232
25
DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
GEVORGIAN
Disagreement with the Court’s finding on prima facie jurisdiction — Consent as
a fundamental principle underlying the Court’s jurisdiction — The acts invoked by
Ukraine do not fall under the scope of the Genocide Convention — The actual
dispute relates to the use of force which is not covered by the Genocide
Convention — Importance for the Court to maintain its settled jurisprudence —
Support for adoption of the non-aggravation
clause.
1. I could not join the majority on the first and second provisional
measure indicated by the Court in this Order, purely on a substantial
legal ground — I do not believe that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain
this case. Ultimately, the jurisdiction of every international court
emanates from the consent of States to subject a dispute between them to
the binding settlement by a judicial body. This is a well-established
principle
of general international law and also firmly embodied in the Court’s
Statute 1. Accordingly, no State can, without its consent, be compelled to
submit its disputes to the Court 2.
2. States can express this consent in several ways, for example by
recognizing
the Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory under Article 36 (2) of
its Statute, or by expressing a narrower form of consent via a compromissory
clause, which allows the Court to adjudicate disputes relating to a
specific treaty. Since neither the Russian Federation nor Ukraine have
lodged a declaration under Article 36 (2) of the Statute to accept the
Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory, Ukraine based its claim exclusively on
Article IX of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter “Genocide Convention”). Article IX
of said Convention states that:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute.”
1 East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 101, para. 26;
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America), Preliminary Question, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32.
2 Status of Eastern Carelia, Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 5, p. 27;
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 16.
233 allegations of genocide (decl. gevorgian)
26
3. In a letter to the Court, the Russian Federation indicated its opposition
to the Court’s jurisdiction and noted that Article IX does not apply
to the situation at hand 3. In particular, the Russian Federation considers
that Ukraine seeks to bring before the Court issues relating to the use of
force, which are not governed by the Genocide Convention and, therefore,
do not come within the jurisdiction of the Court 4.
4. As the Court has stated multiple times, in order to establish jurisdiction
under Article IX of the 1948 Genocide Convention, the subject-matter
of the dispute must relate to the interpretation, application or
fulfilment of the Convention 5. While it must not decide in a definitive
manner that it has jurisdiction over the merits of the case at this stage of
the proceedings, the Court must nevertheless ascertain whether the provisions
relied on by Ukraine appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded 6. Accordingly, the Court must analyse
whether the acts complained of by Ukraine are capable of falling within
the provisions of the Genocide Convention and, as a consequence,
the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to
entertain 7.
5. It is evident that the dispute that Ukraine seeks to bring before the
Court, in reality, relates to the use of force by the Russian Federation on
Ukrainian territory. However, neither is the use of force regulated by the
Genocide Convention nor does the use of force in itself constitute an act
of genocide. The Court has been very clear in this regard in the 1999
Legality of Use of Force cases, where it held that
“the threat or use of force against a State cannot in itself constitute
an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it does not
appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings
which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application ‘indeed entail the
element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision
quoted above’” 8.
3 Letter by H.E. Mr. Alexander V. Shulgin, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to
the Kingdom of the Netherlands, dated 7 March 2022.
4 Ibid., paras. 4 and 13.
5 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional
Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 16, para. 26; Legality of Use
of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J.
Reports 1999 (I), p. 137, para. 37.
6 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J.
Reports 2020, p. 9, para. 16.
7 Ibid., p. 10, para. 20; Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 137, para. 38.
8 Ibid., p. 138, para. 40.
234 allegations of genocide (decl. gevorgian)
27
6. Accordingly, the Court found that it had no prima facie jurisdiction
under the Convention to adjudicate upon the bombardment of Serbia by
NATO member States 9. As the Court has noted in Croatia v. Serbia, it
will not depart from its settled jurisprudence (jurisprudence constante)
unless it finds “very particular reasons to do so” 10. Yet, the situation in
the present case is similar as it concerns the use of force without a legal
link to genocide. Nothing in Ukraine’s Application for provisional measures
indicates that the military operations launched by the Russian
Federation
demonstrate the element of intent necessary for acts of genocide.
Therefore, the dispute Ukraine aims to have adjudicated upon by
the Court does not fall within the scope of the Convention. As a result,
the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain this
Application, and, consequently, to indicate provisional measures.
