Declaration of Judge ad hoc Dugard

Document Number
150-20131122-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
150-20131122-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

391

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC DUGARD

1. I have voted in favour of the Order and fully support the measures
contained in the Order. There is, however, one issue that was not dealt g
with in the Order, which I believe should have received attention. This gis
the question of Costa Rica’s access to the disputed territory by means of
the San Juan River to enable it to take appropriate measures relating to
the two new caños if, after consultation with the Secretariat of the Ramsar

Convention, and after giving notice to Nicaragua, it considers it neces -
sary to take such measures to prevent irreparable prejudice to the envi -
ronment of the disputed territory. In my view this matter should have
been addressed as it is clear that there is no agreement between the Pargties
on this subject and without proper regulation it could lead to conflicgt.

2. In the proceedings Nicaragua made it clear that it regards the
San Juan River as being subject to its absolute sovereignty and jurisdic -
tion except for the right that Costa Rica enjoys to navigate it for the
“purposes of commerce” in terms of the Treaty of Limits of 1858. Relying

on the decision of the Court in the Dispute regarding Navigational and
Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 213), Nicaragua declared that it would not allow Costa Rica access to
the San Juan River in order to carry out remediation work on the
two caños in the disputed territory. At the same time it argued that the
Court could not order provisional measures permitting Costa Rica to

navigate on the San Juan River in order to gain access to the disputed
territory on the grounds that this would impugn the territorial sover -
eignty of Nicaragua over the San Juan River.
3. Costa Rica, on the other hand, argued that the only way of reaching
the disputed territory in order to carry out remediation work was by

means of the San Juan River. It maintained that the terrain made it prac -
tically impossible to reach the two new caños by land or helicopter.
Costa Rica argued that navigation on the San Juan River for the purpose
of gaining access to the new caños would not prejudge the positions of the
Parties pendente lite and pose no problem for Nicaragua.

4. In these circumstances I believe that the Court should in its Order
have regulated Costa Rica’s access to the two new caños in the disputed
territory, if necessary by making provision for it to use the San Juan River.
Instead provisional measure 2 (E) allows Costa Rica to “take appropriate
measures related to the new caños, to the extent necessary to prevent
irreparable prejudice to the environment of the disputed territory” wgith -

out any indication as to how this may be done. The only limitation
imposed on Costa Rica in taking these measures is that it “shall avoid

41

5 Ord 1051.indb 78 24/06/14 15:58 392 certain activities ; construction of a roagd (decl. dugard)

any adverse effects on the San Juan River”. In effect this leaves it open to
Costa Rica to access the new caños in the disputed territory by sea, land,

air or river.

5. The uncertainty relating to access to the two new caños is aggra -
vated by the fact that it is not clear that the decision of the Court ing the

Dispute regarding Navigational Rights (I.C.J. Reports 2009,p. 213) imposes
an absolute prohibition on Costa Rica’s right to navigate the
San Juan River for purposes other than commerce. There is language in
the decision which suggests that the protection of the environment shoulgd
be considered in interpreting the legal régime to govern navigation ogn the
San Juan River and that Nicaragua should not regulate navigation in an

unreasonable manner. The Court makes it clear that the protection of theg
environment is a “legitimate purpose” to consider in regulating traffic on
the San Juan River (ibid., p. 250, paras. 88-89 ; p. 261, para. 127). More -
over, it stated that the power of Nicaragua to regulate the exercise by g
Costa Rica of its right to freedom of navigation under the 1858 Treaty of

Limits “is not unlimited, being tempered by the rights and obligationgs of
the Parties” (ibid., p. 249, para. 87) and that any such regulation “must
not be unreasonable, which means that its negative impact on the exercisge
of the right in question must not be manifestly excessive when measured g
against the protection afforded to the purpose invoked” (ibid., pp. 249-250,

para. 87 (5)). It may therefore be persuasively argued that it would be
unreasonable for Nicaragua to prevent Costa Rica from using the
San Juan River to gain access to the new caños to carry out remediation
work on the grounds that the protection of the environment is a “legigti -
mate purpose” for regulating traffic on the river. The legitimacy ofg such a
purpose and the reasonableness of such action might be seen to be a nec -

essary consequence of the illegality of Nicaragua’s construction of tgwo
new caños in an environmentally protected area.

