Dissenting Opinion of Judge Al-Khasawneh

Document Number
151-20110718-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
151-20110718-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

564

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH

I wish, in appending this dissenting opinion, to explain briefly the rea -
sons that led me, not without regret, to vote against operative para -
graph 69 (B) (1) of the Order.
Such explanation is all the more called for since I take no issue, in prffi-

ciple, with the premise upon which the Order is predicated, namely that ff
all the conditions necessary for the indication of provisional measures
have been met in the present instance. I thus agree that the Court’s juris -
diction and the prima facie existence of a dispute within the meaning of
Article 60 of the Statute of the Court have both been established and

that, likewise, the rights alleged in the principal request are plausiblffe and
at risk of irreparable prejudice.
What I question, however, is the link between those plausible rights
that ought to be conserved and protected pending a final judgment and
one of the measures indicated by the Court, namely the establishment of

a “provisional demilitarized zone” around the Temple of Preah Viheffar.
What are the rights that need to be urgently protected ? According to
paragraph 55 of the Order, these are :

“the rights which Cambodia claims to hold under the terms of the
1962 Judgment in the area of the Temple [that] might suffer irrepara-
ble prejudice resulting from the military activities in that area and, iffn
particular, from the loss of life, bodily injuries and damage caused to ff

the Temple and the property associated with it”.

It seems plain to me (and I leave aside the finer points as to the Tempffle
itself being incontestably Cambodian and hence outside the purview of
the principal request) that those rights can be adequately and effectivffely
protected by indicating a provisional measure directing both Parties to ff
refrain from any military activities in the area around the Temple withoffut

necessarily defining that area and much less by establishing a “provisional
demilitarized zone” as is presently contained in the Order.

The provisional demilitarized zone, as defined in the Order, contains
parts of territory indisputably Cambodian or indisputably Thai as well as

parts where sovereignty is at issue. I see no justification for asking effach of
the two Parties to withdraw its respective troops from the areas that
appertain to it. Therefore, the measure is excessive since the protection to
be given to the rights at issue can be achieved adequately and effectiveffly
by directing the Parties that they must strictly refrain from any militaffry

activities.

31

6 CIJ1023.indb 58 18/06/13 10:38 565 request for interpretffation (diss. op. al-khasffawneh)

Besides, the concept of a demilitarized zone has been condemned to
obsolescence by modern developments in the fields of artillery, missilesff
and other forms of projectiles.
The Court’s power to indicate measures is wide, and rightly so, but
because of this it should be exercised with caution. The imposition of aff

demilitarized zone, the spatial definition of which is not defined on thffe
basis of a discernible criterion, is therefore both unnecessary for the ff
protection of the rights at issue and infinitely open to accusations of ff
arbitrariness. A more sensible approach would have been to restrict the ff
provisional measures to a strict observation of a ceasefire in the area ffof

the Temple, coupled with a measure directing Thailand not to obstruct
access to the precincts of the Temple and a measure directing the two Paffr -
ties to allow the observers, appointed by ASEAN, to access the Temple
area.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh.

32

6 CIJ1023.indb 60 18/06/13 10:38

Bilingual Content

564

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH

I wish, in appending this dissenting opinion, to explain briefly the rea -
sons that led me, not without regret, to vote against operative para -
graph 69 (B) (1) of the Order.
Such explanation is all the more called for since I take no issue, in prffi-

ciple, with the premise upon which the Order is predicated, namely that ff
all the conditions necessary for the indication of provisional measures
have been met in the present instance. I thus agree that the Court’s juris -
diction and the prima facie existence of a dispute within the meaning of
Article 60 of the Statute of the Court have both been established and

that, likewise, the rights alleged in the principal request are plausiblffe and
at risk of irreparable prejudice.
What I question, however, is the link between those plausible rights
that ought to be conserved and protected pending a final judgment and
one of the measures indicated by the Court, namely the establishment of

a “provisional demilitarized zone” around the Temple of Preah Viheffar.
What are the rights that need to be urgently protected ? According to
paragraph 55 of the Order, these are :

“the rights which Cambodia claims to hold under the terms of the
1962 Judgment in the area of the Temple [that] might suffer irrepara-
ble prejudice resulting from the military activities in that area and, iffn
particular, from the loss of life, bodily injuries and damage caused to ff

the Temple and the property associated with it”.

It seems plain to me (and I leave aside the finer points as to the Tempffle
itself being incontestably Cambodian and hence outside the purview of
the principal request) that those rights can be adequately and effectivffely
protected by indicating a provisional measure directing both Parties to ff
refrain from any military activities in the area around the Temple withoffut

necessarily defining that area and much less by establishing a “provisional
demilitarized zone” as is presently contained in the Order.

The provisional demilitarized zone, as defined in the Order, contains
parts of territory indisputably Cambodian or indisputably Thai as well as

parts where sovereignty is at issue. I see no justification for asking effach of
the two Parties to withdraw its respective troops from the areas that
appertain to it. Therefore, the measure is excessive since the protection to
be given to the rights at issue can be achieved adequately and effectiveffly
by directing the Parties that they must strictly refrain from any militaffry

activities.

