Order of 6 July 2023

Document Number
180-20230706-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

6 JULY 2023
ORDER
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
___________
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE (ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
6 JUILLET 2023
ORDONNANCE
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
2023
6 July
General List
No. 180
6 July 2023
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION OF THE ORDER OF 22 FEBRUARY 2023 INDICATING A PROVISIONAL MEASURE
ORDER
Present: President DONOGHUE; Vice-President GEVORGIAN; Judges TOMKA, ABRAHAM, BENNOUNA, YUSUF, XUE, SEBUTINDE, BHANDARI, ROBINSON, SALAM, IWASAWA, NOLTE, CHARLESWORTH, BRANT; Judges ad hoc DAUDET, KOROMA; Registrar GAUTIER.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 76 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September 2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings against the Republic of Azerbaijan
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(hereinafter “Azerbaijan”) concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (also referred to as “CERD”).
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court (the “first Request”).
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of either Party, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. Armenia chose Mr Yves Daudet and Azerbaijan Mr Kenneth Keith. Following the resignation of Judge ad hoc Keith, Azerbaijan chose Mr Abdul G. Koroma to replace him as judge ad hoc in the case.
4. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021, indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments, landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 392-393, para. 98.)
5. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and 23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. The Memorial was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 (the “second Request”).
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7. By an Order dated 12 October 2022, the Court found that “the circumstances, as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the Court, [were] not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021”. The Court reaffirmed the provisional measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
8. Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication of certain provisional measures set out in its letters of 28 December 2022 and 26 January 2023 (the “third Request”).
9. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 22 February 2023, indicated the following provisional measure:
“The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the case and in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.”
10. On 21 April 2023, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Azerbaijan raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. By an Order of 25 April 2023, the Court, noting that the proceedings on the merits were suspended by virtue of Article 79bis, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, and taking account of Practice Direction V, fixed 21 August 2023 as the time-limit within which Armenia may present a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by Azerbaijan.
11. By a letter dated 12 May 2023 and received in the Registry on 15 May 2023, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of 22 February 2023 (the “fourth Request”). By a communication dated 25 May 2023, Azerbaijan filed its written observations on the fourth Request within the time-limit fixed for that purpose.
12. The Parties subsequently informed the Court, through various letters, of recent developments and provided observations on each other’s respective communications.
*
* *
13. Armenia requests the Court to modify its Order of 22 February 2023 by including an additional provisional measure requiring Azerbaijan to “[w]ithdraw any and all personnel deployed on or along the Lachin Corridor since 23 April 2023 and refrain from deploying any such personnel
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on or along the Lachin Corridor”. In particular, Armenia alleges that, following the Court’s Order of 22 February 2023, Azerbaijan established two checkpoints operated by its armed forces on the Lachin Corridor. Armenia contends that there has been a “drastic” change in the situation which justifies a modification of the said Order and maintains that the general conditions for the indication of provisional measures are also met.
14. In its written observations, Azerbaijan asks the Court to deny Armenia’s fourth Request because there has not been a change in the situation justifying modification of the provisional measure. It asserts that the only checkpoint that it has established is a border checkpoint, the existence and operation of which do not plausibly constitute racial discrimination under CERD. Moreover, Azerbaijan maintains that the measure Armenia seeks is neither urgent nor necessary and that a modification of the Order, if granted, would improperly infringe on Azerbaijan’s sovereign right to police its borders.
* *
15. In order to rule on the fourth Request of Armenia, the Court must determine whether the conditions set forth in Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court have been fulfilled. That paragraph reads as follows:
“At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such revocation or modification.”
16. The Court must therefore first ascertain whether, taking account of the information that the Parties have provided with respect to the current situation, there is reason to conclude that the situation which warranted the indication of a provisional measure in February 2023 has changed since that time. In considering the fourth Request, the Court will take account both of the circumstances that existed when it issued the Order of 22 February 2023 and of the changes that are alleged to have taken place in the situation which gave rise to the indication of a provisional measure. If the Court finds that there was a change in the situation since the delivery of its Order, it will then have to consider whether such a change justifies a modification of the measure previously indicated. Any such modification would only be appropriate if the new situation were, in turn, to require the indication of provisional measures, that is to say, if the general conditions laid down in Article 41 of the Statute of the Court were also met in this instance (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Order of 12 October 2022, para. 12).
17. The Court will therefore begin by determining whether there has been a change in the situation which warranted the measure indicated in its Order of 22 February 2023.
* *
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18. Armenia states that its fourth Request is prompted by the establishment of two military checkpoints by Azerbaijan, one at the beginning of the Lachin Corridor, near the Hakari Bridge, and one further along the Corridor, near the city of Shushi. According to Armenia, the establishment of the former checkpoint constitutes a significant new impediment to the movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor. Armenia contends, in particular, that traffic through that checkpoint has been limited to humanitarian aid delivered by Russian peacekeepers and the International Committee of the Red Cross (hereinafter the “ICRC”), and that, since 29 April 2023, the ICRC has not been able to transport new medical patients from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia to receive treatment. Armenia further contends that the checkpoint near the city of Shushi has been established at the site of the former so-called “protests” by persons whom Azerbaijan described as “eco-activists”. Armenia considers that the only purpose of this checkpoint is to impede free movement, noting that many ethnic Armenians are now cut off not only from Armenia, but also from other parts of Nagorno-Karabakh itself.
19. Armenia argues that the Order of 22 February 2023 was issued in the context of alleged protests by eco-activists blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin Corridor. Armenia notes that these “so-called ‘protests’” have now been suspended and replaced by two checkpoints that Azerbaijan operates and controls. In Armenia’s view, contrary to Azerbaijan’s earlier claims that it did not control the Lachin Corridor, the Respondent now openly admits that it has such control. In Armenia’s view, there has thus been a “drastic change” in the situation that warranted the indication of certain provisional measures in February 2023.
