Declaration of Judge Buergenthal

Document Number
131-20040709-ADV-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE BUERGENTHAL

1. Since 1 believe that the Court should have exercised its discretion

and declined to render the requested advisory opinion, 1 dissent from its
decision to hear the case. My negative votes with regard to the remaining
items of the dispositif should not be seen as reflecting my view that the
construction of the wall by lsrael on the Occupied Palestinian Territory
does not raise serious questions as a matter of international law. 1believe
it does, and there is much in the Opinion with which 1agree. However, 1
am compelled to vote against the Court's findings on the merits because

the Court did not have before it the requisite factual bases for its sweep-
ing findings; it should therefore have declined to hear the case. In reach-
ing this conclusion, 1 am guided by what the Court said in Western
Sahara, where it emphasized that the critical question in determining
whether or not to exercise its discretion in acting on an advisory opinion
request is

"whether the Court has before it sufficient information and evidence

to enable it to arrive at a judicial conclusion upon any disputed
questions of fact the determination of which is necessary for it to
give an opinion in conditions compatible with its judicial character"
(Western Suhuru, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975, pp. 28-29,
para. 46).

In my view, the absence in this case of the requisite information and evi-
dence vitiates the Court's findings on the merits.
2. 1share the Court's conclusion that international humanitarian law,
including the Fourth Geneva Convention, and international human rights
law are applicable to the Occupied Palestinian Territory and must there

be faithfully complied with by Israel. 1 accept that the wall is causing
deplorable suffering to many Palestinians living in that territory. In this
connection, 1agree that the means used to defend against terrorism must
conform to al1 applicable rules of international law and that a State
which is the victim of terrorism may not defend itself against this scourge
by resorting to measures international law prohibits.

3. It may well be, and 1 am prepared to assume it, that on a thorough
analysis of al1relevant facts, a finding could well be made that some or
even al1segments of the wall being constructed by Israel on the Occupied
Palestinian Territory violate international law (see para. 10 below). But
to reach that conclusion with regard to the wall as a whole withouthaving before it or seeking to ascertain al1relevant facts bearing directly
on issues of Israel's legitimate right of self-defence, military necessity
and security needs, giventhe repeated deadly terrorist attacks in and upon
Israel proper coming from the Occupied Palestinian Territory to which
Israel has been and continues to be subjected, cannot be justified as a
matter of law. The nature of these cross-Green Line attacks and their
impact on Israel and its population are never really seriously examined
by the Court, and the dossier provided the Court by the United Nations
on which the Court to a large extent bases its findings barely touches on
that subject. 1am not suggesting that such an examination would relieve
Israel of the charge that the wall itis building violates international law,
either in whole or in part, only that without this examination the findings
made arenot legallywellfounded. In my view,the humanitarian needs of
the Palestinian people would have been better served had the Court taken
these considerations into account, for that would have giventhe Opinion
the credibility1believe it lacks.

4. This is true with regard to the Court's sweeping conclusion that the
wall as a whole, to the extent that it is constructed on the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, violates international humanitarian law and inter-
national human rights law. It is equally true with regard to the finding
that the construction of the wall "severely impedes the exercise by the
Palestinian people of its right to self-determination, and is therefore a
breach of Israel's obligation to respect that right" (para. 122). 1 accept
that the Palestinian people have the right to self-determination and that
it is entitled to be fully protected. But assuming without necessarily
agreeing that this right is relevant to the case before us and that it is
being violated, Israel's right to self-defence,if applicable and legitimately
invoked, would nevertheless have to preclude any wrongfulness in this
regard. See Article 21 of the International Law Commission's Articles

on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, which
declares: "The wrongfulness of an act of a State is precluded if the act
constitutes a lawful measure of self-defence taken in conformity with
the Charter of the United Nations."

5. Whether Israel's right of self-defence is in play in the instant case
depends, in my opinion, on an examination of the nature and scope of
the deadly terrorist attacks to which Israel proper is being subjected from
across the Green Line and the extent to which the construction of the
wall, in whole or in part, is a necessary and proportionate response to
these attacks. As a matter of law, it is not inconceivable to me that some
segments of the wall being constructed on Palestinian territory meet that
test and that others do not. But to reach a conclusion either way, one has
to examine the facts bearing on that issue with regard to the specificsegments of the wall, their defensive needs and related topographical
considerations.

Since these facts are not before the Court, it iscompelled to adopt the
to me legally dubious conclusion that the right of legitimate or inherent
self-defence is not applicable in the present case. The Court puts the
matter as follows:

