Judgment of 6 April 2023

Document Number
171-20230406-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

6 AVRIL 2023
ARRÊT
SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899 (GUYANA c. VENEZUELA)
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ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899 (GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
6 APRIL 2023
JUDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-27
I. HISTORICAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND 28-52
A. The 1897 Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award 30-33
B. Venezuela’s repudiation of the 1899 Award and the search for a settlement of the dispute 34-38
C. The signing of the Geneva Agreement 39-43
D. The implementation of the Geneva Agreement 44-52
II. THE ADMISSIBILITY OF VENEZUELA’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 53-74
III. EXAMINATION OF VENEZUELA’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTION 75-107
OPERATIVE CLAUSE 108
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
2023
6 April
General List
No. 171
6 April 2023
ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899
(GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
Reference by Venezuela to Guyana’s possible lack of standing  In substance Venezuela making single preliminary objection  Preliminary objection based on argument that United Kingdom is indispensable third party without the consent of which the Court cannot adjudicate upon the dispute.
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Historical and factual background.
Competing territorial claims of United Kingdom and Venezuela in nineteenth century  Treaty of arbitration for settlement of boundary between colony of British Guiana and Venezuela signed at Washington on 2 February 1897  Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899.
Venezuela’s repudiation of 1899 Award.
Signing of 1966 Geneva Agreement  Independence of Guyana on 26 May 1966  Guyana became a party to Geneva Agreement alongside United Kingdom and Venezuela.
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Implementation of Geneva Agreement  Mixed Commission from 1966 to 1970  1970 Protocol of Port of Spain  Twelve-year moratorium  Parties’ subsequent referral of decision to choose means of settlement to Secretary-General of United Nations under Article IV, paragraph 2, of Geneva Agreement  Secretary-General’s choice of good offices process from 1990 to 2017  Secretary-General’s decision of 30 January 2018 choosing the Court as means of settlement of the controversy  Seisin of the Court by Guyana on 29 March 2018.
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Admissibility of Venezuela’s preliminary objection.
Monetary Gold principle  Distinction between existence of the Court’s jurisdiction and exercise by the Court of its jurisdiction  Venezuela’s objection on basis of Monetary Gold principle is objection to exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction, and not objection to jurisdiction.
Principle of res judicata  Force of res judicata attaches to a judgment on jurisdiction  Operative part of a judgment possesses force of res judicata  Its meaning may be determined with reference to the reasoning  Force of res judicata does not attach to matters not determined expressly or by necessary implication  Judgment of 18 December 2020 on jurisdiction (2020 Judgment) does not address, even implicitly, issue of exercise of jurisdiction  Question whether United Kingdom is indispensable third party without the consent of which the Court may not exercise its jurisdiction not determined in 2020 Judgment  Res judicata of 2020 Judgment extends only to question of existence of jurisdiction  Admissibility of Venezuela’s preliminary objection is not barred by 2020 Judgment.
The Court’s Order of 19 June 2018 only concerned pleadings on question of existence of the Court’s jurisdiction  Venezuela remained entitled to raise an objection to exercise by the Court of its jurisdiction within time-limit in Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the Rules.
Venezuela’s preliminary objection is admissible.
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Examination of Venezuela’s preliminary objection.
Allegation that legal interests of United Kingdom would be the very subject-matter of the Court’s decision  Guyana, Venezuela and United Kingdom are parties to Geneva Agreement, on which the Court’s jurisdiction is based  Legal implications of United Kingdom being a party to Geneva Agreement  Interpretation of relevant provisions of Geneva Agreement necessary  The Court to apply rules of interpretation in Articles 31 to 33 of Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, reflecting customary international law  United Kingdom participated in elaboration of Geneva
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Agreement in consultation with British Guiana  Forthcoming independence of British Guiana taken into account  Initial stage of process for settlement of dispute  Articles I and II of Geneva Agreement providing for appointment of Mixed Commission by Venezuela and British Guiana  No role for United Kingdom in initial stage  Venezuela and British Guiana having sole role in settlement of dispute through Mixed Commission  Final stages of process for settlement of dispute  Article IV of Geneva Agreement  No reference to United Kingdom  Guyana and Venezuela bearing responsibility to choose means of peaceful settlement  Failing agreement, matter to be referred to Secretary-General for choice of means of settlement  No role for United Kingdom in process of settlement of dispute pursuant to Article IV.
Dispute settlement scheme established by Articles II and IV of Geneva Agreement reflects a common understanding of all parties that controversy would be settled by Guyana and Venezuela without the United Kingdom’s involvement  Acceptance by United Kingdom of scheme  United Kingdom aware of Venezuela’s allegations of its wrongdoing  Letter of 14 February 1962 from Venezuela’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations to the Secretary-General  Statements of Venezuela and United Kingdom before Fourth Committee of General Assembly in November 1962  Tripartite Examination in 1965 of documentary material relevant to validity of 1899 Award  United Kingdom aware of scope of dispute  Acceptance by United Kingdom not to be involved in settlement of dispute between Guyana and Venezuela.
Examination of subsequent practice of parties to Geneva Agreement  Venezuela’s exclusive engagement with Guyana at Mixed Commission and in implementation of Article IV of Geneva Agreement  Agreement of the parties that dispute could be settled without involvement of United Kingdom.
Acceptance by United Kingdom, by virtue of being a party to Geneva Agreement, that dispute could be settled by one of the means set out in Article 33 of Charter of United Nations without its involvement  Monetary Gold principle does not come into play  Possibility of future pronouncement in Judgment on merits regarding certain conduct attributable to United Kingdom would not preclude the Court from exercising its jurisdiction based on application of Geneva Agreement.
Venezuela’s preliminary objection is rejected.
JUDGMENT
Present: President DONOGHUE; Vice-President GEVORGIAN; Judges TOMKA, ABRAHAM, BENNOUNA, YUSUF, XUE, SEBUTINDE, BHANDARI, ROBINSON, SALAM, IWASAWA, NOLTE; Judges ad hoc WOLFRUM, COUVREUR; Registrar GAUTIER.
In the case concerning the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899,
between
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the Co-operative Republic of Guyana,
represented by
Hon. Carl B. Greenidge,
as Agent;
H.E. Ms Elisabeth Harper,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Paul S. Reichler, Attorney at Law, 11 King’s Bench Walk, London, member of the Bars of the Supreme Court of the United States and of the District of Columbia,
Mr. Philippe Sands, KC, Professor of International Law, University College London, 11 King’s Bench Walk, London,
Mr. Pierre d’Argent, professeur ordinaire, Catholic University of Louvain, member of the Institut de droit international, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bar of Brussels,
Ms Christina L. Beharry, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bars of the District of Columbia, the State of New York, the Law Society of Ontario, and England and Wales,
as Advocates;
Mr. Edward Craven, Matrix Chambers, London,
Mr. Juan Pablo Hugues Arthur, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bar of the State of New York,
Ms Isabella F. Uría, Attorney at Law, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bar of the District of Columbia,
as Counsel;
Hon. Mohabir Anil Nandlall, Member of Parliament, Attorney General and Minister of Legal Affairs,
Hon. Gail Teixeira, Member of Parliament, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Governance,
Mr. Ronald Austin, Ambassador, Adviser to the Leader of the Opposition on Frontier Matters,
Ms Donnette Streete, Director, Frontiers Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Lloyd Gunraj, First Secretary, chargé d’affaires, Embassy of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Kingdom of Belgium and the European Union,
as Advisers;
Ms Nancy Lopez, Foley Hoag LLP,
as Assistant,
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and
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,
represented by
H.E. Ms Delcy Rodríguez, Executive Vice-President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela;
H.E. Mr. Samuel Reinaldo Moncada Acosta, PhD, University of Oxford, Ambassador, Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations,
as Agent;
Ms Elsie Rosales García, PhD, Professor of Criminal Law, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
as Co-Agent;
H.E. Mr. Reinaldo Muñoz, Attorney General of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,
H.E. Mr. Calixto Ortega, Ambassador, Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, International Criminal Court and other international organizations,
as Senior National Authorities;
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Public International Law, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
Mr. Carlos Espósito, Professor of Public International Law, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
Ms Esperanza Orihuela, PhD, Professor of Public International Law, Universidad de Murcia,
Mr. Alfredo De Jesús O., PhD, Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University, Member of the Bars of Paris and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti, PhD, Professor, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University,
Mr. Christian Tams, PhD, Professor of International Law, University of Glasgow, academic member of Matrix Chambers, London,
Mr. Andreas Zimmermann, LLM, Harvard, Professor of International Law, University of Potsdam, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Carmelo Borrego, PhD, Universitat de Barcelona, Professor of Procedural Law, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
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Mr. Eugenio Hernández-Bretón, PhD, University of Heidelberg, Professor of Private International Law, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Dean, Universidad Monteávila, member and former president of the Academy of Political and Social Sciences,
Mr. Julio César Pineda, PhD, International Law and International Relations, former ambassador,
Mr. Edgardo Sobenes, Consultant in International Law, LLM, Leiden University, Master, ISDE/Universitat de Barcelona,
as Counsel;
Mr. Jorge Reyes, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations,
Ms Anne Coulon, Attorney at Law, member of the Bar of the State of New York, Temple Garden Chambers,
Ms Gimena González, DEA, International Law and International Relations,
Ms Arianny Seijo Noguera, PhD, University of Westminster,
Mr. John Schabedoth, LLM, assistant, University of Potsdam,
Mr. Valentín Martín, LLM, PhD student in International Law, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University,
as Assistant Counsel;
Mr. Henry Franceschi, Director General of Litigation, Office of the Attorney General of the Republic,
Ms María Josefina Quijada, LLM, BA, Modern Languages,
Mr. Néstor López, LLM, BA, Modern Languages, Consul General of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Venezuelan Consulate in Barcelona,
Mr. Manuel Jiménez, LLM, Private Secretary and Personal Assistant to the Vice-President of the Republic,
Mr. Kenny Díaz, LLM, Director, Office of the Vice-President of the Republic,
Mr. Larry Davoe, LLM, Director of Legal Consultancy, Office of the Vice-President of the Republic,
Mr. Euclides Sánchez, Director of Security, Office of the Vice-President of the Republic,
Ms Alejandra Carolina Bastidas, Head of Protocol, Office of the Vice-President of the Republic,
Mr. Héctor José Castillo Riera, Security of the Vice-President of the Republic,
Mr. Daniel Alexander Quintero, Assistant to the Vice-President of the Republic,
as Members of the Delegation,
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THE COURT,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 29 March 2018, the Government of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana (hereinafter “Guyana”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (hereinafter “Venezuela”) with respect to a dispute concerning “the legal validity and binding effect of the Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, of 3 October 1899”.
2. In its Application, Guyana sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court, under Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, on Article IV, paragraph 2, of the “Agreement to Resolve the Controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland over the Frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana” signed at Geneva on 17 February 1966 (hereinafter the “Geneva Agreement” or the “Agreement”). It explained that, pursuant to this latter provision, Guyana and Venezuela “mutually conferred upon the Secretary-General of the United Nations the authority to choose the means of settlement of the controversy and, on 30 January 2018, the Secretary-General exercised his authority by choosing judicial settlement by the Court”.
3. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar immediately communicated the Application to the Government of Venezuela. He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the Application by Guyana.
4. In addition, by a letter dated 3 July 2018, the Registrar informed all Member States of the United Nations of the filing of the Application.
5. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court, the Registrar notified the Member States of the United Nations, through the Secretary-General, of the filing of the Application, by transmission of the printed bilingual text.
6. On 18 June 2018, at a meeting held pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules of Court by the President of the Court to ascertain the views of the Parties with regard to questions of procedure, the Executive Vice-President of Venezuela, H.E. Ms Delcy Rodríguez, stated that her Government considered that the Court manifestly lacked jurisdiction to hear the case and that Venezuela had decided not to participate in the proceedings. During the same meeting, Guyana expressed its wish for the Court to continue its consideration of the case.
7. By an Order of 19 June 2018, the Court held, pursuant to Article 79, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February 2001, that, in the circumstances of the case, it was necessary first of all to resolve the question of its jurisdiction, and that this question should accordingly be separately determined before any proceedings on the merits. The Court thus fixed 19 November 2018 and 18 April 2019 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial
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by Guyana and a Counter-Memorial by Venezuela addressed to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court. Guyana filed its Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court within the time-limit thus fixed.
8. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of either Party, Guyana proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. By a letter dated 13 July 2018, Guyana informed the Court that it had chosen Ms Hilary Charlesworth. Venezuela, for its part, did not, at that stage, exercise its right to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
9. While Venezuela did not file a Counter-Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court within the time-limit fixed for that purpose, it submitted to the Court on 28 November 2019 a document entitled “Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on the Application filed before the International Court of Justice by the Cooperative Republic of Guyana on March 29th, 2018” (hereinafter the “Memorandum”). This document was immediately communicated to Guyana by the Registry of the Court.
10. A public hearing on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court was held by video link on 30 June 2020, at which Venezuela did not participate. By a letter dated 24 July 2020, Venezuela transmitted written comments on the arguments presented by Guyana at the hearing of 30 June 2020. By a letter dated 3 August 2020, Guyana provided its views on this communication from Venezuela.
11. In its Judgment of 18 December 2020 (hereinafter the “2020 Judgment”), the Court found that it had jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by Guyana on 29 March 2018 in so far as it concerns the validity of the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 and the related question of the definitive settlement of the land boundary dispute between Guyana and Venezuela. The Court also found that it did not have jurisdiction to entertain the claims of Guyana arising from events that occurred after the signature of the Geneva Agreement.
12. By an Order of 8 March 2021, the Court fixed 8 March 2022 and 8 March 2023 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Guyana and a Counter-Memorial by Venezuela on the merits. Guyana filed its Memorial within the time-limit thus fixed.
13. Following the election of Ms Charlesworth as a Member of the Court, Guyana chose Mr. Rüdiger Wolfrum to replace her as judge ad hoc in the case. Judge Charlesworth informed the President of the Court that, in the circumstances, she had decided no longer to take part in the decision of the case. By letters dated 25 January 2022, the Registrar informed the Parties accordingly.
14. By a letter dated 6 June 2022, H.E. Ms Delcy Rodríguez, Executive Vice-President of Venezuela, informed the Court that the Venezuelan Government had appointed H.E. Mr. Samuel Reinaldo Moncada Acosta, Permanent Representative of Venezuela to the United Nations, as Agent and H.E. Mr. Félix Plasencia González, Former People’s Power Minister for Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, and Ms Elsie Rosales García, Professor at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, as Co-Agents for the purposes of the case.
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15. On 7 June 2022, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Venezuela raised preliminary objections which it characterized as objections to the admissibility of the Application. Consequently, by an Order of 13 June 2022, the Court, noting that, by virtue of Article 79bis, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended, and taking account of Practice Direction V, fixed 7 October 2022 as the time-limit within which Guyana could present a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela. Guyana filed its written observations on 22 July 2022.
16. By a letter dated 25 July 2022, Venezuela informed the Court that it had chosen Mr. Philippe Couvreur to sit as a judge ad hoc in the case.
17. By a letter dated 28 July 2022, Venezuela commented on Guyana’s written observations on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela and requested the Court to provide the Parties with the opportunity to submit supplementary written pleadings on the admissibility of the Application, within a time-limit to be determined by the Court. By a letter dated 3 August 2022, Guyana opposed the request for further written pleadings.
18. By letters dated 8 August 2022, the Parties were informed that hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela would be held from 17 to 20 October 2022. Following a request from Guyana, and after having considered the comments of Venezuela thereon, the Court postponed the opening of the hearings until 17 November 2022. The Parties were informed of the Court’s decision by letters dated 23 August 2022.
19. By a letter dated 8 November 2022, the Agent of Venezuela, referring to Article 56 of the Rules of Court and Practice Direction IX, expressed the wish of his Government to produce new documents. By a letter dated 14 November 2022, the Agent of Guyana informed the Court that his Government had decided not to object to the submission of the said documents. Accordingly, the documents were added to the case file.
20. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the written pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public at the opening of the oral proceedings.
21. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela were held on 17, 18, 21 and 22 November 2022, at which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:
For Venezuela: H.E. Ms Delcy Rodríguez,
Mr. Andreas Zimmermann,
Ms Esperanza Orihuela,
Mr. Carlos Espósito,
Mr. Christian Tams,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns.
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For Guyana: Hon. Carl B. Greenidge,
Mr. Pierre d’Argent,
Ms Christina L. Beharry,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler,
Mr. Philippe Sands.
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22. In the Application, the following claims were made by Guyana:
“Based on the foregoing, and as further developed in the written pleadings in accordance with any Order that may be issued by the Court, Guyana requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
(a) The 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela, and the boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela;
(b) Guyana enjoys full sovereignty over the territory between the Essequibo River and the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement, and Venezuela enjoys full sovereignty over the territory west of that boundary; Guyana and Venezuela are under an obligation to fully respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement;
(c) Venezuela shall immediately withdraw from and cease its occupation of the eastern half of the Island of Ankoko, and each and every other territory which is recognized as Guyana’s sovereign territory in accordance with the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement;
(d) Venezuela shall refrain from threatening or using force against any person and/or company licensed by Guyana to engage in economic or commercial activity in Guyanese territory as determined by the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement, or in any maritime areas appurtenant to such territory over which Guyana has sovereignty or exercises sovereign rights, and shall not interfere with any Guyanese or Guyanese-authorized activities in those areas;
(e) Venezuela is internationally responsible for violations of Guyana’s sovereignty and sovereign rights, and for all injuries suffered by Guyana as a consequence.”
23. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of Guyana in its Memorial:
“For the reasons given in this Memorial, and reserving the right to supplement, amplify or amend the present Submissions, the Co-operative Republic of Guyana respectfully requests the International Court of Justice:
[t]o adjudge and declare that:
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(1) The 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela, and the boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement is the boundary between Guyana and Venezuela; and that
(2) Guyana enjoys full sovereignty over the territory between the Essequibo River and the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement, and Venezuela is under an obligation to fully respect Guyana’s sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement.”
24. In the preliminary objections, the following submission was presented on behalf of the Government of Venezuela: “It is requested that the Court admits the preliminary objections to the admissibility of the application filed by the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and that it terminates the on-going proceeding.”
25. In the written observations on the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of Guyana:
“For the foregoing reasons, Guyana respectfully submits that:
(1) Pursuant to Article 79ter, paragraph 2, of the Rules, the Court should dismiss forthwith Venezuela’s preliminary objection as inadmissible or reject it on the basis of the Parties’ written submissions without the need for oral hearings; or, alternatively
(2) Schedule oral hearings at the earliest possible date, to avoid needless delay in reaching a final Judgment on the Merits, and reject Venezuela’s preliminary objection as early as possible after the conclusion of the hearings; and
(3) Fix a date for the submission of Venezuela’s Counter-Memorial on the Merits no later than nine months from the date of the Court’s ruling on Venezuela’s preliminary objection.”
26. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following final submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Venezuela,
at the hearing of 21 November 2022:
“In the case concerning the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), for the reasons set forth in its written and oral pleadings on preliminary objections, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Guyana’s claims are inadmissible.”
On behalf of the Government of Guyana,
at the hearing of 22 November 2022:
“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court, for the reasons explained in our Written Observations of 22 July 2022 and during these hearings, the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana respectfully asks the Court:
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(a) Pursuant to Article 79ter, paragraph 4, of the Rules, to reject Venezuela’s preliminary objections as inadmissible or reject them on the basis of the Parties’ submissions; and
(b) To fix a date for the submission of Venezuela’s Counter-Memorial on the Merits no later than nine months from the date of the Court’s ruling on Venezuela’s preliminary objections.”
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27. The Court notes that Venezuela refers, in the preliminary objections submitted on 7 June 2022, to Guyana’s possible lack of standing and that the final submissions of Venezuela include references to its “preliminary objections” in the plural. However, the Court understands Venezuela to be making in substance only a single preliminary objection based on the argument that the United Kingdom is an indispensable third party without the consent of which the Court cannot adjudicate upon the dispute. The Court will address the Parties’ arguments concerning Venezuela’s preliminary objection on this basis.
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I. HISTORICAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
28. Located in the north-east of South America, Guyana is bordered by Venezuela to the west. At the time the present dispute arose, Guyana was still a British colony, known as British Guiana. It gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966. The dispute between Guyana and Venezuela dates back to a series of events that took place during the second half of the nineteenth century.
29. The Court will begin by briefly recalling the historical and factual background to the present case, as set out in its Judgment of 18 December 2020 (see Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, pp. 464-471, paras. 29-60).
A. The 1897 Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award
30. In the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom and Venezuela both claimed the territory located between the mouth of the Essequibo River in the east and the Orinoco River in the west.
31. In the 1890s, the United States of America encouraged both parties to submit their territorial claims to arbitration. A treaty of arbitration entitled the “Treaty between Great Britain and
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the United States of Venezuela Respecting the Settlement of the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela” (hereinafter the “Washington Treaty”) was signed in Washington on 2 February 1897.
32. According to its preamble, the purpose of the Washington Treaty was to “provide for an amicable settlement of the question . . . concerning the boundary”. Article I provided as follows: “An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately appointed to determine the boundary-line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela.” Other provisions set out the arrangements for the arbitration, including the constitution of the tribunal, the place of arbitration and the applicable rules. Finally, according to Article XIII of the Washington Treaty, “[t]he High Contracting Parties engage[d] to consider the result of the proceedings of the Tribunal of Arbitration as a full, perfect, and final settlement of all the questions referred to the Arbitrators”.
33. The arbitral tribunal established under the Washington Treaty rendered its Award on 3 October 1899 (hereinafter the “1899 Award” or the “Award”). The 1899 Award granted the entire mouth of the Orinoco River and the land on either side to Venezuela; it granted to the United Kingdom the land to the east extending to the Essequibo River. The following year, a joint Anglo-Venezuelan commission was charged with demarcating the boundary established by the 1899 Award. The commission carried out that task between November 1900 and June 1904. On 10 January 1905, after the boundary had been demarcated, the British and Venezuelan commissioners produced an official boundary map and signed an agreement accepting, inter alia, that the co-ordinates of the points listed were correct.
B. Venezuela’s repudiation of the 1899 Award and the search for a settlement of the dispute
34. On 14 February 1962, Venezuela, through its Permanent Representative, informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that it considered there to be a dispute between itself and the United Kingdom “concerning the demarcation of the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana”. In its letter to the Secretary-General, Venezuela stated as follows:
“The award was the result of a political transaction carried out behind Venezuela’s back and sacrificing its legitimate rights. The frontier was demarcated arbitrarily, and no account was taken of the specific rules of the arbitral agreement or of the relevant principles of international law.
Venezuela cannot recognize an award made in such circumstances.”
In a statement before the Fourth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly delivered shortly thereafter, on 22 February 1962, Venezuela reiterated its position.
35. The Government of the United Kingdom, for its part, asserted on 13 November 1962, in a statement before the Fourth Committee, that “the Western boundary of British Guiana with Venezuela [had been] finally settled by the award which the arbitral tribunal announced on 3 October 1899”, and that it could not “agree that there [could] be any dispute over the question settled by the award”. The United Kingdom also stated that it was prepared to discuss with Venezuela, through diplomatic channels, arrangements for a tripartite examination of the documentary material relevant to the 1899 Award.
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36. On 16 November 1962, with the authorization of the representatives of the United Kingdom and Venezuela, the Chairman of the Fourth Committee declared that the Governments of the two States (the Government of the United Kingdom acting with the full concurrence of the Government of British Guiana) would examine the “documentary material” relating to the 1899 Award (hereinafter the “Tripartite Examination”). Experts appointed by Venezuela and an expert appointed by the United Kingdom, who also acted on British Guiana’s behalf at the latter’s request, examined the archives of the United Kingdom in London and the Venezuelan archives in Caracas, searching for evidence relating to Venezuela’s contention of nullity of the 1899 Award.
37. The Tripartite Examination took place from 1963 to 1965. It was completed on 3 August 1965 with the exchange of the experts’ reports. While Venezuela’s experts continued to consider the Award to be null and void, the expert of the United Kingdom was of the view that there was no evidence to support that position.
38. On 9 and 10 December 1965, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom and Venezuela and the new Prime Minister of British Guiana met in London to discuss a settlement of the dispute. However, at the close of the meeting, each party maintained its position on the matter. While the representative of Venezuela asserted that any proposal “which did not recognise that Venezuela extended to the River Essequibo would be unacceptable”, the representative of British Guiana rejected any proposal that would “concern itself with the substantive issues”.