6. In these circumstances it might have been wise for the Court to have
ordered that Nicaragua should not obstruct Costa Rica’s free access to
the two new caños by means of the San Juan River, along the lines of its
Order by way of provisional measures to Thailand not to obstruct the
free access of Cambodians to the Temple of Preah Vihear (Request for

Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the
Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II),
p. 555, para. 69 (2)).
7. The subject of how Costa Rica is to gain access to the disputed ter -
ritory if it considers it necessary to take appropriate measures to prevgent

irreparable prejudice to the environment as a result of the constructiong of
the two new caños remains unsettled. The fact that Costa Rica is required

42

5 Ord 1051.indb 80 24/06/14 15:58 393 certain activities ; construction of a roagd (decl. dugard)

to give prior notice of its intention relating to the taking of any suchg me-
sures to Nicaragua provides some assurance that this process will be cong-
ducted peacefully. This is, however, a matter for the exercise of restragint
on the part of both Parties. Both Nicaragua and Costa Rica attach great

importance to the protection of the environment of the disputed territorgy.
This should be the guiding and paramount interest on the part of both
Parties in respect of any remediation works on the new caños.

(Signed) John Dugard.

43

5 Ord 1051.indb 82 24/06/14 15:58

Bilingual Content

391

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC DUGARD

1. I have voted in favour of the Order and fully support the measures
contained in the Order. There is, however, one issue that was not dealt g
with in the Order, which I believe should have received attention. This gis
the question of Costa Rica’s access to the disputed territory by means of
the San Juan River to enable it to take appropriate measures relating to
the two new caños if, after consultation with the Secretariat of the Ramsar

Convention, and after giving notice to Nicaragua, it considers it neces -
sary to take such measures to prevent irreparable prejudice to the envi -
ronment of the disputed territory. In my view this matter should have
been addressed as it is clear that there is no agreement between the Pargties
on this subject and without proper regulation it could lead to conflicgt.

2. In the proceedings Nicaragua made it clear that it regards the
San Juan River as being subject to its absolute sovereignty and jurisdic -
tion except for the right that Costa Rica enjoys to navigate it for the
“purposes of commerce” in terms of the Treaty of Limits of 1858. Relying

on the decision of the Court in the Dispute regarding Navigational and
Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 213), Nicaragua declared that it would not allow Costa Rica access to
the San Juan River in order to carry out remediation work on the
two caños in the disputed territory. At the same time it argued that the
Court could not order provisional measures permitting Costa Rica to

navigate on the San Juan River in order to gain access to the disputed
territory on the grounds that this would impugn the territorial sover -
eignty of Nicaragua over the San Juan River.
3. Costa Rica, on the other hand, argued that the only way of reaching
the disputed territory in order to carry out remediation work was by

means of the San Juan River. It maintained that the terrain made it prac -
tically impossible to reach the two new caños by land or helicopter.
Costa Rica argued that navigation on the San Juan River for the purpose
of gaining access to the new caños would not prejudge the positions of the
Parties pendente lite and pose no problem for Nicaragua.

4. In these circumstances I believe that the Court should in its Order
have regulated Costa Rica’s access to the two new caños in the disputed
territory, if necessary by making provision for it to use the San Juan River.
Instead provisional measure 2 (E) allows Costa Rica to “take appropriate
measures related to the new caños, to the extent necessary to prevent
irreparable prejudice to the environment of the disputed territory” wgith -

out any indication as to how this may be done. The only limitation
imposed on Costa Rica in taking these measures is that it “shall avoid

41

5 Ord 1051.indb 78 24/06/14 15:58 391

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC DUGARD

[Traduction]

1. J’ai voté en faveur de l’ordonnance et approuve sans réserveg les
mesures y indiquées. Il est toutefois une question qui n’y a pas égté traitée
et qui, selon moi, méritait une certaine attention. Il s’agit de lga question
de savoir si le Costa Rica peut emprunter le fleuve San Juan pour se
rendre dans le territoire litigieux en vue de prendre des mesures appro -
priées à l’égard des deux nouveaux caños dans l’éventualité où, après

avoir consulté le Secrétariat de la convention de Ramsar et prégalablement
informé le Nicaragua, il estimerait que de telles mesures sont nécgessaires
pour empêcher qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé à l’environne -
ment du territoire en question. De mon point de vue, cette question auragit
dû être examinée puisque, de toute évidence, elle oppose lesg Parties et

que, en l’absence d’un cadre approprié, elle risque de donner lgieu à conflit.
2. Au cours de la procédure, le Nicaragua a clairement fait savoir qu’il
considérait le fleuve San Juan comme relevant de sa souverainetég et de sa
juridiction pleines et entières, le Costa Rica n’ayant le droit d’y naviguer
qu’aux «fins de commerce » visées dans le traité de limites de 1858. Invo -

quant la décision de la Cour en l’affaire du Différend relatif à des droits
de navigation et des droits connexes (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 213), il a déclaré qu’il ne permettrait pas au
Costa Rica d’emprunter le San Juan pour aller réaliser des travaux de
remise en état sur les deux caños situés dans le territoire litigieux. Il a
également soutenu que la Cour ne pouvait indiquer de mesures conservag -

toires permettant au Costa Rica de naviguer sur le San Juan pour gagner
le territoire litigieux, au motif qu’une telle mesure porterait atteignte à sa
souveraineté territoriale sur ce fleuve.
3. Le Costa Rica, en revanche, a affirmé que le fleuve San Juan consti -
tuait pour lui la seule voie d’accès au territoire litigieux pour gy réaliser des

travaux de remise en état. Il a fait valoir que la nature du terrain rendait
les deux nouveaux caños quasiment inaccessibles par voie terrestre ou par
hélicoptère, et que lui permettre de naviguer sur le fleuve pourg accéder
aux nouveaux caños ne préjugerait en rien des positions des Parties pen ‑
dente lite ni ne constituerait un problème pour le Nicaragua.

4. Dans ces circonstances, il me semble que la Cour aurait dû précisegr
dans son ordonnance les conditions d’accès du Costa Rica aux deux nou -
veaux caños situés dans le territoire litigieux, en l’autorisant si nécessagire
à emprunter le San Juan. Or, dans le cadre de la mesure conservatoire
prescrite au point 2 E), elle s’est bornée à permettre au Costa Rica de
«prendre des mesures appropriées au sujet des deux nouveaux caños, dès

lors que de telles mesures seront nécessaires pour empêcher qu’un préju -
dice irréparable soit causé à l’environnement du territoire glitigieux», sans

41

5 Ord 1051.indb 79 24/06/14 15:58 392 certain activities ; construction of a roagd (decl. dugard)

any adverse effects on the San Juan River”. In effect this leaves it open to
Costa Rica to access the new caños in the disputed territory by sea, land,

air or river.

5. The uncertainty relating to access to the two new caños is aggra -
vated by the fact that it is not clear that the decision of the Court ing the

Dispute regarding Navigational Rights (I.C.J. Reports 2009,p. 213) imposes
an absolute prohibition on Costa Rica’s right to navigate the
San Juan River for purposes other than commerce. There is language in
the decision which suggests that the protection of the environment shoulgd
be considered in interpreting the legal régime to govern navigation ogn the
San Juan River and that Nicaragua should not regulate navigation in an

unreasonable manner. The Court makes it clear that the protection of theg
environment is a “legitimate purpose” to consider in regulating traffic on
the San Juan River (ibid., p. 250, paras. 88-89 ; p. 261, para. 127). More -
over, it stated that the power of Nicaragua to regulate the exercise by g
Costa Rica of its right to freedom of navigation under the 1858 Treaty of

Limits “is not unlimited, being tempered by the rights and obligationgs of
the Parties” (ibid., p. 249, para. 87) and that any such regulation “must
not be unreasonable, which means that its negative impact on the exercisge
of the right in question must not be manifestly excessive when measured g
against the protection afforded to the purpose invoked” (ibid., pp. 249-250,

para. 87 (5)). It may therefore be persuasively argued that it would be
unreasonable for Nicaragua to prevent Costa Rica from using the
San Juan River to gain access to the new caños to carry out remediation
work on the grounds that the protection of the environment is a “legigti -
mate purpose” for regulating traffic on the river. The legitimacy ofg such a
purpose and the reasonableness of such action might be seen to be a nec -

essary consequence of the illegality of Nicaragua’s construction of tgwo
new caños in an environmentally protected area.

6. In these circumstances it might have been wise for the Court to have
ordered that Nicaragua should not obstruct Costa Rica’s free access to
the two new caños by means of the San Juan River, along the lines of its
Order by way of provisional measures to Thailand not to obstruct the
free access of Cambodians to the Temple of Preah Vihear (Request for

Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the
Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II),
p. 555, para. 69 (2)).
7. The subject of how Costa Rica is to gain access to the disputed ter -
ritory if it considers it necessary to take appropriate measures to prevgent

irreparable prejudice to the environment as a result of the constructiong of
the two new caños remains unsettled. The fact that Costa Rica is required

