INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AND
REQUEST FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
CERTAIN QUESTIONS OF JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY
AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
v.
ITALIAN REPUBLIC
29 April 2022
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS AND
REQUEST FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being duly
authorized by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, states as
follows:
1. In accordance with Articles 36, paragraph 1, and 40 of the Statute of the Court
and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit this Application
instituting proceedings in the name of the Federal Republic of Germany
("Germany") against the Italian Republic ("Italy'').
2. Pursuant to Article 41 of the Court's Statute, the Application includes a request
that the Court indicates provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein
from imminent and irreparable harm.
3. Germany has appointed as its Agents:
- Ministerialdirektor Dr. Christophe Eick, Auswartiges Amt, Werderscher
Markt 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Dr. Cyrill Jean Nunn, Ambassador of Germany to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in the
Netherlands, Groot Hertoginnelaan 18-20, NL-2517 EG Den Haag.
The address for service to which all communications concerning the case should be
sent is: Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Netherlands, Groot
Hertoginnelaan 18-20, NL-2517 EG Den Haag.
Part I: Application
A. Subject of the Dispute
4. As the Court is aware, Italian domestic courts have in the past disregarded the
jurisdictional immunity of Germany as a sovereign State by allowing civil claims to
be brought against Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law
committed by the German Reich during World War II. Prompted by three decisions
of the Italian Corte di Cassazione rendered between 2004 and 2008, as well as
measures of constraint taken against a particular German State-owned property
located on Lake Como (''Villa Vigoni''), on 23 December 2008 Germany instituted
proceedings against Italy before the Court.
5. In its judgment of 3 February 2012,1 the Court held:
a) In respect of proceedings brought against Germany: "( ... ) that the Italian
Republic has violated its obligation to respect the immunity which the
Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law by allowing
civil claims to be brought against it based on violations of international
hnrt"'l"fil· ... ,.n·,,n 1,,w rr>1'"n1'"nittArl hTT -t-l..e f"":o__,,,,.,......, "Ro,rh bo+-.uae .... 104~ n .... ;i
.1..l.\,,1..1..I...LU.I. L«. a .La. '1...,'-.J.L.I..I.L.1..1..LLL\, .. A..L uy l,..1,.1. ~'-,..L.I..I.J.a,.1..1 .1.\..\..,.1.\,.... '--LW\.., 1..1. .1../ ...J dJ..lU
1945."2
1 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
interverung), Judgment of 3 February 2012, J.C.]. Reports 2012, p. 99 et seq.
2 Ibid., p. 154 et seq., para. 139 (1).
2
b) In respect of enforcement measures against Villa Vigoni: "( ... ) that the
Italian Republic has violated its obligation to respect the immunity which
the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law by taking
measures of constraint against Villa Vigoni."3
c) As a result, the Court held"( ... ) that the Italian Republic must, by enacting
appropriate legislation, or by resorting to other methods of its choosing,
ensure that the decisions of its courts and those of other judicial authorities
infringing the immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys
under international law cease to have effect."4
6. In the same judgment, the Court also noted that "( . .. ) as a general rule, there is no
reason to suppose that a State whose act or conduct has been declared wrongful by
the Court will repeat that act or conduct in the future, since its good faith must be
presumed."5
7. Notwithstanding these pronouncements, Italian domestic courts since 2012 have
entertained a significant number of new claims against Germany in violation of
Germany's sovereign immunity. In Judgment No. 238/2014, rendered on 22
October 2014, the Italian Constitutional Court acknowledged "[t]he duty of the
Italian judge (.,.) to comply with the ruling of the ICJ of 3 February 2012."
Nevertheless, the Constitutional Court subjected that same duty to the "the
3 Ibid., p. 155, para. 139 (2).
4 Ibid., p. 155, para. 139 (4).
5 Ibid., p. 154, para. 138.
3
fundamental principle of judicial protection of fundamental rights" under Italian
constitutional law, which it read to permit individual claims by victims of war crimes
and crimes against humanity to be brought against sovereign States.6
8. The Italian Constitutional Court's Judgment No. 238/2014, adopted in conscious
violation of international law and of Italy's duty to comply with a judgment of the
principal judicial organ of the United Nations, had wide-ranging consequences. As is
set out further below, since the judgement was rendered, at least 25 new cases have
been brought against Germany. What is more, in at least 15 proceedings, Italian
domestic courts, since Judgment No. 238/2014, have entertained and decided upon
claims against Germany in relation to conduct of the German Reich during World
War II, in many instances ordering Germany to pay compensation. In order to satisfy
two such judgments Italian courts are currently taking, or threatening to take,
measures of constraint against four German State-owned properties located in
Rome.
9; Repeated representations by the German Government urging the Italian
Government to bring to an end these new, systematic violations of German
sovereign . immunity subsequent to Judgment No. 238/2014 of the Italian
Constitutional Court have been to no avail. The same is true for German arguments
before Italian domestic courts, which routinely disregard Germany's right to
sovereign immunity.
6 Italian Constitutional Court,Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 5).
4
10. These developments have given rise to a new dispute between Germany and
Italy. The two States hold "clearly opposite views", 7 inter alia, on the following
questions: Can Italian domestic courts, relying on their novel reading of Italian
constitutional law, entertain civil claims against Germany based on violations of
international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and
1945? Can Italian domestic courts take measures of constraint based on judicial
decisions rendered in violation of Germany's sovereign immunity? Is there any
justification, under international law, for the particular measures of constraint taken
against four German State-owned properties located in Rome? On these and other
issues, Germany's claim to immunity "is positively opposed"8 by Italy. Under these
circumstances Germany is compelled to seise the Court of this new dispute in an
effort to defend its rights and to bring to an end the systematic infringements of its
sovereign immunity by Italian domestic courts.
7 See International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the
Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,Judgment of 17 March 2016, J.C.].
Reports 2016, p. 26, para. 50; International Court of Justice, Inte,pretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion of March 1950, J.C.]. Reports 1950, p. 74.
8 See International Court of Justice, Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear
Anns Race and to Nuclear Disannament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment of 5 October 2016, J.C.]. Reports 2016, p. 849, para. 37; International Court of Justice,
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment of 18 July 1966, J.C.]. Reports 1962, p. 328.
5
B. Jurisdiction of the Court
11. The Application is brought under the terms of Article 36, paragraph 1 of the
Court's Statute, read in conjunction with Article 1 of the European Convention for
the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957 (hereinafter: European
Convention). 9 Italy ratified the European Convention on 29 January 1960. The
Convention entered into force between the two States when it was ratified by
Germany on 18 April 1961. Neither State has since terminated it, nor have they made
any relevant reservations.
12. Article 1 of the European Convention provides:
"The High Contracting Parties shall submit to the judgment of the
International Court of Justice all international legal disputes which may
arise between them including, in particular, those concerning:
a) the interpretation of a treaty;
b) any question of international law;
c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would
constitute a breach of an international obligation;
d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the
breach of an international obligation."
13. The present dispute is plainly covered by the terms of Article 1 of the European
Convention. Notably, it concerns a "question of international law", namely the scope
9 European Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (Annex 1).
6
of sovereign immunity; it involves the systematic and continuing "breach", by Italy,
"of an international obligation", and it requires a decision about "the nature or extent
of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation."
14. Germany notes that the dispute between itself and Italy is also covered by the
temporal scope of the European Convention. Under the terms of Article 27, the
European Convention does not apply to "disputes relating to facts or situations prior
to the entry into force of this Convention as between the parties to the dispute." The
present dispute is however based on "facts or situations" efter the European
Convention's entry into force in 1961, namely decisions and measures of constraint
taken by Italian domestic courts and other authorities since Judgment No. 238/2014
of the Italian Constitutional Court in defiance of Germany's right to sovereign
immunity.
C. The Facts
15. Germany is faced with a large number of proceedings before Italian domestic
courts. These proceedings have been brought by claimants who suffered injury
between 1943 and 1945, when Italy was under German occupation after it had
terminated its alliance with the German Reich in September 1943, and who, often
represented by their descendants, seek compensation from Germany.
16. In its judgment of 3 February 2012, the Court described this general background
in the following terms:
"In June 1940, Italy entered the Second World War as an ally of the
German Reich. In September 1943, following the removal of Mussolini
7
from power, Italy surrendered to the Allies and, the following month,
declared war on Germany. German forces, however, occupied much of
Italian territory and, between October 1943 and the end of the War,
perpetrated many atrocities against the population of that territory,
including massacres of civilians and the deportation of large numbers of
civilians for use as forced labour. In addition, German forces took
prisoner, both inside Italy and elsewhere in Europe, several hundred
thousand members of the Italian armed forces. Most of these prisoners
(hereinafter "Italian military internees") were denied the status of
prisoner of war and deported to Germany and German-occupied
territories for use as forced labour."10
17. The democratic Germany that emerged after the end of the Nazi dictatorship has
consistently expressed its deepest regret over the egregious violations of international
humanitarian law perpetrated by German forces during the period from September
1943 until the liberation of Italy. In a joint declaration issued with his Italian
counterpart in 2008, the Foreign Minister of Germany fully acknowledged the
"untold suffering inflicted on Italian men and women in particular during massacres,
and on former Italian military internees".11
18. At the same time, Germany has consistently taken the legal position that while
Germany and Italy are required to cooperate towards reconciliation, individual
compensation of victims could not be forced upon Germany through unilateral
10 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities ef the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
intervening),Judgment of 3 February 2012, J.C.]. Reports 2012, p. 110, para. 21.
11 Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Italian
Republic, Trieste, 18 November 2008 (Annex 19).
8
recourse to domestic courts in violation of binding international rules of sovereign
immunity.
19. The proceedings before the Court in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State vindicated
that position. They prompted the Italian legislature to clarify - in Article 3 of Law
5/2013 - that in proceedings covered by the ICJ judgment, Italian domestic courts
were required to declare themselves to be without jurisdiction to entertain claims.12
However, as mentioned above, in Judgment No. 238/2014 the Italian Constitutional
Court declared Article 3, passed to ensure compliance with the Court's Jurisdictional
Immunities judgment, to be unconstitutional. It also declared unconstitutional Article
1 of Law No. 848 of 17 August 1957 (Execution of the United Nations Charter),13
insofar as this provision required "Italian courts [to] deny their jurisdiction in case of
acts of a foreign State constituting war crimes and crimes against humanity, in breach
of inviolable human rights."14
20. As a result of the Italian Constitutional Court's Judgment No. 238/2014, a large
number of proceedings brought against Germany, based on conduct of the German
Reich between 1943 and 1945, were not dismissed as had been envisaged under the
terms of Law 5/2013. In addition, a significant number of new proceedings have
12 Article 3 of Law 5/2013 (Annex 2).
13 Article 1 of Law No. 848 (Annex 3).
14 Italian Constitutional Court,Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 5).
9
been instituted against Germany in the wake of Judgment No. 238/2014.15 These
proceedings have taken place in disregard of Germany's frequent, firm and consistent
objections: on dozens of occasions, up until April 2022, German diplomats and
elected political representatives, including those of highest rank, have protested
against the unlawful exercise of jurisdiction by Italian domestic courts and
emphasised that Judgment No. 238/2014 does not affect Italy's obligations under
international law.16 To provide but one example, in a note verbale dated 5 January
2015, the German Embassy in Rome reiterated Germany's position in the following,
principled terms:
"Like all United Nations member States, Germany and Italy have a common
interest in protecting and safeguarding the integrity of the international legal
system under the authority of the International Court of Justice. ln this sense,
Article 94, paragraph 1 of the Charter of the United Nations requires each
member of the United Nations to comply with the decision of the
International Court of Justice in any dispute to which it is a party.
Under international law, the Italian Republic conti13:ues to have an obligation
to comply with the pronouncement of the International Court of Justice of 3
February 2012 and to transpose it into its domestic legal system. 1n particular,
the judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic cannot
change anything established by the International Court of Justice regarding
15 See Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No.
238/2014 (Annex 6).
16 See Overview of German-Italian discussions concerning questions of sovereign immunity
(Annex 20).
10
the content and extent of the jurisdictional immunity that the Federal Republic
of Germany enjoys before Italian courts.
The principle of the immunity of States cannot be limited by a State's domestic
law, not even by the fundamental principles of the national constitutional law
system [ ... ]
The resumption or prosecution of proceedings based on violations of
international humanitarian law by the Third Reich during the Second World
War would be a new violation of the jurisdictional immunity enjoyed by the
Federal Republic of Germany."17
21. Germany does not, at present, have full knowledge of each and every one of
these proceedings brought against it. However, the information available to it
indicates that its right to sovereign immunity is violated in a widespread and
systematic manner.
22. To illustrate, to the best of Germany's knowledge, at least 25 new proceedings
have been initiated against Germany since the Italian Constitutional Court's
Judgment No. 238/2014 of 22 October 2014. All of these proceedings concern
claims for individual compensation brought against Germany by Italian nationals (or
17 Note verbale from the German Embassy Rome to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
International Cooperation, 5 January 2015 (Annex 21).
11
their descendants) that were victims of violations of international humanitarian law
committed by the German Reich during World War II.18
23. In at least 15 instances, Italian domestic courts have, s1nce the Italian
Constitutional Court's Judgment No. 238/2014, rendered decisions against Germany
in relation to conduct of the German Reich during World War II.19
24. In addition to these proceedings, which violate Germany's right to sovereign
immunity from jurisdiction, the Court of Rome is currently taking measures of
constraint against German properties situated in Italy, and is threateping to take
further measures. These measures seek to enforce earlier judgments rendered in the
cases of Giorgio v. Germa'!Y and Cava/Jina v. Germa'!J. 20 In the former instance, the
Court of Bologna in 2011 had ordered Germany to pay the Claimant 518,232 Euros
in compensation for violations of international humanitarian law committed by the
18 See Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No.
238/2014 (Annex 6).
19 Overview of judgments rendered by Italian courts against Germany since Judgment No.
238/2014 (Annex 7).
20 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, GiotJ,io v. Germa'!Y, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14);
Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, GiotJ,io v. Gewat!Y, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex
15); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germa'!Y, Judgment No. 5446/2020
(Annex 16).
12
German Reich; this was upheld by the Appellate Court of Bologna in 2018.21 In the
case of Cava!!ina v. Germany, the Appellate Court of Rome of 4 November 2020
ordered Germany to pay the claimant 100,000 Euros in compensation plus interest
for his mistreatment at the hands of the German Reich. 22
25. To satisfy the judgment in the case of Giorgio v. Germany, four German Stateowned
properties located in Rome were seized and attached on 23 November 2020.23
This writ of attachment of real property ('atto di pignoramento immobiliare') was
registered in the land register in line with Article 555 of the Italian Code of Civil
Procedure.24 Following the above-mentioned judgment of the Appellate Court of
Rome of 4 November 2020, the claimants in Cava!!ina v. Germany joined the
enforcement process. Under Article 492 and 555 of the Italian Code of Civil
21 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germatry, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14);
Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germatry, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex
15).
22 Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina. v. Germa'!Y, Judgement No. 5446/2020
(Annex 16).
23 See Judicial Officer Rome, Writ of attachment of real property, 23 November 2021, and note
verbale of 7 December 2021 (Annex 17); see further extracts from the land register confirming that
all four properties are owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (Annexes 9, 10, 11, 12).
24 See List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from
the land register (Annex 8): in the land register, the four German properties are listed in Sezjone B,
while the attachment is registered in Sezjone C; for the text of Article 555 of the Italian Code of
Civil Procedure, see Italian Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (Annex 4).
13
procedure,25 this registration deprives Germany of the right to effect any change in
the legal status of its properties, such as by selling or otherwise disposing of them.
26. The attachment decision concerned the following four German properties:
a) one of two lots of the Deutsches Archaologisches lnstitut Rom (German
Archaeological Institute Rome), Via Sardegna 79 /81 (Foglio 472, Particella
255);
b) one sub-lot of the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome),
Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502);
c) one sub-lot of the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical
Institute Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno
508); as well as
d) three sub-lots of the Deutsche Schule _Rom (German School Rome), Via
Aurelia Anti.ca 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 and 6).26
27. By way of a decision of 12 July 2021, the Court of Rome appointed, instead of
Germany, a judicial custodian ('custode giudiziario') for the aforesaid properties.
25 For the text of the relevant provisions of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, see Italian Code
of Civil Procedure (extracts) (Annex 4).
26 See List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from
the land register (Annex 8), Sezjone B for details; in Annex 8, the three sub-lots of the German
School in Rome are listed separately, as Immobile n. 4, 5 6, respectively. For reasons of convenience,
they are referred to, in the present Application and Request for Provisional Measures as the fourth
German property.
14
Since September 2021, this judicial custodian has engaged in regular site visits on all
four German properties. On 12July 2021, the Court of Rome also fixed 25 May 2022
as the date on which it would decide to authorise the German properties to be
subjected to a forced sale by way of a subsequent public auction.27
28. Since December 2020 Germany has sought to have these measures of constraint
quashed or suspended, emphasizing its right to sovereign immunity and noting that
all four properties subject to attachment are in use for government non-commercial
purposes. Significantly, the Italian government itself, in an aide-memoire of 6
October 2021, unequivocally affirmed the non-commercial status of the four
German properties and noted that they were in use for a public purpose. 28
Notwithstanding these clear statements, the Court of Rome has proceeded with the
enforcement process and on 25 May 2022, will irrevocably authorise ·to put the four
German properties up for sale at a public auction. Under the circumstances, and as
further detailed below, Germany is now compelled to seek provisional measures
from the Court in order to safeguard its rights against irreparable harm.
D. The Law
29. Through its conduct as described in the preceding section, Italy has violated, and
continues to violate, its duty to respect the sovereign immunity of a foreign State, a
central tenet of peaceful inter-State relations governed by international law. The
27 Decision of the Court of Rome, Giozy,io et al. v. Germa'!Y, RGE No. 1163/2020 (Annex 18).
28 Aide-memoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6
October 2021 (Annex 22).
15
fundamental importance of respect for sovereign immunity is beyond doubt and has
been affirmed in the jurisprudence of the Court. As the Court noted a decade ago:
"[I]he rule of State immunity occupies an important place in international law
and international relations. It derives from the principle of sovereign equality
of States, which, as Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations
makes clear, is one of the fundamental principles of the international legal
order."29
30. There can be no doubt either about the basic elements of the duty to respect
sovereign immunity, which the Court clarified in its 2012 judgment. Six such basic
elements are of relevance here.
31 . First, respect for the sovereign immunity is a matter of binding international law,
not of mere comity. As noted by the Court:
"States generally proceed on the basis that there is a right to immunity under
international law, together with a corresponding obligation on the part of
other States to respect and give effect to that immunity."30
29 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunzties of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
intervening),Judgment of 3 February 2012, J.C.]. Reports 2012, p. 123, para. 57.
