236
29
DECLARATION OF JUDGE BENNOUNA
[Original English Text]
1. I voted in favour of the Order indicating provisional measures in
this case because I felt compelled by this tragic situation, in which terrible
suffering is being inflicted on the Ukrainian people, to join the call by the
World Court to bring an end to the war.
2. However, I am not convinced that the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter the “Genocide
Convention” or the “1948 Convention”) was conceived, and
subsequently adopted, in 1948, to enable a State, such as Ukraine, to seise
the Court of a dispute concerning allegations of genocide made against
it by another State, such as the Russian Federation, even if those
allegations
were to serve as a pretext for an unlawful use of force. We
know, since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations, that the
only exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations
are individual or collective self‑defence, under Article 51 of the
Charter (which has also been invoked by the Russian Federation), and
authorization by the Security Council, in accordance with Chapter VII of
that text.
3. The Genocide Convention is one of the major conventions of the
United Nations, a monument of human civilization, which aims to prevent
and punish genocide, defined as one of the acts set out in Article II
“committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical,
racial or religious group”.
4. I am aware that this concept of genocide has been overused and
indiscriminately employed by propagandists of all persuasions. This is
neither in the interest of the human groups under serious threat of
destruction, nor in the interest of the credibility and efficiency of the
1948 Convention, which has enjoyed massive support from States and
their consent to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice for
the settlement of disputes relating to the Convention.
5. The Convention obliges the States parties to adopt the legislation
required for its proper application and to enable those accused of
genocide
to be brought to justice, or before the competent international
criminal court. These States may, if they deem it necessary, seise the competent
organs of the United Nations (Art. VIII) and submit to the International
Court of Justice any dispute relating to the responsibility of
another State for genocide (Art. IX). The Convention does not cover, in
any of its provisions, either allegations of genocide or the use of force
allegedly based on such allegations.
6. It is not sufficient for the Court to state that “Ukraine has a plausible
right not to be subjected to military operations by the Russian Fed-
237 allegations of genocide (decl. bennouna)
30
eration for the purpose of preventing and punishing an alleged genocide
in the territory of Ukraine” (Order, para. 60). The Court must also be
able to found this alleged plausible right on one of the provisions of the
Genocide Convention which the Russian Federation is said to have
breached. The Court clearly failed in this task; it did not identify the
rights of Ukraine under the Convention which must be preserved by provisional
measures pending the judgment on the merits (Statute of the
Court, Art. 41).
7. Following the military intervention of the countries of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), from 24 March to 10 June 1999,
in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia), without the authorization
of the Security Council, which was aimed at preventing a “serious
humanitarian disaster in Kosovo”, the matter was debated at the international
level. The then Secretary-General
of the United Nations,
Mr. Kofi Annan, underlined the tension that existed within the international
community between the need to prevent massive human rights violations
and the limits imposed on humanitarian intervention in the context
of respect for State sovereignty (“We the Peoples: The Role of the United
Nations in the Twenty-First Century”, report of the Secretary-General
to
the Millennium Assembly of the United Nations, doc. A/54/2000,
27 March 2000, para. 218). This was followed, after long discussions, by
the adoption at the 2005 United Nations Summit of the concept of
“responsibility to protect”, according to which it falls to each State to
protect its population from massive human rights violations, in particular
genocide, and, if necessary, other States may intervene to this end with
the authorization of the Security Council (“2005 World Summit Outcome”,
resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September
2005, doc. A/RES/60/1, paras. 138‑139).
8. Sadly, in practice, the concept of responsibility to protect has been
diverted from its purpose. When, on 17 March 2011, the Security Council
authorized Member States to take action through air strikes to protect
civilian populations in Libya (resolution 1973, doc. S/RES/1973 (2011)),
NATO forces deviated from their initial mandate, by favouring régime
change in that country. This saw the end of the concept of responsibility
to protect.
9. In fact, it is difficult to link the question of the legality of the use of
force in international relations, as such, to the Genocide Convention.
When, in 1999, Yugoslavia instituted proceedings before the Court, on
the basis of the Convention, against a number of NATO countries, which
had launched air strikes against Belgrade, the Court adopted orders indicating
provisional measures, considering, in particular, that it
“must ascertain whether the breaches of the Convention alleged by
Yugoslavia are capable of falling within the provisions of [the Genocide
Convention] and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one
which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant
to Article IX” (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. France),
238 allegations of genocide (decl. bennouna)
31
Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 372, para. 25).
The Court concluded that this was not so.
