SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE YUSUF First disagreement with conclusion on jurisdiction ratione temporis — Jurisdiction based on consent of the parties and subject to limits and conditions thereto — Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá establishes those limits — No detailed interpretation of Article XXXI of the Pact is undertaken — Such interpretation would lead to conclusion that Court lacks jurisdiction over claims predicated on facts and events having occurred after lapse of jurisdictional title — Nothing in 2016 Judgment suggests that Court’s jurisdiction extends to events subsequent to termination of the Pact with respect to Colombia — An analogy with jurisprudence on admissibility of new claims subsequent to application whilst jurisdictional title still in force is inapposite — Also, alleged incidents are not of “same nature” — They are neither uniform in character nor always relate to identical facts or common legal bases — Second disagreement with subparagraph (6) of dispositif referring to provisions of Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September 2013 — Inconsistency with subparagraph (5) of dispositif, which finds Colombia’s “integral contiguous zone”, rather than Presidential Decree 1946 itself, as not in conformity with customary law — Inconsistency also found in reasoning of Judgment. 1. I voted against several subparagraphs of the dispositif because of my disagreement with two conclusions of the Court in this Judgment. The first one concerns the jurisdiction ratione temporis of the Court, while the second relates to the conformity with customary international law of the provisions of the Colombian Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September 2013. The reasons for my disagreement are set out below. A. Jurisdiction of the Court ratione temporis 2. I disagree with the conclusion in subparagraph (1) of the dispositif of the Judgment, according to which the Court’s jurisdiction on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá extends to the “claims based on those events referred to by the Republic of Nicaragua that occurred after 27 November 2013”, the date on which the Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force with respect to the Republic of Colombia. 3. The jurisdiction of the Court is based on the consent of the parties. Such consent may also be subject to certain conditions and/or limits which must be observed by the Court. As was stated by the Court in its Judgment on Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), “[w]hen that consent is expressed in a compromissory clause in an international agreement, any conditions to which such consent is subject must be regarded as constituting the limits thereon”1. 4. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá is such a compromissory clause. It reads as follows: “In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare that they recognize in relation to any other American State, the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the necessity of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning: (a) The interpretation of a treaty; (b) Any question of international law; (c) The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation; 1 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88. - 2 - (d) The nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.” (Emphases added.) 5. It is no longer disputed between the Parties to the instant case that the lapse of the jurisdictional title after the filing of the Application does not affect the jurisdiction of the Court to adjudicate their “dispute” over facts that are said to have occurred before the jurisdictional title came to an end2. What is, however, disputed between them and on which divergent arguments have been presented during the current proceedings is whether the lapse of the jurisdictional title had an effect on the Court’s jurisdiction to examine claims regarding incidents that have allegedly occurred after the Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force between the Parties, i.e. the incidents that are said to have occurred after 27 November 2013. 6. The Court has never been confronted with a similar situation. Therefore, neither the findings in the Court’s Judgment of 20163 nor the Court’s jurisprudence with respect to the admissibility of facts or claims that occurred after the filing of the Application, but while the title of jurisdiction still existed, can offer a solution to this divergence of views. It was therefore necessary, in my view, to proceed in the Judgment to a detailed analysis of the interpretation of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, which provides the limits and conditions of the Court’s jurisdiction. It is regrettable that such an analysis is nowhere to be found in the Judgment. 7. Such an interpretation, in my view, would readily lead to the conclusion that the Court does not have jurisdiction over claims predicated on facts and events that occurred after the lapse of the jurisdictional title between the Parties. By specifying that the Parties to the Pact of Bogotá recognize the jurisdiction of the Court over disputes concerning “any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation” only “so long as the present Treaty is in force”, the text of Article XXXI makes it abundantly clear that the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis is limited to facts underlying a dispute which occurred before the Pact ceased to apply. The consent expressed in Article XXXI does not and cannot extend to events or facts underlying disputes that occurred after the treaty had lapsed. In this regard, Article XXXI of the Pact sets out a clear temporal limitation to the Court’s jurisdiction in so far as consent is conditioned on the continuation in force of the Pact between the concerned States. 8. This textual interpretation of Article XXXI finds support in the Court’s analysis of this provision in the Border and Transborder Armed Actions case, where it was stated that, “[i]n that text, the parties ‘declare that they recognize’ the Court’s jurisdiction ‘as compulsory ipso facto’ in the cases there enumerated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The commitment in Article XXXI applies ratione materiae to the disputes enumerated in that text; it relates ratione personae to the American States parties to the 2 Cf. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 80 (“[T]he removal, after an application has been filed, of an element on which the Court’s jurisdiction is dependent does not and cannot have any retroactive effect”). 3 Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 3 (the Judgment of 2016) - 3 - Pact; it remains valid ratione temporis for as long as that instrument itself remains in force between those States.” 4 9. Moreover, the words “so long as the present Treaty is in force” in Article XXXI must be read together with the first sentence of Article LVI of the Pact, which states that “[t]he present Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall continue in force for the remaining signatories”. The Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force for Colombia on 27 November 2013, that is one year after Colombia gave its notice of denunciation. Thus, under the terms of Article XXXI, there is no basis for the Court to entertain any claims relating to events or situations that occurred after that date and that might have given rise to a dispute between the Parties or to conclude that it has jurisdiction over such claims, in view of the termination of the Pact of Bogotá between the two States. 