17 NOVEMBER 2023
ORDER
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
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APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE (ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
17 NOVEMBRE 2023
ORDONNANCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-22
I. INTRODUCTION 23-26
II. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 27-29
III. PRIMA FACIE JURISDICTION 30
IV. THE RIGHTS WHOSE PROTECTION IS SOUGHT AND THE LINK BETWEEN SUCH RIGHTS AND THE MEASURES REQUESTED 31-46
V. RISK OF IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY 47-65
VI. CONCLUSION AND MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED 66-73
OPERATIVE CLAUSE 74
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
2023
17 November
General List
No. 180
17 November 2023
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President DONOGHUE; Vice-President GEVORGIAN; Judges TOMKA, BENNOUNA, YUSUF, XUE, SEBUTINDE, BHANDARI, SALAM, IWASAWA, NOLTE, CHARLESWORTH, BRANT; Judges ad hoc DAUDET, KOROMA; Registrar GAUTIER.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74, 75 and 76 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
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1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September 2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”) concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (also referred to as “CERD”).
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court (the “first Request”).
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of either Party, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. Armenia chose Mr Yves Daudet and Azerbaijan Mr Kenneth Keith. Following the resignation of Judge ad hoc Keith, Azerbaijan chose Mr Abdul G. Koroma to replace him as judge ad hoc in the case.
4. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021, indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments, landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 393, para. 98.)
5. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and 23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. The Memorial was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 (the “second Request”).
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7. By an Order dated 12 October 2022, the Court found that “the circumstances, as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the Court, [were] not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021”. The Court reaffirmed the provisional measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (II), pp. 583-584, para. 23).
8. By a letter dated 28 December 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication of provisional measures and, by a letter dated 26 January 2023, it communicated to the Court the text of a further provisional measure sought (the “third Request”).
9. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 22 February 2023, indicated the following provisional measure:
“The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the case and in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February 2023, para. 67.)
10. On 21 April 2023, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Azerbaijan raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of certain claims contained in the Application. By an Order of 25 April 2023, the Court, noting that the proceedings on the merits were suspended by virtue of Article 79bis, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, and taking account of Practice Direction V, fixed 21 August 2023 as the time-limit within which Armenia may present a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by Azerbaijan. The written statement of Armenia was filed within the time-limit thus fixed.
11. By a letter dated 12 May 2023 and received in the Registry on 15 May 2023, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of 22 February 2023 (the “fourth Request”).
12. By an Order dated 6 July 2023, the Court found that the circumstances, as they presented themselves to the Court at the time, were “not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the Order of 22 February 2023 indicating a provisional measure” and reaffirmed the provisional measure indicated in its Order of 22 February 2023.
13. On 28 September 2023, Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication of provisional measures (the “fifth Request”), which is the subject of the present Order.
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14. In this Request, Armenia states that, on 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan “launched a full-scale military assault on the 120,000 ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, indiscriminately shelling the capital, Stepanakert, and other civilian settlements”. It adds that the attack killed and wounded hundreds of people, including civilians, and that tens of thousands of ethnic Armenians have been forcibly displaced from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia.
15. At the end of the fifth Request, Armenia asks the Court to indicate the following provisional measures:
“1) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any measures which might entail breaches of its obligations under the CERD’;
2) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any actions directly or indirectly aimed at or having the effect of displacing the remaining ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, or preventing the safe and expeditious return to their homes of persons displaced in the course of the recent military attack including those who have fled to Armenia or third States, while permitting those who wish to leave Nagorno-Karabakh to do so without any hindrance’;
3) ‘Azerbaijan shall withdraw all military and law-enforcement personnel from all civilian establishments in Nagorno-Karabakh occupied as a result of its armed attack on 19 September 2023’;
4) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment on, the access of the United Nations and its specialized agencies to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall not interfere with their activities in any way’;
5) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment on, the ability of the International Committee of the Red Cross to provide humanitarian aid to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall cooperate with the International Committee of the Red Cross to address the other consequences of the recent conflict’;
6) ‘Azerbaijan shall immediately facilitate the full restoration of public utilities, including gas and electricity, to Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall refrain from disrupting them in the future’;
7) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking punitive actions against the current or former political representatives or military personnel of Nagorno-Karabakh’;
8) ‘Azerbaijan shall not alter or destroy any monument commemorating the 1915 Armenian genocide or any other monument or Armenian cultural artefact or site present in Nagorno-Karabakh’;
9) ‘Azerbaijan shall recognize and give effect to civil registers, identity documents and property titles and registers established by the authorities of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall not destroy or confiscate such registers and documents’;
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10) ‘Azerbaijan shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order within one month, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter every three months, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.’”
16. Armenia further requested that
“the Court reaffirm Azerbaijan’s obligations under the Court’s existing Orders, including its obligations to ‘[p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law’; to ‘[t]ake all measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments, landmarks cemeteries and artefacts’; to ‘take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions’; and to ‘refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve’”.
17. The Registrar immediately communicated a copy of the fifth Request to the Government of Azerbaijan, in accordance with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of that Request by Armenia.
18. By letters dated 2 October 2023, the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had fixed 12 October 2023 as the date for the oral proceedings on the fifth Request.
19. By a letter dated 2 October 2023, Azerbaijan provided an “initial response” with respect to the fifth Request. It stated in particular that, on 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan had “commenced local counter-terrorism measures in its sovereign territory to respond to an acute security threat in Garabagh” and that these measures were aimed exclusively at Armenian military targets and ended a day later, with the assurance of a complete ceasefire when Armenian military formations agreed to disband and disarm. It added that, shortly after the operation, the President of Azerbaijan made clear that the residents of Garabagh of Armenian ethnic origin were welcome in Azerbaijan and enjoyed the same rights as other Azerbaijani citizens.
20. At the public hearing on 12 October 2023, oral observations on the fifth request were presented by:
On behalf of Armenia: HE Mr Yeghishe Kirakosyan,
Mr Lawrence H. Martin,
Mr Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Ms Alison Macdonald,
Mr Sean Murphy,
Mr Pierre d’Argent.
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On behalf of Azerbaijan: HE Mr Elnur Mammadov,
Mr Rodney Dixon,
Mr Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr Stefan Talmon.
21. Following its oral observations, Armenia asked the Court to indicate the provisional measures as set out below:
“1) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any measures which might entail breaches of its obligations under the CERD’;
2) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any actions directly or indirectly aimed at or having the effect of displacing the remaining ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, or preventing the safe and expeditious return to their homes of persons displaced in the course of the recent military attack including those who have fled to Armenia or third States, while permitting those who wish to leave Nagorno-Karabakh to do so without any hindrance’;
3) ‘Azerbaijan shall withdraw all military and law-enforcement personnel from all civilian establishments in Nagorno-Karabakh occupied as a result of its armed attack on 19 September 2023’;
4) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment on, the access of the United Nations and its specialized agencies to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall not interfere with their activities in any way’;
5) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment on, the ability of the International Committee of the Red Cross to provide humanitarian aid to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall cooperate with the International Committee of the Red Cross to address the other consequences of the recent conflict’;
6) ‘Azerbaijan shall immediately facilitate the full restoration of public utilities, including gas and electricity, to Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall refrain from disrupting them in the future’;
7) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking punitive actions against the current or former political representatives or military personnel of Nagorno-Karabakh’;
8) ‘Azerbaijan shall not alter or destroy any monument commemorating the 1915 Armenian genocide or any other monument or Armenian cultural artefact or site present in Nagorno-Karabakh’;
9) ‘Azerbaijan shall recognize and give effect to civil registers, identity documents and property titles and registers established by the authorities of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall not destroy or confiscate such registers and documents’;
10) ‘Azerbaijan shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order within one month, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter every three months, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.’
Armenia further requests that the Court reaffirm Azerbaijan’s obligations under the Court’s existing Orders.”
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22. At the end of its oral observations, Azerbaijan made the following request:
“In accordance with Article 60 (2) of the Rules of Court, for the reasons explained during these hearings, the Republic of Azerbaijan respectfully asks the Court to reject the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Republic of Armenia.”
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I. INTRODUCTION
23. The Court has set out, in its previous Orders on Armenia’s requests for the indication of provisional measures, the general background and context of the dispute. Armenia and Azerbaijan, both of which were Republics of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, declared independence on 21 September 1991 and 18 October 1991, respectively. In the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh region had been an autonomous entity (“oblast”) that had a majority Armenian ethnic population, lying within the territory of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic. The Parties’ competing claims over that region resulted in hostilities that ended with a ceasefire in May 1994. Further hostilities erupted in September 2020. On 9 November 2020, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, and the President of the Russian Federation signed a statement referred to by the Parties as the “Trilateral Statement”. Under the terms of this statement, as of 10 November 2020, “[a] complete ceasefire and termination of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict [was] declared” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 367, para. 13).
24. Notwithstanding the ceasefire declared in the “Trilateral Statement”, the situation between the Parties remained unstable and hostilities again erupted in September 2022, leading to the detention of persons whom Armenia described as its servicemembers (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (II), pp. 582-583 para. 18).
25. Beginning on 12 December 2022, the connection between the area that Armenia calls Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan calls Garabagh, and Armenia via the Lachin Corridor (the route connecting Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia) was disrupted. As the Court found in its Order of 22 February 2023, information available to it at that time indicated that the disruption caused impediments to the transfer of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care, as well as hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential goods, leading to shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving medical supplies (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February 2023, para. 54; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 6 July 2023, paras. 26 and 28).
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26. On 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan commenced what it calls “local counter-terrorism measures in its sovereign territory to respond to an acute security threat in Garabagh”. In the ensuing days, according to United Nations reports, more than 100,000 persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin fled Nagorno-Karabakh for Armenia.
II. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
27. Pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, a decision concerning provisional measures may be modified if, in the Court’s opinion, “some change in the situation justifies” doing so. According to Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, “[t]he rejection of a request for the indication of provisional measures shall not prevent the party which made it from making a fresh request in the same case based on new facts”. The same applies when additional provisional measures are requested (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 337, para. 22). It is therefore for the Court to satisfy itself that the fifth Request by Armenia is based upon “new circumstances such as to justify [it] being examined” (ibid.).
28. The Court notes that, in its fifth Request, Armenia makes allegations of a forced displacement of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin following a military assault against them by Azerbaijan (see paragraph 14 above). The Court recalls that Armenia’s first Request related to the treatment by Azerbaijan of Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other detainees in its custody who were taken captive during the September-November 2020 hostilities and in their aftermath; to the alleged incitement and promotion by Azerbaijan of racial hatred and discrimination targeted at persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin; and to the alleged harm caused by Azerbaijan to Armenian historic, cultural and religious heritage. In its third Request, Armenia referred to the alleged blockade by Azerbaijan, as of 12 December 2022, of the Lachin Corridor.
29. In light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the circumstances underlying Armenia’s present Request differ from those on the basis of which the Court indicated provisional measures on 7 December 2021 and 22 February 2023. It follows that there are new circumstances that justify the examination of Armenia’s fifth Request.
III. PRIMA FACIE JURISDICTION
30. The Court recalls that, in its Order of 7 December 2021 indicating provisional measures in the present case, it concluded that “prima facie, it has jurisdiction pursuant to Article 22 of CERD to entertain the case to the extent that the dispute between the Parties relates to the ‘interpretation or application’ of the Convention” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 375, para. 43). It reiterated this conclusion in its Order of 22 February 2023 (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February 2023, para. 26). The Court sees no reason to revisit this conclusion for the purposes of the present Request.
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IV. THE RIGHTS WHOSE PROTECTION IS SOUGHT AND THE LINK BETWEEN SUCH RIGHTS AND THE MEASURES REQUESTED
31. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are at least plausible (see, for example, Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), pp. 223-224, para. 50).
32. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon to determine definitively whether the rights which Armenia wishes to see protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by Armenia on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the provisional measures being requested (Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 224, para. 50).
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33. Armenia asserts that, by its fifth Request, it seeks the preservation and protection of a number of rights under Articles 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 of CERD for the benefit of the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, including those who have been forced to flee to Armenia; the few who have remained in Nagorno-Karabakh; and those who have been unlawfully detained by Azerbaijan, in particular leading political figures. Armenia contends that Azerbaijan’s large-scale military assault on 19 September 2023, which followed the “nine-month blockade” of the Lachin Corridor, has resulted in hundreds of ethnic Armenians being killed; more than 100,000 being forcibly displaced and continuing to fear for their lives; homes and other civilian infrastructure being destroyed; cultural sites and monuments being under direct threat of destruction or desecration; the collapse of the education system; a complete paralysis of an already severely weakened healthcare system; and dire shortages of basic necessities. Armenia also asserts that hate speech is proliferating, with Azerbaijani soldiers being encouraged to perpetrate violence against Armenians.
34. Armenia contends that the measures taken by Azerbaijan before, during and after the military assault constitute “ethnic cleansing”, from which it seeks to protect the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh who, it argues, have been forced out of the area on plainly racial grounds. With reference to the Court’s observations about “ethnic cleansing” in paragraph 190 of its Judgment on the merits in Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Armenia understands that term to mean “rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove persons
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of given groups from the area”. According to Armenia, “ethnic cleansing” plausibly implicates every substantive obligation under CERD. Armenia asserts a “right not to be subjected to ethnic cleansing generally”, as well as “particular rights under the CERD for which protection is sought individually” and considers that the rights under CERD which it seeks to protect are necessarily all plausible. In this respect, it refers to Article 2, paragraph 1, subparagraphs (a), (b) and (e), Article 2, paragraph 2, Article 3, Article 5 (a), Article 5 (b), Article 5 (d), subparagraphs (i), (ii) and (vii), Article 5 (e), Article 6 and Article 7 of CERD.
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35. Azerbaijan states that it is mindful of the Court’s past conclusions in the present case on plausible rights and fully accepts that to the extent that any obligations under CERD might be engaged “it has the responsibility, and now the ability, to ensure protection on its territory” of any applicable and plausible rights. It contends that it is against this backdrop that the Agent of Azerbaijan made a series of formal undertakings at the public hearing that took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023 which, it considers, were comprehensive in their protection of the alleged rights (see paragraph 61 below).
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36. The Court notes that CERD imposes a number of obligations on States parties with regard to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms and manifestations. Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD defines racial discrimination in the following terms:
“[A]ny distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.”
37. In accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Convention, States parties “condemn racial discrimination and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms”. Under Article 5, States parties undertake to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of rights listed in that Article, in particular the “right to security of person and protection by the State against violence or bodily harm”, the “right to freedom of movement and residence within the border of the State”, the “right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s country”, the “right to housing”, the “right to public health, medical care, social security and social services” and the “right to education”.
