. Ainsi que l’a dit la Cour, « [c]et intérêt commun implique que les obligations en question s’imposent à tout État partie à la convention à l’égard de tous les autres États parties »549. Les dispositions pertinentes de la convention sur le génocide génèrent donc des « obligations … [pouvant] … être qualifiées d’“obligations erga
542 Ibid.
543 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 18, par. 43 ; Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Émirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 422, par. 43 (ci-après « Qatar c. Émirats arabes unis, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018 »).
544 Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 152, par. 60 (les italiques sont de nous).
545 Arrêt Bosnie c. Serbie, p. 113-114, par. 165-169.
546 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 18, par. 44, citant Qatar c. Émirats arabes unis, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, p. 422, par. 44.
547 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 17, par. 41, citant Réserves à la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide,
avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 23 (ci-après l’« avis consultatif du 28 mai 1951 »).
548 Ibid.
549 Ibid.
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interest in compliance with them in any given case”550. Consequently, as recently confirmed by the Court:
“It follows that any State party to the Genocide Convention, and not only a specially affected State, may invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to ascertaining the alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga omnes partes, and to bring that failure to an end.”551
133. South Africa seeks hereby, pursuant to that common interest urgently to protect the rights of Palestinians in Gaza, as members of a protected group under the Convention, including their right to exist as a group and their right to be protected from acts of genocide and the risk thereof, from conspiracy to commit genocide, from direct and public incitement to commit genocide, from attempted genocide, and from complicity in genocide. South Africa also seeks to protect the erga omnes partes rights it has under the Genocide Convention as well as the erga omnes obligations it has to prevent genocide, which mirror the erga omnes obligations of the Convention with which it is entitled to seek compliance by Israel, including Israel’s obligations not to commit genocide, to prevent genocide, and to punish genocide, including acts of genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to genocide, attempted genocide and complicity in genocide against Palestinians. The Court has previously recognised “the universal character both of the condemnation of genocide and of the co-operation required ‘in order to liberate mankind from such an odious scourge’”552.
134. For the purposes of indicating provisional measures, the Court does not need to establish definitively that Palestinians are at risk of genocide, that they are being subjected to genocidal acts, or that Israel is otherwise breaching its obligations under the Genocide Convention. Rather, it is sufficient that the obligation of South Africa to act to prevent genocide, or the right of South Africa to seek compliance by Israel with its obligations under the Convention not to commit genocide, and to prevent and punish genocide and related prohibited acts under the Convention, be “plausible”553. Equally, there is no requirement, before granting provisional measures, for the Court to ascertain whether the existence of a genocidal intent is the only inference to be drawn from the material before the Court, as this requirement would amount to the Court making a determination on the merits. Notably, the fact that the genocidal acts are occurring — and not being prevented or punished — in the course of an armed conflict or in asserted response to an attack by an armed group, has no bearing on whether the rights asserted by South Africa under the Genocide Convention are “at least plausible”554. The absence of a prior determination of genocide by a court or fact-finding tribunal is similarly no bar to the adjudication by this Court of an application under the Genocide Convention, much less a request for the indication of provisional measures555.
550 Ibid., applying mutatis mutandis, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 449, para. 68.
551 Ibid.
552 Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, p. 23.
553 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 43.
554 Ibid.
555 See Bosnia v. Serbia Judgment, p. 120, para. 182: “State responsibility can arise under the Convention for genocide and complicity, without an individual being convicted of the crime or an associated one”. As explained by the Court:
“Any other interpretation could entail that there would be no legal recourse available under the Convention in some readily conceivable circumstances: genocide has allegedly been
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omnes partes”, en ce sens que, quelle que soit l’affaire, chaque État partie a[] un intérêt à ce qu’elles soient respectées »550. Comme cela a récemment été confirmé par la Cour,
« [i]l s’ensuit que tout État partie à la convention sur le génocide, et non pas seulement un État spécialement affecté, peut invoquer la responsabilité d’un autre État partie en vue de faire constater le manquement allégué de celui-ci à ses obligations erga omnes partes et de mettre fin à ce manquement. »551
133. L’Afrique du Sud cherche par la présente demande, compte tenu de cet intérêt commun à protéger d’urgence les droits des Palestiniens de Gaza en tant que membres d’un groupe protégé au titre de la convention, et notamment leur droit d’exister en tant que groupe et leur droit d’être protégés contre les actes de génocide et le risque de commission d’un génocide, ainsi que les actes constitutifs d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, d’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, de tentative de génocide et de complicité dans le génocide. L’Afrique du Sud entend également protéger les droits erga omnes partes qu’elle tient de la convention sur le génocide et s’acquitter des obligations erga omnes qui lui incombent de prévenir le génocide, lesquelles reflètent les obligations erga omnes énoncées dans la convention et dont elle est fondée à demander le respect par Israël, en particulier les obligations qui imposent à ce dernier de ne pas commettre, ainsi que de prévenir et de punir, le génocide  soit les actes de génocide, l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, la tentative de génocide et la complicité dans le génocide  contre les Palestiniens. La Cour a, par le passé, reconnu « le caractère universel à la fois de la condamnation du génocide et de la coopération nécessaire “pour libérer l’humanité d’un fléau aussi odieux” »552.
134. Aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoires, la Cour n’a pas à établir de façon définitive que les Palestiniens risquent de subir un génocide, qu’ils sont actuellement victimes d’actes génocidaires, ou qu’Israël manque d’une autre manière à ses obligations au titre de la convention sur le génocide. Il suffit que soit « plausible » l’obligation qui incombe à l’Afrique du Sud de prévenir le génocide, ou son droit de demander le respect par Israël des obligations que lui fait la convention de ne pas commettre le génocide ainsi que de prévenir et de punir le génocide et les actes connexes prohibés par cet instrument553. De même, la Cour n’est nullement tenue, avant d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires, de déterminer si l’existence d’une intention génocidaire est la seule conclusion qui puisse être tirée des éléments qui lui ont été présentés, puisque cela reviendrait pour elle à se prononcer au fond. En particulier, le fait que les actes génocidaires soient commis  et ne soient pas prévenus ou punis  dans le contexte d’un conflit armé ou pour répondre supposément à l’attaque d’un groupe armé n’a aucune incidence sur la question de savoir si les droits invoqués par l’Afrique du Sud au titre de la convention sur le génocide sont « au moins plausibles »554. De la même manière, le fait qu’aucune juridiction ou instance appelée à établir les faits n’ait, avant elle, conclu au génocide ne fait nullement obstacle à ce que la Cour statue sur une requête introduite sur le fondement de la convention sur le génocide ou, à plus forte raison, sur une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires555.
550 Ibid., appliquant, mutatis mutandis, Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 449, par. 68.
551 Ibid.
552 Avis consultatif du 28 mai 1951, p. 23.
553 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 17, par. 43.
554 Ibid.
555 Voir arrêt Bosnie c. Serbie, p. 120, par.182 : « [U]n État peut voir sa responsabilité engagée en vertu de la Convention pour génocide et complicité de génocide, sans qu’un individu ait été reconnu coupable de ce crime ou d’un crime connexe ». Ainsi que l’a expliqué la Cour,
« [t]oute autre interprétation signifierait que la Convention n’aurait prévu aucune voie de droit dans des cas que l’on n’aura aucune peine à se figurer : celui de dirigeants d’un État ayant
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135. The facts and circumstances described in this Application and request for provisional measures establish that the acts complained of — which Israel has committed and is committing — are capable of being characterised at the very least as plausibly “genocidal”. The requisite dolus specialis can be deduced not only from Israel’s conduct against Palestinians in Gaza, but also from clear, repeated dehumanising statements by Israeli governmental and military officials towards them. Indeed, they have been so characterised by numerous heads of State and other State officials and representatives, as well as by a large number of United Nations experts and various expert human rights organisations and institutions who have repeatedly warned that Israel’s actions amount to or risk the genocide of the Palestinian people556. Consequently, the rights relied on by South Africa in its request for the indication of provisional measures are at the very least “plausible”. Indeed, their protection coincides with the very object and purposes of the Genocide Convention.
D. The Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
136. The Court “has the power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences”557. In particular, the Court has the power to indicate provisional measures “if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the Court gives its final decision”558. As the Court recently confirmed, “[t]he condition of urgency is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can ‘occur at any moment’ before the Court makes a final decision on the case”559.
137. For the purposes of its decision on a request for the indication of provisional measures in a case involving allegations of violations of the Genocide Convention, “[t]he Court is not called upon . . . to establish the existence of breaches of the Genocide Convention, but to determine whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the protection of rights under this instrument”560, as “found to be plausible”561. As held by the Court, this does not require it to “make definitive findings
committed within a State by its leaders but they have not been brought to trial because, for instance, they are still very much in control of the powers of the State including the police, prosecution services and the courts and there is no international penal tribunal able to exercise jurisdiction over the alleged crimes”; ibid., pp. 119-120, para. 182.
556 See section III. Facts, E. Recognition of Israel’s genocidal intent against Palestinians in Gaza, supra.
557 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 24, para. 64; Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 226, para. 65, both citing Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 645, para. 77.
558 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 24, para. 65; see also Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 226, para. 66.
559 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 24, para. 65; Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, pp. 226-227, para. 66.
560 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, pp. 24-25, para. 66.
561 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 227, para. 67.