10. The “dispute” found by the Court to exist in its 2016 Judgment was limited to the facts “at the date on which the Application was filed”, i.e. before the lapse of the jurisdictional title. The Court was careful to limit itself to a finding of jurisdiction over the dispute concerning “the incidents at sea alleged to have taken place before the critical date”5. At no point in the 2016 Judgment did the Court define the “dispute” by reference to incidents at sea that took place after the filing of the Application. This is despite the fact that the Court already had before it Nicaragua’s Memorial, which contained no less than 20 incidents allegedly having occurred in the period between the Application and the Memorial. 11. Accordingly, the Court concluded that, “[b]ased on the evidence examined above, the Court finds that, at the date on which the Application was filed, there existed a dispute concerning the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua”6. Thus, contrary to what is mentioned in paragraph 45 of the Judgment, there is nothing in the 2016 Judgment to suggest that the Court’s jurisdiction extends to facts subsequent to the Application and subsequent to the termination of the Pact of Bogotá with respect to Colombia. 12. It is also untenable to draw an analogy between the Court’s jurisprudence on the admissibility of new “claims” or “facts” that occurred after the filing of an application, but while the title of jurisdiction continued to exist, and the present case, which concerns the Court’s jurisdiction vis-à-vis new facts or events after the lapse of the jurisdictional title. The criteria enunciated in the Court’s case law with respect to the admissibility of new claims, while the jurisdictional title 4 Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 84, paras. 32 and 34 (emphases added). 5 I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 32, para. 71 and p. 33, paras. 74 and 78 (emphasis added). 6 Ibid., p. 33, para. 74 (emphasis added). - 4 - continues to be in force, cannot apply to the determination of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis. According to such case law, the admissibility of new claims presupposes the continued existence of a valid jurisdictional title, which is not the case here. Therefore, none of the cases mentioned in paragraph 44 of the Judgment are apposite to the present circumstances, as the jurisdictional title invoked by the respective applicant continued to be in force throughout the proceedings. Moreover, it should be recalled that in all those cases, the problem was one of admissibility, not of jurisdiction ratione temporis. 13. It is equally important to note that the incidents that have allegedly occurred before and after 27 November 2013 are neither uniform in character nor do they always relate to identical facts or common legal bases. They cannot therefore be characterized to be of “the same nature”; nor can it be said that they concern the same legal questions. To give a simple example, no incident concerning marine scientific research occurred before 27 November 2013. The two incidents on marine scientific research regarding the Dr. Jorge Carranza Fraser allegedly occurred on 6 and 8 October 2018. In addition, the three incidents concerning the USA-flagged oceanographic vessel Pathfinder are said to have occurred on 7 and 25 January 2014 and 20 February 2014, respectively. 14. Are such alleged incidents regarding marine scientific research of the same nature as incidents regarding fishing or overflight that occurred before 27 November 2013? The answer is negative. Apart from the difference in character of these incidents, the legal bases of the claims relating to them are dissimilar. While the coastal State has sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone (hereinafter the “EEZ”) with respect to fisheries, it has jurisdiction with regard to marine scientific research. Thus, the legal régime governing the rights and obligations of the two States with respect to the two sets of alleged incidents in the EEZ is quite different. Consequently, the dispute between the Parties over the alleged incidents before and after 27 November 2013 does not always have the same subject-matter nor does it concern the same facts or situations or the same legal questions, but has a varied number of aspects both legally and factually. B. Subparagraph (6) of the dispositif 15. I also have to express my disagreement with subparagraph (6) of the dispositif, which states that “Colombia must, by means of its own choosing, bring into conformity with customary international law the provisions of Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September 2013, as amended by Decree No. 1119 of 17 June 2014, in so far as they relate to maritime areas declared by the Court in its 2012 Judgment to appertain to the Republic of Nicaragua”. 16. By ordering Colombia to bring the provisions of the Presidential Decree into conformity with customary international law, the Court is clearly barking up the wrong tree. It is not solely by enacting the provisions of the Presidential Decree as such, but through their implementation in establishing the “integral contiguous zone” and enforcing its powers therein that Colombia has breached the rights of Nicaragua in the latter’s EEZ. After all, the Judgment itself does not say anywhere that Colombia has breached its obligations under customary international law by merely enacting the Presidential Decree or that it is the Decree, in and of itself, which is not in conformity with international law. It finds that it is the “integral contiguous zone” established by Colombia that is not in conformity with customary international law (see, for example, paragraphs 187 and 194 of the Judgment). This finding is afterwards reflected in subparagraph (5) of the dispositif. - 5 - 17. However, instead of stating in subparagraph (6) of the dispositif that Colombia should bring the limits of its “integral contiguous zone” and the powers it exercises therein into conformity with customary international law, the Judgment pivots, under this subparagraph, to the necessity of bringing the provisions of the Presidential Decree into conformity with customary international law. To the extent that subparagraph (5) of the dispositif makes a finding concerning the incompatibility with customary law of a particular zone, rather than the legislative or administrative means underlying its implementation, the obligation to remedy that situation cannot be limited to the provisions of a particular decree or piece of legislation. Rather, it should concern the “integral contiguous zone” itself, its limits, and the police powers exercised in it by Colombia over environmental and other matters, to the detriment of the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of Nicaragua in its EEZ. 18. It is for these reasons that I voted in favour of the finding in subparagraph (5) of the dispositif, but against subparagraph (6) thereof. In my view, the latter clause is not consistent with the conclusions of the Court reflected in subparagraph (5) of the dispositif, which finds that it is the “‘integral contiguous zone’ established by the Republic of Colombia by Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September 2013, as amended by Decree No. 1119 of 17 June 2014” — and not the Presidential Decree 1946 itself — which is not in conformity with customary international law. 19. This inconsistency is to be found also in the reasoning of the Judgment itself. In paragraph 196 of the Judgment, which is meant to summarize the infringements by Colombia through its “integral contiguous zone” of Nicaragua’s rights in the latter’s EEZ, it is stated that “[t]he Court has also found (see paragraphs 187 and 194 above) that the ‘integral contiguous zone’ established by Colombia’s Presidential Decree 1946 is not in conformity with customary international law, both because its breadth exceeds 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which Colombia’s territorial sea is measured and because the powers that Colombia asserts within the ‘integral contiguous zone’ exceed those that are permitted under customary international law. In the maritime areas where the ‘integral contiguous zone’ overlaps with Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone, the ‘integral contiguous zone’ infringes upon Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone. Colombia’s responsibility is thereby engaged. Colombia has the obligation, by means of its own choosing, to bring the provisions of Presidential Decree 1946 into conformity with customary international law in so far as they relate to maritime areas declared by the Court in its 2012 Judgment to appertain to Nicaragua.” 