239
32
DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE
1. While I fully endorse the call that the military operations in Ukraine
should immediately be brought to an end so as to restore peace in the
country as well as in the region, I reserve my position on the first two
provisional measures indicated in this Order. Contrary to the established
practice of the Court, these measures are, in fact, not linked with the
rights that Ukraine may plausibly claim under the Convention on
the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter the
“Genocide Convention”); the right identified by the Court as plausible
cannot be established under the Genocide Convention (see paragraph 60
of the Order). More importantly, given the complicated circumstances
that give rise to the conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation,
the measures that the Russian Federation is solely required to take will
not contribute to the resolution of the crisis in Ukraine. The Court, in my
view, should be cautious in entertaining the request submitted by Ukraine
and avoid prejudgment on the merits of the case.
2. Although Ukraine bases its claim on the Genocide Convention, the
purpose of its Application is apparently to seek a determination from the
Court that the Russian Federation’s recognition of the Luhansk and
Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine as independent republics and its military
operations in Ukraine are unlawful. Ukraine’s contention that the Russian
Federation’s allegation of genocide against Ukraine is just “an excuse
for Russia’s unlawful aggression” raises doubt that this is a genuine case
about genocide. It appears that the acts complained of by Ukraine —
namely Russia’s recognition of the independence of the Luhansk and
Donetsk regions of Ukraine and Russia’s military operations in
Ukraine — cannot be directly addressed by the interpretation and application
of the provisions of the Genocide Convention, as the issues they
have raised are concerned with the questions of recognition and use of
force in international law. They do not appear to be capable of falling
within the scope of the Genocide Convention (Jadhav (India v. Pakistan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 239,
para. 30).
3. Referring to the statements of the President of the Russian Federation
dated 21 February and 24 February 2022, Ukraine argues that the
only possible reason for the justifications put forward by the Russian
Federation for the launch of the military operations in Ukraine is that, in
the Russian Federation’s view, the Genocide Convention gives it “the
right, perhaps even the duty or the responsibility” to prevent and punish
the alleged genocide perpetrated in Ukraine, by means of a “special military
operation”. Ukraine’s contention, however, is based on a mischarac-
240 allegations of genocide (decl. xue)
33
terization of the Russian Federation’s position on its military operations.
The document communicated by the Russian Federation to the Court
shows that the legal grounds that the Russian Federation invokes for its
military operations are Article 51 of the United Nations Charter on self-defence
and customary international law. Nowhere has the Russian Federation
claimed that the Genocide Convention authorizes it to use force
against Ukraine as a means of fulfilling its obligation under Article I
thereof to prevent and punish genocide. Whether the Russian Federation
may exercise self-defence,
as it claims, under the circumstances is apparently
not governed by the Genocide Convention.
4. Although the Russian Federation did refer to the alleged genocidal
acts committed in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine in its
official statements, it appears that the issue of the alleged genocide is not
just one aspect of a broader political problem between the two States
which may be separately examined, or the very reason for the Russian
Federation to launch military operations against Ukraine, as claimed by
Ukraine; it is an integral part of the dispute between the Russian Federation
and Ukraine over the security issue in the region. Ukraine’s claim
ultimately boils down to the very question whether recourse to use of
force is permitted under international law in case of genocide. Ukraine’s
grievances against the Russian Federation, therefore, directly bear on the
legality of use of force by Russia under general international law, rather
than the Genocide Convention. Therefore, I am of the view that the rights
and obligations which Ukraine claims are not plausible under the Genocide
Convention.
5. This is not the first time that the Court is confronted with a tragic
situation caused by the use of force. In the Legality of Use of Force cases,
even without indicating provisional measures, the Court reminded the
States before it that
“they remain in any event responsible for acts attributed to them that
violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties” (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia
v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J.
Reports 1999 (I), p. 140, para. 48; see also Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Canada), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999,
I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 273, para. 44; Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 374, para. 36; Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. Germany), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 433, para. 35; Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Italy), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999,
I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 492, para. 36; Legality of Use of Force
241 allegations of genocide (decl. xue)
34
(Yugoslavia v. Netherlands), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 557, para. 48; Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. Portugal), Provisional Measures, Order of
2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 671, para. 47; Legality of Use
of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 773, para. 37; Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order
of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 839, para. 40; Legality
of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 925,
para. 31).