20. Armenia further claims that the general conditions for the indication of provisional measures are met. It observes that the Court has already affirmed that it has prima facie jurisdiction. It also notes that the Court has previously considered plausible at least some of the rights that Armenia claims to have been violated in light of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD through the interruption of movement along the Lachin Corridor. Armenia argues that a link exists between these plausible rights and the requested modified measure set out in its fourth Request. Armenia finally contends that the alleged disruption of movement creates a risk of irreparable prejudice and that there is urgency.
21. In correspondence subsequent to the fourth Request, the Agent of Armenia stated, inter alia, that the traffic along the Lachin Corridor had recently been completely disrupted and that Azerbaijan had imposed a complete ban on any remaining humanitarian traffic through the Lachin Corridor.
*
22. In its written observations, Azerbaijan states that it has “no presence anywhere along the Lachin Road, which remains under the temporary control of the Russian Federation peacekeepers”. The Respondent asserts that it does not operate a checkpoint or maintain any other presence at the former protest site, but acknowledges that it has established a border checkpoint at the beginning of the Lachin Corridor near the Hakari Bridge “to stop the illegal flow of weapons, military equipment, and soldiers into the sovereign territory of Azerbaijan”. According to Azerbaijan, the Lachin Corridor
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has also been used “to smuggle illegally mined minerals from Garabagh into Armenia”. Azerbaijan contends that, for over two years before setting up the checkpoint, it has repeatedly asked the Russian Federation peacekeepers stationed along the Lachin Corridor to conduct inspections of vehicles transiting through the Corridor and to stop the illegal importation of Armenia’s weapons and armed forces into its territory. It states that it has also tried to resolve the issue diplomatically and through direct talks with Armenia. Azerbaijan further contends that the checkpoint is not a military checkpoint, that it is staffed with members of Azerbaijan’s State Border Service, that it operates under Azerbaijan’s Law on the State Border and that it performs routine checks of identity documents and cargo.
23. Azerbaijan maintains that Armenia has failed to prove that the existence and operation of that checkpoint implicate plausible rights under CERD. In its view, the mere establishment of a checkpoint to protect the international borders of a State cannot constitute racial discrimination, and Armenia has not provided evidence that Azerbaijan was operating its checkpoint in a racially discriminatory manner. Azerbaijan also asserts that the requested modification is neither urgent nor necessary, as civilian traffic can travel through the checkpoint without any impediment imposed by Azerbaijan. According to Azerbaijan, since the establishment of that checkpoint, at least 1,927 Armenian residents travelled through it between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan states that the ICRC decided to suspend operations temporarily pending agreement on applicable procedures to be followed at the checkpoint, but resumed operations, including the transfer of seriously ill patients from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, on 17 May 2023. Azerbaijan adds that, as of 25 May 2023, civilian vehicle traffic had resumed but remained subject to restrictions and limitations imposed by Armenia itself. Azerbaijan finally contends that the relief that Armenia seeks improperly impinges on Azerbaijan’s sovereign rights in the sense that it would effectively prevent Azerbaijan from policing and securing its borders.
24. Azerbaijan finally maintains that, on 15 June 2023, Armenian armed forces attacked a group of Azerbaijani border guards and accompanying Russian Federation peacekeeping forces. Azerbaijan states that, as a result, traffic across the checkpoint was temporarily suspended and that the checkpoint was reopened on 24 June 2023 to enable the passage of Armenian residents for medical purposes and to resume transport of medical supplies.
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25. The Court recalls that, on 9 November 2020, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and the President of the Russian Federation signed a statement referred to by the Parties as the “Trilateral Statement”. Under the terms of this statement, the Lachin Corridor, “which will provide a connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia . . . shall remain under the control of the Russian Federation peacemaking forces”. The statement also stipulates that “Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”. The Court further recalls that, in its Order of 22 February 2023, it indicated a measure directing Azerbaijan, pending the final decision in the case and in accordance with its obligations under CERD, to take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions (see paragraph 9 above).
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26. The Court observes that, in its fourth Request, Armenia refers to two checkpoints established by Azerbaijan on the Lachin Corridor. However, Azerbaijan disputes the existence of any checkpoint near the city of Shushi. Moreover, the Agent of Armenia, in correspondence subsequent to the fourth Request, only refers to one checkpoint operated by Azerbaijan and located near the border in the vicinity of the Hakari Bridge.
27. In support of its third Request, Armenia had asserted that disruption of the movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor was caused by “protests” allegedly orchestrated and supported by Azerbaijan. In its 22 February 2023 Order (see paragraph 9 above), the Court observed that traffic along the Lachin Corridor had been disrupted and identified the consequences of that disruption, including the impeding of transfers of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care, as well as hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential goods, causing shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving medical supplies (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Order of 22 February 2023, para. 54).
28. In its fourth Request, Armenia indicates that the “so-called ‘protests’” are no longer taking place. It claims instead that there is, at present, disruption in movement along the Lachin Corridor as a result of the establishment and operation by Azerbaijan of one or more checkpoints. The Court considers that, even if it can be said, in light of these developments, that there has been a change in the situation that existed when the Court issued its 22 February 2023 Order, the fourth Request still concerns allegations of disruption in movement along the Lachin Corridor. The consequences of any such disruption for persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin would be the same as those noted by the Court in the Order of 22 February 2023. Moreover, the measure that the Court imposed in that Order applies without limitation to the cause of the impediment of such movement.
29. In light of the above, the Court concludes that the circumstances to which Armenia refers in its fourth Request do not constitute a change in the situation justifying modification of the Order of 22 February 2023 within the meaning of Article 76 of the Rules of Court.
30. The Court considers that the tenuous situation between the Parties confirms the need for effective implementation of the measure indicated in its Order of 22 February 2023. In these circumstances, the Court finds it necessary to reaffirm the measure indicated in paragraph 67 of the said Order (see paragraph 9 above) and to reaffirm that, in accordance with the Order of 7 December 2021, both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
31. The Court recalls that its “orders on provisional measures under Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
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32. The Court finally underlines that the present Order is without prejudice as to any finding on the merits concerning the Parties’ compliance with its Order of 22 February 2023.