"Article 51 of the Charter . . .recognizes the existence of an
inherent right of self-defence in the case of armed attack by one
State against another State. However, Israel does not claim that the
attacks against it are imputable to a foreign State.
The Court also notes that Israel exercisescontrol in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory and that, as Israel itself states, the threat which
it regards as justifying the construction of the wall originates within,
and not outside, that territory. The situation is thus different from
that contemplated by Security Council resolutions 1368(2001) and
1373 (2001),and therefore Israel could not in any event invoke those
resolutions in support of its claim to be exercising a right of self-

defence.
Consequently, the Court concludes that Article 51 of the Charter
has no relevance in this case." (Para. 139.)
6. There are two principal problems with this conclusion. The first is
that the United Nations Charter, in affirming the inherent right of self-
defence, does not make its exercise dependent upon an armed attack
by another State, leaving aside for the moment the question whether
Palestine, for purposes of this case, should not be and is not in fact being

assimilated by the Court to a State. Article 51 of the Charter provides
that "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of
individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a
Member of the United Nations . . ."Moreover, in the resolutions cited
by the Court, the Security Council has made clear that "international
terrorism constitutes a threat to international peace and security" while
"reuf$rming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence as
recognized by the Charter of the United Nations as reiterated in resolu-
tion 1368(2001)" (Security Council resolution 1373(2001)). In its reso-
lution 1368 (2001), adopted only one day after the 11 September 2001
attacks on the United States, the Security Council invokes the right of
self-defence in calling on the international community to combat terror-
ism. In neither of these resolutions did the Security Council limit their
application to terrorist attacks by State actors only, nor was an assump-
tion to that effect implicit in these resolutions. In fact, the contrary
appears to have been the case. (See Thomas Franck, "Terrorism and the
Right of Self-Defense", Americun Journul of Internutionul Law, Vol. 95,
2001, pp. 839-840.) Second, Israel claims that it has a right to defend itself against terrorist
attacks to which it is subjected on its territory from across the Green Line
and that in doing so it is exercising its inherent right of self-defence. In
assessing the legitimacy of this claim, it is irrelevant that Israelis alleged
to exercise control in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - whatever the
concept of "control" means given the attacks Israel is subjected from that
territory - or that the attacks do not originate from outside the terri-

tory. For to the extent that the Green Line is accepted by the Court as
delimiting the dividing line between Israel and the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, to that extent the territory from which the attacks originate is
not part of Israel proper. Attacks on Israel coming from across that line
must therefore permit Israel to exercise its right of self-defence against
such attacks, provided the measures it takes are otherwise consistent with
the legitimate exercise of that right. To make that judgment, that is, to
determine whether or not the construction of the wall, in whole or in
part, by Israel meets that test,al1relevant facts bearing on issuesof neces-
sity and proportionality must be analysed. The Court's formalistic
approach to the right of self-defence enables it to avoid addressing the
very issues that are at the heart of this case.

7. In summarizing its finding that the wall violates international

humanitarian law and international human rights law, the Court has the
following to Say:
"To sum up, the Court, from the material available to it, is not
convinced that the specificcourse Israel has chosen for the wall was
necessary to attain its security objectives. The wall, along the route
chosen, and its associated régime gravely infringea number of rights
of Palestinians residing in the territory occupied by Israel, and the

infringements resulting from that route cannot be justified by mili-
tary exigenciesor by the requirements of national security or public
order. The construction of such a wall accordingly constitutes
breaches by Israel of various of its obligations under the applicable
international humanitarian law and human rights instruments."
(Para. 137.)

The Court supports this conclusion with extensive quotations of the rele-
vant legal provisions and with evidence that relates to the suffering the
wall has caused along some parts of its route. But in reaching this con-
clusion, the Court fails to address any facts or evidence specificallyrebut-
ting Israel's claimof military exigenciesor requirements of national secu-
rity. It is true that in dealing with this subject the Court asserts that it
draws on the factual summaries provided by the United Nations Secre-
tary-General as well as some other United Nations reports. It is equally
true, however, that the Court barely addresses the summaries of Israel's
position on this subject that are attached to the Secretary-General's
report and which contradict or cast doubt on the material the Courtclaims to rely on. Instead, al1we have from the Court is a description of

the harm the wall is causing and a discussion of various provisions of
international humanitarian law and human rights instruments followed
by the conclusion that this law has been violated. Lacking is an exami-
nation of the facts that might show why the alleged defences of military
exigencies, national security or public order are not applicable to the wall
as a whole or to the individual segments of its route. The Court says that
it "is not convinced" but it fails to demonstrate why it is not convinced,

and that is why these conclusions are not convincing.

8. It is true that some international humanitarian law provisions the
Court cites admit of no exceptions based on military exigencies. Thus,

Article 46 of the Hague Rules provides that private property must be
respected and may not be confiscated. In the Summary of the legal posi-
tion of the Government of Jsrael, Annex 1 to the report of the United
Nations Secretary-General (AIES-101248, p. 8), the Secretary-General
reports Israel's position on this subject in part as follows:

"The Government of Israel argues: there is no change in owner-
ship of the land; compensation is available for use of land, crop yield
or damage to the land; residents can petition the Supreme Court to

halt or alter construction and there is no change in resident status."

The Court fails to address these arguments. While these Israeli sub-
missions are not necessarily determinative of the matter, they should
have been dealt with by the Court and related to Israel's further claim
that the wall is a temporary structure, which the Court takes note of as
an "assurance given by Israel" (para. 121).