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135. Les faits et circonstances décrits dans la présente requête et la présente demande en indication de mesures conservatoires établissent que les actes dénoncés  qu’Israël a commis et continue de commettre  sont susceptibles d’être qualifiés, de manière au moins plausible, d’actes « génocidaires ». L’intention spécifique (dolus specialis) requise peut être déduite non seulement du comportement d’Israël à l’égard des Palestiniens de Gaza, mais aussi des déclarations déshumanisantes formulées de manière claire et répétée à leur sujet par des agents de l’État et des responsables militaires israéliens. Ces actes ont, de fait, été ainsi qualifiés par de nombreux chefs d’État et autres représentants ou personnalités officielles d’États, ainsi que par de nombreux experts de l’ONU et divers organismes et institutions de défense des droits de l’homme, qui ont à maintes reprises souligné que les actions entreprises par Israël constituaient ou risquaient d’entraîner un génocide contre le peuple palestinien556. En conséquence, les droits invoqués par l’Afrique du Sud dans sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires sont à tout le moins « plausibles ». Leur protection coïncide, de fait, avec l’objet et le but mêmes de la convention sur le génocide.
D. Le risque de préjudice irréparable et l’urgence
136. La Cour « a le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires lorsqu’il existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire ou lorsque la méconnaissance alléguée de ces droits risque d’entraîner des conséquences irréparables »557. En particulier, elle a le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires « s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé avant qu[’elle] ne rende sa décision définitive »558. Ainsi qu’elle l’a récemment réaffirmé, « [l]a condition d’urgence est remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice irréparable peuvent “intervenir à tout moment” avant qu[’elle] ne se prononce de manière définitive en l’affaire »559.
137. Aux fins de sa décision sur une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée dans une affaire concernant des allégations de violations de la convention sur le génocide, « [l]a Cour n’a pas … à établir l’existence de violations de la[dite] convention…, mais doit déterminer si les circonstances exigent l’indication de telles mesures à l’effet de protéger certains droits conférés par cet instrument »560, tels que « jugé[s] plausible[s] »561. Ainsi qu’elle l’a dit, cela ne lui impose pas de « conclure
commis un génocide sur le territoire de celui-ci et qui ne seraient pas traduits en justice parce qu’ils continueraient, par exemple, à exercer un contrôle important sur les organes de l’État, notamment la police, le ministère public et les tribunaux et parce qu’il n’existerait pas de juridiction pénale internationale ayant compétence pour connaître des crimes allégués » ; ibid., p. 119-120, par. 182.
556 Voir supra partie III (Les Faits), sect. E (Reconnaissance de l’intention génocidaire d’Israël contre les Palestiniens à Gaza).
557 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 24, par. 64 ; Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 226, par. 65, citant l’une et l’autre Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. États-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 645, par. 77.
558 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 24, par. 65 ; voir aussi Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 226, par. 66.
559 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 24, par. 65, Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 226-227, par. 66.
560 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 24-25, par. 66.
561 Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 227, par. 67.
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of fact or of imputability”, and “the right of each Party to . . . submit arguments in respect of the merits, must remain unaffected by the Court’s decision” on the request for the indication of provisional measures562.
138. In assessing whether the condition of urgency is satisfied in cases involving allegations of genocide in the course of an ongoing conflict, the Court typically has regard to whether the population at risk is particularly vulnerable, and the fragility of the overall situation, including the likelihood and the risk of the re-occurrence of harm. The Court considers a civilian population to be “extremely vulnerable” where the military operations have “resulted in numerous civilian deaths and injuries” and have “caused significant material damages, including the destruction of buildings and infrastructure”, and where “[a]ttacks are ongoing and are creating increasingly difficult living conditions for the civilian population”563. In indicating provisional measures, the Court has considered the lack of access by many individuals to “the most basic food-stuffs, potable water, electricity, essential medicines or heating”564, and attempts by a “very large number of people . . . to flee from the most affected cities under extremely insecure conditions”565. The Court has also considered the following factors, raised by a United Nations General Assembly Resolution, to be materially relevant in assessing whether the condition of urgency is satisfied in cases involving allegations of genocide: “attacks on civilian facilities such as residences, schools and hospitals, and of civilian casualties, including women, older persons, persons with disabilities, and children”; the “scale” of military operations, including their comparison with other conflicts, the “deteriorating humanitarian situation” in a territory, and the “increasing number of internally displaced persons and refugees in need of humanitarian assistance”566. Similarly, the Court has had regard to findings of a fact-finding mission, considering factors such as “the systematic stripping of human rights”, “dehumanizing narratives and rhetoric”, “methodical planning, “mass killing”, “mass displacement”, “mass fear”, “overwhelming levels of brutality, combined with the physical destruction of the home of the targeted population, in every sense and on every level”567.