C. The signing of the Geneva Agreement
39. Following the failure of the talks in London, the three delegations agreed to meet again in Geneva in February 1966. After two days of negotiations, they signed, on 17 February 1966, the Geneva Agreement, the English and Spanish texts of which are authoritative. In accordance with its Article VII, the Geneva Agreement entered into force on the same day that it was signed.
40. The Geneva Agreement was approved by the Venezuelan National Congress on 13 April 1966. It was published in the United Kingdom as a White Paper, i.e. as a policy position paper presented by the Government, and approved by the House of Assembly of British Guiana. It was officially transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 2 May 1966 and registered with the United Nations Secretariat on 5 May 1966 (United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 561, No. 8192, p. 322).
41. On 26 May 1966, Guyana, having attained independence, became a party to the Geneva Agreement, alongside the Governments of the United Kingdom and Venezuela, in accordance with the provisions of Article VIII thereof.
42. The Geneva Agreement provides, first, for the establishment of a Mixed Commission, comprised of representatives appointed by the Government of British Guiana and the Government of Venezuela, to seek a settlement of the controversy between the parties (Arts. I and II). Article I reads as follows:
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“A Mixed Commission shall be established with the task of seeking satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom which has arisen as the result of the Venezuelan contention that the Arbitral Award of 1899 about the frontier between British Guiana and Venezuela is null and void.”
In addition, Article IV, paragraph 1, states that, should this Commission fail in its task, the Governments of Guyana and Venezuela shall choose one of the means of peaceful settlement provided for in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations. In accordance with Article IV, paragraph 2, should those Governments fail to reach agreement, the decision as to the means of settlement shall be made by an appropriate international organ upon which they both agree, or, failing that, by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
43. On 4 April 1966, by letters to the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom and Venezuela, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, U Thant, acknowledged receipt of the Geneva Agreement and stated as follows:
“I have taken note of the responsibilities which may fall to be discharged by the Secretary-General of the United Nations under Article IV (2) of the Agreement, and wish to inform you that I consider those responsibilities to be of a nature which may appropriately be discharged by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.”
D. The implementation of the Geneva Agreement
44. The Mixed Commission was established in 1966, pursuant to Articles I and II of the Geneva Agreement, and reached the end of its mandate in 1970 without having arrived at a solution.
45. Since no solution was identified through the Mixed Commission, it fell to Venezuela and Guyana, under Article IV of the Geneva Agreement, to choose one of the means of peaceful settlement provided for in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations. Pursuant to a moratorium on the dispute settlement process adopted in a protocol to the Geneva Agreement and signed on 18 June 1970 (hereinafter the “Protocol of Port of Spain” or the “Protocol”), the operation of Article IV of the Geneva Agreement was suspended for a period of 12 years. In December 1981, Venezuela announced its intention to terminate the Protocol of Port of Spain. Consequently, the application of Article IV of the Geneva Agreement was resumed from 18 June 1982 in accordance with Article V, paragraph 3, of the Protocol.
46. Pursuant to Article IV, paragraph 1, of the Geneva Agreement, the Parties attempted to reach an agreement on the choice of one of the means of peaceful settlement provided for in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations. However, they failed to do so within the three-month time-limit set out in Article IV, paragraph 2. They also failed to agree on the choice of an appropriate international organ to decide on the means of settlement, as provided for in Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement.
47. The Parties therefore proceeded to the next step, referring the decision on the means of settlement to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. After the matter was referred to him by the Parties, the Secretary-General, Mr. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, agreed by a letter of 31 March 1983 to undertake the responsibility conferred upon him under Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement. In early 1990, the Secretary-General chose the good offices process as the appropriate means of settlement.
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48. Between 1990 and 2014, the good offices process was led by the following three Personal Representatives, appointed by successive Secretaries-General: Mr. Alister McIntyre (1990-1999), Mr. Oliver Jackman (1999-2007) and Mr. Norman Girvan (2010-2014).
49. In September 2015, during the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, held a meeting with the Heads of State of Guyana and Venezuela. Thereafter, on 12 November 2015, the Secretary-General issued a document entitled “The Way Forward”, in which he informed the Parties that “[i]f a practical solution to the controversy [were] not found before the end of his tenure, [he] intend[ed] to initiate the process to obtain a final and binding decision from the International Court of Justice”.
50. In his statement of 16 December 2016, the Secretary-General said that he had decided to continue for a further year the good offices process, to be led by a new Personal Representative with a strengthened mandate of mediation.
51. After taking office on 1 January 2017, the new Secretary-General, Mr. António Guterres, continued the good offices process for a final year, in conformity with his predecessor’s decision. In this context, on 23 February 2017, he appointed Mr. Dag Nylander as his Personal Representative and entrusted him with a strengthened mandate of mediation. Mr. Nylander held several meetings and had a number of exchanges with the Parties. In letters dated 30 January 2018 to both Parties, the Secretary-General stated that he had “carefully analyzed the developments in the good offices process during the course of 2017” and announced:
“Consequently, I have fulfilled the responsibility that has fallen to me within the framework set by my predecessor and, significant progress not having been made toward arriving at a full agreement for the solution of the controversy, have chosen the International Court of Justice as the means that is now to be used for its solution.”
52. On 29 March 2018, Guyana filed its Application in the Registry of the Court.
II. THE ADMISSIBILITY OF VENEZUELA’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
53. Guyana argues that Venezuela’s preliminary objection concerns the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction and should be rejected as inadmissible, because it is jurisdictional in nature and not an objection to admissibility. Guyana contends that the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018, in which the Court decided that the written pleadings were first to be addressed to the question of its jurisdiction, required the Parties to plead “all of the legal and factual grounds on which the Parties rely in the matter of its jurisdiction”. According to Guyana, the phrase “in the matter of its jurisdiction” covers not only the existence, but also the exercise of jurisdiction.
54. Guyana maintains that the “question of the jurisdiction of the Court”, within the meaning of the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018 necessarily encompasses the question whether the United Kingdom consented to the Court’s jurisdiction to settle the dispute regarding the validity of the Award. According to Guyana, this question lies at the heart of Venezuela’s preliminary objection based on the Court’s Judgment in the case concerning Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America) and its subsequent jurisprudence.
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55. Guyana contends that, in accordance with Article 79bis of the Rules of Court, Venezuela is no longer entitled to raise a preliminary objection which in substance concerns questions of jurisdiction that the Court raised proprio motu and decided in a binding judgment. Guyana asserts that it follows from the 2020 Judgment, in which the Court found that it had jurisdiction over part of Guyana’s claims, that the Court may not entertain Venezuela’s preliminary objection without violating the principle of res judicata.
56. Guyana argues that Venezuela’s preliminary objection is, in any event, time-barred, because Venezuela could and should have raised its objection within the time-limit fixed by the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018.
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57. According to Venezuela, its preliminary objection is admissible. Venezuela accepts the res judicata effect of the Court’s 2020 Judgment, but states that its preliminary objection concerns the exercise of jurisdiction and is thus an objection to the admissibility of the Application rather than to the Court’s jurisdiction.
58. Venezuela argues that the Court, in its 2020 Judgment, only decided questions of jurisdiction and did not dispose, explicitly or implicitly, of questions of admissibility. Venezuela states that the 2020 Judgment consequently does not have the effect of rendering its preliminary objection inadmissible.
59. Venezuela further submits that its preliminary objection is not time-barred, because the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018 only fixed time-limits for pleadings on the question of the Court’s jurisdiction, referring, in Venezuela’s view, to the question of the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction and not its exercise. Venezuela therefore remained entitled, it argues, to raise any preliminary objection to admissibility within the time-limits set out in Article 79bis (1) of the Rules of Court.
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60. The Court recalls that it has, on a number of occasions, considered whether a State that is not party to the proceedings before it should be deemed to be an indispensable third party without the consent of which the Court cannot adjudicate.
61. In the operative paragraph of its Judgment in the case concerning Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America), the Court found
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“that the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the common agreement of France, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Italy does not, in the absence of the consent of Albania, authorize it to adjudicate upon the first Submission in the Application of the Italian Government” (Preliminary Question, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 34).
62. Similarly, in the case concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), the Court concluded
“that it cannot, in this case, exercise the jurisdiction it has by virtue of the declarations made by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute because, in order to decide the claims of Portugal, it would have to rule, as a prerequisite, on the lawfulness of Indonesia’s conduct in the absence of that State’s consent” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 105, para. 35).
63. When rejecting an objection that a third State is an indispensable party without the consent of which the Court cannot adjudicate in a given case, the Court has proceeded on the basis that the objection concerned the exercise of jurisdiction rather than the existence of jurisdiction (see, inter alia, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I), p. 57, para. 116; Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 431, para. 88). For example, in the case concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), the Court concluded that “the Court [could] decline to exercise its jurisdiction” on the basis of the principle referred to as “Monetary Gold” (hereinafter the “Monetary Gold principle”) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 262, para. 55).
64. The above-cited jurisprudence is thus premised on a distinction between two different concepts: on the one hand, the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction and, on the other, the exercise of its jurisdiction where that jurisdiction is established. Only an objection concerning the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction can be characterized as an objection to jurisdiction. The Court concludes that Venezuela’s objection on the basis of the Monetary Gold principle is an objection to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction and thus does not constitute an objection to jurisdiction.
65. The Court now turns to the principle of res judicata, which is reflected in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court. As the Court has stated, that principle “establishes the finality of the decision adopted in a particular case” (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 125, para. 58).
66. The force of res judicata attaches not only to a judgment on the merits, but also to a judgment determining the Court’s jurisdiction, such as the Court’s 2020 Judgment (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 91, para. 117).
67. Specifically, the operative part of a judgment of the Court possesses the force of res judicata (ibid., p. 94, para. 123). In order to determine what has been decided with the force of res judicata, “it is also necessary to ascertain the content of the decision, the finality of which is to be guaranteed”, and it “may be necessary to determine the meaning of the operative clause by
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reference to the reasoning set out in the judgment in question” (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 126, paras. 59 and 61; see also Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 166, para. 68). If a matter “has not in fact been determined, expressly or by necessary implication, then no force of res judicata attaches to it” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 95, para. 126).
68. In the operative paragraph of its 2020 Judgment, the Court found
“(1) that it has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on 29 March 2018 in so far as it concerns the validity of the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 and the related question of the definitive settlement of the land boundary dispute between the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela; [and]
(2) that it does not have jurisdiction to entertain the claims of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana arising from events that occurred after the signature of the Geneva Agreement” (Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 493, para. 138).
69. The operative paragraph of the 2020 Judgment and the reasoning underlying it only address questions concerning the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction. Moreover, that Judgment does not address, even implicitly, the issue of the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court. In particular, the question whether the United Kingdom is an indispensable third party without the consent of which the Court could not exercise its jurisdiction was not determined by necessary implication in the 2020 Judgment.
70. It follows that the force of res judicata attaching to the 2020 Judgment extends only to the question of the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction and does not bar the admissibility of Venezuela’s preliminary objection.
71. The Court also notes that, by using the phrases “in the matter of its jurisdiction” and “the question of the jurisdiction of the Court” in its Order of 19 June 2018, it was referring only to the existence and not to the exercise of jurisdiction. As the Order records, during the meeting between the President of the Court and the representatives of the Parties on 18 June 2018, Venezuela stated only that it contested the Court’s jurisdiction.
72. As to Guyana’s argument that Venezuela’s preliminary objection is time-barred, the Court recalls that, in its Order of 19 June 2018, it considered that it was “necessary for the Court to be informed of all of the legal and factual grounds on which the Parties rely in the matter of its jurisdiction” (Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Order of 19 June 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 403). Accordingly, the Court decided “that the written pleadings shall first be addressed to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court” and fixed time-limits for pleadings on that question (ibid.). The Court further recalls that, in other instances, it has expressly directed parties to address both questions of jurisdiction and admissibility in pleadings (see e.g. Relocation of the
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United States Embassy to Jerusalem (Palestine v. United States of America), Order of 15 November 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 710). The time-limits that the Court fixed in its Order of 19 June 2018 thus only concerned pleadings with respect to the question of the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction.
73. In light of the Court’s finding above that Venezuela’s preliminary objection is not an objection to the Court’s jurisdiction, the time-limits that the Court set out in the Order of 19 June 2018 did not apply to pleadings with respect to such objection. Venezuela thus remained entitled to raise that objection within the time-limit set out in Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court.
74. For these reasons, the Court concludes that Venezuela’s preliminary objection is admissible. The Court will now proceed to the examination of this preliminary objection.
III. EXAMINATION OF VENEZUELA’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
75. In its preliminary objection, Venezuela submits that the United Kingdom is an indispensable third party to the proceedings and that the Court cannot decide the question of the validity of the 1899 Award in the United Kingdom’s absence. Venezuela argues that a judgment of the Court on the merits in this case would necessarily involve, as a prerequisite, an evaluation of the lawfulness of certain “fraudulent conduct” allegedly attributable to the United Kingdom in respect of the 1899 Award. Venezuela explains that since the United Kingdom was a party to the Washington Treaty and to the arbitration that resulted in the 1899 Award, and is a party to the Geneva Agreement, an evaluation of the allegedly fraudulent conduct would involve an examination of the United Kingdom’s “commitments and responsibilities”.
76. Venezuela alleges that it had been coerced and deceived by the United Kingdom to enter into the Washington Treaty. It also alleges that, during the arbitral proceedings, there were certain improper communications between the legal counsel of the United Kingdom and the arbitrators that it had appointed, and that the United Kingdom knowingly submitted “doctored” and “falsified” maps to the arbitral tribunal, which rendered the 1899 Award “null and void”. According to Venezuela, each of these acts, independently, operates to invalidate the 1899 Award and to engage the international responsibility of the United Kingdom. Venezuela submits that the United Kingdom’s participation is required in order for Venezuela’s rights to be “duly protected” in the proceedings, and adds that it is not able to dispute the rights and obligations arising from the conduct of a State that is absent from these proceedings and whose participation cannot be enjoined by this Court.
77. Relying, inter alia, on the Court’s jurisprudence in the cases concerning Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America), East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) and Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Venezuela asserts that an application is inadmissible if the legal interests of a third State would constitute the very subject-matter of the decision that is applied for, and that State has not consented to adjudication by the Court. Venezuela submits that the commitments and responsibilities of the United Kingdom would constitute “the very object” and the “very essence” of the decision to be rendered in the present case because the invalidity of the 1899 Award arises from the allegedly fraudulent conduct of the United Kingdom in respect of the arbitration which resulted in the Award. In this regard, Venezuela maintains that the United Kingdom has not transferred its commitments and obligations in respect of the 1899 Award to Guyana.
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78. Venezuela adds that if the Court determines that the United Kingdom is responsible for fraudulent conduct, the consequence would be not only that the 1899 Award would cease to have legal effect, as Guyana claims, but also that Venezuela would be entitled to rely on the consequences of the invalidity of a treaty, as set out in Article 69 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter the “Vienna Convention”).
79. Venezuela further submits that the Geneva Agreement does not operate to make Guyana a successor in respect of all the rights and obligations relating to the dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom. It points out that Article VIII of the Geneva Agreement provides that, upon attaining independence, Guyana shall become a party to the Agreement, not in substitution of, but alongside the United Kingdom. Therefore, in the view of Venezuela, “[t]he Agreement does not exempt the United Kingdom from its obligations and responsibilities . . . The United Kingdom thus remains an active party to this dispute . . . [and] its position has not changed in the years after the Agreement.”
80. Venezuela argues that neither the United Kingdom’s status as a party to the Geneva Agreement nor any conduct of that State subsequent to the conclusion of the Agreement can be regarded as consent to adjudication by the Court. It adds that, even if it is assumed that the United Kingdom gave its consent, the Court can only rule on its rights and obligations if that State accepts the Court’s jurisdiction and becomes a party to the case.
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81. Guyana submits that the Court should reject Venezuela’s preliminary objection that, in these proceedings, the United Kingdom is an indispensable third party in the absence of which the Court cannot decide the question of the validity of the 1899 Award. Guyana argues that the United Kingdom does not have legal interests that could be affected by the Court’s determination of the validity of the 1899 Award, let alone interests that “constitute the very subject-matter” of the decision. Guyana maintains that the United Kingdom has no current legal interest in, or claim to, the territory in question, having relinquished all territorial claims in relation to this dispute when the United Kingdom granted independence to Guyana in 1966. It follows, therefore, that since the dispute concerns claims to territory contested between Guyana and Venezuela, the United Kingdom has no legal interests that could constitute the very subject-matter of this dispute, and there is no basis for the Court to decline to exercise its jurisdiction on account of the absence of the United Kingdom.
82. In support of its argument that the United Kingdom is not an indispensable third party in these proceedings, Guyana submits that it is not the lawfulness of any conduct by the United Kingdom that would be evaluated by the Court in determining the validity of the 1899 Award, but rather the conduct of the arbitral tribunal. Guyana submits that the conduct which the Court must address in this case is that of the arbitrators and not that of the United Kingdom, and even though a finding of misconduct by the arbitrators may require factual findings in relation to acts attributable to the United Kingdom, it would not require any legal findings in relation to the responsibility of the United Kingdom.
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83. Guyana also submits that the United Kingdom consented to the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction in this case by virtue of negotiating, and becoming a party to, the Geneva Agreement. It asserts that the United Kingdom has given its consent for the Court to resolve this dispute between Guyana and Venezuela, by virtue of Article IV, paragraph 1, of the Geneva Agreement (reproduced in paragraph 92 below), which accorded to Guyana and Venezuela the sole right to refer the dispute to the Court, without any involvement on the United Kingdom’s part. Guyana maintains that the United Kingdom gave its consent, knowing full well that any resolution of the controversy would require the examination of Venezuela’s allegations of wrongdoing by the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century.
84. Guyana adds that it matters not whether the effect of the Geneva Agreement “is characterized as an expression of consent [by the United Kingdom] to the procedure being followed without its involvement, or as a waiver of any rights it may normally have in the conduct of those processes  including judicial processes”. According to Guyana, the existence of consent on the part of the United Kingdom renders Venezuela’s objection based on the Court’s Judgment in the case concerning Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 and subsequent jurisprudence inapplicable.
85. Finally, Guyana cites certain statements made jointly by the United Kingdom and other States in multilateral fora, whereby they welcomed the 2020 Judgment of the Court and expressed their support for the ongoing judicial settlement of the dispute between Venezuela and Guyana. According to Guyana, these statements demonstrate that the United Kingdom itself considers that it has no legal interests that might be affected by a judgment on the merits in this case. In this respect, Guyana also refers to other conduct by the United Kingdom since Guyana attained independence. It adds that Venezuela’s own conduct in that same period contradicts any contention that the United Kingdom has any legal interest in the issue of the validity of the 1899 Award.
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86. The Court recalls that Venezuela, invoking the Monetary Gold principle, maintains that the legal interests of the United Kingdom would be the very subject-matter of the Court’s decision in the present case. Nonetheless, the Court notes that the two Parties to these proceedings, as well as the United Kingdom, are parties to the Geneva Agreement, on which the Court’s jurisdiction is based. It is therefore appropriate for the Court to consider the legal implications of the United Kingdom being a party to the Geneva Agreement, which calls for an interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Agreement.
87. To interpret the Geneva Agreement, the Court will apply the rules of treaty interpretation to be found in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 116, para. 33). Although that Convention is not in force between the Parties and is not, in any event, applicable to instruments concluded before it entered into force, such as the Geneva Agreement, it is well established that these Articles reflect rules of customary international law (ibid.).
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88. In accordance with the rule of interpretation enshrined in Article 31, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention, a treaty must be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. These elements of interpretation are to be considered as a whole (Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 29, para. 64).
89. The Court notes that the emphasis placed by the parties on British Guiana becoming independent is an important part of the context for purposes of interpreting Article IV of the Agreement. Indeed, the preamble makes clear that the United Kingdom participated in the elaboration of the Agreement in consultation with the Government of British Guiana. The preamble further indicates that, in elaborating the Agreement, the parties took into account the “forthcoming independence of British Guiana”. The Court also observes that the references to “Guyana” in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article IV presuppose the attainment of independence by British Guiana. This independence was attained on 26 May 1966, some three months after the conclusion of the Agreement; on that date, Guyana became a party to the Geneva Agreement in accordance with Article VIII thereof.
90. Articles I and II of the Geneva Agreement address the initial stage of the process for the settlement of the dispute between the Parties and identify the role of Venezuela and British Guiana in that process. Article I of the Agreement reads as follows:
“A Mixed Commission shall be established with the task of seeking satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the controversy between Venezuela and the United Kingdom which has arisen as the result of the Venezuelan contention that the Arbitral Award of 1899 about the frontier between British Guiana and Venezuela is null and void.”
Paragraph 1 of Article II reads as follows:
“Within two months of the entry into force of this Agreement, two representatives shall be appointed to the Mixed Commission by the Government of British Guiana and two by the Government of Venezuela.”
91. The Court observes that, while Article I of the Agreement describes the dispute as one existing between the United Kingdom and Venezuela, Article II provides no role for the United Kingdom in the initial stage of the dispute settlement process. Rather, it places the responsibility for appointment of the representatives to the Mixed Commission on British Guiana and Venezuela. The Court notes that the reference to “British Guiana” contained in Article II, which can be distinguished from references to the “United Kingdom” contained elsewhere in the treaty and particularly in Article I, supports the interpretation that the parties to the Geneva Agreement intended for Venezuela and British Guiana to have the sole role in the settlement of the dispute through the mechanism of the Mixed Commission. It is noteworthy that such an understanding was arrived at notwithstanding that British Guiana was a colony which had not yet attained independence and was not yet a party to the treaty.
92. The Court notes that neither paragraph 1 nor paragraph 2 of Article IV of the Geneva Agreement contains any reference to the United Kingdom. These provisions read as follows:
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“(1) If, within a period of four years from the date of this Agreement, the Mixed Commission should not have arrived at a full agreement for the solution of the controversy it shall, in its final report, refer to the Government of Guyana and the Government of Venezuela any outstanding questions. Those Governments shall without delay choose one of the means of peaceful settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.
(2) If, within three months of receiving the final report, the Government of Guyana and the Government of Venezuela should not have reached agreement regarding the choice of one of the means of settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, they shall refer the decision as to the means of settlement to an appropriate international organ upon which they both agree or, failing agreement on this point, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. If the means so chosen do not lead to a solution of the controversy, the said organ or, as the case may be, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall choose another of the means stipulated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, and so on until the controversy has been resolved or until all the means of peaceful settlement there contemplated have been exhausted.”
93. Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article IV, which set out the final stages of the process for the settlement of the dispute, refer only to the “Government of Guyana and the Government of Venezuela”, and place upon them the responsibility to choose a means of peaceful settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations or, failing agreement on such means, the responsibility to refer the decision on the means to an appropriate international organ upon which they both agree. Failing agreement on that point, the Parties would refer the matter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations who would choose one of the means of settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.
94. In the view of the Court, this examination of the relevant provisions of the Geneva Agreement, in particular the detailed provisions of Article IV, shows the importance that the parties to the Agreement attached to the conclusive resolution of the dispute. In that regard, the Court recalls that, in its 2020 Judgment, it determined that the object and purpose of the Agreement is to ensure a definitive resolution of the controversy between the Parties (I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 476, para. 73).
95. Interpreting paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article IV in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms in their context, and in the light of the Agreement’s object and purpose, the Court concludes that the Geneva Agreement specifies particular roles for Guyana and Venezuela and that its provisions, including Article VIII, do not provide a role for the United Kingdom in choosing, or in participating in, the means of settlement of the dispute pursuant to Article IV.
96. Therefore, the Court considers that the scheme established by Articles II and IV of the Geneva Agreement reflects a common understanding of all parties to that Agreement that the controversy which existed between the United Kingdom and Venezuela on 17 February 1966 would be settled by Guyana and Venezuela through one of the dispute settlement procedures envisaged in the Agreement.
97. The Court further notes that when the United Kingdom accepted, through the Geneva Agreement, the scheme for the settlement of the dispute between Guyana and Venezuela without its
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involvement, it was aware that such a settlement could involve the examination of certain allegations by Venezuela of wrongdoing by the authorities of the United Kingdom at the time of the disputed arbitration.