30 Ibid., p. 123, para. 56.
16
32. Second, immunity is a procedural bar to the exercise of jurisdiction by foreign
courts, and to the taking of measures of constraint. This makes it "entirely distinct
from the substantive law which determines whether that conduct is lawful or
unlawful. "31
33. Third, States are obliged to respect the sovereign immunity of other States even
in proceedings that concern allegations of grave breaches of international law. As
noted by the Court in 2012:
"( ... ) under customary international law as it presently stands, a State is not
deprived of immunity by reason of the fact that it is accused of serious
violations of international human rights law or the international law of armed
conflict." 32
34. In particular, the fact that the alleged violations may concern peremptory rules
of international law does not affect "the applicability. of the customary international
law on State immunity."33 Germany notes that the Court's central holding on this
31 Ibid, p. 124, para. 58.
32 Ibid., p. 139, para. 91.
33 Ibid., p. 142, para. 97.
17
point has been considered as "authoritative as regards the content of customary
international law" by the European Court of Human Rights.34
35. Fourth, the duty to respect the sovereign immunity of States also applies in
proceedings for torts allegedly committed on the territory of another State, where
the claims are based on conduct of the other States' armed forces and other organs
of State in the course of an armed conflict.35
36. Fifth, States are under a distinct and separate duty to respect other States'
immunity from measures of constraint taken against property situated on foreign
territory. As the Court noted in 2012:
"( ... ) the immunity from enforcement enjoyed by States in regard to their
property situated on foreign territory goes further than the jurisdictional
immunity enjoyed by those same States before foreign courts."36
· 3 7. More specifically:
34 European Court of Human Rights, Case off ones and Others v. The United Kingdom, Application Nos.
34356/06 and 40528/06, Final judgment of 14 January 2014, para. 198.
35 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
intervening), Judgment of 3 February 2012, J.C.]. Reports 2012, p. 127 et seq., paras. 64 - 78.
36 Ibid., p. 146, para. 113.
18
"Even if a judgment has been lawfully rendered against a foreign State, in
circumstances such that the latter could not claim immunity from jurisdiction,
it does not follow ipso facto that the State against which judgment has been
given can be the subject of measures of constraint on the territory of the
forum State or on that of a third State, with a view to enforcing the judgment
in question."37
38. Sixth, as immunity from measures of constraint "goes further"38 than immunity
from jurisdiction, States are precluded under international law from taking any
measure of constraint against the property of a foreign State on the basis of a
judgment that itself has been rendered in violation the other State's sovereign
immunity. 39 Conversely, even if a judgment has been lawfully rendered against a
foreign State, absent cases of consent or designation, measures of constraint can only
be taken against property that is "in use for an activity not pursuing government noncommercial
purposes."40
39. In light of these considerations, there can be no doubt that Italian domestic
courts violate Germany's right to sovereign immunity by (a) allowing civil claims
based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., paras. 113-114; as well as International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities ef the State
(Germany v. Italy), Order of 4 July 2011, J.C.]. Reports 2011, p. 501 et seq., para. 25.
40 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
intervening),Judgment of 3 February 2012, J.C.]. Reports 2012, p. 148, para. 118.
19
Reich and (b) by taking, or threatening to take, measures of constraint against
German State-owned property situated in Rome . .
40. These violations engage Italy's international responsibility. Italy is under a duty
to cease its continuing unlawful conduct, including all proceedings against Germany
based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German
Reich between 1943 and 1945 in which Italian courts currently exercise, or will
exercise in the future, jurisdiction in violation of international law.
41. Italy is moreover under a duty to make "full reparation for the injury caused" by
its unlawful conduct. 41 Such reparation "must as far as possible, wipe out all the
consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all
probability, have existed if that act had not been committed."42
42. As Germany's right to sovereign immunity has been infringed in a systematic,
repeated and blatant manner by Italian courts, it can no longer be assumed that Italy
41 See International Law Commission, R.esponsibili!J of States for Intemationalfy Wrongful Acts (2001),
Article 31.
42 Permanent Court of International Justice, Case concerning the Factory at Chorzow (Genna~ v. Poland),
Judgment of 13 September 1928, PCIJ, Series A, No. 17, p. 47; and see further International Court
of Justice, Amst Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium),
Judgment of 14 February 2002,LC.J. Reports 2002, p. 31 et seq., para. 76; International Court of
Justice, Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment of 31
March 2004, J.C.]. Reports 2004, p. 59, para. 119; International Court of Justice, Certain Activities
Carried Out ly Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment of 2 February 2018,
J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 25, para. 29; International Court of Justice, Awed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 9 February 2022, p. 36,
para. 106.
20
will not repeat such acts or conduct in the future, even if the International Court of
Justice expressly declares Italy's conduct to be in breach of international law.
Accordingly, in the case at hand special circumstances do exist that warrant the Court
to order Italy to offer guarantees and assurances of non-repetition to Germany, and
to back up these guarantees and assurances with concrete measures.
E. Submissions
43. On the basis of the preceding considerations, Germany asks the Court to adjudge
and declare:
(1) Italy has violated, and continues to violate, its obligation to respect
Germany's sovereign immunity by allowing civil claims to be brought against
Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by
the German Reich between 1943 and 1945, including, but not limited to, in 25
proceedings, listed in Annex 6, instituted against Germany since the judgment
of the Italian Constitutional Court of 22 October 2014.
(2) Italy has violated, and continues to violate, its obligation to respect
Germany's sovereign immunity by taking, or threatening to take, measures of
constraint against German State-owned properties situated in Italy, including
against the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological
Institute Rome), the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome),
the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute Rome),
and the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome).
21
(3) Italy is required to ensure that the existing decisions of its courts and those
of other judicial authorities infringing Germany's right to sovereign immunity
cease to have effect, including but not limited to, the 15 decisions listed in
Annex 7.
(4) Italy is required immediately to take effective steps to ensure that Italian
courts no longer entertain civil claims brought against Germany based on
violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich
between 1943 and 1945.
(5) Italy is required to make full reparation for any injury caused through
violations of Germany's right to sovereign immunity, including but not limited
to, compensating Germany for any financially assessable injury resulting from
proceedings conducted, and measures of constraint taken, in violation of
Germany's sovereign immunity.
(6) Italy is required to offer Germany concrete and effective assurances and
guarantees that violations of Germany's sovereign immunity will not be
repeated.
44. Germany reserves the right to revise, supplement, or amend the terms of this
Application, as well as the grounds invoked, as necessary.
45. In addition to the submissions set out in the foregoing, Germany requests the
Court to indicate provisional measures in accordance with Article 41 of the Court's
Statute as set out in the subsequent section.
22
Part II: Request for Provisional Measures
46. In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 73, 74 and
7 5 of the Rules of Court, Germany requests the Court to indicate provisional
measures to safeguard its rights. Such provisional measures fall plainly within the
prima jacie jurisdiction of this Court. They are required primarily to protect German
State-owned properties located in Rome against imminent measures of constraint.
As is detailed below,43 the Court of Rome, in clear disregard of Germany's right to
sovereign immunity, has fixed 25 May 2022 as the date on which it will authorise the
forced sale of four German State-owned properties located in Rome in a public
auction.
47. Germany does not at present have comprehensive information about further
impending decisions by Italian domestic courts in parallel proceedings that would
impose upon Germany furt.her measures of constraint in violation of its sovereign
immunity. However, given the large number of proceedings currently pending before
Italian domestic courts, as well as of decisions already rendered by Italian domestic
courts against Germany since 22 October 2014, such measures of constraint are likely
to be imminent. In order to be able effectively to safeguard its right to sovereign
immunity, for the reasons set out below, 44 Germany, as a further measure of
protection, requests the Court to order Italy to provide specific information about
any such further measures of constraint.
43 See i,ifra para. 66 et seq.
44 See infra para. 81 et seq.
23
48. In light of the nature of the rights at issue, as well as the irreparable harm which
will be caused by these imminent measures of constraint, Germany requests that the
Court addresses the present request as a matter of priority and urgency in line with
Article 74 paragraph 1 and Article 75 of the Rules of Court.
A. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
49. The Court:
"( . .. ) may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions relied on by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could
be founded ( ... )".45
SO. In order to determine whether the Court has such prima facie jurisdiction, the acts
complained of must thus be prima facie:
45 See inter alia International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Trea!J of Ami!), Economic
Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional
Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 630, para. 24; International Court of
Justice, Jadhav Case (India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, J.C.]. Reports
2017, p. 236, para. 15; International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the
Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017,
J.C.]. Reports2017,p.114,para.17.
24
"( . .. ) capable of falling within the provisions of [the Convention]",
such that:
"( . .. ) the dispute is one which the Court could have jurisdiction ratione materiae
to entertain ( . .. )"46
but the Court:
"( . .. ) need not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as
regards the merits of the case ( . .. )"47
46 International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations ef the 1955 Treaty ef Amity, Economic Relations, and
Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 October 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 632, para. 30.
47 International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations ef the 19 5 5 Treaty ef Amity, Economic Relations, and
Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 October 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 630, para. 24; International Court of Justice, Jadhav Case
(India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, J.C.]. Reports 2017, p. 236, para.
1 S; International Court of Justice, Application ef the International Convention for the Suppression ef the
Financing ef Terrorism and ef the International Convention on the Elimination ef All Forms ef Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, J.C.].
Reports2017,p.114,para.17.
25
51 . As set out above,48 the jurisdiction of the Court in the present case is based on
Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute and Article 1 of the European Convention. The
present, new, dispute between Germany and Italy is clearly covered by the terms of
Article 1 of the European Convention. The Court's prima facie jurisdiction to order
provisional measures cannot be in doubt.
B. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and Their Plausible Character
52. Under Article 41 of its Statute, the Court has
"( . .. ) the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any
provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights
of either party."
53. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the
Statute thus aims to ensure:
"( . . . ) the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case,
pending its decision on the merits thereof. It follows that the Court must be
concerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently
be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise
48 See supra para. 11 et seq.
26
this power only if it is satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting
such measures are at least plausible."49
54. Moreover:
"( .. . ) a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the
provisional measures being requested. "50
55. While the Application concerns systematic violations of Germany's sovereign
immunity by Italian courts, as set out above in more detail,51 the present request for
provisional measures primarily relates to specific measures of constraint about to be
adopted by the Court of Rome on 25 May 2022. These measures of constraint will
lead to the forced sale, in a public auction, of various items of German State-owned
property situated in Rome, namely:
49 See interalia International Court ofJustice,Application of the International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I. C.J.
Reports 2011, p. 126, para. 63.
so International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 19 5 5 T rcary of Amiry, Economic Relations, and
Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 October 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 639, para. 54; International Court ofJustice,Application of
the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional
Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I. C.J. Reports 2017, p. 126, para. 64.
51 See supra para. 29 et seq.
27
a) one of the two lots of the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Rom
(German Archaeological Institute Rome), Via Sardegna 79 /81 (Foglio
472, Particella 255);
b) one sub-lot of the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute
Rome), Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subaltemo 502);
c) one sub-lot of the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German
Historical Institute Rome), Via Aurelia Anti.ca 391 (Foglio 438,
Particella 200, Subalterno 508); as well as
d) three sub-lots of the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome),
Via Aurelia Anti.ca 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 and 6).
56. These measures of constraint against the aforementioned German State-owned
properties, to be adopted by the Court of Rome on 25 May 2022, would directly
violate Germany's right to sovereign immunity, which lies at the heart of the present
proceedings. As noted above, the measures of constraint are meant to enforce
judgments rendered by Italian domestic courts, namely by the Court and the
Appellate Court of Bologna and the Appellate Court of Rome in the cases of Giorgio
v. Germa1!J and Cavallina v. Germa1!J, which have ordered Germany to pay
compensation to victims of violations of international humanitarian law committed
by the German Reich during World War II.52
52 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germa'!Y Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14);
Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germa1!)1, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex
15); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cava/Jina v. Germa1!)1, Judgment No. 5446/2020
(Annex 16).
28
57. The judgments in Giorgio v. Germany and Cavallina v Germany violated Germany's
sovereign immunity, as authoritatively restated by the Court's 2012 Jurisdictional
Immunities of the State judgment. Any attempt to enforce such unlawfully rendered
judgments would exacerbate this violation of international law. For this reason alone,
the measures of constraint scheduled to take place on 25 May 25 2022 would violate
Germany's right under international law to have its sovereign immunity respected by
Italy.
58. Furthermore, these measures of constraint would also violate Germany's
sovereign immunity for the additional reason that all four properties affected by the
attachment are used for government non-commercial purposes:
a) The Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological
Institute Rome) is a scientific agency administered and financed by the
German Federal Foreign Office to undertake scientific research as part of
Germany's cultural and educational foreign policy.
b) The Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome), also financed
by the German Federal Foreign Office, is an essential pillar of Germany's
foreign and cultural policy; it promotes German language and German culture
in Italy, including by organizing, overseeing and certifying officially recognized
German language tests inter alia relevant for visa matters.
c) The Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute
Rome), which operates under the auspices of a foundation financed by the
German government, is tasked with promoting historical research throughout
the world and furthers Germany's foreign cultural and educational policy.
d) The Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), a registered non-profit
association under Italian law, which is recognized officially as a cultural
29
institution under the bilateral Italo-German cultural agreement, 53 is partly
financed from the German federal budget; is regulated through the Federal
Act on German Schools abroad (Auslandsschulgesetz), and provides teaching
in line with official German curricula including by teachers seconded from
Germany up to and including the official German high school diploma
("Abitur").
59. Significantly, the Italian government has recognized the government noncommercial
character of these German State-owned properties. In an aide-memoire
addressed to the German embassy in Rome dated 6 October 2021, mentioned
above,54 the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs unequivocally confirmed that:
"( .. ,) the German Archaeological Institute, the Goethe Institut, the German
Historical Institute and the German School pursue, within the foreign policy
of the Federal Republic of Germany, purposes of public interest of a culturalscientific
nature and also contribute to the promotion of German-Italian
cultural relations, specifically governed by the Cultural Agreement of 8
53 Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with exchange of letters) (1956)
and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement Relating to the Aforementioned Agreement
(1961) (Annex 13).
54 See supra para. 28.
30
February 1956."55
60. In light of this assessment, which is shared by Germany, it is clear that the four
German properties are not, in the words of the Court, "in use for an activity not
pursuing government non-commercial purposes."56 Any measure of constraint taken
against the four German properties would accordingly, for that reason too, violate
Germany's right to sovereign immunity.
61. Germany's request for provisional measures of protection is moreover directly
linked to one of "the rights whose protection is sought"57 in Germany's Application,
namely Germany's right not to be subjected to measures of constraint adopted in
violation of the international rules of sovereign immunity. Put differently, the
provisional measures sought in this request are meant to protect Germany against
55 Aide-memoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6
October 2021, (Annex 22); for the text of the aforementioned German-Italian Cultural Agreement,
see Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with exchange ofletters) (1956)
and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement Relating to the Aforemention~d Agreement
(1961) (Annex 13).
56 See International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
intervening),Judgment of 3 February 2012, J.C.]. Reports 2012, p. 148, para. 118.
57 See International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 19 5 5 T reary of Amiry, Economic Relations,
and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures,
Order of 3 October 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 639, para. 54; International Court of Justice,
Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of TemJrism and of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian
Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, J.C.]. Reports 2017, p. 126, para. 64.
31
imminent violations, by Italian courts, of Germany's sovereign immunity as far as
certain specific post-judgment measures of constraint against its State property are
concerned. They are sought until a judgment on the merits has been rendered by the
Court, and intended to safeguard Germany's rights during the duration of these
proceedings.
62. Germany's claims in relation to these rights also reach well beyond the plausibility
threshold necessary for the Court to adopt provisional measures. As confirmed by
the Court in its 2012 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State judgment, measures of
constraint are per se unlawful under international law if they are taken to enforce a
judgment that itself violates a State's sovereign immunity.58 This is the case for the
measures of constraint taken, and those threatened, against Germany's
aforementioned properties. These measures of constraint are intended to enforce the
judgments in the cases of Giorgio v. Germa,ry and Cavallina v Germa,ry, 59 which
themselves were rendered in violation of international law. Furthermore, such
measures of constraint would also violate Germany's sovereign immunity for the
additional reason that all of the German State-owned properties that are the object
of these envisaged measures of constraint are in government non-commercial use,
as shown above.
58 See International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities ef the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
intervening), Judgment of 3 February 2012, I.CJ. Reports 2012, p. 146 et seq., para. 113 - 114;
International Court of Justice, Junsdictional Immunities ef the State (Germany v. Italy), Order of 4 July
2011, J.C.]. Reports 2011, p. 501 et seq., para. 25.
59 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14);
Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germa1!)1, Judgment No. 2120 /2018 (Annex
15); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cava/Jina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020
(Annex 16).
32
C. Urgency and Risk of Irreparable Prejudice to German Properties Located
in Rome
1. Legal standard
63. The Court:
"( ... ) pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate provisional
measures when there is a risk that irreparable prejudice could be caused to
rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged
disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences."60
64. This power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exercised once:
"( . . . ) there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that
irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights in dispute before the Court
gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met when the acts
60 International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 19 5 5 T reary of Ami!J, Economic Relations, and
Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 October 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 645, para. 77.
33
susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can "occur at any moment" before
the Court rules on the merits."61
2. Legal consequences of the imminent measures of constraint
65. In the present instance there is undoubtedly a real and imminent risk that
irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights claimed before the Court gives its
final decision. Put simply, Germany faces the real and imminent risk of definitively
losing its title to the four properties situated in Rome should the Court of Rome
authorise a public auction on 25 May 2022.
66. As noted above, the attachment of real property of23 November 2020, registered
in the land register in line with Article 492 and 555 of the Italian Code of Civil
Procedure, deprived Germany of certain rights as an owner of the four properties,
such as the right to dispose of them. While Germany so far has retained legal title to
the properties as such, the conduct of the Court of Rome has created a real and
imminent risk that this will change.
67. As also noted above, the Court of Rome has appointed a judicial custodian of
foreclosed properties ("custode giudiziario'') for the four German properties and
fixed 25 May 2022 as the date for authorising a forced sale of the four properties in
61 International Court of Justice, Application ef the International Convention on the Elimination ef All Forms
ef Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 428, para. 61, citing International Court of Justice, Immunities and
Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December
2016, J.C.]. Reports 2016 p. 1169, para. 90.
34
the form of a public auction. Germany's efforts to quash the act of attachment as
such, or at least to suspend the ongoing execution proceedings, have not so far met
with any success; despite manifold attempts, the enforcement process continues.
What is more, under Italian domestic law, after the decision of its authorisation, no
further judicial appeal is possible that would preclude the public auction from taking
place.
68. Under the present circumstances, the only secure option to avoid the auction is
through a payment of the sum demanded by the creditors: in line with Article 495 of
the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, such payment, if made before the public auction
is authorised, would remove the attachment by way of conversion ("conversione del
pignoramento"). In a note verbale dated 28 February 2022, Germany urgently
requested the Italian government to make such a payment.62 The Italian government
has not responded to this request.
69. It is thus expected that on 25 May 2022 the Court of Rome will authorise to put
up the four attached properties for sale in a public auction. In line with Articles 569-
571 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, this authorisation will set in train a process
that deprives Germany of any legal opportunity to retain its title to the properties.