139. Notably, as the Court has underscored, States parties to the Genocide Convention have “expressly confirmed their willingness to consider genocide as a crime under international law which they must prevent and punish independently of the context ‘of peace’ or ‘of war’ in which it takes place”568. Consequently, a State remains bound by the obligations incumbent upon it as a State party to the Genocide Convention, regardless of “the fact that there may be an ongoing . . . conflict between armed groups and
562 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, para. 44.
563 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, p. 228, para. 75.
564 Ibid.
565 Ibid.; see also The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 27, para. 71; Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), p. 550, para. 53.
566 Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, pp. 228-229, para. 76.
567 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 22,
para. 55.
568 Ibid., pp. 27-28, para. 74, citing Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 615, para. 31.
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définitivement sur les faits ou leur imputabilité » et « sa décision [sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires] doit laisser intact le droit de chacune des Parties de … faire valoir ses moyens sur le fond »562.
138. Pour déterminer si la condition d’urgence est remplie dans les affaires concernant des allégations de génocide formulées pendant un conflit en cours, la Cour examine généralement si la population menacée est particulièrement vulnérable et prend en considération la fragilité de la situation globale, en appréciant notamment la probabilité et le risque de répétition du préjudice. Elle considère qu’une population civile est « extrêmement vulnérable » lorsque « [d]e nombreux civils ont été tués ou blessés » dans le cadre d’opérations militaires ayant « occasionné d’importants dégâts matériels, notamment la destruction de bâtiments et d’infrastructures », et lorsque « [l]es attaques, qui sont toujours en cours, rendent les conditions de vie de la population civile de plus en plus difficiles »563. Pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires, la Cour a pris en considération le fait que de nombreuses personnes n’avaient pas accès « aux produits alimentaires de première nécessité, à l’eau potable, à l’électricité, à des médicaments essentiels ou au chauffage »564 et le fait qu’un « très grand nombre de personnes tent[ai]ent de fuir les villes les plus durement touchées dans des conditions extrêmement dangereuses »565. Elle a aussi estimé que les facteurs suivants, mis en évidence dans une résolution de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, étaient directement pertinents pour apprécier si la condition d’urgence était remplie dans les affaires concernant des allégations de génocide : les « attaques contre des établissements civils tels que des logements, des écoles et des hôpitaux, ainsi que [les] victimes civiles, dont des femmes, des personnes âgées, des personnes en situation de handicap et des enfants », l’« ampleur » des opérations militaires, notamment par comparaison avec d’autres conflits, la « détérioration de la situation humanitaire » sur un territoire et l’« accroissement du nombre de déplacés et de réfugiés ayant besoin d’une aide humanitaire »566. De même, la Cour a tenu compte des conclusions d’une mission d’établissement des faits, retenant des éléments tels que la « violation systématique des droits de l’homme », les « récits et propos déshumanisants », la « planification méthodique », les « massacres », les « déplacements massifs », la « campagne de terreur », la « violence extrême, ainsi que [la] destruction physique du lieu de vie de la population visée, à tous les niveaux et dans tous les sens du terme »567.
139. Il convient de noter que, ainsi que la Cour l’a souligné, les États parties à la convention sur le génocide ont « expressément confirmé leur volonté de considérer le génocide comme un crime du droit des gens qu’ils doivent prévenir et punir indépendamment du contexte “de paix” ou “de guerre” dans lequel il se produirait »568.
En conséquence, un État demeure lié par les obligations qui lui incombent en
tant qu’État partie à la convention indépendamment du « fait qu’un conflit … conti-
562 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 22, par. 44.
563 Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 228, par. 75.
564 Ibid.
565 Ibid. ; voir aussi Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 27, par. 71, et Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 18 juillet 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 550, par. 53.
566 Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, p. 228-229, par. 76.
567 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 22,
par. 55.
568 Ibid., p. 27-28, par. 74, citant Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 615, par. 31.
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the . . . military”569. Such a context “does not stand in the way of the Court’s assessment of the existence of a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights protected under the Convention”570.
140. Where past violations have occurred, the Court has found provisional measures appropriate when it is “not inconceivable” that they might occur again571. The Court has also ordered provisional measures in circumstances that were “unstable and could rapidly change”, with “ongoing tension and the absence of an overall settlement to the conflict” that meant the affected group remained vulnerable572. Consequently, any ceasefire to be agreed or any other acts by Israel that could be perceived as capable of ameliorating the circumstances for Palestinians in the short term would not have a dispositive effect and would impact neither on the merit nor the urgency of South Africa’s arguments.