98. In that respect, the Court recalls that, on 14 February 1962, Venezuela, through its Permanent Representative to the United Nations, informed the Secretary-General that it considered there to be a dispute between the United Kingdom and itself “concerning the demarcation of the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana”. In its letter to the Secretary-General, Venezuela stated as follows:
“The award was the result of a political transaction carried out behind Venezuela’s back and sacrificing its legitimate rights. The frontier was demarcated arbitrarily, and no account was taken of the specific rules of the arbitral agreement or of the relevant principles of international law.
Venezuela cannot recognize an award made in such circumstances.”
Venezuela reiterated its position in a statement before the Fourth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly delivered shortly thereafter, on 22 February 1962.
99. In a statement to the Fourth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly delivered on 12 November 1962, the Minister for External Relations of Venezuela, Mr. Marcos Falcón Briceño, said that the 1899 Award “arose in circumstances which were clearly prejudicial to the rights of Venezuela”. He added further that,
“[v]iewing it in retrospect, there was no arbitral award, properly speaking. There was a settlement. There was a political compromise. And by means of this decision, the three judges who held a majority disposed of Venezuelan territory; for the two British judges were not . . . acting as judges. They were acting as government representatives, as advocates rather than as judges.”
100. On 13 November 1962, the Government of the United Kingdom responded to Venezuela’s statement at the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly. The United Kingdom “emphatically rejected” the “most serious allegation” of the Venezuelan Minister for External Relations that the members of the arbitral tribunal which rendered the 1899 Award “came to their decisions without reference to the rules of international law and to the other rules which the Tribunal under the terms of the Treaty ought to have applied”. The United Kingdom also rejected the allegations that the 1899 Award was an “improper compromise” or a “diplomatic compromise”, and stated that it could not “agree that there [could] be any dispute over the question settled by the award”.
101. In the same statement, the United Kingdom offered to discuss with Venezuela, through diplomatic channels, arrangements for a tripartite examination of the documentary material relevant to the validity of the 1899 Award. Following the Tripartite Examination, on 9 and 10 December 1965, the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom and Venezuela and the Prime Minister of British Guiana met in London to discuss a settlement of the dispute. As the Court noted in its 2020 Judgment, in the discussion held on 9 and 10 December 1965, the United Kingdom and British Guiana rejected
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the Venezuelan proposal that the only solution to the frontier dispute lay in the return of the disputed territory to Venezuela, on the basis that it implied that the 1899 Award was null and void and that there was no justification for that allegation.
102. After the failure of these talks, the United Kingdom participated in the negotiation and conclusion of the Geneva Agreement. The Court is of the view that the United Kingdom was aware of the scope of the dispute concerning the validity of the 1899 Award, which included allegations of its wrongdoing and recourse to unlawful procedures, but nonetheless accepted the scheme set out in Article IV, whereby Guyana and Venezuela could submit the dispute to one of the means of settlement set out in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, without the involvement of the United Kingdom. The Court considers that the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article IV read in their context and in light of the object and purpose of the Geneva Agreement, as well as the circumstances surrounding its adoption, support this conclusion.
103. Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Vienna Convention provides that, in the interpretation of a treaty, there shall be taken into account, together with the context, any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation. Accordingly, the Court will now examine the subsequent practice of the parties to the Geneva Agreement to ascertain whether it establishes their agreement on the lack of involvement of the United Kingdom in the settlement of the dispute between Guyana and Venezuela.
104. The Court observes that, at the 11th meeting of the Mixed Commission held in Caracas on 28 and 29 December 1968, the Venezuelan commissioners issued an extensive statement in which they noted the following:
“[I]f the representatives from Guyana were willing to search in good faith satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the controversy, Venezuela would be willing to give reasonable time so that the Mixed Commission accomplished the mission and thus, will consent to extend the existence of that body for such periods as it deems appropriate for that purpose. Here is a proposal of practical content which we formally presented. If Guyana does not modify its behavior and continues to be intransigently locked up in its speculative position, it will corroborate with such attitude its reiterated determination to disregard the Geneva Agreement, and particularly, Article I.”
The United Kingdom did not seek to participate in the above-mentioned Mixed Commission procedure; nor did Venezuela and Guyana request the United Kingdom’s participation. Venezuela’s exclusive engagement with the Government of Guyana at the Mixed Commission indicates that there was a common understanding among the parties that Article II did not provide a role for the United Kingdom in the dispute settlement process.
105. The Court notes that Venezuela engaged exclusively with the Government of Guyana when implementing Article IV of the Geneva Agreement. In its Memorandum, Venezuela described the Parties’ disagreements over the implementation of Article IV as follows:
- 27 -
“Venezuela and Guyana failed to agree on the choice of a means of settlement and to designate an ‘appropriate international organ’ to proceed to do it, as provided for in the first subparagraph of Article IV.2 of the Agreement. Venezuela insisted on direct negotiations and Guyana insisted on submitting it to the International Court of Justice. Later, Venezuela proposed to entrust the UN Secretary-General with the choice of the means; Guyana committed it to the General Assembly, the Security Council or the International Court of Justice.”
In respect of the good offices process conducted by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Venezuela stated that “[i]t is worth highlighting that the designation of the good officers always took place upon acceptance by both Parties”. Again, the Court observes that the United Kingdom did not seek to participate in the procedure set out in Article IV to resolve the dispute; nor did the Parties request such participation. Venezuela’s exclusive engagement with the Government of Guyana during the good offices process indicates that there was agreement among the parties that the United Kingdom had no role in the dispute settlement process.
106. In view of the above, the practice of the parties to the Geneva Agreement further demonstrates their agreement that the dispute could be settled without the involvement of the United Kingdom.
107. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that, by virtue of being a party to the Geneva Agreement, the United Kingdom accepted that the dispute between Guyana and Venezuela could be settled by one of the means set out in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, and that it would have no role in that procedure. Under these circumstances, the Court considers that the Monetary Gold principle does not come into play in this case. It follows that even if the Court, in its Judgment on the merits, were called to pronounce on certain conduct attributable to the United Kingdom, which cannot be determined at present, this would not preclude the Court from exercising its jurisdiction, which is based on the application of the Geneva Agreement. The preliminary objection raised by Venezuela must therefore be rejected.
*
* *
108. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
(1) Unanimously,
Finds that the preliminary objection raised by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is admissible;
- 28 -
(2) By fourteen votes to one,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela;
IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte; Judge ad hoc Wolfrum;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Couvreur;
(3) By fourteen votes to one,
Finds that it can adjudicate upon the merits of the claims of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, in so far as they fall within the scope of paragraph 138, subparagraph 1, of the Judgment of 18 December 2020.
IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte; Judge ad hoc Wolfrum;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Couvreur.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixth day of April, two thousand and twenty-three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. DONOGHUE,
President.
(Signed) Philippe GAUTIER,
Registrar.
- 29 -
Judge BHANDARI appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ROBINSON appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge IWASAWA appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc WOLFRUM appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc COUVREUR appends a partially separate and partially dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
___________

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899
(GUYANA c. VENEZUELA)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
ARRÊT DU 6 AVRIL 2023
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899
(GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
JUDGMENT OF 6 APRIL 2023
2023
No de vente :
Sales number
© 2024 CIJ/ICJ, Nations Unies/United Nations
Tous droits réservés/All rights reserved
imprimé en france/printed in france
1280 ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003946-8
e-ISBN 978-92-1-106582-4
Mode officiel de citation :
Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela),
exception préliminaire, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2023, p. 262
Official citation:
Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela),
Preliminary Objection, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2023, p. 262
ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899
(GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899
(GUYANA c. VENEZUELA)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
6 APRIL 2023
JUDGMENT
6 AVRIL 2023
ARRÊT
262
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-27
I. Contexte historique et factuel 28-52
A. Le traité de Washington de 1897 et la sentence de 1899 30-33
B. Le rejet de la sentence de 1899 par le Venezuela et la recherche
d’un règlement du différend
34-38
C. La signature de l’accord de Genève 39-43
D. La mise en oeuvre de l’accord de Genève 44-52
II. Recevabilité de l’exception préliminaire soulevée par le
Venezuela
53-74
III. Examen de l’exception préliminaire soulevée par le
Venezuela
75-107
Dispositif 108
262
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-27
I. Historical and Factual Background 28-52
A. The 1897 Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award 30-33
B. Venezuela’s repudiation of the 1899 Award and the search for
a settlement of the dispute
34-38
C. The signing of the Geneva Agreement 39-43
D. The implementation of the Geneva Agreement 44-52
II. The Admissibility of Venezuela’s Preliminary Objection 53-74
III. Examination of Venezuela’s Preliminary Objection 75-107
Operative Clause 108
263
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2023
6 avril 2023
SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899
(GUYANA c. VENEZUELA)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
Venezuela se référant au défaut éventuel de qualité pour agir du Guyana
 Venezuela ne soulevant, en substance, qu’une seule exception préliminaire
 Exception préliminaire fondée sur l’argument selon lequel le
Royaume-Uni est une tierce partie indispensable sans le consentement de
laquelle la Cour ne saurait statuer sur le différend.
*
Contexte historique et factuel.
Revendications territoriales concurrentes du Royaume-Uni et du Venezuela
au XIXe siècle  Traité d’arbitrage pour le règlement de la question
de la frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela
signé à Washington le 2 février 1897  Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899.
Rejet de la sentence de 1899 par le Venezuela.
Signature de l’accord de Genève de 1966  Indépendance du Guyana
le 26 mai 1966  Guyana étant devenu partie à l’accord de Genève aux
côtés du Royaume-Uni et du Venezuela.
Mise en oeuvre de l’accord de Genève  Commission mixte de 1966 à 1970
 Protocole de Port of Spain de 1970  Moratoire de douze ans  Parties
s’en remettant ensuite au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies pour choisir un moyen de règlement conformément au paragraphe 2
de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève  Secrétaire général ayant choisi la
procédure des bons offices de 1990 à 2017  Décision du Secrétaire général
du 30 janvier 2018 choisissant la Cour comme moyen de règlement du
différend  Saisine de la Cour par le Guyana le 29 mars 2018.
*
Recevabilité de l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela.
2023
6 avril
Rôle général
no 171
263
2023
6 April
General List
No. 171
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
6 April 2023
ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899
(GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
Reference by Venezuela to Guyana’s possible lack of standing —
In
substance Venezuela making single preliminary objection — Preliminary
objection based on argument that United Kingdom is indispensable third
party without the consent of which the Court cannot adjudicate upon the
dispute.
*
Historical and factual background.
Competing territorial claims of United Kingdom and Venezuela in nineteenth
century — Treaty of arbitration for settlement of boundary between
colony of British Guiana and Venezuela signed at Washington on 2 February
1897 — Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899.
Venezuela’s repudiation of 1899 Award.
Signing of 1966 Geneva Agreement — Independence of Guyana on
26 May 1966 — Guyana became a party to Geneva Agreement alongside
United Kingdom and Venezuela.
Implementation of Geneva Agreement — Mixed Commission from 1966 to
1970 — 1970 Protocol of Port of Spain — Twelve-year moratorium —
Parties’ subsequent referral of decision to choose means of settlement to
Secretary-General of United Nations under Article IV, paragraph 2, of
Geneva Agreement — Secretary-General’s choice of good offices process
from 1990 to 2017 — Secretary-General’s decision of 30 January 2018
choosing the Court as means of settlement of the controversy — Seisin of the
Court by Guyana on 29 March 2018.
*
Admissibility of Venezuela’s preliminary objection.
264 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
Principe de l’Or monétaire  Distinction entre l’existence de la compétence
de la Cour et l’exercice de cette compétence  Exception du Venezuela
fondée sur le principe de l’Or monétaire portant sur l’exercice de la compétence
de la Cour et ne constituant pas une exception d’incompétence.
Principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée  Autorité de la chose jugée
s’attachant
à un arrêt sur la compétence  Dispositif d’un arrêt étant
revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée  Sens du dispositif pouvant être
déterminé par référence aux motifs  Autorité de la chose jugée ne s’attachant
pas aux points qui n’ont pas été tranchés, ni expressément ni par
implication logique  Arrêt sur la compétence rendu le 18 décembre 2020
(arrêt de 2020) ne traitant pas, même implicitement, de la question de l’exercice
de la compétence  Question de savoir si le Royaume-Uni est une
tierce partie indispensable sans le consentement de laquelle la Cour ne
saurait exercer sa compétence n’ayant pas été tranchée dans l’arrêt de 2020
 Autorité de la chose jugée de l’arrêt de 2020 ne couvrant que la question
de l’existence de la compétence  Arrêt de 2020 ne faisant pas obstacle à la
recevabilité de l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela.
Ordonnance de la Cour du 19 juin 2018 ne concernant que les écritures
ayant trait à la question de l’existence de la compétence de celle-ci 
Venezuela étant resté en droit de soulever une exception portant sur
l’exercice par la Cour de sa compétence dans le délai prévu au para-graphe
1 de l’article 79bis du Règlement.
Exception préliminaire du Venezuela étant recevable.
*
Examen de l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela.
Allégation selon laquelle les intérêts juridiques du Royaume-Uni constitueraient
l’objet même de la décision de la Cour  Guyana, Venezuela et
Royaume-Uni étant parties à l’accord de Genève, sur lequel est fondée la
compétence de la Cour  Implications juridiques de la qualité de partie à
l’accord de Genève du Royaume-Uni  Nécessité de procéder à l’interprétation
des dispositions pertinentes de l’accord de Genève  Cour se devant
d’appliquer les règles d’interprétation énoncées aux articles 31 à 33 de la
convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, qui reflètent le droit international
coutumier  Royaume-Uni ayant participé à l’élaboration de l’accord
de Genève en consultation avec la Guyane britannique  Accession
prochaine de la Guyane britannique à l’indépendance ayant été prise en
considération  Étape initiale du processus de règlement du différend 
Articles I et II de l’accord de Genève prévoyant la constitution d’une
commission mixte par le Venezuela et la Guyane britannique  Absence de
rôle attribué au Royaume-Uni à l’étape initiale  Venezuela et Guyane
britannique ayant l’exclusivité du règlement du différend à travers la
commission mixte  Étapes finales du processus de règlement du différend
 Article IV de l’accord de Genève  Absence de mention du Royaume-
Uni  Guyana et Venezuela assumant la responsabilité du choix d’un
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 264
Monetary Gold principle — Distinction between existence of the Court’s
jurisdiction and exercise by the Court of its jurisdiction — Venezuela’s
objection on basis of Monetary Gold principle is objection to exercise of the
Court’s jurisdiction, and not objection to jurisdiction.
Principle of res judicata — Force of res judicata attaches to a judgment on
jurisdiction — Operative part of a judgment possesses force of res judicata
— Its meaning may be determined with reference to the reasoning —
Force of res judicata does not attach to matters not determined expressly or
by necessary implication — Judgment of 18 December 2020 on jurisdiction
(2020 Judgment) does not address, even implicitly, issue of exercise of jurisdiction
— Question whether United Kingdom is indispensable third party
without the consent of which the Court may not exercise its jurisdiction
not determined in 2020 Judgment — Res judicata of 2020 Judgment
extends only to question of existence of jurisdiction — Admissibility of
Venezuela’s preliminary objection is not barred by 2020 Judgment.
The Court’s Order of 19 June 2018 only concerned pleadings on question
of existence of the Court’s jurisdiction — Venezuela remained entitled to
raise an objection to exercise by the Court of its jurisdiction within timelimit
in Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the Rules.
Venezuela’s preliminary objection is admissible.
*
Examination of Venezuela’s preliminary objection.
Allegation that legal interests of United Kingdom would be the very
subject-matter of the Court’s decision — Guyana, Venezuela and
United Kingdom are parties to Geneva Agreement, on which the Court’s
jurisdiction is based — Legal implications of United Kingdom being a
party to Geneva Agreement — Interpretation of relevant provisions of
Geneva Agreement necessary — The Court to apply rules of interpretation
in Articles 31 to 33 of Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties,
reflecting customary international law — United Kingdom participated in
elaboration of Geneva Agreement in consultation with British Guiana —
Forthcoming independence of British Guiana taken into account — Initial
stage of process for settlement of dispute — Articles I and II of Geneva
Agreement providing for appointment of Mixed Commission by Venezuela
and British Guiana — No role for United Kingdom in initial stage —
Venezuela and British Guiana having sole role in settlement of dispute
through Mixed Commission — Final stages of process for settlement of
dispute — Article IV of Geneva Agreement — No reference to
United Kingdom — Guyana and Venezuela bearing responsibility to choose
means of peaceful settlement — Failing agreement, matter to be
referred to Secretary-General for choice of means of settlement — No role
265 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
moyen de règlement pacifique  Question devant, à défaut d’accord, être
soumise au Secrétaire général, qui choisirait le moyen de règlement 
Aucun rôle confié au Royaume-Uni dans le processus de règlement du différend
conformément à l’article IV.
Mécanisme de règlement du différend établi par les articles II et IV de
l’accord de Genève reflétant la position partagée par toutes les parties,
selon laquelle le différend serait réglé par le Guyana et le Venezuela sans la
participation du Royaume-Uni  Acceptation par le Royaume-Uni du
mécanisme  Royaume-Uni ayant eu connaissance des allégations du
Venezuela concernant des actes fautifs qui lui étaient imputés  Lettre du
14 février 1962 adressée au Secrétaire général par le représentant permanent
du Venezuela auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies 
Déclarations faites par le Venezuela et le Royaume-Uni devant la Quatrième
Commission de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en novembre 1962
 Examen tripartite, conduit en 1965, de la documentation concernant la
validité de la sentence de 1899  Royaume-Uni ayant connaissance de la
portée du différend  Royaume-Uni ayant accepté le fait qu’il ne participerait
pas au règlement du différend entre le Guyana et le Venezuela.
Examen de la pratique ultérieure des parties à l’accord de Genève 
Venezuela ayant exclusivement dialogué avec le Guyana dans le cadre de la
commission mixte et aux fins de la mise en oeuvre de l’article IV de l’accord
de Genève  Accord des parties sur le fait que le différend pourrait être
réglé sans la participation du Royaume-Uni.
Royaume-Uni ayant, de par sa qualité de partie à l’accord de Genève,
accepté que le différend puisse être réglé par l’un des moyens prévus à
l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies sans sa participation  Principe
de l’Or monétaire n’entrant pas en jeu  Possibilité que la Cour, dans
son arrêt au fond, soit appelée à se prononcer sur certains comportements
imputables au Royaume-Uni ne faisant pas obstacle à ce qu’elle exerce sa
compétence, qui est fondée sur l’application de l’accord de Genève.
Exception préliminaire du Venezuela étant rejetée.
ARRÊT
Présents : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue,
Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa,
Nolte, juges ; MM. Wolfrum, Couvreur, juges ad hoc ;
M. Gautier, greffier.
En l’affaire de la sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899,
entre
la République coopérative du Guyana,
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 265
for United Kingdom in process of settlement of dispute pursuant to
Article IV.
Dispute settlement scheme established by Articles II and IV of Geneva
Agreement reflects a common understanding of all parties that controversy
would be settled by Guyana and Venezuela without the United Kingdom’s
involvement — Acceptance by United Kingdom of scheme — United Kingdom
aware of Venezuela’s allegations of its wrongdoing — Letter of 14 February
1962 from Venezuela’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations to
the Secretary-General — Statements of Venezuela and United Kingdom
before Fourth Committee of General Assembly in November 1962 —
Tripartite Examination in 1965 of documentary material relevant to validity
of 1899 Award — United Kingdom aware of scope of dispute — Acceptance
by United Kingdom not to be involved in settlement of dispute between
Guyana and Venezuela.
Examination of subsequent practice of parties to Geneva Agreement —
Venezuela’s exclusive engagement with Guyana at Mixed Commission and
in implementation of Article IV of Geneva Agreement — Agreement of
the parties that dispute could be settled without involvement of United
Kingdom.
Acceptance by United Kingdom, by virtue of being a party to Geneva
Agreement, that dispute could be settled by one of the means set out in
Article 33 of Charter of United Nations without its involvement — Monetary
Gold principle does not come into play — Possibility of future pronouncement
in Judgment on merits regarding certain conduct attributable to
United Kingdom would not preclude the Court from exercising its jurisdiction
based on application of Geneva Agreement.
Venezuela’s preliminary objection is rejected.
JUDGMENT
Present: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte; Judges ad hoc Wolfrum,
Couvreur; Registrar Gautier.