20. Based on this paragraph, it is not clear whether it is the zone itself, the enforcement of its limits and the powers exercised by Colombia therein, or solely the legislative means underlying it, i.e. the Presidential Decree as such, that is found to be incompatible with customary international law. Paragraph 175 also states that it is “[t]he geographical extent of the ‘integral contiguous zone’” — rather than Article 5 of Presidential Decree 1946 — which “is not in conformity with customary international law”. By contrast, paragraphs 176 to 180 specifically examine the compatibility of Article 5, paragraph 3, of Presidential Decree 1946 with customary law. All these inconsistencies lead to confusion, which is regrettably reflected in the above subparagraphs of the dispositif. - 6 - 21. If the findings of the Judgment relate to the incompatibility of the “integral contiguous zone” itself with customary international law, as appears to be indicated in several paragraphs of the Judgment and in subparagraph (5) of the dispositif, then the obligation to bring the situation into conformity with customary international law should logically relate to the “integral contiguous zone”, and the powers exercised therein by Colombia, rather than the provisions of the Presidential Decree as such, as currently formulated in subparagraph (6) of the dispositif. (Signed) Abdulqawi A. YUSUF. ___________
397
135
SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE YUSUF
First disagreement with conclusion on jurisdiction ratione temporis —
Jurisdiction based on consent of the parties and subject to limits and conditions
thereto — Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá establishes those limits — No
detailed interpretation of Article XXXI of the Pact is undertaken — Such
interpretation would lead to conclusion that Court lacks jurisdiction over claims
predicated on facts and events having occurred after lapse of jurisdictional title —
Nothing in 2016 Judgment suggests that Court’s jurisdiction extends to events
subsequent to termination of the Pact with respect to Colombia — An analogy
with jurisprudence on admissibility of new claims subsequent to application whilst
jurisdictional title still in force is inapposite — Also, alleged incidents are not of
“same nature” — They are neither uniform in character nor always relate to
identical facts or common legal bases — Second disagreement with subparagraph 6
of dispositif referring to provisions of Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September
2013 — Inconsistency with subparagraph 5 of dispositif, which finds Colombia’s
“integral contiguous zone”, rather than Presidential Decree 1946 itself, as not in
conformity with customary law — Inconsistency also found in reasoning of
Judgment.
1. I voted against several subparagraphs of the dispositif because of my
disagreement with two conclusions of the Court in this Judgment. The
first one concerns the jurisdiction ratione temporis of the Court, while
the second relates to the conformity with customary international law of
the provisions of the Colombian Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September
2013. The reasons for my disagreement are set out below.
A. Jurisdiction of the Court Ratione Temporis
2. I disagree with the conclusion in subparagraph 1 of the dispositif of
the Judgment, according to which the Court’s jurisdiction on the basis of
Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá extends to the “claims based on those
events referred to by the Republic of Nicaragua that occurred after
27 November 2013”, the date on which the Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in
force with respect to the Republic of Colombia.
3. The jurisdiction of the Court is based on the consent of the parties.
Such consent may also be subject to certain conditions and/or limits
which must be observed by the Court. As was stated by the Court in its
Judgment on Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application:
2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), “[w]hen
that consent is expressed in a compromissory clause in an international
397
135
OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE YUSUF
[Traduction]
Premier désaccord avec la conclusion sur la compétence ratione temporis —
Compétence reposant sur le consentement des parties et soumise à des limites et
conditions connexes — Article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá définissant ces limites —
Défaut d’interprétation détaillée de l’article XXXI du pacte — Pareille
interprétation aboutissant nécessairement à la conclusion que la Cour n’a pas
compétence à l’égard des demandes fondées sur des faits et événements survenus
après l’extinction du titre de compétence — Arrêt de 2016 ne suggérant en rien que
la compétence de la Cour s’étend aux faits postérieurs à l’extinction du pacte pour
la Colombie — Non‑pertinence de l’analogie avec la jurisprudence en matière de
recevabilité de nouvelles demandes présentées après le dépôt d’une requête alors
que le titre de compétence demeure en vigueur — Incidents allégués n’étant en
outre pas « de même nature » — Incidents en question ne présentant pas un
caractère uniforme et ne mettant pas non plus toujours en cause des faits identiques
ou des fondements juridiques communs — Second désaccord avec le point 6 du
dispositif faisant référence aux dispositions du décret présidentiel 1946 du
9 septembre 2013 — Contradiction avec le point 5 du dispositif où il est conclu que
c’est la « zone contiguë unique » de la Colombie, et non le décret présidentiel 1946,
qui n’est pas conforme au droit international coutumier — Incohérence également
relevée dans le raisonnement suivi dans l’arrêt.
1. J’ai voté contre plusieurs points du dispositif parce que je suis en
désaccord avec deux conclusions auxquelles la Cour est parvenue dans le
présent arrêt. La première concerne la compétence ratione temporis de la
Cour, tandis que la seconde porte sur la conformité avec le droit international
coutumier des dispositions du décret présidentiel colombien 1946
du 9 septembre 2013. Les motifs de mon désaccord sont exposés ci-
après.
A. Compétence ratione temporis de la Cour
2. Je ne partage pas la conclusion figurant au point 1 du dispositif de
l’arrêt, où il est dit que la compétence que la Cour tient de l’article XXXI
du pacte de Bogotá s’étend aux « demandes fondées sur les événements
mentionnés par la République du Nicaragua survenus après le
27 novembre 2013 », date à laquelle le pacte de Bogotá a cessé d’être en
vigueur pour la République de Colombie.