Following the authorisation, information about the attached properties and their
estimated value will be uploaded onto Italian real estate websites, which will direct
interested bidders to obtain further information from the judicial custodian of
foreclosed properties. The Court of Rome will determine a timeframe within which
interested third parties can submit bids. In line with Article 571 of the Italian Code
62 Note verbale from the German Embassy Rome to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
International Cooperation, 28 February 2022 (Annex 23)
35
of Civil Procedure Germany as the debtor will be barred from bidding. Once the
highest bidder at the public auction has paid the stated price, the Court of Rome will
transfer ownership of the auctioned properties. Under Article 586 of the Italian Code
of Civil Procedure, the bidder will acquire title to the respective property. The
prejudice caused by Germany's loss of title to its properties would thus be truly
irreparable.
70. Further, once legal title has passed, Italian law does not preclude the new owner
from taking steps to evict the institutions and associations currently using the
properties. Under Article 586 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, the Court's
decision of transfer of property serves equally as legal title for the buyer to enforce
the eviction of the former owner.
71. The risk of irreparable prejudice is thus imminent and very real: Germany faces
nothing less than the permanent loss of its legal title to the properties in question. In
this regard it is worth recalling the Court's order on provisional measures in the case
concerning Immunities and Criminal Proceedings {E,quatorial Guinea v. France). There the
Court considered it particularly relevant with reference to the requirement of
irreparable harm that:
"( ... ) [i]ndeed, any infringement of the inviolability of the premises may not
be capable of remedy, since it might not be possible to restore the situation to the status
quo ante."63
63 International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, J.C.]. Reports 2016, p. 1169, para. 90; emphasis
added.
36
3. Further factual consequences ef the imminent measures ef constraint
demonstrate the irreparable harm that will be caused
72. Beyond the transfer of legal title, the public auction that will be scheduled to take
place accorcling to the Italian Court's decision on 25 May 2022 will also significantly
impact the factual situation of the four German properties, inducting parts thereof
that will not be subject to the measures of constraint, and their further use. These
impacts equally pose "a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be
caused to the rights in dispute before the Court gives its final decision."64
73. With regard to the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Rom (German
Archaeological Institute), it must first be noted that while only a part of the overall
building is currently attached, a major renovation project involving the whole lot,
and costing approximately 26 million Euros, is currently ongoing.65 Any forced sale,
even of only part of the lot, would bring the project at large to an immediate end and
would in effect create afait accompli.
74. As far as the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome) is
concerned, the envisaged measure of constraint relates to the apartment of the
person responsible for the security and caretaking of the overall builcling, which is
64 See International Court of]ustice, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23
July 2018, J.C.]. Reports 2018, p. 428, para. 61.
65 For details see:
https://www.bbr.bund.de/BBR/DE/Bauprojekte/ Ausland/KulturundBildungseinrichtungen/
DAI%20Rom/ dai-iom.html?templateQueryString=rom (visited 18 April 2022).
37
only accessible via the central staircase and elevator of the Institute. The presence of
such caretaker on the premises on a 24 /7 basis is required for the running of the
institution. Once title to that apartment is transferred to a new owner, Germany
would not only have to grant this new owner access to the apartment via the German
Cultural Institute, but would also no longer be able to ensure the security of the
premises, which would thereby endanger the proper functioning of the Goethe
Institut as such.
75. As regards the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), the Court of
Rome's decision scheduled for 25 May 2022 will likely cause irreparable harm to the
operation of the school. As noted above, after 25 May 2022, information about a
public auction will be posted on Italian real estate websites. The mere possibility of
a transfer of title is prone to disrupt the school's activities. It will lead parents to no
longer enroll their children, possibly bringing about the de facto closure of the
school. Moreover, any disruption of the school's activities will affect the functioning
of the German diplomatic missions in Rome since German diplomats with schoolage
children currently posted in Rome, and those who will be posted there in the
future, depend on the option of their children attending the German school. The
denial of this possibility confirms that an auction, or even its mere public
announcement, of the Deutsche Schule would lead to irreparable harm.
76. Each of these facts alone, and even more so when taken together with the legal
effects of the imminent further measures of constraint, confirms that the
forthcoming decision of 25 May 2022 by the Court of Rome will cause irreparable
prejudice to Germany's rights, which form the very subject-matter of the
Application. Those measures of constraint will also entail irreparable consequences
for Germany's legal title to its State property, which is in use for government noncommercial
purposes.
38
4. Urgenry
77. As is clear from the account of the facts given above, the risk of irreparable harm
to Germany's rights is imminent, and urgent action is required to safeguard
Germany's rights.
78. The act likely to cause further and irreparable prejudice to the rights claimed by
Germany under applicable customary rules of State immunity, namely the decision
by the Court of Rome to authorise the sale of the properties at a public auction, is
scheduled to take place on 25 May 2022. This is less than one month from the day
this request for provisional measure is submitted to the Court, and thereafter the
change in ownership could "occur at any moment".66
79. While Italy claims that it has taken steps to issue a decree which would block
measures of constraint with regard to German property in Italy, this decree has so
far neither been officially published nor communicated to Germany.
80. Under those circumstances, and since all representations by Germany vis-a-vis
the Italian government to take appropriate steps of its own choosing to stop the
imminent measures of constraint violating Germany's state immunity, have failed,
there can be no doubt that the criterion of urgency is satisfied in the present case.
66 See mutatis mutandis International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial
Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, J.C.]. Reports 2016, p. 1169,
para. 90.
39
D. Germany's Right to be Free from Further Unlawful Measures of
Constraint
81. As detailed in Annex 6, Italian domestic courts have entertained a large number
of further proceedings in violation of Germany's right to sovereign immunity since
the issuance of Judgment No. 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court. As
detailed in Annex 7, since the issuance of Judgment No. 238/2014, Italian domestic
courts have rendered judgments against Germany in no less than 15 such
proceedings, requiring Germany to pay compensation for violations of international
humanitarian law committed by the German Reich during World War II. For the
reasons set out above, these proceedings systematically violate Germany's right to
sovereign immunity. Measures of constraint taken to enforce such unlawfully
rendered judgments would ipso facto violate Germany's right to be free from such
measures of constraint, which "goes further" 67 than its right to immunity from
jurisdiction.
82. Germany does not at present possess specific and complete information about
such attempts, other than those directed against its four properties located in Rome,
to enforce such judgments by Italian courts rendered in violation of Germany's
sovereign immunity. However, given the large number of proceedings brought
before, and of potentially enforceable decisions rendered by, Italian domestic courts,
it seems only a matter of time until only further measures of constraint will be taken
against German State-owned property located in Italy. Any such further measure of
67 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities ef the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece
.intervening),Judgment of 3 February 2012, LC.]. Reports 2012, p. 146, para. 113.
40
constraint would exacerbate the violation of Germany's right to sovereign immunity
and mean that, "it might not be possible to restore the situation to the status quo
ante."68
83. In the present circumstances, Germany's immediate need is to be kept closely
informed, through diplomatic channels, of any further measures of constraint taken,
or contemplated, by Italian domestic courts while no further attempts of service of
process via the German embassy in Rome ought to take place, in order for Germany
to be able in light of such information to then seek further, additional provisional
measures of protection from this Court, should this become necessary.
84. In order to be able to safeguard its right to sovereign immunity pending a decision
of the Court on the merits, Germany thus requests the Court to order Italy to provide
detailed information about proceedings pending before Italian domestic courts, and
about the steps it has taken to prevent the violation of Germany's right to sovereign
immunity.
E. Provisional Measures Requested
85. On the basis of all of the facts and arguments set forth above, Germany thus
requests the Court to indicate the following provisional measures in accordance with
Article 41 of its Statute:
68 See International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v.
France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, J.C.]. Reports 2016, p. 1169, para. 90.
41
1. Italy shall ensure - by making a "payment in conversion" or by taking
another effective measure of its own choosing - that the following German
properties are not subjected to a public auction pending a judgment by the
Court on the merits in the current proceedings:
a) one of the two lots of the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Rom
(German Archaeological Institute Rome), Via Sardegna 79 /81 (Foglio
472, Particella 255);
b) one sub-lot of the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute
Rome), Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502);
c) one sub-lot of the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German
Historical Institute Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438,
Particella 200, Subalterno 508);
d) three sub-lots of the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome),
Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 and 6).
2. Italy shall ensure that no further measures of constnμ.nt are taken by its
courts against German property used for government non-commercial
purposes located on Italian territory or for the purpose of enforcing judgments
that violate Germany's sovereign immunity pending a judgment by the Court
on the merits in the current proceedings.
3. Pending a judgment on the merits in the current proceedings, Italy shall,
within two months after the issuance of the Court's order on provisional
measures and every six months thereafter, submit to the Court a report
detailing:
42
a) measures of constraint imposed by, or sought from, Italian domestic
courts against German State-owned property located in Italy, with a
view to enforcing judgments rendered against Germany in civil
proceedings based on violations of international humanitarian law
committed by the German Reich during World War II; as well as:
b) steps taken by the Italian government to ensure that Germany's right
to sovereign immunity is respected in such proceedings.
86. In accordance with Article 75, paragraph 1, of its Rules, and given the imminent
risk of irreparable harm, as well as the unequivocal fulfilment of the prerequisites for
the ordering of provisional measures in the case at hand, Germany requests the Court
to indicate the above provisional measures as a matter of urgency and without any
other proceedings, or otherwise schedule an· oral hearing at the Court's earliest
possible opportunity.
87. Germany reserves its right to request additional provisional measures to prevent
irreparable harm to the rights at issue in this case or to prevent a further aggravation
of the dispute by Italy, should those become necessary during the course of these
proceedings, notably where measures of constraint are about to be taken by Italian
courts against other German properties used for government non-commercial
purposes located on Italian territory, or for the purpose of enforcing judgments that
themselves violate Germany's sovereign immunity.
Berlin, 29 April 2022 (Sign[&
Dr. Christophe Eick, Agent of the Federal Republic of Germany
43
CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the annexes filed with this Application and Request for
Provisional Measures are true copies of the documents referred to and that the
translations provided are accurate.
Berlin, 29 April 2022
(Signed)
14
44
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICEAPPLICATIONINSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS containing aREQUESTFOR PROVISIONAL MEASURESfiled in the Registry of the Court
on 29 April 2022
QUESTIONS OF JURISDICTIONAL
IMMUNITIES OF THE STATE
AND MEASURES OF CONSTRAINT
AGAINST STATE-OWNED PROPERTY
(GERMANY v. ITALY)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICEREQUÊTEINTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCEassortie d’uneDEMANDEEN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRESenregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 29 avril 2022
QUESTIONS RELATIVES AUX IMMUNITÉS JURIDICTIONNELLES DE L’ÉTAT
ET AUX MESURES DE CONTRAINTE
CONTRE DES BIENS APPARTENANT À L’ÉTAT
(ALLEMAGNE c. ITALIE)
2
2022
General List
No. 183
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AND REQUEST
FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being duly
authorised by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, states as follows:
1. In accordance with Articles 36, paragraph 1, and 40 of the Statute of the Court and
Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit this Application instituting
proceedings in the name of the Federal Republic of Germany (“Germany”) against the
Italian Republic (“Italy”).
2. Pursuant to Article 41 of the Court’s Statute, the Application includes a request
that the Court indicates provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein from
imminent and irreparable harm.
3. Germany has appointed as its Agents:
— Ministerialdirektor Dr. Christophe Eick, Auswärtiges Amt, Werderscher Markt 1,
10117 Berlin, Germany.
— Dr. Cyrill Jean Nunn, Ambassador of Germany to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Netherlands, Groot Hertoginnelaan
18-20, 2517 EG Den Haag, Netherlands.
The address for service to which all communications concerning the case should be
sent is: Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Netherlands, Groot Hertoginnelaan
18-20, 2517 EG Den Haag.
Part I: Application
A. Subject of the Dispute
4. As the Court is aware, Italian domestic courts have in the past disregarded the
jurisdictional immunity of Germany as a sovereign State by allowing civil claims to be
brought against Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law
committed by the German Reich during World War II. Prompted by three decisions of
the Italian Corte di Cassazione rendered between 2004 and 2008, as well as measures
of constraint taken against a particular German State-owned property located on
Lake Como (“Villa Vigoni”), on 23 December 2008 Germany instituted proceedings
against Italy before the Court.
5. In its judgment of 3 February 20121, the Court held:
(a) In respect of proceedings brought against Germany:
“that the Italian Republic has violated its obligation to respect the immunity
which the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law by
1 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy:
Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), pp. 99 et seq.
3
2022
Rôle général
no 183
REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
ET DEMANDE
EN INDICATION DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
[Traduction]
A Monsieur le Greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice, le soussigné, dûment
autorisé par le Gouvernement de la République fédérale d’Allemagne, déclare ce qui
suit :
1. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la
Cour ainsi qu’à l’article 38 de son Règlement, j’ai l’honneur de soumettre à la Cour,
au nom de la République fédérale d’Allemagne (ci-après l’« Allemagne »), la
présente requête introductive d’instance contre la République italienne (ci-après
l’« Italie »).
2. En application de l’article 41 du Statut, la requête est accompagnée d’une demande
tendant à ce que la Cour indique des mesures conservatoires pour protéger les droits
invoqués ci-après contre le risque de préjudice imminent et irréparable auquel ils sont
exposés.
3. L’Allemagne a désigné, en qualité d’agents :
— M. Christophe Eick, Ministerialdirektor, Auswärtiges Amt, Werderscher Markt 1,
10117 Berlin, Allemagne.
— M. Cyrill Jean Nunn, ambassadeur d’Allemagne auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
ambassade de la République fédérale d’Allemagne au Royaume des Pays-Bas,
Groot Hertoginnelaan 18-20, 2517 EG Den Haag, Pays-Bas.
Toutes les communications relatives à l’affaire sont à adresser à l’ambassade de la
République fédérale d’Allemagne aux Pays-Bas, Groot Hertoginnelaan 18-20, 2517 EG
Den Haag.
Partie I : Requête
A. Objet du différend
4. La Cour n’ignore pas que la justice italienne a, dans le passé, méconnu l’immunité
de juridiction de l’Allemagne en tant qu’Etat souverain en permettant que soient intentées
contre celle-ci des actions civiles à raison de violations du droit international
humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale.
Conséquemment à trois décisions rendues par la Cour de cassation italienne entre 2004
et 2008 et aux mesures de contrainte prises à l’égard d’un bien appartenant à l’Etat
allemand sis sur les rives du lac de Côme (la « Villa Vigoni »), l’Allemagne a introduit
une instance contre l’Italie devant la Cour le 23 décembre 2008.
5. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu le 3 février 20121, la Cour a dit :
a) s’agissant des procédures intentées contre l’Allemagne,
« que la République italienne a[vait] manqué à son obligation de respecter l’immunité
reconnue à la République fédérale d’Allemagne par le droit international en
1 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ;
Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 99 et suiv.
4
allowing civil claims to be brought against it based on violations of inter-
national humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and
1945”2.
(b) In respect of enforcement measures against Villa Vigoni:
“(. . .) that the Italian Republic has violated its obligation to respect the immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law by taking measures of constraint against Villa Vigoni”3.
(c) As a result, the Court held
“that the Italian Republic must, by enacting appropriate legislation, or by resorting to other methods of its choosing, ensure that the decisions of its courts and those of other judicial authorities infringing the immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law cease to have effect”4.
6. In the same judgment, the Court also noted that “as a general rule, there is no reason to suppose that a State whose act or conduct has been declared wrongful by the Court will repeat that act or conduct in the future, since its good faith must be pre-
sumed”5.
7. Notwithstanding these pronouncements, Italian domestic courts since 2012 have entertained a significant number of new claims against Germany in violation of Germany’s sovereign immunity. In Judgment No. 238/2014, rendered on 22 October 2014, the Italian Constitutional Court acknowledged “[t]he duty of the Italian judge (. . .) to comply with the ruling of the ICJ of 3 February 2012”. Nevertheless, the Constitutional Court subjected that same duty to “the fundamental principle of judicial protection of fundamental rights” under Italian constitutional law, which it read to
permit individual claims by victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity to be brought against sovereign States6.
8. The Italian Constitutional Court’s Judgment No. 238/2014, adopted in conscious violation of international law and of Italy’s duty to comply with a judgment of the
principal judicial organ of the United Nations, had wide-ranging consequences. As is set out further below, since the judgment was rendered, at least 25 new cases have been brought against Germany. What is more, in at least 15 proceedings, Italian domestic courts, since Judgment No. 238/2014, have entertained and decided upon claims
against Germany in relation to conduct of the German Reich during World War II, in many instances ordering Germany to pay compensation. In order to satisfy two such judgments Italian courts are currently taking, or threatening to take, measures of
constraint against four German State-owned properties located in Rome.
9. Repeated representations by the German Government urging the Italian Government to bring to an end these new, systematic violations of German sovereign immunity subsequent to Judgment No. 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court have been to no avail. The same is true for German arguments before Italian domestic courts, which routinely disregard Germany’s right to sovereign immunity.
2 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), pp. 154 et seq., para. 139 (1).
3 Ibid., p. 155, para. 139 (2).
4 Ibid., para. 139 (4).
5 Ibid., p. 154, para. 138.
6 Italian Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 5).
5
permettant que soient intentées à son encontre des actions civiles fondées sur des violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand entre 1943 et 1945 »2 ;
b) s’agissant des mesures d’exécution forcée visant la Villa Vigoni,
« que la République italienne a[vait] manqué à son obligation de respecter l’immunité reconnue à la République fédérale d’Allemagne par le droit international en prenant des mesures d’exécution forcée visant la Villa Vigoni »3 ;
c) et, partant,
« que la République italienne devra[it], en promulguant une législation appropriée ou en recourant à toute autre méthode de son choix, faire en sorte que les décisions de ses tribunaux et celles d’autres autorités judiciaires qui contreviennent à l’immunité reconnue à la République fédérale d’Allemagne par le droit international soient privées d’effet »4.
6. Dans ce même arrêt, la Cour a également noté que, « en règle générale, il n’y a pas lieu de supposer que l’Etat dont un acte ou un comportement a été déclaré illicite par [elle] répétera à l’avenir cet acte ou ce comportement, puisque sa bonne foi doit être présumée »5.
7. Nonobstant ces conclusions, les tribunaux italiens ont, depuis 2012, connu d’un grand nombre de nouvelles actions intentées contre l’Allemagne, en violation de
l’immunité de juridiction de celle-ci. Dans l’arrêt no 238/2014 du 22 octobre 2014, la Cour constitutionnelle italienne a reconnu « [l]’obligation pour la justice italienne … de se conformer à la décision rendue par la Cour le 3 février 2012 ». Elle a toutefois
subordonné cette obligation au « principe fondamental de protection judiciaire des droits fondamentaux » inscrit dans le droit constitutionnel italien qui, selon elle, permet à des victimes de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l’humanité de présenter des réclamations individuelles contre des Etats souverains6.
8. L’arrêt no 238/2014 de la Cour constitutionnelle italienne, adopté en violation consciente du droit international et de l’obligation incombant à l’Italie de se
conformer à un arrêt rendu par l’organe judiciaire principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, a eu des conséquences de grande ampleur. Comme il est exposé
ci-après, depuis le prononcé de l’arrêt, pas moins de 25 nouvelles affaires ont été
portées contre l’Allemagne. Qui plus est, dans 15 procédures au moins, les tribunaux italiens ont eu à se pencher et à statuer sur des actions intentées en rapport avec le
comportement du Reich allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale, condamnant dans bien des cas l’Allemagne à verser des indemnités. Afin de donner effet à deux
de ces décisions, la justice italienne prend actuellement, ou menace de prendre, des
mesures de contrainte à l’égard de quatre biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand sis à
Rome.
