Joint declaration of Judges Charlesworth and Brant

Document Number
181-20230222-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
181-20230222-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
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Bilingual Document File

JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES CHARLESWORTH AND BRANT 1. We join the Court in rejecting Azerbaijan’s Request for provisional measures. Today (Order, para. 22), the Court recalls its reasoning in its Order of 7 December 2021. The Court had stated there that it “does not consider that CERD plausibly imposes any obligation on Armenia to take measures to enable Azerbaijan to undertake demining or to cease and desist from planting landmines”1 . Armenia relied on this sentence in the present proceedings to resist Azerbaijan’s Request. 2. This sentence catches the eye. At first sight it may be read as a shift of focus from an enquiry concerning the plausibility of rights, which is accepted in the Court’s jurisprudence on provisional measures, to one concerning the plausibility of obligations, which would be unique. Even where situations such as the present case reach the merits phase, the Court does not merely enquire whether a specific obligation exists under a treaty, but also examines whether a given conduct engages the State’s international responsibility under that treaty. This is because an obligation can be breached through various forms of conduct, any of which engages the international responsibility of the State2 . 3. It is important, therefore, to read the sentence of the Order of 7 December 2021 in the context of the paragraph in which it appears. The following sentence addresses the evidence put before the Court in that Request and finds it inadequate for the conclusion that the Respondent’s alleged conduct with respect to landmines had the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing plausible rights under CERD. 4. The Court’s reasoning in 2021, then, in our view, should not be seen as an unsuccessful search in CERD for a plausible obligation that expressly regulates the use of landmines. Rather, it was an enquiry whether it was plausible that Armenia jeopardized rights protected under CERD by failing to undertake demining or to cease and desist from planting landmines. (Signed) Hilary CHARLESWORTH. (Signed) Leonardo BRANT. ___________ 1 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 425, para. 53. 2 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 811, para. 21; see also Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2001, Vol. II, Part Two, p. 55, para. 2 (Commentary to Art. 12).

Bilingual Content

47
JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES CHARLESWORTH
AND BRANT
1. We join the Court in rejecting Azerbaijan’s Request for provisional
measures. Today (Order, para. 22), the Court recalls its reasoning in its Order
of 7 December 2021. The Court had stated there that it “does not consider
that CERD plausibly imposes any obligation on Armenia to take measures
to enable Azerbaijan to undertake demining or to cease and desist from
planting landmines”1. Armenia relied on this sentence in the present proceedings
to resist Azerbaijan’s Request.
2. This sentence catches the eye. At first sight it may be read as a shift of
focus from an enquiry concerning the plausibility of rights, which is
accepted in the Court’s jurisprudence on provisional measures, to one
concerning the plausibility of obligations, which would be unique. Even
where situations such as the present case reach the merits phase, the Court
does not merely enquire whether a specific obligation exists under a treaty,
but also examines whether a given conduct engages the State’s international
responsibility under that treaty. This is because an obligation can be breached
through various forms of conduct, any of which engages the international
responsibility of the State2.
3. It is important, therefore, to read the sentence of the Order of 7 December
2021 in the context of the paragraph in which it appears. The following
sentence addresses the evidence put before the Court in that Request
and finds it inadequate for the conclusion that the Respondent’s alleged
conduct with respect to landmines had the purpose or effect of nullifying or
impairing plausible rights under CERD.
4. The Court’s reasoning in 2021, then, in our view, should not be seen as
an unsuccessful search in CERD for a plausible obligation that expressly
1 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 425, para. 53.
2 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 811, para. 21; see also Articles on
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with commentaries, Yearbook of
the International Law Commission, 2001, Vol. II, Part Two, p. 55, para. 2 (Commentary to
Article 12).
47
DÉCLARATION COMMUNE DE Mme LA JUGE CHARLESWORTH
ET DE M. LE JUGE BRANT
[Traduction]
1. Nous souscrivons à la décision de la Cour de rejeter la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires de l’Azerbaïdjan. La Cour a rappelé
aujourd’hui, au paragraphe 22 de son ordonnance, le raisonnement qu’elle
avait suivi dans son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021. Elle y avait indiqué
qu’« elle ne consid[érait] pas que la CIEDR impos[ât] de manière plausible à
l’Arménie une quelconque obligation de prendre des mesures pour permettre
à l’Azerbaïdjan de procéder au déminage, ou de cesser définitivement ses
opérations de minage »1. En la présente procédure, l’Arménie s’est appuyée
sur cette phrase pour s’opposer à la demande de l’Azerbaïdjan.
2. Ladite phrase attire fortement l’attention. À première vue, on peut
y voir un changement de perspective entre un examen de la plausibilité
de droits, ce qui est admis dans la jurisprudence de la Cour relative aux
mesures conservatoires, et un examen de la plausibilité d’obligations, ce qui
serait exceptionnel. Même lorsque des situations comme celle qui fait l’objet
de la présente instance atteignent la phase du fond, la Cour ne se contente
pas de rechercher si une obligation particulière existe aux termes d’un traité,
mais se penche aussi sur la question de savoir si un comportement donné
engage la responsabilité internationale de l’État au regard dudit instrument.
La raison en est qu’une obligation peut être violée par différentes formes
de comportement, dont chacune engage la responsabilité internationale de
l’État2.
3. Il importe donc de replacer cette phrase de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021 dans le contexte du paragraphe dans lequel elle figure. La phrase
suivante porte en effet sur les éléments de preuve produits à l’appui de la
demande dont était saisie la Cour et dit que ces éléments ne permettent pas
de conclure que le comportement allégué du demandeur s’agissant des mines
terrestres ait eu pour but ou pour effet d’annihiler ou de compromettre des
droits plausibles protégés par la CIEDR.
4. Il s’ensuit selon nous que le raisonnement suivi par la Cour en 2021 ne
devrait pas être considéré comme la recherche infructueuse dans la CIEDR
1 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Azerbaïdjan c. Arménie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 425, par. 53.
2 Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. États-Unis d’Amérique),
exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 811, par. 21 ; voir également les
articles sur la responsabilité de l’État pour fait internationalement illicite et les commentaires
y relatifs, Annuaire de la Commission du droit international, 2001, vol. II, deuxième partie,
p. 57-58, paragraphe 2 du commentaire de l’article 12.
48 application of the cerd (joint decl.)
regulates the use of landmines. Rather, it was an enquiry whether it was
plausible that Armenia jeopardized rights protected under CERD by failing
to undertake demining or to cease and desist from planting landmines.
(Signed) Hilary Charlesworth.
(Signed) Leonardo Brant.
application de la ciedr (décl. commune) 48
d’une obligation plausible réglementant expressément la pose de mines
terrestres. Il s’agissait en réalité de l’examen de la question de savoir s’il était
plausible que l’Arménie porte atteinte à des droits protégés par la CIEDR
en ne menant pas d’opérations de déminage ou en se refusant à cesser et
s’abstenir de poser des mines terrestres.
(Signé) Hilary Charlesworth.
(Signé) Leonardo Brant.

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Joint declaration of Judges Charlesworth and Brant 

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