3. La compétence de la Cour repose sur le consentement des parties. Un
tel consentement peut également être soumis à certaines conditions ou
limites qui doivent être respectées par la Cour. Ainsi que celle-
ci l’a indiqué
dans son arrêt sur les Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle
requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), « lorsque
ce consentement est exprimé dans une clause compromissoire insérée dans
398 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (sep. op. yusuf)
136
agreement, any conditions to which such consent is subject must be
regarded as constituting the limits thereon” 1.
4. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá is such a compromissory clause.
It reads as follows:
“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare
that they recognize in relation to any other American State, the jurisdiction
of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the necessity
of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in force, in
all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning:
(a) The interpretation of a treaty; (b) Any question of international
law; (c) The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute
the breach of an international obligation; (d) The nature or extent of
the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.”
(Emphases added.)
5. It is no longer disputed between the Parties to the instant case that
the lapse of the jurisdictional title after the filing of the Application does
not affect the jurisdiction of the Court to adjudicate their “dispute” over
facts that are said to have occurred before the jurisdictional title came to
an end 2. What is, however, disputed between them and on which divergent
arguments have been presented during the current proceedings is whether
the lapse of the jurisdictional title had an effect on the Court’s jurisdiction
to examine claims regarding incidents that have allegedly occurred after
the Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force between the Parties, i.e. the incidents
that are said to have occurred after 27 November 2013.
6. The Court has never been confronted with a similar situation.
Therefore, neither the findings in the Court’s Judgment of 2016 3 nor the
Court’s jurisprudence with respect to the admissibility of facts or claims
that occurred after the filing of the Application, but while the title of
jurisdiction still existed, can offer a solution to this divergence of views. It
was therefore necessary, in my view, to proceed in the Judgment to a
detailed analysis of the interpretation of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá,
which provides the limits and conditions of the Court’s jurisdiction. It is
regrettable that such an analysis is nowhere to be found in the Judgment.
7. Such an interpretation, in my view, would readily lead to the conclusion
that the Court does not have jurisdiction over claims predicated on
facts and events that occurred after the lapse of the jurisdictional title
1 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88.
2 Cf. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 438, para. 80 (“[T]he removal, after an application has been filed, of an element on which
the Court’s jurisdiction is dependent does not and cannot have any retroactive effect”).
3 Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 3.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. ind. yusuf) 398
136
un accord international, les conditions auxquelles il est éventuellement soumis
doivent être considérées comme en constituant les limites » 1.
4. L’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá constitue une telle clause compromissoire.
Il se lit comme suit :
« Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour internationale de Justice, les Hautes Parties Contractantes en
ce qui concerne tout autre Etat américain déclarent reconnaître
comme obligatoire de plein droit, et sans convention spéciale tant que
le présent Traité restera en vigueur, la juridiction de la Cour sur tous
les différends d’ordre juridique surgissant entre elles et ayant pour
objet : a) L’interprétation d’un traité ; b) Toute question de droit
international ; c) L’existence de tout fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait
la violation d’un engagement international ; d) La nature ou
l’étendue de la réparation qui découle de la rupture d’un engagement
international. » (Les italiques sont de moi.)
5. Les Parties à la présente instance ne s’opposent plus sur le fait que
l’extinction du titre de compétence après le dépôt de la requête n’a pas
d’incidence sur la compétence de la Cour pour connaître de leur « différend
» quant à des faits qui se seraient produits avant que ledit titre ne soit
devenu caduc 2. La question sur laquelle elles continuent toutefois d’être
en désaccord, et qui les a amenées à présenter des arguments divergents
au cours des audiences, est celle de savoir si l’extinction du titre a une
incidence sur la compétence de la Cour à l’égard de demandes relatives à
des incidents qui auraient eu lieu après que le pacte de Bogotá a cessé
d’être en vigueur entre les Parties, soit après le 27 novembre 2013.
6. La Cour ne s’est jamais trouvée face à une telle situation. Par conséquent,
ni les conclusions formulées dans l’arrêt de 2016 3 ni la jurisprudence
de la Cour en matière de recevabilité de faits ou de demandes
survenus après le dépôt d’une requête, mais avant l’extinction d’un titre
de compétence, ne peuvent présenter de solution à cette divergence de
vues. Il était donc nécessaire, selon moi, de procéder à une analyse détaillée,
dans l’arrêt, de l’interprétation de l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá,
qui prévoit les limites et conditions de la compétence de la Cour. Il est
regrettable qu’une telle analyse ne figure nulle part dans l’arrêt.
7. J’estime qu’une telle interprétation conduirait aisément à la conclusion
que la Cour n’a pas compétence à l’égard des demandes fondées sur
des faits et événements survenus après l’extinction du titre de compétence
1 Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique
du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 39,
par. 88.
2 Cf. Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 438, par. 80
(« [L]a disparition postérieure à l’introduction d’une instance d’un élément qui conditionne
la compétence de la Cour ne produit pas et ne saurait produire d’effet rétroactif »).
3 Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes
(Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 3.
399 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (sep. op. yusuf)
137
between the Parties. By specifying that the Parties to the Pact of Bogotá
recognize the jurisdiction of the Court over disputes concerning “any fact
which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation”
only “so long as the present Treaty is in force”, the text of Article
XXXI makes it abundantly clear that the Court’s jurisdiction
ratione temporis is limited to facts underlying a dispute which occurred
before the Pact ceased to apply. The consent expressed in Article XXXI
does not and cannot extend to events or facts underlying disputes that
occurred after the treaty had lapsed. In this regard, Article XXXI of the
Pact sets out a clear temporal limitation to the Court’s jurisdiction in so
far as consent is conditioned on the continuation in force of the Pact
between the concerned States.