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38. The Court notes that Articles 2 and 5 of CERD are intended to protect individuals from racial discrimination. It recalls, as it did in past cases in which Article 22 of CERD was invoked as the basis of its jurisdiction, that there is a correlation between respect for individual rights enshrined in the Convention, the obligations of States parties under CERD and the right of States parties to seek compliance with those obligations (see, for example, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 382, para. 57).
39. A State party to CERD may invoke the rights set out in the above-mentioned articles only to the extent that the acts complained of constitute acts of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of the Convention (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 382, para. 58). In the context of a request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court examines whether the rights claimed by an applicant are at least plausible.
40. In the fifth Request, Armenia claims that an attack by Azerbaijani forces on 120,000 persons of Armenian ethnic origin led to a forcible displacement of tens of thousands of such persons from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia (see paragraph 14 above). Articles 2 and 5 of CERD protect rights including the right to be free from racial discrimination and the right to equality before the law in the enjoyment of the right to security of person and protection by the State against violence or bodily harm, of the right to freedom of movement and residence within the border of the State, and of the right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s country. In light of these rights, the Court finds plausible the right of persons not to find themselves compelled to flee their place of residence for fear that they will be targeted because they belong to a protected group under CERD, and the right of those persons to be guaranteed a safe return.
41. On the basis of the information presented to it, the Court considers plausible at least some of the rights asserted by Armenia that it claims to have been violated in the aftermath of the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023.
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42. The Court now turns to the condition of the link between the rights claimed by Armenia and the provisional measures requested.
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43. Armenia considers that the provisional measures requested are linked to the rights whose protection is sought because the measures, if indicated, would safeguard these very rights. It argues, in particular, that “[s]topping the ongoing forced exodus of ethnic Armenians and creating the conditions for their safe return would end the ethnic cleansing and its consolidation”, which are contrary to the very object and purpose of CERD. It further notes that refraining from taking punitive actions against the current or former political representatives or military personnel of Nagorno-Karabakh would also put an end to a series of flagrant and ongoing breaches of obligations under Article 5 (b) of CERD relating to the right to security of person and protection by the State against violence or bodily harm.
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44. Azerbaijan considers that Armenia has not established any link between the rights for which it seeks protection and some of the provisional measures requested. With respect to the requested measure concerning public utilities, Azerbaijan explains that Armenia has not provided any evidence for the allegation that Azerbaijan intentionally deprived Garabagh of its gas supply. Azerbaijan adds that, having restored its sovereignty over the entire territory of Garabagh, it is in its own interest to secure a continuous flow of gas and electricity to the region. With regard to the requested measure concerning punitive actions against political representatives or military personnel of Garabagh, Azerbaijan contends that Armenia has not placed before the Court evidence indicating that the so-called political representatives and military personnel of Garabagh referred to by Armenia have been arrested and detained by Azerbaijan by reason of their national or ethnic origin. With respect to the requested measure concerning civil registers, identity documents and property titles, Azerbaijan states that these documents are not at imminent risk of confiscation as they have automatically passed into the custody of Azerbaijan when it regained full control over Garabagh. In addition, these documents are not at imminent risk of destruction, according to Azerbaijan, because it is in its own interest to protect and preserve them, “including potentially as evidence for proceedings establishing title to property, criminal prosecutions, or to establish Armenia’s responsibility for its violations of international law with regard to Garabagh”. With respect to Armenia’s request that Azerbaijan recognize and give effect to these documents, Azerbaijan contends that such an order would “run counter to the well-established rule of international law that a returning sovereign is not bound in any way by the acts of the occupant”.
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45. The Court considers that a link exists between the rights claimed by Armenia that are plausible under CERD (see paragraph 41 above) and certain measures requested by Armenia. In particular, a link exists between those rights and the measure directing Azerbaijan to prevent the displacement of the remaining persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin from Nagorno-Karabakh, to ensure the right of those persons displaced to a safe return to their homes, and to permit those who wish to leave Nagorno-Karabakh to do so without any hindrance. The Court also considers that a link exists between those rights and the requested measure with respect to civil registers, identity documents and property titles and registers (see paragraphs 15 and 21 above).
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46. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between certain rights claimed by Armenia and some of the requested provisional measures.
V. RISK OF IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY
47. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (see, for example, Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 226, para. 65).
48. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights claimed before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can “occur at any moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the case (Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 227, para. 66). The Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings.
49. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the fifth Request, to establish the existence of breaches of obligations under CERD, but to determine whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the protection of rights under this instrument. It cannot at this stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision on the fifth Request.
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50. Armenia submits that Azerbaijan’s conduct has already caused irreparable prejudice to the rights that it seeks to protect under Articles 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 of CERD. In this regard, it observes that, immediately after Azerbaijan’s military assault on 19 September 2023, hundreds of ethnic Armenians were killed or injured; tens of thousands of ethnic Armenians were internally displaced within Nagorno-Karabakh and separated from their families; thousands of ethnic Armenians were forced to sleep in basements, on the streets or in makeshift shelters, without access to food, medicine, gas or other basic necessities; homes and other civilian infrastructure were damaged or destroyed; schools and other education facilities were forced to close as a result of disruptions to the supply of gas and electricity; and there have been dire shortages of food and other basic necessities, including medical care.
51. Armenia further submits that the irreparable prejudice to the rights of the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh is ongoing. It notes in this regard that more than 100,000 ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh have fled to Armenia and now find themselves without a home, struggling
- 14 -
to find a place to live, exhausted, scared and apprehensive about their future and the future of their homeland. Armenia contends that they have remained separated from their families and show signs of severe psychological distress. According to Armenia, for the remaining ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh, “the threat of further atrocities remains high” due, in particular, to the proliferation of hate speech towards ethnic Armenians and to the impossibility to ensure their safety and to prevent them from being killed, detained or displaced, in violation of CERD. Armenia contends, in addition, that cultural sites and monuments have fallen under Azerbaijan’s control and are thus under direct threat of destruction or desecration. Armenia maintains that the process of ethnic cleansing is being consolidated day by day and that this poses an imminent risk of irreparable harm to the full range of CERD rights to which the ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh is entitled.
*
52. Azerbaijan maintains that there is no direct threat to the civilian population of Garabagh. In particular, it asserts that the Lachin Corridor and the Hakari Bridge border checkpoint are now fully open for both humanitarian deliveries and civilian traffic and that food, hygiene products, bedding and fuel have already been delivered. Azerbaijan further maintains that it has encouraged Armenian residents to stay in Garabagh. It makes clear that it has respected the choice of those who have decided to leave and has created all the necessary conditions for “an orderly transit for those choosing to leave” and has begun to “prepare for the return of those who wish to return”. It also asserts that it has guaranteed that Armenian residents of Garabagh who decided to leave would have a right to return. According to Azerbaijan, the invocation by the Armenian Prime Minister of what he characterized as a risk of ethnic cleansing in a speech given two days after the operation on 19 September 2023 led Armenian residents to leave Garabagh en masse. Azerbaijan states that it has also opened communication channels with the local representatives of the ethnic Armenian residents of Garabagh and has met with them on three occasions to address the humanitarian situation, including the provision of food, fuel, medical emergency and firefighting services, family reunification, and other humanitarian support.
53. Azerbaijan contends that the series of undertakings that its Agent has made at the hearings are sufficient to address the alleged risk of irreparable prejudice (see paragraph 61 below).
* *
54. Having previously determined that at least some of the rights asserted by Armenia are plausible and that there is a link between those rights and some of the provisional measures requested, the Court turns to the questions of whether irreparable prejudice could be caused to those rights and whether there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to those rights before the Court gives its final decision.
55. In this regard, the Court observes that the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023 took place in the context of the long-standing exposure of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh to a situation of vulnerability and social precariousness. As the
- 15 -
Court has already noted, the residents of this region have been severely impacted by the long-lasting disruption of the connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia via the Lachin Corridor, which has impeded the transfer of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care. There have also been hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential goods, causing shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving medical supplies (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February 2023, para. 54).
56. The Court further observes that, according to United Nations reports, more than 100,000 persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin have found themselves compelled to leave their place of residence and reach the Armenian border since the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023, after which Azerbaijan regained full control over Nagorno-Karabakh. The Court considers that persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin who are present in Nagorno-Karabakh and those who have left the region remain vulnerable.
57. With respect to the persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin who are still residing in Nagorno-Karabakh, the Court recalls its previous statement that irreparable prejudice can be caused to the right to equality before the law in the enjoyment of the right to freedom of movement and residence within a State’s borders when the persons concerned are exposed to privation, hardship, anguish and even danger to life and health (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 396, para. 142). The Court has also considered that “a prejudice can be considered as irreparable when individuals are subject to temporary or potentially ongoing separation from their families and suffer from psychological distress”; or when students are prevented from pursuing their studies (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 431, para. 69).
58. The Court has recognized that individuals forced to leave their own place of residence without the possibility of return could be subject to a serious risk of irreparable prejudice (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 431, para. 69). The Court is of the view that similar considerations apply to the persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin who found themselves compelled to flee their place of residence for fear that they will be targeted because they belong to a protected group under CERD.
59. In view of the relationship between the rights of individuals identified above and the rights of States parties to the Convention (see paragraph 38 above), it follows that there is also a risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights asserted by the Applicant.
60. In light of the considerations set out above, the Court concludes that disregard for the rights deemed plausible by the Court (see paragraph 41 above) could cause irreparable prejudice to those rights and that there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the Court makes a final decision in the case.
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61. The above conclusions regarding the risk of irreparable prejudice and urgency must be considered in light of the formal undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan on behalf of his Government at the public hearing that took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023:
“(a) Azerbaijan undertakes to do all in its power to ensure, without distinction as to national or ethnic origin:
(a) The security of residents in Garabagh including their safety and humanitarian needs, including through:
(i) the provision of food, medicines and other essential supplies to Garabagh;
(ii) providing access to available medical treatment; and
(iii) maintaining the supply of public utilities, including gas and electricity;
(b) The right of the residents of Garabagh to freedom of movement and residence, including the safe and prompt return of those residents that choose to return to their homes, and the safe and unimpeded departure of any resident wishing to leave Garabagh; and
(c) The protection of the property of persons who have left Garabagh.
(b) Azerbaijan also undertakes to facilitate:
(a) the access and activities of the ICRC, with whom Azerbaijan undertakes to co-operate in order to ensure the provision of humanitarian aid in Garabagh; and
(b) inspections of the United Nations such that it is able to make visits to Garabagh to advise on measures to address humanitarian, socio-economic, and other needs in Garabagh;
(c) Azerbaijan undertakes to protect, and not to damage or destroy, cultural monuments, artefacts and sites in Garabagh; and finally
(d) Azerbaijan undertakes to protect and not to destroy registration, identity and/or private property documents and records found in Garabagh.”
62. The Court recalls that unilateral declarations can give rise to legal obligations and that interested States may take cognizance of unilateral declarations and place confidence in them, and are entitled to require that the obligation thus created be respected (see Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 268, para. 46; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J Reports 1974, p. 473, para. 49). The Court further recalls that, “[o]nce a State has made such a commitment concerning its conduct, its good faith in complying with that commitment is to be presumed” (Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 158, para. 44). The Court notes that the undertakings of the Agent of Azerbaijan, which were made publicly before the Court and formulated in a detailed manner, are aimed at addressing the situation of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin in Nagorno-Karabakh following the operation
- 17 -
commenced by Azerbaijan in this region on 19 September 2023. The Court is of the view that the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan on behalf of his Government are binding and create legal obligations for Azerbaijan.
63. The Court observes that many of Azerbaijan’s undertakings address the concerns expressed by Armenia in the fifth Request, although the undertakings do not correspond in all respects to the measures requested by Armenia. This is the case in particular for Armenia’s requested measure regarding the situation of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin in Nagorno-Karabakh who do not wish to leave Nagorno-Karabakh but may feel compelled to do so if “actions directly or indirectly aimed at or having the effect of displacing the remaining ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh” were to be taken.
64. In the view of the Court, the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan at the public hearing on the afternoon of 12 October 2023 contribute towards mitigating the imminent risk of irreparable prejudice resulting from the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023 but do not remove the risk entirely (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February 2023, para. 56).
65. In light of the above, the Court finds that, even taking into account the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan on behalf of his Government at the public hearing on the afternoon of 12 October 2023, irreparable prejudice could be caused to the rights invoked by Armenia and there is still urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to those rights before the Court gives its final decision.
VI. CONCLUSION AND MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED
66. The Court concludes from all of the above considerations that the conditions for the indication of provisional measures are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court to indicate certain measures in order to protect the rights claimed by Armenia, as identified above (see paragraph 41 above).
67. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The Court has already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (see Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 229, para. 79).
68. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional measures requested by Armenia and the circumstances of the case, the Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to those requested.
- 18 -
69. The Court concludes that, with regard to the situation described above, pending the final decision in the case, Azerbaijan must, in accordance with its obligations under CERD, (i) ensure that persons who have left Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 and who wish to return to Nagorno-Karabakh are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious manner; (ii) ensure that persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 and who wish to depart are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious manner; and (iii) ensure that persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 or returned to Nagorno-Karabakh and who wish to stay are free from the use of force or intimidation that may cause them to flee.
70. The Court also recalls Azerbaijan’s undertaking “to protect and not to destroy registration, identity and/or private property documents and records found in Garabagh”. In this regard, the Court considers it necessary for Azerbaijan also to have due regard in its administrative and legislative practices to such documents and records that concern the persons identified in paragraph 69 above.
71. In view of the specific provisional measures it has decided to indicate, and in light of the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan at the public hearing that took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023 (see paragraph 61 above), the Court considers that Azerbaijan must submit a report to the Court on the steps taken to give effect to the provisional measures indicated and to the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan within eight weeks, as from the date of this Order. The report so provided shall then be communicated to Armenia, which shall be given the opportunity to submit to the Court its comments thereon.
*
* *
72. The Court reaffirms the provisional measures indicated in its Orders of 7 December 2021 and 22 February 2023. It also reaffirms its statements in those Orders that its orders on provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute have binding effect and thus create international legal obligations for any party to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
*
* *
73. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of the case or any
- 19 -
questions relating to the admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
*
* *
74. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
(1) By thirteen votes to two,
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (i) ensure that persons who have left Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 and who wish to return to Nagorno-Karabakh are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious manner; (ii) ensure that persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 and who wish to depart are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious manner; and (iii) ensure that persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 or returned to Nagorno-Karabakh and who wish to stay are free from the use of force or intimidation that may cause them to flee;
IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Bennouna, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
AGAINST: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Koroma;
(2) By thirteen votes to two,
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, protect and preserve registration, identity and private property documents and records that concern the persons identified under subparagraph (1) and have due regard to such documents and records in its administrative and legislative practices;
IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Bennouna, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
AGAINST: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Koroma;
- 20 -
(3) By thirteen votes to two,
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall submit a report to the Court on the steps taken to give effect to the provisional measures indicated and to the undertakings made by the Agent of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on behalf of his Government, at the public hearing that took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023, within eight weeks, as from the date of this Order.
IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Bennouna, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
AGAINST: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Koroma.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of November, two thousand and twenty-three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. DONOGHUE,
President.
(Signed) Philippe GAUTIER,
Registrar.
Judge YUSUF appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc KOROMA appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
___________
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 17 NOVEMBRE 2023
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 17 NOVEMBER 2023
2023
© 2024 ICJ/CIJ, United Nations/Nations Unies
All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
printed in france/imprimé en france
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003346-6
e-ISBN 978-92-1-106918-1
Mode officiel de citation :
Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 17 novembre 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023, p. 619
Official citation:
Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 17 November 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023, p. 619
Sales number
No de vente : 1307
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
17 NOVEMBRE 2023
ORDONNANCE
17 NOVEMBER 2023
ORDER
619
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-22
I. Introduction 23-26
II. General Observations 27-29
III. Prima Facie Jurisdiction 30
IV. The Rights whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between Such Rights and the Measures Requested 31-46
V. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency 47-65
VI. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted 66-73
Operative Clause 74
619
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-22
I. Introduction 23-26
II. Observations générales 27-29
III. Compétence prima facie 30
IV. Droits dont la protection est recherchée et lien entre
ces droits et les mesures demandées 31-46
V. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence 47-65
VI. Conclusion et mesures à adopter 66-73
Dispositif 74
620
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
17 November 2023
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam,
Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant; Judges ad hoc Daudet,
Koroma, Registrar Gautier.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and Articles
73, 74, 75 and 76 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September
2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings
against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”)
concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the Elim-
2023
17 November
General List
No. 180
620
2023
17 novembre
Rôle général
no 180
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2023
17 novembre 2023
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue, Sebutinde,
MM. Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth,
M. Brant, juges ; MM. Daudet, Koroma, juges ad hoc ;
M. Gautier, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74, 75 et 76
de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 16 septembre 2021, la République
d’Arménie (ci-après l’« Arménie ») a introduit contre la République
d’Azerbaïdjan (ci-après l’« Azerbaïdjan ») une instance concernant des violations
alléguées de la convention internationale du 21 décembre 1965 sur
621 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
ination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (hereinafter
“CERD”).
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles
73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court (the “first Request”).
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either Party, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by
Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. Armenia
chose Mr Yves Daudet and Azerbaijan Mr Kenneth Keith. Following the
resignation of Judge ad hoc Keith, Azerbaijan chose Mr Abdul G. Koroma
to replace him as judge ad hoc in the case.
4. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021,
indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations
under the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation
to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their
security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion
of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials
and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or
ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism
and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including
but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments,
landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate
or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021,
p. 393, para. 98.)
5. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and
23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. The Memorial was filed
within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76
of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of
7 December 2021 (the “second Request”).
7. By an Order dated 12 October 2022, the Court found that “the circumstances,
as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the Court, [were] not such
as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 621
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (ci-après la
« CIEDR »).
2. La requête contenait une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
présentée au titre de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et des articles 73,
74 et 75 de son Règlement (la « première demande »).
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité de l’une ou
l’autre Partie, chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère l’article
31 du Statut de désigner un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire.
L’Arménie a désigné M. Yves Daudet et l’Azerbaïdjan, M. Kenneth Keith.
À la suite de la démission de M. Keith, l’Azerbaïdjan a désigné M. Abdul
G. Koroma pour le remplacer en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire.
4. Par ordonnance en date du 7 décembre 2021, la Cour, après avoir
entendu les Parties, a indiqué les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« 1) La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations
que lui impose la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale,
a) Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en
détention et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité devant la loi ;
b) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher l’incitation et
l’encouragement à la haine et à la discrimination raciales, y compris
par ses agents et ses institutions publiques, à l’égard des personnes
d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne ;
c) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher et punir les
actes de dégradation et de profanation du patrimoine culturel arménien,
notamment, mais pas seulement, les églises et autres lieux de
culte, monuments, sites, cimetières et artefacts ;
2) Les deux Parties doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver
ou d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le
règlement plus difficile. » (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, par. 98.)
5. Par ordonnance en date du 21 janvier 2022, la Cour a fixé au 23 janvier
2023 et au 23 janvier 2024, respectivement, la date d’expiration des délais
pour le dépôt d’un mémoire par l’Arménie et d’un contre-mémoire par
l’Azerbaïdjan. Le mémoire a été déposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
6. Par lettre en date du 16 septembre 2022, l’Arménie, se référant à l’article
76 du Règlement de la Cour, a sollicité une modification de l’ordonnance
rendue par la Cour le 7 décembre 2021 (la « deuxième demande »).
7. Par ordonnance en date du 12 octobre 2022, la Cour a jugé que « les circonstances,
telles qu’elles se présent[ai]ent [alors] à elle, n[’étaie]nt pas de
nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les mesures indiquées
622 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
the Order of 7 December 2021”. The Court reaffirmed the provisional measures
indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement
that both Parties refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend
the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve (Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Request for the Modification of the
Order Indicating Provisional Measures of 7 December 2021, Order of
12 October 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (II), pp. 583-584, para. 23).
8. By a letter dated 28 December 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 41 of
the Statute and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the
indication of provisional measures and, by a letter dated 26 January 2023, it
communicated to the Court the text of a further provisional measure sought
(the “third Request”).
9. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 22 February 2023,
indicated the following provisional measure:
“The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the
case and in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, take
all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons,
vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.” (Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 22 February 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (I), p. 30, para. 67.)
10. On 21 April 2023, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79bis,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Azerbaijan raised preliminary objections
to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of certain claims contained
in the Application. By an Order of 25 April 2023, the Court, noting
that the proceedings on the merits were suspended by virtue of Article 79bis,
paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, and taking account of Practice Direction
V, fixed 21 August 2023 as the time-limit within which Armenia may
present a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by Azerbaijan. The written statement of Armenia
was filed within the time-limit thus fixed.
11. By a letter dated 12 May 2023 and received in the Registry on 15 May
2023, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested
the modification of the Court’s Order of 22 February 2023 (the “fourth Request”).
12. By an Order dated 6 July 2023, the Court found that the circumstances,
as they presented themselves to the Court at the time, were “not such as to
require the exercise of its power to modify the Order of 22 February 2023
indicating a provisional measure” and reaffirmed the provisional measure
indicated in its Order of 22 February 2023.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 622
dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ». Elle a réaffirmé les mesures conservatoires
indiquées dans ladite ordonnance, en particulier celle enjoignant
aux Parties de s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le
différend dont elle était saisie ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile
(Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), demande tendant
à la modification de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures
conservatoires du 7 décembren 2021, ordonnance du 12 octobre 2022,
C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (II), p. 583-584, par. 23).
8. Par lettre en date du 28 décembre 2022, l’Arménie, se référant à l’article
41 du Statut de la Cour et à l’article 73 de son Règlement, a présenté une
nouvelle demande en indication de mesures conservatoires et, par lettre en
date du 26 janvier 2023, a communiqué à la Cour le texte d’une mesure
conservatoire supplémentaire qu’elle sollicitait (la « troisième demande »).
9. Par ordonnance en date du 22 février 2023, la Cour, après avoir entendu
les Parties, a indiqué la mesure conservatoire suivante :
« La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, dans l’attente de la décision finale en
l’affaire et conformément aux obligations qui lui incombent au titre de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale, prendre toutes les mesures dont elle dispose afin d’assurer
la circulation sans entrave des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises
le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens. » (Application de
la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 22 février 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023 (I), p. 30, par. 67.)
10. Le 21 avril 2023, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79bis
du Règlement de la Cour, l’Azerbaïdjan a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires
d’incompétence de la Cour et d’irrecevabilité de certaines demandes
présentées dans la requête. Par ordonnance en date du 25 avril 2023, la
Cour, notant que la procédure sur le fond était suspendue en application du
paragraphe 3 de l’article 79bis de son Règlement, et compte tenu de l’instruction
de procédure V, a fixé au 21 août 2023 la date d’expiration du délai
dans lequel l’Arménie pourrait présenter un exposé écrit contenant ses
observations et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par
l’Azerbaïdjan. Cet exposé a été déposé dans le délai ainsi fixé.
11. Par lettre en date du 12 mai 2023, reçue au Greffe le 15 mai 2023,
l’Arménie, se référant à l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour, a sollicité
une modification de l’ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 22 février 2023 (la
« quatrième demande »).
12. Par ordonnance en date du 6 juillet 2023, la Cour a conclu que les circonstances,
telles qu’elles se présentaient alors à elle, n’étaient « pas de
nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier l’ordonnance du
22 février 2023 indiquant une mesure conservatoire », et a réaffirmé la
mesure conservatoire indiquée dans ladite ordonnance.
623 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
13. On 28 September 2023, Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute
and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication
of provisional measures (the “fifth Request”), which is the subject of the
present Order.
14. In this Request, Armenia states that, on 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan
“launched a full-scale military assault on the 120,000 ethnic Armenians
of Nagorno-Karabakh, indiscriminately shelling the capital, Stepanakert,
and other civilian settlements”. It adds that the attack killed and wounded
hundreds of people, including civilians, and that tens of thousands of ethnic
Armenians have been forcibly displaced from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia.
15. At the end of the fifth Request, Armenia asks the Court to indicate the
following provisional measures:
“(1) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any measures which might
entail breaches of its obligations under the CERD’;
(2) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any actions directly or indirectly
aimed at or having the effect of displacing the remaining
ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, or preventing the safe
and expeditious return to their homes of persons displaced in the
course of the recent military attack including those who have fled to
Armenia or third States, while permitting those who wish to leave
Nagorno-Karabakh to do so without any hindrance’;
(3) ‘Azerbaijan shall withdraw all military and law-enforcement personnel
from all civilian establishments in Nagorno-Karabakh
occupied as a result of its armed attack on 19 September 2023’;
(4) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment
on, the access of the United Nations and its specialized
agencies to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall
not interfere with their activities in any way’;
(5) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment
on, the ability of the International Committee of the Red Cross
to provide humanitarian aid to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-
Karabakh, and shall cooperate with the International Committee
of the Red Cross to address the other consequences of the recent
conflict’;
(6) ‘Azerbaijan shall immediately facilitate the full restoration of public
utilities, including gas and electricity, to Nagorno-Karabakh, and
shall refrain from disrupting them in the future’;
(7) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking punitive actions against the
current or former political representatives or military personnel of
Nagorno-Karabakh’;
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 623
13. Le 28 septembre 2023, l’Arménie, se référant à l’article 41 du Statut de
la Cour et à l’article 73 de son Règlement, a présenté une nouvelle demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires (la « cinquième demande »), objet de
la présente ordonnance.
14. Dans sa demande, l’Arménie affirme que, le 19 septembre 2023, l’Azerbaïdjan
« a lancé une offensive militaire de grande envergure contre les
120 000 habitants d’origine ethnique arménienne du Haut-Karabakh, bombardant
de manière indiscriminée la capitale, Stepanakert, et d’autres zones
habitées par des civils ». Elle ajoute que l’attaque a fait des centaines de
morts et de blessés, notamment parmi les civils, et a entraîné le déplacement
forcé de dizaines de milliers de personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne du
Haut-Karabakh vers l’Arménie.
15. À la fin de cette demande, l’Arménie prie la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« 1) L’Azerbaïdjan doit s’abstenir de prendre toute mesure qui pourrait
emporter manquement aux obligations qu’il tient de la CIEDR.
2) L’Azerbaïdjan doit s’abstenir de tout acte ayant directement ou indirectement
pour but ou pour effet de déplacer du Haut-Karabakh les
personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne qui s’y trouvent encore, ou
d’empêcher le retour sûr et rapide dans leurs foyers des personnes
déplacées pendant la récente offensive militaire, notamment celles
qui ont fui vers l’Arménie ou des États tiers, tout en permettant à
celles qui le souhaitent de quitter le Haut-Karabakh sans entrave.
3) L’Azerbaïdjan doit retirer tous les personnels militaires et policiers
de tous les établissements civils du Haut-Karabakh occupés depuis
son attaque armée du 19 septembre 2023.
4) L’Azerbaïdjan doit faciliter, et s’abstenir d’entraver d’une quelconque
façon, l’accès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et de ses
institutions spécialisées à la population d’origine ethnique arménienne
du Haut-Karabakh, et s’abstenir de s’ingérer d’une
quelconque façon dans leurs activités.
5) L’Azerbaïdjan doit faciliter, et s’abstenir d’entraver d’une quelconque
façon, l’intervention du Comité international de la Croix-
Rouge pour fournir une aide humanitaire aux personnes d’origine
ethnique arménienne du Haut-Karabakh, et coopérer avec ce comité
pour remédier aux autres conséquences du récent conflit.
6) L’Azerbaïdjan doit immédiatement faciliter le rétablissement complet
des services publics dans le Haut-Karabakh, notamment
l’approvisionnement en gaz et en électricité, et s’abstenir de les suspendre
à l’avenir.
7) L’Azerbaïdjan doit s’abstenir de prendre des mesures punitives
contre toute personne qui est actuellement, ou a été par le passé, un
représentant politique ou un membre des forces armées du Haut-
Karabakh.
624 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
(8) ‘Azerbaijan shall not alter or destroy any monument commemorating
the 1915 Armenian genocide or any other monument or
Armenian cultural artefact or site present in Nagorno-Karabakh’;
(9) ‘Azerbaijan shall recognize and give effect to civil registers, identity
documents and property titles and registers established by the
authorities of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall not destroy or confiscate
such registers and documents’;
(10) ‘Azerbaijan shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken
to give effect to this Order within one month, as from the date of this
Order, and thereafter every three months, until a final decision on
the case is rendered by the Court.’”
16. Armenia further requested that
“the Court reaffirm Azerbaijan’s obligations under the Court’s existing
Orders, including its obligations to ‘[p]rotect from violence and bodily
harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain
in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law’; to
‘[t]ake all measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism and desecration
affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but not limited to
churches and other places of worship, monuments, landmarks cemeteries
and artefacts’; to ‘take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded
movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in
both directions’; and to ‘refrain from any action which might aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve’”.
