Joint Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
188-20230608-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
JOINT APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS CONCERNING A DISPUTE UNDER THE CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
CANADA AND THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
v.
THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
Filed with the Registry
8 June 2023
JOINT APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice (the “Court”), the undersigned, being duly
authorized by the Government of Canada and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
state as follows:
1. In accordance with Article 36(1) and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice (the “Statute”) and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, we have the honour to submit
this Joint Application (the “Application”) instituting proceedings in the name of Canada and
the Kingdom of the Netherlands (“the Netherlands”) (jointly, the “Applicants”) against the
Syrian Arab Republic (“Syria”). Pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute, the Application is
accompanied by a separate document requesting that the Court indicate provisional
measures to protect the rights invoked herein from imminent and irreparable prejudice.
I. INTRODUCTION
2. Syria has committed countless violations of international law, beginning at least in 2011,
with its violent repression of civilian demonstrations, and continuing as the situation in Syria
devolved into a protracted armed conflict.1 These violations include the use of torture and
other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (“CIDTP”), including through
abhorrent treatment of detainees, inhumane conditions in places of detention, enforced
disappearances, the use of sexual and gender-based violence, and violence against children.
These violations also include the use of chemical weapons which has been a particularly
abhorrent practice to intimidate and punish the civilian population, resulting in numerous
deaths, injuries and severe physical and mental suffering. Syria’s actions, which have
resulted in severe pain and suffering, and the deaths of tens of thousands of people,2 have
been met with widespread condemnation by the international community.
3. This Application concerns the international responsibility of Syria for its gross and systematic
failure to fulfill its obligations regarding the prohibition against torture and other CIDTP, as
well as its other numerous violations of the provisions of the Convention against Torture and
1 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent Intern ational Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, 46th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/46/55 (2021) [COI Report A/HRC/46/55] at para. 5, online:
en t-i nternationa-com ri ission -
au-syMan-aiab (Annex 4).
2 UN Human Rights Council, Civilian Deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic - Report of the United Nations High
Commissionerfar Human Rights, Advance Unedited Version, 50th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/50/68 (2022) at paras.
1 and 20, online: \nwwohch
united-nations-higj. In this report, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights observed that of the 350,209
confirmed civilian deaths in Syria between March 2011 and March 2021, 12,259 of these deaths were as a
result of the “use of objects and other means” (including sexual violence, death in custody, torture,
strangulation, mutilations, beheadings, and hanging), and 1,295 deaths due to the use of chemical, biological,
radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons. This figure does not include any undocumented deaths from torture
or CIDTP. See paras. 1 and 20 (Annex 5).
1
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (the “Convention against
Torture”),3 and the legal consequences flowing therefrom.
4. Syria has consistently denied wrongdoing, despite clear and compelling evidence
demonstrating the sheer magnitude of violations of the Convention against Torture that are
attributable to Syria and that continue to this day.4 Indeed, the United Nations Independent
International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (“CDI”), established by the
United Nations Human Rights Council (“HRC”) to investigate all alleged violations of
international human rights law in Syria since March 2011, has concluded that the Syrian
government has “resorted to arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment, including
through sexual violence, and to involuntary or enforced disappearance to intimidate and
punish perceived political opponents and dissenting civilians and their families.”5
5. Syria has defended its conduct as necessary to combat terrorism. When States defend their
populations from terrorist acts, however, they are obligated to do so in compliance with
international human rights law. Syria has consistently failed in this regard.6 As a peremptory
norm of international law (jus cogens),7 and pursuant to Article 2(2) of the Convention
against Torture,8 torture is prohibited in all circumstances, without derogation. No
exceptional circumstances whatsoever can justify the use of torture.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December
1984, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1465, P. 85 (entered into force 26 June 1987) [Convention against
Torture] online o Lfl i it 1 — L
C(LL or-degrading (Annex 1.1).
The facts relied on by the Applicants have been extensively and meticulously collected and documented by
various bodies of the United Nations and other international inter-governmental organisations, as well as
reputable non-governmental organisations and other credible sources. See, for example, UN Human Rights
Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth special session, 17th Spec. Sess.,
UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011), online:
vohchro ii (Annex6l)as
found in UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Human rights Council on its seventeenth special session, 17th
Spec. Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/S-17/2 (2011), online: nttps;1cH:-1dii
‘L,C1t GrIo D ‘‘u - establishing the Independent
International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (Annex 6.2). See also UN General Assembly,
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 December2016, 71st Sess., UN Doc. A/RES/71/248 (2017),
online n/ :, o c1o’ JJDO ‘- N16/462/0]. ‘ 1’1oJ flI
establishing the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to assist in the investigation and
prosecution of persons responsible for the most serious crimes under international law committed in the
Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011 (Annex 7).
CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 100.
6 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, 46th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/46/54 (2021) [CDI Report A/HRC/46/54] at paras. 22-23, online:
uhi cLz -. port inde. H 1
inquiry-syrian-arab (Annex 8).
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, [20121 ICJ Rep
422 [Belgium v Senegal] at para 99 online uoc L LLrH1 iJLL1 i/ 1
2O12C7?O-JUDCOpf (Annex 2).
Convention against Torture, supra note 3 at Article 2(2), states: “No exceptional circumstances whatsoever,
whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be
invoked as a justification of torture.”
2
6. After nearly a decade of conflict, with shifting control over cities and territory, a ceasefire
was brokered in February 2020, which has largely held to date, in which the Syrian
government regained significant territory.9 Even after this shift in circumstances, Syria
continued to fail to take meaningful measures to remedy its ongoing violations of the
Convention against Torture, including the commission of torture and other CIDTP.
7. A credible political process to resolve the conflict and address these violations remains
lacking.1° In light of the massive scale and ongoing nature of these violations, and the
recognised link between continued impunity for those that have committed human rights
violations in Syria and the continued commission of such violations,’1 the Applicants have
resorted to the dispute settlement procedure as contained in Article 30(1) of the Convention
against Torture. The Applicants seek compliance by Syria with its obligations thereunder,
which are of an erga omnes partes nature, and are thus owed to the Applicants, and indeed
to all States Parties to the Convention against Torture.12
II. JURISDICTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OFJUSTICE
8. The Applicants and Syria are all Members of the United Nations and bound by the Statute,
including Article 36(1), which provides that the jurisdiction of the Court “comprises [...] all
matters specially provided for [...] in treaties and conventions in force.”
The Applicants and Syria are all States Parties to the Convention against Torture. Canada
ratified the Convention against Torture on 24 June 1987, and the Netherlands did so on 21
December 1988.’ Syria acceded to the Convention against Torture on 19 August 2004.14 By
18 September 2004, the Convention had entered into force as between all three parties to
the present dispute.
See, for example, COl Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 19.
10 See, for example, UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry
on the Syrian Arab Republic, 52d Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/52/69 (2023) [COI Report A/HRC/52/69] at para. 6,
online: t-intemaionai
(Annex 9), with reference to UN Security Council, Briefing by Mr Geir
Pedersen, United Nations Special Envoy for Syria, 29 November 2022, at para. 15, online:
29secco Ufl ec!a ;Ifl5 as deIveefpp4f (Annex 10).
UN Security Council, Resolution 2191 (2014), UN Dcc. S/RES/2191 (2014), preamble, page 3, online:
htts:!/documents-cids-n.un.c/cicLNDCC/GEN/N14/7OO/22/PDF/N147OO22.o (Annex
11).
12 Belgium v. Senegal, supra note 7 at para. 69.
13 See Annexes 1.1 and 1.2 for Canada and the Netherlands’ instruments of ratification of the Convention
against Torture.
14 UN Treaty Body Database, Ratification Status for Syrian Arab Republic, online:
3
Conditions for Jurisdiction under Article 30 of the Convention against Torture
10. As States Parties to the Convention against Torture, the Applicants and Syria are all bound by
the dispute resolution process set out in Article 30(1), which states:
Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application
of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation shall, at the request of one
of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for
arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of
those Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in
conformity with the Statute of the Court.
11. Neither Canada, the Netherlands nor Syria has made a reservation under Article 30(2) of the
Convention against Torture, to declare that it does not consider itself bound by Article 30(1).
12. In order to exercise jurisdiction in the present case, the Court must be satisfied that each of
the following requirements has been met: (i) there is a dispute in existence as between each
of the Applicants and Syria; (ii) the dispute could not be settled through negotiations; and
(iii) after a request was made to submit the dispute to arbitration, the parties were unable
to agree to the organisation of arbitration within six months.
(i) The Existence of a Dispute between the Applicants and Syria
13. The Netherlands formally notified Syria that it was requesting negotiations pursuant to
Article 30(1) of the Convention against Torture on 18 September 2020, via Note Verbale,’5
and publicly announced that it had taken this step.’6 The next day, Syria publicly denounced
the Netherlands’ actions.17 Canada formally notified Syria of its request for negotiations
pursuant to Article 30(1) on 3 March 2021,18 also accompanied by a public announcement.’9
The Applicants each took this step due to their disputes with Syria regarding the latter’s
responsibility for its failure to fulfill its obligations under the Convention against Torture. On
12 March 2021, the Applicants announced their joint intention to hold Syria to account for
“ Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Geneva, Switzerland to the
Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic in Geneva Switzerland (18 September 2020) (Annex 3, NV 1); A
full record of the Notes Verbales exchanged between the parties to the dispute may be found in Annex 3 to
this Application.
16 Government of the Netherlands, News Item, “The Netherlands holds Syria responsible for gross human
rights violations (18 September 2020) online . I L
, -S,the
(Annex 12).
‘ Syrian Arab News Agency, “Foreign Ministry: Government of the Netherlands is the last one who has the
right to talk about the Human rights (19 September 2020) online https I/san — =..F (Annex 13)
18 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations and the World Trade
Organization at Geneva to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations at Geneva
(3 March 2021) (Annex 3, NV 6).
‘° Government of Canada, News Release, “Minister of Foreign Affairs takes action on Syria’s human rights
violations” (4 March 2021), online:
(Annex 14).
4
these violations.20
14. Since at least 2011, the Applicants have consistently expressed their profound concern
regarding the human rights situation in Syria, and have repeatedly called on Syria to meet its
international human rights obligations, which include those set out in the Convention
against Torture. In various multilateral settings, including the United Nations Security
Council (“UNSC”), the United Nations General Assembly (“UNGA”), and the HRC, the
Applicants have specifically registered their views2’ and co-sponsored resolutions22
condemning, inter alia, Syria’s use of torture and other CIDTP, including through instances of
sexual and gender-based violence, enforced disappearances, abhorrent treatment of
detainees, inhumane conditions of detention, and other acts committed by Syria to coerce,
punish or terrorize its civilian population. Syria has repeatedly rejected the positions taken
20 Government of the Netherlands, Diplomatic Statement, “Joint statement of Canada and the Kingdom of the
Netherlands regarding their cooperation in holding Syria to account” (12 March 2021), online:
ceri i I. I d‘_ cij iij*jj]Zi
(Annex 15).
21 See, for example, UNSC: Netherlands, Statement by Mr. Van Oosterom (Netherlands), United Nations,
Security Council, 8434th1 Meeting, UN Doc. S/PV.8434, at page 10-11 (Annex 16); UNGA: Canada, Statement by
HE. Ambassador Rishchynski (Canada), Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, General
Assembly, 96tI Plenary Meeting, 66th Sess., UN Doc. A/66/PV.96 (2012) at page 3, online: https://docLlments
d (Annex 17); Canada,
Statement by Ms. Pritchard, United Nations, General Assembly, Summary Record of the 13t1J Meeting, 75th
Sess., UN Doc. A/C.3/75/SR.13 (2021) at page 10 at para. 63, online: ojments-c]cls
/do lUNG 2O/32?’J/PDF/u3 z ) pdf7OpenElement (Annex 18) HRC Canada United
Nations Webcast, 17th Special Session, Human Rights Council (Part 2), UNHRC, 17th Spec. Sess., at timestamp
00:30:40, online: http://medIaun,or /en/isset/k14/kixmda; the Netherlands, United Nations Webcast,
Commission of inquiry on Syria - 15th Meeting 30th Regular Session of Human Rights Council, UNHRC, 30th Reg.
Sess., at timestamp 1:57:04, online:
22 Since 2011, there have been over 50 resolutions related to the human rights situation in Syria adopted by
the UNHRC, and UNGA. See for example: UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council, 16th Spec. Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/S-16/1 (2011), online: httpJ/documentsdds
(Annex 19); UN Human Rights
Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth special session, 17th Spec. Sess.,
UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011), online:
(Annex 6.1) as
found in the UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Human rights Council on its seventeenth special session,
17th Spec. Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/S-17/2 (2011), online: bjos:iLdocumens-dds
(Annex 6.2); UN Human Rights
Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 23 March 2016, 31st Sess., UN Dcc.
A/HRC/RES/31/17 (2016), online: hjj/Lqcwunts-dc1s
n’Lun.orgtcIoc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/O/2/2PDF/G16O7225odPOpenElement (Annex 20); UN General Assembly,
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December2011, 66th Sess., UN Doc. A/RES/66/176 (2012),
online htLps //do ntdcl 7P u /41iL’D38 o-Oj mn
(Annex 21); UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December2014, 69th
Sess., UN Doc. A/RES/69/189 (2015), online: pj//clocumenisdds
(Annex 22); and most recently U N
Human Rights Council, Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, 52 Sess., UN Dcc.
A/HRC/RES/52/30 [A/HRC/52/L.16j, online
n’.ofg/doC/UNDOC/LTD/323/o5O/3/PDF/G23O53,pcir?OoenEement (Annex 23) and UN General
Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 15 December2022, 77th Sess., UN Dcc.
A/RES/77/230 (2023), online: httpj/c1oc!.Iments-dds
ny.unorg/doc/UNDOC/GENl,/l/764/93/PDF/N2276498.pdf?OpenElemen (Annex 24).
5
by the Applicants, and in the context of the UNGA, has consistently voted against the
adoption of related resolutions.23
15. In the context of the HRC, the Applicants have made recommendations to Syria during its
Universal Periodic Reviews held in 2011, 2016, and 2022 respectively, to inter a/ia: cease
torture and other CIDTP related practices, investigate alleged violations, and bring
perpetrators to justice.24 None of the related recommendations were accepted by Syria, but
were rather rejected outright or were noted as “not enjoying the support” of Syria.25
16. On the basis of the above, it is clear that a dispute exists as between the Applicants and Syria
with respect to the interpretation and application of the Convention against Torture.
(ii) Attempts to Settle the Dispute through Negotiation
17. The Applicants have made a genuine attempt to resolve the dispute concerning breaches of
the Convention against Torture by Syria through good faith negotiations. Sixty-six Notes
Verbales have been exchanged between the Applicants and Syria, including substantive
discussions with regard to the dispute and attempts to negotiate its resolution.26 The Notes
Verbales were sent by and to the respective Permanent Missions of the Applicants and Syria
to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland and from the Syrian Embassy in the United
Arab Emirates. The Applicants additionally met in-person with Syria in Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates, on 25 April 2022 and 5-6 October 2022, as part of their efforts to negotiate a
resolution of the dispute.
23 See, for example, UN General Assembly, 89th Plenary Meeting, Monday, 19 December 2011, 66t6 Sess., UN
Doc. A/66/PV.89 (2011) at pages 19-21, 25, online: /cLccum:-dJs
ny un org/doc/UNDO . ) - -2 (Annex 25) UN General Assembly
73rd Plenary Meeting, Thursday, 18 December 2014, 73rd Sess., UN Doc. A/69/PV.73 (2014) at pages 18-19, 23,
online . I 0 /
:ne”:25’•; UN General Assembly, 58th Plenary Meeting, Friday, 9 December2016, 7]Ot Sess., UN Doc.
A/71/PV.58 (2016) at pages 4 and 20-21, online: //ccu
I2Lo UHDOLO.H 1N L’Df-0J u JDn (Annex27) 54th Plenary Meeting
Thursday, 15 December2022, 77th Sess., UN Doc. A/77/PV.54 (2022) at page 25, online: https://documents
c OH /022) 5309. f?OnEJement(An nex 28).
24 UN Human Rights council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review - Syrian Arab
Republic, 19th Sess., UN Doc. HRC/19/11 (2012) [UPR WG A/HRC/19/11] at 22 at para. 104.17, online:
h/oi LsdcL±/InodocUNDOC1CEN iiOZ,3
210233 Oo: (
Annex
29); UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review—Syrian Arab
Republic, 34th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/34/5 (2016) at paras. 110.21, 109.148, 109.167, online:
it //documen clds .o::/c!oc/UNDOC/GEN/0 1:3/441/72.
30); UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review - Syrian Arab
Republic, 5Qti Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/50/6 (2022) at page 17 at para. 133.133 and at page 18 at para. 133.147,
online: h;:r s:/.0c !flliLS-c! n;..ett/doc/UODOC’0EN/G22/ 207/9b/PDF. 2 22:?3792. cIf?c2enen:
(Annex 31).
25 See, for example, UPR WG A/HRC/19/11, ibid. at para. 104.17; UN Human Rights Council, Report of the
Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, Addendum, 34th Sess., UN Doc.
A/HRC/34/5/Add.1 (2017) at 8, online: https://documents-dds
O 0/7 U/iD1)C/GEN/017/035/86/PDF/G1705586.pdf?OpenElemeflt (Annex 32).
26 See Annex 3.
6
18. In an effort to advance substantive discussions of the dispute while the parties were
attempting to agree on a mutually acceptable location for in-person meetings, the
Applicants presented a Statement of Facts and a Statement of Law to Syria in writing on 9
August 2021.27 These documents included a description of the relief sought by the
Applicants. On 30 September 2021, Syria informed the Applicants that it rejected “in toto”
the characterisation of the dispute as its “international responsibility for the recent breaches
of its obligations under the Convention against Torture,” along with the Statement of Facts
and Statement of Law.28 Despite repeated requests by the Applicants, Syria never responded
in writing to the Statement of Facts and the Statement of Law.
19. In the meantime, the Applicants continued to make concerted efforts to meet in-person,
with the parties finally convening on 25 April 2022 in Abu Dhabi. During that meeting, the
Applicants presented statements, once again setting out the dispute and the relief sought.
Modalities for the continuing negotiations were agreed to. A second meeting was convened
on 5-6 October 2022. At that meeting, the Applicants delivered oral presentations of the
documents provided to Syria in writing in August 2021, namely on the facts of the dispute,
the law, and the Applicants’ request for relief, in particular: cessation of violations of the
Convention against Torture, assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, and full
reparation for victims.
20. On the basis of the outcome of two rounds of in-person meetings, and more than two years
of exchanges of Notes Verbales, without any progress towards settling the dispute, the
Applicants were forced to conclude that negotiations had become deadlocked or futile. They
informed Syria of their position by Note Verbale on 17 October 2022.29
(iii) Attempts to Organise Arbitration
21. By Note Verbale dated 7 November 2022, the Applicants formally requested that the dispute
be submitted to arbitration, and enclosed a proposal of elements to form the basis for an
agreement on the organisation of arbitration.3° Syria did not acknowledge or otherwise
respond to the formal request made by the Applicants to refer the dispute to arbitration. In
the three Notes Verbales it has sent since the formal request for arbitration, Syria has not
27 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland and the
Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland to the
Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (9 August 2021)
(Annex 3, NV 13).
28 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations Office and
other International Organizations in Geneva to the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in
Geneva (30 September 2021) (Annex 3, NV 15).
29 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland and the
Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland to the
Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (17 October
2022) (Annex 3, NV 60).
° Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland and the
Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland to the
Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (7 November
2022) (Annex 3, NV 62).
7
acknowledged the Applicants’ request to submit the dispute to arbitration, notwithstanding
subsequent invitations from the Applicants for Syria to provide comments on the proposal
regarding elements for the organisation of arbitration. More than six months have passed
since the Applicants formally requested arbitration, without agreement on the organisation
of arbitration.
Conclusion on Jurisdiction
22. The Applicants have satisfied the conditions set out in Article 30(1) of the Convention
against Torture to establish the jurisdiction of the Court. There is an existing dispute
between the parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention against
Torture, specifically regarding Syria’s numerous and ongoing violations of its obligations
thereunder, and its repeated denials in this regard.
23. Despite lengthy efforts on the part of the Applicants over the course of more than two years,
the dispute could not be settled through negotiation. No agreement was reached on the
organisation of arbitration, and the dispute has not been otherwise resolved in the
meantime.
24. The Court thus has jurisdiction pursuant to Article 36(1) of the Statute and Article 30(1) of
the Convention against Torture to settle the dispute between the Applicants and Syria.
Ill. SUMMARYOFTHEFACTS
25. The use of torture and other CIDTP is entrenched in the Syrian system of detention. Over the
past four decades, suspected opponents of the Syrian government have been subjected to
torture and detention.3’ In its 2010 Concluding Observations to Syria’s initial report under
the Convention against Torture, the United Nations Committee against Torture (“the
Committee”) expressed deep concern about the widespread and routine use of torture by
Syrian officials, in particular in detention facilities.32
26. As of 2011, Syria began employing torture and other CIDTP on a massive scale. Against a
background of unrest across several countries in the Middle East and North Africa,
demonstrations broke out in Syria in February 2011 around economic, social and other
human rights issues, with demands for government reform.33 Syria’s longstanding practices
of arbitrary detention of dissidents and activists were among the main grievances that
inspired the protests, which were accompanied by calls for the release of political
31 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, 171h Spec. Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (2011) {C0I Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1] at para. 17,
online: https://Jocrnents 7O7.aceEemnz
(Annex 33).
32 UN Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under
Article 19 of the Convention, 44t Sess., UN Doc. CAT/C/SYR/C0/1 (2010) at para. 7, online: https://documents
dds ny un c : uDO’/ 63PFoL - (Annex 34)
CDI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6; CDI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 27.
8
prisoners.34 In March 2011, Syrian security forces detained and tortured a group of Syrian
children accused of defacing public buildings with anti-government graffiti in the city of
Dar’a, prompting further peaceful protests in the city.35 After families recovered the
mutilated bodies ofThamirAl Sharee, 14 years of age, and Hamza Ali Al Khateeb, 13 years of
age, detained in April in a separate incident, protests spread across Syria.36
27. The Syrian government responded with widespread arrests during military operations and at
checkpoints,37 and with targeted attacks on demonstrators in many locations.38
Notwithstanding initial announcements of limited reforms in the spring of 2011, the Syrian
government continued its brutal repression of demonstrations and non-violent activists.39
Defections from the military and security forces ensued, fuelling the emergence of armed
opposition groups.4° This situation of unrest in Syria eventually devolved into an armed
conflict.4’
28. Since the spring of 2011, the use of torture and other CIDTP, often in the context of arbitrary
detention, has been a hallmark of the conflict.42 The security and intelligence apparatus,
which includes police forces under the Ministry of the Interior, Syrian Military Intelligence,
Air Force Intelligence, the National Security Bureau, the Political Security Directorate and the
General Intelligence Directorate, is large and effective,43 with central offices in Damascus, as
well as a vast network of regional, city and local facilities within governorates across the
country. The highly consistent use of various methods of torture and other CIDTP —
regardless of location and detaining authority44 — demonstrates the systematic and
widespread nature of the practice,45 which extends from the highest levels of the Syrian
government.46The Syrian government has also engaged pro-government militia and
committees (colloquially known as Shabbiha47) in, inter alia, confronting demonstrators,
CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 5.
CCI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 27.
36 CCI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 62; CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at page
2.
‘ CCI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 3; see also CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1.
38 CCI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 3.
Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Id., at para. 4.
42 CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 1.
‘ CCI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 19.
UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, 21st Sess., UN Doc A/HRC/21/50 (2012) at para. 77 [CCI Report A/HRC/21/50J, online:
50 en.pdf (Annex 35).
‘ Ibid. paras.77-85.
46 See, for example, CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 25, noting that “all parts” of the Syrian
security forces have been involved in Convention against Torture violations, and confirming the systematic
torture and ill-treatment of detainees and involvement of high-ranking officers.
‘ CCI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 20, the CCI explains that: “The militia includes the
Shabbiha, which is composed of an estimated 10,000 civilians, who are armed by the Government and are
widely used to crush anti-Government demonstrations alongside national security forces; and the People’s
Army, a Baath party militia with an estimated 100,000 reservists, designed to provide additional security and
protection in cities in times of war.”
9
establishing checkpoints, capturing members of opposition forces, and transferring them to
branches of the intelligence and security services.48
Treatment of Detainees
29. Since 2011, Syrian officials have frequently detained protesters, both during and
immediately following demonstrations, in addition to other individuals perceived to oppose
the Syrian government, and their family members, often as a result of targeted security or
military operations.49 As the conflict progressed, Syrian forces also engaged in mass arrest
campaigns in areas that they recaptured.5° Individuals have additionally been targeted based
on their ethnicity, cultural background, religion, gender, and sexual orientation.51
30. During security and military operations, and at checkpoints and other points of arrest, as
well as during the transfer to detention facilities, Syrian officials and others acting at their
instigation, or with their consent or acquiescence have committed, and continue to commit,
torture and other CIDTP.5’ Detainees were most often taken to official detention centres and
interrogated by Syrian intelligence and security services. Upon arrival, detainees were
beaten and whipped for an extended period, sometimes hours.53 Those who survived this
treatment continued to be subjected to torture and other CIDTP throughout their detention.
31. In some instances, Syrian officials and others under their control transferred those taken
into custody to unofficial detention centres, including converted military barracks, schools,
stadiums and warehouses, as well as to secret detention locations.54 Sections within military
and civilian hospital facilities were also repurposed for detention, and became notorious for
the torture and other CIDTP inflicted on injured detainees by security officers, and in some
cases, by medical personnel.55
32. The methods of torture used by Syrian officials, and others acting at their instigation, or with
their consent or acquiescence, are both physical and mental, causing severe as well as longterm
consequences, and frequently death.56 The use of at least 20 different methods of
torture by Syrian officials has been extensively documented.57 Reported methods of torture
48 See for example, C0I Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 in particular at paras. 52, 74-86, 96-102.
“ UN Human Rights Council, Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Deaths in Detention in the Syrian Arab Republic, 31st
Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/31/CRP.1 (2016) at para. 18 [CDI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind), online:
oi/LeiL’ui /Euir nRL cl2 Cov 1-siCRPioLpd(Annex
36); CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 15.
° Ibid., CDI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind.
‘ See, for example, CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 15; and UN Human Council, Oral Update of
the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 25th Sess., 18 March 2014 at
para. 27 (Annex 37).
52 Ibid., CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, paras. 15 and 20.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Open Wounds — Torture and ill-treatment
in the Syrian Arab Republic, United Nations, Human Rights (14 April 2014) [DHCHR, Open Wounds) at pages 4-
5 online oLi- — to-i - (Annex 38)
CDI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at paras. 6, 14-16.
UN Human Rights Council, Assault on medical care in Syria, 24th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/24/CRP.2 (2013) at
paras. 33-37, online: 39).
56 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
‘ Ibid.
10
have been consistent across the country.58 They include, inter a/ia, severe beatings and
whippings, including with fists, electric cables, metal and wooden sticks, chains and rifle
butts; administering electric shocks; burning body parts; pulling out nails and teeth; mock
executions; and simulated drownings.59 In many cases, detainees are subjected to multiple
and recurring periods of torture, during which a combination of torture techniques are
deployed.
33. Syrian intelligence and security officials have also used standardised methods of torture and
other CIDTP, which often combine severe beatings with prolonged stress positions or the
use of specific torture devices. These have included: folding detainees into a car tyre
followed by a severe beating (dulab);6° crucifying or suspending detainees from one or two
limbs for prolonged periods and beating them (shabeh);6’ strapping detainees to hinged
wooden boards, the ends of which are brought slowly together, overextending the body and
spine (bisat a! nh or flying carpet);62 and beatings or whippings against the soles of the feet
(falaqa) 63
Conditions of Detention
34. The abhorrent conditions documented across Syria’s system of detention constitute CIDTP
and often amount to torture in and of themselves.64 Prison conditions are similar across
detention facilities, and characterised by severe overcrowding with detainees often forced
to stand and sleep in shifts.65 Some cells are underground,66 leaving victims in near complete
darkness, sometimes for months on end. A 22-year-old student detained at the Air Force
Intelligence Branch in the town of Harasta and held in an overcrowded cell of 12 square
metres, explained:
It was impossible to sleep. We were cramped, the smell was unbearable, and the cell was
infested with insects. We could hardly breathe. There was no ventilation at all; the only small
window of the room was closed all the time. There was a hole in one of the corners of the
cell, which was the toilet. It was disgusting; there was no privacy at all. Imagine 60 persons
using that hole every day. There was no recreation time whatsoever.67
UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, 22nd Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/22/59 (2013) [CCI Report A/HRC/22/591 at para. 16, online:
nir C’fl t fljcfc PL (Annex
40).
CCI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at Annex VIII at para. 8; UN Human Rights Council, Report of the
Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 24t Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/24/46
(2013) at para. 80, online: httos://docurnents-clcls
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/1/164/1O/PDF/G13164iOpdf?OpEIee (Annex 41); CCI Report
A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
60 CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
61 Ibid.
62 CCI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at Annex VIII at para. 9; CCI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at
para. 17.
63 CCI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at Annex VIII at para. 9.
64 CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
CCI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 26.
66 CCI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 96.
67 CHCHR, Open Wounds, supra note 53 at pages 4-5.
11
35. Most detainees are provided with inadequate food and drinking water.68 For extended
periods of time, there is a complete absence of any food at all, leading to dehydration,
malnourishment and sometimes death by starvation.69
36. The risks to the health and lives of detainees imposed by the conditions of detention have
been compounded by the often non-existent or inadequate medical assistance, making
otherwise treatable conditions fatal.7° Detainees died in large numbers from preventable
conditions such as diarrhoea or other infections that spread in unhygienic and overcrowded
cells.71 Overcrowding, lack of adequate sanitation and lice infestations also resulted in the
spread of skin diseases.72 Furthermore, detainees received little to no medical care to treat
wounds sustained during torture and developed severe infections, in some cases eventually
resulting in death.73
Syria’s Use of Torture and other CIDTP to Interrogate, Punish, Intimidate, and Coerce
37. Detainees are routinely subjected to torture and other CIDTP in the course of interrogations.
Syrian officials have interrogated detainees to obtain, amongst other information, details
regarding the organisation of demonstrations and other opposition activities, the reasons for
protesting, as well as the involvement of the detainees or their family members and others
in opposition and armed groups.74 Detainees who are members of the Syrian military forces
or security services are often interrogated regarding plans to defect.75 The information
gathered is then used to identify and to target additional suspects for arrest and detention.76
38. A 60 year-old male, held for three months in different detention centers in the Tartous
Governorate in 2013, including at a Military Intelligence Branch facility, was interrogated
about his alleged involvement in an opposition group and the identity of members of this
group.77 He described his detention conditions as follows:
Every day, celimates were taken for 30 or 45 minutes of interrogation and came back with
their faces bleeding, barely able to walk, and with open wounds that remained untreated
and became infected.78
68 CDI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 96.
69 CDI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 96; UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent
International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 37th Sess., UN Doc A/HRC/25/65 2014 at
para. 52 (Annex 42).
70 CDI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 29.
71 Ibid.
72 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent Intern ational Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, 37th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/37/72 (2018) [CDI Report A/HRC/37/72) at para. 65, online:
LL P I D .2282 pdf2OpenElement (Annex
43).
CDI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 24.
‘ CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 3.
CDI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44, Annex VIII at para. 4.
76 CDI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 86.
‘ DHCHR, Open Wounds, supra note 53 at page 5.
78 Ibid.
12
39. Syria also uses torture and other CIDTP to extract confessions of the detainees’ perceived
opposition activities or to elicit promises to abstain from any future participation therein.79
Detainees have been routinely forced to sign or fingerprint documents they were not able to
read, which often turned out to be written confessions of crimes, sometimes while
blindfolded or handcuffed.8° The extracted confessions have subsequently been used as a
means to justify the detainees’ further detention or, in some cases, convictions.8’
40. Syria perpetrates torture and other CIDTP as a means of punishment, intimidation, and
coercion. Victims have been punished for perceived disloyalty to the Syrian government.
They are intimidated in order to instill fear, with a view to forcing them to refrain from
demonstrations and other opposition-related activities, as well as to discourage others from
doing so.82
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
41. Sexual and gender based violence, including rape, is deployed by Syria as a means of torture
and other CIDTP. It is routinely committed against both male and female detainees,
including children, and often combined with other practices amounting to torture and other
CIDTP.83 Sexual and gender-based violence has been perpetrated by Syrian government
forces and affiliated militia during home raids, military operations, and at checkpoints,84 as
well as by Syrian officials across government-controlled places of detention, where it is used
to extract information, as well as to intimidate, coerce, humiliate and punish.85
42. In detention, women and girls have been routinely subjected to invasive and humiliating
body searches by male guards,88 as well as forced nudity and beatings and electric shocks to
their genitals.87 Women and girls have been routinely raped, with many subjected to
multiple rapes, including gang rapes.88 Men and boys have been subjected to a range of
forms of sexual violence.89 Rape was most commonly perpetrated with objects, including
batons, wooden sticks, pipes, and bottles.9° Electric shocks, beatings targeting genitals, and
genital mutilation are also forms of torture frequently administered.9’
CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 16.
80 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 16.
81 Ibid.; See also UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on
the Syrian Arab Republic, 51st Sess., UN Dcc. A/HRC/51/45 (2022) [CDI Report 51/45] at para. 19, online:
(Annex
44).
82 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 3.
83 Id., supra note 1 at para. 20.
CDI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 106.
85 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 21.
86 UN Human Rights Council, “I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based violence in the Syrian Arab Republic,
37th Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/37/CRP.3 (2018) [CDI, I lost my dignity] at para. 31, online:
o-c org /ueiiu/hIe’DuiIt/jjP3od/r-uc.o i pia HR 37 (Annex 45)
CDI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 50.
87 Id., CDI, I lost my dignity, at paras. 33 and 37.
88 Id., at para. 34.
89 Id., at paras. 43-44.
90 Id., at para. 44; CDI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 50.
91 CDI, I lost my dignity, supra note 86 at paras. 49-50; CDI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 50.
13
43. Outside formal places of detention, it is women and girls that have predominantly been
victims of sexual violence and rape.92 During house raids, family members have been forced
to watch the rape, including gang rape, of female relatives.93 At checkpoints, sexual violence
has most often taken place in nearby buildings, military vehicles or other forms of shelter,
although in some cases women and girls have been raped in front of their male relatives.94
44. Syrian officials have also used sexual and gender-based violence as a means to coerce men
from opposition and armed groups to surrender, in exchange for the release of their
detained relatives.95 Syrian authorities have also threatened to rape detainees in front of
their family members, or to rape their wives and children. As one male detainee at the
Damascus Political Security Branch reported in 2014:
The officer took two girls, held their faces down on the desk, and raped them in turn. The
girls tried to resist but there was nothing they could do. The officer then told me “you see
what I am doing to them, I will do this to your wife and daughter.”96
45. Victims have suffered extreme pain, physical injuries, and mental suffering from sexual and
gender-based violence. In particular, women and girls who have been subjected to repeated
sexual violence, including gang rape, often suffer from haemorrhaging and incontinence,97 as
well as other consequences specifically associated with sexual violence.98 The physical and
mental suffering caused by sexual and gender-based violence is further aggravated by the
nature of the acts, and the ensuing stigmatisation attached to the incidents, affecting the
victims, families and communities.99 Victims accordingly often do not seek required medical
care, or experience substantial barriers to receiving treatment and support.10° They are also
more likely to face additional abuse or harm linked to traditional and cultural practices.’°1
Fear of sexual violence and the anticipated humiliation of being a victim of sexual violence
has been deliberately used as a tool by the Syrian government to extract information,
punish, and humiliate individuals and their families.102
92 Ibid., CDI Report A/HRC/46/54.
CDI, I lost my dignity, supra note 86 at para. 14.
Id., at para. 23.
CDI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 107.
CDI, I lost my dignity, supra note 86 at page 5.
‘ Id., at para. 37.
98 Id., at paras. 27-42.
Id., at paras. 93-102.
°° See, for example, CDI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 19 where the CDI notes that:
“Stigmatization often also prevents survivors of rape from seeking required medical assistance, physical
protection, psychosocial or economic support and redress. It also renders survivors more likely to face
additional abuse or harm linked to traditional and cultural practices.”
101 Ibid.
102 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 21.
14
Children
46. The torture of children was a precipitating factor of the start of the conflict in Syria.’03 As
noted above, the detention and torture of children accused of anti-government graffiti in
Dar’a,’°4 and the subsequent deaths and recovery of the mutilated bodies of Thamir Al
Sharee and Hamza Au Al Khateeb, ignited the initial protests.105
47. Torture and other CIDTP have an increased traumatic effect on children as victims, above
and beyond the mental and physical suffering experienced by adults.’°6 Numerous accounts
from former detainees indicate that children were detained, some younger than 10 years
old, in various locations run by the military and security forces, and that torture was applied
equally to adults and children.’°7 Cases of children as young as 7 years old dying in Syrian
government custody have also been documented.’°8 One defector recollected that:
people had their feet and hands bound with plastic handcuffs. They were beaten mercilessly,
including 10-year-old children. Some children urinated out of fear while they were being
beaten. It was very cruel.’°9
48. Children have witnessed torture and other CIDTP inflicted on family members and have been
forced to inflict torture on other detainees.”0 For example, one witness detained in 2014
and held in the Qamishli Security Branch, described how a 16-year-old boy was forced to
electrocute the genitals of another detainee.m Such incidents exacerbate the mental
distress experienced by children as a consequence of torture and other CIDTP in detention.
Enforced Disappearance
49. Syria has perpetrated enforced disappearances112 on a widespread and massive scale
following the 2011 demonstrations and ensuing conflict, including to spread fear and stifle
dissent, and as punishment.”3 Tens of thousands are missing after having been taken into
103 See, for example, UN Human Rights Council, Summary of the High-Level Panel Discussion on the Situation of
Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Doc. A/HRC/35/15 (2017) at para. 4: “The High Commissioner
[for Human Rights] highlighted that the conflict had begun with the detention and torture by security officials
of a group of children in Daraa who had daubed anti-government graffiti on a school wall” (Annex 46).
104 CDI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add1, supra note 31 at para. 27; and CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1.
‘° CDI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 62.
106 UN Human Rights Council, “They have erased the dreams of my children”: children’s rights in the Syrian Arab
Republic, CDI Conference Room Paper 43 Sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/43/CRP.6 (2020) [CDI, They have erased the
dreams of my children] at para. 53, online:
8CD3CF6E4H:96FF9,7D/a hc 43 cp.6pdI (Annex 47).
107 CDI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 72.
108 CDI, They have erased the dreams of my children, supra note 106 at para. 3.
CDI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 72.
110 CDI, They have erased the dreams of my children, supra note 106 at para. 54.
Ibid.
112 See, for example, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance,
20 December 2006, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 2716, p.3 (entered into force 23 December 2010),
Article 2 (Definition of Enforced Disappearance) (Annex 48).
113 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 18.
15
government custody, and remain forcibly disappeared.114 In a consistent pattern, individuals
were unlawfully detained, and neither they nor their families were informed about where
they would be taken.”5 Individuals have been routinely subjected to incommunicado
detention. These detainees are deprived of contact with the outside world, without the
ability to communicate with anyone, including close relatives.116 These practices place
victims outside the protection of the law.117
50. Enforced disappearance and incommunicado detention often amount to torture and other
CIDTP, and leave disappeared persons in a situation of unique vulnerability when it comes to
their treatment and the conditions of detention. Victims suffer extreme powerlessness and
helplessness, as they are often isolated in undisclosed locations for an undetermined length
of time. The family members of the tens of thousands of missing persons are also victims as
they continue to suffer from a pervasive sense of anguish, distress and uncertainty as to the
whereabouts of their loved ones, or even whether they are still alive.118 The Syrian
government intentionally prolongs the suffering of those families by withholding
information on the fate of their loved ones as a means of both intimidation and
punishment.”°
Syria’s Response to Torture and Other CIDTP
51. The gross, systematic and widespread perpetration of torture and other CIDTP in Syria has
been met with impunity. While Syria’s constitution and criminal laws, including new
legislation adopted in 2022, prohibit all acts of torture or degrading treatment,’2° these laws
are neither enforced, nor implemented in practice. Syria has systematically failed to prevent
or undertake prompt, thorough and impartial investigations of incidents of torture or deaths
in detention.121 Even where visibly ill-treated detainees have appeared before a judge,
courts have consistently failed to order investigations into their cases.122 Moreover,
members of the intelligence services enjoy defacto immunity from prosecution.123
52. Syria has routinely concealed deaths in detention, including as a result of torture and other
CIDTP. Syrian officials have kept meticulous registers of detainees,’24 and are aware of the
114 Id., at para. 15.
115 Id., para. 18.
116 CDI Conference Room Paper, Without a trace: enforced disappearances in Syria, 19 December 2013 [CDI,
Without a trace], at para. 11, online:
_O±LJJ LhL ji I ±LLFLD jzL± cjjLc-p 1 J jD jr
jçff (Annex 49).
117 Id., at paras. 4 and 11.
“ CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 78.
“9 Id., at paras. 104-105.
120 CDI Report A/HRC/51/45, supra note 81, at para. 23; UN Human Rights Committee, Fourth periodic report
submitted by the Syrian Arab Republic under article 40 of the Covenant, due in 2009, UN Doc. CCPR/C/SYR/4
(2022) at paras. 37-38 (Annex 50).
121 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 97; see also Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at
para. 40.
122 CDI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 89.
123 See, for example, legislative decrees 14/1969 and 69/2008 as noted in CDI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1,
supra note 31 at para. 22, and most recently, CDI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 18.
124 CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 27.
16
fate of most of those they have detained.’25 Yet, Syria continues to withhold information,
which has had and continues to have a devastating impact on families.126 Without certainty
of death, next of kin cannot access governmental services such as social benefits or exercise
a range of civil rights which require an official death certificate.127 This is particularly the case
for women who, without a death certificate of their deceased or disappeared spouse,
cannot exercise their rights to inheritance and custody, and who are restricted in their
freedom of movement.128 When death certificates for victims of torture or other CIDTP have
been issued, they routinely purport that the victims died of natural causes, such as “heart
attack.”29
53. Multiple sources indicate that, in many cases, following the registration of deceased
detainees at military hospitals, their bodies are transported and buried in mass graves.130 For
example, multi-year satellite imagery, as well as accounts from defectors and family
members of the deceased, have led to the identification of two specific mass burial sites in
Najha and Qutayfa on the outskirts of Damascus.131
54. Syria’s failure to prevent torture and other CIDTP is also indicative of a failure to implement
and undertake a systematic review of its interrogation rules and other rules governing the
custody of detainees, and a failure to provide effective training regarding the prohibition of
torture and other CIDTP of all officials involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of
individuals subject to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment. Furthermore, victims
of torture do not have recourse to practical and effective remedies by which they can obtain
redress, an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, or rehabilitation.”2
55. Syria’s reporting to the Committee remains outstanding since May 2014. Syria has only
submitted its initial report and appeared before the Committee in 2010, providing
comments and follow-up responses to the Committee’s concluding observations in August
2011.133 Syria also did not provide a special report pursuant to Article 19(1) of the
Convention against Torture as requested by the Committee in November 2011, nor did it
engage in the subsequent interactive dialogue with the Committee.’34
125 Id., at para. 104.
126 Ibid.
127 CCI, Death Notifications in the Syrian Arab Republic: Policy Paper, 27 November 2018, [CCI, Death
Notificationsi at paras. 6-7, online:
RBodes/HRCounc/ColSri/DeathNotWca lionsSyrian
(Annex 51).
128 CCI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at paras. 62-65.
129 CCI, Death notifications, supra note 127 at paras. 4-5.
‘° CCI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 23.
‘‘ Id., at para. 24.
132 Id., at para. 97.
133 UN Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 19 of the
Convention, supra note 32.
134 See UN Committee against Torture, Summary record of the first part (public) of the 1072” meeting, 48th
Sess., UN Dcc. CAT/C/SR.1072 (2012) (Annex 53).
17
Ongoing Violations of Syria’s Obligations under the Convention against Torture
56. Torture and other CIDTP by Syria continues unabated, “without any sign that the
Government intends to discontinue them.”135 Additionally, Syria has still not taken sufficient
and effective measures to prevent or punish the commission of torture. In its most recent
report to the HRC, covering the period between 1 July and 31 December 2022, the COI
reported the following among its findings:
The Commission has reasonable grounds to believe that the Government continued to
commit acts of murder, torture and ill-treatment against persons in detention, including
practices causing death in detention, as well as arbitrary imprisonment and enforced
disappearances, again confirming continuing patterns of crimes against humanity and war
crimes,’36
57. While the present Application does not address torture as constituting either a war crime or
a crime against humanity, and is restricted instead to the context of the Convention against
Torture, it is worth observing that the systematic and widespread use of torture and other
CIDTP by Syria is such that it has led the CDI to conclude that their use by Syria over the past
decade constitute crimes against humanity:
There are reasonable grounds to believe that the Government has continued to carry out a
widespread or systematic attack against the civilian population, in pursuance of a firmly
established policy to commit such acts, comprising the crimes against humanity of murder,
extermination, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, sexual violence and torture, and
other inhumane acts.’37
58. The CDI has further noted that sexual violence in government-controlled detention facilities
amounting to crimes against humanity not only continues countrywide, but has seemingly
increased, and that the impacts of the violence are compounded by a “legal framework
[that] fails to effectively protect victims, including survivors, and constitutes a barrier to
accountability.”138 Other ongoing elements highlighted in the report were the ongoing lack
of due process for detainees, taking of confessions under duress, lack of access to medical
care for detainees, and ongoing lack of access to information regarding the fate of family
members taken into custody.’39
IV. LEGAL GROUNDS FOR THE APPLICANTS’ CLAIMS
59. The Applicants claim that Syria, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons
and entities exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting on its
instructions or under its direction and control, has committed and continues to commit
multiple violations of the Convention against Torture, in breach of its obligations owed to
“ CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 102.
136 CDI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 61.
“ CDI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 87.
138 CDI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 18.
Ibid., at paras. 55-60.
18
the Applicants as States Parties to the Convention against Torture. These include but are not
limited to:
a. committing acts of torture, as defined by Article 1, and in violation of Article 2;
b. failing to take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent
torture, in violation of Article 2(1);
c. committing other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in
violation of Article 16;
d. failing to take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent
other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in violation of
Article 16;
e. failing to submit cases involving torture and attempted torture to its competent
authorities for the purpose of prosecution, in violation of Article 7;
f. failing to ensure appropriate education, information and instruction for persons who
may be involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of individuals subject to
arrest, detention or imprisonment, in violation of Article 10 and Article 16;
g. failing to systematically review interrogation rules, instructions, methods and practices,
as well as arrangement for the custody and treatment of individuals subject to arrest,
detention or imprisonment, in violation of Article 11 and Article 16;
h. failing to ensure prompt and impartial investigations wherever there are reasonable
grounds to believe that an act of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment or punishment has been committed, in violation of Article 12 and Article 16;
i. failing to ensure the right of individuals alleged to have been subjected to torture or
other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment to complain to, and have
their cases promptly and impartially examined by, its competent authorities, as well as
to take steps to ensure that complainants and witnesses are protected against all illtreatment
or intimidation, in violation of Article 13 and Article 16;
j. failing to ensure in its legal system that victims of torture obtain redress and have an
enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full
rehabilitation as possible, and for compensation to dependants of victims who died as a
result of torture, in violation of Article 14;
k. failing to ensure that statements established to have been made as a result of torture
are not invoked as evidence in proceedings, except against a person accused of torture
as evidence that the statement was made, in violation of Article 15; and
I. failing to submit supplementary reports on the measures taken to give effect to their
undertakings under the Convention against Torture to the Committee against Torture, in
violation of Article 19.
19
lv. THE RELIEF SOUGHT
60. The Applicants respectfully request the Court to adjudge and declare that Syria:
a. has breached, and continues to breach, its obligations under the Convention against
Torture, in particular those in Articles 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 19;
b. must fully accept its responsibility for those internationally wrongful acts;
c. must cease any such ongoing violations forthwith and comply with its obligations
under the Convention against Torture;
d. must provide appropriate assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of violations
of the Convention against Torture;
e. must investigate and where warranted, prosecute and punish those responsible for
acts of torture, while also guaranteeing fair treatment at all stages of the
proceedings for any person against whom proceedings are brought; and
f. must provide individual victims full reparation, including compensation and
rehabilitation, for the injury they have suffered as a consequence of those
internationally wrongful acts.
61. The applicants further respectfully request the Court to adjudge and declare that Syria has
committed a serious breach of a peremptory norm of international law, due to its gross or
systematic failure to fulfill its obligation under Article 2 of the Convention against Torture
not to commit torture as well as to prevent its officials and other persons acting in an official
capacity from perpetrating acts of torture, and determine the legal consequences thereof.
V. APPOINTMENT OF A JUDGE AD Hoc
62. In accordance with Article 35(1), of the Rules of the Court, the Applicants give notice of their
intention to exercise the right to choose a judge ad hoc pursuant to Article 31(3) of the
Statute. In light of Article 31(5) of the Statute, the Applicants will choose a single judge ad
hoc.
20
VI. RESERVATION OF RIGHTS
63. The Applicants reserve the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application, including
as regards the grounds invoked and the relief sought.
VII. APPOINTMENT OF AGENTS
64. The Government of Canada has appointed the undersigned as Agent for the purposes of the
present Application. Ms. Carolyn Knobel, Director General and Deputy Legal Adviser, Global
Affairs Canada, is Deputy Agent. It is requested that all communications in this case be sent
to the following address:
Embassy of Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514JP The Hague
The Netherlands
65. The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has appointed the undersigned as
Agent for the purposes of the present Application. Ms Annemarieke Künzli, Legal Counsel,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is Co-Agent. It is requested
that all communications in this case be sent to the following address:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
International Law Division
Rijnstraat 8
2515XP The Hague
The Netherlands
21
This Application is respectfully submitted on behalf of Canada and the Kingdom of the
Netherlands.
(Signed) Mr. Alan H. KESSEL,
Agent of the Government of Canada
(Signed) Dr. René J.M. LEFEBER,
Agent of the Government of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
22
CERTIFICATION
The Applicants certify that the documents attached by way of Annexes are true copies of the originals
thereof and that all the translations of annexes submitted herewith are, to the best of their knowledge
and belief, a true and correct rendering of the text in the original language.
(Signed) Mr. Alan H. KESSEL,
Agent of the Government of Canada
(Signed) Dr. RenéJ.M. LEFEBER,
Agent of the Government of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
JOINT APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 8 June 2023
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL,
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT
OR PUNISHMENT
(CANADA AND THE NETHERLANDS
v. SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE CONJOINTE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 8 juin 2023
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
CONTRE LA TORTURE ET AUTRES PEINES
OU TRAITEMENTS CRUELS, INHUMAINS
OU DÉGRADANTS
(CANADA ET PAYS-BAS
c. RÉPUBLIQUE ARABE SYRIENNE)
2
2023
General List
No. 188
I. THE AMBASSADOR OF CANADA
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
8 June 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two originals of a Joint Application submitted by the
Governments of Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands pursuant to Article 36,
paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting
proceedings against the Syrian Arab Republic concerning the latter’s serious
breaches of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment. Pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute, the Joint Application
is accompanied by a separate document requesting that the Court indicate provisional
measures.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Canada has appointed Alan H. Kessel,
Assistant Deputy Minister and Legal Adviser, Global Affairs Canada, as Agent for the
purposes of representing Canada in these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42,
paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its
Rules of Court. Ms Carolyn Knobel, Director General and Deputy Legal Adviser,
Global Affairs Canada, is Deputy Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph
3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is
that of the appointed Agent.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to
advise you that the address for service for Canada to which all communications
concerning these proceedings should be sent is:
Embassy of Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP The Hague
Netherlands
(Signed) Lisa Helfand.
3
2023
Rôle général
no 188
I. L’AMBASSADRICE DU CANADA
AUPRÈS DU ROYAUME DES PAYS-BAS AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 8 juin 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous faire tenir ci-joint une requête conjointe, en deux originaux,
déposée au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour
internationale de Justice par les Gouvernements du Canada et du Royaume des
Pays-Bas, introduisant contre la République arabe syrienne une instance relative aux
violations graves, par cette dernière, de la convention contre la torture et autres peines
ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. La requête conjointe est accompagnée,
dans un document distinct, d’une demande tendant à ce que la Cour indique des
mesures conservatoires, en application de l’article 41 du Statut.
Je confirme par la présente que le Gouvernement du Canada a désigné, conformément
au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et à
l’article 38 de son Règlement, M. Alan H. Kessel, sous-ministre adjoint et conseiller
juridique, Affaires mondiales Canada, en qualité d’agent afin de représenter le Canada
dans cette procédure. Mme Carolyn Knobel, directrice générale et conseillère juridique
adjointe, Affaires mondiales Canada, agira en qualité d’agente adjointe. Aux termes
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, je certifie que la signature
apposée sur la requête conjointe est celle de l’agent désigné.
Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, j’ai l’honneur
de vous informer que toutes les communications relatives à cette procédure
devront être adressées à l’adresse suivante :
Ambassade du Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP La Haye
Pays-Bas
(Signé) Lisa Helfand.
4
II. THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
28 April 2023.
I have the honour to enclose a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of
Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and
Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and
Article 38 of its Rules of Court, instituting proceedings against the Syrian Arab
Republic concerning serious breaches of the United Nations Convention against
Torture.
I hereby confirm that the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has
appointed Dr René J. M. Lefeber, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, as Agent for the purposes of the Joint Application instituting
proceedings against the Syrian Arab Republic, pursuant to Article 42,
paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its
Rules of Court. Dr Annemarieke Künzli, Legal Counsel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, will be Co-Agent for the purposes of these proceedings.
I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed
Agent.
Finally, I have the honour to advise you that, pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, the address for service to which all communications concerning
these proceedings should be sent is that of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
International Law Division
Rijnstraat 8
2515 XP The Hague
Netherlands
(Signed) Wopke B. Hoekstra.
5
II. LE MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES
DU ROYAUME DES PAYS-BAS AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 28 avril 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous faire tenir ci-joint une requête conjointe déposée par les
Gouvernements du Canada et du Royaume des Pays-Bas au titre du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 36 et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice et de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, introduisant contre la République
arabe syrienne une instance relative à des violations graves de la convention des
Nations Unies contre la torture.
Je confirme par la présente que le Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas a
désigné, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale
de Justice et à l’article 38 de son Règlement, M. René J. M. Lefeber, conseiller
juridique, ministère des affaires étrangères du Royaume des Pays-Bas, en qualité
d’agent aux fins de la requête conjointe introductive d’instance contre la République
arabe syrienne. Mme Annemarieke Künzli, conseil juridique, ministère des affaires
étrangères du Royaume des Pays-Bas, agira en qualité de coagente aux fins de l’espèce.
Je certifie que la signature apposée sur la requête conjointe est celle de l’agent
désigné.
Enfin, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, j’ai
l’honneur de vous informer que toutes les communications relatives à cette procédure
devront être adressées à l’adresse suivante :
Ministère des affaires étrangères du Royaume des Pays-Bas
Division du droit international
Rijnstraat 8
2515 XP La Haye
Pays-Bas
(Signé) Wopke B. Hoekstra.
6
III. JOINT APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice (the “Court”), the undersigned,
being duly authorized by the Government of Canada and the Government of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, state as follows:
1. In accordance with Article 36 (1) and Article 40 of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice (the “Statute”) and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, we have the honour
to submit this Joint Application (the “Application”) instituting proceedings in the
name of Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands (“the Netherlands”) (jointly, the
“Applicants”) against the Syrian Arab Republic (“Syria”). Pursuant to Article 41 of
the Statute, the Application is accompanied by a separate document requesting that
the Court indicate provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein from
imminent and irreparable prejudice.
I. Introduction
2. Syria has committed countless violations of international law, beginning at least
in 2011, with its violent repression of civilian demonstrations, and continuing as the
situation in Syria devolved into a protracted armed conflict1. These violations include
the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
(“CIDTP”), including through abhorrent treatment of detainees, inhumane conditions
in places of detention, enforced disappearances, the use of sexual and genderbased
violence, and violence against children. These violations also include the use of
chemical weapons which has been a particularly abhorrent practice to intimidate and
punish the civilian population, resulting in numerous deaths, injuries and severe
physical and mental suffering. Syria’s actions, which have resulted in severe pain and
suffering, and the deaths of tens of thousands of people2, have been met with widespread
condemnation by the international community.
3. This Application concerns the international responsibility of Syria for its gross
and systematic failure to fulfill its obligations regarding the prohibition against
1 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 46th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/46/55 (2021) [COI Report
A/HRC/46/55] at para. 5, online: www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc4655-
report-independent-international-commission-inquiry-syrian-arab (Annex 4).
2 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Civilian Deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic —
Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Advance Unedited
Version, 50th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/50/68 (2022) at paras. 1 and 20, online: www.ohchr.org/
en /documents/repor ts/ahrc5068-civilian-deaths-syrian-arab-republic-repor t-united-
nations-high. In this report, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights observed that of
the 350,209 confirmed civilian deaths in Syria between March 2011 and March 2021, 12,259 of
these deaths were as a result of the “use of objects and other means” (including sexual violence,
death in custody, torture, strangulation, mutilations, beheadings and hanging), and 1,295 deaths
due to the use of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons. This figure
does not include any undocumented deaths from torture or CIDTP. See paras. 1 and 20
(Annex 5).
7
III. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE CONJOINTE
[Traduction fournie par les demandeurs]
Au greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice (ci-après la « Cour »), les soussignés,
dûment autorisés par le Gouvernement du Canada et le Gouvernement du Royaume
des Pays-Bas, déclarent ce qui suit :
1. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour
internationale de Justice (ci-après le « Statut »), et à l’article 38 du Règlement de la
Cour, nous avons l’honneur de soumettre la présente requête introductive d’instance
conjointe (ci-après la « requête ») au nom du Canada et du Royaume des Pays-Bas
(ci-après les « Pays-Bas ») (conjointement, ci-après les « demandeurs ») contre la
République arabe syrienne (ci-après la « Syrie »). Conformément à l’article 41 du
Statut, la requête est accompagnée d’un document distinct demandant à la Cour d’indiquer
des mesures conservatoires pour protéger les droits invoqués dans la présente
requête contre un préjudice imminent et irréparable.
I. Introduction
2. Depuis au moins 2011, la Syrie a commis d’innombrables violations du droit
international, avec la répression violente des manifestations civiles, violations qui
continuent encore à ce jour alors que la situation en Syrie s’est transformée en un
conflit armé prolongé1. Ces violations comprennent le recours à la torture et à d’autres
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, notamment par le traitement
odieux des détenus, les conditions inhumaines dans les lieux de détention, les disparitions
forcées, le recours à la violence sexuelle et fondée sur le genre et la violence à
l’encontre des enfants. Ces violations comprennent également l’utilisation d’armes
chimiques, une pratique particulièrement odieuse pour intimider et punir la population,
qui a fait de nombreux morts et blessés, et causé de graves souffrances physiques
et mentales. Les actions de la Syrie, qui ont entraîné d’importantes souffrances et la
mort de dizaines de milliers de personnes2, ont été largement condamnées par la communauté
internationale.
3. La présente requête concerne la responsabilité internationale de la Syrie pour son
non-respect flagrant et systématique de ses obligations concernant l’interdiction de la
1 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne,
quarante-sixième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/46/55 (2021) [rapport de la Commission
d’enquête A/HRC/46/55], par. 5, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G210
5974&t=pdf (annexe 4).
2 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Civilian Deaths in the
Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,
version préliminaire non révisée, cinquantième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/50/68
(2022), par. 1 et 20, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2326227&t=pdf. Dans ce
rapport, le haut-commissaire des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme a observé que sur les
350 209 décès de civils confirmés en Syrie entre mars 2011 et mars 2021, 12 259 d’entre eux sont
attribuables à l’« utilisation d’objets ou le recours à d’autres moyens » (violence sexuelle, décès
en détention, torture, étranglement, mutilations, décapitation et pendaison), et 1 295 décès sont
attribuables à l’utilisation d’armes chimiques, biologiques, radiologiques ou nucléaires. Ces
chiffres ne comprennent pas les décès non enregistrés qui sont attribuables à la torture ou à des
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. Voir par. 1 et 20 (annexe 5).
8
torture and other CIDTP, as well as its other numerous violations of the provisions
of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment (the “Convention against Torture”)3, and the legal consequences
flowing therefrom.
4. Syria has consistently denied wrongdoing, despite clear and compelling evidence
demonstrating the sheer magnitude of violations of the Convention against
Torture that are attributable to Syria and that continue to this day4. Indeed, the United
Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic (“COI”), established by the United Nations Human Rights Council (“HRC”)
to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in Syria since
March 2011, has concluded that the Syrian Government has “resorted to arbitrary
detention, torture and ill-treatment, including through sexual violence, and to
involuntary or enforced disappearance to intimidate and punish perceived political
opponents and dissenting civilians and their families”5.
5. Syria has defended its conduct as necessary to combat terrorism. When States
defend their populations from terrorist acts, however, they are obligated to do so in
compliance with international human rights law. Syria has consistently failed in this
regard6. As a peremptory norm of international law ( jus cogens)7, and pursuant to
Article 2 (2) of the Convention against Torture8, torture is prohibited in all circumstances,
without derogation. No exceptional circumstances whatsoever can justify the
use of torture.
3 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, 10 December 1984, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1465, p. 85 (entered into
force 26 June 1987) [Convention against Torture], online: www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/
instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading
(Annex 1.1).
4 The facts relied on by the Applicants have been extensively and meticulously collected
and documented by various bodies of the United Nations and other international intergovernmental
organisations, as well as reputable non-governmental organisations and other
credible sources. See, for example, UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the
Human Rights Council at Its Seventeenth Special Session, 17th Special Session, UN doc. A/
HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011), online: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/
HRCouncil/CoISyria/ResS17_1.pdf ( Annex 6.1) a s f ound i n U N H uman R ights C ouncil,
Report of the Human Rights Council on Its Seventeenth Special Session, 17th Special
Session, UN doc. A/HRC/S-17/2 (2011), online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=
G1116988&t=pdf, establishing the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the
Syrian Arab Republic (Annex 6.2). See also UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by
the General Assembly on 21 December 2016, 71st Session, UN doc. A/RES/71/248 (2017),
online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1646201&t=pdf, establishing the
International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to assist in the investigation and prosecution
of persons responsible for the most serious crimes under international law committed in
the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011 (Annex 7).
5 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 100.
6 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 46th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/46/54 (2021) [COI
Report A/HRC/46/54] at paras. 22-23, online: www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/
ahrc4654-report-independent-international-commission-inquiry-syrian-arab (Annex 8).
7 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II) [“Belgium v. Senegal”], p. 422 at para. 99, online: www.icj-cij.
org/sites/default/files/case-related/144/144-20120720-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (Annex 2).
8 Convention against Torture, supra note 3 at Article 2 (2), states: “No exceptional circumstances
whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any
other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture.”
9
torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, ainsi que pour
ses nombreuses autres violations des dispositions de la convention contre la torture et
autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants (ci-après la « convention
contre la torture »)3, et les conséquences juridiques qui en découlent.
4. La Syrie a toujours nié avoir commis des actes répréhensibles, malgré des preuves
claires et convaincantes démontrant l’ampleur des violations de la convention contre la
torture qui lui sont imputables et qui se poursuivent à ce jour4. En effet, la Commission
d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne (ci-après la
« Commission d’enquête »), établie par le Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies (CDH) pour enquêter sur toutes les allégations de violations du
droit international des droits de l’homme en Syrie depuis mars 2011, a conclu que le
Gouvernement syrien avait « eu recours à la détention arbitraire, à la torture et aux
mauvais traitements, y compris par la violence sexuelle, et à des disparitions involontaires
ou forcées pour intimider et punir les présumés opposants politiques et les civils
dissidents ainsi que les membres de leur famille »5.
5. La Syrie a défendu son comportement en affirmant qu’il était nécessaire pour lutter
contre le terrorisme. Toutefois, lorsque les États défendent leur population contre les
actes terroristes, ils sont tenus de le faire dans le respect du droit international en matière
de droits de l’homme. La Syrie a constamment manqué à ses obligations à cet égard6.
En tant que norme impérative du droit international (jus cogens)7, et conformément au
paragraphe 2 de l’article 2 de la convention contre la torture8, l’interdiction de la torture
s’applique en toute circonstance, sans dérogations. Aucune circonstance exceptionnelle
ne peut justifier le recours à la torture.
3 Convention contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants,
10 décembre 1984, Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 1465, p. 85 (entrée en vigueur
le 26 juin 1987) [convention contre la torture], https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/
instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading
(annexe 1.1).
4 Les faits sur lesquels s’appuient les demandeurs ont été recueillis et consignés longuement
et méticuleusement par divers organismes des Nations Unies et d’autres organisations intergouvernementales
internationales, ainsi que par des organisations non gouvernementales de bonne
réputation et d’autres sources crédibles. Par exemple, voir Conseil des droits de l’homme de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, résolution adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme
à sa dix-septième session extraordinaire, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011),
www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/ResS17_1.pdf
(annexe 6.1), telle que figurant dans Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, Rapport du Conseil des droits de l’homme sur sa dix-septième session extraordinaire,
dix-septième session extraordinaire, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/S-17/2 (2011), https://
documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1116989&t=pdf, établissant la Commission d’enquête
internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne [la Commission d’enquête]
(annexe 6.2). Voir aussi Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée
générale le 21 décembre 2016, soixante et onzième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/
RES/71/248 (2017), https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1646204&t=pdf, établissant
le Mécanisme international, impartial et indépendant chargé de faciliter les enquêtes sur les
violations les plus graves du droit international commises en République arabe syrienne depuis
mars 2011 (annexe 7).
5 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 100.
6 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête internationale sur la République arabe syrienne, quarante-sixième
session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/46/54 (2021) [Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/
46/54], https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2101437&t=pdf (annexe 8).
7 Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuive ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II) [l’« arrêt Belgique c. Sénégal »], p. 422, par. 99, www.icj-cij.org/
sites/default/files/case-related/144/144-20120720-JUD-01-00-FR.pdf (annexe 2).
8 Convention contre la torture, supra note 3 au paragraphe 2 de l’article 2, mentionne :
« Aucune circonstance exceptionnelle, quelle qu’elle soit, qu’il s’agisse de l’état de guerre ou de
menace de guerre, d’instabilité politique intérieure ou de tout autre état d’exception, ne peut être
invoquée pour justifier la torture. »
10
6. After nearly a decade of conflict, with shifting control over cities and territory, a
ceasefire was brokered in February 2020, which has largely held to date, in which the
Syrian Government regained significant territory9. Even after this shift in circumstances,
Syria continued to fail to take meaningful measures to remedy its ongoing
violations of the Convention against Torture, including the commission of torture and
other CIDTP.
7. A credible political process to resolve the conflict and address these violations
remains lacking10. In light of the massive scale and ongoing nature of these violations,
and the recognised link between continued impunity for those that have committed
human rights violations in Syria and the continued commission of such violations11,
the Applicants have resorted to the dispute settlement procedure as contained in
Article 30 (1) of the Convention against Torture. The Applicants seek compliance
by Syria with its obligations thereunder, which are of an erga omnes partes nature,
and are thus owed to the Applicants, and indeed to all States Parties to the Convention
against Torture12.
II. Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
8. The Applicants and Syria are all Members of the United Nations and bound by
the Statute, including Article 36 (1), which provides that the jurisdiction of the Court
“comprises [. . .] all matters specially provided for [. . .] in treaties and conventions in
force”.
9. The Applicants and Syria are all States Parties to the Convention against Torture.
Canada ratified the Convention against Torture on 24 June 1987, and the Netherlands
did so on 21 December 198813. Syria acceded to the Convention against Torture on
19 August 200414. By 18 September 2004, the Convention had entered into force as
between all three Parties to the present dispute.
Conditions for Jurisdiction under Article 30 of the Convention
against Torture
10. As States Parties to the Convention against Torture, the Applicants and
Syria are all bound by the dispute resolution process set out in Article 30 (1), which
states:
9 See, for example, COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 19.
10 See, for example, UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 52nd Session, UN doc. A/HRC/52/69
(2023) [COI Report A/HRC/52/69] at para. 6, online: www.ohchr.org/en/documents/countryreports/
ahrc5269-report-independent-international-commission-inquiry-syrian-arab
(Annex 9), with reference to UN Security Council, Briefing by Mr Geir Pedersen, United Nations
Special Envoy for Syria, 29 November 2022, at para. 15, online: https://specialenvoysyria.
unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2022-11-29_secco_un_special_envoy_for_syria_mr._
geir_o._pedersen_briefing_as_delivered_0.pdf (Annex 10).
11 UN Security Council, Resolution 2191 (2014), UN doc. S/RES/2191 (2014), preamble, p. 3,
online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1470022&t=pdf (Annex 11).
12 Belgium v. Senegal, supra note 7 at para. 69.
13 See Annexes 1.1 and 1.2 for Canada and the Netherlands’ instruments of ratification of the
Convention against Torture.
14 UN Treaty Body Database, Ratification Status for Syrian Arab Republic, online: https://
tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=170&Lang=EN.
11
6. Au terme de près d’une décennie de conflit caractérisée par des changements de
contrôle des villes et des territoires, un cessez-le-feu a été négocié en février 2020,
cessez-le-feu largement respecté jusqu’à ce jour et au cours duquel le Gouvernement
syrien a regagné un territoire important9. Même après ce changement de circonstances,
la Syrie persiste à ne pas prendre de mesures significatives pour remédier à ses violations
continues de la convention contre la torture, y compris la perpétration d’actes de
torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants.
7. Aucun processus politique crédible n’est actuellement en place pour résoudre le
conflit et remédier à ces violations10. À la lumière de l’ampleur considérable et de la
nature continue de ces violations, et du lien reconnu entre l’impunité continue pour
ceux qui ont commis des violations des droits de l’homme en Syrie et la continuité de
ces violations11, les demandeurs ont eu recours au mécanisme de règlement des différends
prévu au paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention contre la torture. Les
demandeurs réclament de la Syrie le respect des obligations qui lui incombent en application
de la convention contre la torture, qui sont de nature erga omnes partes et qui
sont donc dues aux demandeurs, ainsi qu’à tous les États parties à la convention12.
II. Compétence de la Cour internationale de Justice
8. Les demandeurs et la Syrie sont tous des États Membres de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies et liés par le Statut, y compris le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36, qui prévoit
que la compétence de la Cour « s’étend … à tous les cas spécialement prévus … dans
les traités et conventions en vigueur ».
9. Les demandeurs et la Syrie sont tous des États parties à la convention contre la
torture. Le Canada a ratifié la convention contre la torture le 24 juin 1987 et les Pays-
Bas l’ont fait le 21 décembre 198813. La Syrie a adhéré à la convention contre la torture
le 19 août 200414. Le 18 septembre 2004, la convention est entrée en vigueur entre les
trois Parties au présent différend.
Conditions de compétence en vertu de l’article 30 de la convention
contre la torture
10. En tant qu’États parties à la convention contre la torture, les demandeurs et la
Syrie sont tous liés par le mécanisme de règlement des différends énoncé au paragraphe
1 de l’article 30 qui stipule :
9 Voir, par exemple, Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 19.
10 Voir, par exemple, Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe
syrienne, cinquante-deuxième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/52/69 (2023) [Rapport
de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/52/69], par. 6, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G2301024&t=pdf (annexe 9), au sujet de l’exposé de M. Geir Pedersen, envoyé spécial
des Nations Unies pour la Syrie, 29 novembre 2022, par. 15, https://specialenvoysyria.
unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2022-11-29_secco_un_special_envoy_for_syria_mr._
geir_o._pedersen_briefing_as_delivered_0.pdf (annexe 10).
11 Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, résolution 2191 (2014),
Nations Unies, doc. S/RES/2191 (2014), préambule, p. 3, https://documents.un.org/api/
symbol/access?j=N1470023&t=pdf (annexe 11).
12 Arrêt Belgique c. Sénégal, supra note 7, par. 69.
13 Voir annexes 1.1 et 1.2 pour consulter les instruments de ratification utilisés par le Canada
et les Pays-Bas pour ratifier la convention contre la torture.
14 Base de données relative aux organes conventionnels des Nations Unies, statut de
ratification pour République arabe syrienne, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/
TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=170&Lang=FR.
12
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation
or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation
shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six
months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree
on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dispute
to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute
of the Court.”
11. Neither Canada, the Netherlands nor Syria has made a reservation under
Article 30 (2) of the Convention against Torture, to declare that it does not consider
itself bound by Article 30 (1).
12. In order to exercise jurisdiction in the present case, the Court must be satisfied
that each of the following requirements has been met: (i) there is a dispute in existence
as between each of the Applicants and Syria; (ii) the dispute could not be settled
through negotiations; and (iii) after a request was made to submit the dispute to arbitration,
the Parties were unable to agree to the organisation of arbitration within six
months.
(i) The existence of a dispute between the Applicants and Syria
13. The Netherlands formally notified Syria that it was requesting negotiations
pursuant to Article 30 (1) of the Convention against Torture on 18 September 2020,
via Note Verbale15, and publicly announced that it had taken this step16. The next
day, Syria publicly denounced the Netherlands’ actions17. Canada formally notified
Syria of its request for negotiations pursuant to Article 30 (1) on 3 March 202118,
also accompanied by a public announcement19. The Applicants each took this step
due to their disputes with Syria regarding the latter’s responsibility for its failure to
fulfill its obligations under the Convention against Torture. On 12 March 2021,
the Applicants announced their joint intention to hold Syria to account for these
violations20.
14. Since at least 2011, the Applicants have consistently expressed their profound
concern regarding the human rights situation in Syria, and have repeatedly called
15 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Geneva,
Switzerland to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic in Geneva, Switzerland
(18 September 2020) (Annex 3, NV 1); A full record of the Notes Verbales exchanged between
the Parties to the dispute may be found in Annex 3 to this Application.
16 Government of the Netherlands, News Item, “The Netherlands holds Syria responsible for
gross human rights violations” (18 September 2020), online: www.government.nl/latest/
news/2020/09/18/the-netherlands-holds-syria-responsible-for-gross-human-rights-violations
(Annex 12).
17 Syrian Arab News Agency, “Foreign Ministry: Government of the Netherlands is the last one
who has the right to talk about the Human rights” (19 September 2020), online: https://sana.sy/
en/?p=203611 (Annex 13).
18 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations and the World
Trade Organization at Geneva to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the
United Nations at Geneva (3 March 2021) (Annex 3, NV 6).
19 Government of Canada, News Release, “Minister of Foreign Affairs takes action on
Syria’s human rights violations” (4 March 2021), online: www.canada.ca/en/globalaffairs/
news/2021/03/minister-of-foreign-affairs-takes-action-on-syrias-human-rightsviolations.
html (Annex 14).
20 Government of the Netherlands, Diplomatic Statement, “Joint statement of Canada and
the Kingdom of the Netherlands regarding their cooperation in holding Syria to account”
(12 March 2021), online: www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2021/03/12/
joint-statement-of-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-regarding-their-cooperationin-
holding-syria-to-account (Annex 15).
13
« Tout différend entre deux ou plus des États parties concernant l’interprétation
ou l’application de la présente Convention qui ne peut pas être réglé par voie de
négociation est soumis à l’arbitrage à la demande de l’un d’entre eux. Si, dans les
six mois qui suivent la date de la demande d’arbitrage, les parties ne parviennent
pas à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’une quelconque d’entre
elles peut soumettre le différend à la Cour internationale de Justice en déposant
une requête conformément au Statut de la Cour. »
11. Ni le Canada, ni les Pays-Bas, ni la Syrie n’ont émis de réserve au titre du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 30 de la convention contre la torture pour déclarer qu’ils
ne se considèrent pas liés par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 30.
12. Pour exercer sa compétence en l’espèce, la Cour doit être convaincue que
chacune des conditions suivantes est remplie : i) il existe un différend entre chacun des
demandeurs et la Syrie ; ii) le différend n’a pas pu être réglé par des négociations ;
iii) après avoir demandé que le différend soit soumis à l’arbitrage, les Parties n’ont pas
pu s’entendre sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans un délai de six mois.
i) L’existence d’un différend entre les demandeurs et la Syrie
13. Par le biais d’une note verbale datée du 18 septembre 202015, les Pays-Bas ont
officiellement avisé la Syrie qu’ils demandaient des négociations conformément au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention contre la torture, et ont annoncé publiquement
qu’ils avaient pris cette mesure16. Le lendemain, la Syrie a publiquement dénoncé
les actions des Pays-Bas17. Le 3 mars 2021, le Canada a officiellement avisé la Syrie de
sa demande de négociations conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 3018, et a également
fait une annonce publique19. Les demandeurs ont chacun pris cette mesure en
raison de leur différend avec la Syrie concernant la responsabilité de cette dernière pour
ses manquements aux obligations qui lui incombent au regard de la convention contre
la torture. Le 12 mars 2021, les demandeurs ont annoncé leur intention commune de
tenir la Syrie pour responsable de ces violations20.
14. Depuis au moins 2011, les demandeurs ont systématiquement exprimé leur profonde
préoccupation concernant la situation des droits de l’homme en Syrie, et ont à
15 Note verbale de la mission permanente du Royaume des Pays-Bas à Genève, en Suisse, à
la mission permanente de la République arabe syrienne à Genève, en Suisse (18 septembre 2020)
(annexe 3, NV 1) ; la liste complète des notes verbales échangées entre les Parties au différend se
trouve à l’annexe 3 de cette requête.
16 Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, communiqué, « The Netherlands holds Syria responsible
for gross human rights violations » (18 septembre 2020), www.government.nl/latest/
news/2020/09/18/the-netherlands-holds-syria-responsible-for-gross-human-rights-violations
(annexe 12).
17 L’agence arabe syrienne d’informations, « Foreign Ministry: Government of the
Netherlands is the last one who has the right to talk about the Human rights » (19 septembre
2020), https://sana.sy/en/?p=203611 (annexe 13).
18 Note verbale de la mission permanente du Canada auprès des Nations Unies et de l’Organisation
mondiale du commerce à Genève à la mission permanente de la République arabe
syrienne auprès des Nations Unies à Genève (3 mars 2021) (annexe 3, NV 6).
19 Gouvernement du Canada, communiqué de presse, « Le ministre des Affaires étrangères
prend des mesures contre les violations des droits de la personne en Syrie » (4 mars 2021),
https://www.canada.ca/fr/affaires-mondiales/nouvelles/2021/03/le-ministre-des-affairesetrangeres-
prend-des-mesures-contre-les-violations-des-droits-de-la-personne-en-syrie.html
(annexe 14).
20 Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, déclaration diplomatique, « Joint statement of Canada and
the Kingdom of the Netherlands regarding their cooperation in holding Syria to account »
(12 mars 2021), www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2021/03/12/jointstatement-
of-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-regarding-their-cooperationin-
holding-syria-to-account (annexe 15).
14
on Syria to meet its international human rights obligations, which include those set out
in the Convention against Torture. In various multilateral settings, including
the United Nations Security Council (“UNSC”), the United Nations General Assembly
(“UNGA”), and the HRC, the Applicants have specifically registered their views21
and co-sponsored resolutions22 condemning, inter alia, Syria’s use of torture and other
CIDTP, including through instances of sexual and gender-based violence, enforced
disappearances, abhorrent treatment of detainees, inhumane conditions of detention,
and other acts committed by Syria to coerce, punish or terrorize its civilian population.
Syria has repeatedly rejected the positions taken by the Applicants, and in the
context of the UNGA, has consistently voted against the adoption of related
resolutions23.
21 See, for example, UN Security Council, Netherlands, Statement by Mr Van Oosterom
(Netherlands), 8434th Meeting, UN doc. S/PV.8434, at pages 10-11 (Annex 16); UNGA:
Canada, Statement by H.E. Ambassador Rishchynski (Canada), Permanent Representative of
Canada to the UN General Assembly, 96th Plenary Meeting, 66th Session, UN doc. A/66/
PV.96 (2012) at page 3, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1223151&t=pdf
(Annex 17); Canada, Statement by Ms Pritchard, UN General Assembly, Summary Record of
the 13th Meeting, 75th Session, UN doc. A/C.3/75/SR.13 (2021) at page 10 at para. 63, online:
https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2032242&t=pdf (Annex 18); HRC: Canada,
United Nations Webcast, 17th Special Session, Human Rights Council (Part 2), UNHRC,
17th Special Session, at timestamp 00:30:40, online: https://media.un.org/en/asset/k14/
k14xhy8mda; the Netherlands, United Nations Webcast, Commission of Inquiry on
Syria  15th Meeting, 30th Regular Session of Human Rights Council, UNHRC, 30th Regular
Session, at timestamp 1:57:04, online: https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1s/k1snot517j.
22 Since 2011, there have been over 50 resolutions related to the human rights
situation in Syria adopted by the UNHRC, and the UNGA. See for example: UN Human
Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council, 16th Special Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/RES/S-16/1 (2011), online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=
G1113054&t=pdf (Annex 19); UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human
Rights Council at Its Seventeenth Special Session, 17th Special Session, UN doc. A/HRC/RES/
S-17/1 (2011), online: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/
CoISyria/ResS17_1.pdf (Annex 6.1) as found in the UN Human Rights Council, Report of the
Human Rights Council on Its Seventeenth Special Session, 17th Special Session, UN doc. A/
HRC/S-17/2 (2011), online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1116988&t=pdf
(Annex 6.2); UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on
23 March 2016, 31st Session, UN doc. A/HRC/RES/31/17 (2016), online: https://documents.
un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1607225&t=pdf (Annex 20); UN General Assembly, Resolution
adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2011, 66th Session, UN doc. A/RES/66/176
(2012), online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1146938&t=pdf (Annex 21);
UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2014,
69th Session, UN doc. A/RES/69/189 (2015), online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=N1470896&t=pdf (Annex 22); and most recently UN Human Rights Council, Situation
of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, 52nd Session, UN doc. A/HRC/RES/52/30
[A/HRC/52/L.16], online https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2307635&t=pdf
(Annex 23) and UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on
15 December 2022, 77th Session, UN doc. A/RES/77/230 (2023), online: https://documents.
un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2276498&t=pdf (Annex 24).
23 See, for example, UN General Assembly, 89th Plenary Meeting, Monday, 19 December
2011, 66th Session, UN doc. A/66/PV.89 (2011) at pages 19-21 and 25, online: https://documents.
un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1164365&t=pdf (Annex 25); UN General Assembly, 73rd Plenary
Meeting, Thursday, 18 December 2014, 73rd Session, UN doc. A/69/PV.73 (2014) at pages 18-19,
23, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1470272&t=pdf (Annex 26);
15
plusieurs reprises appelé cette dernière à respecter ses obligations internationales en la
matière, y compris celles énoncées dans la convention contre la torture. Dans divers
cadres multilatéraux, y compris le Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies et le CDH, les demandeurs ont
spécifiquement fait part de leur point de vue21 et ont parrainé de concert des résolutions22
condamnant, notamment, le recours par la Syrie à la torture et à d’autres peines ou
traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, y compris les violences sexuelles et fondées
sur le genre, les disparitions forcées, le traitement odieux des détenus, les conditions
de détention inhumaines et d’autres actes commis par la Syrie pour contraindre,
punir ou terroriser sa population. La Syrie a rejeté à plusieurs reprises les positions
prises par les demandeurs et, dans le cadre de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
a toujours voté contre l’adoption de ces résolutions23.
21 Voir par exemple, Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies : Pays-Bas, Déclaration
de M. Van Oosterom (Pays-Bas), 8434e séance, Nations Unies, doc. S/PV.8434, p. 10-11
(annexe 16) ; Assemblée générale des Nations Unies : Canada, Déclaration de
S. Exc. l’ambassadeur Rishchynski (Canada), représentant permanent du Canada auprès de
l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, 96e séance plénière, soixante-sixième
session, Nations Unies, doc. A/66/PV.96 (2012), p. 3, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=N1223152&t=pdf (annexe 17) ; Canada, Déclaration de Mme Pritchard, Nations Unies,
Assemblée générale, Compte rendu analytique de la 13e séance, soixante-quinzième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/C.3/75/SR.13 (2021), p. 10, par. 63, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=N2032243&t=pdf (annexe 18) ; Conseil des droits de l’homme (CDR) : Canada, Web
diffusion des Nations Unies, dix-septième session extraordinaire, Conseil des droits de l’homme
(partie 2), Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR), dix-septième session
extraordinaire, estampille : 00:30:40, https://media.un.org/en/asset/k14/k14xhy8mda ; Pays-Bas,
Web diffusion des Nations Unies, Commission of Inquiry on Syria  15th Meeting, 30th Regular
Session of Human Rights Council, HCR, trentième session ordinaire, estampille : 1:57:04, https://
media.un.org/en/asset/k1s/k1snot517j.
22 Depuis 2011, plus de 50 résolutions relatives à la situation des droits de l’homme en Syrie ont
été adoptées par le Conseil des droits de l’homme et l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies.
Voir, par exemple, Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Résolution
adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme, seizième session extraordinaire, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/RES/S-16/1 (2011), https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1113055&t=pdf
(annexe 19) ; Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Résolution
adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme à sa dix-septième session extraordinaire,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011), www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/
HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/ResS17_1.pdf (annexe 6.1), telle que figurant dans Conseil des
droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport du Conseil des droits de
l’homme sur sa dix-septième session extraordinaire, dix-septième session extraordinaire, Nations
Unies, doc. A/HRC/S-17/2 (2011), https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1116989&t=pdf
(annexe 6.2) ; Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Résolution
adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme le 23 mars 2016, trente et unième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/31/17 (2016), https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=
G1607226&t=pdf (annexe 20) ; Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par
l’Assemblée
générale le 19 décembre 2011, soixante-sixième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/
RES/66/176 (2012), https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1146939&t=pdf (annexe 21) ;
Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée générale le 18 décembre
2014, soixante-neuvième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/RES/69/189 (2015), https://documents.
un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1470897&t=pdf (annexe 22) ; et plus récemment Conseil des droits
de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, « Situation des droits de l’homme en République
arabe syrienne », cinquante-deuxième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/52/30 [A/HRC/
52/L.16], https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2307636&t=pdf (annexe 23), et
Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée générale le 15 décembre
2022, soixante-dix-septième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/RES/77/230 (2023), https://documents.
un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2276501&t=pdf (annexe 24).
23 Voir, par exemple, Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 89e séance plénière,
lundi 19 décembre 2011, soixante-sixième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/66/PV.89 (2011),
p. 21-23, 28, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1164366&t=pdf (annexe 25) ;
Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 73e séance plénière, jeudi 18 décembre 2014, soixantetreizième
session, Nations Unies, doc. A/69/PV.73 (2014), p. 20-21, 25-26, https://documents.
16
15. In the context of the HRC, the Applicants have made recommendations to Syria
during its Universal Periodic Reviews held in 2011, 2016, and 2022 respectively,
to inter alia: cease torture and other CIDTP related practices, investigate alleged
violations, and bring perpetrators to justice24. None of the related recommendations
were accepted by Syria, but were rather rejected outright or were noted as “not
enjoying the support” of Syria25.
16. On the basis of the above, it is clear that a dispute exists as between
the Applicants and Syria with respect to the interpretation and application of the
Convention against Torture.
(ii) Attempts to settle the dispute through negotiation
17. The Applicants have made a genuine attempt to resolve the dispute concerning
breaches of the Convention against Torture by Syria through good faith negotiations.
Sixty-six Notes Verbales have been exchanged between the Applicants and Syria,
including substantive discussions with regard to the dispute and attempts to
negotiate its resolution26. The Notes Verbales were sent by and to the respective
Permanent Missions of the Applicants and Syria to the United Nations in Geneva,
Switzerland and from the Syrian Embassy in the United Arab Emirates. The Applicants
additionally met in-person with Syria in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on
25 April 2022 and 5-6 October 2022, as part of their efforts to negotiate a resolution
of the dispute.
18. In an effort to advance substantive discussions of the dispute while the Parties
were attempting to agree on a mutually acceptable location for in-person meetings,
the Applicants presented a Statement of Facts and a Statement of Law to Syria in
writing on 9 August 202127. These documents included a description of the relief
sought by the Applicants. On 30 September 2021, Syria informed the Applicants
that it rejected “in toto” the characterisation of the dispute as its “international
UN General Assembly, 58th Plenary Meeting, Friday, 9 December 2016, 71st Session,
UN doc. A/71/PV.58 (2016) at pages 4 and 20-21, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=N1642614&t=pdf (Annex 27); UN General Assembly, 54th Plenary Meeting,
Thursday, 15 December 2022, 77th Session, UN doc. A/77/PV.54 (2022) at page 25, online:
https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2275309&t=pdf (Annex 28).
24 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic
Review — Syrian Arab Republic, 19th Session, UN doc. HRC/19/11 (2012) [UPR WG A/
HRC/19/11] at p. 22, para. 104.17, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=
G1210233&t=pdf (Annex 29); UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the
Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, 34th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/34/5 (2016)
at paras. 110.21, 109.148, 109.167, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=
G1644178&t=pdf (Annex 30); UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the
Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, 50th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/50/6 (2022)
at page 17 at para. 133.133 and at page 18 at para. 133.147, online: https://documents.un.org/api/
symbol/access?j=G2229796&t=pdf (Annex 31).
25 See, for example, UPR WG A/HRC/19/11, ibid., at para. 104.17; UN Human Rights
Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab
Republic, Addendum, 34th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/34/5/Add.1 (2017) at page 8, online:
https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1705586&t=pdf (Annex 32).
26 See Annex 3.
27 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva,
Switzerland and the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United
Nations in Geneva, Switzerland to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the
United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (9 August 2021) (Annex 3, NV 13).
17
15. Dans le cadre du CDH, les demandeurs ont adressé des recommandations à la
Syrie lors des examens périodiques universels qui se sont tenus respectivement en
2011, 2016 et 2022, notamment pour qu’elle mette fin à la torture et aux autres pratiques
liées aux peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, qu’elle enquête sur les
violations présumées et qu’elle traduise les auteurs de ces actes en justice24. Aucune de
ces recommandations n’a été acceptée par la Syrie. Elles ont plutôt été refusées d’emblée
ou n’ont pas recueilli l’adhésion de la Syrie25.
16. Sur la base de ce qui précède, il est clair qu’il existe un différend entre les demandeurs
et la Syrie en ce qui concerne l’interprétation et l’application de la convention
contre la torture.
ii) Tentatives de règlement du différend par la négociation
17. Les demandeurs ont fait une tentative sincère de résoudre le différend concernant
les violations de la convention contre la torture par la Syrie par le biais de négociations
de bonne foi. Soixante-six notes verbales ont été échangées entre les demandeurs et la
Syrie, des discussions de fond ont eu lieu au sujet du différend et des tentatives ont été
faites pour négocier sa résolution26. Les notes verbales ont été échangées par les missions
permanentes respectives des demandeurs et de la Syrie auprès de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse, et par l’ambassade de Syrie aux Émirats arabes
unis. Les demandeurs ont en outre rencontré les représentants de la Syrie en personne à
Abou Dhabi, aux Émirats arabes unis, le 25 avril 2022 et les 5 et 6 octobre 2022, dans
le cadre de leurs efforts pour négocier un règlement du différend.
18. Afin de faire progresser les discussions de fond sur le différend pendant que les
Parties tentaient de convenir d’un lieu mutuellement acceptable pour tenir des réunions
en personne, les demandeurs ont présenté un exposé des faits et un exposé de droit à la
Syrie par écrit le 9 août 202127. Ces documents comprenaient une description du remède
demandé par les demandeurs. Le 30 septembre 2021, la Syrie a avisé les demandeurs
qu’elle rejetait « in toto » la qualification du différend comme étant sa « responsabilité
un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N1470273&t=pdf (annexe 26) ; Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies, 58e séance plénière, vendredi 9 décembre 2016, soixante et onzième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/71/PV.58 (2016), p. 4-5 et 22-23, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=N1642617&t=pdf (annexe 27) ; 54e séance plénière, jeudi 15 décembre 2022, soixantedix-
septième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/77/PV.54 (2022), p. 26-27, https://documents.un.org/
api/symbol/access?j=N2275310&t=pdf (annexe 28).
24 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport du groupe de
travail sur l’examen périodique universel  République arabe syrienne, dix-neuvième session,
Nations Unies, doc. HRC/19/11 (2012) [GT EPU A/HRC/19/11], p. 25, par. 104.17, https://
documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1210234&t=pdf (annexe 29) ; Conseil des droits de
l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen
périodique universel  République arabe syrienne, trente-quatrième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/34/5 (2016), par. 110.21, 109.148, 109.167, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G1644181&t=pdf (annexe 30) ; Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen périodique universel  République
arabe syrienne, cinquantième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/50/6 (2022), p. 19,
par. 133.133, et p. 20, par. 133.147, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G2229797&t
=pdf (annexe 31).
25 Voir, par exemple, GT EPU A/HRC/19/11, ibid., par. 104.17 ; Conseil des droits de
l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen
périodique universel  République arabe syrienne, additif, trente-quatrième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/34/5/Add.1 (2017), p. 8-9, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G1705587&t=pdf (annexe 32).
26 Voir annexe 3.
27 Note verbale de la mission permanente du Canada auprès de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies à Genève, en Suisse, et de la mission permanente du Royaume des Pays-Bas auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse, à la mission permanente de la République
arabe syrienne auprès des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse (9 août 2021) (annexe 3, NV 13).
18
responsibility for the recent breaches of its obligations under the Convention against
Torture,” along with the Statement of Facts and Statement of Law28. Despite repeated
requests by the Applicants, Syria never responded in writing to the Statement of Facts
and the Statement of Law.
19. In the meantime, the Applicants continued to make concerted efforts to meet
in-person, with the Parties finally convening on 25 April 2022 in Abu Dhabi.
During that meeting, the Applicants presented statements, once again setting out the
dispute and the relief sought. Modalities for the continuing negotiations were agreed
to. A second meeting was convened on 5-6 October 2022. At that meeting,
the Applicants delivered oral presentations of the documents provided to Syria in
writing in August 2021, namely on the facts of the dispute, the law, and the Applicants’
request for relief, in particular: cessation of violations of the Convention against
Torture, assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, and full reparation for
victims.
20. On the basis of the outcome of two rounds of in-person meetings, and more than
two years of exchanges of Notes Verbales, without any progress towards settling the
dispute, the Applicants were forced to conclude that negotiations had become
deadlocked or futile. They informed Syria of their position by Note Verbale on
17 October 202229.
(iii) Attempts to organise arbitration
21. By Note Verbale dated 7 November 2022, the Applicants formally requested
that the dispute be submitted to arbitration, and enclosed a proposal of elements to
form the basis for an agreement on the organisation of arbitration30. Syria did not
acknowledge or otherwise respond to the formal request made by the Applicants to
refer the dispute to arbitration. In the three Notes Verbales it has sent since the formal
request for arbitration, Syria has not acknowledged the Applicants’ request to submit
the dispute to arbitration, notwithstanding subsequent invitations from the Applicants
for Syria to provide comments on the proposal regarding elements for the organisation
of arbitration. More than six months have passed since the Applicants formally
requested arbitration, without agreement on the organisation of arbitration.
Conclusion on Jurisdiction
22. The Applicants have satisfied the conditions set out in Article 30 (1) of the
Convention against Torture to establish the jurisdiction of the Court. There is an
existing dispute between the Parties concerning the interpretation or application of
the Convention against Torture, specifically regarding Syria’s numerous and ongoing
violations of its obligations thereunder, and its repeated denials in this regard.
28 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
Office and other International Organizations in Geneva to the Permanent Mission of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands in Geneva (30 September 2021) (Annex 3, NV 15).
29 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva,
Switzerland and the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations
in Geneva, Switzerland to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the
United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (17 October 2022) (Annex 3, NV 60).
30 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva,
Switzerland and the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United
Nations in Geneva, Switzerland to the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the
United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (7 November 2022) (Annex 3, NV 62).
19
internationale pour les violations récentes de ses obligations au titre de la convention
contre la torture », ainsi que l’exposé des faits et l’exposé de droit28. Malgré les
demandes répétées des demandeurs, la Syrie n’a jamais répondu par écrit à l’exposé des
faits ni à l’exposé de droit.
19. Entre-temps, les demandeurs ont continué à faire preuve d’efforts concertés pour
se rencontrer en personne, et les Parties se sont finalement réunies le 25 avril 2022 à
Abou Dhabi. Au cours de cette rencontre, les demandeurs ont présenté des déclarations,
exposant à nouveau le différend et les remèdes demandés. Les modalités pour la suite
des négociations ont été convenues. Une deuxième rencontre a été convoquée les 5 et
6 octobre 2022. Lors de celle-ci, les demandeurs ont présenté oralement les documents
fournis par écrit à la Syrie en août 2021, à savoir les faits du différend, le droit et les
remèdes demandés, en particulier la cessation des violations de la convention contre la
torture, des assurances et garanties de non-répétition et une réparation intégrale pour les
victimes.
20. Sur la base des résultats de deux séries de rencontres en personne et de plus de
deux ans d’échanges de notes verbales, sans aucun progrès vers le règlement du différend,
les demandeurs ont été contraints de conclure que les négociations étaient devenues
inutiles ou avaient abouti à une impasse. Ils ont avisé la Syrie de leur position par
note verbale le 17 octobre 202229.
iii) Tentatives d’organisation de l’arbitrage
21. Par note verbale datée du 7 novembre 2022, les demandeurs ont formellement
demandé que le différend soit soumis à l’arbitrage et ont joint une proposition d’éléments
devant constituer la base d’un accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage30. La Syrie
n’a pas pris acte ni répondu d’une autre manière à la demande formelle des demandeurs
de soumettre le différend à l’arbitrage. Dans les trois notes verbales qu’elle a envoyées
depuis la demande officielle d’arbitrage, la Syrie n’a pas accusé réception de la demande
des demandeurs de soumettre le différend à l’arbitrage, malgré les invitations ultérieures
des demandeurs à la Syrie de fournir des commentaires sur la proposition
concernant les éléments pour l’organisation de l’arbitrage. Plus de six mois se sont
écoulés depuis la demande officielle d’arbitrage émise par les demandeurs, sans qu’un
accord ait été conclu au sujet de l’organisation de l’arbitrage.
Conclusion sur la compétence
22. Les demandeurs ont satisfait aux conditions énoncées au paragraphe 1 de l’article
30 de la convention contre la torture pour établir la compétence de la Cour. Il existe
un différend entre les Parties concernant l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention
contre la torture, en particulier en ce qui concerne les violations nombreuses et continues
par la Syrie de ses obligations au titre de cette convention, et ses dénis répétés à cet égard.
28 Note verbale de la mission permanente de la République arabe syrienne auprès de l’Office
des Nations Unies à Genève et d’autres organisations internationales à Genève à la mission
permanente du Royaume des Pays-Bas à Genève (30 septembre 2021) (annexe 3, NV 15).
29 Note verbale de la mission permanente du Canada auprès de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies à Genève, en Suisse, et de la mission permanente du Royaume des Pays-Bas auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse, à la mission permanente de la République
arabe syrienne auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse (17 octobre
2022) (annexe 3, NV 60).
30 Note verbale de la mission permanente du Canada auprès de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse, et de la mission permanente du Royaume des Pays-Bas
auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse, à la mission permanente de la
République arabe syrienne auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à Genève, en Suisse
(7 novembre 2022) (annexe 3, NV 62).
20
23. Despite lengthy efforts on the part of the Applicants over the course of more
than two years, the dispute could not be settled through negotiation. No agreement
was reached on the organisation of arbitration and the dispute has not been otherwise
resolved in the meantime.
24. The Court thus has jurisdiction pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Statute and
Article 30 (1) of the Convention against Torture to settle the dispute between the
Applicants and Syria.
III. Summary of the Facts
25. The use of torture and other CIDTP is entrenched in the Syrian system of
detention. Over the past four decades, suspected opponents of the Syrian Government
have been subjected to torture and detention31. In its 2010 concluding observations
to Syria’s initial report under the Convention against Torture, the United Nations
Committee against Torture (“the Committee”) expressed deep concern about the
widespread and routine use of torture by Syrian officials, in particular in detention
facilities32.
26. As of 2011, Syria began employing torture and other CIDTP on a massive
scale. Against a background of unrest across several countries in the Middle East
and North Africa, demonstrations broke out in Syria in February 2011 around
economic, social and other human rights issues, with demands for government
reform33. Syria’s longstanding practices of arbitrary detention of dissidents and activists
were among the main grievances that inspired the protests, which were accompanied
by calls for the release of political prisoners34. In March 2011, Syrian security
forces detained and tortured a group of Syrian children accused of defacing public
buildings with anti-government graffiti in the city of Dar’a, prompting further
peaceful protests in the city35. After families recovered the mutilated bodies of Thamir
Al Sharee, 14 years of age, and Hamza Ali Al Khateeb, 13 years of age, detained in
April in a separate incident, protests spread across Syria36.
27. The Syrian Government responded with widespread arrests during military
operations and at checkpoints37, and with targeted attacks on demonstrators in many
locations38. Notwithstanding initial announcements of limited reforms in the spring
of 2011, the Syrian Government continued its brutal repression of demonstrations
31 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 17th Special Session, UN doc. A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1
(2011) [COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1] at para. 17, online: https://documents.un.org/api/
symbol/access?j=G1117097&t=pdf (Annex 33).
32 UN Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties
under Article 19 of the Convention, 44th Session, UN doc. CAT/C/SYR/CO/1 (2010) at para. 7,
online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1042623&t=pdf (Annex 34).
33 COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6; COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31
at para. 27.
34 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 5.
35 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 27.
36 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 62; COI Report A/HRC/46/55,
supra note 1 at page 2.
37 COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 3; see also COI Report A/HRC/46/55,
supra note 1.
38 COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 3.
21
23. Malgré les efforts considérables déployés par les demandeurs pendant plus de
deux ans, le différend n’a pu être réglé par la voie de la négociation. Aucun accord n’a
été conclu sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage et le différend n’a pas été résolu d’une autre
manière entre-temps.
24. La Cour est donc compétente, en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut
et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention contre la torture, pour régler le différend
entre les demandeurs et la Syrie.
III. Résumé des faits
25. Le recours à la torture et à d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants est ancré dans le système de détention syrien. Au cours des quatre dernières
décennies, des opposants présumés au Gouvernement syrien ont été soumis à la torture
et à la détention31. Dans ses observations finales de 2010 sur le rapport initial de la Syrie
au titre de la convention contre la torture, le Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture
(« le Comité ») s’est déclaré profondément préoccupé par le recours généralisé et systématique
à la torture par les autorités syriennes, en particulier dans les lieux de
détention32.
26. Depuis 2011, la Syrie a commencé à avoir recours de façon considérable à la
torture et à d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. Dans un
contexte de troubles civils dans plusieurs pays du Moyen-Orient et d’Afrique du Nord,
des manifestations ont éclaté en Syrie en février 2011 autour de questions économiques,
sociales et liées aux droits de l’homme, en plus de demandes de réforme du gouvernement33.
Les pratiques de longue date de la Syrie en matière de détention arbitraire de
dissidents et d’activistes figuraient parmi les principaux griefs qui ont inspiré les manifestations
et qui ont été accompagnés d’appels à la libération des prisonniers politiques34.
En mars 2011, les forces de sécurité syriennes ont arrêté et torturé un groupe
d’enfants syriens accusés d’avoir dégradé des bâtiments publics en y peignant des graffitis
antigouvernementaux dans la ville de Dar’a, ce qui a provoqué de nouvelles manifestations
pacifiques dans la ville35. Après que leur famille a récupéré les corps mutilés
de Thamir Al Sharee, 14 ans, et de Hamza Ali Al Khateeb, 13 ans, détenus en avril lors
d’un incident distinct, les manifestations se sont étendues à toute la Syrie36.
27. Le Gouvernement syrien a réagi en procédant à des arrestations massives lors
d’opérations militaires et à des postes de contrôle37, menant en plus des attaques ciblées
contre les manifestants dans de nombreux endroits38. Malgré les premières annonces de
réformes limitées au printemps 2011, le Gouvernement syrien a poursuivi sa répression
31 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne,
dix-septième session extraordinaire, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (2011)
[Rapport de la CEI A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1], par. 17, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G1117098&t=pdf (annexe 33).
32 Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture, Examen des rapports présentés par les
États parties en application de l’article 19 de la convention, quarante-quatrième session,
Nations Unies, doc. CAT/C/SYR/CO/1 (2010), par. 7, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G1042624&t=pdf (annexe 34).
33 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 ; Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 27.
34 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 5.
35 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 27.
36 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 62 ; Rapport
de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, p. 2.
37 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 3 ; voir aussi
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1.
38 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 3.
22
and non-violent activists39. Defections from the military and security forces ensued,
fuelling the emergence of armed opposition groups40. This situation of unrest in
Syria eventually devolved into an armed conflict41.
28. Since the spring of 2011, the use of torture and other CIDTP, often in the context
of arbitrary detention, has been a hallmark of the conflict42. The security and
intelligence apparatus, which includes police forces under the Ministry of the Interior,
Syrian Military Intelligence, Air Force Intelligence, the National Security Bureau,
the Political Security Directorate and the General Intelligence Directorate, is large
and effective43, with central offices in Damascus, as well as a vast network of regional,
city and local facilities within governorates across the country. The highly consistent
use of various methods of torture and other CIDTP  regardless of location and
detaining authority44  demonstrates the systematic and widespread nature of the
practice45, which extends from the highest levels of the Syrian Government46. The
Syrian Government has also engaged pro-government militia and committees (colloquially
known as Shabbiha47) in, inter alia, confronting demonstrators, establishing
checkpoints, capturing members of opposition forces, and transferring them to
branches of the intelligence and security services48.
Treatment of Detainees
29. Since 2011, Syrian officials have frequently detained protesters, both during
and immediately following demonstrations, in addition to other individuals perceived
to oppose the Syrian Government, and their family members, often as a result of
targeted security or military operations49. As the conflict progressed, Syrian forces
39 COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 3.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., at para. 4.
42 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 1.
43 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 19.
44 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 21st Session, UN doc. A/HRC/21/50 (2012) at
para. 77 [COI Report A/HRC/21/50], online: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/
HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-50_en.pdf (Annex 35).
45 Ibid., paras. 77-85.
46 See, for example, COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 25, noting that “all
parts” of the Syrian security forces have been involved in Convention against Torture violations,
and confirming the systematic torture and ill-treatment of detainees and involvement of highranking
officers.
47 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 20, the COI explains that:
“The militia includes the Shabbiha, which is composed of an estimated 10,000 civilians,
who are armed by the Government and are widely used to crush anti-Government demonstrations
alongside national security forces; and the People’s Army, a Baath party militia
with an estimated 100,000 reservists, designed to provide additional security and protection
in cities in times of war.”
48 See for example, COI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 in particular at paras. 52, 74-86,
96-102.
49 UN Human Rights Council, Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Deaths in Detention in the Syrian
Arab Republic, 31st Session, UN doc. A/HRC/31/CRP.1 (2016) at para. 18 [COI, Out of Sight,
Out of Mind], online: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/
CoISyria/A-HRC-31-CRP1_en.pdf (Annex 36); COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at
para. 15.
23
brutale des manifestations et des activistes non violents39. Des défections au sein de
l’armée et des forces de sécurité ont suivi, alimentant l’émergence de groupes d’opposition
armés40. Cette situation d’instabilité en Syrie a fini par dégénérer en conflit armé41.
28. Depuis le printemps 2011, le recours à la torture et à d’autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, souvent dans le cadre de détentions arbitraires,
a caractérisé le conflit42. Le système de sécurité et de renseignement, qui comprend les
forces de police relevant du ministère de l’intérieur, les services de renseignement de
l’armée syrienne, les services de renseignement de l’armée de l’air, le bureau de la
sécurité nationale, la direction de la sécurité politique et la direction des renseignements
généraux, est vaste et efficace43. Il comprend des bureaux centraux à Damas et compte
sur un important réseau d’installations régionales, municipales et locales dans les gouvernorats
à travers le pays. Le recours constant à diverses méthodes de torture et à
d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants  quels que soient le
lieu et l’autorité détentrice44  démontre le caractère systématique et généralisé de
cette pratique45, qui s’étend aux plus hauts niveaux du Gouvernement syrien46. Le
Gouvernement syrien a également engagé des milices et des comités progouvernementaux
(familièrement connus sous le nom de Chabbiha47) pour, notamment, affronter les
manifestants, établir des postes de contrôle et capturer des membres des forces d’opposition
et les transférer aux bureaux des services de renseignement et de sécurité48.
Traitement des détenus
29. Depuis 2011, les autorités syriennes ont régulièrement détenu des manifestants,
à la fois pendant et immédiatement après les manifestations, ainsi que d’autres
personnes perçues comme étant opposées au Gouvernement syrien et les membres de
leur famille, souvent dans le cadre d’opérations militaires ou de sécurité ciblées49. Au
39 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 3.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., par. 4.
42 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 1.
43 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 19.
44 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la Commission
d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne, vingt et unième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/21/50 (2012), par. 77 [Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/
HRC/21/50], https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1216067&t=pdf (annexe 35).
45 Ibid., par. 77-85.
46 Voir, par exemple, Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1,
par. 25, qui mentionne que « toutes les composantes » des forces de sécurité syriennes ont
été impliquées dans les violations de la convention contre la torture, et qui confirme la torture
et les mauvais traitements infligés aux détenus ainsi que la participation d’officiers de haut rang.
47 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 20, la
Commission d’enquête explique que
« Les milices sont, d’une part, les Chabbiha, composées d’environ 10 000 civils armés
par le Gouvernement et largement utilisés pour écraser les manifestations antigouvernementales
aux côtés des forces nationales de sécurité, et, d’autre part, l’Armée populaire,
milice du parti Baas qui compte environ 100 000 réservistes et a pour mission de renforcer
la sécurité et la protection dans les villes en temps de guerre. »
48 Voir par exemple, Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 en
particulier, par. 52, 74-86, 96-102.
49 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Out of Sight, Out of
Mind : Deaths in Detention in the Syrian Arab Republic, trente et unième session,
Nations Unies,doc. A/HRC/31/CRP.1 (2016), par. 18 [Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out
of Mind], www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/AHRC-
31-CRP1_en.pdf (annexe 36) ; Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra
note 1, par. 15.
24
also engaged in mass arrest campaigns in areas that they recaptured50. Individuals
have additionally been targeted based on their ethnicity, cultural background,
religion, gender and sexual orientation51.
30. During security and military operations, and at checkpoints and other points
of arrest, as well as during the transfer to detention facilities, Syrian officials and
others acting at their instigation, or with their consent or acquiescence have committed,
and continue to commit, torture and other CIDTP52. Detainees were most often
taken to official detention centres and interrogated by Syrian intelligence and security
services. Upon arrival, detainees were beaten and whipped for an extended period,
sometimes hours53. Those who survived this treatment continued to be subjected to
torture and other CIDTP throughout their detention.
31. In some instances, Syrian officials and others under their control transferred
those taken into custody to unofficial detention centres, including converted
military barracks, schools, stadiums and warehouses, as well as to secret detention
locations54. Sections within military and civilian hospital facilities were also repurposed
for detention, and became notorious for the torture and other CIDTP inflicted
on injured detainees by security officers, and in some cases, by medical personnel55.
32. The methods of torture used by Syrian officials, and others acting at their
instigation, or with their consent or acquiescence, are both physical and mental,
causing severe as well as long-term consequences, and frequently death56. The use
of at least 20 different methods of torture by Syrian officials has been extensively
documented57. Reported methods of torture have been consistent across the
country58. They include, inter alia, severe beatings and whippings, including with
fists, electric cables, metal and wooden sticks, chains and rifle butts; administering
electric shocks; burning body parts; pulling out nails and teeth; mock executions;
and simulated drownings59. In many cases, detainees are subjected to multiple and
recurring periods of torture, during which a combination of torture techniques are
deployed.
50 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 18.
51 See, for example, COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 15; and UN Human
Rights Council, Oral Update of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in the
Syrian Arab Republic, 25th Session, 18 March 2014 at para. 27 (Annex 37).
52 Ibid., COI Report A/HRC/46/55, paras. 15 and 20.
53 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Open Wounds —
Torture and ill-treatment in the Syrian Arab Republic (14 April 2014) [OHCHR, Open
Wounds] at pages 4-5, online: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/SY/
PaperOnTorture.pdf (Annex 38).
54 COI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at paras. 6, 14-16.
55 UN Human Rights Council, Assault on medical care in Syria, 24th Session, UN doc. A/
HRC/24/CRP.2 (2013) at paras. 33-37, online: www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/
document/ahrc24crp2.php (Annex 39).
56 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
57 Ibid.
58 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 22nd Session, UN doc. A/HRC/22/59 (2013) [COI
Report A/HRC/22/59] at para. 16, online: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/
HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A.HRC.22.59_en.pdf (Annex 40).
59 COI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at Annex VIII at para. 8; UN Human Rights
Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian
25
fur et à mesure que le conflit a progressé, les forces syriennes ont également mené des
campagnes d’arrestations massives dans les zones qu’elles ont reprises50. Des personnes
ont également été prises pour cible en raison de leur appartenance ethnique, de leur
culture, de leur religion, de leur genre ou de leur orientation sexuelle51.
30. Au cours d’opérations militaires et de sécurité, à des postes de contrôle et à
d’autres points d’arrestation, ainsi que pendant des transferts vers des lieux de détention,
les autorités syriennes et d’autres personnes agissant à leur instigation ou avec leur
consentement exprès ou tacite ont commis des actes de torture et d’autres peines ou
traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, et continuent de le faire52. Les détenus
étaient le plus souvent emmenés dans des centres de détention officiels et interrogés par
les services de renseignement et de sécurité syriens. À leur arrivée, ils étaient battus et
fouettés pendant une longue période, parfois des heures53. Ceux qui ont survécu à ce
traitement ont continué à être soumis à la torture et à d’autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants durant toute leur détention.
31. Dans certains cas, des agents syriens et d’autres personnes placées sous leur
contrôle ont transféré les personnes arrêtées vers des centres de détention non officiels,
dont des casernes militaires, des écoles, des stades et des entrepôts reconvertis, ainsi que
dans des lieux de détention secrets54. Des sections d’hôpitaux militaires et civils ont également
été réaffectées à la détention et sont devenues tristement célèbres pour des actes de
torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants infligés aux détenus
blessés par les agents de sécurité et, dans certains cas, par le personnel médical55.
32. Les méthodes de torture utilisées par les agents syriens et d’autres personnes
agissant à leur instigation ou avec leur consentement exprès ou tacite sont à la fois
physiques et mentales, et entraînent des conséquences graves et à long terme, et souvent
la mort56. L’utilisation d’au moins 20 méthodes de torture différentes par les agents
syriens a été largement documentée57. Les méthodes de torture signalées sont utilisées
à travers le pays58. Elles comprennent, notamment, des rouées de coups et de fouet
violentes, notamment avec les poings, des câbles électriques, des bâtons en métal et en
bois, des chaînes et des crosses de fusil ; l’administration de décharges électriques ; des
brûlures sur certaines parties du corps ; l’arrachage d’ongles et de dents ; des simulacres
d’exécution ; et des simulacres de noyade59. Dans de nombreux cas, les détenus sont
soumis à des périodes de torture multiples et récurrentes, au cours desquelles une combinaison
de techniques de torture est utilisée.
50 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 18.
51 Voir, par exemple, Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1,
par. 15 ; et Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Oral Update of
the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, vingtcinquième
session (18 mars 2014), par. 27 (annexe 37).
52 Ibid., Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, par. 15 et 20.
53 Nations Unies, Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l’homme, Open Wounds — Torture
and ill-treatment in the Syrian Arab Republic (14 avril 2014) [HCDH, Open Wounds], p. 4-5,
www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/SY/PaperOnTorture.pdf (annexe 38).
54 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44, par. 6, 14-16.
55 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Assault on medical
care in Syria, vingt-quatrième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/24/CRP.2 (2013), par. 33-37,
www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/ahrc24crp2.php (annexe 39).
56 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 20.
57 Ibid.
58 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la Syrie, vingt-deuxième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/22/59 (2013) [Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/22/59],
par. 16, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/
A.HRC.22.59_en.pdf (annexe 40).
59 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 à l’annexe VIII, par. 8 ;
Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la Commission
26
33. Syrian intelligence and security officials have also used standardised
methods of torture and other CIDTP, which often combine severe beatings with prolonged
stress positions or the use of specific torture devices. These have included:
folding detainees into a car tyre followed by a severe beating (dulab)60; crucifying
or suspending detainees from one or two limbs for prolonged periods and beating
them (shabeh)61; strapping detainees to hinged wooden boards, the ends of which
are brought slowly together, overextending the body and spine (bisat al rih or
flying carpet)62; and beatings or whippings against the soles of the feet ( falaqa)63.
Conditions of Detention
34. The abhorrent conditions documented across Syria’s system of detention
constitute CIDTP and often amount to torture in and of themselves64. Prison conditions
are similar across detention facilities, and characterised by severe overcrowding
with detainees often forced to stand and sleep in shifts65. Some cells are underground66,
leaving victims in near complete darkness, sometimes for months on end. A
22-year-old student detained at the Air Force Intelligence Branch in the town of
Harasta and held in an overcrowded cell of 12 square metres, explained:
“It was impossible to sleep. We were cramped, the smell was unbearable, and
the cell was infested with insects. We could hardly breathe. There was no ventilation
at all; the only small window of the room was closed all the time. There was
a hole in one of the corners of the cell, which was the toilet. It was disgusting;
there was no privacy at all. Imagine 60 persons using that hole every day. There
was no recreation time whatsoever.”67
35. Most detainees are provided with inadequate food and drinking water68. For
extended periods of time, there is a complete absence of any food at all, leading to
dehydration, malnourishment and sometimes death by starvation69.
36. The risks to the health and lives of detainees imposed by the conditions of
detention have been compounded by the often non-existent or inadequate medical
assistance, making otherwise treatable conditions fatal70. Detainees died in large
numbers from preventable conditions such as diarrhoea or other infections that spread
Arab Republic, 24th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/24/46 (2013) at para. 80, online:
https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=G1316410&t=pdf ( Annex 41); C OI R eport A /
HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
60 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
61 Ibid.
62 COI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra n ote 4 4 a t A nnex VIII a t p ara. 9; C OI R eport A /
HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 17.
63 COI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 at Annex VIII at para. 9.
64 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 20.
65 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 26.
66 COI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 96.
67 OHCHR, Open Wounds, supra note 53 at pages 4-5.
68 COI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 96.
69 Ibid.; UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 25th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/25/65 (2014) at para. 52
(Annex 42).
70 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 29.
27
33. Les agents des services de renseignement et de sécurité syriens ont également
utilisé des méthodes standard de torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants, qui associent souvent des coups violents à des positions
douloureuses prolongées ou à l’utilisation d’appareils de torture spécifiques. Ces
pratiques comprennent notamment le fait de coincer les détenus dans un pneu de voiture
et de les frapper violemment (dulab)60 ; de les crucifier ou de les suspendre par un ou
deux membres pendant de longues périodes et de les battre (shabeh)61 ; de
les attacher à des planches de bois articulées, dont les extrémités sont rapprochées
lentement, ce qui étend excessivement le corps et la colonne vertébrale (bisat al rih ou
tapis volant)62 ; et de les battre ou de les fouetter sur la plante des pieds (falaqa)63.
Conditions de détention
34. Les conditions odieuses documentées dans le système de détention syrien
constituent des peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants et constituent
souvent en elles-mêmes une forme de torture64. Les conditions carcérales sont similaires
dans tous les centres de détention et se caractérisent par une forte surpopulation,
les détenus étant souvent contraints de rester debout et de dormir à tour de rôle65.
Certaines cellules sont souterraines66, laissant les victimes dans une obscurité presque
totale, parfois pendant des mois. Un étudiant de 22 ans, détenu par le service de renseignement
de l’armée de l’air dans la ville de Harasta dans une cellule surpeuplée de
12 mètres carrés, a décrit ses conditions de détention :
« Il était impossible de dormir. Nous étions entassés, l’odeur était insupportable
et la cellule était infestée d’insectes. Nous pouvions à peine respirer. Il n’y
avait aucune ventilation ; la seule petite fenêtre de la pièce était fermée en permanence.
Il y avait un trou dans l’un des coins de la cellule, qui servait de toilettes.
C’était dégoûtant ; il n’y avait aucune intimité. Imaginez 60 personnes utilisant ce
trou tous les jours. Il n’y avait aucun temps de récréation. »67
35. La plupart des détenus ne reçoivent pas de nourriture et d’eau potable de façon
suffisante68. Pendant de longues périodes, ils ne reçoivent aucune nourriture, ce qui
entraîne la déshydratation, la malnutrition et parfois la mort par inanition69.
36. Les risques que présentent les conditions de détention sur la santé et la vie des
détenus sont aggravés par l’absence ou l’insuffisance d’assistance médicale, rendant
fatales des affections qui auraient pu être traitées70. Un grand nombre de détenus sont
morts de maladies évitables telles que la diarrhée ou d’autres infections qui se sont
d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne, vingt-quatrième
session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/24/46 (2013), par. 80, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G1316411&t=pdf (annexe 41) ; Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55,
supra note 1, par. 20.
60 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 20.
61 Ibid.
62 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 à l’annexe VIII, par. 9 ;
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58, par. 17.
63 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44 à l’annexe VIII, par. 9.
64 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 20.
65 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 26.
66 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58, par. 96.
67 HCDH, Open Wounds, supra note 53, p. 4-5.
68 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58, par. 96.
69 Ibid. ; Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne, vingtcinquième
session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/25/65 (2014), par. 52 (annexe 42).
70 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 29.
28
in unhygienic and overcrowded cells71. Overcrowding, lack of adequate sanitation
and lice infestations also resulted in the spread of skin diseases72. Furthermore,
detainees received little to no medical care to treat wounds sustained during torture
and developed severe infections, in some cases eventually resulting in death73.
Syria’s Use of Torture and Other CIDTP to Interrogate,
Punish, Intimidate and Coerce
37. Detainees are routinely subjected to torture and other CIDTP in the course of
interrogations. Syrian officials have interrogated detainees to obtain, amongst other
information, details regarding the organisation of demonstrations and other opposition
activities, the reasons for protesting, as well as the involvement of the detainees
or their family members and others in opposition and armed groups74. Detainees who
are members of the Syrian military forces or security services are often interrogated
regarding plans to defect75. The information gathered is then used to identify and to
target additional suspects for arrest and detention76.
38. A 60-year-old male, held for three months in different detention centers in the
Tartous Governorate in 2013, including at a Military Intelligence Branch facility,
was interrogated about his alleged involvement in an opposition group and the
identity of members of this group77. He described his detention conditions as follows:
“Every day, cellmates were taken for 30 or 45 minutes of interrogation and came back
with their faces bleeding, barely able to walk, and with open wounds that remained
untreated and became infected.”78
39. Syria also uses torture and other CIDTP to extract confessions of the
detainees’ perceived opposition activities or to elicit promises to abstain from
any future participation therein79. Detainees have been routinely forced to sign
or fingerprint documents they were not able to read, which often turned out
to be written confessions of crimes, sometimes while blindfolded or handcuffed80.
The extracted confessions have subsequently been used as a means to justify
the detainees’ further detention or, in some cases, convictions81.
40. Syria perpetrates torture and other CIDTP as a means of punishment, intimidation,
and coercion. Victims have been punished for perceived disloyalty to the Syrian
71 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 29
72 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of
Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 37th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/37/72 (2018) [COI
Report A/HRC/37/72] at para. 65, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?
j=G1802282&t=pdf (Annex 43).
73 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 24.
74 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 3.
75 COI Report A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44, Annex VIII at para. 4.
76 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 86.
77 OHCHR, Open Wounds, supra note 53 at page 5.
78 Ibid.
79 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 16.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid.; See also UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 51st Session, UN doc. A/HRC/51/45
29
propagées dans des cellules insalubres et surpeuplées71. La surpopulation, le manque
d’hygiène et les infestations de poux ont également favorisé la propagation des maladies
de la peau72. En outre, des détenus n’ont reçu que des soins médicaux limités, voire
aucun, pour soigner les blessures causées par la torture et ont développé de graves
infections qui, dans certains cas, ont entraîné la mort73.
Utilisation par la Syrie de la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants à des fins d’interrogatoire, de sanction, d’intimidation
et de coercition
37. Les détenus sont régulièrement soumis à la torture et à d’autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants au cours d’interrogatoires. Les agents syriens
ont interrogé des détenus pour obtenir, entre autres choses, des informations sur
l’organisation de manifestations et d’autres activités de l’opposition, les raisons des
protestations, ainsi que l’implication des détenus ou des membres de leur famille et
d’autres personnes dans des groupes d’opposition et des groupes armés74. Des détenus
qui sont membres des forces militaires syriennes ou des services de sécurité sont
souvent interrogés sur leurs projets de défection75. Les informations recueillies sont
ensuite utilisées pour identifier et cibler d’autres suspects à arrêter et à
détenir76.
38. Un homme de 60 ans, détenu pendant trois mois dans différents centres de détention
du gouvernorat de Tartous en 2013, notamment dans un établissement de la
direction du renseignement militaire, a été interrogé sur son implication présumée dans
un groupe d’opposition et sur l’identité des membres de ce groupe77. Il a décrit ses
conditions de détention comme suit : « Chaque jour, des compagnons de cellule étaient
emmenés pour un interrogatoire de 30 ou 45 minutes et revenaient le visage en sang, à
peine capables de marcher et avec des plaies ouvertes qui n’étaient pas soignées et
s’infectaient. »78
39. La Syrie a également recours à la torture et à d’autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants pour soutirer aux détenus des aveux sur leurs activités
d’opposition supposées ou la promesse qu’ils s’abstiendront de toute participation
future à ces activités79. Des détenus ont été régulièrement contraints de signer ou
d’apposer leurs empreintes digitales sur des documents qu’ils n’étaient pas en mesure
de lire et qui s’avéraient souvent être des aveux écrits de crimes, parfois alors qu’ils
avaient les yeux bandés ou étaient menottés80. Les aveux obtenus sont ensuite utilisés
pour justifier la poursuite de la détention ou, dans certains cas, la condamnation des
détenus81.
40. La Syrie pratique la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants comme moyen de sanction, d’intimidation et de coercition. Des victimes ont
71 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 29
72 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe syrienne,
trente-septième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/37/72 (2018) [Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête A/HRC/37/72], par. 65, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/
access?j=G1802283&t=pdf (annexe 43).
73 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 24.
74 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 3.
75 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/21/50, supra note 44, annexe VIII, par. 4.
76 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 86.
77 HCDH, Open Wounds, supra note 53, p. 5.
78 Ibid.
79 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 16.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid. ; voir aussi Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la République arabe
30
Government. They are intimidated in order to instill fear, with a view to forcing them
to refrain from demonstrations and other opposition-related activities, as well as to
discourage others from doing so82.
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
41. Sexual and gender-based violence, including rape, is deployed by Syria as a
means of torture and other CIDTP. It is routinely committed against both male
and female detainees, including children, and often combined with other practices
amounting to torture and other CIDTP83. Sexual and gender-based violence has been
perpetrated by Syrian government forces and affiliated militia during home raids,
military operations, and at checkpoints84, as well as by Syrian officials across
government-controlled places of detention, where it is used to extract information,
as well as to intimidate, coerce, humiliate and punish85.
42. In detention, women and girls have been routinely subjected to invasive and
humiliating body searches by male guards86, as well as forced nudity and beatings
and electric shocks to their genitals87. Women and girls have been routinely raped,
with many subjected to multiple rapes, including gang rapes88. Men and boys
have been subjected to a range of forms of sexual violence89. Rape was most
commonly perpetrated with objects, including batons, wooden sticks, pipes, and bottles90.
Electric shocks, beatings targeting genitals, and genital mutilation are also
forms of torture frequently administered91.
43. Outside formal places of detention, it is women and girls that have predominantly
been victims of sexual violence and rape92. During house raids, family members
have been forced to watch the rape, including gang rape, of female relatives93. At
checkpoints, sexual violence has most often taken place in nearby buildings, military
vehicles or other forms of shelter, although in some cases women and girls have been
raped in front of their male relatives94.
44. Syrian officials have also used sexual and gender-based violence as a means to
coerce men from opposition and armed groups to surrender, in exchange for the
(2022) [COI Report 51/45] at para. 19, online: https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j
=G2246309&t=pdf (Annex 44).
82 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 3.
83 Ibid., supra note 1 at para. 20.
84 COI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 106.
85 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 21.
86 UN Human Rights Council, “I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based violence in
the Syrian Arab Republic, 37th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/37/CRP.3 (2018) [COI, I lost my
dignity] at para. 31, online: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HR
Council/CoISyria/A-HRC-37-CRP-3.pdf (Annex 45); COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6
at para. 50.
87 COI, I lost my dignity, at paras. 33 and 37.
88 Ibid., at para. 34.
89 Ibid., at paras. 43-44.
90 Ibid., at para. 44; COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at para. 50.
91 COI, I lost my dignity, supra note 86 at paras. 49-50; COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra
note 6 at para. 50.
92 Ibid., COI Report A/HRC/46/54.
93 COI, I lost my dignity, supra note 86 at para. 14.
94 Ibid., at para. 23.
31
été punies pour avoir été perçues comme déloyales envers le gouvernement syrien.
L’intimidation est pratiquée afin de susciter la peur, dans le but de forcer les victimes à
s’abstenir de manifester et de participer à d’autres activités liées à l’opposition, et de
décourager les autres de le faire82.
Violence sexuelle et fondée sur le genre
41. La violence sexuelle et fondée sur le genre, y compris le viol, est utilisée par la
Syrie comme moyen de torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants. Elle est régulièrement commise à l’encontre de détenus, hommes et
femmes, y compris des enfants, et souvent associée à d’autres pratiques constitutives de
torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants83. La violence
sexuelle et fondée sur le genre a été perpétrée par les forces gouvernementales syriennes
et les milices affiliées lors de descentes, d’opérations militaires et aux postes de contrôle84,
ainsi que par des agents syriens dans les lieux de détention contrôlés par le
gouvernement, où elle est utilisée pour obtenir des informations, ainsi que pour intimider,
contraindre, humilier et punir85.
42. En détention, les femmes et les jeunes filles sont régulièrement soumises à des
fouilles corporelles intrusives et humiliantes par des gardiens de sexe masculin86, ainsi
qu’à une nudité forcée et à des coups et à des décharges électriques sur leurs parties génitales87.
Des femmes et des filles ont été régulièrement violées, beaucoup d’entre elles ayant
subi des viols multiples, y compris des viols collectifs88. Des hommes et des garçons ont
été soumis à toute une série de formes de violence sexuelle89. Les viols sont le plus souvent
perpétrés à l’aide d’objets, notamment des matraques, des bâtons en bois, des tuyaux et des
bouteilles90. Les décharges électriques, les coups visant les organes génitaux et les mutilations
génitales sont également des formes de torture fréquemment administrées91.
43. En dehors des lieux de détention officiels, ce sont surtout des femmes et des jeunes
filles qui ont été victimes de violences sexuelles et de viols92. Lors de descentes, des
membres de leur famille ont été contraints d’assister au viol, y compris au viol collectif,
de femmes93. Aux postes de contrôle, les violences sexuelles ont le plus souvent eu lieu
dans des bâtiments voisins, des véhicules militaires ou d’autres abris, bien que, dans
certains cas, des femmes et des filles aient été violées devant des hommes de leur famille94.
44. Les agents syriens ont également eu recours à la violence sexuelle et fondée sur
le genre pour contraindre les hommes de l’opposition et des groupes armés à se rendre,
syrienne, cinquante et unième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/51/45 (2022) [Rapport
de la Commission d’enquête 51/45], par. 19, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j
=G2246310&t=pdf (annexe 44).
82 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 3.
83 Ibid., supra note 1, par. 20.
84 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58, par. 106.
85 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 21.
86 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, “I lost my dignity”:
Sexual and gender-based violence in the Syrian Arab Republic, trente-septième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/37/CRP.3 (2018) [Commission d’enquête, I lost my dignity], par. 31,
www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-
37-CRP-3.pdf (annexe 45) ; Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6,
par. 50.
87 Commission d’enquête, I lost my dignity, par. 33 et 37.
88 Ibid., par. 34.
89 Ibid., par. 43-44.
90 Ibid., par. 44 ; Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 50.
91 Commission d’enquête, I lost my dignity, supra note 86, par. 49-50 ; Rapport de la
Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 50.
92 Ibid., Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54.
93 Commission d’enquête, I lost my dignity, supra note 86, par. 14.
94 Ibid., par. 23.
32
release of their detained relatives95. Syrian authorities have also threatened to rape
detainees in front of their family members, or to rape their wives and children. As one
male detainee at the Damascus Political Security Branch reported in 2014:
“The officer took two girls, held their faces down on the desk, and raped them
in turn. The girls tried to resist but there was nothing they could do. The officer
then told me ‘you see what I am doing to them, I will do this to your wife and
daughter.’”96
45. Victims have suffered extreme pain, physical injuries, and mental suffering
from sexual and gender-based violence. In particular, women and girls who have
been subjected to repeated sexual violence, including gang rape, often suffer from
haemorrhaging and incontinence97, as well as other consequences specifically associated
with sexual violence98. The physical and mental suffering caused by sexual
and gender-based violence is further aggravated by the nature of the acts, and the
ensuing stigmatisation attached to the incidents, affecting the victims, families and
communities99. Victims accordingly often do not seek required medical care, or
experience substantial barriers to receiving treatment and support100. They are also
more likely to face additional abuse or harm linked to traditional and cultural
practices101. Fear of sexual violence and the anticipated humiliation of being
a victim of sexual violence has been deliberately used as a tool by the Syrian
Government to extract information, punish, and humiliate individuals and their
families102.
Children
46. The torture of children was a precipitating factor of the start of the conflict
in Syria103. As noted above, the detention and torture of children accused of antigovernment
graffiti in Dar’a104, and the subsequent deaths and recovery of the
mutilated bodies of Thamir Al Sharee and Hamza Ali Al Khateeb, ignited the initial
protests105.
95 COI Report A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58 at para. 107.
96 COI, I lost my dignity, supra note 86 at page 5.
97 Ibid., at para. 37.
98 Ibid., at paras. 27-42.
99 Ibid., at paras. 93-102.
100 See, for example, COI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 19 where the COI notes
that:
“Stigmatization often also prevents survivors of rape from seeking required medical
assistance, physical protection, psychosocial or economic support and redress. It also
renders survivors more likely to face additional abuse or harm linked to traditional and
cultural practices.”
101 Ibid.
102 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 21.
103 See, for example, UN Human Rights Council, Summary of the High-Level Panel
Discussion on the Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, UN doc. A/HRC/
35/15 (2017) at para. 4:
“The High Commissioner [for Human Rights] highlighted that the conflict had begun
with the detention and torture by security officials of a group of children in Daraa who
had daubed anti-government graffiti on a school wall.” (Annex 46.)
104 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 27; and COI Report A/HRC/46/55,
supra note 1.
105 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 62.
33
en échange de la libération de leurs proches détenus95. Les agents syriens ont également
menacé de violer des détenus devant les membres de leur famille, ou de violer leurs
femmes et leurs enfants. Comme l’a rapporté en 2014 un détenu de la direction de la
sécurité politique de Damas :
« L’agent a pris deux filles, les a maintenues face contre le bureau et les a violées
à tour de rôle. Les filles ont essayé de résister, mais elles n’ont rien pu faire.
L’agent m’a alors dit : “Vous voyez ce que je leur fais, je ferai la même chose à
votre femme et à votre fille.” »96
45. Des victimes ont subi des douleurs extrêmes, des blessures physiques et des souffrances
mentales dues à la violence sexuelle et fondée sur le genre. En particulier, des
femmes et des filles ayant été victimes de violences sexuelles répétées, y compris des
viols collectifs, souffrent souvent d’hémorragies et d’incontinence97, ainsi que d’autres
conséquences spécifiquement associées à la violence sexuelle98. Les souffrances
physiques et mentales causées par la violence sexuelle et fondée sur le genre sont aggravées
par la nature des actes et la stigmatisation qui en découle, affectant les victimes,
les familles et les communautés99. Il arrive souvent que les victimes ne cherchent pas à
obtenir les soins médicaux nécessaires ou qu’elles se heurtent à des obstacles
considérables pour recevoir un traitement et du soutien100. Elles sont également plus
susceptibles d’être victimes d’abus ou de préjudices supplémentaires liés aux pratiques
traditionnelles et culturelles101. La peur des violences sexuelles et l’humiliation anticipée
d’en être victime ont été délibérément utilisées par le Gouvernement syrien pour
obtenir des informations et punir et humilier les individus et leur famille102.
Enfants
46. La torture des enfants a été l’un des facteurs qui ont précipité le début du conflit
en Syrie103. Comme indiqué précédemment, la détention et la torture d’enfants accusés
d’avoir peint des graffitis antigouvernementaux à Dar’a104, ainsi que leurs décès et la
découverte des corps mutilés de Thamir Al Sharee et Hamza Ali Al Khateeb, ont
déclenché les premières manifestations105.
95 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/22/59, supra note 58, par. 107.
96 Commission d’enquête, I lost my dignity, supra note 86, p. 5.
97 Ibid., par. 37.
98 Ibid., par. 27-42.
99 Ibid., par. 93-102.
100 Voir par exemple Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10,
par. 19, dans lequel la Commission d’enquête mentionne que :
« La stigmatisation empêche aussi fréquemment les personnes ayant subi un viol de
demander l’aide médicale nécessaire, une protection physique et des mesures psychosociales
ou économiques de soutien et de réparation. Elle les rend également plus susceptibles de
subir d’autres abus ou mauvais traitements liés aux pratiques traditionnelles et culturelles. »
101 Ibid.
102 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 21.
103 Voir par exemple, Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Résumé de la table ronde de haut niveau sur la situation des droits de l’homme en République
arabe syrienne, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/35/15 (2017), par. 4 :
« Le Haut-Commissaire [aux droits de l’homme] a souligné que le conflit avait débuté
au moment où les responsables de la sécurité avaient arrêté et torturé un groupe d’enfants
à Daraa, sous prétexte qu’ils avaient peint des graffitis antigouvernementaux sur un mur
d’école. » (Annexe 46.)
104 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 27 ; et Rapport
de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1.
105 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 62.
34
47. Torture and other CIDTP have an increased traumatic effect on children as
victims, above and beyond the mental and physical suffering experienced by
adults106. Numerous accounts from former detainees indicate that children were
detained, some younger than 10 years old, in various locations run by the military and
security forces, and that torture was applied equally to adults and children107. Cases of
children as young as 7 years old dying in Syrian Government custody have also been
documented108. One defector recollected that: “people had their feet and hands bound
with plastic handcuffs. They were beaten mercilessly, including 10-year-old children.
Some children urinated out of fear while they were being beaten. It was very
cruel.”109
48. Children have witnessed torture and other CIDTP inflicted on family members
and have been forced to inflict torture on other detainees110. For example, one witness
detained in 2014 and held in the Qamishli Security Branch, described how a
16-year-old boy was forced to electrocute the genitals of another detainee111. Such
incidents exacerbate the mental distress experienced by children as a consequence of
torture and other CIDTP in detention.
Enforced Disappearance
49. Syria has perpetrated enforced disappearances112 on a widespread and massive
scale following the 2011 demonstrations and ensuing conflict, including to spread
fear and stifle dissent, and as punishment113. Tens of thousands are missing after having
been taken into government custody, and remain forcibly disappeared114. In a
consistent pattern, individuals were unlawfully detained, and neither they nor their
families were informed about where they would be taken115. Individuals have been
routinely subjected to incommunicado detention. These detainees are deprived of
contact with the outside world, without the ability to communicate with anyone,
including close relatives116. These practices place victims outside the protection of the
law117.
106 UN Human Rights Council, “They have erased the dreams of my children”: Children’s
rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, COI Conference Room Paper 43rd Session, UN doc. A/
HRC/43/CRP.6 (2020) [COI, They have erased the dreams of my children] at para. 53, online:
www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%
7D/a_hrc_43_crp.6.pdf (Annex 47).
107 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 72.
108 COI, They have erased the dreams of my children, supra note 106 at para. 3.
109 COI Report A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 72.
110 COI, They have erased the dreams of my children, supra note 106 at para. 54.
111 Ibid.
112 See, for example, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from
Enforced Disappearance, 20 December 2006, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 2716, p. 3
(entered into force 23 December 2010), Article 2 (Definition of Enforced Disappearance)
(Annex 48).
113 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 18.
114 Ibid., at para. 15.
115 Ibid., para. 18.
116 COI Conference Room Paper, Without a trace: enforced disappearances in Syria,
19 December 2013 [COI, Without a trace], at para. 11, online: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/
default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/ThematicPaperEDInSyria.pdf
(Annex 49).
117 Ibid., at paras. 4 and 11.
35
47. La torture et les autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants ont
un effet traumatisant accru sur les enfants qui en sont victimes, qui va au-delà des souffrances
mentales et physiques subies par les adultes106. De nombreux témoignages d’anciens
détenus indiquent que des enfants ont été détenus, certains âgés de moins de
10 ans, dans divers lieux gérés par les forces militaires et de sécurité, et que la torture a
été utilisée de la même manière sur les adultes et les enfants107. Des cas d’enfants âgés
de seulement 7 ans, décédés alors qu’ils étaient détenus par le Gouvernement syrien,
ont également été documentés108. Un déserteur se rappelle : « [L]es gens avaient les
pieds et les mains attachés par des menottes en plastique. Ils étaient frappés impitoyablement,
même des enfants de 10 ans. Certains enfants urinaient de peur sous les coups.
C’était très cruel. »109
48. Des enfants ont été témoins d’actes de torture et d’autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants infligés à des membres de leur famille et ont été
contraints d’infliger des actes de torture à d’autres détenus110. Par exemple, un témoin
détenu en 2014 à la direction de la sécurité de Qamishli a décrit comment un garçon de
16 ans a été forcé d’électrocuter les parties génitales d’un autre détenu111. Ces incidents
exacerbent la détresse mentale dont souffrent les enfants en raison de la torture et
d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants infligés en détention.
Disparitions forcées
49. La Syrie a causé des disparitions forcées112 à grande échelle à la suite des manifestations
de 2011 et du conflit qui s’est ensuivi, notamment pour répandre la peur et
étouffer la dissidence, ainsi qu’à titre de punition113. Des dizaines de milliers de
personnes ont été placées en détention par le gouvernement et sont toujours victimes de
disparition forcée114. Selon un schéma constant, des personnes ont été détenues illégalement,
et ni elles ni leur famille n’ont été informées de l’endroit où elles allaient être
emmenées115. Des personnes sont régulièrement détenues au secret. Ces détenus sont
privés de tout contact avec le monde extérieur et ne peuvent communiquer avec personne,
y compris avec leurs proches116. Ces pratiques placent les victimes en dehors de
la protection de la loi117.
106 Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, “They have erased the
dreams of my children”: Children’s rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, document de séance de
la Commission d’enquête, quarante-troisième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/43/CRP.6
(2020) [Commission d’enquête, They have erased the dreams of my children], par. 53,
www.securitycouncilrepor t.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27- 4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4F
F96FF9%7D/a_hrc_43_crp.6.pdf (annexe 47).
107 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 72.
108 Commission d’enquête, They have erased the dreams of my children, supra note 106, par. 3.
109 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 72.
110 Commission d’enquête, They have erased the dreams of my children, supra note 106, par. 54.
111 Ibid.
112 Voir par exemple, convention internationale pour la protection de toutes les personnes
contre les disparitions forcées, 20 décembre 2006, Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 2716,
p. 3 (entrée en vigueur : 23 décembre 2010), art. 2 (définition de la disparition forcée) (annexe 48).
113 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 18.
114 Ibid., par. 15.
115 Ibid., par. 18.
116 Document de séance de la Commission d’enquête, Without a trace: enforced disappearances
in Syria, 19 décembre 2013 [Commission d’enquête, Without a trace], par. 11,
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/
ThematicPaperEDInSyria.pdf (annexe 49).
117 Ibid., par. 4 et 11.
36
50. Enforced disappearance and incommunicado detention often amount to
torture and other CIDTP, and leave disappeared persons in a situation of unique
vulnerability when it comes to their treatment and the conditions of detention.
Victims suffer extreme powerlessness and helplessness, as they are often isolated
in undisclosed locations for an undetermined length of time. The family
members of the tens of thousands of missing persons are also victims as they
continue to suffer from a pervasive sense of anguish, distress and uncertainty
as to the whereabouts of their loved ones, or even whether they are still alive118. The
Syrian Government intentionally prolongs the suffering of those families by
withholding information on the fate of their loved ones as a means of both intimidation
and punishment119.
Syria’s Response to Torture and Other CIDTP
51. The gross, systematic and widespread perpetration of torture and other CIDTP
in Syria has been met with impunity. While Syria’s constitution and criminal laws,
including new legislation adopted in 2022, prohibit all acts of torture or degrading
treatment120, these laws are neither enforced, nor implemented in practice. Syria has
systematically failed to prevent or undertake prompt, thorough and impartial investigations
of incidents of torture or deaths in detention121. Even where visibly ill-treated
detainees have appeared before a judge, courts have consistently failed to order investigations
into their cases122. Moreover, members of the intelligence services enjoy de
facto immunity from prosecution123.
52. Syria has routinely concealed deaths in detention, including as a result of
torture and other CIDTP. Syrian officials have kept meticulous registers of detainees124,
and are aware of the fate of most of those they have detained125. Yet, Syria
continues to withhold information, which has had and continues to have a devastating
impact on families126. Without certainty of death, next of kin cannot access governmental
services such as social benefits or exercise a range of civil rights which require
an official death certificate127. This is particularly the case for women who, without
a death certificate of their deceased or disappeared spouse, cannot exercise their
rights to inheritance and custody, and who are restricted in their freedom of
118 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 78.
119 Ibid., at paras. 104-105.
120 COI Report A/HRC/51/45, supra note 81, at para. 23; UN Human Rights Committee,
Fourth periodic report submitted by the Syrian Arab Republic under Article 40 of the Covenant,
due in 2009, UN doc. CCPR/C/SYR/4 (2022) at paras. 37-38 (Annex 50).
121 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 97; see also Out of Sight, Out of Mind,
supra note 49 at para. 40.
122 COI, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49 at para. 89.
123 See, for example, legislative decrees 14/1969 and 69/2008 as noted in COI Report A/
HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31 at para. 22, and most recently, COI Report A/HRC/52/69,
supra note 10 at para. 18.
124 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 27.
125 Ibid., at para. 104.
126 Ibid.
127 COI, Death Notifications in the Syrian Arab Republic: Policy Paper, 27 November 2018,
[COI, Death Notifications] at paras. 6-7, online: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/
documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/coisyria/DeathNotificationsSyrianArabRepublic_Nov2018.pdf
(Annex 51).
37
50. La disparition forcée et la détention au secret s’apparentent souvent à de la
torture ou à d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, et placent
les personnes disparues dans une situation de vulnérabilité unique en ce qui concerne
leur traitement et leurs conditions de détention. Les victimes souffrent d’une impuissance
et d’un désarroi extrêmes, car elles sont souvent isolées dans des lieux non
divulgués pour une durée indéterminée. Les membres des familles des dizaines de
milliers de personnes disparues sont également des victimes, car ils continuent de souffrir
d’un sentiment omniprésent d’angoisse, de détresse et d’incertitude quant à
l’endroit où se trouvent leurs proches, ou même s’ils sont encore en vie118. Le
Gouvernement syrien prolonge intentionnellement les souffrances de ces familles en
retenant des informations sur le sort de leurs proches à des fins d’intimidation et de
punition119.
Réponse de la Syrie à la torture et aux autres peines
ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants
51. La torture et les autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants,
systématiques et généralisés en Syrie, sont pratiqués en toute impunité. Bien que la
Constitution et les lois pénales syriennes, y compris la nouvelle législation adoptée en
2022, interdisent tous les actes de torture ou traitements dégradants120, ces lois ne sont
ni appliquées ni mises en oeuvre. La Syrie s’est systématiquement abstenue de prévenir
des actes de torture ou d’entreprendre des enquêtes rapides, approfondies et impartiales
sur les cas de torture ou de décès en détention121. Même lorsque des détenus visiblement
maltraités ont comparu devant un juge, les tribunaux ont systématiquement omis
d’ordonner l’ouverture d’une enquête sur ces cas122. En outre, les membres des services
de renseignement bénéficient d’une immunité de fait123.
52. La Syrie a régulièrement dissimulé les décès survenus en détention, notamment
à la suite d’actes de torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants. Les agents syriens ont tenu des registres méticuleux des détenus124 et
connaissent le sort de la plupart d’entre eux125. Pourtant, la Syrie continue de dissimuler
ces informations, ce qui a un impact dévastateur sur les familles126. Sans certitude de
décès, les proches ne peuvent accéder aux services gouvernementaux tels que les
prestations sociales ou exercer une série de droits civils qui requièrent un certificat de
décès officiel127. C’est notamment le cas de femmes qui, sans certificat de décès
de leur conjoint décédé ou disparu, ne peuvent exercer leurs droits de succession et
118 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 78.
119 Ibid., par. 104-105.
120 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/51/45, supra note 81, par. 23 ; Comité des
droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, Quatrième rapport périodique soumis par la République
arabe syrienne en application de l’article 40 du Pacte, attendu en 2009, Nations Unies,
doc. CCPR/C/SYR/4 (2022), par. 37-38 (annexe 50).
121 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 97 ; voir aussi
Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 40.
122 Commission d’enquête, Out of Sight, Out of Mind, supra note 49, par. 89.
123 Voir, par exemple, décrets législatifs 14/1969 et 69/2008 tels que notés dans le Rapport de
la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, supra note 31, par. 22, et plus récemment dans
le Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10, par. 18.
124 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 27.
125 Ibid., par. 104.
126 Ibid.
127 Commission d’enquête, Death Notifications in the Syrian Arab Republic: Policy Paper,
27 novembre 2018, [Commission d’enquête, Death Notifications], par. 6-7, https://www.
o h c h r.o r g /s i t e s /d e f a u l t / f i l e s /d o c u m e n t s / h r b o d i e s / h r c o u n c i l /c o i s y r i a / D e a t h
NotificationsSyrianArabRepublic_Nov2018.pdf (annexe 51).
38
movement128. When death certificates for victims of torture or other CIDTP have been
issued, they routinely purport that the victims died of natural causes, such as “heart
attack”129.
53. Multiple sources indicate that, in many cases, following the registration of
deceased detainees at military hospitals, their bodies are transported and buried in
mass graves130. For example, multi-year satellite imagery, as well as accounts from
defectors and family members of the deceased, have led to the identification of two
specific mass burial sites in Najha and Qutayfa on the outskirts of Damascus131.
54. Syria’s failure to prevent torture and other CIDTP is also indicative of a failure
to implement and undertake a systematic review of its interrogation rules and other
rules governing the custody of detainees, and a failure to provide effective training
regarding the prohibition of torture and other CIDTP of all officials involved in the
custody, interrogation or treatment of individuals subject to any form of arrest, detention
or imprisonment. Furthermore, victims of torture do not have recourse to practical
and effective remedies by which they can obtain redress, an enforceable right to
fair and adequate compensation, or rehabilitation132.
55. Syria’s reporting to the Committee remains outstanding since May 2014.
Syria has only submitted its initial report and appeared before the Committee in
2010, providing comments and follow-up responses to the Committee’s concluding
observations in August 2011133. Syria also did not provide a special report pursuant to
Article 19 (1) of the Convention against Torture as requested by the Committee in
November 2011, nor did it engage in the subsequent interactive dialogue with the
Committee134.
Ongoing Violations of Syria’s Obligations under
the Convention against Torture
56. Torture and other CIDTP by Syria continues unabated, “without any sign that
the Government intends to discontinue them”135. Additionally, Syria has still not taken
sufficient and effective measures to prevent or punish the commission of torture. In its
most recent report to the HRC, covering the period between 1 July and 31 December
2022, the COI reported the following among its findings:
“The Commission has reasonable grounds to believe that the Government continued
to commit acts of murder, torture and ill-treatment against persons in
detention, including practices causing death in detention, as well as arbitrary
128 COI Report A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6 at paras. 62-65.
129 COI, Death Notifications, supra note 127 at paras. 4-5.
130 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 23.
131 Ibid., at para. 24.
132 Ibid., at para. 97.
133 UN Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties
under Article 19 of the Convention, supra note 32.
134 See UN Committee against Torture, Summary record of the first part (public) of the
1072nd meeting, 48th Session, UN doc. CAT/C/SR.1072 (2012) (Annex 53).
135 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 102.
39
de garde, et sont limitées dans leur liberté de mouvement128. Lorsque des certificats de
décès de victimes de la torture ou d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants ont été délivrés, ils indiquent systématiquement que les victimes sont mortes
de causes naturelles, comme une « crise cardiaque »129.
53. De multiples sources indiquent que, dans de nombreux cas, après l’enregistrement
des détenus décédés dans les hôpitaux militaires, leurs corps sont transportés et
enterrés dans des fosses communes130. Par exemple, des images satellites prises sur
plusieurs années, ainsi que des témoignages de déserteurs et de membres des familles
des défunts, ont permis d’identifier deux sites spécifiques d’enterrement de masse à
Najha et Qutayfa, dans la banlieue de Damas131.
54. L’incapacité de la Syrie à prévenir la torture et les autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants s’explique également par le fait qu’elle a manqué à son
obligation de mettre en oeuvre et d’entreprendre une révision systématique de ses règles
d’interrogatoire et autres règles régissant la détention des détenus, et qu’elle ne prévoit
aucune formation efficace concernant l’interdiction de la torture et des autres peines ou
traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants à destination de l’ensemble des agents qui
peuvent intervenir dans la garde, l’interrogatoire ou le traitement des personnes arrêtées,
détenues ou emprisonnées de quelque façon que ce soit. En outre, les victimes de
torture n’ont pas accès à des recours pratiques et efficaces leur permettant d’obtenir
réparation, d’exercer leur droit d’être indemnisées équitablement et de manière adéquate
ou de bénéficier de mesures de réadaptation132.
55. Le rapport de la Syrie au Comité n’a toujours pas été présenté depuis mai 2014.
La Syrie a seulement soumis son rapport initial et s’est présentée devant le Comité en
2010, fournissant des commentaires et des réponses de suivi aux observations finales du
Comité en août 2011133. La Syrie n’a pas non plus fourni le rapport spécial demandé,
conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 19 de la convention contre la torture, par le
Comité en novembre 2011, et n’a pas participé au dialogue interactif qui a suivi avec le
Comité134.
Violations persistantes des obligations de la Syrie au titre
de la convention contre la torture
56. La torture et les autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants commis
par la Syrie se poursuivent sans relâche, « rien n’indiqu[ant] que le Gouvernement a
l’intention d’y mettre fin »135. En outre, la Syrie n’a toujours pas pris de mesures suffisantes
et efficaces pour prévenir ou punir les actes de torture. Dans son rapport le plus
récent au CDH, couvrant la période entre le 1er juillet et le 31 décembre 2022, la
Commission d’enquête a fait état des constatations suivantes :
« La Commission a des motifs raisonnables de croire que les crimes contre
l’humanité et les crimes de guerre liés à des meurtres, des actes de torture et des
mauvais traitements contre des détenus, y compris le recours à des pratiques
128 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/54, supra note 6, par. 62-65.
129 Commission d’enquête, Death Notifications, supra note 127, par. 4-5.
130 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 23.
131 Ibid., par. 24.
132 Ibid., par. 97.
133 Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture, Examen des rapports présentés par les États
parties en application de l’article 19 de la convention, supra note 32.
134 Voir Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture, Compte rendu analytique de la première
partie (publique) de la 1072e séance, quarante-huitième session, Nations Unies, doc. CAT/C/
SR.1072 (2012) (annexe 53).
135 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 102.
40
imprisonment and enforced disappearances, again confirming continuing patterns
of crimes against humanity and war crimes.”136
57. While the present Application does not address torture as constituting
either a war crime or a crime against humanity, and is restricted instead to the context
of the Convention against Torture, it is worth observing that the systematic and widespread
use of torture and other CIDTP by Syria is such that it has led the COI to conclude
that their use by Syria over the past decade constitute crimes against
humanity:
“There are reasonable grounds to believe that the Government has continued to
carry out a widespread or systematic attack against the civilian population, in
pursuance of a firmly established policy to commit such acts, comprising the
crimes against humanity of murder, extermination, imprisonment, enforced
disappearance, sexual violence and torture, and other inhumane acts.”137
58. The COI has further noted that sexual violence in government-controlled
detention facilities amounting to crimes against humanity not only continues countrywide,
but has seemingly increased, and that the impacts of the violence are compounded
by a “legal framework [that] fails to effectively protect victims, including
survivors, and constitutes a barrier to accountability”138. Other ongoing elements
highlighted in the report were the ongoing lack of due process for detainees, taking
of confessions under duress, lack of access to medical care for detainees, and ongoing
lack of access to information regarding the fate of family members taken into
custody139.
IV. Legal Grounds for the Applicants’ Claims
59. The Applicants claim that Syria, through its State organs, State agents, and
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and through other
agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has committed and
continues to commit multiple violations of the Convention against Torture, in breach
of its obligations owed to the Applicants as States Parties to the Convention against
Torture. These include but are not limited to:
(a) committing acts of torture, as defined by Article 1, and in violation of Article 2;
(b) failing to take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to
prevent torture, in violation of Article 2 (1);
(c) committing other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,
in violation of Article 16;
(d) failing to take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to
prevent other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in
violation of Article 16;
136 COI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 61.
137 COI Report A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1 at para. 87.
138 COI Report A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10 at para. 18.
139 Ibid., at paras. 55-60.
41
donnant lieu à des décès en détention, ainsi que les détentions arbitraires et les
disparitions forcées, se sont poursuivis. »136
57. Bien que la présente requête ne traite pas de la torture comme constituant un
crime de guerre ou un crime contre l’humanité, et se limite plutôt au contexte de la
convention contre la torture, il convient d’observer que l’utilisation systématique et
généralisée de la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants
par la Syrie est telle qu’elle a conduit la Commission d’enquête à conclure que
leur utilisation par la Syrie au cours de la dernière décennie constituait des crimes
contre l’humanité :
« Il y a des motifs raisonnables de croire que le Gouvernement a continué de
mener une attaque généralisée ou systématique contre la population civile, dans
le cadre d’une politique fermement établie visant à commettre de tels actes, y
compris des crimes contre l’humanité (meurtre, extermination, emprisonnement,
disparition forcée, violence sexuelle et torture) et d’autres actes inhumains. »137
58. La Commission d’enquête a également noté que les violences sexuelles dans les
lieux de détention contrôlés par le gouvernement, qui constituent des crimes contre
l’humanité, non seulement se poursuivent dans tout le pays, mais ont apparemment
augmenté, et que les conséquences de ces violences sont aggravées par un « cadre juridique
[qui] ne permet pas de protéger efficacement les victimes, notamment les personnes
rescapées, et représente un obstacle au principe de responsabilité »138. D’autres
éléments persistants soulignés dans le rapport sont l’absence de procédure régulière
pour les détenus, l’obtention d’aveux sous la contrainte, le manque d’accès aux soins
médicaux pour les détenus et l’absence d’accès aux informations concernant le sort de
membres de la famille placés en détention139.
IV. Fondements juridiques
59. Les demandeurs affirment que la Syrie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes, de ses
agents et d’autres personnes et entités exerçant une autorité gouvernementale, et par
l’intermédiaire d’autres agents agissant sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction et son
contrôle, a commis et continue de commettre de multiples violations de la convention
contre la torture, au mépris des obligations qui lui incombent envers les demandeurs en
tant qu’États parties à la convention contre la torture. Ces violations comprennent, de
manière non exhaustive :
a) la commission d’actes de torture, tels que définis par l’article premier, et en violation
de l’article 2 ;
b) le fait d’omettre de prendre des mesures législatives, administratives, judiciaires
ou autres mesures efficaces pour empêcher que des actes de torture soient commis,
en violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 ;
c) la commission d’autres actes constitutifs de peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains
ou dégradants, en violation de l’article 16 ;
d) le fait d’omettre de prendre des mesures législatives, administratives, judiciaires
ou autres mesures efficaces pour empêcher que d’autres actes constitutifs de
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants soient commis, en violation
de l’article 16 ;
136 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10, par. 61.
137 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/46/55, supra note 1, par. 87.
138 Rapport de la Commission d’enquête A/HRC/52/69, supra note 10, par. 18.
139 Ibid., par. 55-60.
42
(e) failing to submit cases involving torture and attempted torture to its competent
authorities for the purpose of prosecution, in violation of Article 7;
(f) failing to ensure appropriate education, information and instruction for persons
who may be involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of individuals
subject to arrest, detention or imprisonment, in violation of Article 10 and
Article 16;
(g) failing to systematically review interrogation rules, instructions, methods and
practices, as well as arrangement for the custody and treatment of individuals
subject to arrest, detention or imprisonment, in violation of Article 11 and
Article 16;
(h) failing to ensure prompt and impartial investigations wherever there are reasonable
grounds to believe that an act of torture or other cruel, inhuman and
degrading treatment or punishment has been committed, in violation of Article 12
and Article 16;
(i) failing to ensure the right of individuals alleged to have been subjected to torture
or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment to complain to,
and have their cases promptly and impartially examined by, its competent authorities,
as well as to take steps to ensure that complainants and witnesses are protected
against all ill-treatment or intimidation, in violation of Article 13 and
Article 16;
(j) failing to ensure in its legal system that victims of torture obtain redress and have
an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for
as full rehabilitation as possible, and for compensation to dependants of victims
who died as a result of torture, in violation of Article 14;
(k) failing to ensure that statements established to have been made as a result of
torture are not invoked as evidence in proceedings, except against a person
accused of torture as evidence that the statement was made, in violation of
Article 15; and
(l) failing to submit supplementary reports on the measures taken to give effect to
their undertakings under the Convention against Torture to the Committee
against Torture, in violation of Article 19.
V. The Relief Sought
60. The Applicants respectfully request the Court to adjudge and declare that
Syria:
(a) has breached, and continues to breach, its obligations under the Convention
against Torture, in particular those in Articles 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
and 19;
(b) must fully accept its responsibility for those internationally wrongful acts;
(c) must cease any such ongoing violations forthwith and comply with its obligations
under the Convention against Torture;
(d) must provide appropriate assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of violations
of the Convention against Torture;
(e) must investigate and where warranted, prosecute and punish those responsible for
acts of torture, while also guaranteeing fair treatment at all stages of the proceedings
for any person against whom proceedings are brought; and
(f) must provide individual victims full reparation, including compensation and
rehabilitation, for the injury they have suffered as a consequence of those internationally
wrongful acts.
43
e) le fait de ne pas soumettre les cas de torture et de tentative de torture à ses autorités
compétentes pour l’exercice de l’action pénale, en violation de l’article 7 ;
f) le fait de ne pas assurer l’enseignement, l’information et l’instruction appropriées
de toute personne susceptible d’intervenir dans la garde, l’interrogatoire ou le
traitement des personnes arrêtées, détenues ou emprisonnées, en violation de l’article
10 et de l’article 16 ;
g) le fait de ne pas exercer une surveillance systématique sur les règles, instructions,
méthodes et pratiques d’interrogatoire et sur les dispositions concernant la garde
et le traitement des personnes arrêtées, détenues ou emprisonnées, en violation de
l’article 11 et de l’article 16 ;
h) le fait de ne pas garantir des enquêtes immédiates et impartiales lorsqu’il existe
des motifs raisonnables de croire qu’un acte de torture ou d’autres peines ou traitements
cruels, inhumains ou dégradants ont été commis, en violation de l’article
12 et de l’article 16 ;
i) le fait de ne pas garantir le droit des personnes qui prétendent avoir été soumises à
la torture ou à d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants de
porter plainte auprès de ses autorités compétentes et de voir leur cause examinée
immédiatement et de manière impartiale par celles-ci, et de ne pas prendre de
mesures pour assurer la protection des plaignants et des témoins contre tout mauvais
traitement ou toute intimidation, en violation de l’article 13 et de l’article 16 ;
j) le fait de ne pas garantir dans son système juridique à la victime d’un acte de
torture le droit d’obtenir réparation et d’être indemnisée équitablement et de
manière adéquate, y compris les moyens nécessaires à sa réadaptation la plus
complète possible, et à une indemnisation des ayants cause des victimes décédées
à la suite d’un acte de torture, en violation de l’article 14 ;
k) le fait de ne pas veiller à ce que toute déclaration dont il est établi qu’elle a été
obtenue par la torture ne puisse être invoquée comme un élément de preuve dans
une procédure, si ce n’est contre la personne accusée de torture pour établir
qu’une déclaration a été faite, en violation de l’article 15 ;
l) le fait de ne pas soumettre au Comité contre la torture des rapports complémentaires
sur les mesures prises pour donner effet à leurs engagements au titre de la
convention contre la torture, en violation de l’article 19.
V. Les remèdes demandés
60. Les demandeurs prient respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la
Syrie :
a) a violé les obligations lui incombant au regard de la convention contre la torture,
en particulier celles énoncées aux articles 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 et 19, et
continue de le faire ;
b) doit accepter pleinement sa responsabilité pour ces faits internationalement
illicites ;
c) doit cesser immédiatement ces violations continues et se conformer aux obligations
qui lui incombent au titre de la convention contre la torture ;
d) doit fournir des assurances et garanties appropriées de non-répétition des violations
de la convention contre la torture ;
e) doit enquêter sur les actes de torture et, lorsque cela est justifié, en poursuivre et
en punir les responsables, tout en garantissant à toute personne poursuivie un
traitement équitable à tous les stades de la procédure ; et
f) doit accorder à chaque victime réparation intégrale, y compris sous forme d’indemnisation
et de réadaptation, pour le préjudice subi en conséquence de ces faits
internationalement illicites.
44
61. The applicants further respectfully request the Court to adjudge and declare
that Syria has committed a serious breach of a peremptory norm of international
law, due to its gross or systematic failure to fulfill its obligation under Article 2
of the Convention against Torture not to commit torture as well as to prevent its officials
and other persons acting in an official capacity from perpetrating acts of torture,
and determine the legal consequences thereof.
VI. Appointment of a Judge Ad Hoc
62. In accordance with Article 35 (1), of the Rules of the Court, the Applicants give
notice of their intention to exercise the right to choose a judge ad hoc pursuant to
Article 31 (3) of the Statute. In light of Article 31 (5) of the Statute, the Applicants will
choose a single judge ad hoc.
VII. Reservation of Rights
63. The Applicants reserve the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application,
including as regards the grounds invoked and the relief sought.
VIII. Appointment of Agents
64. The Government of Canada has appointed the undersigned as Agent for the
purposes of the present Application. Ms Carolyn Knobel, Director General and
Deputy Legal Adviser, Global Affairs Canada, is Deputy Agent. It is requested that all
communications in this case be sent to the following address:
Embassy of Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP The Hague
The Netherlands
65. The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has appointed the undersigned
as Agent for the purposes of the present Application. Ms Annemarieke Künzli,
Legal Counsel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is
Co-Agent. It is requested that all communications in this case be sent to the following
address:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
International Law Division
Rijnstraat 8
2515 XP The Hague
The Netherlands
This Application is respectfully submitted on behalf of Canada and the Kingdom of
the Netherlands.
(Signed) Mr Alan H. Kessel,
Agent of the Government of Canada.
(Signed) Dr René J. M. Lefeber,
Agent of the Government
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
45
61. Les demandeurs prient également respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que
la Syrie a commis une violation grave d’une norme impérative du droit international en
raison de son manquement flagrant ou systématique à l’obligation qui lui incombe au
regard de l’article 2 de la convention contre la torture de ne pas commettre d’actes de
torture ainsi que d’empêcher ses agents et autres personnes agissant à titre officiel de
perpétrer de tels actes, et de déterminer les conséquences juridiques qui en découlent.
VI. Désignation d’un juge ad hoc
62. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 du Règlement de la Cour, les
demandeurs notifient leur intention d’exercer leur droit de désigner un juge ad hoc
en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut. À la lumière du paragraphe 5 de
l’article 31 du Statut, les demandeurs désigneront un juge ad hoc unique.
VII. Réserve de droits
63. Les demandeurs se réservent le droit de réviser, de compléter ou de modifier la présente
requête, y compris en ce qui concerne les motifs invoqués et la réparation demandée.
VIII. Nomination des agents
64. Le Gouvernement du Canada a désigné le soussigné comme agent aux fins de la
présente requête. Mme Carolyn Knobel, directrice générale et conseillère juridique
adjointe, affaires mondiales Canada, est agente adjointe. Il est demandé que toutes les
communications dans cette affaire soient envoyées à l’adresse suivante :
Ambassade du Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP La Haye
Pays-Bas
65. Le Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas a désigné le soussigné comme
agent aux fins de la présente requête. Mme Annemarieke Künzli, conseillère juridique,
ministère des affaires étrangères du Royaume des Pays-Bas, est coagente. Il est
demandé que toutes les communications dans cette affaire soient envoyées à l’adresse
suivante :
Ministère des affaires étrangères du Royaume des Pays-Bas
Division du droit international
Rijnstraat 8
2515 XP La Haye
Pays-Bas
La présente requête est soumise au nom du Canada et du Royaume des
Pays-Bas.
L’agent du Gouvernement du Canada,
(Signé) M. Alan H. Kessel.
L’agent du Gouvernement
du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
(Signé) M. René J. M. Lefeber.
46
CERTIFICATION
The Applicants certify that the documents attached by way of Annexes are true
copies of the originals thereof and that all the translations of annexes submitted herewith
are, to the best of their knowledge and belief, a true and correct rendering of the
text in the original language.
(Signed) Mr Alan H. Kessel,
Agent of the Government of Canada.
(Signed) Dr René J. M. Lefeber,
Agent of the Government
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
47
CERTIFICATION
[Traduction]
Les demandeurs certifient que les documents annexés sont des copies conformes
des originaux et que toutes les traductions des annexes jointes à la présente sont, à leur
connaissance, exactes et fidèles au texte original.
L’agent du Gouvernement du Canada,
(Signé) M. Alan H. Kessel.
L’agent du Gouvernement
du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
(Signé) M. René J. M. Lefeber.
48
LIST OF ANNEXES*140
Annex 1.1. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984, United Nations, Treaty
Series, Vol. 1465, p. 85 (entered into force 26 June 1987).
Annex 1.2. Canada’s Instrument of Ratification to the Convention against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
10 December 1984, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1465, p. 85
(entered into force 26 June 1987), done at Ottawa on 22 June 1987.
Annex 1.3. The Netherland’s Instrument of Ratification to the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
10 December 1984, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1465, p. 85
(entered into force 26 June 1987), done on 21 December 1988.
Annex 2. Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 422.
Annex 3. Full Record of the Note Verbales Exchanged between the Parties.
Annex 4. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 46th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/46/55 (2021).
Annex 5. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Civilian Deaths in the
Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Human Rights, Advance Unedited Version, 50th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/50/68 (2022).
Annex 6.1. UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council at Its Seventeenth Special Session, 17th Special Session, UN
doc. A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011).
Annex 6.2. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Human Rights Council on
Its Seventeenth Special Session, 17th Special Session, UN doc. A/HRC/S-
17/2 (2011).
Annex 7. UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on
21 December 2016, 71st Session, UN doc. A/RES/71/248 (2017).
Annex 8. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 46th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/46/54 (2021).
Annex 9. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 52nd Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/52/69 (2023).
Annex 10. UN Security Council, Briefing by Mr Geir Pedersen, United Nations
Special Envoy for Syria, 29 November 2022.
140* The Annexes are not reproduced in the print version, but are available in electronic version
on the Court’s website (https://www.icj-cij.org, under “Cases”).
49
LISTE DES ANNEXES*140
[Traduction]
Annexe 1.1. Convention contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants, 10 décembre 1984, Nations Unies, Recueil des
traités, vol. 1465, p. 85 (entrée en vigueur le 26 juin 1987).
Annexe 1.2. Instrument par lequel le Canada ratifie la convention contre la torture et
autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, 10 décembre
1984, Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 1465, p. 85 (entrée en
vigueur le 26 juin 1987), signé à Ottawa le 22 juin 1987.
Annexe 1.3. Instrument par lequel les Pays-Bas ratifient la convention contre la torture
et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants,
10 décembre 1984, Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 1465, p. 85
(entrée en vigueur le 26 juin 1987), signé à La Haye le 21 décembre 1988.
Annexe 2. Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique
c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 422.
Annexe 3. Liste complète des notes verbales échangées entre les Parties au différend.
Annexe 4. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
République arabe syrienne, quarante-sixième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/46/55 (2021).
Annexe 5. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Civilian Deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, version préliminaire non
révisée, cinquantième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/50/68 (2022).
Annexe 6.1. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Résolution adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme à sa dixseptième
session extraordinaire, dix-septième session extraordinaire,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (2011).
Annexe 6.2. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport du Conseil des droits de l’homme sur sa dix-septième session
extraordinaire, dix-septième session extraordinaire, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/S-17/2 (2011).
Annexe 7. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée
générale le 21 décembre 2016, soixante et onzième session, Nations
Unies, doc. A/RES/71/248 (2017).
Annexe 8. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Rapport
de la Commission d’enquête internationale sur la République arabe syrienne,
quarante-sixième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/46/54 (2021).
Annexe 9. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
République arabe syrienne, cinquante-deuxième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/52/69 (2023).
Annexe 10. Exposé de M. Geir Pedersen, envoyé spécial des Nations Unies pour la
Syrie, 29 novembre 2022.
140* Annexes non reproduites en version papier, mais disponibles en version électronique sur
le site Internet de la Cour (https://www.icj-cij.org, onglet « affaires »).
50
Annex 11. UN Security Council, Resolution 2191 (2014), UN doc. S/RES/2191
(2014).
Annex 12. Government of the Netherlands, News Item, “The Netherlands holds Syria
responsible for gross human rights violations” (18 September 2020).
Annex 13. Syrian Arab News Agency, “Foreign Ministry: Government of the
Netherlands is the last one who has the right to talk about the Human
rights” (19 September 2020).
Annex 14. Government of Canada, News Release, “Minister of Foreign Affairs takes
action on Syria’s human rights violations” (4 March 2021).
Annex 15. Government of the Netherlands, Diplomatic Statement, “Joint statement
of Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands regarding their cooperation
in holding Syria to account” (12 March 2021).
Annex 16. UN Security Council, Netherlands, Statement by Mr Van Oosterom
(Netherlands), 8434th Meeting, UN doc. S/PV.8434 (2018).
Annex 17. Canada, Statement by H.E. Ambassador Rishchynski (Canada), Permanent
Representative of Canada to the UN General Assembly, 96th Plenary
Meeting, 66th Session, UN doc. A/66/PV.96 (2012).
Annex 18. Canada, Statement by Ms Pritchard, UN General Assembly, Summary
Record of the 13th Meeting, 75th Session, UN doc. A/C.3/75/SR.13
(2021).
Annex 19. UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council, 16th Special Session, UN doc. A/HRC/RES/S-16/1 (2011).
Annex 20. UN Human Rights Council, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council on 23 March 2016, 31st Session, UN doc. A/HRC/RES/31/17
(2016).
Annex 21. UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on
19 December 2011, 66th Session, UN doc. A/RES/66/176 (2012).
Annex 22. UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on
18 December 2014, 69th Session, UN doc. A/RES/69/189 (2015).
Annex 23. UN Human Rights Council, Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab
Republic, 52nd Session, UN doc. A/HRC/RES/52/30 [A/HRC/52/L.16].
Annex 24. UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on
15 December 2022, 77th Session, UN doc. A/RES/77/230 (2023).
Annex 25. UN General Assembly, 89th Plenary Meeting, Monday, 19 December
2011, 66th Session, UN doc. A/66/PV.89 (2011).
Annex 26. UN General Assembly, 73rd Plenary Meeting, Thursday, 18 December
2014, 73rd Session, UN doc. A/69/PV.73 (2014).
Annex 27. UN General Assembly, 58th Plenary Meeting, Friday, 9 December 2016,
71st Session, UN doc. A/71/PV.58 (2016).
51
Annexe 11. Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, résolution 2191
(2014), Nations Unies, doc. S/RES/2191 (2014).
Annexe 12. Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, communiqué, « The Netherlands holds Syria
responsible for gross human rights violations » (18 septembre 2020).
Annexe 13. L’agence arabe syrienne d’informations, « Foreign Ministry: Government
of the Netherlands is the last one who has the right to talk about the
Human rights » (19 septembre 2020).
Annexe 14. Gouvernement du Canada, communiqué de presse, « Le ministre des
Affaires étrangères prend des mesures contre les violations des droits de la
personne en Syrie » (4 mars 2021).
Annexe 15. Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, déclaration diplomatique, « Joint statement
of Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands regarding their cooperation
in holding Syria to account » (12 mars 2021).
Annexe 16. Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies : Pays-Bas,
Déclaration de M. Van Oosterom (Pays-Bas), 8434e séance, Nations
Unies, doc. S/PV.8434 (2018).
Annexe 17. Canada, Déclaration de S. Exc. l’ambassadeur Rishchynski (Canada),
représentant permanent du Canada auprès de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies, Assemblée générale, 96e séance plénière, soixante-sixième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/66/PV.96 (2012).
Annexe 18. Canada, Déclaration de Mme Pritchard, Nations Unies, Assemblée générale,
Compte rendu analytique de la 13e séance, soixante-quinzième
session, Nations Unies, doc. A/C.3/75/SR.13 (2021).
Annexe 19. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Résolution adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme, seizième session
extraordinaire, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/S-16/1 (2011).
Annexe 20. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Résolution adoptée par le Conseil des droits de l’homme le 23 mars 2016,
trente et unième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/31/17 (2016).
Annexe 21. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée
générale le 19 décembre 2011, soixante-sixième session, Nations
Unies, doc. A/RES/66/176 (2012).
Annexe 22. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée
générale le 18 décembre 2014, soixante-neuvième session, Nations
Unies, doc. A/RES/69/189 (2015).
Annexe 23. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
« Situation des droits de l’homme en République arabe syrienne »,
cinquante-deuxième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/RES/52/30
[A/HRC/52/L.16].
Annexe 24. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, résolution adoptée par l’Assemblée
générale le 15 décembre 2022, soixante-dix-septième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/RES/77/230 (2023).
Annexe 25. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 89e séance plénière, lundi
19 décembre 2011, soixante-sixième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/66/
PV.89 (2011).
Annexe 26. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 73e séance plénière, jeudi
18 décembre 2014, soixante treizième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/69/
PV.73 (2014).
Annexe 27. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 58e séance plénière, vendredi
9 décembre 2016, soixante et onzième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/71/
PV.58 (2016).
52
Annex 28. UN General Assembly, 54th Plenary Meeting, Thursday, 15 December
2022, 77th Session, UN doc. A/77/PV.54 (2022).
Annex 29. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the
Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, 19th Session,
UN doc. HRC/19/11 (2012).
Annex 30. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the
Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, 34th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/34/5 (2016).
Annex 31. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the
Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, 50th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/50/6 (2022).
Annex 32. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the
Universal Periodic Review — Syrian Arab Republic, Addendum,
34th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/34/5/Add.1 (2017).
Annex 33. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 17th Special
Session, UN doc. A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (2011).
Annex 34. UN Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted
by States Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, 44th Session,
UN doc. CAT/C/SYR/CO/1 (2010).
Annex 35. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 21st Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/21/50 (2012).
Annex 36. UN Human Rights Council, Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Deaths in Detention
in the Syrian Arab Republic, 31st Session, UN doc. A/HRC/
31/CRP.1 (2016).
Annex 37. UN Human Rights Council, Oral Update of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry in the Syrian Arab Republic, 25th Session,
18 March 2014.
Annex 38. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
Open Wounds — Torture and ill-treatment in the Syrian Arab Republic,
United Nations, Human Rights (14 April 2014).
Annex 39. UN Human Rights Council, Assault on medical care in Syria, 24th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/24/CRP.2 (2013).
Annex 40. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 22nd Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/22/59 (2013).
Annex 41. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 24th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/24/46 (2013).
Annex 42. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
53
Annexe 28. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 54e séance plénière, jeudi
15 décembre 2022, soixante-dix-septième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/
77/PV.54 (2022).
Annexe 29. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen périodique universel —
République arabe syrienne, dix-neuvième session, Nations Unies,
doc. HRC/19/11 (2012).
Annexe 30. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen périodique universel —
République arabe syrienne, trente-quatrième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/34/5 (2016).
Annexe 31. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen périodique universel —
République arabe syrienne, cinquantième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/50/6 (2022).
Annexe 32. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport du groupe de travail sur l’examen périodique universel —
République arabe syrienne, additif, trente-quatrième session, Nations
Unies, doc. A/HRC/34/5/Add.1 (2017).
Annexe 33. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur
la République arabe syrienne, dix-septième session extraordinaire,
Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (2011).
Annexe 34. Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture, Examen des rapports présentés
par les États parties en application de l’article 19 de la convention,
quarante-quatrième session, Nations Unies, doc. CAT/C/SYR/CO/1 (2010).
Annexe 35. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
République arabe syrienne, vingt et unième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/21/50 (2012).
Annexe 36. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Out
of Sight, Out of Mind: Deaths in Detention in the Syrian Arab Republic,
trente et unième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/31/CRP.1 (2016).
Annexe 37. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Oral
Update of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the
Syrian Arab Republic, vingt-cinquième session, 18 mars 2014.
Annexe 38. Nations Unies — Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l’homme, Open
Wounds — Torture and ill‑treatment in the Syrian Arab Republic, Nations
Unies, droits de l’homme (14 avril 2014).
Annexe 39. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Assault on medical care in Syria, vingt-quatrième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/24/CRP.2 (2013).
Annexe 40. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
Syrie, vingt-deuxième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/22/59 (2013).
Annexe 41. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
République arabe syrienne, vingt-quatrième session, Nations Unies, doc.
A/HRC/24/46 (2013).
Annexe 42. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
54
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 25th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/25/65 (2014).
Annex 43. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 37th Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/37/72 (2018).
Annex 44. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International
Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 51st Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/51/45 (2022).
Annex 45. UN Human Rights Council, “I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based
violence in the Syrian Arab Republic, 37th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/37/
CRP.3 (2018).
Annex 46. UN Human Rights Council, Summary of the High-Level Panel Discussion
on the Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, UN doc. A/
HRC/35/15 (2017).
Annex 47. UN Human Rights Council, “They have erased the dreams of my
children”: Children’s rights in the Syrian Arab Republic, 43rd Session,
UN doc. A/HRC/43/CRP.6 (2020).
Annex 48. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance, 20 December 2006, United Nations, Treaty Series,
Vol. 2716, p. 3 (entered into force 23 December 2010).
Annex 49. Commission of Inquiry Conference Room Paper, Without a trace:
enforced disappearances in Syria, 19 December 2013.
Annex 50. UN Human Rights Committee, Fourth periodic report submitted by the
Syrian Arab Republic under Article 40 of the Covenant, due in 2009,
UN doc. CCPR/C/SYR/4 (2022).
Annex 51. Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab
Republic, Death Notifications in the Syrian Arab Republic: Policy Paper,
27 November 2018.
Annex 52. UN Committee against Torture, Consideration of reports submitted by
States parties under Article 19 of the Convention, UN doc. CAT/C/SYR/
CO/1/Add.1 (2011).
Annex 53. UN Committee against Torture, Summary record of the first part
(public) of the 1072nd meeting, 48th Session, UN doc. CAT/C/SR.1072
(2012).
55
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur
la République arabe syrienne, vingt-cinquième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/25/65 (2014).
Annexe 43. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
République arabe syrienne, trente-septième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/37/72 (2018).
Annexe 44. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport de la Commission d’enquête internationale indépendante sur la
République arabe syrienne, cinquante et unième session, Nations Unies,
doc. A/HRC/51/45 (2022).
Annexe 45. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
“I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based violence in the Syrian Arab
Republic, trente-septième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/37/CRP.3
(2018).
Annexe 46. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Résumé de la table ronde de haut niveau sur la situation des droits de
l’homme en République arabe syrienne, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/35/15
(2017).
Annexe 47. Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
“They have erased the dreams of my children”: children’s rights in the
Syrian Arab Republic, document de séance de la Commission d’enquête,
quarante troisième session, Nations Unies, doc. A/HRC/43/CRP.6 (2020).
Annexe 48. Convention internationale pour la protection de toutes les personnes
contre les disparitions forcées, 20 décembre 2006, Nations Unies, Recueil
des traités, vol. 2716 (entrée en vigueur : 23 décembre 2010).
Annexe 49. Document de séance de la Commission d’enquête, Without a trace:
enforced disappearances in Syria, 19 décembre 2013.
Annexe 50. Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, Quatrième rapport
périodique soumis par la République arabe syrienne en application de
l’article 40 du Pacte, attendu en 2009, Nations Unies, doc. CCPR/C/
SYR/4 (2022).
Annexe 51. Commission d’enquête, Death Notifications in the Syrian Arab Republic:
Policy Paper, 27 novembre 2018.
Annexe 52. Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture, Examen des rapports présentés
par les États parties en application de l’article 19 de la convention, UN
doc. CAT/C/SYR/CO/1/Add.1 (2011).
Annexe 53. Comité des Nations Unies contre la torture, Compte rendu analytique de
la première partie (publique) de la 1072e séance, quarante-huitième
session, Nations Unies, doc. CAT/C/SR.1072 (2012).
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