141. There is a clear risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of the Palestinians and to South Africa’s own rights under the Genocide Convention. The utmost urgency of the situation is self-evident: Palestinians have suffered and are suffering irreparable harm from genocidal acts by Israel in violation of Article II of the Genocide Convention, and from Israel’s other violations of the Convention, including its failure to prevent or punish direct and public incitement to genocide. Should these violations of the Genocide Convention go unchecked, there is not only a risk but a certainty of further sig-
nificant and irreparable loss of life and property, serious injury and an ever-deepening humanitarian crisis. The opportunity to collect and preserve evidence for the merits stage of the proceedings would also be seriously undermined, if not lost entirely.
142. As of the date of this Application, an estimated 21,110 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza, including at least 7,729 children. 55,243 Palestinians have been injured, including at least 8,663 children, of whom over 1,000 are amputees, disabled for life. Approximately 70 per cent of those killed are said to be women and children. One Palestinian child in Gaza has been killed approximately every 15 minutes since Israel commenced military action in Gaza on 7 October 2023. Thousands more are missing under the rubble. 61 hospitals and health care facilities in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed; many have been placed under siege or have been subjected to forced evacuation, and only 13 hospitals are still partially functional, weighed under by mass overcrowding. 311 health workers have been killed, many while working, meaning that many of the wounded, including seriously injured children, cannot access healthcare. An estimated 5,500 women are having to give birth in unsafe conditions every month. Babies are dying from preventable causes: in addition to disease and malnutrition, premature babies have died due to lack of fuel to supply hospital generators; others have been found decomposing in their hospital cots, medical staff having been forced to evacuate. Over 60 per cent of homes in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed. Vast swathes of Gaza have been destroyed, including entire villages, refugee camps, towns and cities that have been or are deliberately being rendered uninhabitable. Israel has
569 Ibid., pp. 27-28, para. 74. The conflict raised as being in issue in that case was an internal armed conflict.
570 Ibid.
571 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 89.
572 See Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 396, para. 143.
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nuerait de s[e] dérouler entre des groupes armés et l’armée »569. Un tel contexte
« ne saurait avoir d’incidence sur l’appréciation par la Cour de l’existence d’un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits protégés par la convention »570.
140. La Cour a jugé opportun d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires lorsque des violations avaient déjà eu lieu et qu’il n’était « pas inconcevable » qu’elles pussent se reproduire571. Elle a aussi indiqué des mesures conservatoires dans une situation « instable et pou[van]t changer rapidement », et dans laquelle, compte tenu des « tensions actuelles et [de] l’absence d’un règlement global du conflit », le groupe menacé demeurait vulnérable572. En conséquence, tout cessez-le-feu éventuellement convenu ou toute autre mesure prise par Israël qui pourrait être considérée comme étant susceptible d’améliorer la situation des Palestiniens à court terme serait dénué d’effet déterminant et n’aurait pas davantage d’incidence sur le fond ou l’urgence des arguments de l’Afrique du Sud.
141. Il existe un risque clair qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits des Palestiniens ainsi qu’aux droits que l’Afrique du Sud tient elle-même de la convention sur le génocide. L’extrême urgence de la situation est évidente : les Palestiniens ont subi et subissent un préjudice irréparable résultant des actes génocidaires prohibés par l’article II de la convention qui sont commis par Israël et des autres violations de la convention dont celui-ci se rend coupable, notamment en manquant à son obligation de prévenir et de punir l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide. Ces violations de la convention, si elles se poursuivent en toute impunité, risquent d’entraîner  et entraîneront très certainement  de nouvelles pertes irrémédiables et importantes de vies humaines et de biens, de nouvelles blessures graves, ainsi qu’une crise humanitaire de plus en plus profonde. La possibilité de recueillir et de conserver des preuves pour la phase du fond de la procédure serait en outre sérieusement compromise, voire définitivement perdue.
142. À la date de la présente requête, on estime que 21 110 Palestiniens, parmi lesquels au moins 7 729 enfants, ont été tués à Gaza. Le nombre des blessés se monte à 55 243, dont au moins 8 663 enfants, qui, pour plus de 1 000 d’entre eux, ont été amputés et se trouvent donc handicapés à vie. Environ 70 % des morts sont des femmes et des enfants. Un enfant palestinien est tué toutes les 15 minutes environ à Gaza depuis
qu’Israël y a lancé son action militaire le 7 octobre 2023. Des milliers d’autres personnes sont toujours ensevelies sous les décombres. Pour ce qui est des hôpitaux et infrastructures sanitaires de Gaza, 61 établissements ont été endommagés ou détruits ; beaucoup ont été assiégés ou soumis à des évacuations forcées, et seuls 13 hôpitaux fonctionnent encore partiellement, écrasés sous le poids de la surpopulation. Au sein des personnels de santé, 311 personnes ont été tuées, dont un grand nombre en plein travail, ce qui signifie que de nombreuses personnes, y compris des enfants grièvement blessés, sont privées de soins médicaux. On estime que 5 500 femmes sont contraintes d’accoucher dans des conditions dangereuses chaque mois. Les nouveau-nés et nourrissons meurent de causes évitables : aux maladies et à la malnutrition s’ajoute l’absence du carburant nécessaire pour alimenter les générateurs hospitaliers, qui entraîne la mort des prématurés ; des corps de nouveau-nés ont été retrouvés en décomposition dans des hôpitaux dont le personnel médical avait été contraint à l’évacuation. Plus de 60 % des logements
569 Ibid., p. 27-28, par. 74. Le conflit en cours dont il était question dans cette affaire était un conflit armé interne.