8. This textual interpretation of Article XXXI finds support in the
Court’s analysis of this provision in the Border and Transborder Armed
Actions case, where it was stated that,
“[i]n that text, the parties ‘declare that they recognize’ the Court’s
jurisdiction ‘as compulsory ipso facto’ in the cases there enumerated.
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
The commitment in Article XXXI applies ratione materiae to the
disputes enumerated in that text; it relates ratione personae to the American
States parties to the Pact; it remains valid ratione temporis for as
long as that instrument itself remains in force between those States.” 4
9. Moreover, the words “so long as the present Treaty is in force” in
Article XXXI must be read together with the first sentence of Article LVI
of the Pact, which states that
“[t]he present Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be
denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall
cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall
continue in force for the remaining signatories”.
The Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force for Colombia on 27 November
2013, that is one year after Colombia gave its notice of denunciation.
Thus, under the terms of Article XXXI, there is no basis for the Court to
entertain any claims relating to events or situations that occurred after
that date and that might have given rise to a dispute between the Parties
or to conclude that it has jurisdiction over such claims, in view of the
termination of the Pact of Bogotá between the two States.
10. The “dispute” found by the Court to exist in its 2016 Judgment was
limited to the facts “at the date on which the Application was filed”, i.e.
before the lapse of the jurisdictional title. The Court was careful to limit
4 Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 84, paras. 32 and 34 (emphases added).
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. ind. yusuf) 399
137
entre les Parties. En précisant que les Parties au pacte de Bogotá reconnaissent
la juridiction de la Cour sur les différends concernant « tout fait
qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la violation d’un engagement international
» uniquement « tant que le présent Traité restera en vigueur », le texte
de l’article XXXI indique on ne peut plus clairement que la compétence
ratione temporis de la Cour est limitée aux faits sous-tendant
un différend
ayant eu lieu avant que le pacte cesse de produire ses effets. Le consentement
exprimé à l’article XXXI ne s’étend pas, et ne peut pas s’étendre, à
des événements ou des faits sous-tendant
des différends survenus après
l’extinction du traité. A cet égard, l’article XXXI du pacte limite clairement
dans le temps la compétence de la Cour en ce que le consentement
est soumis à la condition que le pacte continue d’être en vigueur entre les
Etats concernés.
8. Cette interprétation du texte de l’article XXXI est étayée par l’analyse
que la Cour a faite de cette disposition en l’affaire relative à des
Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras),
dans laquelle elle a dit que,
« selon ce texte, les parties « déclarent reconnaître comme obligatoire
de plein droit » la juridiction de la Cour dans les cas qu’il mentionne.
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
L’engagement figurant à l’article XXXI vaut ratione materiae pour
les différends énumérés par ce texte. Il concerne ratione personae les
Etats américains parties au pacte. Il demeure valide ratione temporis
tant que cet instrument reste lui-
même en vigueur entre ces Etats. » 4
9. En outre, il convient de lire conjointement les termes « tant que le
présent Traité restera en vigueur » de l’article XXXI et la première phrase
de l’article LVI du pacte, qui énonce que
« [l]a durée du présent Traité sera indéfinie, mais il pourra être
dénoncé moyennant un préavis d’un an ; passé ce délai il cessera de
produire ses effets par rapport à la partie qui l’a dénoncé, et demeurera
en vigueur en ce qui concerne les autres signataires ».
Le pacte de Bogotá a cessé de produire ses effets pour la Colombie le
27 novembre 2013, c’est‑à‑dire un an après que la Colombie a transmis
son avis de dénonciation. Rien, dans l’article XXXI, ne justifie donc que
la Cour connaisse de demandes se rapportant à des événements ou situations
s’étant produits après cette date et pouvant avoir donné lieu à un
différend entre les Parties ou qu’elle se déclare compétente à l’égard de
telles demandes, compte tenu de l’extinction du pacte de Bogotá entre les
deux Etats.
10. Le « différend » constaté par la Cour dans son arrêt de 2016 était
limité aux faits « à la date du dépôt de la requête », c’est-à-dire avant l’extinction
du titre de compétence. La Cour a pris soin de se borner à se
4 Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 84, par. 32 et 34 (les italiques sont de moi).
400 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (sep. op. yusuf)
138
itself to a finding of jurisdiction over the dispute concerning “the incidents
at sea alleged to have taken place before the critical date” 5. At no point in
the 2016 Judgment did the Court define the “dispute” by reference to incidents
at sea that took place after the filing of the Application. This is
despite the fact that the Court already had before it Nicaragua’s Memorial,
which contained no less than 20 incidents allegedly having occurred in
the period between the Application and the Memorial.
11. Accordingly, the Court concluded that,
“[b]ased on the evidence examined above, the Court finds that, at the
date on which the Application was filed, there existed a dispute concerning
the alleged violations by Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in
the maritime zones which, according to Nicaragua, the Court declared
in its 2012 Judgment appertain to Nicaragua” 6.
Thus, contrary to what is mentioned in paragraph 45 of the Judgment,
there is nothing in the 2016 Judgment to suggest that the Court’s jurisdiction
extends to facts subsequent to the Application and subsequent to the
termination of the Pact of Bogotá with respect to Colombia.
12. It is also untenable to draw an analogy between the Court’s jurisprudence
on the admissibility of new “claims” or “facts” that occurred
after the filing of an application, but while the title of jurisdiction continued
to exist, and the present case, which concerns the Court’s jurisdiction
vis-
à-vis new facts or events after the lapse of the jurisdictional title. The
criteria enunciated in the Court’s case law with respect to the admissibility
of new claims, while the jurisdictional title continues to be in force,
cannot apply to the determination of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis.