7. To circumvent this problem, Ukraine claims that the Convention
embodies a right “not to be subjected to another State’s military operations
on its territory based on a brazen abuse of Article I of the Genocide
Convention” 11. This argument is unconvincing and undermines the fundamental
requirement that jurisdiction emanates from consent. Under the
interpretation advanced by Ukraine, any purportedly illegal act, including
the unauthorized use of force, could be shoehorned into a random
treaty as long as the subject‑matter regulated by this treaty had some role
in the political considerations preceding the respective act.
8. With regard to Ukraine’s claim that the Russian Federation is
falsely invoking Ukraine’s responsibility for acts of genocide, an additional
problem arises. I remain unconvinced that Ukraine can invoke the
compromissory clause under Article IX of the Convention only to have
the Court confirm its own compliance. Such “non-violation
complaints”
cannot be brought before the Court in absence of a compromis or specific
treaty-based authorization. Applications of this type have only been
entertained by the Court when they were brought under the much broader
jurisdictional basis of Article 36 (2) of the Statute 12, or in combination
with an actual violation complaint of the treaty in question 13.
9 Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 138, para. 41.
10 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 428,
para. 53. See also Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 292, para. 28.
11 Ukraine’s Request for the indication of provisional measures, para. 12.
12 Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (France v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 176.
13 Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising
from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 9.
235 allegations of genocide (decl. gevorgian)
28
9. Taking into account all the legal considerations explained above, I
come to the conclusion that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction to
entertain this case. Accordingly, the Court should have dismissed
Ukraine’s request for provisional measures.
10. Despite my position on the absence of prima facie jurisdiction in
this case, I have voted in favour of the third provisional measure
indicated
in the Court’s Order, namely that both Parties shall refrain
from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute or make it
more difficult to resolve. The power to indicate such measure is a power
inherent to the Court, and not necessarily linked to the Court’s prima
facie jurisdiction over the parties’ substantive rights or obligations on the
merits of a case.
(Signed) Kirill Gevorgian.
232
25
DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
GEVORGIAN
Disagreement with the Court’s finding on prima facie jurisdiction — Consent as
a fundamental principle underlying the Court’s jurisdiction — The acts invoked by
Ukraine do not fall under the scope of the Genocide Convention — The actual
dispute relates to the use of force which is not covered by the Genocide
Convention — Importance for the Court to maintain its settled jurisprudence —
Support for adoption of the non-aggravation
clause.
1. I could not join the majority on the first and second provisional
measure indicated by the Court in this Order, purely on a substantial
legal ground — I do not believe that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain
this case. Ultimately, the jurisdiction of every international court
emanates from the consent of States to subject a dispute between them to
the binding settlement by a judicial body. This is a well-established
principle
of general international law and also firmly embodied in the Court’s
Statute 1. Accordingly, no State can, without its consent, be compelled to
submit its disputes to the Court 2.
2. States can express this consent in several ways, for example by
recognizing
the Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory under Article 36 (2) of
its Statute, or by expressing a narrower form of consent via a compromissory
clause, which allows the Court to adjudicate disputes relating to a
specific treaty. Since neither the Russian Federation nor Ukraine have
lodged a declaration under Article 36 (2) of the Statute to accept the
Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory, Ukraine based its claim exclusively on
Article IX of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter “Genocide Convention”). Article IX
of said Convention states that:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute.”
1 East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 101, para. 26;
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America), Preliminary Question, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32.
2 Status of Eastern Carelia, Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 5, p. 27;
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 16.
232
25
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE GEVORGIAN, VICE‑PRÉSIDENT
[Traduction]
Désaccord avec la conclusion de la Cour quant à la compétence prima facie —
Consentement en tant que principe fondamental sous‑tendant la compétence de la
Cour — Actes invoqués par l’Ukraine n’entrant pas dans le champ d’application de
la convention sur le génocide — Différend réel se rapportant à l’emploi de la force,
question non couverte par la convention sur le génocide — Importance pour la Cour
de perpétuer sa jurisprudence constante — Accord avec la mesure de non‑aggravation.
1. Je n’ai pu m’associer au vote de la majorité s’agissant des première et
deuxième mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour dans son ordonnance,
et ce, pour une raison juridique fondamentale unique : à mon avis,
la Cour n’a pas compétence pour connaître de la présente affaire. En fin de
compte, la compétence de toute juridiction internationale dépend du
consentement d’Etats à soumettre un différend qui les oppose au règlement
contraignant d’une instance judiciaire. Il s’agit là d’un principe bien
établi du droit international général, qui est en outre clairement incorporé
dans le Statut de la Cour 1. En conséquence, aucun Etat ne saurait être
obligé de soumettre ses différends à la Cour sans son consentement 2.
2. Les Etats peuvent exprimer leur consentement de différentes manières,
notamment en reconnaissant la juridiction de la Cour comme obligatoire
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de celle‑ci ou en y
consentant, de façon plus limitée, au moyen d’une clause compromissoire
permettant à la Cour de statuer sur les différends relatifs à un instrument
particulier. Etant donné que ni la Fédération de Russie ni l’Ukraine n’ont
déposé de déclaration portant acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, l’Ukraine a
présenté sa demande sur le seul fondement de l’article IX de la convention
de 1948 pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (ci‑après
la « convention sur le génocide »), lequel est ainsi libellé :
« Les différends entre les Parties contractantes relatifs à l’interprétation,
l’application ou l’exécution de la présente Convention, y compris
ceux relatifs à la responsabilité d’un Etat en matière de génocide
ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à l’article III, seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, à la requête d’une partie
au différend. »
1 Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 101, par. 26 ;
Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie c. France, Royaume‑Uni de Grande‑Bretagne
et d’Irlande
du Nord et Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), question préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1954, p. 32.
2 Statut de la Carélie orientale, avis consultatif, 1923, C.P.J.I. série B no 5, p. 27 ; Concessions
Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 16.
233 allegations of genocide (decl. gevorgian)
26
3. In a letter to the Court, the Russian Federation indicated its opposition
to the Court’s jurisdiction and noted that Article IX does not apply
to the situation at hand 3. In particular, the Russian Federation considers
that Ukraine seeks to bring before the Court issues relating to the use of
force, which are not governed by the Genocide Convention and, therefore,
do not come within the jurisdiction of the Court 4.
4. As the Court has stated multiple times, in order to establish jurisdiction
under Article IX of the 1948 Genocide Convention, the subject-matter
of the dispute must relate to the interpretation, application or
fulfilment of the Convention 5. While it must not decide in a definitive
manner that it has jurisdiction over the merits of the case at this stage of
the proceedings, the Court must nevertheless ascertain whether the provisions
relied on by Ukraine appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded 6. Accordingly, the Court must analyse
whether the acts complained of by Ukraine are capable of falling within
the provisions of the Genocide Convention and, as a consequence,
the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to
entertain 7.
5. It is evident that the dispute that Ukraine seeks to bring before the
Court, in reality, relates to the use of force by the Russian Federation on
Ukrainian territory. However, neither is the use of force regulated by the
Genocide Convention nor does the use of force in itself constitute an act
of genocide. The Court has been very clear in this regard in the 1999
Legality of Use of Force cases, where it held that
“the threat or use of force against a State cannot in itself constitute
an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it does not
appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings
which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application ‘indeed entail the
element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision
quoted above’” 8.
3 Letter by H.E. Mr. Alexander V. Shulgin, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to
the Kingdom of the Netherlands, dated 7 March 2022.
4 Ibid., paras. 4 and 13.
5 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional
Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 16, para. 26; Legality of Use
of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J.
Reports 1999 (I), p. 137, para. 37.
6 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J.
Reports 2020, p. 9, para. 16.
7 Ibid., p. 10, para. 20; Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 137, para. 38.
8 Ibid., p. 138, para. 40.
allégations de génocide (décl. gevorgian) 233
26
3. Dans une lettre adressée à la Cour, la Fédération de Russie a indiqué
qu’elle contestait la compétence de la Cour, soulignant que l’article
IX n’était pas applicable en l’espèce 3. Elle a en particulier fait valoir
que l’Ukraine cherchait à saisir la Cour de questions relatives à l’emploi
de la force, lesquelles n’étaient pas régies par la convention sur le génocide
et ne relevaient donc pas de la compétence de celle‑ci 4.
4. Ainsi que l’a indiqué la Cour à maintes reprises, pour que sa compétence
soit établie au titre de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide,
l’objet du différend doit avoir trait à l’interprétation, l’application ou
l’exécution de cet instrument 5. Bien qu’elle n’ait pas, à ce stade de la
procédure,
à conclure de manière définitive qu’elle a compétence pour
connaître du fond de l’affaire, la Cour doit néanmoins déterminer si les
dispositions invoquées par l’Ukraine semblent, prima facie, constituer une
base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée 6. Il lui faut en conséquence
rechercher si les actes dont l’Ukraine tire grief sont susceptibles
d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention sur le génocide et si, par
suite, le différend est de ceux dont elle est compétente pour connaître
ratione materiae 7.
5. Il est évident que le différend dont l’Ukraine entend saisir la Cour
porte en réalité sur l’emploi de la force par la Fédération de Russie sur le
territoire ukrainien. Cependant, l’emploi de la force non seulement n’est
pas régi par la convention sur le génocide, mais encore ne constitue pas en
soi un acte de génocide. La Cour s’est très clairement exprimée à cet
égard, dans les ordonnances qu’elle a rendues en 1999 dans les affaires
relatives à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force, en indiquant :
« le recours ou la menace du recours à l’emploi de la force contre un
Etat ne sauraient en soi constituer un acte de génocide au sens de
l’article II de la convention sur le génocide ; et …, de l’avis de la
Cour, il n’apparaît pas au présent stade de la procédure que les bombardements
qui constituent l’objet de la requête yougoslave « comporte[
nt] effectivement l’élément d’intentionnalité, dirigé contre un
groupe comme tel, que requiert la disposition sus‑citée » » 8.
3 Lettre de S. Exc. M. Alexander V. Shulgin, ambassadeur de la Fédération de Russie
auprès du Royaume des Pays‑Bas, en date du 7 mars 2022.
4 Ibid., par. 4 et 13.
5 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 16, par. 26 ; Licéité de l’emploi
de la force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 137, par. 37.
6 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Gambie c. Myanmar), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020,
C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 9, par. 16.
7 Ibid., p. 10, par. 20 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 137, par. 38.
8 Ibid., p. 138, par. 40.
234 allegations of genocide (decl. gevorgian)
27
6. Accordingly, the Court found that it had no prima facie jurisdiction
under the Convention to adjudicate upon the bombardment of Serbia by
NATO member States 9. As the Court has noted in Croatia v. Serbia, it
will not depart from its settled jurisprudence (jurisprudence constante)
unless it finds “very particular reasons to do so” 10. Yet, the situation in
the present case is similar as it concerns the use of force without a legal
link to genocide. Nothing in Ukraine’s Application for provisional measures
indicates that the military operations launched by the Russian
Federation
demonstrate the element of intent necessary for acts of genocide.
Therefore, the dispute Ukraine aims to have adjudicated upon by
the Court does not fall within the scope of the Convention. As a result,
the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain this
Application, and, consequently, to indicate provisional measures.
7. To circumvent this problem, Ukraine claims that the Convention
embodies a right “not to be subjected to another State’s military operations
on its territory based on a brazen abuse of Article I of the Genocide
Convention” 11. This argument is unconvincing and undermines the fundamental
requirement that jurisdiction emanates from consent. Under the
interpretation advanced by Ukraine, any purportedly illegal act, including
the unauthorized use of force, could be shoehorned into a random
treaty as long as the subject‑matter regulated by this treaty had some role
in the political considerations preceding the respective act.
8. With regard to Ukraine’s claim that the Russian Federation is
falsely invoking Ukraine’s responsibility for acts of genocide, an additional
problem arises. I remain unconvinced that Ukraine can invoke the
compromissory clause under Article IX of the Convention only to have
the Court confirm its own compliance. Such “non-violation
complaints”
cannot be brought before the Court in absence of a compromis or specific
treaty-based authorization. Applications of this type have only been
entertained by the Court when they were brought under the much broader
jurisdictional basis of Article 36 (2) of the Statute 12, or in combination
with an actual violation complaint of the treaty in question 13.
9 Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 138, para. 41.
10 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 428,
para. 53. See also Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 292, para. 28.
11 Ukraine’s Request for the indication of provisional measures, para. 12.
12 Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (France v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 176.
13 Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising
from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 9.
allégations de génocide (décl. gevorgian) 234
27
6. La Cour a, en conséquence, conclu qu’elle n’avait pas prima facie compétence,
au regard de la convention sur le génocide, pour se prononcer sur
les bombardements auxquels s’étaient livrés les Etats membres de l’OTAN
en Serbie 9. Ainsi qu’elle l’a précisé en l’affaire Croatie c. Serbie, elle ne
s’écarte pas de sa jurisprudence constante, sauf si elle estime « avoir pour
cela des raisons très particulières » 10. Or, la présente espèce porte sur une
situation analogue, puisqu’il y est question d’emploi de la force sans aucun
lien juridique avec le génocide. Rien dans la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentée par l’Ukraine ne permet d’établir que les
opérations militaires entreprises par la Fédération de Russie comportent
l’élément d’intentionnalité que requièrent les actes de génocide. Le différend
que l’Ukraine souhaite voir trancher par la Cour n’entre donc pas dans le
champ d’application de la convention sur le génocide. Il s’ensuit que la Cour
est manifestement dépourvue de compétence ratione materiae pour connaître
de cette demande et, partant, indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
7. L’Ukraine tente de contourner cet obstacle en soutenant que la convention
sur le génocide consacre un droit de « ne pas subir d’opérations militaires
menées sur son territoire par un autre Etat sur le fondement d’un abus
éhonté de l’article premier de [cet instrument] » 11. Cet argument n’est pas
convaincant et remet en question le principe fondamental selon lequel la
compétence est subordonnée au consentement. L’interprétation de l’Ukraine
permettrait de faire entrer artificiellement tout acte illicite allégué, y compris
l’emploi illégitime de la force, dans le champ de n’importe quel traité, dès
lors que les considérations politiques ayant précédé l’acte en question
seraient, dans une quelconque mesure, liées à l’objet de cet instrument.
8. Pour ce qui est de l’allégation de l’Ukraine selon laquelle la Fédération
de Russie invoque sa responsabilité à l’égard d’actes de génocide de façon
mensongère, un autre problème se pose. Je ne suis toujours pas convaincu
que l’Ukraine puisse se prévaloir de la clause compromissoire énoncée à
l’article IX de la convention dans le seul but de voir la Cour constater son
respect de cet instrument. Une telle « revendication de non‑violation » d’un
traité ne saurait être portée devant la Cour en l’absence de compromis ou
d’accord conventionnel particulier. Celle‑ci n’a examiné pareilles demandes
que lorsqu’elles lui étaient soumises en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
du Statut, qui offre une base de compétence nettement plus large 12, ou
conjointement avec des allégations de violations des dispositions de l’instrument
en question 13.
9 Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 138, par. 41.
10 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 428, par. 53.
Voir également Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun
c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 292, par. 28.
11 Demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée par l’Ukraine, par. 12.
12 Droits des ressortissants des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique au Maroc (France c. Etats‑Unis
d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 176.
13 Questions d’interprétation et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant
de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 9.
235 allegations of genocide (decl. gevorgian)
28
9. Taking into account all the legal considerations explained above, I
come to the conclusion that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction to
entertain this case. Accordingly, the Court should have dismissed
Ukraine’s request for provisional measures.
10. Despite my position on the absence of prima facie jurisdiction in
this case, I have voted in favour of the third provisional measure
indicated
in the Court’s Order, namely that both Parties shall refrain
from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute or make it
more difficult to resolve. The power to indicate such measure is a power
inherent to the Court, and not necessarily linked to the Court’s prima
facie jurisdiction over the parties’ substantive rights or obligations on the
merits of a case.
(Signed) Kirill Gevorgian.
allégations de génocide (décl. gevorgian) 235
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9. Au vu de l’ensemble des considérations juridiques qui précèdent, je
conclus que la Cour, n’ayant pas compétence prima facie pour connaître
de la présente affaire, aurait dû rejeter la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentée par l’Ukraine.
10. En dépit de ma position sur l’absence de compétence prima facie en
la présente espèce, j’ai voté en faveur de la troisième mesure conservatoire
indiquée dans l’ordonnance de la Cour, selon laquelle les deux Parties
doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend
ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile. La Cour peut indiquer une
telle mesure car elle a à cet effet un pouvoir inhérent qui n’est pas nécessairement
lié à sa compétence prima facie à l’égard des droits et obligations
fondamentaux des parties se rapportant au fond dans chaque affaire.
(Signé) Kirill Gevorgian.
Declaration of Vice-President Gevorgian