9. Les démarches réitérées du Gouvernement allemand auprès du Gouvernement
italien tendant à ce que celui-ci fasse cesser les nouvelles violations systématiques
de l’immunité de juridiction de l’Allemagne qui se sont produites depuis
l’arrêt no 238/2014 de la Cour constitutionnelle italienne sont restées vaines. Il en va
de même des plaidoiries de l’Allemagne devant les tribunaux italiens, lesquels, bien
souvent, méconnaissent le droit à l’immunité souveraine dont elle jouit.
2 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 154 et suiv., par. 139, point 1) du dispo-
sitif.
3 Ibid., p. 155, par. 139, point 2) du dispositif.
4 Ibid., par. 139, point 4) du dispositif.
5 Ibid., p. 154, par. 138.
6 Italian Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 238/2014 (annexe 5).
6
10. These developments have given rise to a new dispute between Germany and Italy. The two States hold “clearly opposite views”7, inter alia, on the following
questions: Can Italian domestic courts, relying on their novel reading of Italian
constitutional law, entertain civil claims against Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and 1945? Can Italian domestic courts take measures of constraint based on judicial
decisions rendered in violation of Germany’s sovereign immunity? Is there any
justification, under international law, for the particular measures of constraint taken against four German State-owned properties located in Rome? On these and
other issues, Germany’s claim to immunity “is positively opposed”8 by Italy. Under these circumstances, Germany is compelled to seise the Court of this new dispute in an effort to defend its rights and to bring to an end the systematic infringements of its sovereign immunity by Italian domestic courts.
B. Jurisdiction of the Court
11. The Application is brought under the terms of Article 36, paragraph 1, of
the Court’s Statute, read in conjunction with Article 1 of the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957 (hereinafter: European Convention)9. Italy ratified the European Convention on 29 January 1960. The Convention entered into force between the two States when it was ratified by Germany on 18 April 1961. Neither State has since terminated it, nor have they made any relevant reservations.
12. Article 1 of the European Convention provides:
“The High Contracting Parties shall submit to the judgment of the International Court of Justice all international legal disputes which may arise between them including, in particular, those concerning:
(a) the interpretation of a treaty;
(b) any question of international law;
(c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;
(d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.”
13. The present dispute is plainly covered by the terms of Article 1 of the European Convention. Notably, it concerns a “question of international law”, namely the scope
of sovereign immunity; it involves the systematic and continuing “breach”, by Italy,
“of an international obligation”, and it requires a decision about “the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation”.
7 See International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 26, para. 50; International Court of Justice, Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74.
8 See International Court of Justice, Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 849, para. 37; International Court of Justice, South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.
9 European Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (Annex 1).
7
10. Cette situation a fait surgir un nouveau différend entre l’Allemagne et l’Italie. Les deux Etats ont des « points de vue … nettement opposés »7, notamment en ce qui concerne les questions suivantes : Les tribunaux italiens peuvent-ils, en se fondant
sur une interprétation inédite du droit constitutionnel italien, connaître d’actions
civiles intentées contre l’Allemagne à raison de violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand entre 1943 et 1945 ? Peuvent-ils prendre des mesures de contrainte fondées sur des décisions rendues en violation de l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne ? Existe-t-il, en droit international, un élément quel qu’il soit justifiant que des mesures de contrainte particulières soient prises à l’égard de quatre biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand sis à Rome ? Concernant ces questions, et d’autres, la demande d’immunité de l’Allemagne « se heurte à l’opposition manifeste »8 de l’Italie. Dans ces conditions, l’Allemagne est contrainte de saisir la Cour de ce
nouveau différend afin de défendre ses droits et de mettre un terme aux violations
systématiques de son immunité souveraine par la justice italienne.
B. Compétence de la Cour
11. La requête est déposée conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour, lu conjointement avec l’article premier de la convention européenne pour le règlement pacifique des différends du 29 avril 1957 (ci-après la « convention européenne »)9. Ratifiée par l’Italie le 29 janvier 1960, la convention européenne est entrée en vigueur entre les deux Etats après sa ratification par l’Allemagne, le 18 avril 1961. Aucun des deux Etats ne l’a dénoncée, et aucun n’a émis de réserve pertinente à son égard.
12. L’article premier de la convention européenne est ainsi libellé :
« Les hautes parties contractantes soumettront pour jugement à la Cour
internationale de Justice tous les différends juridiques relevant du droit interna-
tional qui s’élèveraient entre elles et notamment ceux ayant pour objet :
a) l’interprétation d’un traité ;
b) tout point de droit international ;
c) la réalité de tout fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la violation d’une
obligation internationale ;
d) la nature ou l’étendue de la réparation due pour rupture d’une obligation internationale. »
13. Le présent différend entre manifestement dans les prévisions de l’article premier de la convention européenne. De fait, il concerne un « point de droit international », à savoir la portée de l’immunité souveraine ; il a trait à la « violation » systématique et persistante, par l’Italie, « d’une obligation internationale » et appelle une décision concernant « la nature ou l’étendue de la réparation due pour rupture d’une [telle] obligation ».
7 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26, par. 50 ; Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74.
8 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Obligations relatives à des négociations concernant la cessation de la course aux armes nucléaires et le désarmement nucléaire (Iles Marshall
c. Royaume-Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 849, par. 37 ; Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328.
9 Convention européenne pour le règlement pacifique des différends (annexe 1).
8
14. Germany notes that the dispute between itself and Italy is also covered by the temporal scope of the European Convention. Under the terms of Article 27, the European Convention does not apply to “disputes relating to facts or situations prior
to the entry into force of this Convention as between the parties to the dispute”. The present dispute is however based on “facts or situations” after the European
Convention’s entry into force in 1961, namely decisions and measures of constraint taken by Italian domestic courts and other authorities since Judgment No. 238/2014
of the Italian Constitutional Court in defiance of Germany’s right to sovereign immunity.
C. The Facts
15. Germany is faced with a large number of proceedings before Italian domestic courts. These proceedings have been brought by claimants who suffered injury between 1943 and 1945, when Italy was under German occupation after it had
terminated its alliance with the German Reich in September 1943, and who, often
represented by their descendants, seek compensation from Germany.
16. In its judgment of 3 February 2012, the Court described this general background in the following terms:
“In June 1940, Italy entered the Second World War as an ally of the German Reich. In September 1943, following the removal of Mussolini from power,
Italy surrendered to the Allies and, the following month, declared war on
Germany. German forces, however, occupied much of Italian territory and, between October 1943 and the end of the War, perpetrated many atrocities
against the population of that territory, including massacres of civilians and the deportation of large numbers of civilians for use as forced labour. In addition, German forces took prisoner, both inside Italy and elsewhere in Europe, several hundred thousand members of the Italian armed forces. Most of these prisoners (hereinafter ‘Italian military internees’) were denied the status of prisoner of war and deported to Germany and German-occupied territories for use as forced labour.”10
17. The democratic Germany that emerged after the end of the Nazi dictatorship
has consistently expressed its deepest regret over the egregious violations of international humanitarian law perpetrated by German forces during the period from September 1943 until the liberation of Italy. In a joint declaration issued with his
Italian counterpart in 2008, the Foreign Minister of Germany fully acknowledged
the “untold suffering inflicted on Italian men and women in particular during
massacres, and on former Italian military internees”11.
18. At the same time, Germany has consistently taken the legal position that while Germany and Italy are required to cooperate towards reconciliation, individual
compensation of victims could not be forced upon Germany through unilateral
recourse to domestic courts in violation of binding international rules of sovereign immunity.
19. The proceedings before the Court in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
vindicated that position. They prompted the Italian legislature to clarify in Article 3 of Law 5/2013 that in proceedings covered by the ICJ judgment, Italian domestic courts were required to declare themselves to be without jurisdiction to entertain
10 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 110, para. 21.
11 Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Italian Republic, Trieste, 18 November 2008 (Annex 19).
9
14. L’Allemagne relève que le différend qui l’oppose à l’Italie entre également
dans le champ d’application temporel de la convention européenne. Aux termes de
son article 27, celle-ci ne s’applique pas « aux différends concernant des faits ou situations antérieurs à [son] entrée en vigueur … entre les parties au différend ». Le présent différend est toutefois fondé sur « des faits ou situations » postérieurs à l’entrée en vigueur de la convention européenne en 1961, à savoir des décisions et des mesures
de contrainte prises par les tribunaux italiens et d’autres instances depuis l’arrêt no 238/2014 de la Cour constitutionnelle italienne, au mépris du droit à l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne.
C. Les faits
15. L’Allemagne fait l’objet d’un nombre considérable de procédures engagées devant la justice italienne dans lesquelles les requérants, victimes d’un préjudice entre 1943 et 1945 — alors que l’Italie était occupée par l’Allemagne après avoir rompu son alliance avec le Reich allemand en septembre 1943 —, et souvent représentés par leurs descendants, cherchent à obtenir réparation de l’Allemagne.
16. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu le 3 février 2012, la Cour a décrit le contexte général en ces termes :
« En juin 1940, l’Italie entra en guerre en tant qu’alliée du Reich allemand.
En septembre 1943, après la destitution de Mussolini, elle se rendit aux Alliés et, le mois suivant, déclara la guerre à l’Allemagne. Les forces allemandes, qui
occupaient cependant une grande partie du territoire italien, se livrèrent, entre le mois d’octobre 1943 et la fin de la guerre, à de nombreuses atrocités contre la population des régions concernées ; des civils furent ainsi massacrés, et de nombreux autres, déportés et astreints au travail forcé. Plusieurs centaines de milliers de soldats italiens furent en outre faits prisonniers par les forces allemandes, tant sur le sol italien que dans d’autres parties d’Europe. La plupart de ces détenus (ci-après les « internés militaires italiens ») se virent dénier le statut de prisonnier de guerre, et furent déportés en Allemagne ou dans les territoires occupés par celle-ci pour y être soumis au travail forcé. »10
17. L’Allemagne démocratique qui a vu le jour après la chute de la dictature nazie
n’a pas laissé d’exprimer ses regrets les plus profonds pour les violations massives du droit international humanitaire perpétrées par les forces allemandes au cours de la période allant de septembre 1943 à la libération de l’Italie. Dans une déclaration conjointe à laquelle était associé son homologue italien, le ministre allemand des affaires étrangères a pleinement reconnu les « souffrances indicibles infligées aux hommes et aux femmes d’Italie, en particulier lors des massacres, ainsi qu’aux anciens internés militaires italiens »11.
18. Cela étant, l’Allemagne a toujours maintenu la position juridique selon laquelle, si l’Allemagne et l’Italie sont tenues d’oeuvrer ensemble en faveur de la réconciliation, une indemnisation individuelle des victimes ne saurait lui être imposée au moyen
d’une saisine unilatérale des tribunaux nationaux, en violation des règles interna-
tionales contraignantes relatives à l’immunité souveraine.
19. La procédure engagée devant la Cour en l’affaire relative aux Immunités
juridictionnelles de l’Etat a conforté cette position. Elle a amené le législateur italien
à préciser — à l’article 3 de la loi 5/2013 — que les tribunaux italiens étaient tenus de se déclarer incompétents pour connaître des demandes présentées dans le cadre
10 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 110, par. 21.
11 Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Italian Republic, Trieste, 18 November 2008 (annexe 19).
10
claims12. However, as mentioned above, in Judgment No. 238/2014 the Italian Constitutional Court declared Article 3, passed to ensure compliance with the
Court’s Jurisdictional Immunities judgment, to be unconstitutional. It also declared unconstitutional Article 1 of Law No. 848 of 17 August 1957 (Execution of the United Nations Charter)13, insofar as this provision required “Italian courts [to] deny their jurisdiction in case of acts of a foreign State constituting war crimes and crimes against humanity, in breach of inviolable human rights”14.
20. As a result of the Italian Constitutional Court’s Judgment No. 238/2014, a
large number of proceedings brought against Germany, based on conduct of the
German Reich between 1943 and 1945, were not dismissed as had been envisaged under the terms of Law 5/2013. In addition, a significant number of new proceedings have been instituted against Germany in the wake of Judgment No. 238/201415.
These proceedings have taken place in disregard of Germany’s frequent, firm and
consistent objections: on dozens of occasions, up until April 2022, German diplomats and elected political representatives, including those of highest rank, have protested against the unlawful exercise of jurisdiction by Italian domestic courts and
emphasised that Judgment No. 238/2014 does not affect Italy’s obligations under
international law16. To provide but one example, in a Note Verbale dated
5 January 2015, the German Embassy in Rome reiterated Germany’s position in the following, principled terms:
“Like all United Nations member States, Germany and Italy have a common interest in protecting and safeguarding the integrity of the international legal
system under the authority of the International Court of Justice. In this sense, Article 94, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations requires each member of the United Nations to comply with the decision of the International Court
of Justice in any dispute to which it is a party.
Under international law, the Italian Republic continues to have an obligation
to comply with the pronouncement of the International Court of Justice of 3 February 2012 and to transpose it into its domestic legal system. ln particular,
the judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic cannot
change anything established by the International Court of Justice regarding the content and extent of the jurisdictional immunity that the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys before Italian courts.
The principle of the immunity of States cannot be limited by a State’s domestic law, not even by the fundamental principles of the national constitutional law
system [. . .].
The resumption or prosecution of proceedings based on violations of
international humanitarian law by the Third Reich during the Second World War would be a new violation of the jurisdictional immunity enjoyed by the Federal Republic of Germany.”17
12 Article 3 of Law 5/2013 (Annex 2).
13 Article 1 of Law No. 848 (Annex 3).
14 Italian Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 5).
15 See Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 6).
16 See Overview of German-Italian discussions concerning questions of sovereign immunity (Annex 20).
17 Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 5 January 2015 (Annex 21).
11
d’actions visées par l’arrêt de la Cour12. Toutefois, comme il a été mentionné plus haut, la Cour constitutionnelle italienne, dans son arrêt no 238/2014, a déclaré que l’article 3, adopté en vue d’assurer le respect de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour en l’affaire relative
aux Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat, était inconstitutionnel. Elle a également déclaré inconstitutionnel l’article premier de la loi no 848 du 17 août 1957 (exécution de la Charte des Nations Unies)13, en ce que cette disposition exige « d[es tribunaux
italiens] qu’ils se déclarent incompétents à l’égard des actes d’un Etat étranger répondant à la qualification de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l’humanité, en violation de droits de l’homme inaliénables »14.
20. Conséquemment à l’arrêt no 238/2014 de la Cour constitutionnelle italienne, maintes procédures visant l’Allemagne à raison du comportement du Reich allemand entre 1943 et 1945 n’ont pas été rejetées, contrairement à ce que prévoyait la
loi 5/2013. En outre, un nombre considérable de nouvelles actions ont été intentées contre l’Allemagne à la suite de cet arrêt15, au mépris des objections fréquentes,
vigoureuses et persistantes formulées par celle-ci : à des dizaines d’occasions,
jusqu’en avril 2022, des diplomates et des représentants politiques élus allemands, y compris du rang le plus élevé, ont protesté contre l’exercice illicite, par les tribunaux italiens, de leur compétence et souligné que l’arrêt no 238/2014 était sans incidence
sur les obligations mises à la charge de l’Italie par le droit international16. Pour ne
citer qu’un exemple, dans une note verbale en date du 5 janvier 2015, l’ambassade d’Allemagne à Rome a réaffirmé les principes sous-tendant la position allemande comme suit :
« Comme tous les Etats Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
l’Allemagne et l’Italie ont un intérêt commun à la protection et à la sauvegarde
de l’intégrité du système juridique international placé sous l’autorité de la Cour internationale de Justice. A cet égard, le paragraphe 1 de l’article 94 de la Charte des Nations Unies impose à chaque Membre de l’Organisation de se conformer à la décision de la Cour dans tout litige auquel il est partie.
En droit international, la République italienne reste tenue de se conformer à la décision du 3 février 2012 et de transposer celle-ci dans son système juridique national. En particulier, l’arrêt de la Cour constitutionnelle italienne ne peut nullement modifier ce qui a été établi par la Cour internationale de Justice s’agissant
de la portée et de l’étendue de l’immunité de juridiction dont bénéficie la République fédérale d’Allemagne devant la justice italienne.
Le principe de l’immunité des Etats ne saurait être limité par le droit interne d’un Etat, ni même par les principes fondamentaux d[e son] système de droit constitutionnel national…
La reprise ou le maintien d’actions engagées à raison de violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale constituerait une nouvelle violation de l’immunité de juridiction dont jouit la République fédérale d’Allemagne. »17
12 Article 3 of Law 5/2013 (annexe 2).
13 Article 1 of Law No. 848 (annexe 3).
14 Italian Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 238/2014 (annexe 5).
15 Voir Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No. 238/2014 (annexe 6).
16 Voir Overview of German-Italian discussions concerning questions of sovereign immunity (annexe 20).
17 Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 5 January 2015 (annexe 21).
12
21. Germany does not, at present, have full knowledge of each and every one of these proceedings brought against it. However, the information available to it indicates that its right to sovereign immunity is violated in a widespread and systematic manner.
22. To illustrate, to the best of Germany’s knowledge, at least 25 new proceedings have been initiated against Germany since the Italian Constitutional Court’s Judgment No. 238/2014 of 22 October 2014. All of these proceedings concern claims for
individual compensation brought against Germany by Italian nationals (or their descendants) that were victims of violations of international humanitarian law
committed by the German Reich during World War II18.
23. In at least 15 instances, Italian domestic courts have, since the Italian Constitutional Court’s Judgment No. 238/2014, rendered decisions against Germany in relation to conduct of the German Reich during World War II19.
24. In addition to these proceedings, which violate Germany’s right to sovereign immunity from jurisdiction, the Court of Rome is currently taking measures of
constraint against German properties situated in Italy, and is threatening to take
further measures. These measures seek to enforce earlier judgments rendered in the cases of Giorgio v. Germany and Cavallina v. Germany20. In the former instance, the Court of Bologna in 2011 had ordered Germany to pay the claimant 518,232 euros
in compensation for violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich; this was upheld by the Appellate Court of Bologna in 201821. In the
case of Cavallina v. Germany, the Appellate Court of Rome of 4 November 2020 ordered Germany to pay the claimant 100,000 euros in compensation plus interest
for his mistreatment at the hands of the German Reich22.
25. To satisfy the judgment in the case of Giorgio v. Germany, four German State-owned properties located in Rome were seized and attached on 23 November 202023. This writ of attachment of real property (“atto di pignoramento immobiliare”)
was registered in the land register in line with Article 555 of the Italian Code of
Civil Procedure24. Following the above-mentioned judgment of the Appellate Court
of Rome of 4 November 2020, the claimants in Cavallina v. Germany joined
the enforcement process. Under Article 492 and 555 of the Italian Code of Civil
18 See Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 6).
19 Overview of judgments rendered by Italian courts against Germany since Judgment No. 238/2014 (Annex 7).
20 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex 15); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (Annex 16).