9. Paragraph 6 of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention also
does not admit for exceptions on grounds of military or security exigen-
cies. It provides that "the Occupying Powcr shall not deport or transfer
parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". I agree
that this provision applies to the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and
that their existence violates Article 49, paragraph 6. It follows that the

segments of the wall being built by Israel to protect the settlements are
ipso ,fL~ctoin violation of international humanitarian law. Moreover,
given the demonstrable great hardship to which the affected Palestinian
population is being subjected in and around the enclaves created by those
segments of the wall, 1 seriously doubt that the wall would here satisfy
the proportionality requirement to qualify as a legitimate measure of
self-defence. 10. A final word is in order regarding my position that the Court
should have declined, in the exercise of its discretion, to hear this case. In
this connection, it could be argued that the Court lacked many relevant

facts bearing on Israel's construction of the wallbecause Israel failed to
present them, and that the Court was therefore justified in relying almost
exclusivelyon the United Nations reports submitted to it. This proposi-
tion would be valid if, instead of dealing with an advisory opinion
request, the Court had before it a contentious case where each party has
the burden of proving its claims. But that is not the rule applicable to
advisory opinion proceedings which have no parties. Once the Court
recognized that Israel's consent to these proceedings was not necessary
since the case was not brought against it and Israel was not a party to it,
Israel had no legal obligation to participate in these proceedings or to
adduce evidence supporting its claim regarding the legality of the wall.
While 1have my own views on whether it was wise for Israel not to pro-
duce the requisite information, this is not an issue for me to decide.
The fact remains that it did not have that obligation. The Court may
therefore not draw any adverse evidentiary conclusions from Israel's
failure to supply it or assume, without itself fully enquiring into the
matter, that the information and evidence before it is sufficient to
support each and every one of its sweeping legal conclusions.

(Signed) Thomas BUERGENTHAL.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE BUERGENTHAL

1. Since 1 believe that the Court should have exercised its discretion

and declined to render the requested advisory opinion, 1 dissent from its
decision to hear the case. My negative votes with regard to the remaining
items of the dispositif should not be seen as reflecting my view that the
construction of the wall by lsrael on the Occupied Palestinian Territory
does not raise serious questions as a matter of international law. 1believe
it does, and there is much in the Opinion with which 1agree. However, 1
am compelled to vote against the Court's findings on the merits because

the Court did not have before it the requisite factual bases for its sweep-
ing findings; it should therefore have declined to hear the case. In reach-
ing this conclusion, 1 am guided by what the Court said in Western
Sahara, where it emphasized that the critical question in determining
whether or not to exercise its discretion in acting on an advisory opinion
request is

"whether the Court has before it sufficient information and evidence

to enable it to arrive at a judicial conclusion upon any disputed
questions of fact the determination of which is necessary for it to
give an opinion in conditions compatible with its judicial character"
(Western Suhuru, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975, pp. 28-29,
para. 46).

In my view, the absence in this case of the requisite information and evi-
dence vitiates the Court's findings on the merits.
2. 1share the Court's conclusion that international humanitarian law,
including the Fourth Geneva Convention, and international human rights
law are applicable to the Occupied Palestinian Territory and must there

be faithfully complied with by Israel. 1 accept that the wall is causing
deplorable suffering to many Palestinians living in that territory. In this
connection, 1agree that the means used to defend against terrorism must
conform to al1 applicable rules of international law and that a State
which is the victim of terrorism may not defend itself against this scourge
by resorting to measures international law prohibits.

3. It may well be, and 1 am prepared to assume it, that on a thorough
analysis of al1relevant facts, a finding could well be made that some or
even al1segments of the wall being constructed by Israel on the Occupied
Palestinian Territory violate international law (see para. 10 below). But
to reach that conclusion with regard to the wall as a whole without(Truduction]

1. Etant donné que, à mon sens, la Cour aurait dû exercer son pouvoir
discrétionnaire et refùser de donner suite à la demande d'avis consultatif,
je me dissocie de sa décisiond'examiner I'affaire. Mon vote négatifsur les
autres points du dispositif ne doit pas être interprété comme signifiant

que je considère que la construction du mur par Israël sur le territoire
palestinien occupé ne soulève pas de graves questions au regard du droit
international -- au contraire. Je me rallie d'ailleurs à l'avis sur bien des
points. Toutefois, je me vois contraint de voter contre les conclusions sur
le fond, parce que la Cour ne disposait pas des élémentsde fait indispen-
sables pour fonder les conclusions par trop générales qu'ellea tiréeset

que, de ce fait, elle aurait dû refuser d'examiner l'affaire. Je suis parvenu
à cette conclusion en me fondant sur ce que la Cour elle-mêmea dit en
l'affaire du Sullaru occidental, lorsqu'elle a souligné que la question
essentielle pour déterminer, dans l'exercice de son pouvoir discrétion-
naire, si elle devait donner suite à une demande d'avis consultatif est de
savoir

«si [elle]dispose de renseignements et d'élémentsde preuve suffisants
pour êtreà mêmede porter un jugement sur toute question de fait
contestée etqu'il luifaudrait établir pour se prononcer d'une manière

conforme a son caractère judiciaire)) (Sahara occidental, avis consul-
tutif;CC. J. Recueil 1975,p. 28 et 29, par. 46).