17. The Registrar immediately communicated a copy of the fifth Request
to the Government of Azerbaijan, in accordance with Article 73, paragraph
2, of the Rules of Court. He also notified the Secretary-General of the
United Nations of the filing of that Request by Armenia.
18. By letters dated 2 October 2023, the Registrar informed the Parties
that the Court had fixed 12 October 2023 as the date for the oral proceedings
on the fifth Request.
19. By a letter dated 2 October 2023, Azerbaijan provided an “initial
response” with respect to the fifth Request. It stated in particular that, on
19 September 2023, Azerbaijan had “commenced local counter-terrorism
measures in its sovereign territory to respond to an acute security threat in
Garabagh” and that these measures were aimed exclusively at Armenian
military targets and ended a day later, with the assurance of a complete
ceasefire when Armenian military formations agreed to disband and disarm.
It added that, shortly after the operation, the President of Azerbaijan made
clear that the residents of Garabagh of Armenian ethnic origin were welcome
in Azerbaijan and enjoyed the same rights as other Azerbaijani
citizens.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 624
8) L’Azerbaïdjan ne doit modifier ni détruire aucun monument à la
mémoire du génocide arménien de 1915 ni aucun autre monument
ou bien ou site culturel arménien présent dans le Haut-Karabakh.
9) L’Azerbaïdjan doit reconnaître les registres d’état civil, documents
d’identité, titres de propriété et registres fonciers établis par les
autorités du Haut-Karabakh et leur donner effet, et ne doit pas
détruire ni confisquer ces registres et documents.
10) L’Azerbaïdjan doit soumettre à la Cour un rapport sur l’ensemble
des mesures qu’il aura prises pour exécuter l’ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires dans un délai d’un mois à compter
de la date de celle-ci, puis tous les trois mois jusqu’à ce que la Cour
ait statué définitivement en l’affaire. »
16. L’Arménie prie également la Cour
« de réaffirmer les obligations qu’elle a déjà faites à l’Azerbaïdjan dans ses
ordonnances antérieures, à savoir “[p]rotéger contre les voies de fait et les
sévices toutes les personnes arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui
sont toujours en détention et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité
devant la loi”, “[p]rendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher et
punir les actes de dégradation et de profanation du patrimoine culturel
arménien, notamment, mais pas seulement, les églises et autres lieux de
culte, monuments, sites, cimetières et artefacts”, “prendre toutes les mesures
dont [il] dispose afin d’assurer la circulation sans entrave des personnes, des
véhicules et des marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux
sens”, et “s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend
dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile” ».
17. Le greffier a immédiatement transmis copie de la cinquième demande
au Gouvernement de l’Azerbaïdjan, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article
73 du Règlement de la Cour. Il a également informé le Secrétaire général
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt par l’Arménie de cette demande.
18. Par lettres en date du 2 octobre 2023, le greffier a informé les Parties
que la Cour avait fixé au 12 octobre 2023 la date de la procédure orale sur la
cinquième demande.
19. Par lettre en date du 2 octobre 2023, l’Azerbaïdjan a apporté une « première
réponse » à la cinquième demande. Il expliquait en particulier que, le
19 septembre 2023, il avait « engagé des mesures locales de lutte contre le
terrorisme sur son territoire souverain afin de répondre à une grave menace
pour la sécurité au Garabagh », précisant que ces mesures visaient exclusivement
des cibles militaires arméniennes et qu’il y avait mis fin le lendemain,
en donnant l’assurance d’instaurer un cessez-le-feu complet lorsque les formations
militaires arméniennes auraient accepté de se dissoudre et de
désarmer. L’Azerbaïdjan ajoutait que, peu après cette opération, le président
de la République avait dit clairement que les habitants d’origine ethnique
arménienne du Garabagh étaient les bienvenus en Azerbaïdjan et qu’ils
jouissaient des mêmes droits que les autres ressortissants du pays.
625 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
20. At the public hearing on 12 October 2023, oral observations on the
fifth Request were presented by:
On behalf of Armenia: HE Mr Yeghishe Kirakosyan,
Mr Lawrence H. Martin,
Mr Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Ms Alison Macdonald,
Mr Sean Murphy,
Mr Pierre d’Argent.
On behalf of Azerbaijan: HE Mr Elnur Mammadov,
Mr Rodney Dixon,
Mr Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr Stefan Talmon.
21. Following its oral observations, Armenia asked the Court to indicate
the provisional measures as set out below:
“(1) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any measures which might
entail breaches of its obligations under the CERD’;
(2) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking any actions directly or indirectly
aimed at or having the effect of displacing the remaining ethnic
Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, or preventing the safe and
expeditious return to their homes of persons displaced in the course
of the recent military attack including those who have fled to Armenia
or third States, while permitting those who wish to leave
Nagorno-Karabakh to do so without any hindrance’;
(3) ‘Azerbaijan shall withdraw all military and law-enforcement personnel
from all civilian establishments in Nagorno-Karabakh
occupied as a result of its armed attack on 19 September 2023’;
(4) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment
on, the access of the United Nations and its specialized
agencies to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall
not interfere with their activities in any way’;
(5) ‘Azerbaijan shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment
on, the ability of the International Committee of the Red Cross
to provide humanitarian aid to the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-
Karabakh, and shall cooperate with the International Committee of
the Red Cross to address the other consequences of the recent
conflict’;
(6) ‘Azerbaijan shall immediately facilitate the full restoration of public
utilities, including gas and electricity, to Nagorno-Karabakh, and
shall refrain from disrupting them in the future’;
(7) ‘Azerbaijan shall refrain from taking punitive actions against the
current or former political representatives or military personnel of
Nagorno-Karabakh’;
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 625
20. À l’audience publique du 12 octobre 2023, des observations orales sur
la cinquième demande ont été présentées par :
Au nom de l’Arménie : S. Exc. M. Yeghishe Kirakosyan,
M. Lawrence H. Martin,
M. Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Mme Alison Macdonald,
M. Sean Murphy,
M. Pierre d’Argent.
Au nom de l’Azerbaïdjan : S. Exc. M. Elnur Mammadov,
M. Rodney Dixon,
M. Samuel Wordsworth,
M. Stefan Talmon.
21. Au terme de ses plaidoiries, l’Arménie a prié la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« 1) L’Azerbaïdjan doit s’abstenir de prendre toute mesure qui pourrait
emporter manquement aux obligations qu’il tient de la CIEDR.
2) L’Azerbaïdjan doit s’abstenir de tout acte ayant directement ou indirectement
pour but ou pour effet de déplacer du Haut-Karabakh les
personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne qui s’y trouvent encore, ou
d’empêcher le retour sûr et rapide dans leurs foyers des personnes
déplacées pendant la récente offensive militaire, notamment celles
qui ont fui vers l’Arménie ou des États tiers, tout en permettant à
celles qui le souhaitent de quitter le Haut-Karabakh sans entrave.
3) L’Azerbaïdjan doit retirer tous les personnels militaires et policiers
de tous les établissements civils du Haut-Karabakh occupés depuis
son attaque armée du 19 septembre 2023.
4) L’Azerbaïdjan doit faciliter, et s’abstenir d’entraver d’une quelconque
façon, l’accès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et de ses institutions
spécialisées à la population d’origine ethnique arménienne du
Haut-Karabakh, et s’abstenir de s’ingérer d’une quelconque façon
dans leurs activités.
5) L’Azerbaïdjan doit faciliter, et s’abstenir d’entraver d’une quelconque
façon, l’intervention du Comité international de la Croix-
Rouge pour fournir une aide humanitaire aux personnes d’origine
ethnique arménienne du Haut-Karabakh, et coopérer avec ce comité
pour remédier aux autres conséquences du récent conflit.
6) L’Azerbaïdjan doit immédiatement faciliter le rétablissement complet
des services publics dans le Haut-Karabakh, notamment l’approvisionnement
en gaz et en électricité, et s’abstenir de les suspendre à l’avenir.
7) L’Azerbaïdjan doit s’abstenir de prendre des mesures punitives contre
toute personne qui est actuellement, ou a été par le passé, un représentant
politique ou un membre des forces armées du Haut-Karabakh.
626 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
(8) ‘Azerbaijan shall not alter or destroy any monument commemorating
the 1915 Armenian genocide or any other monument or
Armenian cultural artefact or site present in Nagorno-Karabakh’;
(9) ‘Azerbaijan shall recognize and give effect to civil registers, identity
documents and property titles and registers established by the
authorities of Nagorno-Karabakh, and shall not destroy or confiscate
such registers and documents’;
(10) ‘Azerbaijan shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken
to give effect to this Order within one month, as from the date of this
Order, and thereafter every three months, until a final decision on
the case is rendered by the Court’.
Armenia further requests that the Court reaffirm Azerbaijan’s obligations
under the Court’s existing Orders.”
22. At the end of its oral observations, Azerbaijan made the following
request:
“In accordance with Article 60 (2) of the Rules of Court, for the reasons
explained during these hearings, the Republic of Azerbaijan respectfully
asks the Court to reject the request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted by the Republic of Armenia.”
* * *
I. Introduction
23. The Court has set out, in its previous Orders on Armenia’s requests for
the indication of provisional measures, the general background and context
of the dispute. Armenia and Azerbaijan, both of which were Republics of the
former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, declared independence on
21 September 1991 and 18 October 1991, respectively. In the Soviet Union,
the Nagorno-Karabakh region had been an autonomous entity (“oblast”) that
had a majority Armenian ethnic population, lying within the territory of the
Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic. The Parties’ competing claims over
that region resulted in hostilities that ended with a ceasefire in May 1994.
Further hostilities erupted in September 2020. On 9 November 2020, the
President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the Republic
of Armenia, and the President of the Russian Federation signed a statement
referred to by the Parties as the “Trilateral Statement”. Under the terms of
this statement, as of 10 November 2020, “[a] complete ceasefire and termination
of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict [was]
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 626
8) L’Azerbaïdjan ne doit modifier ni détruire aucun monument à la
mémoire du génocide arménien de 1915 ni aucun autre monument
ou bien ou site culturel arménien présent dans le Haut-Karabakh.
9) L’Azerbaïdjan doit reconnaître les registres d’état civil, documents
d’identité, titres de propriété et registres fonciers établis par les
autorités du Haut-Karabakh et leur donner effet, et ne doit pas
détruire ni confisquer ces registres et documents.
10) L’Azerbaïdjan doit soumettre à la Cour un rapport sur l’ensemble
des mesures qu’il aura prises pour exécuter l’ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires dans un délai d’un mois à compter
de la date de celle-ci, puis tous les trois mois jusqu’à ce que la Cour
ait statué définitivement en l’affaire.
L’Arménie prie également la Cour de réaffirmer les obligations faites à
l’Azerbaïdjan dans les ordonnances qu’elle a rendues précédemment. »
22. Au terme de ses plaidoiries, l’Azerbaïdjan a formulé la demande
suivante :
« Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 60 du Règlement de la
Cour, pour les raisons exposées au cours des présentes audiences, la
République d’Azerbaïdjan prie respectueusement la Cour de rejeter la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires de la République
d’Arménie. »
* * *
I. Introduction
23. La Cour a exposé, dans les ordonnances qu’elle a rendues précédemment
sur les demandes en indication de mesures conservatoires de l’Arménie,
le contexte historique et général du différend. L’Arménie et l’Azerbaïdjan,
deux Républiques de l’ex-Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques, ont
accédé à l’indépendance le 21 septembre et le 18 octobre 1991 respectivement.
Dans l’Union soviétique, la région du Haut-Karabakh était une entité
autonome (« oblast ») dont la population était en majorité d’origine ethnique
arménienne, et qui était enclavée dans le territoire de la République socialiste
soviétique d’Azerbaïdjan. Les revendications concurrentes des Parties sur
cette région ont donné lieu à des hostilités qui ont pris fin avec la signature
d’un cessez-le-feu en mai 1994. De nouvelles hostilités ont éclaté en septembre
2020. Le 9 novembre 2020, le président de l’Azerbaïdjan, le premier
ministre de l’Arménie et le président de la Fédération de Russie ont signé
une déclaration dite « trilatérale », par laquelle étaient décrétés, à compter du
10 novembre 2020, « [u]n cessez-le-feu complet et la cessation de toutes les
627 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
declared” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 367,
para. 13).
24. Notwithstanding the ceasefire declared in the “Trilateral Statement”,
the situation between the Parties remained unstable and hostilities again
erupted in September 2022, leading to the detention of persons whom Armenia
described as its service members (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Request for the Modification of the Order Indicating
Provisional Measures of 7 December 2021, Order of 12 October 2022,
I.C.J. Reports 2022 (II), pp. 582-583 para. 18).
25. Beginning on 12 December 2022, the connection between the area that
Armenia calls Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan calls Garabagh, and
Armenia via the Lachin Corridor (the route connecting Nagorno-Karabakh
and Armenia) was disrupted. As the Court found in its Order of 22 February
2023, information available to it at that time indicated that the disruption
caused impediments to the transfer of persons of Armenian national or
ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in
Armenia for urgent medical care, as well as hindrances to the importation
into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential goods, leading to shortages of food,
medicine and other life-saving medical supplies (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February
2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (I), p. 27, para. 54; Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Request for the Modification of the Order of
22 February 2023 Indicating a Provisional Measure, Order of 6 July 2023,
I.C.J. Reports 2023 (II), pp. 409-410, paras. 26 and 28).
26. On 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan commenced what it calls “local
counter-terrorism measures in its sovereign territory to respond to an acute
security threat in Garabagh”. In the ensuing days, according to United
Nations reports, more than 100,000 persons of Armenian national or ethnic
origin fled Nagorno-Karabakh for Armenia.
II. General Observations
27. Pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, a decision
concerning provisional measures may be modified if, in the Court’s opinion,
“some change in the situation justifies” doing so. According to Article 75,
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 627
hostilités dans la zone de conflit du Haut-Karabakh » (Application de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 367, par. 13).
24. Nonobstant le cessez-le-feu instauré par la « déclaration trilatérale », la
situation entre les Parties est demeurée instable et en septembre 2022 ont
éclaté de nouveau des hostilités, au cours desquelles ont été détenues des
personnes qui, selon l’Arménie, étaient des militaires arméniens (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), demande tendant à la
modification de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du
7 décembre 2021, ordonnance du 12 octobre 2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (II),
p. 582-583, par. 18).
25. À partir du 12 décembre 2022, la liaison entre la zone que l’Arménie
appelle le Haut-Karabakh, et l’Azerbaïdjan le Garabagh, et l’Arménie via le
corridor de Latchine (la route reliant la première à la seconde) a subi des perturbations.