21 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex 15).
22 Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (Annex 16).
23 See Judicial Officer Rome, Writ of attachment of real property, 23 November 2021, and
Note Verbale of 7 December 2021 (Annex 17); see further extracts from the land register confirming that all four properties are owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (Annexes 9, 10, 11, 12).
24 See List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and
extracts from the land register (Annex 8): in the land register, the four German properties are listed in Sezione B, while the attachment is registered in Sezione C; for the text of Article 555 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, see Italian Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (Annex 4).
13
21. L’Allemagne n’est pas, à l’heure actuelle, pleinement au fait de chacune des procédures engagées contre elle. Les informations dont elle dispose indiquent néanmoins que son droit à l’immunité de juridiction est violé de manière généralisée et systématique.
22. Ainsi, à sa connaissance, pas moins de 25 nouvelles instances ont été intro-
duites contre l’Allemagne depuis que la Cour constitutionnelle italienne a rendu
l’arrêt no 238/2014, le 22 octobre 2014. Toutes concernent des réclamations présentées à titre individuel par des ressortissants italiens — ou leurs descendants cherchant à obtenir réparation à raison de violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale et dont ils ont été victimes18.
23. Depuis l’arrêt no 238/2014 rendu par la Cour constitutionnelle italienne le 22 octobre 2014, la justice italienne, dans au moins 15 affaires, a statué contre
l’Allemagne dans des décisions ayant trait au comportement du Reich allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale19.
24. En sus des procédures susmentionnées, qui violent le droit à l’immunité de juridiction de l’Allemagne en tant qu’Etat souverain, le tribunal d’instance de Rome prend actuellement des mesures de contrainte contre des biens allemands sis en Italie et menace de prendre des mesures supplémentaires. Ces mesures visent à faire exécuter les décisions précédemment rendues dans les affaires Giorgio c. Allemagne et Cavallina c. Allemagne20. Dans cette dernière, le tribunal d’instance de Bologne avait, en 2011, prescrit à l’Allemagne de verser au requérant la somme de 518 232 euros à titre
d’indemnité pour des violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand, décision qui a été confirmée par la cour d’appel de Bologne en 201821. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu le 4 novembre 2020 en l’affaire Cavallina c. Allemagne, la cour d’appel de Rome a prescrit à l’Allemagne de verser au requérant la somme de 100 000 euros, assortie d’intérêts, à titre d’indemnité pour les mauvais traitements qu’il avait subis de la part du Reich allemand22.
25. Afin de donner effet à la décision rendue en l’affaire Cavallina c. Allemagne, quatre biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand sis à Rome ont été saisis le 23 novembre 202023. L’ordonnance de saisie pénale immobilière (« atto di pignoramento immobiliare ») s’y rapportant a été enregistrée au cadastre, conformément à l’article 555 du code de procédure civile italien24. Conséquemment à l’arrêt rendu par la cour d’appel
de Rome le 4 novembre 2020, les requérants en l’affaire Cavallina c. Allemagne se
sont associés à la procédure d’exécution. Selon les articles 492 et 555 du code de
18 Voir Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No. 238/2014 (annexe 6).
19 Overview of judgments rendered by Italian courts against Germany since Judgment No. 238/2014 (annexe 7).
20 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (annexe 14) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (annexe 15) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (annexe 16).
21 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (annexe 14) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (annexe 15).
22 Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (annexe 16).
23 Voir Judicial Officer Rome, Writ of attachment of real property, 23 November 2021, et
Note Verbale of 7 December 2021 (annexe 17) ; voir further extracts from the land register confirming that all four properties are owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (annexes 9, 10, 11, 12).
24 Voir List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from the land register (annexe 8) : les quatre biens allemands et l’ordonnance de saisie pénale immobilière s’y rapportant figurent au cadastre sous les Sezione B et Sezione C, respectivement ; pour le texte de l’article 555 du code italien de procédure civile, voir Italian Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (annexe 4).
14
Procedure25, this registration deprives Germany of the right to effect any change in the legal status of its properties, such as by selling or otherwise disposing of them.
26. The attachment decision concerned the following four German properties:
(a) one of two lots of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological Institute Rome), Via Sardegna 79/81 (Foglio 472, Particella 255);
(b) one sub-lot of the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome),
Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502);
(c) one sub-lot of the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno 508);
as well as
(d) three sub-lots of the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 and 6)26.
27. By way of a decision of 12 July 2021, the Court of Rome appointed, instead of Germany, a judicial custodian (“custode giudiziario”) for the aforesaid properties.
Since September 2021, this judicial custodian has engaged in regular site visits on
all four German properties. On 12 July 2021, the Court of Rome also fixed 25 May
2022 as the date on which it would decide to authorise the German properties to be subjected to a forced sale by way of a subsequent public auction27.
28. Since December 2020 Germany has sought to have these measures of constraint quashed or suspended, emphasising its right to sovereign immunity and noting that
all four properties subject to attachment are in use for government non-commercial purposes. Significantly, the Italian Government itself, in an aide-mémoire of
6 October 2021, unequivocally affirmed the non-commercial status of the four German properties and noted that they were in use for a public purpose28. Notwithstanding
these clear statements, the Court of Rome has proceeded with the enforcement process and on 25 May 2022, will irrevocably authorise to put the four German properties
up for sale at a public auction. Under the circumstances, and as further detailed
below, Germany is now compelled to seek provisional measures from the Court in
order to safeguard its rights against irreparable harm.
D. The Law
29. Through its conduct as described in the preceding section, Italy has violated,
and continues to violate, its duty to respect the sovereign immunity of a foreign
State, a central tenet of peaceful inter-State relations governed by international law.
The fundamental importance of respect for sovereign immunity is beyond doubt and has been affirmed in the jurisprudence of the Court. As the Court noted a decade ago:
25 For the text of the relevant provisions of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, see Italian
Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (Annex 4).
26 See List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from the land register (Annex 8), Sezione B for details; in Annex 8, the three sub-lots of the German School in Rome are listed separately, as Immobile n. 4, 5, 6, respectively. For reasons
of convenience, they are referred to, in the present Application and Request for provisional measures as the fourth German property.
27 Decision of the Court of Rome, Giorgio et al. v. Germany, RGE No. 1163/2020, 12 July 2021 (Annex 18).
28 Aide-mémoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6 October 2021 (Annex 22).
15
procédure civile italien25, un tel enregistrement au cadastre prive l’Allemagne du
droit de modifier, par vente ou autre forme de cession, le statut juridique de ses biens.
26. L’ordonnance de saisie pénale immobilière susmentionnée concernait les quatre biens allemands suivants :
a) un des deux lots du Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (Institut archéologique allemand de Rome), sis Via Sardegna 79/81 (Foglio 472, Particella 255) ;
b) un lot partiel du Goethe Institut Rom (Institut culturel allemand de Rome), sis
Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502) ;
c) un lot partiel du Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (Institut historique
allemand de Rome), sis Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno 508) ; ainsi que
d) trois lots partiels de la Deutsche Schule Rom (Ecole allemande de Rome), sise
Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 et 6)26.
27. Par décision du 12 juillet 2021, le tribunal d’instance de Rome a désigné, en lieu et place de l’Allemagne, un gardien judiciaire (« custode giudiziario ») pour les biens susvisés. Depuis septembre 2021, ce gardien judiciaire s’est rendu régulièrement sur les quatre sites concernés. Le 12 juillet 2021, le tribunal d’instance de Rome a fixé au 25 mai 2022 la date à laquelle il se prononcerait sur l’autorisation de mise en vente forcée des biens allemands aux enchères publiques27.
28. Depuis décembre 2020, l’Allemagne cherche à obtenir l’annulation ou la
suspension des mesures de contrainte décrites ci-dessus, faisant valoir son droit à
l’immunité souveraine et précisant que les quatre biens faisant l’objet d’une saisie pénale immobilière sont utilisés à des fins de service public non commerciales. Il est à noter que l’administration italienne elle-même a, dans un aide-mémoire en date
du 6 octobre 2021, confirmé le caractère non commercial des quatre biens allemands
et précisé que ceux-ci étaient utilisés à des fins de service public28. Malgré ces prises
de position claires, le tribunal d’instance de Rome a engagé la procédure d’exé-
cution ; le 25 mai 2022, il autorisera de manière irrévocable la vente aux enchères publiques des quatre biens allemands. Dans ces conditions, comme il est exposé plus en détail ci-dessous, l’Allemagne se trouve contrainte de prier la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires afin de protéger ses droits du préjudice irréparable qui pourrait leur être causé.
D. Le droit
29. Par son comportement, tel qu’il est décrit dans la section précédente, l’Italie
a manqué, et continue de manquer, à son obligation de respecter l’immunité
souveraine d’un Etat étranger, un principe essentiel du droit international régissant les relations pacifiques entre les Etats. L’importance fondamentale du respect de
l’immunité souveraine ne fait aucun doute et a été confirmée par la Cour dans sa
jurisprudence. Il y a une décennie, celle-ci a noté ce qui suit :
25 Pour le texte des dispositions pertinentes du code de procédure civile italien, voir Italian Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (annexe 4).
26 Pour plus de détails, voir List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from the land register (annexe 8), Sezione B ; à l’annexe 8, les trois lots partiels de l’Ecole allemande de Rome sont mentionnés séparément en tant qu’Immobile n. 4, 5, 6, respectivement. Pour des raisons de commodité, ils sont dénommés dans la présente requête et demande en indication de mesures conservatoires le « quatrième bien allemand ».
27 Decision of the Court of Rome, Giorgio et al. v. Germany, RGE No. 1163/2020, 12 July 2021 (annexe 18).
28 Aide-mémoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6 October 2021 (annexe 22).
16
“[T]he rule of State immunity occupies an important place in international law and international relations. It derives from the principle of sovereign equality
of States, which, as Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations makes clear, is one of the fundamental principles of the international legal
order.”29
30. There can be no doubt either about the basic elements of the duty to respect sovereign immunity, which the Court clarified in its 2012 judgment. Six such basic elements are of relevance here.
31. First, respect for sovereign immunity is a matter of binding international law,
not of mere comity. As noted by the Court: “States generally proceed on the basis that there is a right to immunity under international law, together with a corresponding
obligation on the part of other States to respect and give effect to that immunity”30.
32. Second, immunity is a procedural bar to the exercise of jurisdiction by foreign courts, and to the taking of measures of constraint. This makes it “entirely distinct
from the substantive law which determines whether that conduct is lawful or unlawful”31.
33. Third, States are obliged to respect the sovereign immunity of other States
even in proceedings that concern allegations of grave breaches of international law. As noted by the Court in 2012:“ under customary international law as it presently stands, a State is not deprived of immunity by reason of the fact that it is accused of serious
violations of international human rights law or the international law of armed conflict”32.
34. In particular, the fact that the alleged violations may concern peremptory rules
of international law does not affect “the applicability of the customary international law on State immunity”33. Germany notes that the Court’s central holding on this point has been considered as “authoritative as regards the content of customary international
law” by the European Court of Human Rights34.
35. Fourth, the duty to respect the sovereign immunity of States also applies in proceedings for torts allegedly committed on the territory of another State, where the claims are based on conduct of the other States’ armed forces and other organs of State in the course of an armed conflict35.
36. Fifth, States are under a distinct and separate duty to respect other States’
immunity from measures of constraint taken against property situated on foreign
territory. As the Court noted in 2012: “the immunity from enforcement enjoyed by States in regard to their property situated on foreign territory goes further than the jurisdictional immunity enjoyed by those same States before foreign courts”36.
29 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 123, para. 57.
30 Ibid., p. 123, para. 56.
31 Ibid., p. 124, para. 58.
32 Ibid., p. 139, para. 91.
33 Ibid., p. 142, para. 97.
34 European Court of Human Rights, Case of Jones and Others v. The United Kingdom, Application Nos. 34356/06 and 40528/06, final judgment of 14 January 2014, para. 198.
35 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), pp. 127 et seq., paras. 64-78.
36 Ibid., p. 146, para. 113.
17
« [L]a règle de l’immunité de l’Etat joue un rôle important en droit inter-
national et dans les relations internationales. Elle procède du principe de l’égalité souveraine des Etats qui, ainsi que cela ressort clairement du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies, est l’un des principes fondamentaux de l’ordre juridique international. »29
30. De même, il ne saurait y avoir de doute concernant les principales caractéristiques de l’obligation de respecter l’immunité souveraine, que la Cour a définies dans son arrêt de 2012. Six sont pertinentes dans la présente espèce.
31. Premièrement, le respect de l’immunité souveraine relève du droit international contraignant et non de la simple courtoisie. Comme la Cour l’a fait observer :
« les Etats … partent généralement du principe qu’il existe en droit international un droit à l’immunité de l’Etat étranger, dont découle pour les autres Etats l’obligation de le respecter et de lui donner effet »30.
32. Deuxièmement, l’immunité est un obstacle d’ordre procédural à l’exercice, par les tribunaux étrangers, de leur compétence et à l’adoption de mesures de contrainte, ce qui la rend « totalement distinct[e] du droit matériel qui détermine si ce comportement est licite ou non »31.
33. Troisièmement, les Etats sont tenus de respecter l’immunité souveraine des Etats étrangers, y compris dans le cadre de procédures ayant trait à des allégations de
violations graves du droit international. Comme la Cour l’a relevé en 2012 : « en l’état actuel du droit international coutumier, un Etat n’est pas privé de l’immunité pour la seule raison qu’il est accusé de violations graves du droit international des droits de l’homme ou du droit international des conflits armés »32.
34. En particulier, « l’application du droit international coutumier relatif à l’immunité des Etats ne s[e] trouv[e] pas affectée »33 par le fait que les violations alléguées puissent concerner des règles impératives de droit international. L’Allemagne observe que la conclusion capitale de la Cour sur ce point a été considérée par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme comme « fai[san]t autorité … quant à la teneur du droit international coutumier »34.
35. Quatrièmement, l’obligation de respecter l’immunité souveraine des Etats
s’applique également dans les procédures ayant trait à des actes dommageables qu’un Etat aurait commis sur le territoire d’un autre Etat, lorsque les demandes sont fondées sur le comportement que les forces armées et d’autres organes de l’Etat étranger ont eu au cours d’un conflit armé35.
36. Cinquièmement, les Etats ont une obligation distincte et indépendante de respecter l’immunité des autres Etats à l’égard des mesures de contrainte visant les biens situés en territoire étranger. Ainsi que la Cour l’a noté en 2012, « l’immunité d’exécution dont jouissent les Etats en ce qui concerne leurs biens situés en territoire étranger va au-delà de l’immunité de juridiction dont bénéficient ces mêmes Etats devant les tribunaux étrangers »36.
29 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 123, par. 57.
30 Ibid., p. 123, par. 56.
31 Ibid., p. 124, par. 58.
32 Ibid., p. 139, par. 91.
33 Ibid., p. 142, par. 97.
34 Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Jones et autres c. Royaume-Uni, requêtes nos 34356/06 et 40528/06, arrêt définitif du 14 janvier 2014, par. 198.
35 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 127 et suiv., par. 64-78.
36 Ibid., p. 146, par. 113.
18
37. More specifically:
“Even if a judgment has been lawfully rendered against a foreign State, in
circumstances such that the latter could not claim immunity from jurisdiction, it does not follow ipso facto that the State against which judgment has been given can be the subject of measures of constraint on the territory of the forum State or on that of a third State, with a view to enforcing the judgment in question.”37
38. Sixth, as immunity from measures of constraint “goes further”38 than immunity from jurisdiction, States are precluded under international law from taking any
measure of constraint against the property of a foreign State on the basis of a judgment that itself has been rendered in violation of the other State’s sovereign immunity39. Conversely, even if a judgment has been lawfully rendered against a foreign State, absent cases of consent or designation, measures of constraint can only be taken against property that is “in use for an activity not pursuing government non-commercial purposes”40.
39. In light of these considerations, there can be no doubt that Italian domestic
courts violate Germany’s right to sovereign immunity by (a) allowing civil claims based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich and (b) by taking, or threatening to take, measures of constraint against German
State-owned property situated in Rome.
40. These violations engage Italy’s international responsibility. Italy is under a duty to cease its continuing unlawful conduct, including all proceedings against Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German
Reich between 1943 and 1945 in which Italian courts currently exercise, or will
exercise in the future, jurisdiction in violation of international law.
41. Italy is moreover under a duty to make “full reparation for the injury caused” by its unlawful conduct41. Such reparation “must as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed”42.
42. As Germany’s right to sovereign immunity has been infringed in a systematic, repeated and blatant manner by Italian courts, it can no longer be assumed that Italy
will not repeat such acts or conduct in the future, even if the International Court
of Justice expressly declares Italy’s conduct to be in breach of international law.
37 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 146, para. 113.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., pp. 146-147, paras. 113-114; as well as International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order of 4 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), pp. 501 et seq., para. 25.
40 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 148, para. 118.
41 See International Law Commission, Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), Art. 31.
42 Permanent Court of International Justice, Factory at Chorzów, Merits, Judgment No. 13, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, p. 47; and see further International Court of Justice,
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, pp. 31 et seq., para. 76; International Court of Justice, Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 59, para. 119; International Court of Justice, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua
19
37. Plus précisément :
« Même si un jugement a été régulièrement rendu à l’encontre d’un Etat
étranger, dans des circonstances telles que ce dernier ne pouvait pas se pré-
valoir d’une immunité de juridiction, il n’en résulte pas ipso facto que l’Etat condamné puisse faire l’objet de mesures de contrainte, sur le territoire de
l’Etat du for ou sur celui d’un Etat tiers, en vue de faire exécuter le jugement en cause. »37
38. Sixièmement, étant donné que l’immunité à l’égard des mesures de contrainte
« va au-delà »38 de l’immunité de juridiction, les Etats ont, au regard du droit interna-
tional, l’interdiction de prendre quelque mesure de contrainte que ce soit contre les biens d’un Etat étranger sur la base d’une décision de justice elle-même rendue en
violation de l’immunité souveraine de celui-ci39. A l’inverse, même si un jugement a
été régulièrement rendu à l’encontre d’un Etat étranger, en l’absence de consen-
tement ou d’affectation des biens, il n’est possible de prendre des mesures de contrainte qu’à l’égard des biens « utilisé[s] pour les besoins d’une activité ne poursuivant pas
des fins de service public non commerciales »40.
39. Compte tenu de ces considérations, les tribunaux italiens portent à n’en pas
douter atteinte au droit de l’Allemagne à l’immunité souveraine a) en permettant que soient intentées contre celle-ci des actions civiles fondées sur des violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand et b) en prenant, ou en
menaçant de prendre, des mesures de contrainte à l’égard de biens sis à Rome appartenant à l’Etat allemand.
40. Ces atteintes engagent la responsabilité internationale de l’Italie. Celle-ci est tenue de mettre fin à son comportement illicite continu, notamment à toutes les
procédures visant l’Allemagne fondées sur des violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand entre 1943 et 1945 à l’égard desquelles les
tribunaux italiens exercent actuellement, ou exerceront à l’avenir, leur compétence,
en violation du droit international.