According to such case law, the admissibility of new claims presupposes
the continued existence of a valid jurisdictional title, which is not
the case here. Therefore, none of the cases mentioned in paragraph 44 of
the Judgment are apposite to the present circumstances, as the jurisdictional
title invoked by the respective applicant continued to be in force
throughout the proceedings. Moreover, it should be recalled that in all
those cases, the problem was one of admissibility, not of jurisdiction ratione
temporis.
13. It is equally important to note that the incidents that have allegedly
occurred before and after 27 November 2013 are neither uniform in
character
nor do they always relate to identical facts or common legal
bases. They cannot therefore be characterized to be of “the same nature”;
nor can it be said that they concern the same legal questions. To give a
simple example, no incident concerning marine scientific research occurred
before 27 November 2013. The two incidents on marine scientific research
5 Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 32,
para. 71 and p. 33, paras. 74 and 78 (emphasis added).
6 Ibid., p. 33, para. 74 (emphasis added).
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. ind. yusuf) 400
138
déclarer compétente pour connaître du différend en ce qui concerne « les
incidents qui se seraient produits en mer avant la date critique » 5. Nulle
part dans l’arrêt de 2016 n’a-t-elle défini le « différend » par référence à des
incidents en mer s’étant produits après le dépôt de la requête et ce, alors
qu’elle était déjà saisie du mémoire du Nicaragua, qui faisait état de pas
moins de 20 incidents s’étant prétendument produits dans la période entre
le dépôt de la requête et celui du mémoire.
11. En conséquence, la Cour a conclu que,
« [à] partir des éléments de preuve examinés plus haut, … à la date du
dépôt de la requête, il existait un différend relatif à de prétendues violations
par la Colombie des droits du Nicaragua dans les zones maritimes
dont celui-
ci affirme qu’elles lui ont été reconnues par l’arrêt de
2012 » 6.
Ainsi, contrairement à ce qui est mentionné au paragraphe 45 de l’arrêt,
rien dans l’arrêt de 2016 ne suggère que la compétence de la Cour s’étend
aux faits postérieurs au dépôt de la requête et à l’extinction du pacte de
Bogotá pour la Colombie.
12. Il est également indéfendable d’établir une analogie entre la jurisprudence
de la Cour en matière de recevabilité de nouvelles « demandes » ou
« faits » s’étant produits après le dépôt d’une requête mais pendant que le
titre de compétence était en vigueur et la présente affaire, qui concerne la
compétence de la Cour à l’égard de faits ou événements nouveaux survenus
après l’extinction du titre de compétence. Les critères énoncés dans la jurisprudence
de la Cour s’agissant de la recevabilité de nouvelles demandes
alors que le titre de compétence reste en vigueur ne peuvent s’appliquer à la
détermination de la compétence ratione temporis de la Cour. D’après cette
jurisprudence, la recevabilité de nouvelles demandes présuppose l’existence
continue d’un titre de compétence valide, ce qui n’est pas le cas en l’espèce.
Par conséquent, aucune des affaires mentionnées au paragraphe 44 de l’arrêt
n’est pertinente dans les circonstances de l’espèce, étant donné que le
titre de compétence qui y était invoqué par le demandeur avait continué
d’être en vigueur tout au long de la procédure. De plus, il convient de rappeler
que, dans l’ensemble de ces affaires, il s’agissait d’un problème de
recevabilité, et non de compétence ratione temporis.
13. Il importe tout autant de relever que les incidents qui se seraient
produits avant et après le 27 novembre 2013 ne présentent pas un caractère
uniforme, ni ne mettent toujours en cause des faits identiques ou
des fondements juridiques communs. Ces incidents ne peuvent donc pas
être qualifiés de « même nature » ; on ne peut pas non plus dire qu’ils
concernent les mêmes questions juridiques. Pour donner un exemple
simple, aucun incident concernant la recherche scientifique marine n’a eu
5 Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes
(Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 32,
par. 71, et p. 33, par. 74 et 78 (les italiques sont de moi).
6 Ibid., p. 33, par. 74 (les italiques sont de moi).
401 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (sep. op. yusuf)
139
regarding the Dr Jorge Carranza Fraser allegedly occurred on 6 and
8 October 2018. In addition, the three incidents concerning the USA-flagged
oceanographic vessel Pathfinder are said to have occurred on
7 and 25 January 2014 and 20 February 2014, respectively.
14. Are such alleged incidents regarding marine scientific research of
the same nature as incidents regarding fishing or overflight that occurred
before 27 November 2013? The answer is negative. Apart from the difference
in character of these incidents, the legal bases of the claims relating
to them are dissimilar. While the coastal State has sovereign rights in the
exclusive economic zone (hereinafter the “EEZ”) with respect to fisheries,
it has jurisdiction with regard to marine scientific research. Thus, the legal
régime governing the rights and obligations of the two States with respect
to the two sets of alleged incidents in the EEZ is quite different.
Consequently,
the dispute between the Parties over the alleged incidents
before and after 27 November 2013 does not always have the same
subject-
matter
nor does it concern the same facts or situations or the
same legal questions, but has a varied number of aspects both legally and
factually.
B. Subparagraph 6 of the Dispositif
15. I also have to express my disagreement with subparagraph 6 of the
dispositif, which states that
“Colombia must, by means of its own choosing, bring into conformity
with customary international law the provisions of Presidential
Decree 1946 of 9 September 2013, as amended by Decree No. 1119
of 17 June 2014, in so far as they relate to maritime areas declared by
the Court in its 2012 Judgment to appertain to the Republic of Nicaragua”.