570 Ibid.
571 Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 89.
572 Voir Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 396, par. 143.
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made a humanitarian response impossible with constant bombardment, including of safe routes. 1.9 million people, nearly 85 per cent of the population, are displaced, including elderly, wounded and disabled people, living in makeshift tents, lacking any or adequate sanitation and water, in United Nations schools and with relatives. The entire population is facing starvation: 93 per cent of the population in Gaza is facing crisis levels of hunger, with more than one in four facing “catastrophic conditions” — with death imminent. Against that background, the Israeli Prime Minister asserted on 25 December 2023: “We are not stopping, we are continuing to fight and we are deepening the fighting in the coming days, and this will be a long battle and it is not close to being over”573. The circumstances could not be more urgent.
143. The 2.3 million Palestinians in Gaza, including over a million children, are extremely vulnerable. There is a grave threat to their existence. They are in urgent and severe need of the Court’s protection. With each passing day that Israel’s military attacks continue, further significant loss of life and property is being caused, and grave human rights violations are being committed. There can be no doubt that the requirements for the indication of provisional measures are satisfied here.
E. Provisional Measures Requested
144. On the basis of the facts set forth above, South Africa, as a State party to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, respectfully requests the Court, as a matter of extreme urgency, pending the Court’s determination of this case on the merits, to indicate the following provisional measures in relation to the Palestinian people as a group protected by the Genocide Convention. These measures are directly linked to the rights that form the subject matter of South Africa’s dispute with Israel:
(1) The State of Israel shall immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza.
(2) The State of Israel shall ensure that any military or irregular armed units which may be directed, supported or influenced by it, as well as any organisations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance of the military operations referred to point (1) above.
(3) The Republic of South Africa and the State of Israel shall each, in accordance with their obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the Palestinian people, take all reasonable measures within their power to prevent genocide.
(4) The State of Israel shall, in accordance with its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the Palestinian people as a group protected by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, desist from the commission of any and all acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention, in particular:
573 Statement by Israeli Prime Minister to the Likud Party, 25 December 2023: Jeremy Sharon, “After rare visit to Gaza, Netanyahu says war ‘not close to being over’”, The Times of Israel, 25 December 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over.
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de Gaza ont été endommagés ou démolis. De larges pans du territoire de Gaza ont été détruits, des villages, camps de réfugiés et villes entières, parfois de taille importante, ayant été délibérément rendus inhabitables. Israël empêche toute réponse humanitaire en se livrant à des bombardements constants, y compris sur les routes annoncées comme sûres. On compte aujourd’hui 1,9 million de personnes déplacées  soit près de 85 % de la population , dont des personnes âgées, des blessés et des personnes handicapées, qui se réfugient dans des abris de fortune où l’accès à l’eau et les installations d’assainissement sont insuffisants voire inexistants, dans les écoles administrées par l’ONU et chez des proches. La population tout entière est menacée de famine : 93 % des habitants de Gaza doivent faire face à de graves pénuries alimentaires et plus d’une personne sur quatre est dans un « état de santé catastrophique » et sur le point de mourir. Dans ce contexte, le premier ministre israélien a, le 25 décembre 2023, déclaré ce qui suit : « Nous n’avons pas l’intention de nous arrêter ; nous allons continuer à nous battre et allons intensifier les combats dans les prochains jours ; ce sera une longue bataille qui n’est pas près d’être terminée »573. La situation ne saurait être plus urgente.
143. Les 2,3 millions de Palestiniens de Gaza, dont plus d’un million d’enfants, sont extrêmement vulnérables. Leur existence est gravement menacée. Ils ont, de toute urgence et de manière impérieuse, besoin de la protection de la Cour. Chaque jour qui passe sans qu’il soit mis un terme aux attaques militaires d’Israël cause de nouvelles pertes importantes de vies humaines et de biens et des violations graves des droits de l’homme. Il ne fait aucun doute que, en la présente espèce, les conditions requises pour l’indication de mesures conservatoires sont remplies.