In the case concerning the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899,
between
the Co-operative Republic of Guyana,
266 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
représentée par
l’honorable Carl B. Greenidge,
comme agent ;
S. Exc. Mme Elisabeth Harper,
comme coagente ;
M. Paul S. Reichler, avocat au cabinet 11 King’s Bench Walk (Londres),
membre des barreaux de la Cour suprême des États-Unis d’Amérique et
du district de Columbia,
M. Philippe Sands, KC, professeur de droit international au University
College London, cabinet 11 King’s Bench Walk (Londres),
M. Pierre d’Argent, professeur ordinaire à l’Université catholique de
Louvain, membre de l’Institut de droit international, cabinet Foley Hoag
LLP, membre du barreau de Bruxelles,
Mme Christina L. Beharry, cabinet Foley Hoag LLP, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia, de l’État de New York, de l’Ontario, ainsi que
d’Angleterre et du pays de Galles,
comme avocats ;
M. Edward Craven, Matrix Chambers (Londres),
M. Juan Pablo Hugues Arthur, cabinet Foley Hoag LLP, membre du
barreau de l’État de New York,
Mme Isabella F. Uría, avocate au cabinet Foley Hoag LLP, membre du
barreau du district de Columbia,
comme conseils ;
l’honorable Mohabir Anil Nandlall, membre du Parlement, Attorney
General et ministre des affaires juridiques,
l’honorable Gail Teixeira, membre du Parlement, ministre des affaires
parlementaires et de la conduite des affaires publiques,
M. Ronald Austin, ambassadeur, conseiller du chef de l’opposition sur les
questions frontalières,
Mme Donnette Streete, directrice du département des frontières du ministère
des affaires étrangères,
M. Lloyd Gunraj, premier secrétaire, chargé d’affaires à l’ambassade de la
République coopérative du Guyana au Royaume de Belgique et auprès
de l’Union européenne,
comme conseillers ;
Mme Nancy Lopez, cabinet Foley Hoag LLP,
comme assistante,
et
la République bolivarienne du Venezuela,
représentée par
S. Exc. Mme Delcy Rodríguez, vice-présidente exécutive de la République
bolivarienne du Venezuela ;
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 266
represented by
The Honourable Carl B. Greenidge,
as Agent;
HE Ms Elisabeth Harper,
as Co-Agent;
Mr Paul S. Reichler, Attorney at Law, 11 King’s Bench Walk, London,
member of the Bars of the Supreme Court of the United States and of the
District of Columbia,
Mr Philippe Sands, KC, Professor of International Law, University College
London, 11 King’s Bench Walk, London,
Mr Pierre d’Argent, professeur ordinaire, Catholic University of Louvain,
member of the Institut de droit international, Foley Hoag LLP, member
of the Bar of Brussels,
Ms Christina L. Beharry, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bars of the
District of Columbia, the State of New York, the Law Society of Ontario,
and England and Wales,
as Advocates;
Mr Edward Craven, Matrix Chambers, London,
Mr Juan Pablo Hugues Arthur, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bar of the
State of New York,
Ms Isabella F. Uría, Attorney at Law, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bar
of the District of Columbia,
as Counsel;
The Honourable Mohabir Anil Nandlall, Member of Parliament, Attorney
General and Minister of Legal Affairs,
The Honourable Gail Teixeira, Member of Parliament, Minister of
Parliamentary Affairs and Governance,
Mr Ronald Austin, Ambassador, Adviser to the Leader of the Opposition
on Frontier Matters,
Ms Donnette Streete, Director, Frontiers Department, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
Mr Lloyd Gunraj, First Secretary, chargé d’affaires, Embassy of the
Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Kingdom of Belgium and the
European Union,
as Advisers;
Ms Nancy Lopez, Foley Hoag LLP,
as Assistant,
and
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,
represented by
HE Ms Delcy Rodríguez, Executive Vice-President of the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela;
267 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
S. Exc. M. Samuel Reinaldo Moncada Acosta, PhD, Université d’Oxford,
ambassadeur, représentant permanent de la République bolivarienne du
Venezuela auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
comme agent ;
Mme Elsie Rosales García, PhD, professeure de droit pénal, Universidad
Central de Venezuela,
comme coagente ;
S. Exc. M. Reinaldo Muñoz, procureur général de la République bolivarienne
du Venezuela,
S. Exc. M. Calixto Ortega, ambassadeur, mission permanente de la
République bolivarienne du Venezuela auprès de l’Organisation pour
l’interdiction des armes chimiques, de la Cour pénale internationale et
d’autres organisations internationales,
comme hauts représentants de l’État ;
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, PhD, professeur émérite de droit international
public, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
M. Carlos Espósito, PhD, professeur de droit international public,
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
Mme Esperanza Orihuela, PhD, professeure de droit international public,
Universidad de Murcia,
M. Alfredo De Jesús O., PhD, Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas, membre
des barreaux de Paris et de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela,
membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage,
M. Paolo Palchetti, PhD, professeur à l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-
Sorbonne,
M. Christian Tams, PhD, professeur de droit international à l’Université de
Glasgow, membre académique de Matrix Chambers (Londres),
M. Andreas Zimmermann, LLM, Harvard, professeur de droit international
à l’Université de Potsdam, membre de la Cour permanente
d’arbitrage,
comme conseils et avocats ;
M. Carmelo Borrego, PhD, Universitat de Barcelona, professeur de droit
processuel, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
M. Eugenio Hernández-Bretón, PhD, Université de Heidelberg, professeur
de droit international privé, Universidad Central de Venezuela, doyen,
Universidad Monteávila, membre et ancien président de l’Académie des
sciences politiques et sociales,
M. Julio César Pineda, PhD, droit international et relations internationales,
ancien ambassadeur,
M. Edgardo Sobenes, consultant en droit international, LLM, Université
de Leyde, Master, ISDE/Universitat de Barcelona,
comme conseils ;
M. Jorge Reyes, ministre-conseiller, mission permanente de la République
bolivarienne du Venezuela auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 267
HE Mr Samuel Reinaldo Moncada Acosta, PhD, University of Oxford,
Ambassador, Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela to the United Nations,
as Agent;
Ms Elsie Rosales García, PhD, Professor of Criminal Law, Universidad
Central de Venezuela,
as Co-Agent;
HE Mr Reinaldo Muñoz, Attorney General of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela,
HE Mr Calixto Ortega, Ambassador, Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela to the Organisation for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons, International Criminal Court and other international
organizations,
as Senior National Authorities;
Mr Antonio Remiro Brotóns, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Public
International Law, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
Mr Carlos Espósito, Professor of Public International Law, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid,
Ms Esperanza Orihuela, PhD, Professor of Public International Law,
Universidad de Murcia,
Mr Alfredo De Jesús O., PhD, Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University,
Member of the Bars of Paris and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,
Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Mr Paolo Palchetti, PhD, Professor, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
University,
Mr Christian Tams, PhD, Professor of International Law, University of
Glasgow, academic member of Matrix Chambers, London,
Mr Andreas Zimmermann, LLM, Harvard, Professor of International
Law, University of Potsdam, Member of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr Carmelo Borrego, PhD, Universitat de Barcelona, Professor of
Procedural Law, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Mr Eugenio Hernández-Bretón, PhD, University of Heidelberg, Professor
of Private International Law, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Dean,
Universidad Monteávila, member and former president of the Academy
of Political and Social Sciences,
Mr Julio César Pineda, PhD, International Law and International Relations,
former ambassador,
Mr Edgardo Sobenes, Consultant in International Law, LLM, Leiden
University, Master, ISDE/Universitat de Barcelona,
as Counsel;
Mr Jorge Reyes, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations,
268 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
Mme Anne Coulon, avocate, membre du barreau de l’État de New York,
Temple Garden Chambers,
Mme Gimena González, DEA, droit international et relations internationales,
Mme Arianny Seijo Noguera, PhD, Université de Westminster,
M. John Schabedoth, LLM, assistant à l’Université de Potsdam,
M. Valentín Martín, LLM, doctorant en droit international à l’Université
Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne,
comme conseils adjoints ;
M. Henry Franceschi, directeur général du contentieux, bureau du procureur
général de la République,
Mme María Josefina Quijada, LLM, BA, langues modernes,
M. Néstor López, LLM, BA, langues modernes, consul général de la
République bolivarienne du Venezuela, consulat du Venezuela à
Barcelone,
M. Manuel Jiménez, LLM, secrétaire privé et assistant personnel de la
vice-présidente de la République,
M. Kenny Díaz, LLM, directeur de cabinet de la vice-présidente de la
République,
M. Larry Davoe, LLM, directeur des affaires juridiques de la viceprésidence
de la République,
M. Euclides Sánchez, directeur de la sécurité de la vice-présidence de la
République,
Mme Alejandra Carolina Bastidas, cheffe du protocole de la viceprésidence
de la République,
M. Héctor José Castillo Riera, sécurité de la vice-présidence de la
République,
M. Daniel Alexander Quintero, assistant, vice-présidence de la République,
comme membres de la délégation,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 29 mars 2018, le Gouvernement de la République coopérative du
Guyana (ci-après le « Guyana ») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête
introductive d’instance contre la République bolivarienne du Venezuela
(ci-après le « Venezuela ») au sujet d’un différend concernant « la validité
juridique et l’effet contraignant de la sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899
relative à la frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane britannique et les États-
Unis du Venezuela ».
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 268
Ms Anne Coulon, Attorney at Law, member of the Bar of the State of New
York, Temple Garden Chambers,
Ms Gimena González, DEA, International Law and International
Relations,
Ms Arianny Seijo Noguera, PhD, University of Westminster,
Mr John Schabedoth, LLM, assistant, University of Potsdam,
Mr Valentín Martín, LLM, PhD student in International Law, Paris 1
Panthéon-Sorbonne University,
as Assistant Counsel;
Mr Henry Franceschi, Director General of Litigation, Office of the
Attorney General of the Republic,
Ms María Josefina Quijada, LLM, BA, Modern Languages,
Mr Néstor López, LLM, BA, Modern Languages, Consul General of
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Venezuelan Consulate in
Barcelona,
Mr Manuel Jiménez, LLM, Private Secretary and Personal Assistant to the
Vice-President of the Republic,
Mr Kenny Díaz, LLM, Director, Office of the Vice-President of the
Republic,
Mr Larry Davoe, LLM, Director of Legal Consultancy, Office of the Vice-
President of the Republic,
Mr Euclides Sánchez, Director of Security, Office of the Vice-President of
the Republic,
Ms Alejandra Carolina Bastidas, Head of Protocol, Office of the Vice-
President of the Republic,
Mr Héctor José Castillo Riera, Security of the Vice-President of the
Republic,
Mr Daniel Alexander Quintero, Assistant to the Vice-President of the
Republic,
as Members of the Delegation,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 29 March 2018, the Government of the Co-operative Republic of
Guyana (hereinafter “Guyana”) filed in the Registry of the Court an
Application instituting proceedings against the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela (hereinafter “Venezuela”) with respect to a dispute concerning
“the legal validity and binding effect of the Award regarding the Boundary
between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, of
3 October 1899”.
269 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
2. Dans sa requête, le Guyana entendait fonder la compétence de la Cour,
en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de celle-ci, sur le paragraphe
2 de l’article IV de l’« accord tendant à régler le différend entre le
Venezuela et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord
relatif à la frontière entre le Venezuela et la Guyane britannique », signé à
Genève le 17 février 1966 (ci-après l’« accord de Genève » ou l’« accord »).
Il expliquait que, conformément à cette dernière disposition, le Guyana et
le Venezuela avaient « simultanément conféré au Secrétaire général de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies le pouvoir de choisir le moyen de règlement
du différend [et que] celui-ci en a[vait] fait usage le 30 janvier 2018,
optant pour le règlement judiciaire par la Cour ».
3. En application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier a
immédiatement communiqué la requête du Guyana au Gouvernement du
Venezuela. Il a en outre notifié le dépôt de cette requête au Secrétaire général
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
4. Le greffier a ensuite, par lettre datée du 3 juillet 2018, informé tous les
États Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt de la requête.
5. Conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier a
informé les États Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, par l’entremise
du Secrétaire général, du dépôt de la requête en leur transmettant le
texte bilingue imprimé de celle-ci.
6. Le 18 juin 2018, lors d’une réunion que le président de la Cour a tenue
avec les Parties, en application de l’article 31 du Règlement de la Cour, pour
recueillir leurs vues sur des questions de procédure, S. Exc. Mme Delcy
Rodríguez, vice-présidente exécutive du Venezuela, a déclaré que son
gouvernement estimait que la Cour n’avait manifestement pas compétence
pour connaître de l’affaire et que le Venezuela avait décidé de ne pas prendre
part à l’instance. Lors de la même réunion, le Guyana a déclaré qu’il désirait
que la Cour poursuive l’examen de l’affaire.
7. Par ordonnance du 19 juin 2018, la Cour a, en application du paragraphe
2 de l’article 79 du Règlement du 14 avril 1978, tel qu’amendé le
1er février 2001, estimé que, dans les circonstances de l’espèce, il était en
premier lieu nécessaire de régler la question de sa compétence et il devrait,
en conséquence, être statué séparément, avant toute procédure sur le fond,
sur cette question. La Cour a ainsi fixé au 19 novembre 2018 et au 18 avril
2019, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le dépôt du
mémoire du Guyana et du contre-mémoire du Venezuela portant sur la question
de la compétence de la Cour. Le Guyana a déposé son mémoire sur cette
question dans le délai ainsi fixé.
8. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité de l’une
ou l’autre des Parties, le Guyana s’est prévalu du droit que lui confère le
paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge
ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire. Par lettre en date du 13 juillet 2018, il a
informé la Cour qu’il avait désigné Mme Hilary Charlesworth. Le Venezuela,
quant à lui, n’a, à ce stade, pas fait usage du droit de désigner un juge ad hoc
pour siéger en l’affaire.
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 269
2. In its Application, Guyana sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court,
under Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, on Article IV,
paragraph 2, of the “Agreement to Resolve the Controversy between
Venezuela and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
over the Frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana” signed at Geneva
on 17 February 1966 (hereinafter the “Geneva Agreement” or the
“Agreement”). It explained that, pursuant to this latter provision, Guyana
and Venezuela “mutually conferred upon the Secretary-General of the
United Nations the authority to choose the means of settlement of the controversy
and, on 30 January 2018, the Secretary-General exercised his authority
by choosing judicial settlement by the Court”.
3. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar
immediately communicated the Application to the Government of Venezuela.
He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the
filing of the Application by Guyana.
4. In addition, by a letter dated 3 July 2018, the Registrar informed all
Member States of the United Nations of the filing of the Application.
5. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court, the
Registrar notified the Member States of the United Nations, through
the Secretary-General, of the filing of the Application, by transmission of the
printed bilingual text.
6. On 18 June 2018, at a meeting held pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules
of Court by the President of the Court to ascertain the views of the Parties
with regard to questions of procedure, the Executive Vice-President of
Venezuela, HE Ms Delcy Rodríguez, stated that her Government considered
that the Court manifestly lacked jurisdiction to hear the case and that
Venezuela had decided not to participate in the proceedings. During the
same meeting, Guyana expressed its wish for the Court to continue its
consideration of the case.
7. By an Order of 19 June 2018, the Court held, pursuant to Article 79,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court of 14 April 1978 as amended on 1 February
2001, that, in the circumstances of the case, it was necessary first of all
to resolve the question of its jurisdiction, and that this question should
accordingly be separately determined before any proceedings on the merits.
The Court thus fixed 19 November 2018 and 18 April 2019 as the respective
time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Guyana and a Counter-Memorial
by Venezuela addressed to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court.
Guyana filed its Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court
within the time-limit thus fixed.
8. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either Party, Guyana proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court to choose a judge ad hoc
to sit in the case. By a letter dated 13 July 2018, Guyana informed the Court
that it had chosen Ms Hilary Charlesworth. Venezuela, for its part, did not,
at that stage, exercise its right to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
270 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
9. Bien qu’il n’ait pas déposé de contre-mémoire sur la question de la
compétence de la Cour dans le délai fixé à cet effet, le Venezuela a, le
28 novembre 2019, soumis à la Cour un document intitulé « Mémorandum
de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela sur la requête déposée par
la République coopérative du Guyana auprès de la Cour internationale de
Justice le 29 mars 2018 » (ci-après le « mémorandum »). Ce document a
immédiatement été transmis au Guyana par le Greffe de la Cour.
10. Le 30 juin 2020 s’est tenue, par liaison vidéo, une audience publique
sur la question de la compétence de la Cour, à laquelle le Venezuela n’a pas
participé. Par lettre en date du 24 juillet 2020, le Venezuela a transmis des
observations écrites sur les arguments présentés par le Guyana lors de
l’audience du 30 juin 2020. Celui-ci a, par lettre datée du 3 août 2020,
fait part de ses vues sur cette communication du Venezuela.
11. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu le 18 décembre 2020 (ci-après l’« arrêt de
2020 »), la Cour a dit qu’elle avait compétence pour connaître de la requête
déposée par le Guyana le 29 mars 2018 dans la mesure où elle se rapporte à
la validité de la sentence du 3 octobre 1899 et à la question connexe du règlement
définitif du différend concernant la frontière terrestre entre le Guyana
et le Venezuela. Elle a également dit qu’elle n’avait pas compétence pour
connaître des demandes du Guyana qui sont fondées sur des faits survenus
après la signature de l’accord de Genève.
12. Par ordonnance du 8 mars 2021, la Cour a fixé au 8 mars 2022 et au
8 mars 2023, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le dépôt
du mémoire du Guyana et du contre-mémoire du Venezuela sur le fond de
l’affaire. Le Guyana a déposé son mémoire dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
13. À la suite de l’élection de Mme Charlesworth en tant que membre de la
Cour, le Guyana a désigné M. Rüdiger Wolfrum pour la remplacer en qualité
de juge ad hoc en l’affaire, Mme Charlesworth ayant informé la présidente de
la Cour qu’elle avait décidé, au vu des circonstances, de ne pas participer
au jugement de l’affaire. Par lettres en date du 25 janvier 2022, le greffier
a transmis cette information aux Parties.
14. Par lettre en date du 6 juin 2022, S. Exc. Mme Delcy Rodríguez,
vice-présidente exécutive du Venezuela, a informé la Cour que le
Gouvernement vénézuélien avait désigné S. Exc. M. Samuel Reinaldo
Moncada Acosta, représentant permanent du Venezuela auprès de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, comme agent, et S. Exc. M. Félix Plasencia
González, ancien ministre du pouvoir populaire des relations extérieures du
Venezuela, et Mme Elsie Rosales García, professeure à la Universidad
Central de Venezuela, comme coagents aux fins de l’affaire.
15. Le 7 juin 2022, dans le délai prescrit par le paragraphe 1 de l’article
79bis du Règlement de la Cour, le Venezuela a soulevé des exceptions
préliminaires qu’il a qualifiées d’exceptions d’irrecevabilité de la requête. En
conséquence, par ordonnance du 13 juin 2022, la Cour, notant que, conformément
aux dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l’article 79bis du Règlement, la
procédure sur le fond était suspendue, et tenant compte de l’instruction de
procédure V, a fixé au 7 octobre 2022 la date d’expiration du délai pour le
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 270
9. While Venezuela did not file a Counter-Memorial on the question of
the jurisdiction of the Court within the time-limit fixed for that purpose, it
submitted to the Court on 28 November 2019 a document entitled
“Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on the Application
filed before the International Court of Justice by the Cooperative Republic of
Guyana on March 29th, 2018” (hereinafter the “Memorandum”). This document
was immediately communicated to Guyana by the Registry of the Court.
10. A public hearing on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court was
held by video link on 30 June 2020, at which Venezuela did not participate.
By a letter dated 24 July 2020, Venezuela transmitted written comments on
the arguments presented by Guyana at the hearing of 30 June 2020. By a
letter dated 3 August 2020, Guyana provided its views on this communication
from Venezuela.
11. In its Judgment of 18 December 2020 (hereinafter the “2020
Judgment”), the Court found that it had jurisdiction to entertain the
Application filed by Guyana on 29 March 2018 in so far as it concerns the
validity of the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 and the related question of
the definitive settlement of the land boundary dispute between Guyana and
Venezuela. The Court also found that it did not have jurisdiction to entertain
the claims of Guyana arising from events that occurred after the signature of
the Geneva Agreement.
12. By an Order of 8 March 2021, the Court fixed 8 March 2022 and
8 March 2023 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Guyana and a Counter-Memorial by Venezuela on the merits. Guyana filed
its Memorial within the time-limit thus fixed.
13. Following the election of Ms Charlesworth as a Member of the Court,
Guyana chose Mr Rüdiger Wolfrum to replace her as judge ad hoc in the
case. Judge Charlesworth informed the President of the Court that, in the
circumstances, she had decided to no longer take part in the decision of the
case. By letters dated 25 January 2022, the Registrar informed the Parties
accordingly.
14. By a letter dated 6 June 2022, HE Ms Delcy Rodríguez, Executive
Vice-President of Venezuela, informed the Court that the Venezuelan
Government had appointed HE Mr Samuel Reinaldo Moncada Acosta,
Permanent Representative of Venezuela to the United Nations, as Agent and
HE Mr Félix Plasencia González, Former People’s Power Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, and Ms Elsie Rosales García, Professor
at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, as Co-Agents for the purposes of
the case.
15. On 7 June 2022, within the time-limit prescribed by Article 79bis,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Venezuela raised preliminary objections
which it characterized as objections to the admissibility of the Application.
Consequently, by an Order of 13 June 2022, the Court, noting that, by virtue
of Article 79bis, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the
merits were suspended, and taking account of Practice Direction V, fixed
7 October 2022 as the time-limit within which Guyana could present a writ271
sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
dépôt par le Guyana d’un exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions
sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par le Venezuela. Le Guyana
a déposé son exposé écrit le 22 juillet 2022.
16. Par lettre datée du 25 juillet 2022, le Venezuela a informé la Cour
qu’il désignait M. Philippe Couvreur pour siéger en qualité de juge ad hoc
en l’affaire.
17. Par lettre en date du 28 juillet 2022, le Venezuela a formulé des
commentaires au sujet de l’exposé écrit du Guyana sur ses exceptions préliminaires,
et prié la Cour de donner aux Parties la possibilité de présenter,
dans le délai qu’elle jugerait raisonnable, des écritures additionnelles consacrées
à la recevabilité de la requête. Par lettre datée du 3 août 2022, le
Guyana s’est dit opposé à la demande tendant à ce que soit autorisé un
nouveau tour de procédure écrite.
18. Par lettres datées du 8 août 2022, les Parties ont été informées que des
audiences sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par le Venezuela se tiendraient
du 17 au 20 octobre 2022. À la demande du Guyana, et après avoir
examiné les commentaires formulés à cet égard par le Venezuela, la Cour a
reporté l’ouverture de la procédure orale au 17 novembre 2022. Les Parties ont
été informées de la décision de la Cour par lettres en date du 23 août 2022.
19. Par lettre du 8 novembre 2022, l’agent du Venezuela, se référant
à l’article 56 du Règlement de la Cour et à l’instruction de procédure IX, a
indiqué que le Gouvernement vénézuélien souhaitait produire de nouveaux
documents. L’agent du Guyana a, par lettre du 14 novembre 2022, informé la
Cour que le Gouvernement guyanien avait décidé de ne pas soulever d’objection
à la présentation desdits documents, lesquels ont donc été versés au
dossier de l’affaire.
20. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 du Règlement, la Cour,
après avoir consulté les Parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des pièces de
procédure et documents y annexés seraient rendus accessibles au public à
l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
21. Les 17, 18, 21 et 22 novembre 2022 se sont tenues des audiences
publiques sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par le Venezuela, au
cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses :
Pour le Venezuela : S. Exc. Mme Delcy Rodríguez,
M. Andreas Zimmermann,
Mme Esperanza Orihuela,
M. Carlos Espósito,
M. Christian Tams,
M. Paolo Palchetti,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns.
Pour le Guyana : l’honorable Carl B. Greenidge,
M. Pierre d’Argent,
Mme Christina L. Beharry,
M. Paul S. Reichler,
M. Philippe Sands.
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 271
ten statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections
raised by Venezuela. Guyana filed its written observations on 22 July
2022.
16. By a letter dated 25 July 2022, Venezuela informed the Court that it
had chosen Mr Philippe Couvreur to sit as a judge ad hoc in the case.
17. By a letter dated 28 July 2022, Venezuela commented on Guyana’s
written observations on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela and
requested the Court to provide the Parties with the opportunity to submit
supplementary written pleadings on the admissibility of the Application,
within a time-limit to be determined by the Court. By a letter dated 3 August
2022, Guyana opposed the request for further written pleadings.
18. By letters dated 8 August 2022, the Parties were informed that hearings
on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela would be held from
17 to 20 October 2022. Following a request from Guyana, and after having
considered the comments of Venezuela thereon, the Court postponed the
opening of the hearings until 17 November 2022. The Parties were informed
of the Court’s decision by letters dated 23 August 2022.
19. By a letter dated 8 November 2022, the Agent of Venezuela, referring
to Article 56 of the Rules of Court and Practice Direction IX, expressed the
wish of his Government to produce new documents. By a letter dated
14 November 2022, the Agent of Guyana informed the Court that his
Government had decided not to object to the submission of the said documents.
Accordingly, the documents were added to the case file.
20. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the written
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public at
the opening of the oral proceedings.
21. Public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by Venezuela
were held on 17, 18, 21 and 22 November 2022, at which the Court heard the
oral arguments and replies of:
For Venezuela: HE Ms Delcy Rodríguez,
Mr Andreas Zimmermann,
Ms Esperanza Orihuela,
Mr Carlos Espósito,
Mr Christian Tams,
Mr Paolo Palchetti,
Mr Antonio Remiro Brotóns.
For Guyana: The Honourable Carl B. Greenidge,
Mr Pierre d’Argent,
Ms Christina L. Beharry,
Mr Paul S. Reichler,
Mr Philippe Sands.
272 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
*
22. Dans la requête, les demandes ci-après ont été formulées par le
Guyana :
« Compte tenu de ce qui précède, et ainsi qu’il l’exposera plus en détail
dans les pièces de procédure écrite qu’il soumettra conformément à
toute ordonnance que la Cour rendra, le Guyana prie celle-ci de dire et
juger que :
a) la sentence de 1899 est valide et revêt un caractère obligatoire pour
le Guyana et le Venezuela, et que la frontière établie par ladite
sentence et l’accord de 1905 est valide et revêt un caractère obligatoire
pour le Guyana et le Venezuela ;
b) le Guyana jouit de la pleine souveraineté sur le territoire situé
entre le fleuve Essequibo et la frontière établie par la sentence arbitrale
de 1899 et l’accord de 1905, et que le Venezuela jouit de la pleine
souveraineté sur le territoire situé à l’ouest de ladite frontière ;
que le Guyana et le Venezuela sont tenus au respect mutuel, plein
et entier, de leur souveraineté et de leur intégrité territoriale sur la
base de la frontière établie par la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et l’accord
de 1905 ;
c) le Venezuela doit immédiatement se retirer de la moitié orientale de
l’île d’Ankoko et cesser d’occuper celle-ci, et agir de même s’agissant
de tout autre territoire dont il est reconnu dans la sentence
arbitrale de 1899 et l’accord de 1905 qu’il relève de la souveraineté
territoriale du Guyana ;
d) le Venezuela doit s’abstenir de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de
la force contre toute personne physique ou morale autorisée par le
Guyana à mener une activité économique ou commerciale sur le
territoire guyanien tel que défini par la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et
l’accord de 1905, ou dans tout espace maritime généré par ledit territoire
et sur lequel le Guyana a souveraineté ou exerce des droits
souverains, ainsi que d’y entraver toute activité menée par le Guyana
ou avec son autorisation ;
e) la responsabilité internationale du Venezuela est engagée à raison de
violations de la souveraineté et des droits souverains du Guyana et
de tous les préjudices subis en conséquence par celui-ci. »
23. Dans la procédure écrite sur le fond, les conclusions ci-après ont été
présentées au nom du Gouvernement du Guyana dans le mémoire :
« Pour les raisons exposées dans son mémoire, tout en se réservant le
droit de compléter, préciser ou modifier les présentes conclusions, la
République coopérative du Guyana prie respectueusement la Cour internationale
de Justice :
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 272
*
22. In the Application, the following claims were made by Guyana:
“Based on the foregoing, and as further developed in the written
pleadings in accordance with any Order that may be issued by the Court,
Guyana requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
(a) The 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela,
and the boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement
is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela;
(b) Guyana enjoys full sovereignty over the territory between the Essequibo
River and the boundary established by the 1899 Award and
the 1905 Agreement, and Venezuela enjoys full sovereignty over the
territory west of that boundary; Guyana and Venezuela are under an
obligation to fully respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial
integrity in accordance with the boundary established by the
1899 Award and the 1905 Agreement;
(c) Venezuela shall immediately withdraw from and cease its occupation
of the eastern half of the Island of Ankoko, and each and every
other territory which is recognized as Guyana’s sovereign territory
in accordance with the 1899 Award and 1905 Agreement;
(d) Venezuela shall refrain from threatening or using force against any
person and/or company licensed by Guyana to engage in economic
or commercial activity in Guyanese territory as determined by the
1899 Award and 1905 Agreement, or in any maritime areas appurtenant
to such territory over which Guyana has sovereignty or exercises
sovereign rights, and shall not interfere with any Guyanese or
Guyanese-authorized activities in those areas;
(e) Venezuela is internationally responsible for violations of Guyana’s
sovereignty and sovereign rights, and for all injuries suffered by
Guyana as a consequence.”
23. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions
were presented on behalf of the Government of Guyana in its Memorial on
the merits:
“For the reasons given in this Memorial, and reserving the right to
supplement, amplify or amend the present Submissions, the Co-operative
Republic of Guyana respectfully requests the International Court of
Justice:
273 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
de dire et juger que :
1) la sentence de 1899 est valide et revêt un caractère obligatoire pour
le Guyana et le Venezuela, et que la frontière établie par ladite
sentence et l’accord de 1905 constitue la frontière entre le Guyana et
le Venezuela ; et que
2) le Guyana jouit de la pleine souveraineté sur le territoire situé entre
le fleuve Essequibo et la frontière établie par la sentence arbitrale de
1899 et l’accord de 1905, et le Venezuela est tenu de respecter pleinement
la souveraineté et l’intégrité territoriale du Guyana sur la base
de la frontière établie par la sentence arbitrale de 1899 et l’accord
de 1905. »
24. Dans les exceptions préliminaires, la conclusion suivante a été présentée
au nom du Gouvernement du Venezuela : « Le Venezuela prie la Cour de
retenir les exceptions préliminaires d’irrecevabilité de la requête déposée
par la République coopérative du Guyana et de mettre fin à la présente
instance. »
25. Dans l’exposé écrit sur les exceptions préliminaires, les conclusions
suivantes ont été présentées au nom du Gouvernement du Guyana :
« Pour les raisons qui précèdent, le Guyana prie respectueusement la
Cour,
1) en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 79ter du Règlement, de
rejeter immédiatement l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela
comme étant irrecevable, ou de la rejeter sur le fondement des écritures
des Parties, sans que soit nécessaire la tenue d’audiences ; ou, à
titre subsidiaire,
2) de programmer des audiences à la date la plus rapprochée possible
afin d’éviter de retarder inutilement le prononcé d’un arrêt définitif
sur le fond, et de rejeter l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela dès
que possible après la clôture des audiences ; et
3) de fixer la date d’expiration du délai dans lequel le Venezuela devra
déposer un contre-mémoire sur le fond, lequel délai ne saurait excéder
neuf mois à compter de la date de la décision que la Cour rendra
sur l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela. »
26. Lors de la procédure orale sur les exceptions préliminaires, les conclusions
finales ci-après ont été présentées par les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement du Venezuela,
à l’audience du 21 novembre 2022 :
« En l’affaire de la Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c.
Venezuela), la République bolivarienne du Venezuela prie la Cour, pour
les raisons exposées dans ses écritures et ses plaidoiries relatives aux
exceptions préliminaires, de dire et juger que les demandes du Guyana
sont irrecevables. »
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 273
[t]o adjudge and declare that:
(1) The 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela,
and the boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement
is the boundary between Guyana and Venezuela; and that
(2) Guyana enjoys full sovereignty over the territory between the Essequibo
River and the boundary established by the 1899 Award and
the 1905 Agreement, and Venezuela is under an obligation to fully
respect Guyana’s sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance
with the boundary established by the 1899 Award and the 1905
Agreement.”
24. In the preliminary objections, the following submission was presented
on behalf of the Government of Venezuela: “It is requested that the Court
admits the preliminary objections to the admissibility of the application filed
by the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and that it terminates the on-going
proceeding.”
25. In the written observations on the preliminary objections, the following
submissions were presented on behalf of the Government of Guyana:
“For the foregoing reasons, Guyana respectfully submits that:
(1) Pursuant to Article 79ter, paragraph 2, of the Rules, the Court
should dismiss forthwith Venezuela’s preliminary objection as
inadmissible or reject it on the basis of the Parties’ written submissions
without the need for oral hearings; or, alternatively
(2) Schedule oral hearings at the earliest possible date, to avoid needless
delay in reaching a final Judgment on the Merits, and reject
Venezuela’s preliminary objection as early as possible after the conclusion
of the hearings; and
(3) Fix a date for the submission of Venezuela’s Counter-Memorial on
the Merits no later than nine months from the date of the Court’s
ruling on Venezuela’s preliminary objection.”
26. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the following
final submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Venezuela,
at the hearing of 21 November 2022:
“In the case concerning the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana
v. Venezuela), for the reasons set forth in its written and oral
pleadings on preliminary objections, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Guyana’s claims are
inadmissible.”
274 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
Au nom du Gouvernement du Guyana,
à l’audience du 22 novembre 2022 :
« Conformément à l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour, et pour
les raisons énoncées dans son exposé écrit du 22 juillet 2022 et à
l’audience, la République coopérative du Guyana prie respectueusement
la Cour :
a) en application du paragraphe 4 de l’article 79ter du Règlement, de
rejeter les exceptions préliminaires du Venezuela comme étant irrecevables,
ou de les rejeter sur le fondement des écritures et plaidoiries
des Parties ; et
b) de fixer la date d’expiration du délai dans lequel le Venezuela devra
déposer un contre-mémoire sur le fond, lequel délai ne saurait excéder
neuf mois à compter de la date de la décision que la Cour rendra
sur les exceptions préliminaires du Venezuela. »
*
27. La Cour relève que le Venezuela, dans les exceptions préliminaires
déposées le 7 juin 2022, se réfère au défaut éventuel de qualité pour agir du
Guyana, et qu’il fait référence dans ses conclusions finales aux « exceptions
préliminaires », au pluriel. La Cour estime toutefois que le Venezuela ne
soulève, en substance, qu’une seule exception préliminaire, fondée sur
l’argument selon lequel le Royaume-Uni est une tierce partie indispensable
sans le consentement de laquelle la Cour ne saurait statuer sur le différend.
Elle examinera les arguments des Parties concernant l’exception préliminaire
soulevée par le Venezuela sur ce fondement.
* * *
I. Contexte historique et factuel
28. Situé dans la partie nord-est de l’Amérique du Sud, le Guyana jouxte,
à l’ouest, le Venezuela. À l’époque où le différend actuel a pris naissance, le
Guyana était encore une colonie britannique connue sous le nom de Guyane
britannique. Il a obtenu son indépendance du Royaume-Uni le 26 mai 1966.
Le différend entre le Guyana et le Venezuela remonte à une série d’événements
qui ont eu lieu dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.
29. La Cour commencera par revenir brièvement sur le contexte historique
et factuel de la présente affaire, tel qu’exposé dans son arrêt du
18 décembre 2020 (voir Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana
c. Venezuela), compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 464-471,
par. 29-60).
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 274
On behalf of the Government of Guyana,
at the hearing of 22 November 2022:
“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court, for the reasons
explained in our Written Observations of 22 July 2022 and during these
hearings, the Co-operative Republic of Guyana respectfully asks the
Court:
(a) Pursuant to Article 79ter, paragraph 4, of the Rules, to reject Venezuela’s
preliminary objections as inadmissible or reject them on the
basis of the Parties’ submissions; and
(b) To fix a date for the submission of Venezuela’s Counter-Memorial
on the Merits no later than nine months from the date of the Court’s
ruling on Venezuela’s preliminary objections.”
*
27. The Court notes that Venezuela refers, in the preliminary objections
submitted on 7 June 2022, to Guyana’s possible lack of standing and that the
final submissions of Venezuela include references to its “preliminary objections”
in the plural. However, the Court understands Venezuela to be making
in substance only a single preliminary objection based on the argument that
the United Kingdom is an indispensable third party without the consent
of which the Court cannot adjudicate upon the dispute. The Court will
address the Parties’ arguments concerning Venezuela’s preliminary objection
on this basis.
* * *
I. Historical and Factual Background
28. Located in the north-east of South America, Guyana is bordered by
Venezuela to the west. At the time the present dispute arose, Guyana was
still a British colony, known as British Guiana. It gained independence from
the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966. The dispute between Guyana and
Venezuela dates back to a series of events that took place during the second
half of the nineteenth century.
29. The Court will begin by briefly recalling the historical and factual
background to the present case, as set out in its Judgment of 18 December
2020 (see Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela),
Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, pp. 464-471,
paras. 29-60).
275 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
A. Le traité de Washington de 1897 et la sentence de 1899
30. Au XIXe siècle, le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela ont tous deux revendiqué
le territoire situé entre l’embouchure du fleuve Essequibo, à l’est, et
l’Orénoque, à l’ouest.
31. Dans les années 1890, les États-Unis d’Amérique ont encouragé
les deux parties à soumettre leurs revendications territoriales à un arbitrage.
Le 2 février 1897 a été signé, à Washington, un traité d’arbitrage
dénommé « Traité entre la Grande-Bretagne et les États-Unis du Venezuela
relatif au règlement de la question de la frontière entre la colonie de la
Guyane britannique et les États-Unis du Venezuela » (ci-après le « traité de
Washington »).
32. Aux termes de son préambule, le traité de Washington avait pour but
de « parvenir à un règlement amiable du différend … concernant la frontière
». Son article I précisait ce qui suit : « Un tribunal arbitral sera
immédiatement constitué aux fins de déterminer le tracé de la ligne frontière
entre la colonie de la Guyane britannique et les États-Unis du Venezuela. »
D’autres dispositions prévoyaient les modalités de l’arbitrage, y compris la
constitution du tribunal, le lieu de l’arbitrage ou encore les règles applicables.
Enfin, selon l’article XIII du traité de Washington, « [l]es Hautes
Parties contractantes s’engag[eai]ent à considérer la sentence du tribunal
arbitral comme un règlement complet, parfait et définitif de toutes les questions
soumises aux arbitres ».
33. Le tribunal arbitral constitué en vertu du traité de Washington a rendu
sa sentence le 3 octobre 1899 (ci-après la « sentence de 1899 » ou la
« sentence »). La sentence de 1899 accordait la totalité de l’embouchure de
l’Orénoque, ainsi que les terres situées de part et d’autre de celle-ci, au
Venezuela, et attribuait au Royaume-Uni les terres se trouvant à l’est,
jusqu’à l’Essequibo. L’année suivante, une commission conjointe anglovénézuélienne
a été chargée de réaliser la démarcation de la frontière établie
par la sentence de 1899. Elle s’est acquittée de cette tâche entre novembre
1900 et juin 1904. Le 10 janvier 1905, à l’issue de la démarcation de la frontière,
les commissaires britanniques et vénézuéliens ont établi une carte
officielle du tracé de la frontière, et signé un accord reconnaissant, entre
autres, l’exactitude des coordonnées des points énumérés.
B. Le rejet de la sentence de 1899 par le Venezuela et la recherche
d’un règlement du différend
34. Le 14 février 1962, le Venezuela a fait savoir au Secrétaire général de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, par l’entremise de son représentant permanent,
qu’il considérait qu’il existait un différend entre lui et le Royaume-Uni
« concernant la démarcation de la frontière entre le Venezuela et la Guyane
britannique ». Dans sa lettre adressée au Secrétaire général, le Venezuela
déclarait ce qui suit :
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 275
A. The 1897 Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award
30. In the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom and Venezuela both
claimed the territory located between the mouth of the Essequibo River in
the east and the Orinoco River in the west.
31. In the 1890s, the United States of America encouraged both parties to
submit their territorial claims to arbitration. A treaty of arbitration entitled
the “Treaty between Great Britain and the United States of Venezuela
Respecting the Settlement of the Boundary between the Colony of British
Guiana and the United States of Venezuela” (hereinafter the “Washington
Treaty”) was signed in Washington on 2 February 1897.
32. According to its preamble, the purpose of the Washington Treaty was
to “provide for an amicable settlement of the question . . . concerning the
boundary”. Article I provided as follows: “An Arbitral Tribunal shall be
immediately appointed to determine the boundary-line between the Colony
of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela.” Other provisions set
out the arrangements for the arbitration, including the constitution of the
tribunal, the place of arbitration and the applicable rules. Finally, according
to Article XIII of the Washington Treaty, “[t]he High Contracting Parties
engage[d] to consider the result of the proceedings of the Tribunal of
Arbitration as a full, perfect, and final settlement of all the questions referred
to the Arbitrators”.
33. The arbitral tribunal established under the Washington Treaty
rendered its Award on 3 October 1899 (hereinafter the “1899 Award” or the
“Award”). The 1899 Award granted the entire mouth of the Orinoco River
and the land on either side to Venezuela; it granted to the United Kingdom
the land to the east extending to the Essequibo River. The following year, a
joint Anglo-Venezuelan commission was charged with demarcating the
boundary established by the 1899 Award. The commission carried out that
task between November 1900 and June 1904. On 10 January 1905, after the
boundary had been demarcated, the British and Venezuelan commissioners
produced an official boundary map and signed an agreement accepting, inter
alia, that the co-ordinates of the points listed were correct.
B. Venezuela’s Repudiation of the 1899 Award and the Search
for a Settlement of the Dispute
34. On 14 February 1962, Venezuela, through its Permanent Representative,
informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that
it considered there to be a dispute between itself and the United Kingdom
“concerning the demarcation of the frontier between Venezuela and
British Guiana”. In its letter to the Secretary-General, Venezuela stated as
follows:
276 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
« La sentence a été le fruit d’une transaction politique conclue dans le
dos du Venezuela et sacrifiant ses droits légitimes. La frontière a été
démarquée de façon arbitraire, sans tenir compte des règles spécifiques
établies par l’accord d’arbitrage ni des principes pertinents du droit
international.
Le Venezuela ne saurait reconnaître une sentence rendue dans de
telles conditions. »
Lors d’une allocution prononcée quelques jours plus tard, le 22 février 1962,
devant la Quatrième Commission de l’Assemblée générale des Nations
Unies, le Venezuela a réitéré sa position.
35. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, quant à lui, a déclaré, le
13 novembre 1962, devant la Quatrième Commission, que « la frontière occidentale
de la Guyane britannique et du Venezuela a[vait] fait l’objet d’un
règlement définitif par la sentence que le tribunal d’arbitrage a[vait] rendue
le 3 octobre 1899 », et qu’il ne pouvait « accepter aucune discussion sur une
question que la sentence a[vait] réglée ». Le Royaume-Uni a également indiqué
être disposé à discuter avec le Venezuela, par la voie diplomatique, des
modalités d’un examen tripartite de la documentation concernant la sentence
de 1899.
36. Le 16 novembre 1962, avec l’assentiment des représentants du
Royaume-Uni et du Venezuela, le président de la Quatrième Commission a
annoncé que les gouvernements des deux États (celui du Royaume-Uni agissant
avec le plein accord de celui de la Guyane britannique) s’engageraient
dans l’examen de la « documentation » se rapportant à la sentence de 1899
(ci-après l’« examen tripartite »). Des experts nommés par le Venezuela et un
expert nommé par le Royaume-Uni, qui agissait également pour le compte
de la Guyane britannique à la demande de cette dernière, ont ainsi examiné
les archives du Royaume-Uni à Londres et celles du Venezuela à Caracas, à
la recherche de preuves relatives à la position du Venezuela selon laquelle la
sentence de 1899 était nulle.
37. L’examen tripartite a duré de 1963 à 1965. Il s’est achevé le 3 août 1965
avec l’échange des rapports d’expertise. Alors que les experts du Venezuela
continuaient de considérer que la sentence était nulle et non avenue, celui du
Royaume-Uni estimait qu’il n’existait aucune preuve à l’appui de cette
position.
38. Les 9 et 10 décembre 1965, les ministres des affaires étrangères du
Royaume-Uni et du Venezuela ainsi que le nouveau premier ministre de la
Guyane britannique se sont réunis à Londres afin de discuter d’un règlement
du différend. Cependant, à l’issue de la conférence, les parties ont chacune
maintenu leur position sur la question. Le représentant vénézuélien
affirma que toute proposition « qui ne reconnaît[rait] pas que le Venezuela
s’étend[ait] jusqu’au fleuve Essequibo serait inacceptable », tandis
que le représentant de la Guyane britannique rejeta toute proposition qui
« s’intéresse[rait] aux questions de fond ».
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 276
“The award was the result of a political transaction carried out behind
Venezuela’s back and sacrificing its legitimate rights. The frontier was
demarcated arbitrarily, and no account was taken of the specific rules
of the arbitral agreement or of the relevant principles of international
law.
Venezuela cannot recognize an award made in such circumstances.”
In a statement before the Fourth Committee of the United Nations General
Assembly delivered shortly thereafter, on 22 February 1962, Venezuela reiterated
its position.
35. The Government of the United Kingdom, for its part, asserted on
13 November 1962, in a statement before the Fourth Committee, that “the
Western boundary of British Guiana with Venezuela [had been] finally
settled by the award which the arbitral tribunal announced on 3 October
1899”, and that it could not “agree that there [could] be any dispute over the
question settled by the award”. The United Kingdom also stated that it was
prepared to discuss with Venezuela, through diplomatic channels, arrangements
for a tripartite examination of the documentary material relevant to
the 1899 Award.
36. On 16 November 1962, with the authorization of the representatives of
the United Kingdom and Venezuela, the Chairman of the Fourth Committee
declared that the Governments of the two States (the Government of the
United Kingdom acting with the full concurrence of the Government of
British Guiana) would examine the “documentary material” relating to the
1899 Award (hereinafter the “Tripartite Examination”). Experts appointed
by Venezuela and an expert appointed by the United Kingdom, who also
acted on British Guiana’s behalf at the latter’s request, examined the archives
of the United Kingdom in London and the Venezuelan archives in Caracas,
searching for evidence relating to Venezuela’s contention of nullity of the
1899 Award.
37. The Tripartite Examination took place from 1963 to 1965. It was
completed on 3 August 1965 with the exchange of the experts’ reports. While
Venezuela’s experts continued to consider the Award to be null and void, the
expert of the United Kingdom was of the view that there was no evidence to
support that position.
38. On 9 and 10 December 1965, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the
United Kingdom and Venezuela and the new Prime Minister of British
Guiana met in London to discuss a settlement of the dispute. However, at the
close of the meeting, each party maintained its position on the matter. While
the representative of Venezuela asserted that any proposal “which did not
recognise that Venezuela extended to the River Essequibo would be unaccept-
able”, the representative of British Guiana rejected any proposal that would
“concern itself with the substantive issues”.
277 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
C. La signature de l’accord de Genève
39. Après l’échec des discussions tenues à Londres, les trois délégations
sont convenues de se réunir de nouveau à Genève en février 1966. Au terme
de deux jours de négociations, elles sont parvenues le 17 février 1966 à la
signature de l’accord de Genève, dont les textes anglais et espagnol font foi.
Conformément à son article VII, l’accord de Genève est entré en vigueur le
jour même de sa signature.
40. L’accord de Genève a été approuvé par le Congrès national du
Venezuela le 13 avril 1966. Il a été publié au Royaume-Uni sous forme de
livre blanc, c’est-à-dire comme un document d’orientation politique présenté
par le Gouvernement, et entériné par l’Assemblée de la Guyane britannique.
Il a été officiellement transmis au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies le 2 mai 1966 et enregistré auprès du Secrétariat de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies le 5 mai 1966 (Nations Unies, Recueil des traités,
vol. 561, no 8192, p. 322).
41. Le 26 mai 1966, ayant accédé à l’indépendance, le Guyana est devenu
partie à l’accord de Genève, aux côtés du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
et du Gouvernement du Venezuela, conformément aux dispositions de
l’article VIII dudit accord.
42. L’accord de Genève prévoit en premier lieu la constitution d’une
commission mixte, composée de représentants nommés par le Gouvernement
de la Guyane britannique et le Gouvernement du Venezuela, pour tenter
de régler le différend entre les parties (art. I et II). L’article I se lit comme
suit :
« Il sera institué une commission mixte chargée de rechercher des
solutions satisfaisantes pour le règlement pratique du différend survenu
entre le Venezuela et le Royaume-Uni du fait de la position du Venezuela,
qui soutient que la sentence arbitrale de 1899 relative à la frontière
entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela est nulle et non avenue. »
Le paragraphe 1 de l’article IV dispose en outre que, en cas d’échec de cette
commission, les Gouvernements du Guyana et du Venezuela devront choisir
l’un des moyens de règlement pacifique énoncés à l’article 33 de la Charte
des Nations Unies. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV, en cas de
désaccord entre ces gouvernements, le choix du moyen de règlement devra
être fait par un organisme international compétent sur lequel ceux-ci se
mettront d’accord, ou, à défaut, par le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies.
43. Le 4 avril 1966, par lettres adressées aux ministres des affaires
étrangères du Royaume-Uni et du Venezuela, le Secrétaire général
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, U Thant, accusait bonne réception
de l’accord de Genève et précisait ce qui suit :
« J’ai pris note des responsabilités que le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies pourrait être appelé à assumer au titre du
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 277
C. The Signing of the Geneva Agreement
39. Following the failure of the talks in London, the three delegations
agreed to meet again in Geneva in February 1966. After two days of negotiations,
they signed, on 17 February 1966, the Geneva Agreement, the English
and Spanish texts of which are authoritative. In accordance with its
Article VII, the Geneva Agreement entered into force on the same day that
it was signed.
40. The Geneva Agreement was approved by the Venezuelan National
Congress on 13 April 1966. It was published in the United Kingdom as a
White Paper, i.e. as a policy position paper presented by the Government,
and approved by the House of Assembly of British Guiana. It was officially
transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 2 May 1966
and registered with the United Nations Secretariat on 5 May 1966
(United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 561, No. 8192, p. 322).
41. On 26 May 1966, Guyana, having attained independence, became a
party to the Geneva Agreement, alongside the Governments of the
United Kingdom and Venezuela, in accordance with the provisions of
Article VIII thereof.
42. The Geneva Agreement provides, first, for the establishment of a
Mixed Commission, comprised of representatives appointed by the
Government of British Guiana and the Government of Venezuela, to seek a
settlement of the controversy between the parties (Arts. I and II). Article I
reads as follows:
“A Mixed Commission shall be established with the task of seeking
satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the controversy
between Venezuela and the United Kingdom which has arisen as the
result of the Venezuelan contention that the Arbitral Award of 1899 about
the frontier between British Guiana and Venezuela is null and void.”
In addition, Article IV, paragraph 1, states that, should this Commission fail
in its task, the Governments of Guyana and Venezuela shall choose one of the
means of peaceful settlement provided for in Article 33 of the Charter of
the United Nations. In accordance with Article IV, paragraph 2, should those
Governments fail to reach agreement, the decision as to the means of settlement
shall be made by an appropriate international organ upon which
they both agree, or, failing that, by the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
43. On 4 April 1966, by letters to the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the
United Kingdom and Venezuela, the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
U Thant, acknowledged receipt of the Geneva Agreement and stated as
follows:
“I have taken note of the responsibilities which may fall to be
discharged by the Secretary-General of the United Nations under Art278
sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord et je souhaite vous informer que
je considère celles-ci comme étant de nature à pouvoir être assumées de
manière appropriée par le Secrétaire général. »
D. La mise en oeuvre de l’accord de Genève
44. La commission mixte a été établie en 1966, en application des articles I
et II de l’accord de Genève, et a atteint le terme de son mandat en 1970 sans
être parvenue à une solution.