42

5 Ord 1051.indb 80 24/06/14 15:58 certaines activités; construction d’une rgoute (décl. dugard) 392

préciser en rien la manière de procéder. La seule limitation imgposée au
Costa Rica à cet égard est qu’il devra « évite[r] de porter atteinte de

quelque façon que ce soit au fleuve San Juan », ce qui revient à laisser le
Costa Rica libre de gagner les nouveaux caños situés dans le territoire
litigieux par voie maritime, terrestre, aérienne ou fluviale.
5. L’incertitude entourant l’accès aux deux nouveaux caños est aggra -
vée par celle qui subsiste quant au point de savoir si la décisiong rendue

par la Cour en l’affaire du Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des
droits connexes (C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 213) proscrit catégoriquement
toute navigation du Costa Rica sur le San Juan à des fins autres que de
commerce. Certains passages de cette décision semblent indiquer que la
protection de l’environnement doit être prise en considération gdans l’in -
terprétation du régime juridique appelé à régir la navigagtion sur le

San Juan, et que le Nicaragua doit s’abstenir d’adopter des mesures de
réglementation déraisonnables en matière de navigation. La Courg y
indique clairement que la protection de l’environnement constitue un
«but légitime» à prendre en compte lors de la réglementation de la circu -
lation sur le fleuve (ibid., p. 250, par. 88-89, et p. 261, par. 127). Elle pré -

cise en outre que le pouvoir du Nicaragua de réglementer l’exercicge, par
le Costa Rica, du droit de libre navigation que celui-ci tient du traité de
limites de 1858 « n’est pas illimité, puisqu’il est subordonné aux droits et
obligations des Parties » (ibid., p. 249, par. 87) et que toute mesure de
réglementation ainsi prise « ne doit pas être déraisonnable, ce qui signifie

que son incidence négative sur l’exercice du droit en question ne gdoit pas
être manifestement excessive par rapport au bénéfice qu’elgle présente pour
atteindre le but recherché » (ibid., p. 249-250, par. 87, point 5). Rien ne
s’oppose donc à la conclusion qu’il serait déraisonnable, de la part du
Nicaragua, d’empêcher le Costa Rica d’emprunter le fleuve San Juan
pour aller réaliser des travaux de remise en état sur les nouveauxg caños, la

protection de l’environnement constituant bien un « but légitime » aux
fins de la réglementation de la navigation sur le fleuve. Le caragctère à la
fois légitime de ce but et raisonnable de cette approche constitueraigt ainsi
une conséquence nécessaire de la construction illicite, par le Nicaragua,
de deux nouveaux caños dans une zone dont l’environnement est protégé.

6. Dans ces circonstances, la Cour eût peut-être été bien inspigrée
d’ordonner au Nicaragua de ne pas faire obstacle au libre accès dug
Costa Rica aux deux nouveaux caños via le fleuve San Juan, en reprenant
les termes de son ordonnance prescrivant à la Thaïlande, à titre de mesure
conservatoire, de ne pas faire obstacle au libre accès du Cambodge aug

temple de Préah Vihéar (Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du
15 juin 1962 en l’affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaï -
lande) (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
18 juillet 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 555, par. 69, point 2).
7. Se pose donc toujours la question de savoir comment le Costa Rica
est censé se rendre dans le territoire litigieux s’il estime négcessaire de

prendre des mesures appropriées pour empêcher qu’un préjudicge irrépa -
rable ne soit causé à l’environnement du fait de la constructiogn des deux

42

5 Ord 1051.indb 81 24/06/14 15:58 393 certain activities ; construction of a roagd (decl. dugard)

to give prior notice of its intention relating to the taking of any suchg me-
sures to Nicaragua provides some assurance that this process will be cong-
ducted peacefully. This is, however, a matter for the exercise of restragint
on the part of both Parties. Both Nicaragua and Costa Rica attach great

importance to the protection of the environment of the disputed territorgy.
This should be the guiding and paramount interest on the part of both
Parties in respect of any remediation works on the new caños.

(Signed) John Dugard.

43

5 Ord 1051.indb 82 24/06/14 15:58 certaines activités; construction d’une rgoute (décl. dugard) 393

nouveaux caños. Le Costa Rica étant tenu d’informer préalablement le
Nicaragua de son intention de prendre de telles mesures, il est permis
d’espérer que ce processus se déroulera sans heurts. Il s’aggit là toutefois
d’une question de retenue de la part de chacune des Parties. Le Nicargagua

et le Costa Rica sont l’un et l’autre très attachés à la protection de l’envi-
ronnement du territoire litigieux, et c’est avant tout cet attachemengt qui
devrait les guider si des travaux de remise en état sur les nouveaux caños
étaient envisagés.

(Signé) John Dugard.

43

5 Ord 1051.indb 83 24/06/14 15:58

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Declaration of Judge <i>ad hoc</i> Dugard

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