Je considère que l'absence en l'espècedes informations et élémentsde
preuve nécessairesvicie les conclusions de la Cour sur le fond.
2. Je partage la c~onclusionde la Cour selon laquelle le droit interna-
tional humanitaire, y compris la quatrième convention de Genève, et le
droit international relatif aux droits de l'homme s'appliquent au territoire

palestinien occupéet doivent en conséquenceêtrefidèlement observéspar
Israël. Je reconnais qu'a cause du mur de nombreux Palestiniens qui
vivent dans ce territoire endurent de terribles souffrances. A cet égard,je
conviens que les mesures de défense prises contre le terrorisme doivent
respecter l'ensemble des règlesapplicables du droit international, et qu'un
Etat victime du terrorisme ne peut se défendre contre ce fléauen recou-

rant à des mesures prohibées par le droit international.
3. 11se peut fort bien, et je suis prêta le reconnaître, qu'à l'issue d'une
analyse approfondie de tous les élémentsde fait pertinents la conclusion
se dégageque le mur actuellement en construction par Israël dans le ter-
ritoire palestinien occupé constitue, en tout ou en partie, une violation du
droit international (voir par. 10 ci-après). Mais parvenir à une tellehaving before it or seeking to ascertain al1relevant facts bearing directly
on issues of Israel's legitimate right of self-defence, military necessity
and security needs, giventhe repeated deadly terrorist attacks in and upon
Israel proper coming from the Occupied Palestinian Territory to which
Israel has been and continues to be subjected, cannot be justified as a
matter of law. The nature of these cross-Green Line attacks and their
impact on Israel and its population are never really seriously examined
by the Court, and the dossier provided the Court by the United Nations
on which the Court to a large extent bases its findings barely touches on
that subject. 1am not suggesting that such an examination would relieve
Israel of the charge that the wall itis building violates international law,
either in whole or in part, only that without this examination the findings
made arenot legallywellfounded. In my view,the humanitarian needs of
the Palestinian people would have been better served had the Court taken
these considerations into account, for that would have giventhe Opinion
the credibility1believe it lacks.

4. This is true with regard to the Court's sweeping conclusion that the
wall as a whole, to the extent that it is constructed on the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, violates international humanitarian law and inter-
national human rights law. It is equally true with regard to the finding
that the construction of the wall "severely impedes the exercise by the
Palestinian people of its right to self-determination, and is therefore a
breach of Israel's obligation to respect that right" (para. 122). 1 accept
that the Palestinian people have the right to self-determination and that
it is entitled to be fully protected. But assuming without necessarily
agreeing that this right is relevant to the case before us and that it is
being violated, Israel's right to self-defence,if applicable and legitimately
invoked, would nevertheless have to preclude any wrongfulness in this
regard. See Article 21 of the International Law Commission's Articles

on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, which
declares: "The wrongfulness of an act of a State is precluded if the act
constitutes a lawful measure of self-defence taken in conformity with
the Charter of the United Nations."

5. Whether Israel's right of self-defence is in play in the instant case
depends, in my opinion, on an examination of the nature and scope of
the deadly terrorist attacks to which Israel proper is being subjected from
across the Green Line and the extent to which the construction of the
wall, in whole or in part, is a necessary and proportionate response to
these attacks. As a matter of law, it is not inconceivable to me that some
segments of the wall being constructed on Palestinian territory meet that
test and that others do not. But to reach a conclusion either way, one has
to examine the facts bearing on that issue with regard to the specific ÉDIFIC'ATION D'UN MUR (DÉCLB . UERGENTHAL) 241

conclusion Dour la totalité du mur sans dis~oser de l'ensemble des élé-

ments de fait pertinents qui- compte tenu des attentats terroristes meur-
triers perpétréscontre Israël proprement dit et sur son territoireà partir
du territoire palestinien occupé, et dont il continue d'êtrevictime -
touchent directemenitau droit de légitime défensed'Israël, à ses impéra-
tifs militaires etse!<besoins en matièrede sécurité, nisans avoir cherché
à établir tous ces faits pertinents, ne saurait êtrejustifiésur le plan juri-
dique. La nature de (:esattentats menésdepuis l'autre côté de laLigneverte
et leur impact sur Israël et sa population ne sont jamais véritablement
examinéspar la Cour et, dans le dossier fourni par l'organisation des
Nations Unies, sur lequel la Cour fonde dans une large mesure ses
conclusions, cette question està peine abordée.Je veux dire par là, non

pas qu'un tel examen lèverait l'accusation portée contre Israël selon
laquelle le mur en construction constitue, en tout ou en partie, une viola-
tion du droit international, mais simplement que, en l'absence d'un tel
examen, lesconclusions auxquelles est parvenue la Cour ne sont pas véri-
tablement fondées i:n droit. J'estime que les besoins humanitaires du
peuple palestinien auraient étémieux servis si la Cour avait tenu compte
de ces éléments,car cela aurait donné à l'avis qu'ellea rendu une crédi-
bilitéqui,à mon sens, lui fait défaut.
4. Cela vaut pour la conclusion trèsgénérale àlaquelle la Cour est par-
venue, selon laquelle I'ensembledu mur, dans la mesure où il est construit
sur le territoire palestinien occupé,constitue une violation du droit inter-
national humanitaire et du droit international des droits de l'homme.