*
* *
33. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
(1) Unanimously,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the Order of 22 February 2023 indicating a provisional measure;
(2) Unanimously,
Reaffirms the provisional measure indicated in its Order of 22 February 2023.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixth day of July, two thousand and twenty-three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. DONOGHUE,
President.
(Signed) Philippe GAUTIER,
Registrar.
___________

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE TENDANT À LA MODIFICATION
DE L’ORDONNANCE DU 22 FÉVRIER 2023
INDIQUANT UNE MESURE CONSERVATOIRE
ORDONNANCE DU 6 JUILLET 2023
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION
OF THE ORDER OF 22 FEBRUARY 2023
INDICATING A PROVISIONAL MEASURE
ORDER OF 6 JULY 2023
2023
© 2024 ICJ/CIJ, United Nations/Nations Unies
All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
printed in france/imprimé en france
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003205-6
e-ISBN 978-92-1-106591-6
Mode officiel de citation :
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan),
demande tendant à la modification de l’ordonnance du 22 février 2023
indiquant une mesure conservatoire, ordonnance du 6 juillet 2023,
C.I.J. Recueil 2023, p. 403
Official citation:
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Request for the Modification of the Order of 22 February 2023
Indicating a Provisional Measure, Order of 6 July 2023,
I.C.J. Reports 2023, p. 403
Sales number
No de vente : 1289
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE TENDANT À LA MODIFICATION
DE L’ORDONNANCE DU 22 FÉVRIER 2023
INDIQUANT UNE MESURE CONSERVATOIRE
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION
OF THE ORDER OF 22 FEBRUARY 2023
INDICATING A PROVISIONAL MEASURE
6 JUILLET 2023
ORDONNANCE
6 JULY 2023
ORDER
403
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
6 July 2023
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION
OF THE ORDER OF 22 FEBRUARY 2023
INDICATING A PROVISIONAL MEASURE
ORDER
Present: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant;
Judges ad hoc Daudet, Koroma, Registrar Gautier.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 76 of the
Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September
2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings
against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”)
2023
6 July
General List
No. 180
403
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2023
6 juillet 2023
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE TENDANT À LA MODIFICATION
DE L’ORDONNANCE DU 22 FÉVRIER 2023
INDIQUANT UNE MESURE CONSERVATOIRE
ORDONNANCE
Présents : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue,
Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa,
Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, M. Brant, juges ; MM. Daudet,
Koroma, juges ad hoc ; M. Gautier, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et l’article 76 de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 16 septembre 2021, la République
d’Arménie (ci-après l’« Arménie ») a introduit contre la République
d’Azerbaïdjan (ci-après l’« Azerbaïdjan ») une instance concernant des
2023
6 juillet
Rôle général
no 180
404 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (also
referred to as “CERD”).
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles
73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court (the “first Request”).
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either Party, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by
Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. Armenia
chose Mr Yves Daudet and Azerbaijan Mr Kenneth Keith. Following the
resignation of Judge ad hoc Keith, Azerbaijan chose Mr Abdul G. Koroma
to replace him as judge ad hoc in the case.
4. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021,
indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations
under the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in
relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure
their security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion
of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials
and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or
ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism
and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including
but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments,
landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate
or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021,
p. 393, para. 98.)
5. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and
23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial
by Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. The Memorial was
filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76
of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of
7 December 2021 (the “second Request”).
7. By an Order dated 12 October 2022, the Court found that “the circumstances,
as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the Court, [were] not such
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 404
violations alléguées de la convention internationale du 21 décembre 1965
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (également
appelée la « CIEDR »).
2. La requête contenait une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires,
présentée au titre de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et des articles 73,
74 et 75 de son Règlement (la « première demande »).
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité de l’une ou
l’autre Partie, chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère l’article 31
du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire.
L’Arménie a désigné M. Yves Daudet et l’Azerbaïdjan, M. Kenneth Keith. À la
suite de la démission du juge ad hoc Keith, l’Azerbaïdjan a désigné M. Abdul
G. Koroma pour le remplacer en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire.
4. La Cour, après avoir entendu les Parties, a indiqué les mesures conservatoires
suivantes dans l’ordonnance qu’elle a rendue le 7 décembre 2021 :
« 1) La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations
que lui impose la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale,
a) Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en
détention et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité devant la loi ;
b) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher l’incitation et
l’encouragement à la haine et à la discrimination raciales, y compris
par ses agents et ses institutions publiques, à l’égard des personnes
d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne ;
c) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher et punir les
actes de dégradation et de profanation du patrimoine culturel arménien,
notamment, mais pas seulement, les églises et autres lieux de
culte, monuments, sites, cimetières et artefacts ;
2) Les deux Parties doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver
ou d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le
règlement plus difficile. » (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, par. 98.)
5. Par ordonnance du 21 janvier 2022, la Cour a fixé au 23 janvier 2023 et
au 23 janvier 2024, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt d’un mémoire par l’Arménie et d’un contre-mémoire par l’Azerbaïdjan.
Le mémoire a été déposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
6. Par lettre en date du 16 septembre 2022, l’Arménie, se référant à
l’article
76 du Règlement de la Cour, a prié celle-ci de modifier son ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 (la « deuxième demande »).
7. Par ordonnance en date du 12 octobre 2022, la Cour a jugé que « les circonstances,
telles qu’elles se présent[ai]ent [alors] à elle, [n’étaie]nt pas de
405 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in
the Order of 7 December 2021”. The Court reaffirmed the provisional measures
indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement
that both Parties refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend
the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
8. Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and Article 73 of the
Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication of certain provisional
measures set out in its letters of 28 December 2022 and 26 January 2023 (the
“third Request”).
9. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 22 February 2023,
indicated the following provisional measure:
“The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the
case and in accordance with its obligations under the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons,
vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.”
10. On 21 April 2023, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79bis,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Azerbaijan raised preliminary objections
to the jurisdiction of the Court. By an Order of 25 April 2023, the Court,
noting that the proceedings on the merits were suspended by virtue of Article
79bis, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, and taking account of Practice
Direction V, fixed 21 August 2023 as the time-limit within which Armenia
may present a written statement of its observations and submissions on the
preliminary objections raised by Azerbaijan.
11. By a letter dated 12 May 2023 and received in the Registry on 15 May
2023, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the
modification of the Court’s Order of 22 February 2023 (the “fourth Request”).
By a communication dated 25 May 2023, Azerbaijan filed its written
observations on the fourth Request within the time-limit fixed for that purpose.
12. The Parties subsequently informed the Court, through various letters,
of recent developments and provided observations on each other’s respective
communications.
* * *
13. Armenia requests the Court to modify its Order of 22 February 2023
by including an additional provisional measure requiring Azerbaijan to
“[w]ithdraw any and all personnel deployed on or along the Lachin Corridor
since 23 April 2023 and refrain from deploying any such personnel on or
along the Lachin Corridor”. In particular, Armenia alleges that, following
the Court’s Order of 22 February 2023, Azerbaijan established two checkpoints
operated by its armed forces on the Lachin Corridor. Armenia
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 405
nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les mesures indiquées
dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ». Elle a réaffirmé les mesures conservatoires
qu’elle avait indiquées dans ladite ordonnance, en particulier celle
enjoignant aux Parties de s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou
d’étendre le différend dont elle était saisie ou d’en rendre le règlement plus
difficile.
8. L’Arménie, se référant à l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et à l’article 73
de son Règlement, a présenté une nouvelle demande tendant à ce que soient
indiquées certaines mesures conservatoires énoncées dans ses lettres du
28 décembre 2022 et du 26 janvier 2023 (la « troisième demande »).
9. La Cour, après avoir entendu les Parties, a indiqué la mesure conservatoire
suivante dans l’ordonnance qu’elle a rendue le 22 février 2023 :
« La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, dans l’attente de la décision finale
en l’affaire et conformément aux obligations qui lui incombent au titre
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale, prendre toutes les mesures dont elle dispose afin
d’assurer la circulation sans entrave des personnes, des véhicules et des
marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens. »
10. Le 21 avril 2023, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79bis
du Règlement de la Cour, l’Azerbaïdjan a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires
d’incompétence de la Cour. Par ordonnance en date du 25 avril 2023,
la Cour, notant que la procédure sur le fond était suspendue en application du
paragraphe 3 de l’article 79bis du Règlement, et compte tenu de l’instruction
de procédure V, a fixé au 21 août 2023 la date d’expiration du délai dans lequel
l’Arménie pourrait présenter un exposé écrit contenant ses observations et
conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par l’Azerbaïdjan.
11. Par lettre en date du 12 mai 2023 et reçue au Greffe le 15 mai 2023,
l’Arménie, se référant à l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour, a demandé
la modification de l’ordonnance rendue par celle-ci le 22 février 2023 (la
« quatrième demande »). Par lettre en date du 25 mai 2023, l’Azerbaïdjan a
déposé ses observations écrites sur la quatrième demande, dans le délai
prescrit à cet effet.
12. Les Parties ont par la suite informé la Cour, par plusieurs lettres, de
développements récents et ont présenté chacune des observations sur les
communications de l’autre Partie.
* * *
13. L’Arménie prie la Cour de modifier son ordonnance du 22 février 2023
en y incluant une mesure conservatoire additionnelle prescrivant à l’Azerbaïdjan
de « procéder au retrait de tout personnel déployé sur le corridor de
Latchine ou le long de celui-ci depuis le 23 avril 2023 et de s’abstenir de
déployer tout personnel sur ce corridor ou le long de celui-ci ». En particulier,
l’Arménie allègue que, à la suite de l’ordonnance rendue par la Cour le
22 février 2023, l’Azerbaïdjan a mis en place deux postes de contrôle tenus
406 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
contends that there has been a “drastic” change in the situation which justifies
a modification of the said Order and maintains that the general conditions
for the indication of provisional measures are also met.
14. In its written observations, Azerbaijan asks the Court to deny Armenia’s
fourth Request because there has not been a change in the situation
justifying modification of the provisional measure. It asserts that the only
checkpoint that it has established is a border checkpoint, the existence and
operation of which do not plausibly constitute racial discrimination under
CERD. Moreover, Azerbaijan maintains that the measure Armenia seeks is
neither urgent nor necessary and that a modification of the Order, if granted,
would improperly infringe on Azerbaijan’s sovereign right to police its borders.
* *
15. In order to rule on the fourth Request of Armenia, the Court must
determine whether the conditions set forth in Article 76, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court have been fulfilled. That paragraph reads as follows:
“At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time
before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision
concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the
situation justifies such revocation or modification.”
16. The Court must therefore first ascertain whether, taking account of the
information that the Parties have provided with respect to the current situation,
there is reason to conclude that the situation which warranted the
indication of a provisional measure in February 2023 has changed since that
time. In considering the fourth Request, the Court will take account both of
the circumstances that existed when it issued the Order of 22 February 2023
and of the changes that are alleged to have taken place in the situation which
gave rise to the indication of a provisional measure. If the Court finds that
there was a change in the situation since the delivery of its Order, it will then
have to consider whether such a change justifies a modification of the measure
previously indicated. Any such modification would only be appropriate
if the new situation were, in turn, to require the indication of provisional
measures, that is to say, if the general conditions laid down in Article 41 of
the Statute of the Court were also met in this instance (Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Request for the Modification of the Order
Indicating Provisional Measures of 7 December 2021, Order of 12 October
2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (II), p. 581, para. 12).
17. The Court will therefore begin by determining whether there has been
a change in the situation which warranted the measure indicated in its
Order of 22 February 2023.