E. Les mesures conservatoires demandées
144. Sur la base des faits précédemment exposés, l’Afrique du Sud, en qualité d’État partie à la convention sur le génocide, prie respectueusement la Cour d’indiquer de toute urgence, dans l’attente de sa décision au fond dans la présente affaire, les mesures conservatoires suivantes en ce qui concerne le peuple palestinien en tant que groupe protégé par ladite convention. Ces mesures sont directement liées aux droits qui constituent l’objet du différend opposant l’Afrique du Sud et Israël :
1) L’État d’Israël doit suspendre immédiatement ses opérations militaires à et contre Gaza.
2) L’État d’Israël doit veiller à ce qu’aucune unité militaire ou unité armée irrégulière qui agirait sous sa direction, avec son appui ou sous son influence, ainsi qu’aucune organisation ou personne qui se trouverait sous son contrôle, sa direction ou son influence, n’entreprenne une quelconque action visant à poursuivre les opérations militaires mentionnées au point 1) ci-dessus.
3) La République sud-africaine et l’État d’Israël doivent, conformément aux obligations que leur fait la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, prendre chacun, en ce qui concerne le peuple palestinien, toutes les mesures raisonnables en leur pouvoir pour prévenir le génocide.
4) L’État d’Israël doit, conformément aux obligations que lui fait la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, en ce qui concerne le peuple palestinien en tant que groupe protégé par ladite convention, s’abstenir de commettre l’un quelconque des actes visés à l’article II de la convention, en particulier :
573 Déclaration du premier ministre israélien devant le parti du Likoud, le 25 décembre 2023, telle que reproduite dans Jeremy Sharon, « After rare visit to Gaza, Netanyahu says war “not
close to being over” », The Times of Israel, 25 décembre 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-gaza-visit-netanyahu-says-war-not-close-to-being-over.
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(a) killing members of the group;
(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the group;
(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; and
(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.
(5) The State of Israel shall, pursuant to point (4) (c) above, in relation to Palestinians, desist from, and take all measures within its power including the rescinding of relevant orders, of restrictions and/or of prohibitions to prevent:
(a) the expulsion and forced displacement from their homes;
(b) the deprivation of:
(i) access to adequate food and water;
(ii) access to humanitarian assistance, including access to adequate fuel, shelter, clothes, hygiene and sanitation;
(iii) medical supplies and assistance; and
(c) the destruction of Palestinian life in Gaza.
(6) The State of Israel shall, in relation to Palestinians, ensure that its military, as well as any irregular armed units or individuals which may be directed, supported or otherwise influenced by it and any organisations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any acts described in (4) and (5) above, or engage in direct and public incitement to commit genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide, or complicity in genocide, and insofar as they do engage therein, that steps are taken towards their punishment pursuant to Articles I, II, III and IV of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
(7) The State of Israel shall take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; to that end, the State of Israel shall not act to deny or otherwise restrict access by fact-finding missions, international mandates and other bodies to Gaza to assist in ensuring the preservation and retention of said evidence.
(8) The State of Israel shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order within one week, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter at such regular intervals as the Court shall order, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.
(9) The State of Israel shall refrain from any action and shall ensure that no action is taken which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
145. The provisional measures requested are directly linked to the rights which form the subject-matter of the dispute574. In particular, the first six provisional measures have been requested to ensure Israel’s compliance with its obligations under the Genocide Convention not to engage in genocide, and to prevent and to punish genocide, as well as to uphold and reaffirm the rights and obligations of South Africa to prevent genocide, and to protect Palestinians in Gaza from destruction. The last three provisional measures requested are aimed at protecting the integrity of the proceedings before the Court and
574 The Gambia v. Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, p. 18, para. 44.
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a) le meurtre de membres du groupe ;
b) les atteintes graves à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du groupe ;
c) la soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ; et
d) les mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe.
5) L’État d’Israël doit, en application du point 4) c) ci-dessus, en ce qui concerne les Palestiniens, s’abstenir de commettre l’un quelconque des actes ci-après, et prendre toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour en prévenir la commission, y compris
l’annulation des ordres et mesures de restriction ou d’interdiction pertinents :
a) expulser les populations de chez elles et les déplacer de force ;
b) priver les populations :
i) d’un accès approprié à l’eau et à la nourriture ;
ii) d’un accès à l’aide humanitaire, notamment en ce qui concerne les
besoins en combustible, abris, vêtements, hygiène et assainissement ;
iii) d’une assistance et de fournitures médicales ; et
c) détruire la vie palestinienne à Gaza.