This also applies to the present case.
6. The present situation in Ukraine demands all efforts that will
contribute
to a peaceful resolution of the dispute between Ukraine and the
Russian Federation. The present Order, to my regret, prejudges the merits
of the case (see paragraphs 56-59 of the Order). Moreover, in the context of
an armed conflict, one may wonder how those provisional measures can be
meaningfully and effectively implemented by only one Party to the conflict.
When the situation on the ground requires urgent and serious negotiations
of the Parties to the conflict for a speedy settlement, the impact of this
Order remains to be seen.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
239
32
DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE
1. While I fully endorse the call that the military operations in Ukraine
should immediately be brought to an end so as to restore peace in the
country as well as in the region, I reserve my position on the first two
provisional measures indicated in this Order. Contrary to the established
practice of the Court, these measures are, in fact, not linked with the
rights that Ukraine may plausibly claim under the Convention on
the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter the
“Genocide Convention”); the right identified by the Court as plausible
cannot be established under the Genocide Convention (see paragraph 60
of the Order). More importantly, given the complicated circumstances
that give rise to the conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation,
the measures that the Russian Federation is solely required to take will
not contribute to the resolution of the crisis in Ukraine. The Court, in my
view, should be cautious in entertaining the request submitted by Ukraine
and avoid prejudgment on the merits of the case.
2. Although Ukraine bases its claim on the Genocide Convention, the
purpose of its Application is apparently to seek a determination from the
Court that the Russian Federation’s recognition of the Luhansk and
Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine as independent republics and its military
operations in Ukraine are unlawful. Ukraine’s contention that the Russian
Federation’s allegation of genocide against Ukraine is just “an excuse
for Russia’s unlawful aggression” raises doubt that this is a genuine case
about genocide. It appears that the acts complained of by Ukraine —
namely Russia’s recognition of the independence of the Luhansk and
Donetsk regions of Ukraine and Russia’s military operations in
Ukraine — cannot be directly addressed by the interpretation and application
of the provisions of the Genocide Convention, as the issues they
have raised are concerned with the questions of recognition and use of
force in international law. They do not appear to be capable of falling
within the scope of the Genocide Convention (Jadhav (India v. Pakistan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 239,
para. 30).
3. Referring to the statements of the President of the Russian Federation
dated 21 February and 24 February 2022, Ukraine argues that the
only possible reason for the justifications put forward by the Russian
Federation for the launch of the military operations in Ukraine is that, in
the Russian Federation’s view, the Genocide Convention gives it “the
right, perhaps even the duty or the responsibility” to prevent and punish
the alleged genocide perpetrated in Ukraine, by means of a “special military
operation”. Ukraine’s contention, however, is based on a mischarac-
239
32
DÉCLARATION DE Mme LA JUGE XUE
[Traduction]
1. Tout en souscrivant pleinement à l’exhortation à immédiatement
mettre un terme aux opérations militaires en Ukraine afin de rétablir la
paix dans ce pays et dans la région, je réserve ma position quant aux deux
premières mesures conservatoires indiquées dans la présente ordonnance.
A rebours de la pratique constante de la Cour, ces mesures, de fait, ne sont
pas liées aux droits que l’Ukraine peut prétendre tenir de manière plausible
de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (ci-
après la « convention sur le génocide ») ; le droit que la Cour a
jugé plausible ne peut être établi au titre de cet instrument (voir le paragraphe
60 de l’ordonnance). Plus fondamentalement, compte tenu des circonstances
complexes qui sont à l’origine du conflit entre l’Ukraine et la
Fédération de Russie, les mesures indiquées uniquement à l’adresse de
cette dernière ne contribueront pas à la résolution de la crise en Ukraine.
Selon moi, la Cour aurait dû faire montre de prudence en examinant la
demande présentée par l’Ukraine et s’abstenir de préjuger l’affaire au fond.