16. By ordering Colombia to bring the provisions of the Presidential
Decree into conformity with customary international law, the Court is
clearly barking up the wrong tree. It is not solely by enacting the provisions
of the Presidential Decree as such, but through their implementation
in establishing the “integral contiguous zone” and enforcing its
powers therein that Colombia has breached the rights of Nicaragua in the
latter’s EEZ. After all, the Judgment itself does not say anywhere that
Colombia has breached its obligations under customary international law
by merely enacting the Presidential Decree or that it is the Decree, in and
of itself, which is not in conformity with international law. It finds that it
is the “integral contiguous zone” established by Colombia that is not in
conformity with customary international law (see, for example, paragraphs
187 and 194 of the Judgment). This finding is afterwards reflected
in subparagraph 5 of the dispositif.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. ind. yusuf) 401
139
lieu avant le 27 novembre 2013. Les deux incidents la concernant, relatifs
au Dr Jorge Carranza Fraser, seraient survenus les 6 et 8 octobre 2018. En
outre, les trois incidents relatifs au Pathfinder, navire océanographique
battant pavillon des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, se seraient produits les 7 et
25 janvier 2014 et le 20 février 2014, respectivement.
14. De tels incidents allégués se rapportant à la recherche scientifique
marine sont-ils de même nature que ceux qui concernent des activités de
pêche ou des survols ayant eu lieu avant le 27 novembre 2013 ? La réponse
est négative. Hormis la différence dans la nature de ces incidents, les bases
juridiques des demandes qui s’y rapportent ne sont nullement similaires. Si
l’Etat côtier a des droits souverains dans la zone économique exclusive
(ci-
après la « ZEE ») pour ce qui est des pêcheries, la recherche scientifique
marine relève de sa juridiction. De ce fait, dans chacune des deux séries d’incidents
allégués dans la ZEE, le régime juridique régissant les droits et obligations
des deux Etats est assez différent. Par conséquent, le différend qui
oppose les Parties concernant les incidents allégués survenus avant et après
le 27 novembre 2013, loin d’avoir dans tous les cas un seul et même objet,
ou de concerner les mêmes faits, situations, ou questions juridiques, recouvre
une variété d’aspects, tant sur le plan juridique que sur le plan factuel.
B. Point 6 du dispositif
15. Je dois également faire part de mon désaccord vis-
à-vis du point 6
du dispositif, dans lequel il est dit que
« la République de Colombie doit, par les moyens de son choix,
mettre les dispositions du décret présidentiel 1946 du 9 septembre
2013, tel que modifié par le décret 1119 du 17 juin 2014, en conformité
avec le droit international coutumier, en tant qu’elles ont trait
aux espaces maritimes que la Cour a reconnus à la République du
Nicaragua dans son arrêt de 2012 ».
16. En ordonnant à la Colombie de mettre les dispositions du décret
présidentiel en conformité avec le droit international coutumier, la Cour
fait clairement fausse route. Ce n’est pas par la simple promulgation des
dispositions du décret présidentiel que la Colombie a violé les droits du
Nicaragua dans sa ZEE, mais par leur application aux fins de l’établissement
de la « zone contiguë unique » et par l’exercice de ses pouvoirs à
l’intérieur de celle-
ci. Au demeurant, l’arrêt lui-
même ne dit nulle part que
la Colombie a manqué à ses obligations au titre du droit international
coutumier par la seule promulgation du décret présidentiel, ni que c’est le
décret qui, en soi, n’est pas conforme au droit international. Il est en effet
constaté dans l’arrêt que c’est la « zone contiguë unique » établie par la
Colombie qui n’est pas conforme au droit international coutumier (voir,
par exemple, les paragraphes 187 et 194 de l’arrêt). Cette conclusion est
ensuite reprise au point 5 du dispositif.
402 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (sep. op. yusuf)
140
17. However, instead of stating in subparagraph 6 of the dispositif that
Colombia should bring the limits of its “integral contiguous zone” and
the powers it exercises therein into conformity with customary international
law, the Judgment pivots, under this subparagraph, to the necessity
of bringing the provisions of the Presidential Decree into conformity with
customary international law. To the extent that subparagraph 5 of the
dispositif makes a finding concerning the incompatibility with customary
law of a particular zone, rather than the legislative or administrative
means underlying its implementation, the obligation to remedy that situation
cannot be limited to the provisions of a particular decree or piece of
legislation. Rather, it should concern the “integral contiguous zone”
itself, its limits, and the police powers exercised in it by Colombia over
environmental and other matters, to the detriment of the sovereign rights
and jurisdiction of Nicaragua in its EEZ.
18. It is for these reasons that I voted in favour of the finding in subparagraph
5 of the dispositif, but against subparagraph 6 thereof. In my
view, the latter clause is not consistent with the conclusions of the Court
reflected in subparagraph 5 of the dispositif, which finds that it is the
“‘integral contiguous zone’ established by the Republic of Colombia by
Presidential Decree 1946 of 9 September 2013, as amended by Decree 1119
of 17 June 2014” — and not the Presidential Decree 1946 itself — which
is not in conformity with customary international law.
19. This inconsistency is to be found also in the reasoning of the Judgment
itself. In paragraph 196 of the Judgment, which is meant to summarize
the infringements by Colombia through its “integral contiguous
zone” of Nicaragua’s rights in the latter’s EEZ, it is stated that
“[t]he Court has also found (see paragraphs 187 and 194 above) that
the ‘integral contiguous zone’ established by Colombia’s Presidential
Decree 1946 is not in conformity with customary international law,
both because its breadth exceeds 24 nautical miles from the baselines
from which Colombia’s territorial sea is measured and because the
powers that Colombia asserts within the ‘integral contiguous zone’
exceed those that are permitted under customary international law.
In the maritime areas where the ‘integral contiguous zone’ overlaps
with Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone, the ‘integral contiguous
zone’ infringes upon Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in
the exclusive economic zone. Colombia’s responsibility is thereby
engaged. Colombia has the obligation, by means of its own choosing,
to bring the provisions of Presidential Decree 1946 into conformity
with customary international law in so far as they relate to maritime
areas declared by the Court in its 2012 Judgment to appertain to
Nicaragua.”
20. Based on this paragraph, it is not clear whether it is the zone itself,
the enforcement of its limits and the powers exercised by Colombia
therein, or solely the legislative means underlying it, i.e. the Presidential
Decree as such, that is found to be incompatible with customary interna-
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. ind. yusuf) 402
140
17. Cependant, au lieu de dire, au point 6 du dispositif, que la Colombie
doit mettre en conformité avec le droit international coutumier les
limites de sa « zone contiguë unique » et les pouvoirs qu’elle y exerce, l’arrêt
y bascule vers la nécessité de mettre les dispositions du décret présidentiel
en conformité avec le droit international coutumier. Dans la
mesure où, au point 5 du dispositif, la Cour formule une conclusion portant
sur l’incompatibilité d’une zone donnée avec le droit international,
plutôt que sur les moyens législatifs ou administratifs sous-tendant
sa
mise en oeuvre, l’obligation de remédier à cette situation ne peut être limitée
aux dispositions d’un décret ou texte de loi particulier. Elle devrait au
contraire concerner la « zone contiguë unique » elle-même, ses limites,
ainsi que les pouvoirs de police qui y sont exercés par la Colombie sur des
questions environnementales ou autres, au détriment des droits souverains
et de la juridiction du Nicaragua dans sa ZEE.
18. Ce sont là les raisons pour lesquelles j’ai voté en faveur de la
conclusion formulée au point 5 du dispositif, mais contre le point 6. J’estime
que ce dernier point ne concorde pas avec les conclusions reflétées au
point 5 du dispositif, où la Cour dit que c’est la « « zone contiguë unique »
établie par la République de Colombie par le décret présidentiel 1946 du
9 septembre 2013, tel que modifié par le décret 1119 du 17 juin 2014 »
— et non le décret présidentiel 1946 lui-
même —, qui n’est pas conforme
au droit international coutumier.
19. On retrouve cette incohérence dans le raisonnement suivi dans l’arrêt.
En effet, au paragraphe 196, qui se veut un résumé des atteintes portées
par la Colombie, par l’établissement de sa « zone contiguë unique »,
aux droits du Nicaragua dans sa ZEE, il est dit que
« [l]a Cour a également constaté (voir les paragraphes 187 et 194
ci-
dessus)
que la « zone contiguë unique » établie par le décret présidentiel
colombien 1946 n’était pas conforme au droit international
coutumier, à la fois parce qu’elle s’étend à plus de 24 milles marins
des lignes de base à partir desquelles est mesurée la largeur de la mer
territoriale colombienne, et parce que les pouvoirs que la Colombie
entend y exercer vont au-
delà de ceux qui sont permis par le droit
international coutumier. Dans les espaces maritimes communs à la
« zone contiguë unique » colombienne et à la zone économique exclusive
nicaraguayenne, la première porte atteinte aux droits souverains
et à la juridiction que le Nicaragua est en droit d’exercer dans la
seconde. La responsabilité de la Colombie est par là même engagée.
La Colombie doit, par les moyens de son choix, mettre en conformité
avec le droit international coutumier les dispositions du décret présidentiel
1946, en tant que celles-
ci ont trait aux espaces maritimes que
la Cour a reconnus au Nicaragua dans son arrêt de 2012. »
20. D’après ce paragraphe, il n’apparaît pas clairement si c’est la zone
elle-même qui est déclarée incompatible avec le droit international coutumier,
la mise en application de ses limites et des pouvoirs qui y sont exercés
par la Colombie, ou seulement les moyens législatifs ou administratifs
403 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (sep. op. yusuf)
141
tional law. Paragraph 175 also states that it is “[t]he geographical extent
of the ‘integral contiguous zone’” — rather than Article 5 of Presidential
Decree 1946 — which “is not in conformity with customary international
law”. By contrast, paragraphs 176 to 180 specifically examine the compatibility
of Article 5, paragraph 3, of Presidential Decree 1946 with customary
law. All these inconsistencies lead to confusion, which is
regrettably reflected in the above subparagraphs of the dispositif.
21. If the findings of the Judgment relate to the incompatibility of the
“integral contiguous zone” itself with customary international law, as
appears to be indicated in several paragraphs of the Judgment and in
subparagraph 5 of the dispositif, then the obligation to bring the situation
into conformity with customary international law should logically relate
to the “integral contiguous zone”, and the powers exercised therein by
Colombia, rather than the provisions of the Presidential Decree as such,
as currently formulated in subparagraph 6 of the dispositif.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. ind. yusuf) 403
141
qui la sous-tendent,
à savoir le décret présidentiel en tant que tel. Il est
également dit au paragraphe 175 que c’est « [l]’étendue géographique de la
« zone contiguë unique » » — plutôt que l’article 5 du décret présidentiel
1946 — qui « n’est … pas conforme au droit international coutumier ».
Par contraste, les paragraphes 176 à 180 traitent spécifiquement de la compatibilité
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 5 du décret présidentiel 1946 avec le
droit coutumier. Toutes ces incohérences prêtent à confusion, ce qui est
malheureusement reflété dans les points susmentionnés du dispositif.
21. Si les conclusions de l’arrêt se rapportent au caractère incompatible
de la « zone contiguë unique » avec le droit international coutumier,
comme il semble être indiqué dans plusieurs paragraphes de l’arrêt et
dans le point 5 du dispositif, alors l’obligation de mettre en conformité la
situation avec le droit international coutumier devrait, en toute logique,
se rapporter à la « zone contiguë unique » et aux pouvoirs qui y sont exercés
par la Colombie, et non aux dispositions du décret présidentiel, ainsi
qu’il est actuellement indiqué au point 6 du dispositif.
(Signé) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
Separate opinion of Judge Yusuf