45. Aucune solution n’ayant été trouvée dans le cadre de la commission
mixte, il revenait au Venezuela et au Guyana, en application de l’article IV
de l’accord de Genève, de choisir l’un des moyens de règlement pacifique
énoncés à l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Conformément à un
moratoire sur le processus de règlement du différend, énoncé dans un protocole
à l’accord de Genève signé le 18 juin 1970 (ci-après le « protocole de Port
of Spain » ou le « protocole »), l’application de l’article IV de l’accord de
Genève a été suspendue pendant une période de 12 ans. En décembre 1981,
le Venezuela a fait part de son intention de dénoncer le protocole de Port of
Spain. En conséquence, l’article IV de l’accord de Genève a recommencé à
s’appliquer dès le 18 juin 1982, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article V
du protocole.
46. En application du paragraphe 1 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève,
les Parties ont tenté de se mettre d’accord sur le choix d’un des moyens de
règlement pacifique énoncés à l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies.
Elles n’y sont cependant pas parvenues dans le délai de trois mois prescrit
par le paragraphe 2 de ce même article. Elles ne sont pas non plus parvenues
à s’entendre sur la désignation d’un organisme international compétent
chargé de choisir le moyen de règlement, comme le prévoyait le paragraphe 2
de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève.
47. En conséquence, les Parties sont passées à l’étape suivante, s’en remettant
au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies quant au
choix du moyen de règlement. Après avoir été saisi par les Parties, le
Secrétaire général, M. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, a, par lettre du 31 mars 1983,
accepté de s’acquitter de la responsabilité dont il était investi conformément
au paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève. Le Secrétaire général
a choisi, au début de l’année 1990, la procédure des bons offices comme
moyen de règlement approprié.
48. Entre 1990 et 2014, la procédure des bons offices a été dirigée par les
trois représentants personnels suivants, nommés par les Secrétaires généraux
successifs : M. Alister McIntyre (1990-1999), M. Oliver Jackman
(1999-2007) et M. Norman Girvan (2010-2014).
49. En septembre 2015, au cours de la soixante-dixième session de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies, le Secrétaire général, M. Ban Ki-moon,
a organisé une rencontre avec les chefs d’État du Guyana et du Venezuela.
Par la suite, le 12 novembre 2015, le Secrétaire général a établi un document
relatif à « la marche à suivre » (« The Way Forward »), dans lequel il informait
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 278
icle IV (2) of the Agreement, and wish to inform you that I consider those
responsibilities to be of a nature which may appropriately be discharged
by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.”
D. The Implementation of the Geneva Agreement
44. The Mixed Commission was established in 1966, pursuant to Articles I
and II of the Geneva Agreement, and reached the end of its mandate in 1970
without having arrived at a solution.
45. Since no solution was identified through the Mixed Commission,
it fell to Venezuela and Guyana, under Article IV of the Geneva Agreement,
to choose one of the means of peaceful settlement provided for in Article 33
of the Charter of the United Nations. Pursuant to a moratorium on the dispute
settlement process adopted in a protocol to the Geneva Agreement and
signed on 18 June 1970 (hereinafter the “Protocol of Port of Spain” or
the “Protocol”), the operation of Article IV of the Geneva Agreement was
suspended for a period of 12 years. In December 1981, Venezuela announced
its intention to terminate the Protocol of Port of Spain. Consequently,
the application of Article IV of the Geneva Agreement was resumed from
18 June 1982 in accordance with Article V, paragraph 3, of the Protocol.
46. Pursuant to Article IV, paragraph 1, of the Geneva Agreement, the
Parties attempted to reach an agreement on the choice of one of the means of
peaceful settlement provided for in Article 33 of the Charter of the
United Nations. However, they failed to do so within the three-month
time-limit set out in Article IV, paragraph 2. They also failed to agree on
the choice of an appropriate international organ to decide on the means of
settlement, as provided for in Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva
Agreement.
47. The Parties therefore proceeded to the next step, referring the decision
on the means of settlement to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
After the matter was referred to him by the Parties, the Secretary-General,
Mr Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, agreed by a letter of 31 March 1983 to undertake
the responsibility conferred upon him under Article IV, paragraph 2, of the
Geneva Agreement. In early 1990, the Secretary-General chose the good
offices process as the appropriate means of settlement.
48. Between 1990 and 2014, the good offices process was led by the
following three Personal Representatives, appointed by successive
Secretaries-General: Mr Alister McIntyre (1990-1999), Mr Oliver Jackman
(1999-2007) and Mr Norman Girvan (2010-2014).
49. In September 2015, during the Seventieth Session of the United
Nations General Assembly, the Secretary-General, Mr Ban Ki-moon, held
a meeting with the Heads of State of Guyana and Venezuela. Thereafter,
on 12 November 2015, the Secretary-General issued a document entitled
“The Way Forward”, in which he informed the Parties that “[i]f a practical
279 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
les Parties que, « [à] supposer qu’aucune solution pratique au différend ne
[fût] trouvée avant la fin de son mandat, [il avait] l’intention d’engager le
processus d’obtention d’une décision finale et contraignante de la Cour internationale
de Justice ».
50. Dans sa déclaration du 16 décembre 2016, le Secrétaire général a indiqué
avoir décidé de poursuivre la procédure des bons offices pendant une
année supplémentaire, sous la conduite d’un nouveau représentant personnel
doté d’un mandat renforcé de médiation.
51. Après avoir pris ses fonctions le 1er janvier 2017, le nouveau Secrétaire
général, M. António Guterres, a, conformément à la décision de son prédécesseur,
reconduit la procédure des bons offices pour une dernière année.
Dans ce cadre, il a nommé M. Dag Nylander, le 23 février 2017, comme son
représentant personnel et lui a confié un mandat renforcé de médiation.
Celui-ci a tenu plusieurs réunions et eu nombre d’échanges avec les Parties.
Dans des lettres du 30 janvier 2018 adressées à chacune d’elles, le Secrétaire
général a indiqué avoir « soigneusement analysé l’évolution de la procédure
des bons offices au cours de l’année 2017 » et a annoncé ce qui suit :
« En conséquence, je me suis acquitté de la responsabilité qui m’incombait
dans ledit cadre et, aucun progrès significatif n’ayant été réalisé
en vue d’un accord complet sur le règlement du différend, j’ai retenu la
Cour internationale de Justice comme prochain moyen d’atteindre cet
objectif. »
52. Le 29 mars 2018, le Guyana a déposé sa requête au Greffe de la Cour.
II. Recevabilité de l’exception préliminaire soulevée
par le Venezuela
53. Le Guyana affirme que l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela porte
sur l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour et doit être rejetée comme étant
irrecevable au motif qu’elle concerne intrinsèquement la compétence et n’est
pas une exception d’irrecevabilité. Il fait valoir que la Cour, par son ordonnance
du 19 juin 2018, dans laquelle elle a décidé que les pièces de la
procédure écrite devraient d’abord porter sur la question de sa compétence,
a demandé aux Parties de présenter « tous les moyens de fait et de droit sur
lesquels [celles-ci] se fondent en ce qui concerne sa compétence ». De l’avis
du demandeur, l’expression « en ce qui concerne sa compétence » recouvre
non seulement l’existence, mais également l’exercice de cette compétence.
54. Le Guyana soutient que la « question de la compétence de la Cour » au
sens de l’ordonnance du 19 juin 2018 englobe nécessairement celle du
consentement du Royaume-Uni à la compétence de la Cour pour régler le
différend concernant la validité de la sentence. Cette question est, selon lui,
au coeur de l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela fondée sur l’arrêt rendu
par la Cour en l’affaire de l’Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 279
solution to the controversy [were] not found before the end of his tenure,
[he] intend[ed] to initiate the process to obtain a final and binding decision
from the International Court of Justice”.
50. In his statement of 16 December 2016, the Secretary-General said that
he had decided to continue for a further year the good offices process, to be
led by a new Personal Representative with a strengthened mandate of
mediation.
51. After taking office on 1 January 2017, the new Secretary-General,
Mr António Guterres, continued the good offices process for a final year, in
conformity with his predecessor’s decision. In this context, on 23 February
2017, he appointed Mr Dag Nylander as his Personal Representative and
entrusted him with a strengthened mandate of mediation. Mr Nylander held
several meetings and had a number of exchanges with the Parties. In letters
dated 30 January 2018 to both Parties, the Secretary-General stated that he
had “carefully analyzed the developments in the good offices process during
the course of 2017” and announced:
“Consequently, I have fulfilled the responsibility that has fallen to me
within the framework set by my predecessor and, significant progress
not having been made toward arriving at a full agreement for the solution
of the controversy, have chosen the International Court of Justice as
the means that is now to be used for its solution.”
52. On 29 March 2018, Guyana filed its Application in the Registry of the
Court.
II. The Admissibility of Venezuela’s
Preliminary Objection
53. Guyana argues that Venezuela’s preliminary objection concerns the
exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction and should be rejected as inadmissible,
because it is jurisdictional in nature and not an objection to admissibility.
Guyana contends that the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018, in which the Court
decided that the written pleadings were first to be addressed to the question
of its jurisdiction, required the Parties to plead “all of the legal and factual
grounds on which the Parties rely in the matter of its jurisdiction”. According
to Guyana, the phrase “in the matter of its jurisdiction” covers not only the
existence, but also the exercise of jurisdiction.
54. Guyana maintains that the “question of the jurisdiction of the Court”,
within the meaning of the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018 necessarily encompasses
the question whether the United Kingdom consented to the Court’s
jurisdiction to settle the dispute regarding the validity of the Award.
According to Guyana, this question lies at the heart of Venezuela’s preliminary
objection based on the Court’s Judgment in the case concerning
280 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
c. France, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord et États-
Unis d’Amérique) et sa jurisprudence ultérieure.
55. Le Guyana avance que, conformément à l’article 79bis du Règlement
de la Cour, le Venezuela n’est plus en mesure de soulever une exception
préliminaire qui concerne, en substance, des questions de compétence que la
Cour a examinées d’office et sur lesquelles elle s’est prononcée dans un arrêt
obligatoire. Il découle, selon lui, de l’arrêt de 2020, par lequel la Cour a
décidé qu’elle avait compétence à l’égard de certaines des demandes du
Guyana, que celle-ci ne pourrait connaître de l’exception préliminaire du
Venezuela sans violer le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée.
56. Le Guyana allègue que le Venezuela est, en tout état de cause, forclos
à soulever son exception préliminaire car il aurait pu et dû la soulever dans
le délai prévu par l’ordonnance de la Cour du 19 juin 2018.
*
57. Le Venezuela soutient que son exception préliminaire est recevable.
Il admet l’effet de chose jugée de l’arrêt qu’a rendu la Cour en 2020, mais
affirme que son exception préliminaire concerne l’exercice de la compétence
et qu’il s’agit donc d’une exception d’irrecevabilité de la requête, et non d’incompétence
de la Cour.
58. Le Venezuela fait valoir que la Cour, dans son arrêt de 2020, ne s’est
prononcée que sur des questions de compétence et n’a nullement tranché,
que ce soit explicitement ou implicitement, celles relatives à la recevabilité.
En conséquence, l’arrêt de 2020 n’a pas, de son point de vue, pour effet de
rendre irrecevable son exception préliminaire.
59. Le Venezuela avance en outre qu’il n’est pas forclos à soulever son
exception préliminaire, puisque les délais fixés par la Cour dans son ordonnance
du 19 juin 2018 concernaient uniquement le dépôt de pièces de
procédure portant sur la question de la compétence de la Cour, ce qui renvoie,
selon lui, à l’existence de cette compétence, et non à son exercice, et qu’il est
donc resté en droit de soulever toute exception préliminaire d’irrecevabilité
dans les délais prévus au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79bis du Règlement de la
Cour.
* *
60. La Cour rappelle qu’elle a, à plusieurs reprises, examiné si un État qui
n’est pas partie à la procédure devant elle devait être considéré comme une
tierce partie indispensable sans le consentement de laquelle elle ne pouvait
statuer.
61. Dans le dispositif de l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu en l’affaire de l’Or monétaire
pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie c. France, Royaume-Uni de Grande-
Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord et États-Unis d’Amérique), la Cour a dit
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 280
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of
America) and its subsequent jurisprudence.
55. Guyana contends that, in accordance with Article 79bis of the Rules of
Court, Venezuela is no longer entitled to raise a preliminary objection which
in substance concerns questions of jurisdiction that the Court raised
proprio motu and decided in a binding judgment. Guyana asserts that
it follows from the 2020 Judgment, in which the Court found that it had
jurisdiction over part of Guyana’s claims, that the Court may not entertain
Venezuela’s preliminary objection without violating the principle of
res judicata.
56. Guyana argues that Venezuela’s preliminary objection is, in any event,
time-barred, because Venezuela could and should have raised its objection
within the time-limit fixed by the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018.
*
57. According to Venezuela, its preliminary objection is admissible.
Venezuela accepts the res judicata effect of the Court’s 2020 Judgment, but
states that its preliminary objection concerns the exercise of jurisdiction and
is thus an objection to the admissibility of the Application rather than to the
Court’s jurisdiction.
58. Venezuela argues that the Court, in its 2020 Judgment, only decided
questions of jurisdiction and did not dispose, explicitly or implicitly,
of questions of admissibility. Venezuela states that the 2020 Judgment
consequently does not have the effect of rendering its preliminary objection
inadmissible.
59. Venezuela further submits that its preliminary objection is not timebarred,
because the Court’s Order of 19 June 2018 only fixed time-limits for
pleadings on the question of the Court’s jurisdiction, referring, in Venezuela’s
view, to the question of the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction and not its
exercise. Venezuela therefore remained entitled, it argues, to raise any
preliminary objection to admissibility within the time-limits set out in
Article 79bis (1) of the Rules of Court.
* *
60. The Court recalls that it has, on a number of occasions, considered
whether a State that is not party to the proceedings before it should be
deemed to be an indispensable third party without the consent of which the
Court cannot adjudicate.
61. In the operative paragraph of its Judgment in the case concerning
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of
America), the Court found
281 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
« que la compétence à elle conférée par le commun accord de la France,
du Royaume-Uni, des États-Unis d’Amérique et de l’Italie ne l’autoris[
ait] pas, en l’absence du consentement de l’Albanie, à statuer sur la
première conclusion de la requête du Gouvernement italien » (question
préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 34).
62. De même, en l’affaire relative au Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie),
la Cour a conclu
« qu’elle ne saurait, en l’espèce, exercer la compétence qu’elle t[enai]t
des déclarations faites par les Parties conformément au paragraphe 2 de
l’article 36 de son Statut car, pour se prononcer sur les demandes du
Portugal, elle devrait statuer à titre préalable sur la licéité du comportement
de l’Indonésie en l’absence du consentement de cet État » (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 105, par. 35).
63. Lorsqu’elle a rejeté une exception tirée de ce qu’un État tiers était une
partie indispensable sans le consentement de laquelle elle ne pouvait statuer
dans une affaire donnée, la Cour s’est fondée sur la prémisse selon laquelle
l’exception portait sur l’exercice de sa compétence et non l’existence de
celle-ci (voir notamment Application de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2015 (I), p. 57, par. 116 ; Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua
et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. États-Unis d’Amérique), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 431, par. 88). La Cour a ainsi
conclu, en l’affaire de Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru
c. Australie), qu’« [elle] ne p[ouvai]t refuser d’exercer sa juridiction » sur
le fondement du principe dit de « l’Or monétaire » (ci-après le « principe de
l’Or monétaire ») (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1992,
p. 262, par. 55).
64. La jurisprudence citée ci-dessus repose donc sur une distinction entre
deux notions différentes : d’une part, l’existence de la compétence de la Cour
et, de l’autre, l’exercice de cette compétence, lorsqu’elle est établie. Seule
une exception relative à l’existence de la compétence peut être qualifiée
d’exception d’incompétence. La Cour conclut que l’exception du Venezuela
fondée sur le principe de l’Or monétaire porte sur l’exercice de sa compétence
et ne constitue donc pas une exception d’incompétence.
65. La Cour en vient maintenant au principe de l’autorité de la chose
jugée, qui est reflété aux articles 59 et 60 de son Statut. Ainsi qu’elle l’a déjà
souligné, ce principe « consacre le caractère définitif de la décision adoptée
dans une affaire déterminée » (Question de la délimitation du plateau continental
entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la
côte nicaraguayenne (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 125, par. 58).
66. L’autorité de la chose jugée s’attache non seulement à un arrêt portant
sur le fond, mais également à un arrêt dans lequel la Cour se prononce sur sa
compétence, tel que celui qu’elle a rendu en 2020 (voir Application de la
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 281
“that the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the common agreement of
France, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Italy
does not, in the absence of the consent of Albania, authorize it to adjudicate
upon the first Submission in the Application of the Italian Government”
(Preliminary Question, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 34).
62. Similarly, in the case concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia),
the Court concluded
“that it cannot, in this case, exercise the jurisdiction it has by virtue of
the declarations made by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its
Statute because, in order to decide the claims of Portugal, it would have
to rule, as a prerequisite, on the lawfulness of Indonesia’s conduct in the
absence of that State’s consent” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 105,
para. 35).
63. When rejecting an objection that a third State is an indispensable
party without the consent of which the Court cannot adjudicate in a given
case, the Court has proceeded on the basis that the objection concerned the
exercise of jurisdiction rather than the existence of jurisdiction (see, inter
alia, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I),
p. 57, para. 116; Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 431, para. 88). For example,
in the case concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v.
Australia), the Court concluded that “the Court [could] decline to exercise its
jurisdiction” on the basis of the principle referred to as “Monetary Gold”
(hereinafter the “Monetary Gold principle”) (Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 262, para. 55).
64. The above-cited jurisprudence is thus premised on a distinction
between two different concepts: on the one hand, the existence of the Court’s
jurisdiction and, on the other, the exercise of its jurisdiction where that jurisdiction
is established. Only an objection concerning the existence of the
Court’s jurisdiction can be characterized as an objection to jurisdiction. The
Court concludes that Venezuela’s objection on the basis of the Monetary
Gold principle is an objection to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction and
thus does not constitute an objection to jurisdiction.
65. The Court now turns to the principle of res judicata, which is reflected
in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court. As the Court has stated, that
principle “establishes the finality of the decision adopted in a particular
case” (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between
Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan
Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2016 (I), p. 125, para. 58).
66. The force of res judicata attaches not only to a judgment on the merits,
but also to a judgment determining the Court’s jurisdiction, such as the
Court’s 2020 Judgment (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention
282 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 91,
par. 117).
67. Plus particulièrement, le dispositif des arrêts de la Cour est revêtu de
l’autorité de la chose jugée (Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-
Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 94, par. 123). Afin de préciser
ce qui a été tranché avec l’autorité de la chose jugée, « il faut encore déterminer
le contenu de la décision dont il convient de garantir le caractère
définitif », et « il peut s’avérer nécessaire de déterminer le sens du dispositif
par référence aux motifs de l’arrêt en question » (Question de la délimitation
du plateau continental entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie au-delà de
200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 126, par. 59 et 61 ;
voir aussi Délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes et l’océan
Pacifique (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) et Frontière terrestre dans la partie
septentrionale d’Isla Portillos (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2018 (I), p. 166, par. 68). Si un point « n’a en fait pas été tranché, ni
expressément ni par implication logique, l’arrêt n’a pas force de chose jugée
sur celui-ci » (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 95, par. 126).
68. Dans le dispositif de son arrêt de 2020, la Cour a dit
« 1) qu’elle a[vait] compétence pour connaître de la requête déposée par
la République coopérative du Guyana le 29 mars 2018 dans la mesure
où elle se rapporte à la validité de la sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre
1899 et à la question connexe du règlement définitif du différend
concernant la frontière terrestre entre la République coopérative du
Guyana et la République bolivarienne du Venezuela ; [et]
2) qu’elle n’a[vait] pas compétence pour connaître des demandes de la
République coopérative du Guyana qui sont fondées sur des faits
survenus après la signature de l’accord de Genève » (Sentence arbitrale
du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela), compétence de la
Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 493, par. 138).
69. Le dispositif de l’arrêt de 2020 ainsi que les motifs qui le sous-tendent
portent exclusivement sur des questions relatives à l’existence de la compétence
de la Cour. En outre, cet arrêt ne traite pas, même implicitement, de la
question de l’exercice par la Cour de sa compétence. En particulier, la question
de savoir si le Royaume-Uni est une tierce partie indispensable sans le
consentement de laquelle la Cour ne saurait exercer sa compétence n’a pas
été tranchée par implication logique dans l’arrêt de 2020.
70. Il s’ensuit que l’autorité de la chose jugée dont est revêtu l’arrêt de
2020 ne couvre que la question de l’existence de la compétence de la Cour et
ne fait pas obstacle à la recevabilité de l’exception préliminaire du Venezuela.
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 282
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 91, para. 117).
67. Specifically, the operative part of a judgment of the Court possesses
the force of res judicata (Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 94, para. 123).
In order to determine what has been decided with the force of res judicata,
“it is also necessary to ascertain the content of the decision, the finality of
which is to be guaranteed”, and it “may be necessary to determine the meaning
of the operative clause by reference to the reasoning set out in the
judgment in question” (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf
between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the
Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 126, paras. 59 and 61; see also Maritime
Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v.
Nicaragua) and Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 166, para. 68). If a
matter “has not in fact been determined, expressly or by necessary implication,
then no force of res judicata attaches to it” (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (I), p. 95, para. 126).
68. In the operative paragraph of its 2020 Judgment, the Court found
“(1) that it [had] jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by the
Co-operative Republic of Guyana on 29 March 2018 in so far as it
concerns the validity of the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 and
the related question of the definitive settlement of the land boundary
dispute between the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela; [and]
(2) that it [did] not have jurisdiction to entertain the claims of the Cooperative
Republic of Guyana arising from events that occurred
after the signature of the Geneva Agreement” (Arbitral Award of
3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 493, para. 138).
69. The operative paragraph of the 2020 Judgment and the reasoning
underlying it only address questions concerning the existence of the Court’s
jurisdiction. Moreover, that Judgment does not address, even implicitly, the
issue of the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court. In particular, the question
whether the United Kingdom is an indispensable third party without the
consent of which the Court could not exercise its jurisdiction was not determined
by necessary implication in the 2020 Judgment.
70. It follows that the force of res judicata attaching to the 2020 Judgment
extends only to the question of the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction and
does not bar the admissibility of Venezuela’s preliminary objection.
283 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
71. La Cour note en outre que, en utilisant, dans l’ordonnance du 19 juin
2018, les expressions « en ce qui concerne sa compétence » et « la question de
la compétence de la Cour », elle se référait uniquement à l’existence de la
compétence, et non à son exercice. Ainsi que cela est rappelé dans l’ordonnance,
lors de la réunion que le président de la Cour a tenue avec les
représentants des Parties le 18 juin 2018, le Venezuela a seulement indiqué
qu’il contestait la compétence de la Cour.
72. S’agissant de l’argument du Guyana selon lequel le Venezuela serait
forclos à soulever son exception préliminaire, la Cour rappelle que, dans
son ordonnance du 19 juin 2018, elle a estimé qu’« il [lui] éch[oyai]t …
d’être informée de tous les moyens de fait et de droit sur lesquels les
Parties se fondent en ce qui concerne sa compétence » (Sentence arbitrale du
3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela), ordonnance du 19 juin 2018,
C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (I), p. 403). En conséquence, la Cour a décidé que
« les pièces de la procédure écrite porter[aie]nt d’abord sur la question de [s]a
compétence », et a fixé les dates d’expiration des délais pour le dépôt de
pièces concernant cette question (ibid.). La Cour rappelle encore qu’elle a,
en d’autres occasions, expressément enjoint aux parties de faire porter
leurs écritures tant sur les questions de compétence que sur celles relatives
à la recevabilité (voir, par exemple, Transfert de l’ambassade des États-
Unis à Jérusalem (Palestine c. États-Unis d’Amérique), ordonnance du
15 novembre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 710). Les délais fixés dans
l’ordonnance du 19 juin 2018 concernaient donc uniquement les écritures
ayant trait à la question de l’existence de la compétence de la Cour.
73. La Cour ayant jugé ci-dessus que l’exception préliminaire du
Venezuela n’est pas une exception d’incompétence, les délais fixés dans
l’ordonnance du 19 juin 2018 ne s’appliquaient pas aux pièces se rapportant
à cette exception. Le Venezuela restait donc en droit de soulever celle-ci
dans le délai prévu au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79bis du Règlement de la
Cour.
74. Pour ces motifs, la Cour conclut que l’exception préliminaire du
Venezuela est recevable. La Cour procédera maintenant à l’examen de cette
exception préliminaire.