2. Bien qu’elle invoque la convention sur le génocide, l’Ukraine, dans sa
requête, attend manifestement de la Cour qu’elle déclare illicites la reconnaissance,
par la Fédération de Russie, des régions ukrainiennes de Louhansk
et de Donetsk en tant que républiques indépendantes ainsi que les
opérations militaires russes menées en Ukraine. L’affirmation de la demanderesse
selon laquelle la Fédération de Russie recourt à une allégation de
génocide « pour justifier [son] agression illicite » amène à douter que le
génocide soit véritablement au coeur de la présente espèce. Il appert que les
actes dont l’Ukraine tire grief — à savoir la reconnaissance, par la Fédération
de Russie, des régions ukrainiennes de Louhansk et de Donetsk et les
opérations militaires russes menées en Ukraine — ne peuvent être directement
examinés à travers le prisme de l’interprétation et de l’application des
dispositions de la convention sur le génocide, étant donné qu’ils soulèvent
des questions de droit international touchant à la reconnaissance et à l’emploi
de la force, et ne semblent pas susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions
de ladite convention (Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 18 mai 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 239, par. 30).
3. Se référant aux déclarations du président russe en date des 21
et 24 février 2022, l’Ukraine soutient que les justifications avancées par la
Fédération de Russie à l’appui du lancement de ses opérations militaires
sur le territoire ukrainien tiennent, sans autre explication possible, à ce
que, selon cette dernière, la convention sur le génocide lui donne « le
droit, peut-être même le devoir ou la responsabilité » de prévenir et de
punir le prétendu génocide perpétré en Ukraine au moyen d’une « opération
militaire spéciale ». Or l’Ukraine tire argument d’une qualification
240 allegations of genocide (decl. xue)
33
terization of the Russian Federation’s position on its military operations.
The document communicated by the Russian Federation to the Court
shows that the legal grounds that the Russian Federation invokes for its
military operations are Article 51 of the United Nations Charter on self-defence
and customary international law. Nowhere has the Russian Federation
claimed that the Genocide Convention authorizes it to use force
against Ukraine as a means of fulfilling its obligation under Article I
thereof to prevent and punish genocide. Whether the Russian Federation
may exercise self-defence,
as it claims, under the circumstances is apparently
not governed by the Genocide Convention.
4. Although the Russian Federation did refer to the alleged genocidal
acts committed in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine in its
official statements, it appears that the issue of the alleged genocide is not
just one aspect of a broader political problem between the two States
which may be separately examined, or the very reason for the Russian
Federation to launch military operations against Ukraine, as claimed by
Ukraine; it is an integral part of the dispute between the Russian Federation
and Ukraine over the security issue in the region. Ukraine’s claim
ultimately boils down to the very question whether recourse to use of
force is permitted under international law in case of genocide. Ukraine’s
grievances against the Russian Federation, therefore, directly bear on the
legality of use of force by Russia under general international law, rather
than the Genocide Convention. Therefore, I am of the view that the rights
and obligations which Ukraine claims are not plausible under the Genocide
Convention.
5. This is not the first time that the Court is confronted with a tragic
situation caused by the use of force. In the Legality of Use of Force cases,
even without indicating provisional measures, the Court reminded the
States before it that
“they remain in any event responsible for acts attributed to them that
violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties” (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia
v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J.
Reports 1999 (I), p. 140, para. 48; see also Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Canada), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999,
I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 273, para. 44; Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 374, para. 36; Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. Germany), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 433, para. 35; Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Italy), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999,
I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 492, para. 36; Legality of Use of Force
allégations de génocide (décl. xue) 240
33
erronée de la position de la Fédération de Russie concernant ses opérations
militaires. D’après le document qu’elle a communiqué à la Cour, la
défenderesse invoque l’article 51 de la Charte des Nations Unies sur la
légitime défense et le droit international coutumier comme fondements
juridiques desdites opérations. La Fédération de Russie n’a jamais prétendu
que la convention sur le génocide l’autorisait à employer la force
contre l’Ukraine aux fins de s’acquitter de l’obligation qui lui incombe, au
titre de l’article premier de cet instrument, de prévenir et de punir le génocide.
La question de savoir si, comme elle l’affirme, la Fédération de Russie
est en droit d’exercer la légitime défense dans les circonstances actuelles
ne relève manifestement pas de la convention sur le génocide.
4. Si, dans ses déclarations officielles, la Fédération de Russie fait bel
et bien mention des actes de génocide supposément commis dans les
régions ukrainiennes de Louhansk et de Donetsk, il appert que la question
du génocide allégué ne constitue pas un simple volet du contentieux
politique plus vaste opposant les deux Etats concernés qui pourrait être
examiné séparément, ou la raison même pour laquelle, aux dires de
l’Ukraine, la Fédération de Russie a entrepris des opérations militaires
contre elle ; cette question fait partie intégrante du différend qui a surgi
entre la Fédération de Russie et l’Ukraine au sujet de la sécurité dans la
région. La demande de l’Ukraine revient en définitive à déterminer si le
droit international autorise le recours à l’emploi de la force en cas de
génocide. Les griefs formulés par l’Ukraine à l’encontre de la Fédération
de Russie ont donc directement trait à la licéité de l’emploi de la force par
la Russie au regard du droit international général, et non de la convention
sur le génocide. Partant, les droits et obligations revendiqués par
l’Ukraine ne sont pas plausibles au titre de cet instrument.
5. Ce n’est pas la première fois que la Cour se trouve confrontée à une
situation tragique résultant de l’emploi de la force. Dans les affaires relatives
à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force, la Cour, sans même indiquer de
mesures conservatoires, avait rappelé aux Etats qu’ils
« demeur[ai]ent en tout état de cause responsables des actes contraires
au droit international, y compris au droit humanitaire, qui leur seraient
imputables [et] que tout différend relatif à la licéité de tels actes d[eva]it
être réglé par des moyens pacifiques dont le choix est laissé aux parties
conformément à l’article 33 de la Charte » (Licéité de l’emploi de la
force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 140, par. 48 ; voir aussi Licéité
de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Canada), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 273, par. 44 ;
Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. France), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 374,
par. 36 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Allemagne),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J.
Recueil 1999 (I), p. 433, par. 35 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie
c. Italie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999,
241 allegations of genocide (decl. xue)
34
(Yugoslavia v. Netherlands), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 557, para. 48; Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. Portugal), Provisional Measures, Order of
2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 671, para. 47; Legality of Use
of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 773, para. 37; Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order
of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 839, para. 40; Legality
of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 925,
para. 31).
This also applies to the present case.
6. The present situation in Ukraine demands all efforts that will
contribute
to a peaceful resolution of the dispute between Ukraine and the
Russian Federation. The present Order, to my regret, prejudges the merits
of the case (see paragraphs 56-59 of the Order). Moreover, in the context of
an armed conflict, one may wonder how those provisional measures can be
meaningfully and effectively implemented by only one Party to the conflict.
When the situation on the ground requires urgent and serious negotiations
of the Parties to the conflict for a speedy settlement, the impact of this
Order remains to be seen.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
allégations de génocide (décl. xue) 241
34
C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 492, par. 36 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force
(Yougoslavie c. Pays-Bas), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 557, par. 48 ; Licéité de l’emploi
de la force (Yougoslavie c. Portugal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 671, par. 47 ; Licéité
de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Espagne), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 773,
par. 37 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Royaume-Uni),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J.
Recueil 1999 (II), p. 839, par. 40 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 925, par. 31).
Cela s’applique également en la présente espèce.
6. La situation qui prévaut actuellement en Ukraine exige que soient
déployés tous les efforts permettant de contribuer à une résolution pacifique
du différend opposant cet Etat et la Fédération de Russie. La présente
ordonnance, à mon grand regret, préjuge l’affaire au fond (voir les
paragraphes 56-59 de l’ordonnance). De plus, dans le contexte d’un conflit
armé, on peut se demander si les mesures indiquées peuvent être mises en
oeuvre de manière utile et effective par une seule partie au conflit. Alors
que la situation sur le terrain nécessite des négociations urgentes et
sérieuses entre les Parties au conflit en vue d’une prompte résolution de
celui-
ci, l’effet de la présente ordonnance est incertain.
(Signé) Xue Hanqin.
Declaration of Judge Xue