Cela vaut égalementpour la conclusion selon laquelle la construction du
mur «dresse ...un obstacle grave à l'exercicepar le peuple palestinien de
son droit à l'autodétermination, et viole de ce fait l'obligation incombant
à Israël de respecter ce droit)) (par. 122).Je conviens que le peuple pales-
tinien peut prétendratau droit à I'autodétermination, et àce que ce droit
soit pleinement protégé. Mais, à supposer, sans nécessairement en conve-
nir pour autant, que ce droit soit applicable en l'espèce et qu'ilt viola-
tion de celui-ci, le di-oitde Iégitimedéfensed'Israël,condition qu'il soit
applicable et invoqué à juste titre, n'en exclurait pas moins toute illicéité
à cet égard -- voir a ce sujet l'article 21 des articles de la Commission du
droit international sur la responsabilité de1'Etatpour fait internationa-

lement illicite, qui prévoitque «[l]'illicdu fait de 1'Etatest exclue si ce
fait constitue une niesure licite de Iégitimedéfense prise enconformité
avec la Charte des Nations Unies)).
5. Pour savoir si le droit de Iégitimedéfensed'Israël s'applique en
l'espèce,je pense qui'ilfaut examiner la nature et la portéedes attentats
terroristes meurtriers menéscontre Israël proprement dit depuis l'autre
côté dela Ligne verte et s'interroger sur la mesure dans laquelle la cons-
truction de tout ou partie du mur constitue une riposte nécessaire etpro-
portionnée àces agressions. Du point de vue du droit, il ne me paraît pas
inconcevable que certaines parties du mur en construction sur le territoire
palestinien puissent satisfaireà ces critères et d'autres pas. Mais pour
parvenir à une conclusion dans un sens ou dans l'autre, il faut examinersegments of the wall, their defensive needs and related topographical
considerations.

Since these facts are not before the Court, it iscompelled to adopt the
to me legally dubious conclusion that the right of legitimate or inherent
self-defence is not applicable in the present case. The Court puts the
matter as follows:

"Article 51 of the Charter . . .recognizes the existence of an
inherent right of self-defence in the case of armed attack by one
State against another State. However, Israel does not claim that the
attacks against it are imputable to a foreign State.
The Court also notes that Israel exercisescontrol in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory and that, as Israel itself states, the threat which
it regards as justifying the construction of the wall originates within,
and not outside, that territory. The situation is thus different from
that contemplated by Security Council resolutions 1368(2001) and
1373 (2001),and therefore Israel could not in any event invoke those
resolutions in support of its claim to be exercising a right of self-

defence.
Consequently, the Court concludes that Article 51 of the Charter
has no relevance in this case." (Para. 139.)
6. There are two principal problems with this conclusion. The first is
that the United Nations Charter, in affirming the inherent right of self-
defence, does not make its exercise dependent upon an armed attack
by another State, leaving aside for the moment the question whether
Palestine, for purposes of this case, should not be and is not in fact being

assimilated by the Court to a State. Article 51 of the Charter provides
that "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of
individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a
Member of the United Nations . . ."Moreover, in the resolutions cited
by the Court, the Security Council has made clear that "international
terrorism constitutes a threat to international peace and security" while
"reuf$rming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence as
recognized by the Charter of the United Nations as reiterated in resolu-
tion 1368(2001)" (Security Council resolution 1373(2001)). In its reso-
lution 1368 (2001), adopted only one day after the 11 September 2001
attacks on the United States, the Security Council invokes the right of
self-defence in calling on the international community to combat terror-
ism. In neither of these resolutions did the Security Council limit their
application to terrorist attacks by State actors only, nor was an assump-
tion to that effect implicit in these resolutions. In fact, the contrary
appears to have been the case. (See Thomas Franck, "Terrorism and the
Right of Self-Defense", Americun Journul of Internutionul Law, Vol. 95,
2001, pp. 839-840.) ÉDIFICATION D'UN MUR (DÉCL.BUERGENTHAL) 242

les élémentsde fait pertinents concernant certaines parties précises du
mur, les impératifs de défenseauxquels elles répondent et les considéra-

tions topographiques connexes.
La Cour ne dispos;ant pas de ces élémentsde fait, elle s'estvue contrainte
de tirer la conclusion - douteuse sur le plan juridique selon moi - que
le droit naturel de légitime défense n'estpas applicable en l'espèce. Selon
ses propres termes:

((L'article 51de la Charte reconnaît ...l'existence d'un droit natu-
rel de légitime défenseen cas d'agression armée par un Etat contre
un autre Etat. Toutefois, Israël ne prétend pas que les violences dont

il est victime soient imputables à un Etat étranger.
La Cour note par ailleurs qu'Israël exerce son contrôle sur le ter-
ritoire palestinien occupé et que, comme Israël l'indique lui-même, la
menace qu'il invoque pour justifier la construction du mur trouve
son origine a l'intérieurde ce territoire, et non en dehors de celui-ci.
Cette situation lestdonc différente de celle envisagéepar les résolu-

tions 1368 (2001) et 1373 (2001) du Conseil de sécurité,et de ce fait
Israël ne saurait en tout état de cause invoquer ces résolutions au
soutien de sa prétention a exercer un droit de légitime défense.
En conséquerice,la Cour conclut que l'article 51 de la Charte est
sans pertinence au cas particulier. » (Par. 139.)