31

6 CIJ1023.indb 58 18/06/13 10:38 564

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE AL-KHASAWNEH

[Traduction]

Je souhaite, en joignant la présente opinion dissidente à l’ordffonnance,
exposer brièvement les raisons qui m’ont conduit, non sans regret,ff à voter
contre le point B 1) du paragraphe 69 de celle-ci.
Cette explication s’impose d’autant plus que je ne conteste pas, effn prin -
cipe, la prémisse sur laquelle l’ordonnance est fondée, à savoir que toutes
les conditions étaient réunies pour que la Cour indique des mesureffs conser -

vatoires dans la présente instance. Je conviens donc que la compétffence de
la Cour est établie, de même que l’existence prima facie d’un différend au
sens de l’article 60 du Statut de la Cour, et reconnais pareillement que les
droits invoqués dans le cadre de la demande principale sont plausibleffs et
qu’il existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable leur soitff causé.

Ce que je conteste, toutefois, c’est le lien entre ces droits plausibffles qui
doivent être sauvegardés et protégés jusqu’à l’arrêfft définitif et l’une des
mesures indiquées par la Cour, soit l’établissement d’une «ffzone démilita-
risée provisoire» autour du temple de Préah Vihéar.
quels sont ces droits à protéger d’urgence ? Selon le paragraphe 55 de

l’ordonnance, ce sont :
«les droits que le Cambodge prétend détenir en vertu de l’arrêfft

de 1962 dans la zone du temple [et qui] pourraient subir un préjudice
irréparable résultant des activités militaires dans cette zone ffet, en
particulier, des pertes en vies humaines, des atteintes à l’intéffgrité
physique des personnes et des dommages infligés au temple ainsi
qu’aux biens qui s’y rattachent ».

Il me paraît évident (et je ne dirai rien des questions plus subtffiles tou -
chant à l’appartenance incontestable du temple lui-même au Cambodge
et, partant, à son exclusion de la demande principale) que les droitffs en

cause peuvent être dûment et efficacement protégés en indiqffuant une
mesure conservatoire faisant obligation aux deux Parties de s’absteniffr de
toute activité militaire dans la zone située autour du temple sansff nécessai -
rement délimiter ladite zone et, surtout, sans établir une « zone démilitari-
sée provisoire» telle que celle prévue dans l’ordonnance.

La zone démilitarisée provisoire, telle qu’elle est définie ffdans l’ordon -
nance, englobe des pans de territoire incontestablement cambodgiens ou
incontestablement thaïlandais, ainsi que d’autres pour lesquels la question
de la souveraineté est litigieuse. Je ne vois rien qui justifie de deffmander à
chacune des deux Parties de retirer ses troupes des zones qui lui appar -
tiennent. Dès lors, une telle mesure me semble excessive étant donffné que,

pour protéger dûment et efficacement les droits en cause, il suffiffsait d’en-
joindre aux Parties de s’abstenir strictement de toute activité mifflitaire.

31

6 CIJ1023.indb 59 18/06/13 10:38 565 request for interpretffation (diss. op. al-khasffawneh)

Besides, the concept of a demilitarized zone has been condemned to
obsolescence by modern developments in the fields of artillery, missilesff
and other forms of projectiles.
The Court’s power to indicate measures is wide, and rightly so, but
because of this it should be exercised with caution. The imposition of aff

demilitarized zone, the spatial definition of which is not defined on thffe
basis of a discernible criterion, is therefore both unnecessary for the ff
protection of the rights at issue and infinitely open to accusations of ff
arbitrariness. A more sensible approach would have been to restrict the ff
provisional measures to a strict observation of a ceasefire in the area ffof

the Temple, coupled with a measure directing Thailand not to obstruct
access to the precincts of the Temple and a measure directing the two Paffr -
ties to allow the observers, appointed by ASEAN, to access the Temple
area.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh.

32

6 CIJ1023.indb 60 18/06/13 10:38 demande en interprétffation (op. diss. al-khasffawneh) 565

En outre, la notion de zone démilitarisée a été condamnée à l’obsoles -
cence par les récents progrès accomplis dans le domaine de l’arfftillerie et
des missiles ou autres formes de projectiles.
Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires est vaste,
et à bon droit, mais il doit de ce fait être exercé avec circonspection. L’im -

position d’une zone démilitarisée, délimitée dans l’esffpace sans critère
identifiable, est donc à la fois inutile pour protéger les droits ffen question
et infiniment susceptible de susciter des accusations d’arbitraire. Iffl eût été
plus sage de se borner à exiger l’observation stricte d’un cessffez-le-feu dans
la zone du temple, en assortissant cette mesure conservatoire de deux

autres, l’une enjoignant à la Thaïlande de ne pas faire obstaclffe au libre
accès du Cambodge à l’enceinte du temple, et l’autre ordonnaffnt aux deux
Parties d’autoriser les observateurs mandatés par l’ANASE à ffaccéder au
temple.

(Signé) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh.

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Al-Khasawneh

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