6) L’État d’Israël doit, en ce qui concerne les Palestiniens, veiller à ce qu’aucune de ses unités militaires, aucune unité armée irrégulière ou personne qui agirait sous sa direction, avec son appui ou en étant d’une autre manière influencée par lui, et aucune organisation ou personne qui se trouverait sous son contrôle, sa direction ou son influence ne commette l’un quelconque des actes visés aux points 4) et 5) ci-dessus ou ne se livre à un quelconque acte constitutif d’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, de tentative de génocide ou de complicité dans le génocide, et veiller à ce que, si de tels actes sont commis, des mesures soient prises pour en punir les auteurs, conformément aux articles premier, II, III et IV de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide.
7) L’État d’Israël doit prendre des mesures effectives pour prévenir la destruction et assurer la conservation des éléments de preuve relatifs aux allégations d’actes relevant de l’article II de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide ; à cette fin, il doit s’abstenir de refuser ou de restreindre l’accès à Gaza des missions d’établissement des faits, des titulaires de mandats internationaux et d’autres organismes chargés d’aider à la protection et à la conservation desdits éléments de preuve.
8) L’État d’Israël doit soumettre à la Cour un rapport sur l’ensemble des mesures qu’il aura prises pour donner effet à l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires, dans un délai d’une semaine à compter de la date de celle-ci, puis à intervalles réguliers, tels que fixés par la Cour, jusqu’à ce qu’une décision ait été définitivement rendue en l’affaire.
9) L’État d’Israël doit s’abstenir de commettre, et faire en sorte de prévenir, tout acte susceptible d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend porté devant la Cour ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile.
145. Les mesures conservatoires sollicitées sont directement liées aux droits qui constituent l’objet du différend574. Les six premières, en particulier, sont demandées pour veiller à ce qu’Israël s’acquitte des obligations que lui fait la convention de ne pas commettre le génocide, ainsi que de le prévenir et de le punir, et pour faire respecter et réaffirmer les droits et obligations de l’Afrique du Sud de prévenir le génocide et de protéger les Palestiniens de Gaza de la destruction. Les trois dernières mesures conservatoires demandées visent à protéger l’intégrité de l’instance devant la Cour et le droit de
574 Gambie c. Myanmar, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, p. 18, par. 44.
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South Africa’s right to have its claim fairly adjudicated, including by ensuring the preser-
vation of evidence.
146. South Africa respectfully requests that this request for provisional measures be considered urgently, at the Court’s earliest possible opportunity, including the scheduling of a hearing in person or remotely by video link in the week of 1 January 2024.
147. South Africa reserves its right to request additional provisional measures to prevent irreparable harm to the rights at issue in this case, and/or to prevent further aggravation of the dispute between the Parties, should they become necessary, during the course of these proceedings.
VII. Reservation of Rights
148. South Africa reserves the right to revise, supplement or amend the terms of this Application, as well as the grounds invoked.
VIII. Appointment of Agent
149. South Africa has designated as its Agent His Excellency Ambassador Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of South Africa to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
150. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, all communications relating to this case should be sent to:
Embassy of the Republic of South Africa
40 Wassenaarseweg
2596 CJ The Hague
The Netherlands
151. I have the honour to assure the Court of my highest esteem and consideration.
The Hague, 28 December 2023.
(Signed) Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela,
Agent of South
Africa.
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l’Afrique du Sud à ce que sa demande soit jugée équitablement, notamment en assurant la conservation des éléments de preuve.
146. L’Afrique du Sud prie respectueusement la Cour d’examiner sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires dans les plus brefs délais, dès que son calendrier le lui permettra, notamment en fixant, dans la semaine du 1er janvier 2024, une audience qui pourra se tenir en la présence physique des participants ou par liaison vidéo.
147. L’Afrique du Sud se réserve le droit de demander d’autres mesures conservatoires afin d’éviter qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé aux droits dont il est question en l’espèce ou d’empêcher une nouvelle aggravation du différend opposant les Parties, si de telles mesures se révèlent nécessaires au cours de la présente procédure.
VII. Réserve de droits
148. L’Afrique du Sud se réserve le droit de réviser, compléter ou modifier la présente requête, ainsi que l’exposé de ses moyens.
VIII. Désignation d’un agent
149. L’Afrique du Sud a désigné comme agent S. Exc. M. Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela, ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la République sud-africaine auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas.
150. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, toutes les communications relatives à la présente espèce doivent être adressées à
l’ambassade de la République sud-africaine
40 Wassenaarseweg
2596 CJ La Haye
Pays-Bas
151. Je prie la Cour d’agréer l’expression de ma très haute estime et considération.
La Haye, le 28 décembre 2023.
L’agent de l’Afrique du Sud,
(Signé) Vusimuzi Philemon Madonsela.
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS – IMPRIMÉ AUX PAYS-BAS

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Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures

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