10. From a legal standpoint, that case is similar to the present proceedings,
in so far as, in both instances, the applicant invoked the Genocide
Convention in the context of an unlawful use of force by the respondent.
Although the Court rejected the request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted to it by Yugoslavia, it underlined that
“[w]hereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the Court,
they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them that
violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties” (ibid., p. 374, para. 36).
11. The Court thus recalled that respect for international legality is
binding on all States and in all circumstances, whether or not they have
consented to a particular method for the peaceful settlement of the disputes
between them. The fact remains that artificially linking a dispute
concerning the unlawful use of force to the Genocide Convention does
nothing to strengthen that instrument, in particular its Article IX on the
peaceful settlement of disputes by the International Court of Justice,
which is an essential provision in the prevention and punishment of the
crime of genocide.
(Signed) Mohamed Bennouna.
236
29
DECLARATION OF JUDGE BENNOUNA
[Original English Text]
1. I voted in favour of the Order indicating provisional measures in
this case because I felt compelled by this tragic situation, in which terrible
suffering is being inflicted on the Ukrainian people, to join the call by the
World Court to bring an end to the war.
2. However, I am not convinced that the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter the “Genocide
Convention” or the “1948 Convention”) was conceived, and
subsequently adopted, in 1948, to enable a State, such as Ukraine, to seise
the Court of a dispute concerning allegations of genocide made against
it by another State, such as the Russian Federation, even if those
allegations
were to serve as a pretext for an unlawful use of force. We
know, since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations, that the
only exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations
are individual or collective self‑defence, under Article 51 of the
Charter (which has also been invoked by the Russian Federation), and
authorization by the Security Council, in accordance with Chapter VII of
that text.
3. The Genocide Convention is one of the major conventions of the
United Nations, a monument of human civilization, which aims to prevent
and punish genocide, defined as one of the acts set out in Article II
“committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical,
racial or religious group”.
4. I am aware that this concept of genocide has been overused and
indiscriminately employed by propagandists of all persuasions. This is
neither in the interest of the human groups under serious threat of
destruction, nor in the interest of the credibility and efficiency of the
1948 Convention, which has enjoyed massive support from States and
their consent to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice for
the settlement of disputes relating to the Convention.
5. The Convention obliges the States parties to adopt the legislation
required for its proper application and to enable those accused of
genocide
to be brought to justice, or before the competent international
criminal court. These States may, if they deem it necessary, seise the competent
organs of the United Nations (Art. VIII) and submit to the International
Court of Justice any dispute relating to the responsibility of
another State for genocide (Art. IX). The Convention does not cover, in
any of its provisions, either allegations of genocide or the use of force
allegedly based on such allegations.
6. It is not sufficient for the Court to state that “Ukraine has a plausible
right not to be subjected to military operations by the Russian Fed-
236
29
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE BENNOUNA
[Texte original en français]
1. J’ai voté en faveur de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires,
en cette affaire, parce que, dans cette situation tragique où de
terribles souffrances sont infligées au peuple ukrainien, je devais me
joindre à un appel de la Cour mondiale pour arrêter la guerre.
2. Cependant, je ne suis pas persuadé que la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (ci-
après la « convention sur
le génocide » ou la « convention de 1948 ») a été conçue, puis adoptée, en
1948, pour permettre la saisine de la Cour par un pays, comme l’Ukraine,
d’un différend relatif à des allégations de génocide proférées à son
encontre par un autre pays, comme la Fédération de Russie, même si ces
allégations devaient servir de prétexte à un recours illégal à la force. Nous
savons, depuis l’adoption de la Charte des Nations Unies, que les seules
exceptions au recours à la force dans les relations internationales sont la
légitime défense individuelle et collective, au titre de l’article 51 de la
Charte (qui a été également invoqué par la Fédération de Russie) et de
l’autorisation du Conseil de sécurité conformément au chapitre VII de
ce texte.
3. La convention sur le génocide est l’une des plus grandes conventions
des Nations Unies et elle représente un monument de la civilisation de
l’humain, qui vise à prévenir et à punir le génocide, défini comme l’un des
actes, énumérés à l’article II, « commis dans l’intention de détruire, en
tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux ».
4. Je sais que ce concept de génocide a été galvaudé, utilisé à tort et à
travers par des propagandistes de tous bords. Ce qui n’est ni dans l’intérêt
des groupes humains réellement menacés de destruction, ni dans l’intérêt
de la crédibilité et de l’efficience de la convention de 1948, qui a, pourtant,
bénéficié de l’adhésion massive des Etats et de leur consentement à la
compétence de la Cour internationale de Justice pour le règlement des
différends à son sujet.
5. La convention oblige les Etats parties à adopter les législations
nécessaires à son application et à traduire devant les tribunaux, ou devant
la cour criminelle internationale compétente, les personnes accusées de
génocide. Ces Etats peuvent saisir, s’ils le jugent nécessaire, les organes
compétents des Nations Unies (art. VIII) et soumettre tout différend relatif
à la responsabilité d’un autre Etat pour génocide à la Cour internationale
de Justice (art. IX). La convention ne vise, dans aucune de ses
dispositions, ni les allégations de génocide, ni le recours à la force qui
serait fondé sur de telles allégations.
6. Il ne suffit pas pour la Cour d’affirmer que « l’Ukraine a un droit
plausible de ne pas faire l’objet d’opérations militaires par la Fédération
237 allegations of genocide (decl. bennouna)
30
eration for the purpose of preventing and punishing an alleged genocide
in the territory of Ukraine” (Order, para. 60). The Court must also be
able to found this alleged plausible right on one of the provisions of the
Genocide Convention which the Russian Federation is said to have
breached. The Court clearly failed in this task; it did not identify the
rights of Ukraine under the Convention which must be preserved by provisional
measures pending the judgment on the merits (Statute of the
Court, Art. 41).
7. Following the military intervention of the countries of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), from 24 March to 10 June 1999,
in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia), without the authorization
of the Security Council, which was aimed at preventing a “serious
humanitarian disaster in Kosovo”, the matter was debated at the international
level. The then Secretary-General
of the United Nations,
Mr. Kofi Annan, underlined the tension that existed within the international
community between the need to prevent massive human rights violations
and the limits imposed on humanitarian intervention in the context
of respect for State sovereignty (“We the Peoples: The Role of the United
Nations in the Twenty-First Century”, report of the Secretary-General
to
the Millennium Assembly of the United Nations, doc. A/54/2000,
27 March 2000, para. 218). This was followed, after long discussions, by
the adoption at the 2005 United Nations Summit of the concept of
“responsibility to protect”, according to which it falls to each State to
protect its population from massive human rights violations, in particular
genocide, and, if necessary, other States may intervene to this end with
the authorization of the Security Council (“2005 World Summit Outcome”,
resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September
2005, doc. A/RES/60/1, paras. 138‑139).
8. Sadly, in practice, the concept of responsibility to protect has been
diverted from its purpose. When, on 17 March 2011, the Security Council
authorized Member States to take action through air strikes to protect
civilian populations in Libya (resolution 1973, doc. S/RES/1973 (2011)),
NATO forces deviated from their initial mandate, by favouring régime
change in that country. This saw the end of the concept of responsibility
to protect.
9. In fact, it is difficult to link the question of the legality of the use of
force in international relations, as such, to the Genocide Convention.
When, in 1999, Yugoslavia instituted proceedings before the Court, on
the basis of the Convention, against a number of NATO countries, which
had launched air strikes against Belgrade, the Court adopted orders indicating
provisional measures, considering, in particular, that it
“must ascertain whether the breaches of the Convention alleged by
Yugoslavia are capable of falling within the provisions of [the Genocide
Convention] and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one
which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant
to Article IX” (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. France),
allégations de génocide (décl. bennouna) 237
30
de Russie aux fins de prévenir et de punir un génocide allégué sur le territoire
ukrainien » (ordonnance, par. 60). Il faut encore que la Cour puisse
fonder ce prétendu droit plausible sur l’une des dispositions de la convention
sur le génocide que la Fédération de Russie n’aurait pas respectée.
La Cour n’y est manifestement pas parvenue, elle n’a pas identifié les
droits de l’Ukraine au titre de la convention qu’il convient de préserver
par des mesures conservatoires en attendant l’arrêt au fond (Statut de la
Cour, art. 41).
7. A la suite de l’intervention militaire des pays de l’Organisation du
traité de l’Atlantique Nord (OTAN), du 24 mars au 10 juin 1999, en
République fédérale de Yougoslavie (actuelle Serbie), sans autorisation
du Conseil de sécurité, dans le but de prévenir une « grave catastrophe
humanitaire au Kosovo », un débat a été engagé à ce sujet dans la sphère
internationale. Le Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, M. Kofi Annan,
avait souligné la tension prévalant au sein de la communauté internationale
entre le besoin de prévenir les violations massives des droits de
l’homme et les limites imposées à l’intervention humanitaire dans le
contexte du respect de la souveraineté (« Nous, les peuples : le rôle des
Nations Unies au XXIe siècle », rapport du Secrétaire général à l’Assemblée
générale sur le millénaire, doc. A/54/2000, 27 mars 2000, par. 218). Il
s’ensuivra, après de longues discussions, l’adoption, lors d’un sommet des
Nations Unies en 2005, du concept de « responsabilité de protéger », selon
lequel il appartient à chaque Etat de protéger sa population de violations
massives des droits de l’homme, notamment le génocide, et, si nécessaire,
sur autorisation du Conseil de sécurité, d’autres Etats peuvent intervenir
à cet effet (« Document final du sommet mondial de 2005 », résolution
adoptée par l’Assemblée générale le 16 septembre 2005, doc. A/RES/60/1,
par. 138‑139).
8. Malheureusement, dans la pratique, la responsabilité de protéger a
été déviée de son objectif. Lorsque le Conseil de sécurité a autorisé, le
17 mars 2011 (résolution 1973, doc. S/RES/1973 (2011)), des Etats
Membres à agir, par la voie aérienne, pour protéger les populations civiles
en Libye, les forces de l’OTAN se sont écartées de leur mission initiale, en
privilégiant un changement de régime dans ce pays. C’était la fin du
concept de responsabilité de protéger.
9. En réalité, il est difficile de rattacher la question de la légalité du
recours à la force dans les relations internationales, en tant que tel, à la
convention sur le génocide. Lorsque la Cour a été saisie par la Yougoslavie
en 1999, sur la base de cette convention, d’un recours contre un certain
nombre de pays de l’OTAN qui avaient lancé des frappes aériennes
contre Belgrade, elle a adopté des ordonnances en indication de mesures
conservatoires, considérant, notamment, qu’elle devait
« rechercher si les violations de la convention alléguées par la Yougoslavie
[étaie]nt susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de [la
convention sur le génocide] et si, par suite, le différend [étai]t de ceux
dont la Cour pourrait avoir compétence pour connaître ratione materiae
par application de l’article IX » (Licéité de l’emploi de la force
238 allegations of genocide (decl. bennouna)
31
Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 372, para. 25).
The Court concluded that this was not so.
10. From a legal standpoint, that case is similar to the present proceedings,
in so far as, in both instances, the applicant invoked the Genocide
Convention in the context of an unlawful use of force by the respondent.
Although the Court rejected the request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted to it by Yugoslavia, it underlined that
“[w]hereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the Court,
they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them that
violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties” (ibid., p. 374, para. 36).
11. The Court thus recalled that respect for international legality is
binding on all States and in all circumstances, whether or not they have
consented to a particular method for the peaceful settlement of the disputes
between them. The fact remains that artificially linking a dispute
concerning the unlawful use of force to the Genocide Convention does
nothing to strengthen that instrument, in particular its Article IX on the
peaceful settlement of disputes by the International Court of Justice,
which is an essential provision in the prevention and punishment of the
crime of genocide.
(Signed) Mohamed Bennouna.
allégations de génocide (décl. bennouna) 238
31
(Yougoslavie c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 372, par. 25).
Elle a jugé que tel n’était pas le cas.
10. Sur le plan juridique, cette affaire est proche de la présente espèce,
dans la mesure où, dans l’un et l’autre cas, le demandeur a invoqué la
convention sur le génocide, dans un contexte de recours illicite à la force
de la part du défendeur. Bien qu’elle ait rejeté la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires dont elle a été saisie par la Yougoslavie, la
Cour avait tenu à préciser :
« [c]onsidérant que les Etats, qu’ils acceptent ou non la juridiction de
la Cour, demeurent en tout état de cause responsables des actes
contraires au droit international, y compris au droit humanitaire, qui
leur seraient imputables ; que tout différend relatif à la licéité de tels
actes doit être réglé par des moyens pacifiques dont le choix est laissé
aux parties conformément à l’article 33 de la Charte » (ibid., p. 374,
par. 36).
11. La Cour a rappelé ainsi que le respect de la légalité internationale
s’impose à tous les Etats et en toutes circonstances, qu’ils aient ou non
consenti à tel ou tel mode de règlement pacifique des différends qui les
opposent. Il n’en demeure pas moins que le fait de rattacher artificiellement
un différend, relatif au recours illégal à la force, à la convention sur
le génocide est loin de renforcer ce texte, et en particulier son article IX
sur le règlement des différends par la Cour internationale de Justice, qui
est une disposition essentielle dans la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide.
(Signé) Mohamed Bennouna.
Declaration of Judge Bennouna