Comme la Cour l’a constaté dans son ordonnance du 22 février
2023, les informations dont elle disposait alors indiquaient que ces perturbations
faisaient obstacle au transfert, vers des établissements médicaux en
Arménie, des personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne hospitalisées
au Haut-Karabakh qui avaient besoin de soins urgents, ainsi qu’à
l’importation de produits de première nécessité au Haut-Karabakh, ce qui
provoquait des pénuries de nourriture, de médicaments et d’autres fournitures
médicales vitales (Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 22 février 2023,
C.I.J. Recueil 2023 (I), p. 27, par. 54 ; Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), demande tendant à la modification de l’ordonnance
du 22 février 2023 indiquant une mesure conservatoire, ordonnance
du 6 juillet 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023 (II), p. 409-410, par. 26 et 28).
26. Le 19 septembre 2023, l’Azerbaïdjan a déclenché ce qu’il appelle des
« mesures locales de lutte contre le terrorisme sur son territoire souverain
afin de répondre à une grave menace pour la sécurité au Garabagh ». Dans
les jours qui ont suivi, selon des rapports de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
plus de 100 000 personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne ont
fui le Haut-Karabakh pour l’Arménie.
II. Observations générales
27. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de son Règlement, la
Cour peut modifier une décision concernant des mesures conservatoires si
« un changement dans la situation lui paraît [le] justifier ». Aux termes du
628 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, “[t]he rejection of a request for the
indication of provisional measures shall not prevent the party which made
it from making a fresh request in the same case based on new facts”. The
same applies when additional provisional measures are requested (Application
of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)),
Provisional Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports
1993, p. 337, para. 22). It is therefore for the Court to satisfy itself that the
fifth Request by Armenia is based upon “new circumstances such as to
justify [it] being examined” (ibid.).
28. The Court notes that, in its fifth Request, Armenia makes allegations
of a forced displacement of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin
following a military assault against them by Azerbaijan (see paragraph 14
above). The Court recalls that Armenia’s first Request related to the treatment
by Azerbaijan of Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other
detainees in its custody who were taken captive during the September-
November 2020 hostilities and in their aftermath; to the alleged incitement
and promotion by Azerbaijan of racial hatred and discrimination targeted at
persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin; and to the alleged harm
caused by Azerbaijan to Armenian historic, cultural and religious heritage.
In its third Request, Armenia referred to the alleged blockade by Azerbaijan,
as of 12 December 2022, of the Lachin Corridor.
29. In light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the circumstances
underlying Armenia’s present Request differ from those on the basis of
which the Court indicated provisional measures on 7 December 2021 and
22 February 2023. It follows that there are new circumstances that justify the
examination of Armenia’s fifth Request.
III. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
30. The Court recalls that, in its Order of 7 December 2021 indicating provisional
measures in the present case, it concluded that “prima facie, it has
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 22 of CERD to entertain the case to the
extent that the dispute between the Parties relates to the ‘interpretation or
application’ of the Convention” (Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports
2021, p. 375, para. 43). It reiterated this conclusion in its Order of 22 February
2023 (ibid., Order of 22 February 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (I), p. 20,
para. 26). The Court sees no reason to revisit this conclusion for the purposes
of the present Request.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 628
paragraphe 3 de l’article 75 du Règlement, « [l]e rejet d’une demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires n’empêche pas la partie qui l’avait
introduite de présenter en la même affaire une nouvelle demande fondée sur
des faits nouveaux ». Il en est de même lorsque des mesures additionnelles
sont sollicitées (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie
(Serbie-et-Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 septembre
1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 337, par. 22). Il appartient donc à la Cour
de s’assurer que la cinquième demande de l’Arménie est fondée sur des « circonstances
nouvelles de nature à en justifier l’examen » (ibid.).
28. La Cour relève que, dans sa cinquième demande, l’Arménie allègue
que des personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne ont été déplacées
de force à la suite d’une offensive militaire dont elles ont été la cible par
l’Azerbaïdjan (voir ci-dessus le paragraphe 14). Elle rappelle que la première
demande de l’Arménie concernait le traitement réservé par l’Azerbaïdjan
aux prisonniers de guerre, otages et autres détenus arméniens sous sa garde
qui avaient été capturés pendant ou après les hostilités de septembrenovembre
2020, l’incitation et l’encouragement supposés de l’Azerbaïdjan à
la haine et à la discrimination raciales à l’égard des personnes d’origine
nationale ou ethnique arménienne, et le préjudice qu’aurait causé l’Azerbaïdjan
au patrimoine historique, culturel et religieux arménien. Dans sa troisième
demande, l’Arménie se référait au blocage du corridor de Latchine que
l’Azerbaïdjan, selon elle, orchestrait depuis le 12 décembre 2022.
29. Au vu de ce qui précède, la Cour considère que les circonstances qui
sous-tendent la présente demande de l’Arménie sont différentes de celles sur
la base desquelles elle a indiqué des mesures conservatoires le 7 décembre
2021 et le 22 février 2023. Il s’ensuit qu’il existe des circonstances nouvelles
justifiant l’examen de la cinquième demande de l’Arménie.
III. Compétence prima facie
30. La Cour rappelle que, dans son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 portant
indication de mesures conservatoires en la présente affaire, elle a conclu que,
« prima facie, elle a[vait] compétence en vertu de l’article 22 de la CIEDR
pour connaître de l’affaire dans la mesure où le différend opposant les Parties
concerne “l’interprétation ou l’application” de la convention » (Application de
la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 375, par. 43). Elle a
réaffirmé cette conclusion dans son ordonnance du 22 février 2023 (ibid.,
ordonnance du 22 février 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023 (I), p. 20, par. 26) et ne
voit aucune raison d’y revenir aux fins de la présente demande.
629 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
IV. The Rights whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between Such Rights and the Measures Requested
31. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article
41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective rights
claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits. It follows
that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights
which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore,
the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied that the rights
asserted by the party requesting such measures are at least plausible (see, for
example, Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation),
Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I),
pp. 223-224, para. 50).
32. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon
to determine definitively whether the rights which Armenia wishes to see
protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by Armenia
on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible. Moreover,
a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the provisional
measures being requested (Allegations of Genocide under the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March
2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), pp. 223-224, para. 50).
* *
33. Armenia asserts that, by its fifth Request, it seeks the preservation and
protection of a number of rights under Articles 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 of CERD for
the benefit of the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, including those
who have been forced to flee to Armenia; the few who have remained in
Nagorno-Karabakh; and those who have been unlawfully detained by Azerbaijan,
in particular leading political figures. Armenia contends that
Azerbaijan’s large-scale military assault on 19 September 2023, which followed
the “nine-month blockade” of the Lachin Corridor, has resulted in
hundreds of ethnic Armenians being killed; more than 100,000 being forcibly
displaced and continuing to fear for their lives; homes and other civilian
infrastructure being destroyed; cultural sites and monuments being under
direct threat of destruction or desecration; the collapse of the education system;
a complete paralysis of an already severely weakened healthcare
system; and dire shortages of basic necessities. Armenia also asserts that
hate speech is proliferating, with Azerbaijani soldiers being encouraged to
perpetrate violence against Armenians.
34. Armenia contends that the measures taken by Azerbaijan before, during
and after the military assault constitute “ethnic cleansing”, from which
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 629
IV. Droits dont la protection est recherchée et lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées
31. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient de
l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de sa
décision au fond, les droits revendiqués par chacune des parties. Il s’ensuit
que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les
droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait reconnaître à
l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aussi ne peut-elle exercer ce pouvoir que si elle
estime que les droits invoqués par le demandeur sont au moins plausibles
(voir, par exemple, Allégations de génocide au titre de la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Ukraine c. Fédération
de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J.
Recueil 2022 (I), p. 223-224, par. 50).
32. À ce stade de la procédure, cependant, la Cour n’est pas appelée à se
prononcer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que l’Arménie
souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si les droits
que l’Arménie revendique au fond et dont elle sollicite la protection sont
plausibles. En outre, un lien doit exister entre les droits dont la protection est
recherchée et les mesures conservatoires demandées (Allégations de génocide
au titre de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (I), p. 223-224, par. 50).
* *
33. L’Arménie dit solliciter, par sa cinquième demande, la sauvegarde et la
protection d’un certain nombre de droits garantis aux articles 2, 3, 5, 6 et 7
de la CIEDR, au profit des personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne du
Haut-Karabakh, notamment celles qui ont été obligées de fuir en Arménie,
celles — peu nombreuses — qui sont restées au Haut-Karabakh, et celles
que l’Azerbaïdjan détient de manière illicite, en particulier des personnalités
politiques. Elle soutient qu’en conséquence de l’offensive militaire de grande
ampleur lancée par l’Azerbaïdjan le 19 septembre 2023, qui faisait suite au
« blocage depuis neuf mois » du corridor de Latchine, des centaines de personnes
d’origine ethnique arménienne ont été tuées, plus de 100 000 autres
ont été déplacées de force et continuent de craindre pour leur vie, des habitations
et d’autres infrastructures civiles ont été détruites, des monuments et
des sites culturels sont directement menacés de destruction ou de profanation,
le système éducatif s’est effondré, le système de santé, déjà très fragilisé,
est complètement paralysé, et il y a de graves pénuries de produits de première
nécessité. L’Arménie soutient également que les discours de haine se
multiplient, et que les soldats azerbaïdjanais sont encouragés à commettre
des violences contre les Arméniens.
34. L’Arménie affirme que les mesures prises par l’Azerbaïdjan avant, pendant
et après l’offensive militaire constituent un « nettoyage ethnique », dont
630 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
it seeks to protect the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh who, it
argues, have been forced out of the area on plainly racial grounds. With reference
to the Court’s observations about “ethnic cleansing” in paragraph 190
of its Judgment on the merits in Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Serbia and Montenegro), Armenia understands that term to mean
“rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to
remove persons of given groups from the area” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2007 (I), p. 122, para. 190). According to Armenia, “ethnic cleansing” plausibly
implicates every substantive obligation under CERD. Armenia asserts
a “right not to be subjected to ethnic cleansing generally”, as well as “particular
rights under the CERD for which protection is sought individually”
and considers that the rights under CERD which it seeks to protect are necessarily
all plausible. In this respect, it refers to Article 2, paragraph 1,
subparagraphs (a), (b) and (e), Article 2, paragraph 2, Article 3, Article 5 (a),
Article 5 (b), Article 5 (d), subparagraphs (i), (ii) and (vii), Article 5 (e), Article
6 and Article 7 of CERD.
*
35. Azerbaijan states that it is mindful of the Court’s past conclusions in
the present case on plausible rights and fully accepts that to the extent that
any obligations under CERD might be engaged “it has the responsibility,
and now the ability, to ensure protection on its territory” of any applicable
and plausible rights. It contends that it is against this backdrop that the Agent
of Azerbaijan made a series of formal undertakings at the public hearing that
took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023 which, it considers, were
comprehensive in their protection of the alleged rights (see paragraph 61
below).
* *
36. The Court notes that CERD imposes a number of obligations on States
parties with regard to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms
and manifestations. Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD defines racial discrimination
in the following terms:
“[A]ny distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race,
colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or
effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise,
on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the
political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.”
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 630
elle cherche à protéger les personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne du
Haut-Karabakh, lesquelles, selon elle, ont été chassées de force de la région
pour des motifs manifestement raciaux. Se référant aux observations faites
par la Cour au sujet du « nettoyage ethnique » au paragraphe 190 de son arrêt
au fond en l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine
c. Serbie-et-Monténégro), l’Arménie entend cette expression dans le sens de
« rendre une zone ethniquement homogène en utilisant la force ou l’intimidation
pour faire disparaître de la zone en question des personnes appartenant
à des groupes déterminés » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 122, par. 190).
Selon elle, le « nettoyage ethnique » fait plausiblement entrer en jeu chaque
obligation de fond découlant de la CIEDR. L’Arménie revendique un
« droit … de ne pas subir de nettoyage ethnique en général », ainsi que des
« droits particuliers consacrés par la convention pour lesquels une protection
est demandée individuellement », et considère que les droits garantis par la
CIEDR qu’elle cherche à protéger sont nécessairement tous plausibles. Elle
renvoie à cet égard aux alinéas a), b) et e) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2, au
paragraphe 2 de l’article 2, à l’article 3, aux alinéas a), b), d) i), ii) et vii), et e)
de l’article 5, et aux articles 6 et 7 de la CIEDR.
*
35. L’Azerbaïdjan assure qu’il est conscient des conclusions auxquelles la
Cour est déjà parvenue au sujet des droits plausibles dans la présente affaire
et qu’il admet sans réserve qu’il a — pour autant que l’une quelconque des
obligations découlant de la CIEDR entre en jeu — « la responsabilité, et à
présent la capacité, d’assurer la protection sur son territoire » de tout droit
applicable et plausible. C’est dans ce contexte, dit-il, que son agent a pris, à
l’audience qui s’est tenue l’après-midi du 12 octobre 2023, un ensemble d’engagements
formels qui protègent selon lui de manière exhaustive les droits
allégués (voir ci-dessous le paragraphe 61).
* *
36. La Cour note que la CIEDR impose aux États parties un certain
nombre d’obligations en ce qui concerne l’élimination de la discrimination
raciale sous toutes ses formes et dans toutes ses manifestations. Le paragraphe
1 de l’article premier de la convention définit comme suit la
discrimination raciale :
« [T]oute distinction, exclusion, restriction ou préférence fondée sur la
race, la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine nationale ou ethnique, qui a
pour but ou pour effet de détruire ou de compromettre la reconnaissance,
la jouissance ou l’exercice, dans des conditions d’égalité, des droits de
l’homme et des libertés fondamentales dans les domaines politique,
économique, social et culturel ou dans tout autre domaine de la vie
publique. »
631 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
37. In accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Convention, States
parties “condemn racial discrimination and undertake to pursue by all
appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination
in all its forms”. Under Article 5, States parties undertake to
guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or
national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment
of rights listed in that Article, in particular the “right to security of person
and protection by the State against violence or bodily harm”, the “right to
freedom of movement and residence within the border of the State”, the
“right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s country”,
the “right to housing”, the “right to public health, medical care, social
security and social services” and the “right to education”.
38. The Court notes that Articles 2 and 5 of CERD are intended to protect
individuals from racial discrimination. It recalls, as it did in past cases in
which Article 22 of CERD was invoked as the basis of its jurisdiction, that
there is a correlation between respect for individual rights enshrined in the
Convention, the obligations of States parties under CERD and the right of
States parties to seek compliance with those obligations (see, for example,
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 382, para. 57).
39. A State party to CERD may invoke the rights set out in the abovementioned
articles only to the extent that the acts complained of constitute
acts of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of the Convention (see
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 382, para. 58). In the context
of a request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court
examines whether the rights claimed by an applicant are at least plausible.
40. In the fifth Request, Armenia claims that an attack by Azerbaijani
forces on 120,000 persons of Armenian ethnic origin led to a forcible displacement
of tens of thousands of such persons from Nagorno-Karabakh to
Armenia (see paragraph 14 above). Articles 2 and 5 of CERD protect rights
including the right to be free from racial discrimination and the right to
equality before the law in the enjoyment of the right to security of person and
protection by the State against violence or bodily harm, of the right to freedom
of movement and residence within the border of the State, and of the
right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s country.
In light of these rights, the Court finds plausible the right of persons not
to find themselves compelled to flee their place of residence for fear that they
will be targeted because they belong to a protected group under CERD, and
the right of those persons to be guaranteed a safe return.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 631
37. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention, les États
parties « condamnent la discrimination raciale et s’engagent à poursuivre par
tous les moyens appropriés et sans retard une politique tendant à éliminer toute
forme de discrimination raciale ». Conformément à l’article 5, ils s’engagent à
garantir à chacun, sans distinction de race, de couleur ou d’origine nationale
ou ethnique, le droit à l’égalité devant la loi, notamment dans la jouissance des
droits énumérés dans cet article, en particulier le « [d]roit à la sûreté de la personne
et à la protection de l’État contre les voies de fait ou les sévices », le
« [d]roit de circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence à l’intérieur d’un État »,
le « [d]roit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien, et de revenir dans son pays »,
le « [d]roit au logement », le « [d]roit à la santé, aux soins médicaux, à la sécurité
sociale et aux services sociaux » et le « [d]roit à l’éducation ».
38. La Cour note que les articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR visent à protéger les
personnes de la discrimination raciale. Elle rappelle, comme elle l’a déjà fait
par le passé dans d’autres affaires dans lesquelles l’article 22 de la CIEDR
était invoqué pour fonder sa compétence, qu’il existe une corrélation entre le
respect des droits des personnes consacrés par la convention, les obligations
que celle-ci impose aux États parties et le droit qu’ont ces derniers de
demander l’exécution de ces obligations (voir, par exemple, Application de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 382, par. 57).
39. Un État partie à la CIEDR ne peut invoquer les droits énoncés dans les
articles précités que dans la mesure où les actes dont il tire grief sont susceptibles
de constituer des actes de discrimination raciale au sens de l’article
premier de la convention (voir Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021,
C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 382, par. 58). Dans le cas d’une demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, la Cour doit examiner si les droits revendiqués
par un demandeur sont au moins plausibles.
40. Dans la cinquième demande, l’Arménie soutient qu’une attaque des
forces azerbaïdjanaises contre 120 000 personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne
a entraîné un déplacement forcé, du Haut-Karabakh vers l’Arménie,
de dizaines de milliers de ces personnes (voir ci-dessus le paragraphe 14).
Les articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR protègent des droits, notamment le droit de
ne pas subir de discrimination raciale et le droit à l’égalité devant la loi dans
la jouissance du droit à la sûreté de la personne et à la protection de l’État
contre les voies de fait ou les sévices, du droit de circuler librement et
de choisir sa résidence à l’intérieur d’un État, et du droit de quitter tout pays,
y compris le sien, et de revenir dans son pays. À la lumière de ces droits, la
Cour juge plausible le droit des personnes de ne pas se voir obligées de fuir
leur lieu de résidence par crainte d’être prises pour cible en raison de leur
appartenance à un groupe protégé par la CIEDR, et leur droit de se voir
garantir un retour en toute sécurité.
632 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
41. On the basis of the information presented to it, the Court considers
plausible at least some of the rights asserted by Armenia that it claims to
have been violated in the aftermath of the operation commenced by Azerbaijan
in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023.
* *
42. The Court now turns to the condition of the link between the rights
claimed by Armenia and the provisional measures requested.
* *
43. Armenia considers that the provisional measures requested are linked
to the rights whose protection is sought because the measures, if indicated,
would safeguard these very rights. It argues, in particular, that “[s]topping
the ongoing forced exodus of ethnic Armenians and creating the conditions
for their safe return would end the ethnic cleansing and its consolidation”,
which are contrary to the very object and purpose of CERD. It further notes
that refraining from taking punitive actions against the current or former
political representatives or military personnel of Nagorno-Karabakh would
also put an end to a series of flagrant and ongoing breaches of obligations
under Article 5 (b) of CERD relating to the right to security of person and
protection by the State against violence or bodily harm.
*
44. Azerbaijan considers that Armenia has not established any link
between the rights for which it seeks protection and some of the provisional
measures requested. With respect to the requested measure concerning
public utilities, Azerbaijan explains that Armenia has not provided any
evidence for the allegation that Azerbaijan intentionally deprived Garabagh
of its gas supply. Azerbaijan adds that, having restored its sovereignty over
the entire territory of Garabagh, it is in its own interest to secure a continuous
flow of gas and electricity to the region. With regard to the requested
measure concerning punitive actions against political representatives or
military personnel of Garabagh, Azerbaijan contends that Armenia has not
placed before the Court evidence indicating that the so-called political
representatives and military personnel of Garabagh referred to by Armenia
have been arrested and detained by Azerbaijan by reason of their national or
ethnic origin. With respect to the requested measure concerning civil registers,
identity documents and property titles, Azerbaijan states that these
documents are not at imminent risk of confiscation as they have automatically
passed into the custody of Azerbaijan when it regained full control
over Garabagh. In addition, these documents are not at imminent risk of
destruction, according to Azerbaijan, because it is in its own interest to
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 632
41. Au vu des informations qui lui ont été présentées, la Cour considère
comme plausibles au moins certains des droits invoqués par l’Arménie dont
elle dit qu’ils ont été violés à la suite de l’opération déclenchée par l’Azerbaïdjan
au Haut-Karabakh le 19 septembre 2023.
* *
42. La Cour en vient à présent à la condition de l’existence d’un lien entre
les droits revendiqués par l’Arménie et les mesures conservatoires demandées.
* *
43. L’Arménie considère que les mesures conservatoires qu’elle sollicite
ont un lien avec les droits dont la protection est recherchée car elles permettraient,
si elles étaient indiquées, de sauvegarder précisément ces droits.
L’Arménie avance en particulier que « [m]ettre fin à l’exode forcé des personnes
d’origine ethnique arménienne et réunir les conditions pour leur
retour en toute sécurité mettrait fin au nettoyage ethnique et à sa consolidation
», actes qui vont à l’encontre de l’objet et du but même de la CIEDR. Elle
ajoute que s’abstenir de prendre des mesures punitives contre toute personne
qui est ou a été par le passé un représentant politique ou un membre des
forces armées du Haut-Karabakh mettrait également fin à une série de manquements
flagrants et continus aux obligations énoncées à l’alinéa b) de
l’article 5 de la CIEDR, relatif au droit à la sûreté de la personne et à la protection
de l’État contre les voies de fait ou les sévices.
*
44. L’Azerbaïdjan considère que l’Arménie n’a pas établi l’existence d’un
quelconque lien entre les droits dont elle recherche la protection et certaines
des mesures conservatoires qu’elle sollicite. En ce qui concerne la mesure
demandée au sujet des services publics, il explique que l’Arménie n’a pas
produit le moindre élément de preuve à l’appui du reproche qu’elle lui fait
d’avoir intentionnellement privé le Garabagh de gaz. L’Azerbaïdjan ajoute
que, ayant rétabli sa souveraineté sur la totalité du territoire du Garabagh, il
est dans son propre intérêt d’assurer à la région un approvisionnement
continu en gaz et en électricité. En ce qui concerne la mesure demandée relativement
à des actions punitives visant les représentants politiques ou les
membres des forces armées du Garabagh, l’Azerbaïdjan affirme que l’Arménie
n’a produit devant la Cour aucun élément montrant que l’un quelconque
de ces supposés représentants politiques et membres des forces armées auxquels
il est fait référence ait été arrêté et placé en détention par l’Azerbaïdjan
au motif de son origine nationale ou ethnique. S’agissant de la mesure
demandée au sujet des registres d’état civil, documents d’identité et titres de
propriété, l’Azerbaïdjan dit que ces documents ne courent aucun risque
imminent de confiscation puisqu’ils sont passés automatiquement sous sa
garde lorsqu’il a repris entièrement le contrôle du Garabagh. En outre, selon
633 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
protect and preserve them, “including potentially as evidence for proceedings
establishing title to property, criminal prosecutions, or to establish
Armenia’s responsibility for its violations of international law with regard
to Garabagh”. With respect to Armenia’s request that Azerbaijan recognize
and give effect to these documents, Azerbaijan contends that such an order
would “run counter to the well-established rule of international law that a
returning sovereign is not bound in any way by the acts of the occupant”.
* *
45. The Court considers that a link exists between the rights claimed by
Armenia that are plausible under CERD (see paragraph 41 above) and certain
measures requested by Armenia. In particular, a link exists between
those rights and the measure directing Azerbaijan to prevent the displacement
of the remaining persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin from
Nagorno-Karabakh, to ensure the right of those persons displaced to a
safe return to their homes, and to permit those who wish to leave Nagorno-
Karabakh to do so without any hindrance. The Court also considers that a
link exists between those rights and the requested measure with respect to
civil registers, identity documents and property titles and registers (see
paragraphs 15 and 21 above).
46. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between certain rights
claimed by Armenia and some of the requested provisional measures.
V. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
47. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate
provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to
rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard
of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (see, for example,
Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation),
Provisional Measures, Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I),
p. 226, para. 65).
48. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will
be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and
imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights claimed
before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met
when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can “occur at any
moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the case (Allegations of
Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 633
lui, ces documents ne sont pas non plus exposés à un risque imminent de
destruction, car il est dans son propre intérêt de les protéger et de les préserver,
« y compris comme éléments de preuve potentiels dans des procédures
visant à établir un titre de propriété ou des poursuites pénales, ou pour établir
la responsabilité de l’Arménie dans les violations du droit international
commises au Garabagh ». À propos de la demande de l’Arménie qui voudrait
qu’il reconnaisse ces documents et leur donne effet, l’Azerbaïdjan affirme
qu’une telle injonction « irait contre la règle bien établie en droit international
qui veut qu’un souverain reprenant le pouvoir n’est lié d’aucune manière
par les actes de l’occupant ».
* *
45. La Cour considère qu’un lien existe entre les droits revendiqués par
l’Arménie qui sont plausibles au regard de la CIEDR (voir ci-dessus le paragraphe
41) et certaines mesures demandées par celle-ci. En particulier, un
lien existe entre ces droits et la mesure qui consiste à enjoindre à l’Azerbaïdjan
d’empêcher le déplacement du Haut-Karabakh des personnes d’origine
nationale ou ethnique arménienne qui s’y trouvent encore, de garantir à celles
qui ont été déplacées le droit de regagner leurs foyers en toute sécurité, et de
permettre à celles qui le souhaitent de quitter le Haut-Karabakh sans entrave.
La Cour estime également qu’un lien existe entre ces droits et la mesure
demandée relative aux registres d’état civil, documents d’identité, titres de
propriété et registres fonciers (voir ci-dessus les paragraphes 15 et 21).
46. La Cour conclut, par conséquent, qu’il existe un lien entre certains
droits revendiqués par l’Arménie et certaines des mesures conservatoires
demandées.
V. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence
47. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’un préjudice irréparable risque d’être causé
aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire ou lorsque la méconnaissance
alléguée de ces droits risque d’entraîner des conséquences irréparables
(voir, par exemple, Allégations de génocide au titre de la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Ukraine c. Fédération
de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J.
Recueil 2022 (I), p. 226, par. 65).
48. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires n’est toutefois
exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et
imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits revendiqués
avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive. La condition d’urgence est
remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice irréparable
peuvent « intervenir à tout moment » avant que la Cour ne se prononce de
manière définitive en l’affaire (Allégations de génocide au titre de la conven634
application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 227, para. 66). The Court
must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings.
49. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the
fifth Request, to establish the existence of breaches of obligations under
CERD, but to determine whether the circumstances require the indication of
provisional measures for the protection of rights under this instrument. It
cannot at this stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each
Party to submit arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the
Court’s decision on the fifth Request.
* *
50. Armenia submits that Azerbaijan’s conduct has already caused irreparable
prejudice to the rights that it seeks to protect under Articles 2, 3, 5, 6 and
7 of CERD. In this regard, it observes that, immediately after Azerbaijan’s
military assault on 19 September 2023, hundreds of ethnic Armenians were
killed or injured; tens of thousands of ethnic Armenians were internally displaced
within Nagorno-Karabakh and separated from their families;
thousands of ethnic Armenians were forced to sleep in basements, on the
streets or in makeshift shelters, without access to food, medicine, gas or
other basic necessities; homes and other civilian infrastructure were damaged
or destroyed; schools and other education facilities were forced to close
as a result of disruptions to the supply of gas and electricity; and there have
been dire shortages of food and other basic necessities, including medical
care.
51. Armenia further submits that the irreparable prejudice to the rights of
the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh is ongoing. It notes in this
regard that more than 100,000 ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh
have fled to Armenia and now find themselves without a home, struggling to
find a place to live, exhausted, scared and apprehensive about their future
and the future of their homeland. Armenia contends that they have remained
separated from their families and show signs of severe psychological distress.
According to Armenia, for the remaining ethnic Armenian population
of Nagorno-Karabakh, “the threat of further atrocities remains high” due, in
particular, to the proliferation of hate speech towards ethnic Armenians and
to the impossibility to ensure their safety and to prevent them from being
killed, detained or displaced, in violation of CERD. Armenia contends, in
addition, that cultural sites and monuments have fallen under Azerbaijan’s
control and are thus under direct threat of destruction or desecration. Armenia
maintains that the process of ethnic cleansing is being consolidated day
by day and that this poses an imminent risk of irreparable harm to the full
range of CERD rights to which the ethnic Armenian population of
Nagorno-Karabakh is entitled.
*
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 634
tion pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Ukraine
c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars
2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (I), p. 227, par. 66). La Cour doit donc rechercher
si pareil risque existe à ce stade de la procédure.
49. La Cour n’a pas, aux fins de sa décision sur la cinquième demande, à
établir l’existence de manquements aux obligations découlant de la CIEDR,
mais doit déterminer si les circonstances exigent l’indication de mesures
conservatoires à l’effet de protéger certains droits conférés par cet instrument.
