Request for Advisory Opinion

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187-20230412-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

(6))
J
THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
12 April 2023
Dear Madam President,
I would like to inform you that the United Nations General Assembly,
at its sixty-fourth plenary meeting held on 29 March 2023, under agenda item 70,
adopted resolution 77/276 entitled "Request for an advisory opinion of the
International Court of Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate
change". Certified true copies of the resolution, in English and French, are
attached.
In this resolution, the General Assembly decided, in accordance with
Article 96 of the Charter of the United Nations, to request the International Court
of Justice to render an advisory opinion pursuant to Article 65 of the Statute of the
Court, on the following questions:
"Having particular regard to the Charter of the United Nations,
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International
Covenant on Economie, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the duty of due
diligence, the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration ofHuman
Rights, the principle of prevention of significant harm to the environment
and the duty to protect and preserve the marine environment,
(a) What are the obligations of States under international law
to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the
environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States
and for present and future generations;
(b) What are the legal consequences under these obligations for
States where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm
to the climate system and other parts of the environment, with respect to:
Her Excellency
Ms. Joan E. Donoghue
President
International Court of Justice
The Hague
(i) States, including, in particular, srnall island developing States,
which due to their geographical circurnstances and level of
developrnent, are injured or specially affected by or are particularly
vulnerable to the adverse effects of clirnate change?
(ii) Peoples and individuals of the present and future generations
affected by the adverse effects of clirnate change?"
In this regard, I would like to further inform you that, pursuant to Article 65,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Secretariat will start to prepare
a dossier containing a collection of all documents that are likely to throw light upon
these questions. The dossier will be transrnitted to the Court in due course.
Please accept, Madarn President, the assurances of rny highest
consideration.
Antonio Guterres
United Nations A/RES/77/276
General Assembly Distr.: General
4 April 2023
23-06203 (E) 060423
*2306203*
Seventy-seventh session
Agenda item 70
Report of the International Court of Justi ce
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly
on 29 March 2023
[without reference to a Main Committee (A/77/L.58)]
77/276. Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of
Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change
The General Assembly,
Recognizing that climate change is an unprecedented challenge of civilizational
proportions and that the well-being of present and future generations of humankind
depends on our immediate and urgent response to it,
Recalling its resolution 77/165 of 14 December 2022 and all its other resolutions
and decisions relating to the protection of the global climate for present and future
generations of humankind, and its resolution 76/300 of 28 July 2022 on the human
right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment,
Recalling also its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015 entitled “Transforming
our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”,
Recalling further Human Rights Council resolution 50/9 of 7 July 20221 and all
previous resolutions of the Council on human rights and climate change, and Council
resolution 48/13 of 8 October 2021,2 as well as the need to ensure gender equality and
empowerment of women,
Emphasizing the importance of the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 3 the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights,4 the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 5 the
Convention on the Rights of the Child,6 the United Nations Convention on the Law
__________________
1 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy -seventh Session, Supplement No. 53
(A/77/53), chap. VIII, sect. A.
2 Ibid., Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A (A/76/53/Add.1), chap. II.
3 Resolution 217 A (III).
4 Resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex.
5 Ibid.
6 United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531.
CERTIFIED TRUE COPY
NEW YORK, NY 14 APRIL 2023
A/RES/77/276
Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of
Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change
2/3 23-06203
of the Sea, 7 the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 8 the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 9 the Convention on
Biological Diversity10 and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly
in Africa, 11 among other instruments, and of the relevant principles and relevant
obligations of customary international law, including those reflected in the
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 12 and the
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 13 to the conduct of States over
time in relation to activities that contribut e to climate change and its adverse effects,
Recalling the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 14 the
Kyoto Protocol15 and the Paris Agreement,16 as expressions of the determination to
address decisively the threat posed by climate change, urging all parties to fully
implement them, and noting with concern the significant gap both between the
aggregate effect of States’ current nationally determine d contributions and the
emission reductions required to hold the increase in the global average temperature
to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to
limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre -industrial levels, and
between current levels of adaptation and levels needed to respond to the adverse
effects of climate change,
Recalling also that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change and the Paris Agreement will be implemented t o reflect equity and the
principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in
the light of different national circumstances,
Noting with profound alarm that emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise
despite the fact that all countries, in particular developing countries, are vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change and that those that are particularly vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change and have significant capacity constraints,
such as the least developed countries and small island developing States, are already
experiencing an increase in such effects, including persistent drought and extreme
weather events, land loss and degradation, sea level rise, coastal erosion, ocean
acidification and the retreat of mountain glaciers, leading to displacement of affected
persons and further threatening food security, water availability and livelihoods, as
well as efforts to eradicate poverty in all its forms and dimensions and achieve
sustainable development,
Noting with utmost concern the scientific consensus, expressed, inter alia, in the
reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, including that
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouses gases are unequivocally the dominant cause
of the global warming observed since the mid-20th century, that human-induced
climate change, including more frequent and intense extreme events, has caused
widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people,
__________________
7 Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363.
8 Ibid., vol. 1513, No. 26164.
9 Ibid., vol. 1522, No. 26369.
10 Ibid., vol. 1760, No. 30619.
11 Ibid., vol. 1954, No. 33480.
12 Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5 –16 June
1972 (A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1), part one, chap. I.
13 Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro,
3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication,
Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.
14 United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822.
15 Ibid., vol. 2303, No. 30822.
16 See FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, decision 1/CP.21, annex.
Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of
Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change A/RES/77/276
23-06203 3/3
beyond natural climate variability, and that across sectors and regions the most
vulnerable people and systems are observed to be disproportionately affected,
Acknowledging that, as temperatures rise, impacts from climate and weather
extremes, as well as slow-onset events, will pose an ever-greater social, cultural,
economic and environmental threat,
Emphasizing the urgency of scaling up action and support, including finance,
capacity-building and technology transfer, to enhance adaptive capacity and to
implement collaborative approaches for effectively responding to the adverse effects
of climate change, as well as for averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage
associated with those effects in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable
to these effects,
Expressing serious concern that the goal of developed countries to mobilize
jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 in the context of meaningful mitigation
actions and transparency on implementation has not yet been met, and urging
developed countries to meet the goal,
Decides, in accordance with Article 96 of the Charter of the United Nations, to
request the International Court of Justice, pursuant to Article 65 of the Statute of the
Court, to render an advisory opinion on the following question:
“Having particular regard to the Charter of the United Nations, the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreeme nt, the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, the duty of due diligence, the rights
recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principle of
prevention of significant harm to the environment and the duty to protect and
preserve the marine environment,
(a) What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure
the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and
future generations;
(b) What are the legal consequences under these obligations for States
where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the
climate system and other parts of the environment, with respect to:
(i) States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which
due to their geographical circumstances and level of development, are
injured or specially affected by or are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change?
(ii) Peoples and individuals of the present and fut ure generations
affected by the adverse effects of climate change?”
64th plenary meeting
29 March 2023

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REQUEST
FOR ADVISORY OPINION
transmitted to the Court pursuant
to General Assembly resolution 77/276
of 29 March 2023
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES
IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
POUR AVIS CONSULTATIF
transmise à la Cour en vertu
de la résolution 77/276 de l’Assemblée générale
du 29 mars 2023
OBLIGATIONS DES ÉTATS
EN MATIÈRE DE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE
2
2023
General List
No. 187
I. THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL
COURT OF JUSTICE
12 April 2023.
I would like to inform you that the United Nations General Assembly, at its
sixty-fourth plenary meeting held on 29 March 2023, under agenda item 70, adopted resolution 77/276 entitled “Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change”. Certified true copies of the resolution, in English and French, are attached.
In this resolution, the General Assembly decided, in accordance with Article 96
of the Charter of the United Nations, to request the International Court of Justice to render an advisory opinion pursuant to Article 65 of the Statute of the Court, on the following questions:
“Having particular regard to the Charter of the United Nations, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the duty of due diligence, the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principle of prevention of significant harm to the environment and the duty to protect and preserve the marine environment,
(a) What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and future generations?
(b) What are the legal consequences under these obligations for States where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment, with respect to:
(i) States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which due to their geographical circumstances and level of development, are injured or specially affected by or are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change?
(ii) Peoples and individuals of the present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change?”
In this regard, I would like to further inform you that, pursuant to Article 65,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the Secretariat will start to prepare a dossier containing a collection of all documents that are likely to throw light upon these
questions. The dossier will be transmitted to the Court in due course.
(Signed) António Guterres.
___________
3
2023
Rôle général
no 187
I. LE SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRAL DE L’ORGANISATION
DES NATIONS UNIES À LA PRÉSIDENTE DE LA COUR
INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
12 avril 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous informer que l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, à sa
64e séance plénière tenue le 29 mars 2023, sous le point 70 de l’ordre du jour, a adopté la résolution 77/276 intitulée « Demande d’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice sur les obligations des États à l’égard des changements climatiques ». Des copies certifiées conformes de la résolution, en français et en anglais, sont jointes à la présente.
Dans cette résolution, l’Assemblée générale a décidé, conformément à l’article 96
de la Charte des Nations Unies, de demander à la Cour internationale de Justice de donner, en vertu de l’article 65 de son Statut, un avis consultatif sur les questions ci-après :
« Eu égard en particulier à la Charte des Nations Unies, au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, au Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, à l’Accord de Paris, à la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, à l’obligation de diligence requise, aux droits reconnus dans la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme, au principe de prévention des dommages significatifs à l’environnement et à l’obligation de protéger et de préserver
le milieu marin :
a) Quelles sont, en droit international, les obligations qui incombent aux États en ce qui concerne la protection du système climatique et d’autres composantes de l’environnement contre les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre pour les États et pour les générations présentes et futures ?
b) Quelles sont, au regard de ces obligations, les conséquences juridiques pour les États qui, par leurs actions ou omissions, ont causé des dommages significatifs au système climatique et à d’autres composantes de l’environnement, à l’égard :
i) Des États, y compris, en particulier, des petits États insulaires en déve-
loppement, qui, de par leur situation géographique et leur niveau de développement, sont lésés ou spécialement atteints par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques ou sont particulièrement vulnérables face à ces effets ?
ii) Des peuples et des individus des générations présentes et futures atteints par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques ? »
À cet égard, je tiens en outre à vous informer que, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 65 du Statut de la Cour, le Secrétariat entamera la préparation d’un dossier contenant l’ensemble des documents pouvant servir à élucider ces questions. Ce dossier sera transmis à la Cour en temps utile.
(Signé) António Guterres.
___________
4
II. RESOLUTION 77/276 ADOPTED
BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON 29 MARCH 2023
[Without reference to a Main Committee (A/77/L.58)]
Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice
on the obligations of States in respect of climate change
The General Assembly,
Recognizing that climate change is an unprecedented challenge of civilizational
proportions and that the well-being of present and future generations of humankind depends on our immediate and urgent response to it,
Recalling its resolution 77/165 of 14 December 2022 and all its other resolutions
and decisions relating to the protection of the global climate for present and future generations of humankind, and its resolution 76/300 of 28 July 2022 on the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment,
Recalling also its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015 entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”,
Recalling further Human Rights Council resolution 50/9 of 7 July 20221 and all
previous resolutions of the Council on human rights and climate change, and Council resolution 48/13 of 8 October 20212, as well as the need to ensure gender equality and empowerment of women,
Emphasizing the importance of the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights3, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights4, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights5,
the Convention on the Rights of the Child6, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea7, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer8, the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer9, the Convention on Biological Diversity10 and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa11, among other instruments, and of the relevant principles and relevant
obligations of customary international law, including those reflected in the Declar-
ation of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment12 and the Rio
1 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 53 (A/77/53), Chap. VIII, Sect. A.
2 Ibid., Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A (A/76/53/Add.1), Chap. II.
3 Resolution 217 A (III).
4 Resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex.
5 Ibid.
6 United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1577, No. 27531.
7 Ibid., Vol. 1833, No. 31363.
8 Ibid., Vol. 1513, No. 26164.
9 Ibid., Vol. 1522, No. 26369.
10 Ibid., Vol. 1760, No. 30619.
11 Ibid., Vol. 1954, No. 33480.
12 Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972 (A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1), Part One, Chap. I.
5
II. RÉSOLUTION 77/276 ADOPTÉE
PAR L’ASSEMBLÉE GÉNÉRALE LE 29 MARS 2023
[sans renvoi à une grande commission (A/77/L.58)]
Demande d’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice
sur les obligations des États à l’égard des changements climatiques
L’Assemblée générale,
Consciente que les changements climatiques constituent un défi sans précédent de portée civilisationnelle et que le bien-être des générations présentes et futures exige de notre part une réaction immédiate et urgente,
Rappelant sa résolution 77/165 du 14 décembre 2022 et toutes ses autres résolutions et décisions relatives à la sauvegarde du climat mondial pour les générations présentes et futures, ainsi que sa résolution 76/300 du 28 juillet 2022 sur le droit à un environnement propre, sain et durable,
Rappelant également sa résolution 70/1 du 25 septembre 2015, intitulée « Transformer notre monde : le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 »,
Rappelant en outre la résolution 50/9 du Conseil des droits de l’homme en date du 7 juillet 20221 et toutes les résolutions antérieures du Conseil sur les droits humains
et les changements climatiques, la résolution 48/13 du Conseil en date du 8 octobre 20212, ainsi que la nécessité d’assurer l’égalité des genres et l’autonomisation des femmes,
Soulignant l’importance de la Charte des Nations Unies, de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme3, du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques4, du Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels5, de la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant6, de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer7, de la Convention de Vienne pour la protection de la couche d’ozone8, du Protocole de Montréal relatif à des substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone9, de la Convention sur la diversité biologique10 et de la Convention des Nations Unies sur la lutte contre la désertification dans les pays gravement touchés par la sécheresse et/ou la désertification, en particulier en Afrique11, entre autres instruments, ainsi que des principes et obligations du droit international coutumier, notamment ceux énoncés dans la Déclaration de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l’environnement12 et dans la
1 Voir Documents officiels de l’Assemblée générale, soixante-dix-septième session, Supplé-ment no 53 (A/77/53), chap. VIII, sect. A.
2 Ibid., soixante-seizième session, Supplément no 53A (A/76/53/Add.1), chap. II.
3 Résolution 217 A (III).
4 Résolution 2200 A (XXI), annexe.
5 Ibid.
6 Nations Unies, Recueil des Traités, vol. 1577, no 27531.
7 Ibid., vol. 1833, no 31363.
8 Ibid., vol. 1513, no 26164.
9 Ibid., vol. 1522, no 26369.
10 Ibid., vol. 1760, no 30619.
11 Ibid., vol. 1954, no 33480.
12 Rapport de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l’environnement, Stockholm, 5-16 juin 1972 (A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1), première partie, chap. I.
6
Declaration on Environment and Development13, to the conduct of States over time
in relation to activities that contribute to climate change and its adverse effects,
Recalling the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change14, the Kyoto Protocol15 and the Paris Agreement16, as expressions of the determination to address decisively the threat posed by climate change, urging all parties to fully implement them, and noting with concern the significant gap both between the
aggregate effect of States’ current nationally determined contributions and the
emission reductions required to hold the increase in the global average temperature
to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and between current levels of adaptation and levels needed to respond to the adverse effects of climate change,
Recalling also that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances,
Noting with profound alarm that emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise despite the fact that all countries, in particular developing countries, are vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change and that those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and have significant capacity constraints, such
as the least developed countries and small island developing States, are already
experiencing an increase in such effects, including persistent drought and extreme weather events, land loss and degradation, sea level rise, coastal erosion, ocean acidification and the retreat of mountain glaciers, leading to displacement of affected
persons and further threatening food security, water availability and livelihoods, as well as efforts to eradicate poverty in all its forms and dimensions and achieve
sustainable development,
Noting with utmost concern the scientific consensus, expressed, inter alia, in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, including that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouses gases are unequivocally the dominant cause of the global warming observed since the mid-20th century, that human-induced climate change, including more frequent and intense extreme events, has caused widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people, beyond natural climate variability, and that across sectors and regions the most vulnerable people
and systems are observed to be disproportionately affected,
Acknowledging that, as temperatures rise, impacts from climate and weather extremes, as well as slow-onset events, will pose an ever-greater social, cultural,
economic and environmental threat,
13 Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, Vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication,
Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.
14 United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1771, No. 30822.
15 Ibid., Vol. 2303, No. 30822.
16 See FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, decision 1/CP.21, annex.
7
Déclaration de Rio sur l’environnement et le développement13, qui régissent le comportement des États dans le temps relativement aux activités contribuant aux changements climatiques et à leurs effets néfastes,
Rappelant la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques14, le Protocole de Kyoto15 et l’Accord de Paris16, qui sont l’expression de la détermination à apporter une réponse décisive à la menace que constituent les changements climatiques, demandant instamment à toutes les parties d’appliquer intégralement ces instruments, et notant avec préoccupation l’écart significatif, d’une part, entre l’effet global des contributions déterminées au niveau national par les États et la réduction des émissions nécessaire pour contenir l’élévation de la température moyenne de la planète nettement au-dessous de 2 degrés Celsius par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et poursuivre l’action menée pour limiter l’élévation de la température à 1,5 degré Celsius par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, et, d’autre part, entre les niveaux d’adaptation actuels et les niveaux requis pour faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques,
Rappelant que la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques et l’Accord de Paris seront appliqués conformément à l’équité et au principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées et des capacités respectives, eu égard aux contextes nationaux différents,
Constatant avec une profonde inquiétude que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre continuent d’augmenter en dépit du fait que tous les pays, en particulier les pays en développement, sont vulnérables face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques et que ceux qui sont particulièrement vulnérables face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques et dont les capacités sont très insuffisantes, comme les pays les moins avancés et les petits États insulaires en développement, en subissent déjà de plus en plus les conséquences, notamment les sécheresses persistantes et les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, la destruction et la dégradation des terres, l’élévation du niveau de la mer, l’érosion du littoral, l’acidification des océans et le recul des glaciers, qui entraînent le déplacement des personnes touchées et continuent de menacer la sécurité alimentaire, la disponibilité en eau et les moyens d’existence, et de compromettre les efforts visant à éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et dans toutes ses dimensions et à assurer un développement durable,
Notant avec la plus grande inquiétude le consensus scientifique, exprimé notamment dans les rapports du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat, selon lequel les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre sont sans conteste la cause dominante du réchauffement de la planète observé depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, les changements climatiques dus aux activités humaines, notamment les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes plus fréquents et plus intenses, ont des incidences néfastes généralisées entraînant des pertes et des dommages pour la nature et les êtres humains, qui viennent s’ajouter à la variabilité naturelle du climat, et l’on observe, dans tous les secteurs et toutes les régions, que les personnes et les systèmes les plus vulnérables sont touchés de manière disproportionnée,
Consciente qu’avec la hausse des températures, les effets des phénomènes climatiques et météorologiques extrêmes, ainsi que des phénomènes à évolution lente, constitueront une menace sociale, culturelle, économique et environnementale encore plus grande,
13 Rapport de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l’environnement et le développement, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 juin 1992, vol. I, Résolutions adoptées par la Conférence (publication des Nations Unies, numéro de vente : F.93.I.8 et rectificatif), résolution 1, annexe I.
14 Nations Unies, Recueil des Traités, vol. 1771, no 30822.
15 Ibid., vol. 2303, no 30822.
16 Voir FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, décision 1/CP.21, annexe.
8
Emphasizing the urgency of scaling up action and support, including finance,
capacity-building and technology transfer, to enhance adaptive capacity and to implement collaborative approaches for effectively responding to the adverse effects of
climate change, as well as for averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with those effects in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to these effects,
Expressing serious concern that the goal of developed countries to mobilize
jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation has not yet been met, and urging developed countries to meet the goal,
Decides, in accordance with Article 96 of the Charter of the United Nations, to request the International Court of Justice, pursuant to Article 65 of the Statute of the Court, to render an advisory opinion on the following question:
“Having particular regard to the Charter of the United Nations, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the duty of due diligence, the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principle of prevention of significant harm to
the environment and the duty to protect and preserve the marine environment,
(a) What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the
protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and future generations?
(b) What are the legal consequences under these obligations for States where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment, with respect to:
(i) States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which due to their geographical circumstances and level of development, are injured or specially affected by or are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change?
(ii) Peoples and individuals of the present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change?”
64th plenary meeting
29 March 2023
certified true copy.
New York, 14 April 2023.
[Signature.]
___________
9
Soulignant qu’il est urgent d’intensifier l’action menée et l’appui apporté, notamment en matière de financement, de renforcement des capacités et de transfert de technologie, de façon à améliorer la capacité d’adaptation et à mettre en oeuvre des approches concertées qui permettent de répondre efficacement aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques, mais également d’éviter les pertes et préjudices liés à ces effets, de les réduire au minimum et d’y remédier, dans les pays en développement qui y sont particulièrement exposés,
Vivement préoccupée de constater que l’objectif fixé par les pays développés de mobiliser ensemble, à l’échéance 2020, 100 milliards de dollars des États-Unis par an aux fins de l’adoption de mesures d’atténuation judicieuses et de leur mise en oeuvre transparente n’a pas encore été atteint, et priant instamment les pays développés d’atteindre cet objectif,
Décide, conformément à l’Article 96 de la Charte des Nations Unies, de demander à la Cour internationale de Justice, en application de l’Article 65 du Statut de la Cour, de donner un avis consultatif sur la question suivante :
« Eu égard en particulier à la Charte des Nations Unies, au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, au Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, à l’Accord de Paris, à la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, à l’obligation de diligence requise, aux droits reconnus dans la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme, au principe de prévention des dommages significatifs à l’environnement et à l’obligation de protéger et de préserver le milieu marin :
a) Quelles sont, en droit international, les obligations qui incombent aux États en ce qui concerne la protection du système climatique et d’autres composantes de l’environnement contre les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre pour les États et pour les générations présentes et futures ?
b) Quelles sont, au regard de ces obligations, les conséquences juridiques pour les États qui, par leurs actions ou omissions, ont causé des dommages significatifs au système climatique et à d’autres composantes de l’environnement, à l’égard :
i) Des États, y compris, en particulier, des petits États insulaires en déve-
loppement, qui, de par leur situation géographique et leur niveau de développement, sont lésés ou spécialement atteints par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques ou sont particulièrement vulnérables face à ces effets ?
ii) Des peuples et des individus des générations présentes et futures atteints par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques ? »
64e séance plénière
29 mars 2023
copie certifiée conforme.
New York, le 14 avril 2023.
[Signature.]
___________
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS – IMPRIMÉ AUX PAYS-BAS

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