41. L’Italie est en outre tenue de « réparer intégralement le préjudice causé » par son comportement illicite41. Cette réparation « doit, autant que possible, effacer toutes les conséquences de l’acte illicite et rétablir l’état qui aurait vraisemblablement existé si ledit acte n’avait pas été commis »42.
42. Le droit de l’Allemagne à l’immunité souveraine ayant été violé de manière systématique, répétée et flagrante par les tribunaux italiens, il n’est plus possible de croire que l’Italie ne répétera pas de tels actes ou comportements à l’avenir,
quand bien même la Cour internationale de Justice déclarerait expressément
37 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 146, par. 113.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., p. 146, par. 113-114 ; voir aussi Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie), requête à fin d’intervention, ordonnance du 4 juillet 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 501 et suiv., par. 25.
40 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 148, par. 118.
41 Voir Commission du droit international, projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat
pour fait internationalement illicite, 2001, art. 31.
42 Voir Cour permanente de Justice internationale, Usine de Chorzów, fond, arrêt no 13,
1928, C.P.J.I. série A no 17, p. 47 ; voir aussi Cour internationale de Justice, Mandat d’arrêt du 11 avril 2000 (République démocratique du Congo c. Belgique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002,
p. 31 et suiv., par. 76 ; Avena et autres ressortissants mexicains (Mexique c. Etats-Unis
d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2004 (I), p. 59, par. 119 ; Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), indemnisation, arrêt,
20
Accordingly, in the case at hand special circumstances do exist that warrant the Court to order Italy to offer guarantees and assurances of non-repetition to Germany, and to back up these guarantees and assurances with concrete measures.
E. Submissions
43. On the basis of the preceding considerations, Germany asks the Court to adjudge and declare:
(1) Italy has violated, and continues to violate, its obligation to respect Germany’s sovereign immunity by allowing civil claims to be brought against Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and 1945, including, but not limited to, in 25 proceedings, listed
in Annex 6, instituted against Germany since the judgment of the Italian Constitutional Court of 22 October 2014.
(2) Italy has violated, and continues to violate, its obligation to respect Germany’s sovereign immunity by taking, or threatening to take, measures of constraint against German State-owned properties situated in Italy, including against the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological Institute Rome), the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome), the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute Rome), and the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome).
(3) Italy is required to ensure that the existing decisions of its courts and those of other judicial authorities infringing Germany’s right to sovereign immunity cease to have effect, including but not limited to, the 15 decisions listed in Annex 7.
(4) Italy is required immediately to take effective steps to ensure that Italian courts no longer entertain civil claims brought against Germany based on violations of
international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and 1945.
(5) Italy is required to make full reparation for any injury caused through violations of Germany’s right to sovereign immunity, including but not limited to, compensating Germany for any financially assessable injury resulting from proceedings conducted, and measures of constraint taken, in violation of Germany’s sovereign immunity.
(6) Italy is required to offer Germany concrete and effective assurances and guarantees that violations of Germany’s sovereign immunity will not be repeated.
44. Germany reserves the right to revise, supplement, or amend the terms of this Application, as well as the grounds invoked, as necessary.
45. In addition to the submissions set out in the foregoing, Germany requests the Court to indicate provisional measures in accordance with Article 41 of the Court’s Statute as set out in the subsequent section.
in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 25, para. 29; International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 9 February 2022, p. 36, para. 106.
21
que le comportement de l’Italie contrevient au droit international. En conséquence, l’affaire à l’examen présente effectivement des circonstances particulières qui
justifient que la Cour ordonne à l’Italie d’offrir à l’Allemagne des assurances et des garanties de non-répétition et de les confirmer par des mesures concrètes.
E. Conclusions
43. Compte tenu des considérations qui précèdent, l’Allemagne prie la Cour de dire et juger que :
1) L’Italie a manqué, et continue de manquer, à son obligation de respecter l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne, en permettant que soient intentées contre celle-ci
des actions civiles fondées sur des violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand entre 1943 et 1945, notamment, mais sans s’y limiter, dans le cadre de 25 procédures, énumérées à l’annexe 6, engagées contre l’Allemagne depuis l’arrêt rendu par la Cour constitutionnelle italienne le 22 octobre 2014.
2) L’Italie a manqué, et continue de manquer, à son obligation de respecter l’immu-
nité souveraine de l’Allemagne, en prenant, ou en menaçant de prendre, des mesures de contrainte à l’égard de biens sis en Italie appartenant à l’Etat allemand, notamment le Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (Institut archéologique allemand de Rome), le Goethe Institut Rom (Institut culturel allemand de Rome), le Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (Institut historique allemand de Rome) et
la Deutsche Schule Rom (Ecole allemande de Rome).
3) L’Italie est tenue de veiller à ce que les décisions déjà prises par ses tribunaux et celles rendues par d’autres autorités judiciaires qui portent atteinte au droit à
l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne cessent de produire leurs effets, notamment, mais sans s’y limiter, les 15 décisions énumérées à l’annexe 7.
4) L’Italie est tenue de prendre immédiatement des mesures effectives pour faire en sorte que les tribunaux italiens ne connaissent plus d’actions civiles intentées contre l’Allemagne à raison de violations du droit humanitaire international
commises par le Reich allemand entre 1943 et 1945.
5) L’Italie est tenue de réparer intégralement tout préjudice causé par des atteintes portées au droit à l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne, notamment, mais sans s’y limiter, en indemnisant celle-ci pour tout préjudice susceptible d’évaluation financière résultant de procédures menées et de mesures de contrainte prises en violation de son immunité souveraine.
6) L’Italie est tenue d’offrir à l’Allemagne des assurances et des garanties concrètes et effectives que les violations de l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne ne se répéteront pas.
44. L’Allemagne se réserve le droit de réviser, compléter ou modifier le cas échéant sa requête ainsi que l’exposé de ses moyens.
45. Outre les conclusions présentées ci-dessus, l’Allemagne prie la Cour d’indiquer, conformément à l’article 41 de son Statut, les mesures conservatoires décrites
ci-après.
C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (I), p. 25, par. 29 ; Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo
(République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), arrêt du 9 février 2022, p. 36, par. 106.
22
Part II: Request for Provisional Measures
46. In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, Germany requests the Court to indicate provisional
measures to safeguard its rights. Such provisional measures fall plainly within the prima facie jurisdiction of this Court. They are required primarily to protect German State-owned properties located in Rome against imminent measures of constraint.
As is detailed below43, the Court of Rome, in clear disregard of Germany’s right to sovereign immunity, has fixed 25 May 2022 as the date on which it will authorise the forced sale of four German State-owned properties located in Rome in a public auction.
47. Germany does not at present have comprehensive information about further impending decisions by Italian domestic courts in parallel proceedings that would impose upon Germany further measures of constraint in violation of its sovereign immunity. However, given the large number of proceedings currently pending before Italian domestic courts, as well as of decisions already rendered by Italian domestic courts against Germany since 22 October 2014, such measures of constraint are likely to be imminent. In order to be able effectively to safeguard its right to sovereign
immunity, for the reasons set out below44, Germany, as a further measure of protection, requests the Court to order Italy to provide specific information about any such further measures of constraint.
48. In light of the nature of the rights at issue, as well as the irreparable harm which will be caused by these imminent measures of constraint, Germany requests that the Court addresses the present Request as a matter of priority and urgency in line with Article 74, paragraph 1, and Article 75 of the Rules of Court.
A. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
49. The Court: “may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded”45.
50. In order to determine whether the Court has such prima facie jurisdiction, the acts complained of must thus be prima facie: “capable of falling within the provisions of [the Convention]”, such that: “the dispute is one which the Court could have
jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain”46 but the Court: “need not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case”47.
43 See infra paras. 66 et seq.
44 See infra paras. 81 et seq.
45 See, inter alia, International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 630, para. 24; International Court of Justice, Jadhav (India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 236, para. 15; International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 114, para. 17.
46 International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 632, para. 30.
47 International Court of Justice, ibid., p. 630, para. 24; International Court of Justice, Jadhav (India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 236, para. 15; International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination
23
Partie II : Demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
46. Conformément à l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et aux articles 73, 74 et 75 de son Règlement, l’Allemagne demande à la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires pour sauvegarder ses droits. Ces mesures relèvent clairement de la compétence
prima facie de la Cour. Elles sont requises essentiellement pour protéger des biens
sis à Rome appartenant à l’Etat allemand contre des mesures de contrainte imminentes. Comme cela sera exposé en détail ci-après43, le tribunal d’instance de Rome, en
violation manifeste du droit de l’Allemagne à l’immunité souveraine, a fixé au 25 mai 2022 la date à laquelle il autorisera la vente forcée, à des enchères publiques, de quatre biens sis à Rome appartenant à l’Etat allemand.
47. Pour l’heure, l’Allemagne ne dispose pas d’informations exhaustives concer-
nant d’autres décisions imminentes des tribunaux italiens dans des procédures
parallèles qui lui imposeraient des mesures de contrainte supplémentaires en violation de son immunité souveraine. Cependant, compte tenu du grand nombre de procédures qui sont actuellement pendantes devant lesdits tribunaux, ainsi que des décisions
déjà rendues par eux contre l’Allemagne depuis le 22 octobre 2014, il est probable que de telles mesures soient prises sous peu. Afin d’être à même de sauvegarder efficacement son droit à l’immunité souveraine, l’Allemagne, pour les raisons énoncées ci-après44 et en tant que mesure de protection supplémentaire, demande à la Cour de prescrire à l’Italie de fournir des informations spécifiques concernant toute autre mesure de contrainte de ce type.
48. Au vu de la nature des droits en cause, ainsi que du préjudice irréparable qui
sera causé par ces mesures de contrainte imminentes, l’Allemagne prie la Cour de
traiter la présente demande en priorité et de toute urgence, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 74 et à l’article 75 de son Règlement.
A. Compétence prima facie
49. La Cour « ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur semblent, prima facie, constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée »45.
50. Afin de déterminer si la Cour est compétente prima facie, les actes dénoncés doivent donc être, prima facie, « susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de [la convention] », de sorte que « le différend est de ceux dont elle pourrait avoir compétence pour connaître ratione materiae »46, mais la Cour « n’a pas besoin de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au fond de l’affaire »47.
43 Voir par. 66 et suiv. ci-dessous.
44 Voir par. 81 et suiv. ci-dessous.
45 Voir notamment Cour internationale de Justice, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 630, par. 24 ; Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 18 mai 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 236, par. 15 ; Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 114, par. 17.
46 Cour internationale de Justice, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et
de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 632, par. 30.
47 Cour internationale de Justice, ibid., p. 630, par. 24 ; Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 18 mai 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 236, par. 15 ; Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine
24
51. As set out above48, the jurisdiction of the Court in the present case is based on Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute and Article 1 of the European Convention.
The present, new, dispute between Germany and Italy is clearly covered by the terms of Article 1 of the European Convention. The Court’s prima facie jurisdiction to order provisional measures cannot be in doubt.
B. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and Their Plausible Character
52. Under Article 41 of its Statute, the Court has “the power to indicate, if it
considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party”.
53. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute thus aims to ensure:
“the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are at
least plausible.”49
54. Moreover: “a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the provisional measures being requested”50.
55. While the Application concerns systematic violations of Germany’s sovereign immunity by Italian courts, as set out above in more detail51, the present Request for provisional measures primarily relates to specific measures of constraint about to be adopted by the Court of Rome on 25 May 2022. These measures of constraint will lead to the forced sale, in a public auction, of various items of German State-owned property situated in Rome, namely:
(a) one of the two lots of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological Institute Rome), Via Sardegna 79/81 (Foglio 472, Particella 255);
(b) one sub-lot of the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome), Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502);
(c) one sub-lot of the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno 508); as well as
(d) three sub-lots of the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 and 6).of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 114, para. 17.
48 See supra, paras. 11 et seq.
49 See, inter alia, International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 126, para. 63.
50 International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 639, para. 54; International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 126, para. 64.
51 See supra, paras. 29 et seq.
25
51. Comme cela a été mentionné plus haut48, la compétence de la Cour en l’espèce
est fondée sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut et sur l’article premier de
la convention européenne. Le présent différend, nouveau, entre l’Allemagne et l’Italie entre manifestement dans les prévisions de cette dernière disposition. La compétence prima facie de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires ne fait aucun doute.
B. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et leur plausibilité
52. Aux termes de l’article 41 de son Statut, la Cour a « le pouvoir d’indiquer, si elle estime que les circonstances l’exigent, quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de
chacun doivent être prises à titre provisoire ».
53. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut vise donc à
« sauvegarder, dans l’attente de sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués par chacune des parties. Il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de
sauvegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aussi ne peut-elle exercer ce pouvoir que si elle estime que les droits allégués par la partie demanderesse sont au moins plausibles. »49
54. En outre, « il doit exister un lien entre les droits dont la protection est recherchée et les mesures conservatoires demandées »50.
55. Si la requête a trait aux violations systématiques de l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne par la justice italienne, comme cela a été exposé en détail plus haut51, la présente demande en indication de mesures conservatoires se rapporte essentiellement aux mesures de contrainte spécifiques en passe d’être adoptées par le tribunal d’instance de Rome (le 25 mai 2022). Ces mesures déboucheront sur la vente forcée, à des enchères publiques, de différents biens sis à Rome appartenant à l’Etat allemand, à savoir :
a) un des deux lots du Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (Institut archéologique allemand de Rome), sis Via Sardegna 79/81 (Foglio 472, Particella 255) ;
b) un lot partiel du Goethe Institut Rom (Institut culturel allemand de Rome), sis Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502) ;
c) un lot partiel du Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (Institut historique allemand de Rome), sis Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno 508) ; ainsi que
d) trois lot partiels de la Deutsche Schule Rom (Ecole allemande de Rome), sise Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 et 6).c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 114, par. 17.
48 Voir par. 11 et suiv. ci-dessus.
49 Voir notamment Cour internationale de Justice, Application de la convention interna-
tionale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 126, par. 63.
50 Cour internationale de Justice, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 639, par. 54 ; Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 126, par. 64.
51 Voir par. 29 et suiv. ci-dessus.
26
56. These measures of constraint against the aforementioned German State-owned properties, to be adopted by the Court of Rome on 25 May 2022, would directly violate Germany’s right to sovereign immunity, which lies at the heart of the present
proceedings. As noted above, the measures of constraint are meant to enforce
judgments rendered by Italian domestic courts, namely by the Court and the Appellate Court of Bologna and the Appellate Court of Rome in the cases of Giorgio v. Germany and Cavallina v. Germany, which have ordered Germany to pay compensation to
victims of violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German
Reich during World War II52.
57. The judgments in Giorgio v. Germany and Cavallina v. Germany violated Germany’s sovereign immunity, as authoritatively restated by the Court’s 2012 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State judgment. Any attempt to enforce such
unlawfully rendered judgments would exacerbate this violation of international law. For this reason alone, the measures of constraint scheduled to take place on 25 May 2022 would violate Germany’s right under international law to have its sovereign immunity respected by Italy.
58. Furthermore, these measures of constraint would also violate Germany’s sovereign immunity for the additional reason that all four properties affected by the attachment are used for government non-commercial purposes:
(a) The Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological Institute Rome) is a scientific agency administered and financed by the German Federal Foreign Office to undertake scientific research as part of Germany’s cultural and educational foreign policy.
(b) The Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome), also financed by the German Federal Foreign Office, is an essential pillar of Germany’s foreign and
cultural policy; it promotes German language and German culture in Italy, including
by organising, overseeing and certifying officially recognised German language tests inter alia relevant for visa matters.
(c) The Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute Rome), which operates under the auspices of a foundation financed by the German Government, is tasked with promoting historical research throughout the world and furthers Germany’s foreign cultural and educational policy.
(d) The Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), a registered non-profit
association under Italian law, which is recognised officially as a cultural
institution under the bilateral Italo-German cultural agreement53, is partly financed from the German federal budget; is regulated through the Federal Act on
German Schools abroad (Auslandsschulgesetz), and provides teaching in line
with official German curricula including by teachers seconded from Germany up
to and including the official German high school diploma (“Abitur”).
52 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex 15); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (Annex 16).
53 Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with Exchange of Letters) (1956) and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement relating to the Aforementioned Agreement (1961) (Annex 13).
27
56. Ces mesures de contrainte contre les biens susmentionnés appartenant à l’Etat allemand, qui doivent être adoptées par le tribunal d’instance de Rome le 25 mai 2022, violeraient directement le droit de l’Allemagne à l’immunité souveraine, qui se trouve au coeur de la présente instance. Comme cela a été relevé plus haut, lesdites mesures visent à faire appliquer des décisions rendues par les tribunaux italiens, à savoir par le tribunal d’instance et la cour d’appel de Bologne et par la cour d’appel de Rome dans les affaires Giorgio c. Allemagne et Cavallina c. Allemagne, qui ont prescrit à l’Allemagne de verser une indemnisation aux victimes de violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale52.
57. Les décisions de justice rendues dans les affaires Giorgio c. Allemagne et Cavallina c. Allemagne ont violé l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne, ainsi que la Cour l’a réaffirmé avec toute l’autorité voulue dans son arrêt de 2012 en l’affaire
relative aux Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat. Toute tentative de faire appliquer
de telles décisions rendues illicitement aggraverait cette violation du droit interna-
tional. Ne serait-ce que pour cette raison, les mesures de contrainte dont l’adoption est prévue pour le 25 mai 2022 porteraient atteinte au droit que l’Allemagne tient du droit international de voir son immunité souveraine respectée par l’Italie.
58. Au surplus, ces mesures de contrainte violeraient l’immunité souveraine de
l’Allemagne puisque les quatre biens visés par la saisie pénale immobilière sont utilisés à des fins de service public non commerciales :
a) Le Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (Institut archéologique allemand de Rome) est un organisme scientifique administré et financé par le ministère fédéral des affaires étrangères de l’Allemagne ayant pour mission de mener des recherches scientifiques dans le cadre de la politique étrangère allemande en matière de culture et d’éducation.
b) Le Goethe Institut Rom (Institut culturel allemand de Rome), également financé par le ministère fédéral des affaires étrangères de l’Allemagne, est un pilier essentiel de la politique étrangère et culturelle allemande ; il promeut la langue et la culture allemandes en Italie, y compris en organisant, supervisant et certifiant des examens linguistiques officiellement reconnus qui sont notamment utiles pour l’obtention de visas.
c) Le Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (Institut historique allemand de Rome), qui exerce ses activités sous les auspices d’une fondation financée par le Gouvernement allemand, est chargé de promouvoir la recherche historique dans le monde entier, au service de la politique étrangère allemande en matière de culture et d’éducation.
d) La Deutsche Schule Rom (Ecole allemande de Rome), association sans but lucratif enregistrée conformément au droit italien, qui est officiellement reconnue comme institution culturelle en vertu de l’accord culturel bilatéral conclu entre l’Italie et l’Allemagne53, est financée en partie par le budget fédéral de l’Allemagne, est
régie par la loi fédérale concernant les écoles allemandes à l’étranger (Auslandsschulgesetz), et propose un enseignement conforme aux programmes officiels allemands, dispensé notamment par des enseignants détachés d’Allemagne, jusqu’au diplôme officiel sanctionnant la fin des études secondaires (« Abitur »).