6. Cette conclusion pose essentiellement deux problèmes. Première-
ment, la Charte des 'Nations Unies, lorsqu'elle énoncele droit naturel de
légitime défense, nesubordonne pas l'exercice de ce droit a l'existence

d'une agression armé,epar un autre Etat - et je laisserai pour l'instant de
côtéla question de savoir si la Cour n'aurait pas dû, aux fins de la pré-
sente affaire, assimiler la Palestinea un Etat et si ce n'est pas ce qu'elle a
fait en réalité. L'article51 de la Charte prévoitqu'«aucune disposition de
la présente Charte ne porte atteinte au droit naturel de légitime défense,

individuelle ou collective, dans le cas où un Membre des Nations Unies
est l'objet d'une agression armée...)).En outre, dans les résolutions citées
par la Cour, le Conseil de sécuritéa clairement affirmé que «tout acte de
terrorisme international ..[constitue] une menace à la paix et ala sécurité
internationales)) et Affirmé le ((droit naturel de Iégitimedéfense, indivi-
duelle ou collective, que consacre la Charte des Nations Unies et qui est

réaffirmé dans la résolution 1368 (2001))) (résolution 1373 (2001) du
Conseil de sécurité).Dans sa résolution 1368 (2001), adoptée dès le len-
demain des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre les Etats-Unis, le
Conseil de sécurité, lorsqu'il a appelé la communautéinternationale à lut-
ter contre le terrorisme, a invoqué le droit de légitime défense.Dans
aucune de ces deux résolutions, le Conseil n'en limite l'application aux

seuls attentats terroristes menéspar des acteurs étatiques, pas plus qu'il
ne laisse supposer implicitement quoi que ce soit en ce sens. En fait, il
semble que ce soit le contraire (voir Thomas Franck, ((Terrorism and the
Right of Self-Defens~i)),Americun Journal of'Internutionu~ Law, vol. 95,
2001, p. 839 et 840). Second, Israel claims that it has a right to defend itself against terrorist
attacks to which it is subjected on its territory from across the Green Line
and that in doing so it is exercising its inherent right of self-defence. In
assessing the legitimacy of this claim, it is irrelevant that Israelis alleged
to exercise control in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - whatever the
concept of "control" means given the attacks Israel is subjected from that
territory - or that the attacks do not originate from outside the terri-

tory. For to the extent that the Green Line is accepted by the Court as
delimiting the dividing line between Israel and the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, to that extent the territory from which the attacks originate is
not part of Israel proper. Attacks on Israel coming from across that line
must therefore permit Israel to exercise its right of self-defence against
such attacks, provided the measures it takes are otherwise consistent with
the legitimate exercise of that right. To make that judgment, that is, to
determine whether or not the construction of the wall, in whole or in
part, by Israel meets that test,al1relevant facts bearing on issuesof neces-
sity and proportionality must be analysed. The Court's formalistic
approach to the right of self-defence enables it to avoid addressing the
very issues that are at the heart of this case.

7. In summarizing its finding that the wall violates international

humanitarian law and international human rights law, the Court has the
following to Say:
"To sum up, the Court, from the material available to it, is not
convinced that the specificcourse Israel has chosen for the wall was
necessary to attain its security objectives. The wall, along the route
chosen, and its associated régime gravely infringea number of rights
of Palestinians residing in the territory occupied by Israel, and the

infringements resulting from that route cannot be justified by mili-
tary exigenciesor by the requirements of national security or public
order. The construction of such a wall accordingly constitutes
breaches by Israel of various of its obligations under the applicable
international humanitarian law and human rights instruments."
(Para. 137.)

The Court supports this conclusion with extensive quotations of the rele-
vant legal provisions and with evidence that relates to the suffering the
wall has caused along some parts of its route. But in reaching this con-
clusion, the Court fails to address any facts or evidence specificallyrebut-
ting Israel's claimof military exigenciesor requirements of national secu-
rity. It is true that in dealing with this subject the Court asserts that it
draws on the factual summaries provided by the United Nations Secre-
tary-General as well as some other United Nations reports. It is equally
true, however, that the Court barely addresses the summaries of Israel's
position on this subject that are attached to the Secretary-General's
report and which contradict or cast doubt on the material the Court Deuxièmement, Israël prétendqu'il a le droit de se défendrecontre les
attentats terroristes menéscontre son territoire depuis l'autre côté de la
Ligne verte et que, ce faisant, il exerce son droit naturel de légitime
défense.Pour déterminersi cet argument est fondé,peu importe qu'Israël
soit considéré comme exerçant le contrôle sur le territoire palestinien
occupé - quel que soit le sens de la notion de «contrôle» si l'on tient
compte du fait qu'Israël est victime d'attentats menés à partir de ce ter-
ritoire- ou que les attentats aient leur origine a l'extérieurdu territoire.
En effet, dans la mesure ou la Cour considèreque la Ligne verte constitue
la ligne de délimitation entre Israël et le territoire palestinien occupé,
le territoire a partir duquel sont menéesles attaques ne fait pas iipro-
prement parler partie d'Israël. En riposte a ces attaques lancées
depuis l'autre côté de cette ligne, il faut donc qu'Israël puisse exercer

son droit de légitime défensepourvu que les mesures prises par lui
soient conformes à l'exercice légitimede ce droit. Pour se prononcer à
cet égard, c'est-a-diire pour déterminer si la construction de tout ou
partie du mur par Israël satisfait ce critère,il est indispensable d'analy-
ser tous les faitsertinents ayant trait a la nécessité eta la proportion-
nalité. Or, l'approche formaliste suivie par la Cour à l'égarddu droit
de légitime défènselui permet d'éviterd'aborder les questions qui sont
en fait au cceurmêmede l'affaire.
7. La Cour a ainsi résumé la conclusion selon laquellele mur constitue
une violation du droit international humanitaire et du droit international
des droits de I'hommie:

((Au total, la Cour, au vu du dossier, n'est pas convaincue que la
poursuite des objectifs de sécurité avancéspar Israël nécessitait
l'adoption du tracéchoisi pour le mur. Le mur tel que tracéet le
régimequi lui est associé portent atteinte de manière grave à de
nombreux droit:; des Palestiniens habitant dans le territoire occupé
par Israël sans que lesatteintes résultant de ce tracépuissent êtrejus-
tifiéespar des impératifs militaires ou des nécessitésde sécurité
nationale ou d'ordre public. La construction d'un tel mur constitue
dès lors une violation par Israël de diverses obligations qui lui
incombent en vertu des instruments applicables de droit internatio-

nal humanitaire et des droits de l'homme. » (Par. 137.)
La Cour étaye cette conclusionpar de trèsnombreuses citations tirées des
dispositions juridiques applicables etpar des élémentsattestant les souf-
frances causéespar le mur en raison du tracé de certains de ses tronçons.
Mais avant de parvenir a cette conclusion, la Cour n'examine aucun des
éléments defait ou de preuve réfutant spécifiquement les arguments
d'Israël fondéssur ses impératifs militaires ouses nécessités de sécurité
nationale. Il est vrai que, lorsqu'elle traite ce sujet, la Cour dit s'appuyer

sur les résumés factilels fournis par le Secrétaire général des Nations
Unies, ainsi que sur un certain nombre d'autres rapports de l'organisa-
tion.Il est vrai aussi, toutefois, que la Cour fait à peine mention des résu-
mésde la position d'Israël sur ce point qui sont joints au rapport duclaims to rely on. Instead, al1we have from the Court is a description of

the harm the wall is causing and a discussion of various provisions of
international humanitarian law and human rights instruments followed
by the conclusion that this law has been violated. Lacking is an exami-
nation of the facts that might show why the alleged defences of military
exigencies, national security or public order are not applicable to the wall
as a whole or to the individual segments of its route. The Court says that
it "is not convinced" but it fails to demonstrate why it is not convinced,

and that is why these conclusions are not convincing.

8. It is true that some international humanitarian law provisions the
Court cites admit of no exceptions based on military exigencies. Thus,

Article 46 of the Hague Rules provides that private property must be
respected and may not be confiscated. In the Summary of the legal posi-
tion of the Government of Jsrael, Annex 1 to the report of the United
Nations Secretary-General (AIES-101248, p. 8), the Secretary-General
reports Israel's position on this subject in part as follows:

"The Government of Israel argues: there is no change in owner-
ship of the land; compensation is available for use of land, crop yield
or damage to the land; residents can petition the Supreme Court to

halt or alter construction and there is no change in resident status."

The Court fails to address these arguments. While these Israeli sub-
missions are not necessarily determinative of the matter, they should
have been dealt with by the Court and related to Israel's further claim
that the wall is a temporary structure, which the Court takes note of as
an "assurance given by Israel" (para. 121).

9. Paragraph 6 of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention also
does not admit for exceptions on grounds of military or security exigen-
cies. It provides that "the Occupying Powcr shall not deport or transfer
parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". I agree
that this provision applies to the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and
that their existence violates Article 49, paragraph 6. It follows that the

segments of the wall being built by Israel to protect the settlements are
ipso ,fL~ctoin violation of international humanitarian law. Moreover,
given the demonstrable great hardship to which the affected Palestinian
population is being subjected in and around the enclaves created by those
segments of the wall, 1 seriously doubt that the wall would here satisfy
the proportionality requirement to qualify as a legitimate measure of
self-defence. ÉDIFICATION D'UN MUR (DÉCL. BUERGENTHAL) 244

Secrétaire général et quciontredisent ou mettent en doute les élémentssur
lesquels elle déclare s'appuyer. En fait, tout ce que nous offre la Cour,
c'est une description du préjudice causépar le mur et un examen de di-
verses dispositions du droit international humanitaire et d'instruments in-
ternationaux relatifs aux droits de l'homme, avant de conclure que ces
dispositions et instruments n'ont pas été respectés.11nous manque un

examen des élémentsde fait, qui permettrait de démontrer pourquoi les
justifications fondées sur les impératifsmilitaires ou les nécessitésde sécu-
riténationale ou d'ordre public invoquées par Israël ne sont pas appli-
cables au mur, dans sa totalité ou pour certains segments du tracéretenu.
La Cour dit qu'elle«n'est pas convaincue)), mais sans démontrer pourquoi,

et c'est la raison pour laquelle ces conclusions ne sont pas convaincantes.
8. Il est vrai que certaines des dispositions du droit international
humanitaire citéespar la Cour n'admettent aucune exception fondée sur
des impératifs militaires. Ainsi, l'article 46 du règlement de La Haye pré-
voit que la propriétéprivéedoit êtrerespectée et ne peut êtreconfisquée.
Dans le résuméde la position juridique du Gouvernement israélien, qui

constitue l'annexe 1 au rapport du Secrétaire généralde l'organisation
des Nations Unies (AIES-101248. p. IO), le Secrétaire général décrit
notamment la position d'Israël à ce sujet de la façon suivante:

<<LeGouvernement israélien fait valoir les arguments ci-après: la
propriétédes terres ne change pas de mains; une indemnisation est
octroyée en dédommagement de l'utilisation de la terre, de la pro-
duction vivrière(oudes dégâts causésà la terre; les résidents peuvent
s'adresser a la Cour suprêmepour obtenir qu'il soit mis fin aux tra-

vaux de construction ou que des modifications y soient apportées et
iln'y a pas de changement dans le statut de résident.))

La Cour n'a pas examinéces arguments avancéspar Israël. Bien qu'ils ne
soient pas forcément. déterminants, la Cour aurait dû les prendre en
compte et les rapprocher de la déclaration d'Israël précisant que le mur
est une structure temporaire, ce dont la Cour prend note en déclarant
qu'il s'agit d'une ((assurance donnée par Israël » (par. 121).
9. Le paragraphe 6 de l'article 49 de la quatrième convention de

Genève n'admet pas non plus d'exceptions fondéessur des impératifsmi-
litaires ou de sécurité.Il prévoit que «la puissance occupante ne pour-
ra procéder à la dép'ortation ou au transfert d'une partie de sa propre
population civile daris le territoire occupé par elle)). J'estime que cette
disposition s'applique aux colonies de peuplement israéliennes en Cisjor-
danie et que leur existence en constitue une violation. De ce fait, les tron-

çons du mur construits par Israël pour protéger ces colonies constituent
ipso ,/ùcto une violation du droit international humanitaire. En outre,
compte tenu des graves souffrances manifestement subies par la popula-
tion palestinienne viv,ant à l'intérieuret aux alentours des enclaves créées
par ces tronçons du mur, je doute fort que la condition de proportion-
nalité soit ici remplie pour que le mur puisse êtrequalifiéde mesure de

légitime défense. 10. A final word is in order regarding my position that the Court
should have declined, in the exercise of its discretion, to hear this case. In
this connection, it could be argued that the Court lacked many relevant

facts bearing on Israel's construction of the wallbecause Israel failed to
present them, and that the Court was therefore justified in relying almost
exclusivelyon the United Nations reports submitted to it. This proposi-
tion would be valid if, instead of dealing with an advisory opinion
request, the Court had before it a contentious case where each party has
the burden of proving its claims. But that is not the rule applicable to
advisory opinion proceedings which have no parties. Once the Court
recognized that Israel's consent to these proceedings was not necessary
since the case was not brought against it and Israel was not a party to it,
Israel had no legal obligation to participate in these proceedings or to
adduce evidence supporting its claim regarding the legality of the wall.
While 1have my own views on whether it was wise for Israel not to pro-
duce the requisite information, this is not an issue for me to decide.
The fact remains that it did not have that obligation. The Court may
therefore not draw any adverse evidentiary conclusions from Israel's
failure to supply it or assume, without itself fully enquiring into the
matter, that the information and evidence before it is sufficient to
support each and every one of its sweeping legal conclusions.

(Signed) Thomas BUERGENTHAL. 10. Pour finir, il rne faut dire un mot sur ma position selon laquelle
la Cour, exerçant son pouvoir discrétionnaire, aurait dû refuser de
connaître de l'affaire. pourrait être avancà cet égardque, s'il a man-
qué ê la Cour un grand nombre d'éléments de faits pertinents concernant
la construction du mur par Israël, c'est parce que celui-ci ne les avait

pas présentés, etque la Cour était donc fondée a s'appuyer presque
exclusivement sur les rapports des Nations Unies qui lui avaient été
soumis. Cet argument serait valable si, au lieu d'avoir été pour avis,
la Cour avait été appelée a se prononcer sur une affaire contentieuse,
dans le cadre de laquelle chaque partie a la charge de prouver ce qu'elle
avance. Telle n'est toutefois pas la règleapplicable dans une procédure
consultative, où il n'y a pas de parties. Dès lors que la Cour a admis
que le consentement d'Israëlà la procédure n'était pasnécessaire,étant
donné que l'affaire n'étaitpas portée contre lui et qu'il n'était pas
partieà celle-ci, Israd n'étaitpas juridiquement tenu de participiila
procédure, ni de protduire des élémentsde preuve à l'appui de sa thèse
concernant la légaliti:du mur. Bien que j'aie ma propre opinion sur la
question de savoir s'il étaitjudicieux pour Israël de ne pas fournir les
informations nécessaires,il s'agit li d'une question sur laquelle je n'ai
pas a me prononcer. Le fait demeure qu'Israël n'y était pas tenu. La

Cour ne saurait par conséquent tirer du fait qu'Israël n'a pas produit
ces élémentsde conclusions défavorables en termes d'administration
de la preuve, ni tenir pour acquis, sans s'êtrepenchée defaçon appro-
fondie sur cette question, que les informations et les élémentsde preuve
dont elle disposesufifisena fonder chacune des conclusions juridiques
par trop générales auxquelles elle estparvenue.

(Signé) Thomas BUERGENTHAL.

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Buergenthal

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