III. Examen de l’exception préliminaire soulevée
par le Venezuela
75. Par son exception préliminaire, le Venezuela soutient que le Royaume-
Uni est une tierce partie indispensable en la présente espèce, et que la Cour
ne peut, en l’absence de cet État, se prononcer sur la question de la validité
de la sentence de 1899. Le défendeur argue que, si elle devait rendre un arrêt
sur le fond en la présente affaire, la Cour serait nécessairement amenée à
apprécier à titre préalable la licéité de certains « comportements frauduleux
» imputables, selon lui, au Royaume-Uni, qui concernent la sentence de
1899. Il expose que, étant donné que le Royaume-Uni était partie au traité de
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 283
71. The Court also notes that, by using the phrases “in the matter of its
jurisdiction” and “the question of the jurisdiction of the Court” in its Order
of 19 June 2018, it was referring only to the existence and not to the exercise
of jurisdiction. As the Order records, during the meeting between the
President of the Court and the representatives of the Parties on 18 June 2018,
Venezuela stated only that it contested the Court’s jurisdiction.
72. As to Guyana’s argument that Venezuela’s preliminary objection is
time-barred, the Court recalls that, in its Order of 19 June 2018, it considered
that it was “necessary for the Court to be informed of all of the legal and
factual grounds on which the Parties rely in the matter of its jurisdiction”
(Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Order of 19 June
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 403). Accordingly, the Court decided that
“the written pleadings shall first be addressed to the question of the jurisdiction
of the Court” and fixed time-limits for pleadings on that question (ibid.).
The Court further recalls that, in other instances, it has expressly directed
parties to address both questions of jurisdiction and admissibility in pleadings
(see e.g. Relocation of the United States Embassy to Jerusalem
(Palestine v. United States of America), Order of 15 November 2018,
I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 710). The time-limits that the Court fixed in its
Order of 19 June 2018 thus only concerned pleadings with respect to the
question of the existence of the Court’s jurisdiction.
73. In light of the Court’s finding above that Venezuela’s preliminary
objection is not an objection to the Court’s jurisdiction, the time-limits that
the Court set out in the Order of 19 June 2018 did not apply to pleadings with
respect to such objection. Venezuela thus remained entitled to raise that
objection within the time-limit set out in Article 79bis, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court.
74. For these reasons, the Court concludes that Venezuela’s preliminary
objection is admissible. The Court will now proceed to the examination of
this preliminary objection.
III. Examination of Venezuela’s
Preliminary Objection
75. In its preliminary objection, Venezuela submits that the United
Kingdom is an indispensable third party to the proceedings and that the
Court cannot decide the question of the validity of the 1899 Award in the
United Kingdom’s absence. Venezuela argues that a judgment of the Court
on the merits in this case would necessarily involve, as a prerequisite, an
evaluation of the lawfulness of certain “fraudulent conduct” allegedly attributable
to the United Kingdom in respect of the 1899 Award. Venezuela
explains that since the United Kingdom was a party to the Washington Treaty
284 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
Washington et à l’arbitrage ayant abouti à la sentence de 1899, et qu’il est
partie à l’accord de Genève, l’appréciation du comportement frauduleux
allégué nécessiterait d’examiner les « engagements et responsabilités » de cet
État.
76. Le Venezuela soutient que c’est sous l’effet de la contrainte et de la
tromperie du Royaume-Uni qu’il a conclu le traité de Washington. Il allègue
en outre que, au cours de la procédure arbitrale, certains échanges indus ont
eu lieu entre les conseils du Royaume-Uni et les arbitres que celui-ci avait
désignés, et que le Royaume-Uni a sciemment produit des cartes « trafiquées
» et « falsifiées » devant le tribunal arbitral, ce qui, de son point de vue,
rend la sentence de 1899 « nulle et non avenue ». Selon le Venezuela, chacun
de ces faits, pris isolément, entraîne la nullité de la sentence de 1899 et
engage la responsabilité internationale du Royaume-Uni. Le Venezuela
avance que la participation du Royaume-Uni à l’instance est requise pour
que ses droits en l’espèce soient « dûment protégés », et que, de surcroît,
il n’est pas en mesure de contester les droits et obligations découlant du
comportement d’un État qui est absent de la présente procédure et ne peut
être contraint par la Cour d’y participer.
77. S’appuyant notamment sur la jurisprudence de la Cour dans les affaires
de l’Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie c. France, Royaume-Uni de
Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord et États-Unis d’Amérique), du Timor
oriental (Portugal c. Australie) et de Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru
(Nauru c. Australie), le Venezuela affirme qu’une requête est irrecevable
dès lors que les intérêts juridiques d’un État tiers sont susceptibles de
constituer l’objet même de la décision sollicitée et que cet État n’a pas
consenti au règlement du différend par la Cour. Le défendeur soutient que les
engagements et responsabilités du Royaume-Uni constitueraient l’« objet
même » et l’« essence même » de la décision à rendre en la présente affaire
étant donné que la nullité de la sentence de 1899 découle du comportement
frauduleux adopté, selon lui, par ce dernier en ce qui concerne l’arbitrage
ayant abouti à la sentence. Il prétend, à cet égard, que le Royaume-Uni
n’a pas transféré au Guyana ses engagements et obligations concernant
la sentence de 1899.
78. Le Venezuela ajoute que, si la Cour reconnaissait que la responsabilité
du Royaume-Uni est engagée à raison d’un comportement frauduleux, il en
résulterait non seulement, comme l’affirme le Guyana, que la sentence de
1899 cesserait de produire ses effets, mais également que le Venezuela serait
en droit de se prévaloir des conséquences de la nullité d’un traité, telles
qu’énoncées à l’article 69 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités
(ci-après la « convention de Vienne »).
79. Selon le Venezuela, l’accord de Genève n’a pas pour effet de faire du
Guyana un État successeur pour ce qui est de l’ensemble des droits et obligations
se rapportant au différend entre lui et le Royaume-Uni. Le défendeur
souligne que l’article VIII de cet instrument prévoyait que, à son accession à
l’indépendance, le Guyana deviendrait partie à l’accord, non pas en lieu et
place du Royaume-Uni, mais à côté de celui-ci. Il en déduit que « [l]’accord
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 284
and to the arbitration that resulted in the 1899 Award, and is a party to the
Geneva Agreement, an evaluation of the allegedly fraudulent conduct would
involve an examination of the United Kingdom’s “commitments and
responsibilities”.
76. Venezuela alleges that it had been coerced and deceived by the
United Kingdom to enter into the Washington Treaty. It also alleges that,
during the arbitral proceedings, there were certain improper communications
between the legal counsel of the United Kingdom and the arbitrators
that it had appointed, and that the United Kingdom knowingly submitted
“doctored” and “falsified” maps to the arbitral tribunal, which rendered the
1899 Award “null and void”. According to Venezuela, each of these acts,
independently, operates to invalidate the 1899 Award and to engage the
international responsibility of the United Kingdom. Venezuela submits that
the United Kingdom’s participation is required in order for Venezuela’s
rights to be “duly protected” in the proceedings, and adds that it is not able
to dispute the rights and obligations arising from the conduct of a State that
is absent from these proceedings and whose participation cannot be enjoined
by this Court.
77. Relying, inter alia, on the Court’s jurisprudence in the cases concerning
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of
America), East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) and Certain Phosphate Lands
in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Venezuela asserts that an application is inadmissible
if the legal interests of a third State would constitute the very
subject-matter of the decision that is applied for, and that State has not
consented to adjudication by the Court. Venezuela submits that the commitments
and responsibilities of the United Kingdom would constitute the “very
object” and the “very essence” of the decision to be rendered in the present
case because the invalidity of the 1899 Award arises from the allegedly
fraudulent conduct of the United Kingdom in respect of the arbitration which
resulted in the Award. In this regard, Venezuela maintains that the
United Kingdom has not transferred its commitments and obligations in
respect of the 1899 Award to Guyana.
78. Venezuela adds that if the Court determines that the United Kingdom
is responsible for fraudulent conduct, the consequence would be not only
that the 1899 Award would cease to have legal effect, as Guyana claims, but
also that Venezuela would be entitled to rely on the consequences of the
invalidity of a treaty, as set out in Article 69 of the Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties (hereinafter the “Vienna Convention”).
79. Venezuela further submits that the Geneva Agreement does not operate
to make Guyana a successor in respect of all the rights and obligations
relating to the dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom. It points
out that Article VIII of the Geneva Agreement provides that, upon attaining
independence, Guyana shall become a party to the Agreement, not in substitution
of, but alongside the United Kingdom. Therefore, in the view of
285 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
n’exonère pas le Royaume-Uni de ses obligations et responsabilités … [et
que] [celui-ci] reste donc partie active du présent différend … [précisant
que] la position de cet État n’a pas changé dans les années qui ont suivi
l’accord ».
80. Le Venezuela argue que ni la qualité de partie à l’accord de Genève du
Royaume-Uni ni un quelconque comportement adopté par cet État après la
conclusion de l’accord ne saurait valoir consentement de sa part au règlement
judiciaire par la Cour. Il ajoute que, à supposer même que le Royaume-Uni
ait donné pareil consentement, la Cour ne pourrait se prononcer sur les droits
et obligations de cet État que s’il acceptait sa compétence et devenait partie
à l’instance.
*
81. Le Guyana avance que la Cour devrait rejeter l’exception préliminaire
du Venezuela selon laquelle le Royaume-Uni est, en la présente instance,
une tierce partie indispensable en l’absence de laquelle la Cour ne peut
statuer sur la question de la validité de la sentence de 1899. Il soutient que cet
État n’a pas d’intérêt juridique susceptible d’être touché par la décision de la
Cour sur la validité de la sentence de 1899, et a fortiori pas d’intérêt susceptible
de « constitu[er] l’objet même » de la décision. Selon le demandeur,
le Royaume-Uni n’a aujourd’hui aucun intérêt juridique ni aucune prétention
à l’égard du territoire en question, puisqu’il a renoncé à toute revendication
territoriale liée au présent différend lorsqu’il a, en 1966, accordé l’indépendance
au Guyana. En conséquence, étant donné que le présent différend
concerne des revendications sur un territoire en litige entre le Guyana et le
Venezuela, le Royaume-Uni n’a pas d’intérêt juridique susceptible de constituer
l’objet même du différend, et rien ne fonde la Cour à refuser d’exercer sa
compétence à raison de l’absence de cet État.
82. Pour appuyer sa thèse selon laquelle le Royaume-Uni n’est pas une
tierce partie indispensable en la présente espèce, le Guyana fait valoir que ce
n’est pas la licéité d’un quelconque comportement du Royaume-Uni, mais
celle du comportement du tribunal arbitral que la Cour serait amenée à
apprécier pour statuer sur la validité de la sentence de 1899. Il avance que, le
comportement à examiner en la présente espèce n’étant pas celui du
Royaume-Uni, mais celui des arbitres, une décision de la Cour reconnaissant
un comportement illicite de la part de ces derniers, quand bien même elle
pourrait requérir des constatations factuelles concernant des faits imputables
au Royaume-Uni, n’exigerait nullement que soit énoncée la moindre
conclusion juridique s’agissant de la responsabilité de cet État.
83. Le Guyana affirme en outre que le Royaume-Uni a, en participant aux
négociations relatives à l’accord de Genève et en devenant partie à cet instrument,
consenti à ce que la Cour exerce sa compétence en la présente espèce.
Il soutient que le Royaume-Uni a donné son consentement au règlement par
la Cour du différend entre le Guyana et le Venezuela, en application du paragraphe
1 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève (dont le texte est reproduit au
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 285
Venezuela, “[t]he Agreement does not exempt the United Kingdom from its
obligations and responsibilities . . . The United Kingdom thus remains an
active party to this dispute . . . [and] its position has not changed in the years
after the Agreement.”
80. Venezuela argues that neither the United Kingdom’s status as a party
to the Geneva Agreement nor any conduct of that State subsequent to the
conclusion of the Agreement can be regarded as consent to adjudication by
the Court. It adds that, even if it is assumed that the United Kingdom gave
its consent, the Court can only rule on its rights and obligations if that State
accepts the Court’s jurisdiction and becomes a party to the case.
*
81. Guyana submits that the Court should reject Venezuela’s preliminary
objection that, in these proceedings, the United Kingdom is an indispensable
third party in the absence of which the Court cannot decide the question of
the validity of the 1899 Award. Guyana argues that the United Kingdom
does not have legal interests that could be affected by the Court’s determination
of the validity of the 1899 Award, let alone interests that “constitute the
very subject-matter” of the decision. Guyana maintains that the United
Kingdom has no current legal interest in, or claim to, the territory in question,
having relinquished all territorial claims in relation to this dispute when
the United Kingdom granted independence to Guyana in 1966. It follows,
therefore, that since the dispute concerns claims to territory contested
between Guyana and Venezuela, the United Kingdom has no legal interests
that could constitute the very subject-matter of this dispute, and there is no
basis for the Court to decline to exercise its jurisdiction on account of the
absence of the United Kingdom.
82. In support of its argument that the United Kingdom is not an indispensable
third party in these proceedings, Guyana submits that it is not the
lawfulness of any conduct by the United Kingdom that would be evaluated
by the Court in determining the validity of the 1899 Award, but rather the
conduct of the arbitral tribunal. Guyana submits that the conduct which
the Court must address in this case is that of the arbitrators and not that of
the United Kingdom, and even though a finding of misconduct by the arbitrators
may require factual findings in relation to acts attributable to
the United Kingdom, it would not require any legal findings in relation to the
responsibility of the United Kingdom.
83. Guyana also submits that the United Kingdom consented to the
Court’s exercise of jurisdiction in this case by virtue of negotiating, and
becoming a party to, the Geneva Agreement. It asserts that the United
Kingdom has given its consent for the Court to resolve this dispute between
Guyana and Venezuela, by virtue of Article IV, paragraph 1, of the Geneva
Agreement (reproduced in paragraph 92 below), which accorded to
286 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
paragraphe 92 ci-après), qui a accordé au Guyana et au Venezuela le droit
exclusif de soumettre le différend à la Cour, sans aucune intervention de la
part du Royaume-Uni. Selon le Guyana, le Royaume-Uni a donné son
consentement en sachant fort bien que tout règlement du différend donnerait
lieu à l’examen des accusations du Venezuela à son encontre concernant des
actes fautifs qu’il aurait commis au XIXe siècle.
84. Le Guyana ajoute qu’il importe peu que l’effet de l’accord de Genève
soit « qualifié d’expression du consentement [du Royaume-Uni] à ce que la
procédure soit mise en oeuvre sans sa participation ou de renonciation [de sa
part] aux droits auxquels il pourrait normalement prétendre dans ce cadre,
notamment dans les procédures judiciaires ». Selon lui, l’existence d’un
consentement du Royaume-Uni rend inapplicable l’exception tirée de l’arrêt
que la Cour a rendu en l’affaire de l’Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943 et de
sa jurisprudence ultérieure.
85. Enfin, le Guyana cite certaines déclarations, faites conjointement dans
des enceintes multilatérales, par lesquelles le Royaume-Uni et d’autres États
ont salué l’arrêt de 2020 de la Cour et exprimé leur soutien en faveur du
règlement judiciaire dont le différend entre le Guyana et le Venezuela est
actuellement l’objet. Selon le demandeur, ces déclarations démontrent que le
Royaume-Uni estime lui-même ne posséder aucun intérêt juridique susceptible
d’être touché par un arrêt sur le fond en la présente espèce. À cet
égard, le Guyana se réfère également au comportement par ailleurs adopté,
depuis son accession à l’indépendance, par le Royaume-Uni. Il ajoute que le
comportement du Venezuela lui-même durant cette même période vient
contredire toute allégation voulant que le Royaume-Uni possède un quelconque
intérêt juridique à l’égard de la question de la validité de la sentence
de 1899.
* *
86. La Cour rappelle que le Venezuela, invoquant le principe de l’Or
monétaire, soutient que les intérêts juridiques du Royaume-Uni constitueraient
l’objet même d’une décision de la Cour en la présente instance.
Elle relève cependant que les deux Parties à l’instance ainsi que le Royaume-
Uni sont parties à l’accord de Genève, sur lequel est fondée sa compétence.
Il y a donc lieu pour la Cour d’examiner les implications juridiques de la
qualité de partie à l’accord de Genève du Royaume-Uni, ce qui appelle une
interprétation des dispositions pertinentes de cet instrument.
87. Pour interpréter l’accord de Genève, la Cour appliquera les règles d’interprétation
des traités énoncées aux articles 31 à 33 de la convention de
Vienne (Question de la délimitation du plateau continental entre le
Nicaragua et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
(Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2016 (I), p. 116, par. 33). Bien que cette convention ne soit pas
en vigueur entre les Parties et que, en tout état de cause, elle ne soit pas appliarbitral
award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 286
Guyana and Venezuela the sole right to refer the dispute to the Court,
without any involvement on the United Kingdom’s part. Guyana maintains
that the United Kingdom gave its consent, knowing full well that any
resolution of the controversy would require the examination of Venezuela’s
allegations of wrongdoing by the United Kingdom in the nineteenth
century.
84. Guyana adds that it matters not whether the effect of the Geneva
Agreement “is characterized as an expression of consent [by the United
Kingdom] to the procedure being followed without its involvement, or as a
waiver of any rights it may normally have in the conduct of those processes —
including judicial processes”. According to Guyana, the existence of consent
on the part of the United Kingdom renders Venezuela’s objection based on
the Court’s Judgment in the case concerning Monetary Gold Removed from
Rome in 1943 and subsequent jurisprudence inapplicable.
85. Finally, Guyana cites certain statements made jointly by the United
Kingdom and other States in multilateral fora, whereby they wel-
comed the 2020 Judgment of the Court and expressed their support for the
ongoing judicial settlement of the dispute between Venezuela and Guyana.
According to Guyana, these statements demonstrate that the United Kingdom
itself considers that it has no legal interests that might be affected by a
judgment on the merits in this case. In this respect, Guyana also refers to
other conduct by the United Kingdom since Guyana attained independence.
It adds that Venezuela’s own conduct in that same period contradicts any
contention that the United Kingdom has any legal interest in the issue of the
validity of the 1899 Award.
* *
86. The Court recalls that Venezuela, invoking the Monetary Gold principle,
maintains that the legal interests of the United Kingdom would be the
very subject-matter of the Court’s decision in the present case. Nonetheless,
the Court notes that the two Parties to these proceedings, as well as the
United Kingdom, are parties to the Geneva Agreement, on which the Court’s
jurisdiction is based. It is therefore appropriate for the Court to consider the
legal implications of the United Kingdom being a party to the Geneva
Agreement, which calls for an interpretation of the relevant provisions of the
Agreement.
87. To interpret the Geneva Agreement, the Court will apply the rules of
treaty interpretation to be found in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention
(Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua
and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2016 (I), p. 116, para. 33). Although that Convention is not in force between
the Parties and is not, in any event, applicable to instruments concluded
287 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
cable aux instruments conclus avant son entrée en vigueur, tels que l’accord
de Genève, il est constant que ces articles reflètent des règles de droit international
coutumier (ibid.).
88. Conformément à la règle d’interprétation consacrée au paragraphe 1
de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne, un traité doit être interprété de
bonne foi suivant le sens ordinaire à attribuer à ses termes dans leur contexte
et à la lumière de son objet et de son but. Ces éléments d’interprétation
doivent être considérés comme un tout (Délimitation maritime dans
l’océan Indien (Somalie c. Kenya), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2017, p. 29, par. 64).
89. La Cour note que l’attention particulière accordée par les parties à
l’accession de la Guyane britannique à l’indépendance constitue un élément
important du contexte aux fins de l’interprétation de l’article IV de l’accord.
En effet, il est dit clairement dans le préambule de l’accord que le Royaume-
Uni a participé à l’élaboration de l’instrument en consultation avec le
Gouvernement de la Guyane britannique. Il est également précisé dans le
préambule que les parties ont, dans le cadre de cette élaboration, tenu compte
du fait « que la Guyane britannique [allait] bientôt accéder à l’indépendance
». La Cour observe en outre que les renvois au Guyana, aux
paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article IV, présupposent l’accession de la Guyane
britannique à l’indépendance. Cette indépendance a été obtenue le 26 mai
1966, soit environ trois mois après la conclusion de l’accord ; le Guyana
est, à cette date, devenu partie à l’accord de Genève, conformément à
l’article VIII de celui-ci.
90. Les articles I et II de l’accord de Genève portent sur l’étape initiale du
processus de règlement du différend entre les Parties et définissent le rôle du
Venezuela et de la Guyane britannique dans ce processus. L’article I se lit
comme suit :
« Il sera institué une commission mixte chargée de rechercher des
solutions satisfaisantes pour le règlement pratique du différend survenu
entre le Venezuela et le Royaume-Uni du fait de la position du Venezuela,
qui soutient que la sentence arbitrale de 1899 relative à la frontière
entre la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela est nulle et non avenue. »
Le paragraphe 1 de l’article II dispose ensuite que,
« [d]ans les deux mois qui suivront l’entrée en vigueur du présent Accord,
le Gouvernement de la Guyane britannique et le Gouvernement vénézuélien
nommeront chacun deux représentants auprès de la Commission
mixte. »
91. La Cour observe que, si, à l’article I de l’accord, le différend est
présenté comme existant entre le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela, l’article II
n’attribue toutefois au Royaume-Uni aucun rôle à jouer à la première étape
du processus de règlement de celui-ci, confiant à la Guyane britannique
et au Venezuela la responsabilité de désigner les représentants auprès de la
commission mixte. La Cour note que la mention de la « Guyane britannique »
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 287
before it entered into force, such as the Geneva Agreement, it is well
established
that these Articles reflect rules of customary international law
(ibid.).
88. In accordance with the rule of interpretation enshrined in Article 31,
paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention, a treaty must be interpreted in good
faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of
the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.
These elements of interpretation are to be considered as a whole (Maritime
Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 29, para. 64).
89. The Court notes that the emphasis placed by the parties on British
Guiana becoming independent is an important part of the context for
purposes of interpreting Article IV of the Agreement. Indeed, the preamble
makes clear that the United Kingdom participated in the elaboration of the
Agreement in consultation with the Government of British Guiana.
The preamble further indicates that, in elaborating the Agreement, the parties
took into account the “forthcoming independence of British Guiana”.
The Court also observes that the references to “Guyana” in paragraphs 1
and 2 of Article IV presuppose the attainment of independence by
British Guiana. This independence was attained on 26 May 1966,
some three months after the conclusion of the Agreement; on that date,
Guyana became a party to the Geneva Agreement in accordance with
Article VIII thereof.
90. Articles I and II of the Geneva Agreement address the initial stage of
the process for the settlement of the dispute between the Parties and identify
the role of Venezuela and British Guiana in that process. Article I of the
Agreement reads as follows:
“A Mixed Commission shall be established with the task of seeking
satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the controversy
between Venezuela and the United Kingdom which has arisen as the
result of the Venezuelan contention that the Arbitral Award of 1899 about
the frontier between British Guiana and Venezuela is null and void.”
Paragraph 1 of Article II reads as follows:
“Within two months of the entry into force of this Agreement, two
representatives shall be appointed to the Mixed Commission by the
Government of British Guiana and two by the Government of Venezuela.”
91. The Court observes that, while Article I of the Agreement describes
the dispute as one existing between the United Kingdom and Venezuela,
Article II provides no role for the United Kingdom in the initial stage of the
dispute settlement process. Rather, it places the responsibility for appointment
of the representatives to the Mixed Commission on British Guiana and
Venezuela. The Court notes that the reference to “British Guiana” contained
288 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
contenue à l’article II, qui se distingue de celles du « Royaume-Uni » figurant
dans d’autres dispositions, et en particulier à l’article I, corrobore l’interprétation
selon laquelle il était entendu entre les parties à l’accord de Genève
que le Venezuela et la Guyane britannique se verraient confier l’exclusivité
du règlement du différend par le mécanisme de la commission mixte.
Il convient de souligner que telle était la position commune des parties, alors
même que la Guyane britannique était une colonie n’ayant alors pas accédé
à l’indépendance, et qu’elle n’était pas encore partie à l’instrument.
92. La Cour relève que ni le paragraphe 1 ni le paragraphe 2 de l’article IV
de l’accord de Genève ne mentionnent le Royaume-Uni. Ces dispositions se
lisent comme suit :
« 1) Si, dans les quatre ans qui suivront la date du présent Accord,
la Commission mixte n’est pas arrivée à un accord complet sur la
solution du différend, elle en référera, dans son rapport final, au Gouvernement
guyanais et au Gouvernement vénézuélien pour toutes les
questions en suspens. Ces Gouvernements choisiront sans retard un des
moyens de règlement pacifique énoncés à l’Article 33 de la Charte
des Nations Unies.
2) Si, trois mois au plus tard après avoir reçu le rapport final, le
Gouvernement guyanais et le Gouvernement vénézuélien ne sont pas
parvenus à un accord sur le choix d’un des moyens de règlement prévus
à l’Article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies, ils s’en remettront, pour ce
choix, à un organisme international compétent sur lequel ils se mettront
d’accord, ou, s’ils n’arrivent pas à s’entendre sur ce point, au Secrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Si les moyens ainsi choisis
ne mènent pas à une solution du différend, ledit organisme ou, le cas
échéant, le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, choisira
un autre des moyens stipulés à 1’Article 33 de la Charte des Nations
Unies, et ainsi de suite, jusqu’à ce que le différend ait été résolu ou
jusqu’à ce que tous les moyens de règlement pacifique envisagés dans la
Charte aient été épuisés. »
93. Les paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article IV, qui exposent les étapes finales
du processus de règlement du différend, renvoient exclusivement « au
Gouvernement guyanais et au Gouvernement vénézuélien », auxquels est
confiée la responsabilité de choisir l’un des moyens de règlement pacifique
énoncés à l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies ou, à défaut d’accord
entre eux, de s’en remettre pour ce choix à un organisme international
compétent sur lequel ils se mettront d’accord. À défaut d’accord sur ce point,
les Parties soumettraient la question au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, qui choisirait l’un des moyens de règlement prévus à
l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies.
94. La Cour est d’avis que la présente analyse des articles pertinents de
l’accord de Genève, et notamment des dispositions précises de l’article IV,
révèle l’importance que les parties à l’accord attachaient à ce qu’un
règlement final fût apporté au différend. À cet égard, elle rappelle qu’elle a,
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 288
in Article II, which can be distinguished from references to the “United
Kingdom” contained elsewhere in the treaty and particularly in Article I,
supports the interpretation that the parties to the Geneva Agreement intended
for Venezuela and British Guiana to have the sole role in the settlement of the
dispute through the mechanism of the Mixed Commission. It is noteworthy
that such an understanding was arrived at notwithstanding that British
Guiana was a colony which had not yet attained independence and was not
yet a party to the treaty.
92. The Court notes that neither paragraph 1 nor paragraph 2 of Article IV
of the Geneva Agreement contains any reference to the United Kingdom.
These provisions read as follows:
“(1) If, within a period of four years from the date of this Agreement,
the Mixed Commission should not have arrived at a full agreement for
the solution of the controversy it shall, in its final report, refer to the
Government of Guyana and the Government of Venezuela any outstanding
questions. Those Governments shall without delay choose one of the
means of peaceful settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the
United Nations.
(2) If, within three months of receiving the final report, the Government
of Guyana and the Government of Venezuela should not have
reached agreement regarding the choice of one of the means of settlement
provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, they
shall refer the decision as to the means of settlement to an appropriate
international organ upon which they both agree or, failing agreement on
this point, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. If the means
so chosen do not lead to a solution of the controversy, the said organ or,
as the case may be, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall
choose another of the means stipulated in Article 33 of the Charter of
the United Nations, and so on until the controversy has been resolved or
until all the means of peaceful settlement there contemplated have been
exhausted.”
93. Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article IV, which set out the final stages of the
process for the settlement of the dispute, refer only to the “Government of
Guyana and the Government of Venezuela”, and place upon them the responsibility
to choose a means of peaceful settlement provided in Article 33 of
the Charter of the United Nations or, failing agreement on such means, the
responsibility to refer the decision on the means to an appropriate international
organ upon which they both agree. Failing agreement on that point,
the Parties would refer the matter to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations who would choose one of the means of settlement provided
in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.
94. In the view of the Court, this examination of the relevant provisions of
the Geneva Agreement, in particular the detailed provisions of Article IV,
shows the importance that the parties to the Agreement attached to the
conclusive resolution of the dispute. In that regard, the Court recalls that,
289 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
dans son arrêt de 2020, déterminé que l’objet et le but de l’accord consistaient
à garantir le règlement définitif du différend entre les Parties (C.I.J.
Recueil 2020, p. 476, par. 73).
95. Interprétant les paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article IV suivant le sens ordinaire
à attribuer à leurs termes dans leur contexte et à la lumière de l’objet et
du but de l’accord, la Cour conclut que l’accord de Genève confie des rôles
particuliers au Guyana et au Venezuela et que ses dispositions, notamment
l’article VIII, n’en attribuent aucun au Royaume-Uni dans le choix d’un
moyen de règlement du différend conformément à l’article IV, non plus que
dans le règlement proprement dit.
96. En conséquence, la Cour estime que le mécanisme établi par les
articles II et IV de l’accord de Genève reflète la position partagée par
toutes les parties à cet instrument, selon laquelle le différend qui existait
entre le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela le 17 février 1966 serait réglé par le
Guyana et le Venezuela au moyen de l’une des procédures envisagées dans
l’accord.
97. La Cour relève en outre que, au moment où le Royaume-Uni a accepté,
par l’accord de Genève, le mécanisme prévoyant un règlement du différend
entre le Guyana et le Venezuela sans sa participation, il savait que ce règlement
pourrait impliquer l’examen de certaines allégations du Venezuela
concernant des comportements fautifs imputés aux autorités britanniques à
l’époque de l’arbitrage litigieux.
98. À cet égard, la Cour rappelle que, le 14 février 1962, le Venezuela a,
par l’entremise de son représentant permanent auprès de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, informé le Secrétaire général qu’il considérait qu’un différend
existait entre lui et le Royaume-Uni « concernant la démarcation de la
frontière entre le Venezuela et la Guyane britannique ». Dans la lettre qu’il a
adressée au Secrétaire général, le Venezuela déclarait ce qui suit :
« La sentence a été le fruit d’une transaction politique conclue dans le
dos du Venezuela et sacrifiant ses droits légitimes. La frontière a été
démarquée de façon arbitraire, sans tenir compte des règles spécifiques
établies par l’accord d’arbitrage ni des principes pertinents du droit
international.
Le Venezuela ne saurait reconnaître une sentence rendue dans de
telles conditions. »
Le Venezuela a réaffirmé sa position dans une allocution prononcée quelques
jours plus tard, le 22 février 1962, devant la Quatrième Commission
de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies.
99. Le 12 novembre 1962, s’exprimant devant la Quatrième Commission
de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, M. Marcos Falcón Briceño,
ministre des relations extérieures du Venezuela, a déclaré que la sentence de
1899 avait été « rendue en des circonstances qui [avaient] port[é] nettement
atteinte au droit du Venezuela ». Il a ajouté ce qui suit :
« [L]orsqu’on l’examine aujourd’hui … [i]l n’y a pas eu, à proprement
parler, arbitrage ; il y a eu un arrangement, un compromis de caractère
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 289
in its 2020 Judgment, it determined that the object and purpose of the Agreement
is to ensure a definitive resolution of the controversy between the
Parties (I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 476, para. 73).
95. Interpreting paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article IV in accordance with the
ordinary meaning to be given to the terms in their context, and in the light of
the Agreement’s object and purpose, the Court concludes that the Geneva
Agreement specifies particular roles for Guyana and Venezuela and that its
provisions, including Article VIII, do not provide a role for the United
Kingdom in choosing, or in participating in, the means of settlement of
the dispute pursuant to Article IV.
96. Therefore, the Court considers that the scheme established by
Articles II and IV of the Geneva Agreement reflects a common understanding
of all parties to that Agreement that the controversy which existed
between the United Kingdom and Venezuela on 17 February 1966 would be
settled by Guyana and Venezuela through one of the dispute settlement
procedures envisaged in the Agreement.
97. The Court further notes that when the United Kingdom accepted,
through the Geneva Agreement, the scheme for the settlement of the dispute
between Guyana and Venezuela without its involvement, it was aware that
such a settlement could involve the examination of certain allegations by
Venezuela of wrongdoing by the authorities of the United Kingdom at the
time of the disputed arbitration.
98. In that respect, the Court recalls that, on 14 February 1962, Venezuela,
through its Permanent Representative to the United Nations, informed the
Secretary-General that it considered there to be a dispute between the
United Kingdom and itself “concerning the demarcation of the frontier
between Venezuela and British Guiana”. In its letter to the Secretary-
General, Venezuela stated as follows:
“The award was the result of a political transaction carried out behind
Venezuela’s back and sacrificing its legitimate rights. The frontier
was demarcated arbitrarily, and no account was taken of the specific
rules of the arbitral agreement or of the relevant principles of international
law.
Venezuela cannot recognize an award made in such circumstances.”
Venezuela reiterated its position in a statement before the Fourth Committee
of the United Nations General Assembly delivered shortly thereafter, on
22 February 1962.
99. In a statement to the Fourth Committee of the United Nations General
Assembly delivered on 12 November 1962, the Minister for External
Relations of Venezuela, Mr Marcos Falcón Briceño, said that the 1899
Award “arose in circumstances which were clearly prejudicial to the rights
of Venezuela”. He added further that,
“[v]iewing it in retrospect, there was no arbitral award, properly speaking.
There was a settlement. There was a political compromise. And by
290 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
politique ; il y a eu une transaction au titre de laquelle trois juges, qui
avaient la majorité, avaient entre leurs mains le territoire du Venezuela
 car les deux juges britanniques n’agissaient pas … en tant que juges :
ils agissaient en tant que représentants d’un gouvernement, en tant
qu’avocats et non pas en tant que juges. »
100. Le 13 novembre 1962, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, répondant
à la déclaration faite par le Venezuela devant la Quatrième commission de
l’Assemblée générale, a « reje[té] catégoriquement » l’« allégation très grave »
du ministre vénézuélien des relations extérieures selon laquelle le tribunal
ayant rendu la sentence de 1899 « était parvenu à ses décisions sans se référer
aux règles du droit international et aux autres règles que, aux termes du
traité, [il] aurait dû appliquer ». Le Royaume-Uni a également rejeté les allégations
selon lesquelles la sentence de 1899 était un « compromis non
approprié » ou un « compromis diplomatique », et affirmé qu’il « ne p[ouvai]t
… accepter aucune discussion sur une question que la sentence a[vait]
réglée ».
101. Le Royaume-Uni a, dans la même allocution, proposé de discuter
avec le Venezuela, par les voies diplomatiques, de dispositions à prendre en
vue d’un examen tripartite de la documentation concernant la validité de la
sentence de 1899. À l’issue de l’examen tripartite, les ministres des affaires
étrangères du Royaume-Uni et du Venezuela ainsi que le premier ministre de
la Guyane britannique se sont réunis les 9 et 10 décembre 1965 à Londres
afin de discuter d’un règlement du différend. Ainsi que la Cour l’a relevé
dans son arrêt de 2020, le Royaume-Uni et la Guyane britannique ont, lors
de ces discussions, rejeté la proposition du Venezuela  qui voulait que la
seule solution résidât dans la rétrocession à ce dernier du territoire litigieux
, au motif que cela revenait à affirmer que la sentence de 1899 était nulle
et non avenue, et qu’une telle assertion était sans fondement.
102. Après l’échec de ces discussions, le Royaume-Uni a pris part à la
négociation et à la conclusion de l’accord de Genève. La Cour est d’avis que
cet État avait connaissance de la portée du différend concernant la validité de
la sentence de 1899, qui englobait des accusations à son encontre portant sur
des actes fautifs et le recours à des procédés illicites, et qu’il a néanmoins
accepté le mécanisme prévu à l’article IV, selon lequel le Guyana et le
Venezuela pourraient régler le différend à l’aide d’un des moyens prévus à
l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies sans sa participation. La Cour
estime que le sens ordinaire des termes de l’article IV, lus dans leur contexte
et à la lumière de l’objet et du but de l’accord de Genève, ainsi que les circonstances
de l’adoption dudit accord conduisent à cette conclusion.
103. Le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne prévoit
que, dans l’interprétation d’un traité, il sera tenu compte, en même temps
que du contexte, de toute pratique ultérieurement suivie dans l’application du
traité par laquelle est établi l’accord des parties à l’égard de l’interprétation
du traité. En conséquence, la Cour examinera maintenant la pratique ultéarbitral
award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 290
means of this decision, the three judges who held a majority disposed of
Venezuelan territory; for the two British judges were not . . . acting as
judges. They were acting as government representatives, as advocates
rather than as judges.”
100. On 13 November 1962, the Government of the United Kingdom
responded to Venezuela’s statement at the Fourth Committee of the General
Assembly. The United Kingdom “emphatically rejected” the “most serious
allegation” of the Venezuelan Minister for External Relations that the
members of the arbitral tribunal which rendered the 1899 Award “came to
their decisions without reference to the rules of international law and to the
other rules which the Tribunal under the terms of the Treaty ought to have
applied”. The United Kingdom also rejected the allegations that the 1899
Award was an “improper compromise” or a “diplomatic compromise”, and
stated that it could not “agree that there [could] be any dispute over the question
settled by the award”.
101. In the same statement, the United Kingdom offered to discuss with
Venezuela, through diplomatic channels, arrangements for a tripartite examination
of the documentary material relevant to the validity of the 1899
Award. Following the Tripartite Examination, on 9 and 10 December 1965,
the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom and Venezuela and the Prime
Minister of British Guiana met in London to discuss a settlement of the
dispute. As the Court noted in its 2020 Judgment, in the discussion held on
9 and 10 December 1965, the United Kingdom and British Guiana rejected
the Venezuelan proposal that the only solution to the frontier dispute lay in
the return of the disputed territory to Venezuela, on the basis that it implied
that the 1899 Award was null and void and that there was no justification for
that allegation.
102. After the failure of these talks, the United Kingdom participated in
the negotiation and conclusion of the Geneva Agreement. The Court is of the
view that the United Kingdom was aware of the scope of the dispute concerning
the validity of the 1899 Award, which included allegations of its
wrongdoing and recourse to unlawful procedures, but nonetheless accepted
the scheme set out in Article IV, whereby Guyana and Venezuela could
submit the dispute to one of the means of settlement set out in Article 33 of
the Charter of the United Nations, without the involvement of the
United Kingdom. The Court considers that the ordinary meaning of the
terms of Article IV read in their context and in light of the object and purpose
of the Geneva Agreement, as well as the circumstances surrounding its
adoption, support this conclusion.
103. Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Vienna Convention provides that, in
the interpretation of a treaty, there shall be taken into account, together with
the context, any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which
establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation.
Accordingly, the Court will now examine the subsequent practice of the
291 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
rieure des parties à l’accord de Genève pour apprécier si cette pratique établit
un accord entre elles sur le fait que le Royaume-Uni ne participerait pas au
règlement du différend entre le Guyana et le Venezuela.
104. La Cour observe que, lors de la 11e réunion de la commission mixte,
tenue à Caracas les 28 et 29 décembre 1968, les commissaires vénézuéliens
ont établi une longue déclaration, dans laquelle ils relevaient ce qui suit :
« [S]i les représentants du Guyana étaient disposés à rechercher de
bonne foi des solutions satisfaisantes pour le règlement pratique du
différend, le Venezuela serait prêt à donner à la commission mixte un
délai raisonnable qui lui permette d’accomplir sa mission, et consentirait,
par conséquent, à reconduire le mandat de cet organe pour les
périodes qu’il jugerait appropriées à cet effet. Voilà une proposition de
caractère pratique, que nous avons présentée de façon formelle. Si le
Guyana ne modifie pas son attitude et s’entête à soutenir la position
théorique et intransigeante qui est la sienne, il ne fera, par ce comportement,
que confirmer la détermination qu’il a déjà manifestée à plusieurs
reprises de faire fi de l’accord de Genève, et en particulier de son
article I. »
Le Royaume-Uni n’a pas cherché à participer aux travaux menés par la
commission mixte ; il n’y a pas non plus été invité par le Venezuela et
le Guyana. Le fait que le Venezuela ait dialogué uniquement avec le
Gouvernement du Guyana dans le cadre de la commission mixte indique que
les parties convenaient que l’article II n’attribuait au Royaume-Uni aucun
rôle dans le processus de règlement du différend.
105. La Cour note que le Venezuela a, aux fins de la mise en oeuvre de
l’article IV de l’accord de Genève, dialogué exclusivement avec le
Gouvernement du Guyana. Dans son mémorandum, le Venezuela évoque
les désaccords qui existaient entre les Parties quant à la mise en oeuvre de
l’article IV en ces termes :
« Le Venezuela et le Guyana n’ont réussi ni à s’entendre sur le choix
d’un moyen de règlement ni à désigner “un organisme international
compétent” auquel ils s’en remettraient pour ce choix, comme le
prévoyait le début du paragraphe 2 de l’article IV de l’accord de Genève.
Le Venezuela insistait pour procéder à des négociations directes, tandis
que le Guyana insistait pour porter le différend devant la Cour internationale
de Justice. Par la suite, le Venezuela a proposé de confier au
Secrétaire général de l’ONU le soin de choisir le moyen de règlement ; le
Guyana préférait quant à lui s’en remettre à l’Assemblée générale, au
Conseil de sécurité ou à la Cour internationale de Justice. »
Le Venezuela affirme, au sujet de la procédure des bons offices menée par le
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, qu’« [i]l convient de
souligner que la désignation des chargés des bons offices a toujours été
subordonnée à l’agrément des deux Parties ». La Cour relève que, là encore,
le Royaume-Uni n’a pas cherché à participer à la procédure de règlement
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 291
parties to the Geneva Agreement to ascertain whether it establishes their
agreement on the lack of involvement of the United Kingdom in the settlement
of the dispute between Guyana and Venezuela.
104. The Court observes that, at the 11th meeting of the Mixed Commission
held in Caracas on 28 and 29 December 1968, the Venezuelan commissioners
issued an extensive statement in which they noted the following:
“[I]f the representatives from Guyana were willing to search in good
faith satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the controversy,
Venezuela would be willing to give reasonable time so that the
Mixed Commission accomplished the mission and thus, will consent to
extend the existence of that body for such periods as it deems appropriate
for that purpose. Here is a proposal of practical content which
we formally presented. If Guyana does not modify its behavior and
continues to be intransigently locked up in its speculative position,
it will corroborate with such attitude its reiterated determination
to disregard the Geneva Agreement, and particularly, Article I.”
The United Kingdom did not seek to participate in the above-mentioned
Mixed Commission procedure; nor did Venezuela and Guyana request the
United Kingdom’s participation. Venezuela’s exclusive engagement with the
Government of Guyana at the Mixed Commission indicates that there was a
common understanding among the parties that Article II did not provide a
role for the United Kingdom in the dispute settlement process.
105. The Court notes that Venezuela engaged exclusively with the
Government of Guyana when implementing Article IV of the Geneva
Agreement. In its Memorandum, Venezuela described the Parties’ disagreements
over the implementation of Article IV as follows:
“Venezuela and Guyana failed to agree on the choice of a means of
settlement and to designate an ‘appropriate international organ’ to
proceed
to do it, as provided for in the first subparagraph of Article IV.2
of the Agreement. Venezuela insisted on direct negotiations and
Guyana insisted on submitting it to the International Court of
Justice. Later, Venezuela proposed to entrust the UN Secretary-General
with the choice of the means; Guyana committed it to the
General Assembly, the Security Council or the International Court of
Justice.”
In respect of the good offices process conducted by the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, Venezuela stated that “[i]t is worth highlighting that the
designation of the good officers always took place upon acceptance by both
Parties”. Again, the Court observes that the United Kingdom did not seek
to participate in the procedure set out in Article IV to resolve the dispute;
292 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
du différend prévue à l’article IV, et les Parties n’ont pas sollicité cette participation.
Ainsi, le fait que le Venezuela n’ait dialogué qu’avec le Gouvernement
du Guyana durant la procédure des bons offices indique que les parties
étaient en accord sur l’absence de rôle du Royaume-Uni dans le processus de
règlement du différend.
106. Au vu de ce qui précède, la pratique suivie par les parties à l’accord
de Genève atteste aussi de ce que celles-ci convenaient que le différend pourrait
être réglé sans la participation du Royaume-Uni.
107. À la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que le Royaume-Uni
a, de par sa qualité de partie à l’accord de Genève, accepté que le différend
entre le Guyana et le Venezuela puisse être réglé par l’un des moyens prévus
à l’article 33 de la Charte des Nations Unies, et admis qu’il ne jouerait aucun
rôle dans cette procédure. Dans ces conditions, la Cour estime que le principe
de l’Or monétaire n’entre pas en jeu en l’espèce. Il en résulte que même
si, dans son arrêt au fond, la Cour était appelée à se prononcer sur certains
comportements imputables au Royaume-Uni, ce qui ne peut être déterminé
à présent, cela ne ferait pas obstacle à ce qu’elle exerce sa compétence, qui
est fondée sur l’application de l’accord de Genève. L’exception préliminaire
soulevée par le Venezuela doit donc être rejetée.
* * *
108. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) À l’unanimité,
Dit que l’exception préliminaire soulevée par la République bolivarienne
du Venezuela est recevable ;
2) Par quatorze voix contre une,
Rejette l’exception préliminaire soulevée par la République bolivarienne
du Venezuela ;
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue, Sebutinde,
MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, juges ; M. Wolfrum,
juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Couvreur, juge ad hoc ;
3) Par quatorze voix contre une,
Dit qu’elle peut statuer sur le fond des demandes de la République coopérative
du Guyana, dans la mesure où celles-ci entrent dans le champ du
point 1 du paragraphe 138 de l’arrêt du 18 décembre 2020.
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 292
nor did the Parties request such participation. Venezuela’s exclusive engagement
with the Government of Guyana during the good offices process
indicates that there was agreement among the parties that the United Kingdom
had no role in the dispute settlement process.
106. In view of the above, the practice of the parties to the Geneva
Agreement further demonstrates their agreement that the dispute could be
settled without the involvement of the United Kingdom.
107. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that, by virtue of being
a party to the Geneva Agreement, the United Kingdom accepted that the
dispute between Guyana and Venezuela could be settled by one of the means
set out in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, and that it would
have no role in that procedure. Under these circumstances, the Court considers
that the Monetary Gold principle does not come into play in this case. It
follows that even if the Court, in its Judgment on the merits, were called to
pronounce on certain conduct attributable to the United Kingdom, which
cannot be determined at present, this would not preclude the Court from
exercising its jurisdiction, which is based on the application of the Geneva
Agreement. The preliminary objection raised by Venezuela must therefore
be rejected.
* * *
108. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) Unanimously,
Finds that the preliminary objection raised by the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela is admissible;
(2) By fourteen votes to one,
Rejects the preliminary objection raised by the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela;
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson,
Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte; Judge ad hoc Wolfrum;
against: Judge ad hoc Couvreur;
(3) By fourteen votes to one,
Finds that it can adjudicate upon the merits of the claims of the Co-operative
Republic of Guyana, in so far as they fall within the scope of paragraph 138,
subparagraph 1, of the Judgment of 18 December 2020.
293 sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (arrêt)
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue, Sebutinde,
MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, juges ; M. Wolfrum,
juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Couvreur, juge ad hoc.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le six avril deux mille vingt-trois, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République coopérative du Guyana
et au Gouvernement de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela.
La présidente,
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
M. le juge Bhandari joint une déclaration à l’arrêt ; M. le juge Robinson
joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ; M. le juge Iwasawa joint
une déclaration à l’arrêt ; M. le juge ad hoc Wolfrum joint une déclaration à
l’arrêt ; M. le juge ad hoc Couvreur joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion
partiellement individuelle et partiellement dissidente.
(Paraphé) J.E.D.
(Paraphé) Ph.G.
arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (judgment) 293
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson,
Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte; Judge ad hoc Wolfrum;
against: Judge ad hoc Couvreur.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixth day of April, two thousand and twentythree,
in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Co-operative
Republic of Guyana and the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
Judge Bhandari appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge Robinson appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge Iwasawa appends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court; Judge ad hoc Wolfrum appends a declaration to the Judgment of
the Court; Judge ad hoc Couvreur appends a partially separate and partially
dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary objection

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 6 April 2023

Order
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