Elle n’est pas habilitée, à ce stade, à conclure de façon définitive sur les
faits, et sa décision relative à la cinquième demande laisse intact le droit de
chacune des Parties de faire valoir à cet égard ses moyens au fond.
* *
50. L’Arménie soutient que le comportement de l’Azerbaïdjan a déjà causé
un préjudice irréparable aux droits qu’elle entend protéger au titre des
articles 2, 3, 5, 6 et 7 de la CIEDR. À cet égard, elle relève que, aussitôt après
l’offensive militaire menée par l’Azerbaïdjan le 19 septembre 2023, des centaines
de personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne ont été tuées ou blessées,
des dizaines de milliers ont été déplacées à l’intérieur du Haut-Karabakh et
séparées de leurs familles, et des milliers encore ont été contraintes de dormir
dans des sous-sols, dans la rue ou dans des abris de fortune, sans nourriture
ni médicaments, gaz ou autres produits de première nécessité ; des habitations
et d’autres infrastructures civiles ont été endommagées ou détruites, des écoles
et d’autres établissements d’enseignement ont dû fermer à cause des coupures
de gaz et d’électricité, et il y a eu de graves pénuries de nourriture et d’autres
produits de première nécessité, ainsi que de soins médicaux.
51. L’Arménie soutient également qu’un préjudice irréparable continue
d’être causé aux droits des personnes d’origine ethnique arménienne du
Haut-Karabakh. Elle signale à cet égard que plus de 100 000 d’entre elles ont
fui vers l’Arménie et se retrouvent maintenant sans domicile, peinant à trouver
un endroit où vivre, épuisées, apeurées, inquiètes pour leur avenir et
celui de leur patrie. L’Arménie affirme que les personnes sont séparées de
leurs familles et montrent des signes de détresse psychologique grave. Selon
l’Arménie, pour les habitants d’origine ethnique arménienne qui se trouvent
encore au Haut-Karabakh, « la menace de nouvelles atrocités reste élevée »,
notamment à cause de la multiplication des discours de haine à leur égard et
de l’impossibilité de garantir leur sécurité et d’empêcher qu’ils ne soient
tués, détenus ou déplacés, en violation de la CIEDR. L’Arménie affirme en
outre que les sites et monuments culturels passés sous le contrôle de l’Azerbaïdjan
sont directement menacés de destruction ou de profanation. D’après
elle, le processus de nettoyage ethnique progresse un peu plus chaque jour,
ce qui fait peser un risque imminent de préjudice irréparable sur tous les
droits que la CIEDR garantit à la population d’origine ethnique arménienne
du Haut-Karabakh.
*
635 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
52. Azerbaijan maintains that there is no direct threat to the civilian population
of Garabagh. In particular, it asserts that the Lachin Corridor and the
Hakari Bridge border checkpoint are now fully open for both humanitarian
deliveries and civilian traffic and that food, hygiene products, bedding and
fuel have already been delivered. Azerbaijan further maintains that it has
encouraged Armenian residents to stay in Garabagh. It makes clear that it
has respected the choice of those who have decided to leave and has created
all the necessary conditions for “an orderly transit for those choosing to
leave” and has begun to “prepare for the return of those who wish to return”.
It also asserts that it has guaranteed that Armenian residents of Garabagh
who decided to leave would have a right to return. According to Azerbaijan,
the invocation by the Armenian Prime Minister of what he characterized as
a risk of ethnic cleansing in a speech given two days after the operation on
19 September 2023 led Armenian residents to leave Garabagh en masse.
Azerbaijan states that it has also opened communication channels with the
local representatives of the ethnic Armenian residents of Garabagh and has
met with them on three occasions to address the humanitarian situation,
including the provision of food, fuel, medical emergency and firefighting
services, family reunification, and other humanitarian support.
53. Azerbaijan contends that the series of undertakings that its Agent has
made at the hearings are sufficient to address the alleged risk of irreparable
prejudice (see paragraph 61 below).
* *
54. Having previously determined that at least some of the rights asserted
by Armenia are plausible and that there is a link between those rights and
some of the provisional measures requested, the Court turns to the questions
of whether irreparable prejudice could be caused to those rights and whether
there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable
prejudice will be caused to those rights before the Court gives its final
decision.
55. In this regard, the Court observes that the operation commenced by
Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023 took place in the
context of the long-standing exposure of the population of Nagorno-
Karabakh to a situation of vulnerability and social precariousness. As the
Court has already noted, the residents of this region have been severely
impacted by the long-lasting disruption of the connection between Nagorno-
Karabakh and Armenia via the Lachin Corridor, which has impeded the
transfer of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin hospitalized in
Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care.
There have also been hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh
of essential goods, causing shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 635
52. L’Azerbaïdjan maintient qu’aucune menace directe ne pèse sur la population
civile du Garabagh. Il affirme en particulier que le corridor de Latchine
et le poste de contrôle frontalier du pont de l’Hakari sont maintenant complètement
ouverts à la circulation tant des convois humanitaires que des civils,
et que de la nourriture, des articles d’hygiène, de la literie et du carburant ont
déjà été acheminés. Il affirme également qu’il encourage les habitants arméniens
à rester au Garabagh. Il précise qu’il a respecté le choix de ceux qui
avaient décidé de partir, prenant toutes les dispositions nécessaires pour leur
assurer « un transit ordonné », et commencé à « préparer le retour de ceux qui
voulaient revenir ». Il assure en outre qu’il a garanti un droit au retour aux
habitants arméniens du Garabagh qui ont décidé de partir. Selon lui, c’est
parce que le premier ministre arménien a évoqué ce qu’il a qualifié de risque
de nettoyage ethnique, dans un discours prononcé deux jours après l’opération
du 19 septembre 2023, que les habitants arméniens ont commencé à
quitter le Garabagh en masse. L’Azerbaïdjan dit avoir aussi mis en place une
procédure de communication avec les représentants locaux des habitants
d’origine ethnique arménienne du Garabagh et les avoir rencontrés à trois
occasions pour traiter de la situation humanitaire, notamment de l’approvisionnement
en nourriture et en carburant, de la fourniture de services
médicaux d’urgence et de lutte contre les incendies, de la réunification familiale
et d’autres mesures d’aide humanitaire.
53. L’Azerbaïdjan estime que la série d’engagements pris par son agent à
l’audience suffit à écarter tout risque allégué de préjudice irréparable (voir
ci-dessous le paragraphe 61).
* *
54. Ayant déjà conclu à la plausibilité de certains au moins des droits invoqués
par l’Arménie ainsi qu’à l’existence d’un lien entre ces droits et certaines
des mesures conservatoires demandées, la Cour recherchera à présent si un
préjudice irréparable pourrait être causé à ces droits et s’il y a urgence, c’està-
dire s’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un tel préjudice leur soit causé
avant qu’elle ne rende sa décision définitive.
55. À cet égard, la Cour relève que l’opération déclenchée par l’Azerbaïdjan
le 19 septembre 2023 a eu lieu alors que la population du Haut-Karabakh
se trouvait depuis longtemps dans une situation de vulnérabilité et de précarité
sociale. Comme elle l’a noté précédemment, les perturbations durables
de la liaison entre le Haut-Karabakh et l’Arménie via le corridor de Latchine
ont eu de graves répercussions sur les habitants de la région, empêchant
des patients hospitalisés d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne d’être
transférés vers des établissements médicaux en Arménie pour y recevoir des
soins urgents. Ces perturbations faisaient également obstacle à l’importation
de produits de première nécessité au Haut-Karabakh, ce qui a provoqué des
pénuries de nourriture, de médicaments et d’autres fournitures médicales
636 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
medical supplies (see Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 22 February 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (I),
p. 27, para. 54).
56. The Court further observes that, according to United Nations reports,
more than 100,000 persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin have found
themselves compelled to leave their place of residence and reach the
Armenian border since the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in
Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023, after which Azerbaijan regained
full control over Nagorno-Karabakh. The Court considers that persons of
Armenian national or ethnic origin who are present in Nagorno-Karabakh
and those who have left the region remain vulnerable.
57. With respect to the persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin who
are still residing in Nagorno-Karabakh, the Court recalls its previous statement
that irreparable prejudice can be caused to the right to equality before
the law in the enjoyment of the right to freedom of movement and residence
within a State’s borders when the persons concerned are exposed to privation,
hardship, anguish and even danger to life and health (Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 396, para. 142). The Court
has also considered that “a prejudice can be considered as irreparable when
individuals are subject to temporary or potentially ongoing separation from
their families and suffer from psychological distress”; or when students are
prevented from pursuing their studies (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 431, para. 69).
58. The Court has recognized that individuals forced to leave their own
place of residence without the possibility of return could be subject to a serious
risk of irreparable prejudice (Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v.
United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J.
Reports 2018 (II), p. 431, para. 69). The Court is of the view that similar considerations
apply to the persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin who
found themselves compelled to flee their place of residence for fear that they
will be targeted because they belong to a protected group under CERD.
59. In view of the relationship between the rights of individuals identified
above and the rights of States parties to the Convention (see paragraph 38
above), it follows that there is also a risk of irreparable prejudice to the
rights asserted by the Applicant.
60. In light of the considerations set out above, the Court concludes that
disregard for the rights deemed plausible by the Court (see paragraph 41
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 636
vitales (voir Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 22 février 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023 (I),
p. 27, par. 54).
56. La Cour note en outre que, selon des rapports de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, plus de 100 000 personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique
arménienne se sont vues obligées de quitter leur lieu de résidence et de
gagner la frontière arménienne depuis l’opération que l’Azerbaïdjan a
déclenchée au Haut-Karabakh le 19 septembre 2023, après laquelle il a
repris entièrement le contrôle de ce territoire. Elle est d’avis que les personnes
d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne qui se trouvent au
Haut-Karabakh et celles qui en sont parties demeurent vulnérables.
57. S’agissant des personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne
qui habitent toujours au Haut-Karabakh, la Cour rappelle, comme elle l’a
relevé par le passé, qu’un préjudice irréparable peut être causé au droit à
l’égalité devant la loi dans la jouissance du droit de circuler librement et de
choisir sa résidence à l’intérieur d’un État dès lors que les personnes concernées
sont exposées à des privations, à un sort pénible et angoissant et même
à des dangers pour leur vie et leur santé (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
15 octobre 2008, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 396, par. 142). La Cour a également
estimé qu’un « préjudice peut être considéré comme irréparable lorsqu’il
touche des personnes séparées de leur famille, de manière temporaire ou
potentiellement continue, qui, de ce fait, endurent une souffrance psychologique
», ou lorsqu’il touche des étudiants qui ne peuvent poursuivre
leurs études (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Émirats arabes
unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J.
Recueil 2018 (II), p. 431, par. 69).
58. La Cour a dit que les personnes contraintes de quitter leur lieu de résidence
sans possibilité de retour peuvent courir un risque grave de préjudice
irréparable (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Émirats arabes
unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J.
Recueil 2018 (II), p. 431, par. 69). La Cour estime que les mêmes considérations
valent pour les personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne
qui se voient obligées de fuir leur lieu de résidence par crainte d’être prises
pour cible en raison de leur appartenance à un groupe protégé par la CIEDR.
59. Au vu de la relation entre les droits des personnes désignées précédemment
et les droits des États parties à la convention (voir ci-dessus le
paragraphe 38), il s’ensuit qu’un préjudice irréparable risque également
d’être causé aux droits invoqués par la demanderesse.
60. Au vu des considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que la méconnaissance
des droits qu’elle a jugés plausibles (voir ci-dessus le paragraphe 41)
637 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
above) could cause irreparable prejudice to those rights and that there is
urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable
prejudice will be caused before the Court makes a final decision in the case.
61. The above conclusions regarding the risk of irreparable prejudice and
urgency must be considered in light of the formal undertakings made by the
Agent of Azerbaijan on behalf of his Government at the public hearing that
took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023:
“(a) Azerbaijan undertakes to do all in its power to ensure, without distinction
as to national or ethnic origin:
(a) The security of residents in Garabagh including their safety and
humanitarian needs, including through:
(i) the provision of food, medicines and other essential supplies
to Garabagh;
(ii) providing access to available medical treatment; and
(iii) maintaining the supply of public utilities, including gas
and electricity;
(b) The right of the residents of Garabagh to freedom of movement
and residence, including the safe and prompt return of those residents
that choose to return to their homes, and the safe and
unimpeded departure of any resident wishing to leave Garabagh;
and
(c) The protection of the property of persons who have left Garabagh.
(b) Azerbaijan also undertakes to facilitate:
(a) the access and activities of the ICRC, with whom Azerbaijan
undertakes to co-operate in order to ensure the provision of
humanitarian aid in Garabagh; and
(b) inspections of the United Nations such that it is able to make visits
to Garabagh to advise on measures to address humanitarian,
socio-economic, and other needs in Garabagh;
(c) Azerbaijan undertakes to protect, and not to damage or destroy, cultural
monuments, artefacts and sites in Garabagh; and finally
(d) Azerbaijan undertakes to protect and not to destroy registration,
identity and/or private property documents and records found in
Garabagh.”
62. The Court recalls that unilateral declarations can give rise to legal
obligations and that interested States may take cognizance of unilateral
declarations and place confidence in them, and are entitled to require that
the obligation thus created be respected (see Nuclear Tests (Australia v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 268, para. 46; Nuclear Tests (New
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 637
pourrait causer un préjudice irréparable à ces droits et qu’il y a urgence,
c’est-à-dire qu’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un tel préjudice soit
causé avant qu’elle ne se prononce de manière définitive en l’affaire.
61. Ces conclusions relatives au risque de préjudice irréparable et au
caractère d’urgence doivent être considérées à la lumière des engagements
formels pris par l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan, au nom de son gouvernement, à
l’audience publique tenue l’après-midi du 12 octobre 2023, à savoir :
« a) L’Azerbaïdjan s’engage à faire tout ce qui est en son pouvoir pour
garantir, sans distinction fondée sur l’origine ethnique ou nationale :
a) la sécurité des habitants au Garabagh, y compris en veillant à la
sûreté de leur personne et en subvenant à leurs besoins humanitaires,
notamment par :
i) l’approvisionnement du Garabagh en denrées alimentaires,
médicaments et autres produits de première nécessité ;
ii) l’accès aux soins médicaux disponibles ; et
iii) le maintien des services publics, notamment l’approvisionnement
en gaz et en électricité ;
b) le droit des habitants du Garabagh de circuler librement et de
choisir leur lieu de résidence, y compris en permettant le retour
sûr et rapide de ceux qui choisissent de regagner leur foyer, et le
départ sûr et sans obstacle de tous ceux qui veulent quitter le
Garabagh ;
c) la protection des biens des personnes qui ont quitté le Garabagh.
b) L’Azerbaïdjan s’engage également à faciliter :
a) l’accès du CICR, ainsi que les activités du comité, avec lequel
l’Azerbaïdjan s’engage à coopérer pour que l’aide humanitaire
parvienne au Garabagh ; et
b) les inspections effectuées par l’ONU, de sorte que l’Organisation
puisse se rendre au Garabagh afin de faire des recommandations
sur les mesures à prendre pour pourvoir aux besoins humanitaires,
socio-économiques et autres dans cette région ;
c) L’Azerbaïdjan s’engage à protéger et à ne pas endommager ou
détruire les monuments, artefacts et sites culturels au Garabagh ; et
d) L’Azerbaïdjan s’engage à protéger et à ne pas détruire les documents
et registres liés à l’enregistrement, à l’identité, et/ou à la propriété
privée qui se trouvent au Garabagh. »
62. La Cour rappelle que les déclarations unilatérales peuvent créer des
obligations juridiques et que les États intéressés peuvent tenir compte des
déclarations unilatérales et tabler sur elles ; ils sont fondés à exiger que l’obligation
ainsi créée soit respectée (voir Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 268, par. 46 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle638
application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J Reports 1974, p. 473, para. 49). The
Court further recalls that, “[o]nce a State has made such a commitment concerning
its conduct, its good faith in complying with that commitment is to
be presumed” (Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain
Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 158, para. 44). The Court
notes that the undertakings of the Agent of Azerbaijan, which were made
publicly before the Court and formulated in a detailed manner, are aimed at
addressing the situation of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin in
Nagorno-Karabakh following the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in
this region on 19 September 2023. The Court is of the view that the undertakings
made by the Agent of Azerbaijan on behalf of his Government are
binding and create legal obligations for Azerbaijan.
63. The Court observes that many of Azerbaijan’s undertakings address
the concerns expressed by Armenia in the fifth Request, although the undertakings
do not correspond in all respects to the measures requested by
Armenia. This is the case in particular for Armenia’s requested measure
regarding the situation of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin in
Nagorno-Karabakh who do not wish to leave Nagorno-Karabakh but may
feel compelled to do so if “actions directly or indirectly aimed at or having
the effect of displacing the remaining ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-
Karabakh” were to be taken.
64. In the view of the Court, the undertakings made by the Agent of
Azerbaijan at the public hearing on the afternoon of 12 October 2023 contribute
towards mitigating the imminent risk of irreparable prejudice
resulting from the operation commenced by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-
Karabakh on 19 September 2023 but do not remove the risk entirely (see
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 22 February 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (I), p. 28, para. 56).
65. In light of the above, the Court finds that, even taking into account
the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan on behalf of his Government
at the public hearing on the afternoon of 12 October 2023,
irreparable prejudice could be caused to the rights invoked by Armenia and
there is still urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk of
irreparable prejudice to those rights before the Court gives its final
decision.
VI. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted
66. The Court concludes from all of the above considerations that the conditions
for the indication of provisional measures are met. It is therefore
necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court to indicate certain measures
in order to protect the rights claimed by Armenia, as identified above
(see paragraph 41).
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 638
Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 473, par. 49). Elle rappelle
également que, « [d]ès lors qu’un État a pris un tel engagement quant à son
comportement, il doit être présumé qu’il s’y conformera de bonne foi »
(Questions concernant la saisie et la détention de certains documents et
données (Timor-Leste c. Australie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
3 mars 2014, C.I.J. Recueil 2014, p. 158, par. 44). La Cour note que les engagements
de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan, qui ont été pris publiquement devant
elle, et formulés de manière détaillée, visent à remédier à la situation dans
laquelle se trouvent les personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne
au Haut-Karabakh depuis l’opération déclenchée par l’Azerbaïdjan
dans la région le 19 septembre 2023. Elle est d’avis que les engagements pris
par l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan au nom de son gouvernement sont contraignants
et créent des obligations juridiques à la charge de cet État.
63. La Cour constate que nombre des engagements de l’Azerbaïdjan
répondent aux préoccupations exprimées par l’Arménie dans la cinquième
demande, bien qu’ils ne correspondent pas à tous égards aux mesures sollicitées.
Il en va ainsi notamment pour la demande de l’Arménie concernant la
situation des personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne qui se
trouvent au Haut-Karabakh et ne souhaitent pas en partir mais qui pourraient
se sentir obligées de le faire si des « acte[s] ayant directement ou indirectement
pour but ou pour effet de déplacer du Haut-Karabakh les personnes
d’origine ethnique arménienne qui s’y trouvent encore » étaient commis.
64. De l’avis de la Cour, les engagements pris par l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan
à l’audience publique tenue l’après-midi du 12 octobre 2023 contribuent à
atténuer le risque imminent de préjudice irréparable résultant de l’opération
déclenchée par l’Azerbaïdjan au Haut-Karabakh le 19 septembre 2023, mais
ne l’écartent pas totalement (voir Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 22 février
2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023 (I), p. 28, par. 56).
65. À la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que, même compte tenu
des engagements pris par l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan au nom de son gouvernement
à l’audience publique tenue l’après-midi du 12 octobre 2023, un
préjudice irréparable pourrait être causé aux droits invoqués par l’Arménie
et l’urgence persiste, c’est-à-dire qu’il existe un risque réel et imminent
qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé à ces droits avant que la Cour ne rende
sa décision définitive.
VI. Conclusion et mesures à adopter
66. La Cour conclut de l’ensemble des considérations qui précèdent que les
conditions requises pour l’indication de mesures conservatoires sont réunies.
Il y a donc lieu pour elle d’indiquer, dans l’attente de sa décision
définitive, certaines mesures visant à protéger les droits revendiqués par
l’Arménie, tels qu’ils sont exposés ci-dessus (voir le paragraphe 41).
639 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
67. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a request
for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that are, in
whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The Court has
already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (see Allegations
of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 229, para. 79).
68. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional
measures requested by Armenia and the circumstances of the case, the Court
finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to those
requested.
69. The Court concludes that, with regard to the situation described above,
pending the final decision in the case, Azerbaijan must, in accordance with
its obligations under CERD, (i) ensure that persons who have left Nagorno-
Karabakh after 19 September 2023 and who wish to return to Nagorno-
Karabakh are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious manner;
(ii) ensure that persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September
2023 and who wish to depart are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded
and expeditious manner; and (iii) ensure that persons who remained in
Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 or returned to Nagorno-
Karabakh and who wish to stay are free from the use of force or intimidation
that may cause them to flee.
70. The Court also recalls Azerbaijan’s undertaking “to protect and not to
destroy registration, identity and/or private property documents and records
found in Garabagh”. In this regard, the Court considers it necessary for
Azerbaijan also to have due regard in its administrative and legislative practices
to such documents and records that concern the persons identified in
paragraph 69 above.
71. In view of the specific provisional measures it has decided to indicate,
and in light of the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan at the public
hearing that took place on the afternoon of 12 October 2023 (see
paragraph 61 above), the Court considers that Azerbaijan must submit a
report to the Court on the steps taken to give effect to the provisional measures
indicated and to the undertakings made by the Agent of Azerbaijan
within eight weeks, as from the date of this Order. The report so provided
shall then be communicated to Armenia, which shall be given the opportunity
to submit to the Court its comments thereon.
* * *
72. The Court reaffirms the provisional measures indicated in its Orders
of 7 December 2021 and 22 February 2023. It also reaffirms its statements in
those Orders that its orders on provisional measures under Article 41 of the
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 639
67. La Cour rappelle que, lorsqu’une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires lui est présentée, elle a le pouvoir, en vertu de son Statut,
d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou partiellement différentes de celles qui
sont sollicitées. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 de son Règlement mentionne
expressément ce pouvoir, qu’elle a déjà exercé en plusieurs occasions par le
passé (voir Allégations de génocide au titre de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Ukraine c. Fédération de
Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J.
Recueil 2022 (I), p. 229, par. 79).
68. En la présente espèce, ayant examiné le libellé des mesures conservatoires
sollicitées par l’Arménie ainsi que les circonstances de l’affaire, la
Cour estime que les mesures à indiquer n’ont pas à être identiques à celles
qui sont sollicitées.
69. La Cour conclut que, s’agissant de la situation décrite précédemment,
et en attendant l’arrêt définitif en l’affaire, l’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément
aux obligations qu’il tient de la CIEDR, i) veiller à ce que toute personne qui
aurait quitté le Haut-Karabakh après le 19 septembre 2023 et qui souhaiterait
y retourner soit en mesure de le faire en toute sécurité, librement et rapidement
; ii) veiller à ce que toute personne qui serait restée au Haut-Karabakh
après le 19 septembre 2023 et qui souhaiterait en partir soit en mesure de le
faire en toute sécurité, librement et rapidement ; et iii) veiller à ce que toute
personne qui serait restée au Haut-Karabakh après le 19 septembre 2023 ou
qui y serait retournée et qui souhaiterait y rester ne fasse pas l’objet de
recours à la force ou d’intimidation susceptible de l’inciter à fuir.
70. La Cour rappelle aussi que l’Azerbaïdjan s’est engagé « à protéger et à
ne pas détruire les documents et registres liés à l’enregistrement, à l’identité,
et/ou à la propriété privée qui se trouvent au Garabagh ». À cet égard, elle
considère nécessaire que l’Azerbaïdjan tienne aussi dûment compte dans sa
pratique administrative et législative desdits documents et registres s’agissant
des personnes désignées au paragraphe 69 ci-dessus.
71. Compte tenu de la nature spécifique des mesures conservatoires qu’elle
a décidé d’indiquer, et à la lumière des engagements pris par l’agent de
l’Azerbaïdjan à l’audience publique tenue l’après-midi du 12 octobre 2023
(voir ci-dessus le paragraphe 61), la Cour estime que l’Azerbaïdjan doit lui
présenter un rapport sur les dispositions qu’il aura prises pour donner effet
aux mesures conservatoires indiquées et aux engagements susmentionnés,
dans un délai de huit semaines à compter de la date de la présente ordonnance.
Le rapport ainsi présenté sera communiqué à l’Arménie, qui aura la
possibilité de faire part à la Cour de ses observations à son sujet.
* * *
72. La Cour réaffirme les mesures conservatoires indiquées dans ses
ordonnances du 7 décembre 2021 et du 22 février 2023. Elle réaffirme également
ce qu’elle y a dit, à savoir que ses ordonnances indiquant des mesures
640 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
Statute have binding effect and thus create international legal obligations for
any party to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
* * *
73. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present proceedings
in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to
deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility
of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right
of the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan to submit arguments in
respect of those questions.
* * *
74. For these reasons,
The Court,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
(1) By thirteen votes to two,
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination, (i) ensure that persons who have left Nagorno-Karabakh
after 19 September 2023 and who wish to return to Nagorno-Karabakh are
able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious manner; (ii) ensure that
persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh after 19 September 2023 and
who wish to depart are able to do so in a safe, unimpeded and expeditious
manner; and (iii) ensure that persons who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh
after 19 September 2023 or returned to Nagorno-Karabakh and who wish to
stay are free from the use of force or intimidation that may cause them to
flee;
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Bennouna, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Koroma;
(2) By thirteen votes to two,
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
protect and preserve registration, identity and private property
documents and records that concern the persons identified under subparaapplication
de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 640
conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 du Statut ont un caractère obligatoire et
créent donc des obligations juridiques internationales pour toute partie à
laquelle ces mesures sont adressées.
* * *
73. La Cour réaffirme en outre que la décision rendue en la présente procédure
ne préjuge en rien la question de sa compétence pour connaître du fond
de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la requête ou au
fond lui-même. Cette décision laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements de
l’Arménie et de l’Azerbaïdjan de faire valoir leurs moyens à cet égard.
* * *
74. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
1) Par treize voix contre deux,
La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations qu’elle
tient de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale, i) veiller à ce que toute personne qui aurait quitté le
Haut-Karabakh après le 19 septembre 2023 et qui souhaiterait y retourner
soit en mesure de le faire en toute sécurité, librement et rapidement ; ii) veiller
à ce que toute personne qui serait restée au Haut-Karabakh après le
19 septembre 2023 et qui souhaiterait en partir soit en mesure de le faire en
toute sécurité, librement et rapidement ; et iii) veiller à ce que toute personne
qui serait restée au Haut-Karabakh après le 19 septembre 2023 ou qui y
serait retournée et qui souhaiterait y rester ne fasse pas l’objet de recours à la
force ou d’intimidation susceptible de l’inciter à fuir ;
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Bennouna, Mmes Xue, Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Salam,
Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, M. Brant, juges ; M. Daudet, juge
ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, juge ; M. Koroma, juge ad hoc ;
2) Par treize voix contre deux,
La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations qu’elle
tient de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale, protéger et préserver les documents et registres liés à
l’enregistrement, à l’identité, et à la propriété privée relatifs aux personnes
641 application of the cerd (order 17 XI 23)
graph (1) and have due regard to such documents and records in its
administrative and legislative practices;
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Bennouna, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Koroma;
(3) By thirteen votes to two,
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall submit a report to the Court on the steps
taken to give effect to the provisional measures indicated and to the undertakings
made by the Agent of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on behalf of his
Government, at the public hearing that took place on the afternoon of
12 October 2023, within eight weeks, as from the date of this Order.
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Bennouna, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Koroma.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of November, two thousand
and twenty-three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively.
Judge Yusuf a ppends a d issenting o pinion t o t he O rder o f t he C ourt;
Judge ad hoc Koroma appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the
Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 17 XI 23) 641
désignées au point 1 et en tenir dûment compte dans sa pratique administrative
et législative ;
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Bennouna, Mmes Xue, Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Salam,
Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, M. Brant, juges ; M. Daudet, juge
ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, juge ; M. Koroma, juge ad hoc ;
3) Par treize voix contre deux,
La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit présenter à la Cour un rapport sur les
dispositions qu’elle aura prises pour donner effet aux mesures conservatoires
indiquées ainsi qu’aux engagements pris par son agent, en son nom, lors de
l’audience publique qui s’est tenue l’après-midi du 12 octobre 2023, dans un
délai de huit semaines à compter de la date de la présente ordonnance.
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Bennouna, Mmes Xue, Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Salam,
Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, M. Brant, juges ; M. Daudet, juge
ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, juge ; M. Koroma, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le dix-sept novembre deux mille vingt-trois, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République d’Arménie et
au Gouvernement de la République d’Azerbaïdjan.
M. le juge Yusuf joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ;
M. le juge ad hoc K oroma joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion
dissidente.
(Paraphé) J.E.D.
(Paraphé) Ph.G.
La présidente,
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
Request for the indication of provisional measures
Order of 17 November 2023