52 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (annexe 14) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (annexe 15) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (annexe 16).
53 Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with Exchange of Letters) (1956) and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement relating to the Aforementioned Agreement (1961) (annexe 13).
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59. Significantly, the Italian Government has recognised the government non-
commercial character of these German State-owned properties. In an aide-mémoire addressed to the German Embassy in Rome dated 6 October 2021, mentioned above54, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs unequivocally confirmed that:
“the German Archaeological Institute, the Goethe Institut, the German Historical Institute and the German School pursue, within the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, purposes of public interest of a cultural-scientific nature
and also contribute to the promotion of German-Italian cultural relations,
specifically governed by the Cultural Agreement of 8 February 1956”55.
60. In light of this assessment, which is shared by Germany, it is clear that the four German properties are not, in the words of the Court, “in use for an activity not
pursuing government non-commercial purposes”56. Any measure of constraint taken against the four German properties would accordingly, for that reason too, violate Germany’s right to sovereign immunity.
61. Germany’s Request for provisional measures of protection is moreover directly linked to one of “the rights whose protection is sought”57 in Germany’s Application, namely Germany’s right not to be subjected to measures of constraint adopted in
violation of the international rules of sovereign immunity. Put differently, the provisional measures sought in this Request are meant to protect Germany against
imminent violations, by Italian courts, of Germany’s sovereign immunity as far as
certain specific post-judgment measures of constraint against its State property
are concerned. They are sought until a judgment on the merits has been rendered by the Court, and intended to safeguard Germany’s rights during the duration of these
proceedings.
62. Germany’s claims in relation to these rights also reach well beyond the
plausibility threshold necessary for the Court to adopt provisional measures. As
confirmed by the Court in its 2012 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State judgment, measures of constraint are per se unlawful under international law if they are taken to enforce a judgment that itself violates a State’s sovereign immunity58. This is the case for the measures of constraint taken, and those threatened, against Germany’s aforementioned properties. These measures of constraint are intended to enforce the
54 See supra, para. 28.
55 Aide-mémoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6 October 2021 (Annex 22); for the text of the aforementioned German-Italian Cultural Agreement, see Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with Exchange of Letters)
(1956) and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement relating to the Aforementioned Agreement (1961) (Annex 13).
56 See International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 148, para. 118.
57 See International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 639, para. 54; International
Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Finan-
cing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 126, para. 64.
58 See International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), pp. 146 et seq., paras. 113-114; International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Appli-cation for Permission to Intervene, Order of 4 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), pp. 501
et seq., para. 25.
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59. Fait notable, le Gouvernement italien a reconnu que ces biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand étaient utilisés à des fins de service public non commerciales. Dans un aide-mémoire adressé à l’ambassade d’Allemagne à Rome en date du 6 octobre 2021, déjà mentionné plus haut54, le ministère italien des affaires étrangères a confirmé sans équivoque que
« l’Institut archéologique allemand, l’Institut culturel allemand, l’Institut historique allemand et l’Ecole allemande serv[ai]ent, dans le cadre de la politique
étrangère de la République fédérale d’Allemagne, un intérêt public de nature
culturelle et scientifique, et [qu’ils] contribu[ai]ent par ailleurs à la promotion des relations culturelles germano-italiennes, lesquelles sont expressément régies par l’accord culturel du 8 février 1956 »55.
60. A la lumière de cette évaluation, à laquelle souscrit l’Allemagne, il est clair que les quatre biens allemands ne sont pas, pour reprendre les termes employés par la Cour, « utilisé[s] pour les besoins d’une activité ne poursuivant pas des fins de service public non commerciales »56. Toute mesure de contrainte prise à leur égard violerait donc, pour cette raison aussi, le droit de l’Allemagne à l’immunité souveraine.
61. La demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée par l’Allemagne est par ailleurs directement liée à l’un des « droits dont la protection est recherchée »57 dans sa requête, à savoir celui de ne pas faire l’objet de mesures de contrainte adoptées en violation des règles internationales applicables concernant l’immunité souveraine. Autrement dit, les mesures conservatoires sollicitées dans la présente demande ont
pour but de protéger l’Allemagne contre des violations imminentes, par les tribunaux italiens, de son immunité souveraine à l’égard de certaines mesures de contrainte postérieures à des décisions de justice concernant des biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand. Elles sont sollicitées en attendant que la Cour se prononce sur le fond de l’affaire, et visent à sauvegarder les droits de l’Allemagne pendant la durée de la présente instance.
62. Les demandes de l’Allemagne relatives à ces droits satisfont en outre largement au critère de plausibilité requis pour que la Cour indique des mesures conservatoires. Ainsi que cette dernière l’a confirmé dans son arrêt de 2012 en l’affaire relative aux Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat, les mesures de contrainte sont en soi illicites au regard du droit international si elles sont prises pour rendre exécutoire un jugement qui viole lui-même l’immunité souveraine d’un Etat58. Tel est le cas des mesures de contrainte prises par l’Italie, et de celles qu’elle menace de prendre, contre les biens
54 Voir par. 28 ci-dessus.
55 Aide-mémoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6 octobre 2021 (annexe 22) ; pour le texte de l’accord culturel germano-italien susmentionné,
voir Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with Exchange of Letters)
(1956) and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement relating to the Aforementioned Agreement (1961) (annexe 13).
56 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 148, par. 118.
57 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 639, par. 54 ; Applica-tion de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 126, par. 64.
58 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 146 et suiv., par. 113-114 ; Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie), requête à fin d’intervention, ordonnance du 4 juillet 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 501 et suiv., par. 25.
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judgments in the cases of Giorgio v. Germany and Cavallina v. Germany59, which themselves were rendered in violation of international law. Furthermore, such measures of constraint would also violate Germany’s sovereign immunity for the additional
reason that all of the German State-owned properties that are the object of these
envisaged measures of constraint are in government non-commercial use, as shown above.
C. Urgency and Risk of Irreparable Prejudice
to German Properties Located in Rome
1. Legal standard
63. The Court:
“pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate provisional measures when there is a risk that irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences”60.
64. This power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exercised once:
“there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights in dispute before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can ‘occur at any moment’ before the Court rules on the merits.”61
2. Legal consequences of the imminent measures of constraint
65. In the present instance there is undoubtedly a real and imminent risk that
irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights claimed before the Court gives its
final decision. Put simply, Germany faces the real and imminent risk of definitively losing its title to the four properties situated in Rome should the Court of Rome
authorise a public auction on 25 May 2022.
66. As noted above, the attachment of real property of 23 November 2020,
registered in the land register in line with Article 492 and 555 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, deprived Germany of certain rights as an owner of the four properties, such as the right to dispose of them. While Germany so far has retained legal title to
the properties as such, the conduct of the Court of Rome has created a real and
imminent risk that this will change.
59 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (Annex 14); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Annex 15); Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (Annex 16).
60 International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 645, para. 77.
61 International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 428, para. 61, citing International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 90.
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susmentionnés de l’Allemagne. Ces mesures visent à donner effet aux décisions rendues dans les affaires Giorgio c. Allemagne et Cavallina c. Allemagne59, elles-mêmes contraires au droit international. Les mesures de contrainte envisagées violeraient
de surcroît l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne puisque les biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand qu’elles visent sont tous utilisés à des fins de service public non
commerciales, comme cela a été démontré plus haut.
C. L’urgence et le risque qu’un préjudice irréparable
soit causé aux biens allemands sis à Rome
1. Le fondement juridique
63. La Cour
« tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires lorsqu’il existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits
en litige dans une procédure judiciaire … ou lorsque la méconnaissance alléguée de ces droits risque d’entraîner des conséquences irréparables »60.
64. Ce pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires sera exercé par la Cour
« s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits en litige avant [qu’elle] ne rende sa décision
définitive… La condition d’urgence est remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice irréparable peuvent « intervenir à tout moment » avant que la Cour statue sur le fond. »61
2. Les conséquences juridiques des mesures de contrainte imminentes
65. En la présente espèce, il existe indubitablement un risque réel et imminent
qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits revendiqués avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive. En d’autres termes, l’Allemagne court le risque réel
et imminent de perdre définitivement son titre sur les quatre biens sis à Rome si le
tribunal d’instance de Rome autorise, le 25 mai 2022, leur mise aux enchères pu-
bliques.
66. Ainsi qu’il a été relevé plus haut, la saisie pénale immobilière du 23 novembre 2020, enregistrée au cadastre en application des articles 492 et 555 du code de procédure civile italien, a privé l’Allemagne de certains droits en tant que propriétaire de ces quatre biens, notamment du droit d’en disposer. Si jusqu’à présent l’Allemagne a conservé son titre juridique sur ces biens en tant que tels, le comportement du
tribunal d’instance de Rome a toutefois créé un risque réel et imminent que ce ne soit plus le cas à l’avenir.
59 Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2892/2011 (annexe 14) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (annexe 15) ; Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (annexe 16).
60 Cour internationale de Justice, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce
et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 645, par. 77.
61 Cour internationale de Justice, Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 428, par. 61, citant Immunités
et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 90.
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67. As also noted above, the Court of Rome has appointed a judicial custodian of foreclosed properties (“custode giudiziario”) for the four German properties and
fixed 25 May 2022 as the date for authorising a forced sale of the four properties
in the form of a public auction. Germany’s efforts to quash the act of attachment
as such, or at least to suspend the ongoing execution proceedings, have not so far met with any success; despite manifold attempts, the enforcement process continues.
What is more, under Italian domestic law, after the decision of its authorisation, no
further judicial appeal is possible that would preclude the public auction from taking
place.
68. Under the present circumstances, the only secure option to avoid the auction
is through a payment of the sum demanded by the creditors: in line with Article 495
of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, such payment, if made before the public auction is authorised, would remove the attachment by way of conversion (“conversione del pignoramento”). In a Note Verbale dated 28 February 2022, Germany urgently requested the Italian Government to make such a payment62. The Italian Government has not responded to this request.
69. It is thus expected that on 25 May 2022 the Court of Rome will authorise
to put up the four attached properties for sale in a public auction. In line with Articles 569-571 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, this authorisation will set in train a process that deprives Germany of any legal opportunity to retain its title to
the properties. Following the authorisation, information about the attached properties and their estimated value will be uploaded onto Italian real estate websites, which will direct interested bidders to obtain further information from the judicial custodian of foreclosed properties. The Court of Rome will determine a timeframe within which interested third parties can submit bids. In line with Article 571 of the Italian Code
of Civil Procedure Germany as the debtor will be barred from bidding. Once the
highest bidder at the public auction has paid the stated price, the Court of Rome will transfer ownership of the auctioned properties. Under Article 586 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, the bidder will acquire title to the respective property. The prejudice caused by Germany’s loss of title to its properties would thus be truly irreparable.
70. Further, once legal title has passed, Italian law does not preclude the new owner from taking steps to evict the institutions and associations currently using the
properties. Under Article 586 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, the Court’s decision of transfer of property serves equally as legal title for the buyer to enforce the eviction of the former owner.
71. The risk of irreparable prejudice is thus imminent and very real: Germany faces nothing less than the permanent loss of its legal title to the properties in question. In
this regard it is worth recalling the Court’s Order on provisional measures in the case concerning Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France). There the Court considered it particularly relevant with reference to the requirement of irreparable harm that:“[i]ndeed, any infringement of the inviolability of the premises may not be capable of remedy, since it might not be possible to restore the situation to the status quo ante”63.
62 Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 28 February 2022 (Annex 23).
63 International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 90; emphasis added.
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67. Comme cela a également été noté plus haut, le tribunal d’instance de Rome a désigné un gardien judiciaire des biens saisis (« custode giudiziario ») pour les quatre propriétés allemandes et fixé au 25 mai 2022 la date de l’autorisation d’une vente forcée de ces biens sous la forme d’une mise aux enchères publiques. Les efforts que
l’Allemagne a déployés pour faire annuler l’acte de saisie en tant que tel, ou tout au moins suspendre la procédure d’exécution, sont restés vains ; malgré de nombreuses tentatives, le processus d’application se poursuit. De plus, en droit interne italien, une fois la décision d’autorisation rendue, il n’existe aucun recours judiciaire permettant d’empêcher la vente aux enchères de se tenir.
68. Dans les circonstances de l’espèce, la seule solution sûre permettant d’éviter la mise aux enchères est le versement de la somme réclamée par les créanciers : en vertu de l’article 495 du code de procédure civile italien, un tel paiement, s’il intervenait avant que la vente aux enchères publiques soit autorisée, aurait pour effet de lever la saisie par voie de substitution (« conversione del pignoramento »). Dans une note
verbale en date du 28 février 2022, l’Allemagne a demandé au Gouvernement italien
de lui permettre de procéder à un tel paiement de toute urgence62, demande toutefois restée sans réponse.
69. Le 25 mai 2022, le tribunal d’instance de Rome devrait donc autoriser la vente aux enchères publiques des quatre biens saisis. En vertu des articles 569 à 571 du code de procédure civile italien, cette autorisation déclenchera un processus privant
l’Allemagne de tout recours juridique lui permettant de conserver son titre sur ces biens. Une fois l’autorisation donnée, les informations relatives aux biens saisis et à leur valeur estimée seront publiées sur les sites italiens d’annonces immobilières, où les enchérisseurs intéressés seront invités à s’adresser au gardien judiciaire pour tout
renseignement complémentaire. Le tribunal fixera le délai dans lequel les tiers
intéressés pourront enchérir. En application de l’article 571 du code de procédure civile italien, l’Allemagne, en qualité de débiteur, ne sera pas en droit d’enchérir. Lorsque le plus offrant aura versé la somme qu’il aura proposée pour l’un des biens mis aux enchères, le tribunal lui en transférera la propriété. Conformément à
l’article 586 dudit code, l’enchérisseur acquerra ainsi un titre sur le bien en question.
Le préjudice causé par la perte du titre de l’Allemagne sur ses biens sera alors véritablement irréparable.
70. En outre, après le transfert du titre juridique, le droit italien n’interdit pas
au nouveau propriétaire de prendre des mesures visant à expulser les institutions et associations utilisant actuellement ces biens. Selon l’article 586 du code de procédure civile italien, en effet, la décision de transfert de propriété rendue par le tribunal vaut également titre juridique permettant à l’acquéreur de procéder à l’expulsion de l’ancien propriétaire.
71. Le risque de préjudice irréparable est donc imminent et bien réel : l’Allemagne ne risque rien de moins que la perte permanente de son titre juridique sur les biens en question. A cet égard, il convient de rappeler l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires rendue par la Cour en l’affaire relative aux Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France). Dans cette instance, la Cour avait considéré, à propos de la condition relative au préjudice irréparable, que le fait suivant était particulièrement pertinent : « toute atteinte à l’inviolabilité de ces locaux risquerait de ne pas pouvoir être réparée, puisqu’il pourrait se révéler impossible de rétablir le statu quo ante »63.
62 Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 28 February 2022 (annexe 23).
63 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 90 (les italiques sont de nous).
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3. Further factual consequences of the imminent measures of constraint demonstrate the irreparable harm that will be caused
72. Beyond the transfer of legal title, the public auction that will be scheduled to take place according to the Italian Court’s decision on 25 May 2022 will also significantly impact the factual situation of the four German properties, including parts thereof
that will not be subject to the measures of constraint, and their further use. These impacts equally pose “a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights in dispute before the Court gives its final decision”64.
73. With regard to the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological Institute), it must first be noted that while only a part of the overall building is currently attached, a major renovation project involving the whole lot,
and costing approximately 26 million euros, is currently ongoing65. Any forced sale, even of only part of the lot, would bring the project at large to an immediate end and would in effect create a fait accompli.
74. As far as the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome) is
concerned, the envisaged measure of constraint relates to the apartment of the
person responsible for the security and caretaking of the overall building, which
is only accessible via the central staircase and elevator of the Institute. The presence
of such caretaker on the premises on a 24/7 basis is required for the running of the institution. Once title to that apartment is transferred to a new owner, Germany
would not only have to grant this new owner access to the apartment via the German Cultural Institute, but would also no longer be able to ensure the security of the
premises, which would thereby endanger the proper functioning of the Goethe Institut as such.
75. As regards the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), the Court of Rome’s decision scheduled for 25 May 2022 will likely cause irreparable harm to the operation of the school. As noted above, after 25 May 2022, information about a
public auction will be posted on Italian real estate websites. The mere possibility of a transfer of title is prone to disrupt the school’s activities. It will lead parents to no
longer enroll their children, possibly bringing about the de facto closure of the
school. Moreover, any disruption of the school’s activities will affect the functioning of the German diplomatic missions in Rome since German diplomats with school-age children currently posted in Rome, and those who will be posted there in the future, depend on the option of their children attending the German school. The denial of this possibility confirms that an auction, or even its mere public announcement, of the Deutsche Schule would lead to irreparable harm.
76. Each of these facts alone, and even more so when taken together with the
legal effects of the imminent further measures of constraint, confirms that the
forthcoming decision of 25 May 2022 by the Court of Rome will cause irreparable prejudice to Germany’s rights, which form the very subject-matter of the Application. Those measures of constraint will also entail irreparable consequences for Germany’s legal title to its State property, which is in use for government non-commercial purposes.
64 See International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 428, para. 61.
65 For details see: https://www.bbr.bund.de/BBR/DE/Bauprojekte/Ausland/Kulturund
Bildungseinrichtungen/DAI%20Rom/dairom.html?templateQueryString=rom (visited 18 April 2022).
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3. Les autres conséquences factuelles des mesures de contrainte imminentes démontrent qu’un préjudice irréparable sera causé
72. Outre le transfert du titre juridique, la vente aux enchères publiques qui sera organisée conformément à la décision rendue par le tribunal d’instance italien le
25 mai 2022 aura également d’importantes conséquences factuelles pour les quatre biens allemands, y compris pour certaines parties d’entre eux qui ne seront pas visées par les mesures de contrainte, ainsi que pour leur utilisation future. Ces conséquences représentent, elles aussi, « un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable
soit causé aux droits en litige avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive »64.
73. En ce qui concerne le Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (Institut archéologique allemand de Rome), il convient d’abord de noter que, si seule une partie du bâtiment fait l’objet d’une saisie, un grand projet de rénovation de l’ensemble de l’édifice, dont le coût est estimé à 26 millions d’euros, est en cours65. Toute vente forcée, même d’une partie du bâtiment seulement, mettrait immédiatement fin au projet tout entier et créerait, en réalité, un fait accompli.
74. Pour ce qui est du Goethe Institut Rom (Institut culturel allemand de Rome),
la mesure de contrainte envisagée vise l’appartement de la personne chargée de la sécurité et du gardiennage de l’ensemble du bâtiment, appartement qui n’est accessible que par l’escalier central et l’ascenseur de l’Institut. La présence permanente (24 heures sur 24 et 7 jours sur 7) de ce gardien est nécessaire pour la gestion de cette institution. Si le titre sur cet appartement était transféré à un nouveau propriétaire, non seulement
l’Allemagne serait contrainte de lui donner accès à l’appartement via l’Institut culturel, mais elle ne serait plus en mesure d’assurer la sécurité des locaux, ce qui mettrait en danger le bon fonctionnement de l’Institut Goethe.