* *
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 406
par ses forces armées sur le corridor de Latchine. Elle soutient qu’il y a eu un
changement « fondamental » dans la situation qui justifie une modification
de ladite ordonnance, et qu’il est satisfait aux conditions générales pour l’indication
de mesures conservatoires.
14. Dans ses observations écrites, l’Azerbaïdjan prie la Cour de rejeter la
quatrième demande de l’Arménie au motif qu’il n’y a pas eu de changement
dans la situation justifiant une modification de la mesure conservatoire. Il fait
valoir que le seul poste de contrôle qu’il a mis en place est un poste de contrôle
frontalier, dont l’existence et le fonctionnement ne constituent pas plausiblement
une discrimination raciale au sens de la CIEDR. Il argue en outre que
la mesure sollicitée par l’Arménie n’est ni urgente ni nécessaire et que, s’il
était fait droit à la demande, une modification de l’ordonnance empiéterait
indûment sur le droit souverain de l’Azerbaïdjan de surveiller ses frontières.
* *
15. Pour statuer sur la quatrième demande de l’Arménie, la Cour doit
déterminer si les conditions énoncées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de son
Règlement sont réunies. Ce paragraphe se lit comme suit :
« À la demande d’une partie ou d’office, la Cour peut, à tout moment
avant l’arrêt définitif en l’affaire, rapporter ou modifier toute décision
concernant des mesures conservatoires si un changement dans la situation
lui paraît justifier que cette décision soit rapportée ou modifiée. »
16. La Cour doit donc d’abord rechercher si, compte tenu des informations
que lui ont fournies les Parties au sujet de la situation actuelle, il y a lieu de
conclure que celle qui avait motivé l’indication d’une mesure conservatoire
en février 2023 a changé. En examinant la quatrième demande, la Cour tiendra
compte à la fois des circonstances qui existaient lorsqu’elle a rendu son
ordonnance du 22 février 2023 et des changements qui seraient intervenus
dans la situation ayant donné lieu à l’indication d’une mesure conservatoire.
Si elle constate qu’il y a eu un changement dans cette situation depuis qu’elle
a rendu son ordonnance, elle devra alors se demander si ce changement justifie
une modification de la mesure qu’elle avait indiquée. Procéder à une telle
modification ne serait approprié que si la situation nouvelle requérait à son
tour l’indication de mesures conservatoires, c’est-à-dire s’il était satisfait,
dans ce cas également, aux conditions générales énoncées à l’article 41 du
Statut de la Cour (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan),
demande tendant à la modification de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures
conservatoires du 7 décembre 2021, ordonnance du 12 octobre 2022, C.I.J.
Recueil 2022 (II), p. 581, par. 12).
17. La Cour commencera donc par déterminer si un changement s’est produit
dans la situation qui a motivé la mesure indiquée dans son ordonnance
du 22 février 2023.
* *
407 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
18. Armenia states that its fourth Request is prompted by the establishment
of two military checkpoints by Azerbaijan, one at the beginning of the
Lachin Corridor, near the Hakari Bridge, and one further along the Corridor,
near the city of Shushi. According to Armenia, the establishment of the
former checkpoint constitutes a significant new impediment to the movement
of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor. Armenia
contends, in particular, that traffic through that checkpoint has been limited
to humanitarian aid delivered by Russian peacekeepers and the International
Committee of the Red Cross (hereinafter the “ICRC”), and that, since
29 April 2023, the ICRC has not been able to transport new medical patients
from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia to receive treatment. Armenia further
contends that the checkpoint near the city of Shushi has been established at
the site of the former so-called “protests” by persons whom Azerbaijan
described as “eco-activists”. Armenia considers that the only purpose of
this checkpoint is to impede free movement, noting that many ethnic Armenians
are now cut off not only from Armenia, but also from other parts of
Nagorno-Karabakh itself.
19. Armenia argues that the Order of 22 February 2023 was issued in the
context of alleged protests by eco-activists blocking uninterrupted free
movement along the Lachin Corridor. Armenia notes that these “so-called
‘protests’” have now been suspended and replaced by two checkpoints that
Azerbaijan operates and controls. In Armenia’s view, contrary to Azerbaijan’s
earlier claims that it did not control the Lachin Corridor, the Respondent
now openly admits that it has such control. In Armenia’s view, there has
thus been a “drastic change” in the situation that warranted the indication of
certain provisional measures in February 2023.
20. Armenia further claims that the general conditions for the indication
of provisional measures are met. It observes that the Court has already
affirmed that it has prima facie jurisdiction. It also notes that the Court has
previously considered plausible at least some of the rights that Armenia
claims to have been violated in light of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD through the
interruption of movement along the Lachin Corridor. Armenia argues that a
link exists between these plausible rights and the requested modified measure
set out in its fourth Request. Armenia finally contends that the alleged
disruption of movement creates a risk of irreparable prejudice and that there
is urgency.
21. In correspondence subsequent to the fourth Request, the Agent of
Armenia stated, inter alia, that the traffic along the Lachin Corridor had
recently been completely disrupted and that Azerbaijan had imposed a
complete ban on any remaining humanitarian traffic through the Lachin
Corridor.
*
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 407
18. L’Arménie affirme que c’est la mise en place par l’Azerbaïdjan de deux
postes de contrôle militaires, l’un, à l’entrée du corridor de Latchine, près du
pont sur l’Hakari, et l’autre, plus loin sur le corridor, à proximité de la ville
de Chouchi, qui l’a incitée à présenter sa quatrième demande. Selon elle,
l’établissement du premier poste de contrôle constitue une nouvelle entrave
importante à la circulation des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises
le long du corridor de Latchine. L’Arménie allègue en particulier que seule
l’aide humanitaire acheminée par le contingent russe de maintien de la paix
et le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (ci-après le « CICR ») peut franchir
ce poste de contrôle et que, depuis le 29 avril 2023, le CICR n’est plus
en mesure de transporter de nouveaux malades du Haut-Karabakh vers l’Arménie
pour qu’ils y reçoivent des soins. Elle soutient par ailleurs que le poste
de contrôle situé à proximité de la ville de Chouchi a été établi à l’endroit
où se déroulaient auparavant les prétendus « actes de protestation » auxquels
se livraient des personnes que l’Azerbaïdjan qualifiait de « militants écologistes
». L’Arménie considère que la seule raison d’être de ce poste de
contrôle est d’entraver la libre circulation, précisant que de nombreuses personnes
d’origine arménienne se trouvent à présent coupées non seulement de
l’Arménie, mais également d’autres parties du Haut-Karabakh lui-même.
19. L’Arménie fait valoir que l’ordonnance du 22 février 2023 a été rendue
dans le contexte de prétendus actes de protestation par des militants écologistes
qui entravaient la circulation libre et ininterrompue le long du corridor
de Latchine. Elle note que ces « prétendus “actes de protestation” » sont
aujourd’hui suspendus et ont cédé la place à deux postes de contrôle tenus et
contrôlés par l’Azerbaïdjan. Selon elle, contrairement à ses allégations antérieures
selon lesquelles il ne contrôlait pas le corridor de Latchine, le défendeur
admet aujourd’hui ouvertement qu’il exerce un tel contrôle. L’Arménie estime
par conséquent qu’il y a eu un « changement fondamental » dans la situation
ayant justifié l’indication de certaines mesures conservatoires en février 2023.
20. L’Arménie soutient en outre qu’il est satisfait aux conditions générales
pour l’indication de mesures conservatoires. Elle relève que la Cour a déjà
affirmé qu’elle avait compétence prima facie. Elle observe aussi que la Cour
a précédemment considéré que certains au moins des droits dont l’Arménie
allègue la violation au regard des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR du fait de l’interruption
de la circulation le long du corridor de Latchine étaient des droits
plausibles. L’Arménie affirme qu’il existe un lien entre ces droits plausibles
et la mesure modifiée sollicitée dans sa quatrième demande. Enfin, elle
argue que la perturbation alléguée de la circulation crée un risque de préjudice
irréparable et qu’il y a urgence.
21. Dans ses communications qui ont suivi la quatrième demande, l’agent
de l’Arménie a notamment déclaré que la circulation le long du corridor de
Latchine avait été totalement interrompue peu de temps auparavant, et que
l’Azerbaïdjan avait complètement interdit la circulation des derniers convois
humanitaires dans le corridor de Latchine.
*
408 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
22. In its written observations, Azerbaijan states that it has “no presence
anywhere along the Lachin Road, which remains under the temporary control
of the Russian Federation peacekeepers”. The Respondent asserts that it
does not operate a checkpoint or maintain any other presence at the former
protest site, but acknowledges that it has established a border checkpoint at
the beginning of the Lachin Corridor near the Hakari Bridge “to stop the
illegal flow of weapons, military equipment, and soldiers into the sovereign
territory of Azerbaijan”. According to Azerbaijan, the Lachin Corridor has
also been used “to smuggle illegally mined minerals from Garabagh into
Armenia”. Azerbaijan contends that, for over two years before setting up the
checkpoint, it has repeatedly asked the Russian Federation peacekeepers
stationed along the Lachin Corridor to conduct inspections of vehicles transiting
through the Corridor and to stop the illegal importation of Armenia’s
weapons and armed forces into its territory. It states that it has also tried to
resolve the issue diplomatically and through direct talks with Armenia. Azerbaijan
further contends that the checkpoint is not a military checkpoint,
that it is staffed with members of Azerbaijan’s State Border Service, that it
operates under Azerbaijan’s Law on the State Border and that it performs
routine checks of identity documents and cargo.
23. Azerbaijan maintains that Armenia has failed to prove that the existence
and operation of that checkpoint implicate plausible rights under
CERD. In its view, the mere establishment of a checkpoint to protect the
international borders of a State cannot constitute racial discrimination, and
Armenia has not provided evidence that Azerbaijan was operating its checkpoint
in a racially discriminatory manner. Azerbaijan also asserts that the
requested modification is neither urgent nor necessary, as civilian traffic can
travel through the checkpoint without any impediment imposed by Azerbaijan.
According to Azerbaijan, since the establishment of that checkpoint, at
least 1,927 Armenian residents travelled through it between Armenia and
Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan states that the ICRC decided to suspend
operations temporarily pending agreement on applicable procedures to be
followed at the checkpoint, but resumed operations, including the transfer of
seriously ill patients from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, on 17 May 2023.
Azerbaijan adds that, as of 25 May 2023, civilian vehicle traffic had resumed
but remained subject to restrictions and limitations imposed by Armenia
itself. Azerbaijan finally contends that the relief that Armenia seeks improperly
impinges on Azerbaijan’s sovereign rights in the sense that it would
effectively prevent Azerbaijan from policing and securing its borders.
24. Azerbaijan finally maintains that, on 15 June 2023, Armenian armed
forces attacked a group of Azerbaijani border guards and accompanying
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 408
22. Dans ses observations écrites, l’Azerbaïdjan affirme qu’il n’est « présent
nulle part le long de la route de Latchine, qui reste sous le contrôle
temporaire des forces russes de maintien de la paix ». Il soutient qu’il n’a établi
aucun poste de contrôle et n’est pas non plus présent de quelque autre
manière à l’endroit où se déroulaient les actes de protestation, mais admet
avoir mis en place un poste de contrôle à l’entrée du corridor de Latchine,
près du pont sur l’Hakari, pour « mettre fin au transfert illégal, vers son territoire
souverain, d’armes, de matériel militaire et de soldats ». Selon
l’Azerbaïdjan, ledit corridor a aussi été utilisé « pour faire entrer en Arménie
des minerais extraits illégalement au Garabagh ». Le défendeur affirme que,
pendant la période de plus de deux ans qui a précédé l’établissement du poste
de contrôle, il a maintes fois demandé au contingent russe de maintien de la
paix stationné le long du corridor de Latchine de procéder à l’inspection des
véhicules empruntant cette voie et de mettre fin à l’entrée illégale d’armes et
de forces armées arméniennes sur son territoire. Il fait valoir qu’il a également
cherché à régler le problème par la voie diplomatique et en engageant
directement le dialogue avec l’Arménie. Selon le défendeur, le poste en question
n’est pas un poste de contrôle militaire, son personnel est composé de
membres du service national des frontières de l’Azerbaïdjan, il est régi par la
loi azerbaïdjanaise sur le contrôle des frontières et le personnel qui y est
affecté procède à des contrôles de routine de documents d’identité et de
marchandises.
23. L’Azerbaïdjan maintient que l’Arménie n’a pas démontré que l’existence
et le fonctionnement de ce poste de contrôle mettaient en cause des
droits plausibles au regard de la CIEDR. Il estime que le simple fait pour
un État d’établir un poste de contrôle pour protéger ses frontières internationales
ne saurait être constitutif de discrimination raciale, et que l’Arménie
n’a présenté aucun élément prouvant qu’il faisait usage du poste en cause
de manière discriminatoire. L’Azerbaïdjan affirme en outre que la modification
demandée n’est ni urgente ni nécessaire, car les civils peuvent passer
le poste de contrôle sans aucune entrave de sa part. Selon lui, depuis la mise
en place de ce poste, au moins 1 927 résidents arméniens l’ont franchi en
circulant entre l’Arménie et le Haut-Karabakh. L’Azerbaïdjan soutient que
le CICR avait décidé de suspendre temporairement ses activités en attendant
que soit trouvé un accord quant aux procédures applicables au niveau
du poste de contrôle, mais qu’il les a reprises, y compris le transfert des
personnes gravement malades du Haut-Karabakh vers l’Arménie, le 17 mai
2023. Il ajoute que, depuis le 25 mai 2023, la circulation des véhicules civils
a repris, mais qu’elle demeure sujette à des restrictions et limitations
imposées par l’Arménie elle-même. L’Azerbaïdjan fait enfin valoir que la
décision sollicitée par l’Arménie empiète indûment sur ses droits souverains
au sens où elle l’empêcherait de fait de surveiller et de sécuriser ses
frontières.
24. L’Azerbaïdjan soutient enfin que, le 15 juin 2023, les forces armées
arméniennes ont attaqué un groupe de gardes-frontières azerbaïdjanais et le
409 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
Russian Federation peacekeeping forces. Azerbaijan states that, as a result,
traffic across the checkpoint was temporarily suspended and that the checkpoint
was reopened on 24 June 2023 to enable the passage of Armenian
residents for medical purposes and to resume transport of medical supplies.
* *
25. The Court recalls that, on 9 November 2020, the President of the
Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and
the President of the Russian Federation signed a statement referred to by
the Parties as the “Trilateral Statement”. Under the terms of this statement,
the Lachin Corridor, “which will provide a connection between Nagorno-
Karabakh and Armenia . . . shall remain under the control of the Russian
Federation peacemaking forces”. The statement also stipulates that “Azerbaijan
shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo moving
along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”. The Court further recalls
that, in its Order of 22 February 2023, it indicated a measure directing
Azerbaijan, pending the final decision in the case and in accordance with its
obligations under CERD, to take all measures at its disposal to ensure
unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin
Corridor in both directions (see paragraph 9 above).
26. The Court observes that, in its fourth Request, Armenia refers to two
checkpoints established by Azerbaijan on the Lachin Corridor. However,
Azerbaijan disputes the existence of any checkpoint near the city of Shushi.
Moreover, the Agent of Armenia, in correspondence subsequent to the
fourth Request, only refers to one checkpoint operated by Azerbaijan and
located near the border in the vicinity of the Hakari Bridge.
27. In support of its third Request, Armenia had asserted that disruption of
the movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor was
caused by “protests” allegedly orchestrated and supported by Azerbaijan.
In its 22 February 2023 Order (see paragraph 9 above), the Court observed
that traffic along the Lachin Corridor had been disrupted and identified the
consequences of that disruption, including the impeding of transfers of
persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-
Karabakh to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care, as well
as hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential goods,
causing shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving medical supplies
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 22 February 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023, p. 27, para. 54).
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 409
contingent russe de maintien de la paix qui les accompagnait. Il déclare que,
en conséquence, la circulation par le poste de contrôle a été temporairement
suspendue, mais que celui-ci a été rouvert le 24 juin 2023 pour permettre le
passage de résidents arméniens pour raisons de santé et la reprise du transport
de fournitures médicales.
* *
25. La Cour rappelle que, le 9 novembre 2020, le président de la République
d’Azerbaïdjan, le premier ministre de la République d’Arménie et le
président de la Fédération de Russie ont signé une déclaration, dite « déclaration
trilatérale » par les Parties. Aux termes de cette déclaration, le corridor
de Latchine, « qui reliera le Haut-Karabakh à l’Arménie …, reste sous le
contrôle du contingent russe de maintien de la paix ». Il y est également stipulé
que « [l]’Azerbaïdjan garantit la sécurité de la circulation des citoyens,
des moyens de transport et des marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine,
dans les deux sens ». La Cour rappelle aussi que, dans son ordonnance du
22 février 2023, elle a indiqué une mesure prescrivant à l’Azerbaïdjan, dans
l’attente de la décision finale en l’affaire et conformément aux obligations qui
lui incombent au titre de la CIEDR, de prendre toutes les mesures dont il dispose
afin d’assurer la circulation sans entrave des personnes, des véhicules
et des marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens (voir
le paragraphe 9 ci-dessus).
26. La Cour observe que, dans sa quatrième demande, l’Arménie se réfère
à deux postes de contrôle mis en place par l’Azerbaïdjan sur le corridor de
Latchine. L’Azerbaïdjan conteste toutefois l’existence d’un quelconque poste
de contrôle près de la ville de Chouchi. De plus, dans ses communications
qui ont suivi la quatrième demande, l’agent de l’Arménie n’a mentionné
qu’un poste de contrôle tenu par l’Azerbaïdjan et situé près de la frontière, à
proximité du pont sur l’Hakari.
27. À l’appui de sa troisième demande, l’Arménie avait affirmé que la perturbation
de la circulation des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises
le long du corridor de Latchine était causée par des « actes de protestation »
prétendument orchestrés et soutenus par l’Azerbaïdjan. Dans son ordonnance
du 22 février 2023 (voir le paragraphe 9 ci-dessus), la Cour a observé que la
circulation le long du corridor de Latchine avait été perturbée et constaté les
conséquences de cette perturbation, qui empêchait les personnes d’origine
nationale ou ethnique arménienne hospitalisées au Haut-Karabakh d’être
transférées vers des établissements médicaux en Arménie pour y recevoir des
soins urgents, et créait des obstacles à l’importation, au Haut-Karabakh, de
produits de première nécessité, ce qui avait provoqué des pénuries de nourriture,
de médicaments et d’autres fournitures médicales vitales (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 22 février 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023, p. 27, par. 54).
410 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
28. In its fourth Request, Armenia indicates that the “so-called ‘protests’”
are no longer taking place. It claims instead that there is, at present, disruption
in movement along the Lachin Corridor as a result of the establishment
and operation by Azerbaijan of one or more checkpoints. The Court considers
that, even if it can be said, in light of these developments, that there
has been a change in the situation that existed when the Court issued its
22 February 2023 Order, the fourth Request still concerns allegations of
disruption in movement along the Lachin Corridor. The consequences of
any such disruption for persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin would
be the same as those noted by the Court in the Order of 22 February 2023.
Moreover, the measure that the Court imposed in that Order applies without
limitation to the cause of the impediment of such movement.
29. In light of the above, the Court concludes that the circumstances to
which Armenia refers in its fourth Request do not constitute a change in the
situation justifying modification of the Order of 22 February 2023 within the
meaning of Article 76 of the Rules of Court.
30. The Court considers that the tenuous situation between the Parties
confirms the need for effective implementation of the measure indicated in
its Order of 22 February 2023. In these circumstances, the Court finds it
necessary to reaffirm the measure indicated in paragraph 67 of the said
Order (see paragraph 9 above) and to reaffirm that, in accordance with
the Order of 7 December 2021, both Parties shall refrain from any action
which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it
more difficult to resolve.
31. The Court recalls that its “orders on provisional measures under Article
41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109)
and thus create international legal obligations for any party to whom the provisional
measures are addressed.
32. The Court finally underlines that the present Order is without prejudice
as to any finding on the merits concerning the Parties’ compliance with
its Order of 22 February 2023.
* * *
33. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) Unanimously,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court,
are not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the Order of
22 February 2023 indicating a provisional measure;
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 410
28. Dans sa quatrième demande, l’Arménie indique que les « prétendus
“actes de protestation” » ont cessé. En revanche, elle affirme que la circulation
le long du corridor de Latchine est actuellement perturbée par la mise en
place par l’Azerbaïdjan d’un ou de plusieurs postes de contrôle et la manière
dont celui-ci les fait fonctionner. La Cour estime que, même si l’on peut
considérer, au vu de ces développements, qu’il y a eu un changement dans la
situation qui prévalait lorsqu’elle a rendu son ordonnance du 22 février 2023,
la quatrième demande concerne toujours des allégations de perturbation de
la circulation le long du corridor de Latchine. Les conséquences de toute
perturbation de cette nature pour les personnes d’origine nationale ou
ethnique arménienne seraient les mêmes que celles que la Cour avait constatées
dans l’ordonnance précitée. De plus, la mesure que la Cour y a prescrite
s’applique quelle que soit la cause de la perturbation de la circulation.
29. À la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que les circonstances
auxquelles se réfère l’Arménie dans sa quatrième demande ne constituent
pas un changement dans la situation justifiant une modification de l’ordonnance
du 22 février 2023 au sens de l’article 76 de son Règlement.
30. La Cour considère que la précarité de la situation entre les Parties
confirme la nécessité d’une mise en oeuvre effective de la mesure indiquée
dans son ordonnance du 22 février 2023. Dans ces conditions, elle juge
nécessaire de réaffirmer la mesure indiquée au paragraphe 67 de ladite
ordonnance (voir le paragraphe 9 ci-dessus) et de réaffirmer que, en application
de son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, les deux Parties doivent
s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend dont
elle est saisie ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile.
31. La Cour rappelle que ses « ordonnances indiquant des mesures conservatoires
au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un caractère obligatoire »
(LaGrand (Allemagne c. États-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001,
p. 506, par. 109) et créent donc des obligations juridiques internationales
pour toute partie à laquelle ces mesures sont adressées.
32. Enfin, la Cour souligne que la présente ordonnance est sans préjudice
de toute décision au fond concernant le respect par les Parties de son ordonnance
du 22 février 2023.
* * *
33. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) À l’unanimité,
Dit que les circonstances, telles qu’elles se présentent aujourd’hui à elle,
ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier l’ordonnance
du 22 février 2023 indiquant une mesure conservatoire ;
411 application of the cerd (order 6 VII 23)
(2) Unanimously,
Reaffirms the provisional measure indicated in its Order of 22 February
2023.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixth day of July, two thousand and twentythree,
in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 6 VII 23) 411
2) À l’unanimité,
Réaffirme la mesure conservatoire indiquée dans son ordonnance du
22 février 2023.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le six juillet deux mille vingt-trois, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République d’Arménie et au Gouvernement
de la République d’Azerbaïdjan.
La présidente,
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
ISBN 978-92-1-003205-6

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the modification of the Order of 22 February 2023 indicating a provisional measure

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 6 July 2023

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