75. Quant à la Deutsche Schule Rom (Ecole allemande de Rome), la décision que prévoit de prendre le tribunal d’instance de Rome le 25 mai 2022 causera probablement un préjudice irréparable à son fonctionnement. Comme cela a été relevé plus haut, à
la suite de cette décision, les informations concernant la vente aux enchères publiques seront diffusées sur les sites italiens d’annonces immobilières. Il est probable que
la simple possibilité d’un transfert de titre de propriété perturbe l’activité de l’école.
En conséquence, les parents n’y inscriront plus leurs enfants, ce qui pourrait aboutir à une fermeture de facto. En outre, toute perturbation de l’activité de l’école aura des répercussions sur le fonctionnement des missions diplomatiques allemandes à Rome, puisque les diplomates qui sont ou seront en poste dans cette ville et ont des enfants
en âge d’être scolarisés ont besoin de savoir qu’ils peuvent les envoyer à l’Ecole
allemande. Que cette possibilité leur soit refusée confirme que la mise aux enchères de la Deutsche Schule, voire une simple annonce dans ce sens, entraînerait un préjudice irréparable.
76. Pris séparément, et d’autant plus pris ensemble vu les effets juridiques des
nouvelles mesures de contrainte imminentes, ces faits confirment que la décision que prévoit de prendre le tribunal d’instance de Rome le 25 mai 2022 causera un préju-
dice irréparable aux droits de l’Allemagne, qui sont au coeur de la requête. Ces mesures de contrainte auront également des conséquences irréparables pour le titre juridique
de l’Allemagne sur ses biens d’Etat, utilisés à des fins de service public non commerciales.
64 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 428, par. 61.
65 Pour de plus amples informations, voir : https://www.bbr.bund.de/BBR/DE/Bauprojekte/Ausland/KulturundBildungsein… (dernière consultation le 18 avril 2022).
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4. Urgency
77. As is clear from the account of the facts given above, the risk of irreparable
harm to Germany’s rights is imminent, and urgent action is required to safeguard Germany’s rights.
78. The act likely to cause further and irreparable prejudice to the rights claimed by Germany under applicable customary rules of State immunity, namely the decision by the Court of Rome to authorise the sale of the properties at a public auction, is
scheduled to take place on 25 May 2022. This is less than one month from the day this Request for provisional measure is submitted to the Court, and thereafter the change in ownership could “occur at any moment”66.
79. While Italy claims that it has taken steps to issue a decree which would block measures of constraint with regard to German property in Italy, this decree has so far neither been officially published nor communicated to Germany.
80. Under those circumstances, and since all representations by Germany vis-à-vis the Italian Government to take appropriate steps of its own choosing to stop the
imminent measures of constraint violating Germany’s State immunity, have failed, there can be no doubt that the criterion of urgency is satisfied in the present case.
D. Germany’s Right to Be Free from Further Unlawful
Measures of Constraint
81. As detailed in Annex 6, Italian domestic courts have entertained a large number of further proceedings in violation of Germany’s right to sovereign immunity since the issuance of Judgment No. 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court. As detailed in Annex 7, since the issuance of Judgment No. 238/2014, Italian domestic courts have rendered judgments against Germany in no less than 15 such proceedings, requiring Germany to pay compensation for violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich during World War II. For the reasons set out above, these proceedings systematically violate Germany’s right to sovereign immunity. Measures of constraint taken to enforce such unlawfully rendered judgments would ipso facto violate Germany’s right to be free from such measures of constraint, which “goes
further”67 than its right to immunity from jurisdiction.
82. Germany does not at present possess specific and complete information about such attempts, other than those directed against its four properties located in Rome, to enforce such judgments by Italian courts rendered in violation of Germany’s sovereign immunity. However, given the large number of proceedings brought before, and of potentially enforceable decisions rendered by, Italian domestic courts, it seems only a matter of time until only further measures of constraint will be taken against German State-owned property located in Italy. Any such further measure of constraint would exacerbate the violation of Germany’s right to sovereign immunity and mean that,
“it might not be possible to restore the situation to the status quo ante”68.
66 See mutatis mutandis International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 90.
67 International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 146, para. 113.
68 See International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial
Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 90.
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4. Urgence
77. Ainsi qu’il ressort de l’exposé des faits ci-dessus, le risque de préjudice irréparable aux droits de l’Allemagne est imminent, et il est nécessaire d’agir d’urgence pour sauvegarder ces droits.
78. Il est prévu que l’acte susceptible de causer un préjudice irréparable supplé-
mentaire aux droits revendiqués par l’Allemagne en vertu des règles coutumières
pertinentes relatives à l’immunité de l’Etat, à savoir la décision du tribunal d’instance de Rome d’autoriser la vente des biens aux enchères publiques, se produira le 25 mai 2022 — soit moins d’un mois à compter de la date à laquelle la présente demande en indication de mesures conservatoires est soumise à la Cour, après quoi le changement de propriétaire pourrait « intervenir à tout moment »66.
79. L’Italie affirme avoir entrepris de publier un décret qui bloquerait les mesures de contrainte à l’égard de biens allemands sis sur son territoire, mais, à ce jour, le décret en question n’a été ni publié officiellement ni communiqué à l’Allemagne.
80. Dans ces conditions, et compte tenu de l’échec de toutes les représentations faites par l’Allemagne auprès du Gouvernement italien pour qu’il prenne les dispositions appropriées de son choix afin de couper court aux mesures de contrainte
imminentes emportant violation de l’immunité de l’Etat allemand, il ne fait aucun doute qu’il est satisfait, en l’espèce, au critère de l’urgence.
D. Le droit de l’Allemagne de ne pas subir de nouvelles mesures
de contrainte illicites
81. Comme il est exposé en détail à l’annexe 6, la justice italienne a, depuis que la Cour constitutionnelle italienne a rendu l’arrêt no 238/2014, accueilli un grand nombre de nouvelles procédures, en violation du droit à l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne. De même, ainsi qu’il est précisé à l’annexe 7, depuis le prononcé de l’arrêt en question, les tribunaux italiens ont statué contre l’Allemagne dans pas moins de 15 procédures de ce type, exigeant qu’elle verse des indemnités à raison de violations du droit international humanitaire commises par le Reich allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale. Pour les raisons qui précèdent, ces procédures emportent systématiquement violation du droit à l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne. Des mesures de contrainte visant à exécuter de telles décisions rendues illicitement emporteraient ipso facto violation du droit de l’Allemagne de ne pas être soumise à pareilles mesures, lequel « va au-delà »67 de son droit à l’immunité de juridiction.
82. L’Allemagne ne dispose pas à l’heure actuelle d’informations précises et complètes sur les tentatives, autres que celles dirigées contre ses quatre biens sis à Rome, d’exécution de décisions ainsi rendues par des tribunaux italiens en violation de son immunité souveraine. Cela étant, vu le grand nombre de procédures engagées devant ces tribunaux et de décisions potentiellement exécutoires rendues par ceux-ci, il semble que ce ne soit qu’une question de temps avant que d’autres mesures de contrainte ne soient prises contre des biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand sis en Italie. Toute nouvelle mesure de ce type ne ferait qu’aggraver la violation du droit à l’immunité souveraine
de l’Allemagne et signifierait qu’« il pourrait se révéler impossible de rétablir le
statu quo ante »68.
66 Voir, mutatis mutandis, Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 90.
67 Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 146, par. 113.
68 Voir Cour internationale de Justice, Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 90.
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83. In the present circumstances, Germany’s immediate need is to be kept closely informed, through diplomatic channels, of any further measures of constraint taken, or contemplated, by Italian domestic courts while no further attempts of service of
process via the German Embassy in Rome ought to take place, in order for Germany to be able in light of such information to then seek further, additional provisional measures of protection from this Court, should this become necessary.
84. In order to be able to safeguard its right to sovereign immunity pending a
decision of the Court on the merits, Germany thus requests the Court to order Italy to provide detailed information about proceedings pending before Italian domestic
courts, and about the steps it has taken to prevent the violation of Germany’s right to sovereign immunity.
E. Provisional Measures Requested
85. On the basis of all of the facts and arguments set forth above, Germany thus requests the Court to indicate the following provisional measures in accordance with Article 41 of its Statute:
1. Italy shall ensure by making a “payment in conversion” or by taking another effective measure of its own choosing that the following German properties are not subjected to a public auction pending a judgment by the Court on the merits in the current proceedings:
(a) one of the two lots of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archaeological Institute Rome), Via Sardegna 79/81 (Foglio 472, Particella 255);
(b) one sub-lot of the Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome), Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502);
(c) one sub-lot of the Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno 508);
(d) three sub-lots of the Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome), Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 and 6).
2. Italy shall ensure that no further measures of constraint are taken by its courts against German property used for government non-commercial purposes located on Italian territory or for the purpose of enforcing judgments that violate Germany’s sovereign immunity pending a judgment by the Court on the merits in the current proceedings.
3. Pending a judgment on the merits in the current proceedings, Italy shall, within two months after the issuance of the Court’s order on provisional measures and every six months thereafter, submit to the Court a report detailing:
(a) measures of constraint imposed by, or sought from, Italian domestic courts against German State-owned property located in Italy, with a view to
enforcing judgments rendered against Germany in civil proceedings based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich during World War II; as well as:
(b) steps taken by the Italian Government to ensure that Germany’s right to sovereign immunity is respected in such proceedings.
86. In accordance with Article 75, paragraph 1, of its Rules, and given the imminent risk of irreparable harm, as well as the unequivocal fulfilment of the prerequisites for the ordering of provisional measures in the case at hand, Germany requests the Court
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83. Dans les circonstances de l’espèce, l’Allemagne a, dans l’immédiat, besoin d’être tenue pleinement informée, par la voie diplomatique, de toute nouvelle mesure de contrainte prise ou envisagée par la justice italienne, sans que de nouveaux actes
introductifs d’instance ne lui soient signifiés ou notifiés par l’intermédiaire de son
ambassade à Rome, afin de pouvoir ensuite, à la lumière de ces informations, prier la
Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires supplémentaires si cela se révélait nécessaire.
84. En conséquence, pour être à même de sauvegarder son droit à l’immunité
souveraine en attendant que la Cour se prononce sur le fond, l’Allemagne prie
celle-ci d’ordonner à l’Italie de lui communiquer des informations détaillées sur les affaires portées devant les tribunaux italiens et sur les mesures qu’elle a prises en vue de prévenir la violation du droit à l’immunité souveraine dont elle jouit.
E. Mesures conservatoires sollicitées
85. Sur la base de l’ensemble des faits et des arguments exposés ci-dessus, l’Allemagne prie la Cour d’indiquer, conformément à l’article 41 de son Statut, les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
1. L’Italie doit veiller — par un « paiement de substitution » ou une autre mesure effective de son choix — à ce que les biens allemands ci-après ne fassent pas
l’objet d’une vente aux enchères publiques avant que la Cour ne se prononce sur le fond dans la présente procédure :
a) un des deux lots du Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (Institut archéologique allemand de Rome), sis Via Sardegna 79/81 (Foglio 472, Parti-
cella 255) ;
b) un lot partiel du Goethe Institut Rom (Institut culturel allemand de Rome), sis Via Savoia 15 (Foglio 578, Particella 3, Subalterno 502) ;
c) un lot partiel du Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (Institut historique
allemand de Rome), sis Via Aurelia Antica 391 (Foglio 438, Particella 200, Subalterno 508) ;
d) trois lots partiels de la Deutsche Schule Rom (Ecole allemande de Rome),
sise Via Aurelia Antica 401 (Foglio 438, Particella 5, Subalterno 3, 5 et 6).
2. L’Italie doit veiller à ce qu’aucune autre mesure de contrainte ne soit prise par ses tribunaux contre des biens allemands utilisés à des fins de service public non
commerciales en territoire italien ou aux fins de l’exécution de jugements
emportant violation de l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne, avant que la Cour ne se prononce sur le fond dans la présente procédure.
3. Dans l’attente de la décision susmentionnée, l’Italie doit soumettre à la Cour, dans les deux mois suivant le prononcé de son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires puis tous les six mois, un rapport détaillant :
a) les mesures de contrainte imposées par la justice italienne, ou demandées à celle-ci, à l’égard de biens appartenant à l’Etat allemand sis en Italie, en vue de faire exécuter des jugements rendus contre l’Allemagne dans le cadre
de procédures civiles engagées à raison de violations du droit humanitaire international commises par le Reich allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale,
b) les mesures que le Gouvernement italien aura prises pour garantir que le droit à l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne soit respecté dans pareilles procédures.
86. Compte tenu du risque imminent de préjudice irréparable et de l’existence incontestable des conditions préalables requises aux fins de la prescription de mesures conservatoires en l’espèce, l’Allemagne prie la Cour d’indiquer, conformément au
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to indicate the above provisional measures as a matter of urgency and without any
other proceedings, or otherwise schedule an oral hearing at the Court’s earliest
possible opportunity.
87. Germany reserves its right to request additional provisional measures to prevent irreparable harm to the rights at issue in this case or to prevent a further aggravation
of the dispute by Italy, should those become necessary during the course of these
proceedings, notably where measures of constraint are about to be taken by Italian courts against other German properties used for government non-commercial purposes located on Italian territory, or for the purpose of enforcing judgments that themselves violate Germany’s sovereign immunity.
Berlin, 29 April 2022.
(Signed) Dr. Christophe Eick,
Agent of the Federal Republic of Germany.
___________
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paragraphe 1 de l’article 75 de son Règlement, les mesures susmentionnées d’urgence et sans autre procédure ou de fixer une audience dès que son calendrier le lui permettra.
87. Si cela se révèle nécessaire au cours de la présente procédure, l’Allemagne se réserve le droit de solliciter de nouvelles mesures conservatoires afin d’éviter qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé aux droits dont il est question en l’espèce ou
d’empêcher une nouvelle aggravation du différend par l’Italie, notamment dans les cas où des mesures de contrainte sont sur le point d’être prises par des tribunaux italiens contre d’autres biens allemands utilisés à des fins de service public non commerciales en territoire italien, ou aux fins de l’exécution de jugements emportant eux-mêmes
violation de l’immunité souveraine de l’Allemagne.
Berlin, le 29 avril 2022.
L’agent de la République fédérale d’Allemagne,
(Signé) M. Christophe Eick.
___________
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CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the annexes filed with this Application and Request for
provisional measures are true copies of the documents referred to and that the
translations provided are accurate.
Berlin, 29 April 2022.
(Signed) Dr. Christophe Eick,
Agent of the Federal Republic of Germany.
___________
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CERTIFICATION
[Traduction]
Je certifie par la présente que les annexes jointes à la requête et à la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires sont des copies conformes des documents
auxquels il est fait référence et que les traductions fournies sont exactes.
Berlin, le 29 avril 2022.
L’agent de la République fédérale d’Allemagne,
(Signé) M. Christophe Eick.
___________
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LIST OF ANNEXES*1
Annex 1. European Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes.
Annex 2. Article 3 of Law 5/2013 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 3. Article 1 of Law No. 848 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 4. Italian Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 5. Italian Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 238/2014 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 6. Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No. 238/2014.
Annex 7. Overview of judgments rendered by Italian courts against Germany since Judgment No. 238/2014.
Annex 8. List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from the land register (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 9. Extracts from the land register: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archeological Institute Rome) (Italian original).
Annex 10. Extracts from the land register: Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome) (Italian original).
Annex 11. Extracts from the land register: Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute in Rome) (Italian original).
Annex 12. Extracts from the land register: Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome) (Italian original).
Annex 13. Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with
Exchange of Letters) (1956) and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement relating to the Aforementioned Agreement (1961) (German and Italian originals and English translation).
Annex 14. Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment
No. 2892/2011 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 15. Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany,
Judgment No. 2120/2018 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 16. Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany,
Judgment No. 5446/2020 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 17. Judicial Officer Rome, Writ of attachment of real property, 23 November 2021, and Note Verbale of 7 December 2021 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 18. Decision of the Court of Rome, Giorgio et al. v. Germany, RGE
No. 1163/2020, 12 July 2021 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 19. Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of
Germany and the Italian Republic, Trieste, 18 November 2008 (Italian and German originals and English translation).
1* The Annexes are not reproduced in the print version, but are available in electronic version on the Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “Cases”).
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LISTE DES ANNEXES*1
Annexe 1. Convention européenne pour le règlement pacifique des différends.
Annexe 2. Article 3 of Law 5/2013 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 3. Article 1 of Law No. 848 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 4. Italian Code of Civil Procedure (extracts) (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 5. Italian Constitutional Court, Judgment No. 238/2014 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 6. Overview of cases brought against Germany before Italian courts since Judgment No. 238/2014.
Annexe 7. Overview of judgments rendered by Italian courts against Germany since Judgment No. 238/2014.
Annexe 8. List of German State-owned properties affected by measures of constraint and extracts from the land register (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 9. Extracts from the land register: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (German Archeological Institute Rome) (original en italien).
Annexe 10. Extracts from the land register: Goethe Institut Rom (German Cultural Institute Rome) (original en italien).
Annexe 11. Extracts from the land register: Deutsches Historisches Institut Rom (German Historical Institute in Rome) (original en italien).
Annexe 12. Extracts from the land register: Deutsche Schule Rom (German School Rome) (original en italien).
Annexe 13. Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, Cultural Agreement (with Exchange of Letters) (1956) and Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement relating to the Aforementioned Agreement (1961) (originaux en allemand et en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 14. Judgment of the Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment
No. 2892/2011 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 15. Judgment of the Appellate Court of Bologna, Giorgio v. Germany, Judgment No. 2120/2018 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 16. Judgment of the Appellate Court of Rome, Cavallina v. Germany, Judgment No. 5446/2020 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 17. Judicial Officer Rome, Writ of attachment of real property, 23 November 2021, and Note Verbale of 7 December 2021 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 18. Decision of the Court of Rome, Giorgio et al. v. Germany, RGE
No. 1163/2020, 12 July 2021 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 19. Joint Declaration by the Governments of the Federal Republic of
Germany and the Italian Republic, Trieste, 18 November 2008 (originaux en italien et en allemand et traduction anglaise).
1* Annexes non reproduites en version papier, mais disponibles en version électronique sur le site Internet de la Cour (http://www.icj-cij.org, onglet « affaires »).
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Annex 20. Overview of German-Italian discussions concerning questions of sovereign immunity.
Annex 21. Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 5 January 2015 (Italian and German originals and English translation).
Annex 22. Aide-mémoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6 October 2021 (Italian original and English translation).
Annex 23. Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 28 February 2022 (Italian original and English translation).
47
Annexe 20. Overview of German-Italian discussions concerning questions of sovereign immunity.
Annexe 21. Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 5 January 2015
(originaux en italien et en allemand et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 22. Aide-mémoire by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 6 October 2021 (original en italien et traduction anglaise).
Annexe 23. Note Verbale from the German Embassy in Rome to the Italian Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 28 February 2022 (ori-
ginal en italien et traduction anglaise).
IMPRIMÉ AUX PAYS-BAS – PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures