Order of 23 January 2020

Document Number
178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

23 JANUARY 2020
ORDER
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (THE GAMBIA v. MYANMAR)
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APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE (GAMBIE c. MYANMAR)
23 JANVIER 2020
ORDONNANCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-13
I. PRIMA FACIE JURISDICTION 16-38
1. General introduction 16-19
2. Existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention 20-31
3. The reservation of Myanmar to Article VIII of the Convention 32-36
4. Conclusion as to prima facie jurisdiction 37-38
II. QUESTION OF THE STANDING OF THE GAMBIA 39-42
III. THE RIGHTS WHOSE PROTECTION IS SOUGHT AND THE LINK BETWEEN SUCH RIGHTS AND THE MEASURES REQUESTED 43-63
IV. RISK OF IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY 64-75
V. CONCLUSION AND MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED 76-85
OPERATIVE CLAUSE 86
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2020
2020
23 January
General List
No. 178
23 January 2020
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION
AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(THE GAMBIA v. MYANMAR)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President YUSUF; Vice-President XUE; Judges TOMKA, ABRAHAM, BENNOUNA,
CANÇADO TRINDADE, DONOGHUE, GAJA, SEBUTINDE, BHANDARI, ROBINSON,
CRAWFORD, GEVORGIAN, SALAM, IWASAWA; Judges ad hoc PILLAY, KRESS;
Registrar GAUTIER.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of
the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
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1. On 11 November 2019, the Republic of The Gambia (hereinafter “The Gambia”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (hereinafter “Myanmar”) concerning alleged violations of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter the “Genocide Convention” or the “Convention”).
2. At the end of its Application, The Gambia
“respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Myanmar:
 has breached and continues to breach its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
 must cease forthwith any such ongoing internationally wrongful act and fully respect its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
 must ensure that persons committing genocide are punished by a competent tribunal, including before an international penal tribunal, as required by Articles I and VI;
 must perform the obligations of reparation in the interest of the victims of genocidal acts who are members of the Rohingya group, including but not limited to allowing the safe and dignified return of forcibly displaced Rohingya and respect for their full citizenship and human rights and protection against discrimination, persecution, and other related acts, consistent with the obligation to prevent genocide under Article I; and
 must offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of violations of the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI.”
3. In its Application, The Gambia seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on Article IX of the Genocide Convention.
4. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
5. At the end of its Request, The Gambia asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures:
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“(a) Myanmar shall immediately, in pursuance of its undertaking in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948, take all measures within its power to prevent all acts that amount to or contribute to the crime of genocide, including taking all measures within its power to prevent the following acts from being committed against [any] member of the Rohingya group: extrajudicial killings or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(b) Myanmar shall, in particular, ensure that any military, paramilitary or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any act of genocide, of conspiracy to commit genocide, or direct and public incitement to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide, against the Rohingya group, including: extrajudicial killing or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(c) Myanmar shall not destroy or render inaccessible any evidence related to the events described in the Application, including without limitation by destroying or rendering inaccessible the remains of any member of the Rohingya group who is a victim of alleged genocidal acts, or altering the physical locations where such acts are alleged to have occurred in such a manner as to render the evidence of such acts, if any, inaccessible;
(d) Myanmar and The Gambia shall not take any action and shall assure that no action is taken which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render it more difficult of resolution; and
(e) Myanmar and The Gambia shall each provide a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order for provisional measures, no later than four months from its issuance.”
6. The Registrar immediately communicated to the Government of Myanmar the Application containing the Request for the indication of provisional measures, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing by The Gambia of the Application and the Request for the indication of provisional measures.
7. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute, the Registrar informed all States entitled to appear before the Court of the filing of the Application and the Request for the indication of provisional measures by a letter dated 11 November 2019.
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8. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of either Party, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. The Gambia chose Ms Navanethem Pillay and Myanmar Mr. Claus Kress.
9. By letters dated 12 November 2019, the Registrar informed the Parties that, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of its Rules, the Court had fixed 10, 11 and 12 December 2019 as the dates for the oral proceedings on the Request for the indication of provisional measures.
10. By a letter dated 9 December 2019, a copy of which was immediately communicated to Myanmar, The Gambia submitted to the Court the text of the following additional provisional measure requested from the Court:
“The Gambia requests that Myanmar be ordered to grant access to, and cooperate with, all United Nations fact-finding bodies that are engaged in investigating alleged genocidal acts against the Rohingya, including the conditions to which the Rohingya are subjected.”
11. At the public hearings, oral observations on the Request for the indication of provisional measures were presented by:
On behalf of The Gambia: H.E. Mr. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou,
Mr. Payam Akhavan,
Mr. Andrew Loewenstein,
Ms Tafadzwa Pasipanodya,
Mr. Arsalan Suleman,
Mr. Pierre d’Argent,
Mr. Paul Reichler,
Mr. Philippe Sands.
On behalf of Myanmar: H.E. Ms Aung San Suu Kyi,
Mr. William Schabas,
Mr. Christopher Staker,
Ms Phoebe Okowa.
12. At the end of its second round of oral observations, The Gambia asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures:
“(a) Myanmar shall immediately, in pursuance of its undertaking in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948, take all measures within its power to prevent all acts that amount to or contribute to the crime of genocide, including taking all measures within its power to prevent the following acts from being committed against any member of the Rohingya group: extrajudicial killings or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual
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violence; burning of homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(b) Myanmar shall, in particular, ensure that any military, paramilitary or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any act of genocide, of conspiracy to commit genocide, or direct and public incitement to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide, against the Rohingya group, including: extrajudicial killing or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(c) Myanmar shall not destroy or render inaccessible any evidence related to the events described in the Application, including without limitation by destroying or rendering inaccessible the remains of any member of the Rohingya group who is a victim of alleged genocidal acts, or altering the physical locations where such acts are alleged to have occurred in such a manner as to render the evidence of such acts, if any, inaccessible;
(d) Myanmar and The Gambia shall not take any action and shall assure that no action is taken which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render it more difficult of resolution;
(e) Myanmar and The Gambia shall each provide a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order for provisional measures, no later than four months from its issuance; and
(f) Myanmar shall grant access to, and cooperate with, all United Nations fact-finding bodies that are engaged in investigating alleged genocidal acts against the Rohingya, including the conditions to which the Rohingya are subjected.”
13. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Myanmar requested the Court:
“(1) to remove the case from its List;
(2) in the alternative, to reject the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by The Gambia.”
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14. In its Application, The Gambia seeks protection for “all members of the Rohingya group who are in the territory of Myanmar, as members of a protected group under the Genocide Convention”. According to a 2016 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rohingya Muslims “self-identify as a distinct ethnic group with their own language and culture, and claim a longstanding connection to Rakhine State”; however, “[s]uccessive Governments [of Myanmar] have rejected these claims, and the Rohingya were not included in the list of recognized ethnic groups. Most Rohingya are stateless” (United Nations, Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/32/18, 29 June 2016, para. 3).
15. The Court’s references in this Order to the “Rohingya” should be understood as references to the group that self-identifies as the Rohingya group and that claims a longstanding connection to Rakhine State, which forms part of the Union of Myanmar.
I. PRIMA FACIE JURISDICTION
1. General introduction
16. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could be founded, but need not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case (see, inter alia, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 630, para. 24).
17. In the present case, The Gambia seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on Article IX of the Genocide Convention (see paragraph 3 above). The Court must therefore first determine whether those provisions prima facie confer upon it jurisdiction to rule on the merits of the case, enabling it — if the other necessary conditions are fulfilled — to indicate provisional measures.
18. Article IX of Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”
19. The Gambia and Myanmar are parties to the Genocide Convention. Myanmar deposited its instrument of ratification on 14 March 1956, without entering a reservation to Article IX, but making reservations to Articles VI and VIII. The Gambia acceded to the Convention on 29 December 1978, without entering any reservation.
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2. Existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention
20. Article IX of the Genocide Convention makes the Court’s jurisdiction conditional on the existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Convention. A dispute between States exists where they hold clearly opposite views concerning the question of the performance or non-performance of certain international obligations (see Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 115, para. 22, citing Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). The claim of one party must be “positively opposed” by the other (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the parties maintains that a dispute exists, and the other denies it (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 810, para. 16). Since The Gambia has invoked as a basis of the Court’s jurisdiction the compromissory clause in an international convention, the Court must ascertain whether the acts complained of by the Applicant are capable of falling within the provisions of that instrument and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain (Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1159, para. 47). The Court also recalls that, “[i]n principle, the date for determining the existence of a dispute is the date on which the application is submitted to the Court” (see, for example, Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 271, para. 39).
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21. The Gambia contends that a dispute exists with Myanmar relating to the interpretation and application of the Genocide Convention and the fulfilment by Myanmar of its obligations “to prevent genocide and to desist from its own acts of genocide”. Specifically, The Gambia asserts that in October 2016 the Myanmar military and other Myanmar security forces began widespread and systematic “clearance operations” against the Rohingya group, during the course of which they committed mass murder, rape and other forms of sexual violence, and engaged in the systematic destruction by fire of Rohingya villages, often with inhabitants locked inside burning houses, with the intent to destroy the Rohingya as a group, in whole or in part. The Gambia alleges that, from August 2017 onwards, such genocidal acts continued with Myanmar’s resumption of “clearance operations” on a more massive and wider geographical scale.
22. The Gambia maintains that, prior to filing its Application, it made clear to Myanmar that the latter’s actions constituted a violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention, but that Myanmar “has rejected and opposed any suggestion that it has violated the Genocide Convention”. In this connection, The Gambia argues that it has made several statements
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in multilateral settings whereby it clearly addressed the situation of the Rohingya in Rakhine State, including allegations of breaches by Myanmar of the Genocide Convention, and expressed its readiness to take this issue to the Court. The Gambia adds that Myanmar was aware that the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar established by the Human Rights Council of the United Nations (hereinafter the “Fact-Finding Mission”) welcomed the efforts of States, in particular Bangladesh and The Gambia, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (hereinafter the “OIC”) “to encourage and pursue a case against Myanmar before the International Court of Justice under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” (United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019, para. 107). According to The Gambia, Myanmar completely rejected the Fact-Finding Mission reports and the conclusions contained therein. Finally, The Gambia emphasizes that its claims against Myanmar regarding breaches by the latter of its obligations under the Genocide Convention were specifically communicated to Myanmar by a Note Verbale sent on 11 October 2019, to which Myanmar did not respond.
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23. Myanmar contends that the Court does not have jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention. It first argues that there is no dispute between the Parties in view of the fact that the proceedings before the Court were instituted by The Gambia, not on its own behalf, but rather as a “proxy” and “on behalf of” the OIC. It further argues that no such dispute existed at the time of the filing of the Application. In this regard, Myanmar asserts that the allegations contained in the OIC documents and statements regarding the situation of the Rohingya mentioned by The Gambia could not give rise to a dispute between the Parties as they did not amount to allegations of violations of the Genocide Convention made by The Gambia against Myanmar. It also contends that the Court cannot infer the existence of a dispute between the Parties from The Gambia’s Note Verbale of 11 October 2019 and the absence of any response by Myanmar before the filing of the Application on 11 November 2019. In Myanmar’s opinion, the Note Verbale in question did not call for a response as it did not formulate specific allegations of violations of the Convention, and, in any event, such a response could not be expected within a month.
24. Myanmar concludes that, in the absence of a dispute, the Court’s lack of jurisdiction is manifest and the case should be removed from the General List.
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25. With regard to Myanmar’s contention that, in bringing before the Court its claims based on alleged violations of the Genocide Convention, The Gambia acted as a “proxy” for the OIC in circumvention of Article 34 of the Statute, the Court notes that the Applicant instituted proceedings
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in its own name, and that it maintains that it has a dispute with Myanmar regarding its own rights under the Convention. In the view of the Court, the fact that The Gambia may have sought and obtained the support of other States or international organizations in its endeavour to seise the Court does not preclude the existence between the Parties of a dispute relating to the Genocide Convention.
26. Turning to the question whether there was a dispute between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application, the Court recalls that, for the purposes of deciding this issue, it takes into account in particular any statements or documents exchanged between the Parties (see Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 443-445, paras. 50-55), as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 94, para. 51 and p. 95, para. 53). In so doing, it pays special attention to “the author of the statement or document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content” (ibid., p. 100, para. 63). The existence of a dispute is a matter for objective determination by the Court; it is a matter of substance, and not a question of form or procedure (Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 270, paras. 35-36).
27. The Court notes that, on 8 August 2019, the Fact-Finding Mission published a report which affirmed its previous conclusion “that Myanmar incurs State responsibility under the prohibition against genocide” and welcomed the efforts of The Gambia, Bangladesh and the OIC to pursue a case against Myanmar before the Court under the Genocide Convention (United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019, paras. 18 and 107). On 26 September 2019, The Gambia stated during the general debate of the seventy-fourth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations that it was ready to lead concerted efforts to take the Rohingya issue to the International Court of Justice (United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, doc. A/74/PV.8, 26 September 2019, p. 31). Myanmar addressed the General Assembly two days later, characterizing the Fact-Finding Mission reports as “biased and flawed, based not on facts but on narratives” (United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, doc. A/74/PV.12, 28 September 2019, p. 24). In the Court’s view, these statements made by the Parties before the United Nations General Assembly suggest the existence of a divergence of views concerning the events which allegedly took place in Rakhine State in relation to the Rohingya. In this regard, the Court recalls that
“a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the other need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis . . . the position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever the professed view of that party” (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89).
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28. In addition, the Court takes into account The Gambia’s Note Verbale of 11 October 2019, in which The Gambia, referring to the reports of the Fact-Finding Mission, wrote that it “underst[ood] Myanmar to be in ongoing breach of [its] obligations under the [Genocide] Convention and under customary international law” and “insist[ed] that Myanmar take all necessary actions to comply with these obligations”. The Court observes that this Note Verbale specifically referred to the reports of the Fact-Finding Mission and indicated The Gambia’s opposition to the views of Myanmar, in particular as regards the latter’s denial of its responsibility under the Convention. In light of the gravity of the allegations made therein, the Court considers that the lack of response may be another indication of the existence of a dispute between the Parties. As the Court has previously held, “the existence of a dispute may be inferred from the failure of a State to respond to a claim in circumstances where a response is called for” (Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 271, para. 37).
29. As to whether the acts complained of by the Applicant are capable of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention, the Court recalls that The Gambia contends that Myanmar’s military and security forces and persons or entities acting on its instructions or under its direction and control have been responsible, inter alia, for killings, rape and other forms of sexual violence, torture, beatings, cruel treatment, and for the destruction or denial of access to food, shelter and other essentials of life, all with the intent to destroy the Rohingya group, in whole or in part. In The Gambia’s view, these acts are all attributable to Myanmar, which it considers to be responsible for committing genocide. The Gambia contends that Myanmar has also violated other obligations under the Genocide Convention, “including by attempting to commit genocide; conspiring to commit genocide; inciting genocide; complicity in genocide; and failing to prevent and punish genocide”. The Court notes that Myanmar, for its part, denied that it has committed any of the violations of the Genocide Convention alleged by The Gambia, arguing in particular the absence of any genocidal intent.
30. For the purposes of the present proceedings, the Court is not required to ascertain whether any violations of Myanmar’s obligations under the Genocide Convention have occurred. Such a finding, which notably depends on the assessment of the existence of an intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the group of the Rohingya as such, could be made by the Court only at the stage of the examination of the merits of the present case. What the Court is required to do at the stage of making an order on provisional measures is to establish whether the acts complained of by The Gambia are capable of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention. In the Court’s view, at least some of the acts alleged by The Gambia are capable of falling within the provisions of the Convention.
31. The Court finds therefore that the above-mentioned elements are sufficient at this stage to establish prima facie the existence of a dispute between the Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention.
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3. The reservation of Myanmar to Article VIII of the Convention
32. Myanmar further submits that The Gambia cannot validly seise the Court as a result of Myanmar’s reservation to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention, which specifically deals with the right of any of the Contracting Parties to the Convention to seise any competent organ of the United Nations. According to the Respondent, this provision applies to the Court, being a competent organ of the United Nations. In its view, only this provision enables States parties not specially affected to bring a claim before the Court for alleged breaches of the Convention by another State party. Myanmar therefore submits that the valid seisin of the Court by The Gambia, on the basis of Article VIII, is a necessary precondition to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention. In light of its reservation to Article VIII, Myanmar concludes that the Court should not assume jurisdiction in the present case.
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33. The Gambia submits that Myanmar’s argument based on its reservation to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention should be rejected as it would amount to depriving Article IX of any substance. In particular, the Applicant contends that the Respondent has not explained how its argument could be reconciled with Myanmar’s consent to Article IX and to the Court’s jurisdiction.
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34. The Court recalls that Myanmar has made a reservation to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention, which reads as follows: “With reference to article VIII, the Union of Burma makes the reservation that the said article shall not apply to the Union.”
Article VIII of the Genocide Convention provides:
“Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III.”
35. The Court considers that, although the terms “competent organs of the United Nations” under Article VIII are broad and may be interpreted as encompassing the Court within their scope of application, other terms used in Article VIII suggest a different interpretation. In particular, the Court notes that this provision only addresses in general terms the possibility for any Contracting Party to “call upon” the competent organs of the United Nations to take “action” which is “appropriate” for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide. It does not refer to the submission of disputes between Contracting Parties to the Genocide Convention to the Court for
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adjudication. This is a matter specifically addressed in Article IX of the Convention, to which Myanmar has not entered any reservation. Article VIII and Article IX of the Convention can therefore be said to have distinct areas of application. It is only Article IX of the Convention which is relevant to the seisin of the Court in the present case (cf. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 23, para. 47).
36. In view of the above, Myanmar’s reservation to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention does not appear to deprive The Gambia of the possibility to seise the Court of a dispute with Myanmar under Article IX of the Convention.
4. Conclusion as to prima facie jurisdiction
37. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that, prima facie, it has jurisdiction pursuant to Article IX of the Genocide Convention to deal with the case.
38. Given the above conclusion, the Court considers that it cannot accede to Myanmar’s request that the case be removed from the General List for manifest lack of jurisdiction.
II. QUESTION OF THE STANDING OF THE GAMBIA
39. Myanmar accepts that, because of the erga omnes partes character of some obligations under the Convention, The Gambia has an interest in Myanmar’s compliance with such obligations. It disputes, however, that The Gambia has the capacity to bring a case before the Court in relation to Myanmar’s alleged breaches of the Genocide Convention without being specially affected by such alleged violations. Myanmar argues that “it is the right of an injured State to decide if, and eventually how, to invoke the responsibility of another State, and that the right of non-injured States to invoke such responsibility is subsidiary”. The Respondent submits that Bangladesh, as the State being specially affected by the events forming the subject-matter of the Application, would be the State entitled to invoke the responsibility of Myanmar, but that Bangladesh is prevented from doing so in light of its declaration made with regard to Article IX of the Genocide Convention.
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40. The Gambia contends that, since the obligations under the Genocide Convention are obligations erga omnes partes, any State party to the Genocide Convention is entitled to invoke the responsibility of another State party for the breach of its obligations, without having to prove a special interest. The Gambia argues that the fact of being party to a treaty imposing obligations erga omnes partes suffices to establish its legal interest and legal standing before the Court. In this regard, it refers to the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), in which the Court recognized the capacity of Belgium to bring a
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claim before the Court in relation to alleged breaches of erga omnes partes obligations by Senegal under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (hereinafter the “Convention against Torture”), without determining whether Belgium had been specially affected by those breaches. The Gambia also submits that if a special interest were required with respect to alleged breaches of obligations erga omnes partes, in many cases no State would be in a position to make a claim against the perpetrator of the wrongful act.
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41. The Court recalls that in its Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it observed that
“[i]n such a convention the contracting States do not have any interests of their own; they merely have, one and all, a common interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which are the raison d’être of the convention. Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot speak of individual advantages or disadvantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual balance between rights and duties. The high ideals which inspired the Convention provide, by virtue of the common will of the parties, the foundation and measure of all its provisions.” (I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23.)
In view of their shared values, all the States parties to the Genocide Convention have a common interest to ensure that acts of genocide are prevented and that, if they occur, their authors do not enjoy impunity. That common interest implies that the obligations in question are owed by any State party to all the other States parties to the Convention. In its Judgment in the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the Court observed that the relevant provisions in the Convention against Torture were “similar” to those in the Genocide Convention. The Court held that these provisions generated “obligations [which] may be defined as ‘obligations erga omnes partes’ in the sense that each State party has an interest in compliance with them in any given case” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 449, para. 68). It follows that any State party to the Genocide Convention, and not only a specially affected State, may invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to ascertaining the alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga omnes partes, and to bring that failure to an end.
42. The Court concludes that The Gambia has prima facie standing to submit to it the dispute with Myanmar on the basis of alleged violations of obligations under the Genocide Convention.
III. THE RIGHTS WHOSE PROTECTION IS SOUGHT AND THE LINK BETWEEN SUCH RIGHTS AND THE MEASURES REQUESTED
43. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
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measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are at least plausible (see, for example, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), pp. 421-422, para. 43).
44. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon to determine definitively whether the rights which The Gambia wishes to see protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by The Gambia on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the provisional measures being requested (ibid., para. 44).
* *
45. In its Application, The Gambia states that it seeks to assert the rights of “all members of the Rohingya group who are in the territory of Myanmar, as members of a protected group under the Genocide Convention”, including the “rights of the Rohingya group to exist as a group”, to be protected from acts of genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide and complicity in genocide, in accordance with Article III of the Convention. The Gambia adds that it “also seeks to protect the erga omnes partes rights it has under the Convention, which mirror the erga omnes obligations of the Convention with which it is entitled to seek compliance”.
46. The Gambia contends that, for the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, the rights it asserts in the present case are plausible, and that their protection coincides with the very object and purpose of the Convention. The Gambia affirms that, based on the evidence and material placed before the Court, the acts of which it complains are capable of being characterized at least plausibly as genocidal. The Applicant maintains that the evidence of the specific genocidal intent (dolus specialis) can be deduced from the pattern of conduct against the Rohingya in Myanmar and refers, in this regard, to the inference of such intent drawn by the Fact-Finding Mission in its reports. In The Gambia’s view, the Court should not be required, before granting provisional measures, to ascertain whether the existence of a genocidal intent is the only plausible inference to be drawn in the given circumstances from the material put before it, a requirement which would amount to making a determination on the merits. In this regard, the fact that some of the alleged acts may also be characterized as crimes other than genocide would not be inconsistent with and should not exclude the plausible inference of the existence of the said genocidal intent.
*
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47. Myanmar does not specifically address the question whether, for the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, the rights asserted by The Gambia are at least plausible. The Respondent rather contends that the Court should indicate provisional measures only if the claims put forward by The Gambia, based on the facts alleged in its Application, are plausible. Myanmar argues that, for that purpose, a “plausible claim” under the Genocide Convention must include evidence of the required specific genocidal intent. For Myanmar, “it is this subjective intent that is the critical element distinguishing genocide from other violations of international law such as crimes against humanity and war crimes”. Myanmar maintains that the Court should take into account the exceptional gravity of the alleged violations in assessing whether the required level of plausibility is met. It submits that the Court should therefore determine whether it is plausible that the existence of a genocidal intent is the only inference that can be drawn from the acts alleged and the evidence submitted by the Applicant. In this respect, the Respondent explains that if the information and the materials invoked in support of the Application may provide evidence indicating alternative inferences that can be drawn from the alleged conduct, other than an inference of a genocidal intent, the Court should conclude that the claims are not plausible.
48. On that basis, Myanmar states that, in the present case, the Applicant has not provided sufficient and reliable evidence to establish that the acts complained of were plausibly committed with the required specific genocidal intent. The Respondent argues that alternative inferences, other than a genocidal intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Rohingya group as such, may be drawn from the alleged conduct of Myanmar vis-à-vis the Rohingya.
* *
49. The Court observes that, in accordance with Article I of the Convention, all States parties thereto have undertaken “to prevent and to punish” the crime of genocide. Article II provides that
“genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.”
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50. Pursuant to Article III of the Genocide Convention, the commission of the following acts, other than genocide itself, are also prohibited by the Convention: conspiracy to commit genocide (Article III, para. (b)), direct and public incitement to commit genocide (Article III, para. (c)), attempt to commit genocide (Article III, para. (d)) and complicity in genocide (Article III, para. (e)).
51. The obligation to prevent and punish genocide set out in Article I of the Convention is supplemented by the distinct obligations which appear in the subsequent articles, especially those in Articles V and VI requiring the enactment of the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the Convention, as well as the prosecution of persons charged with such acts. In so far as these provisions concerning the duty to punish also have a deterrent and therefore a preventive effect or purpose, they too meet the obligation to prevent genocide (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 109, para. 159 and p. 219, para. 426).
52. The Court further observes that the provisions of the Convention are intended to protect the members of a national, ethnical, racial or religious group from acts of genocide or any other punishable acts enumerated in Article III. The Court also considers that there is a correlation between the rights of members of groups protected under the Genocide Convention, the obligations incumbent on States parties thereto, and the right of any State party to seek compliance therewith by another State party (cf. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 426, para. 51). In the Court’s view, the Rohingya in Myanmar appear to constitute a protected group within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide Convention.
53. In the present case, the Court notes that, at the hearings, Myanmar, referring to what it characterizes as “clearance operations” carried out in Rakhine State in 2017, stated that
“it cannot be ruled out that disproportionate force was used by members of the Defence Services in some cases in disregard of international humanitarian law, or that they did not distinguish clearly enough between [Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army] fighters and civilians”,
and that
“[t]here may also have been failures to prevent civilians from looting or destroying property after fighting or in abandoned villages”.
54. The Court also notes that the United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution 73/264 adopted on 22 December 2018, expressed
“grave concern at the findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar that there [was] sufficient information to warrant investigation and prosecution so that a competent court may determine liability for genocide in relation
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to the situation in Rakhine State, that crimes against humanity and war crimes have been committed in Kachin, Rakhine and Shan States, including murder, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, rape, sexual slavery and other forms of sexual violence, persecution and enslavement, that children were subjected to and witnessed serious human rights violations, including killing, maiming and sexual violence, that there are reasonable grounds to conclude that serious crimes under international law have been committed that warrant criminal investigation and prosecution and that the military has consistently failed to respect international human rights law and international humanitarian law”.
By the same resolution, the General Assembly condemned
“all violations and abuses of human rights in Myanmar, as set out in the report of the fact-finding mission, including the widespread, systematic and gross human rights violations and abuses committed in Rakhine State, including the presence of elements of extermination and deportation and the systematic oppression and discrimination that the fact-finding mission concluded may amount to persecution and to the crime of apartheid”.
It also
“strongly condemn[ed] the grossly disproportionate response of the military and the security forces, deplore[d] the serious deterioration of the security, human rights and humanitarian situation and the exodus of more than 723,000 Rohingya Muslims and other minorities to Bangladesh and the subsequent depopulation of northern Rakhine State, and call[ed] upon the Myanmar authorities to ensure that those responsible for violations of international law, including human rights violations and abuses, are held accountable and removed from positions of power” (United Nations, doc. A/RES/73/264, 22 December 2018, paras. 1-2).
55. In this connection, the Court recalls that the Fact-Finding Mission, to which the General Assembly refers in its above-mentioned resolution, stated, in its report of 12 September 2018, that it had “reasonable grounds to conclude that serious crimes under international law ha[d] been committed that warrant[ed] criminal investigation and prosecution”, including the crime of genocide, against the Rohingya in Myanmar (United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/39/64, 12 September 2018, paras. 83 and 84-87). The Court notes that, regarding the acts perpetrated against the Rohingya in Rakhine State, the Fact-Finding Mission, in its 2018 detailed findings, observed that
“[t]he actions of those who orchestrated the attacks on the Rohingya read as a veritable check-list: the systematic stripping of human rights, the dehumanizing narratives and rhetoric, the methodical planning, mass killing, mass displacement, mass fear, overwhelming levels of brutality, combined with the physical destruction of the home of the targeted population, in every sense and on every level” (United Nations, Report of the detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2, 17 September 2018, para. 1440).
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The Fact-Finding Mission concluded that “on reasonable grounds . . . the factors allowing the inference of genocidal intent [were] present” (United Nations, Report of the detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2, 17 September 2018, para. 1441). The Fact-Finding Mission reiterated its conclusions, based on further investigations, in its report of 8 August 2019 (United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019, para. 18). The Court further notes that the Fact-Finding Mission, in its 2018 detailed findings, also asserted, based on its overall assessment of the situation in Myanmar since 2011, and particularly in Rakhine State, that the extreme levels of violence perpetrated against the Rohingya in 2016 and 2017 resulted from the “systemic oppression and persecution of the Rohingya”, including the denial of their legal status, identity and citizenship, and followed the instigation of hatred against the Rohingya on ethnic, racial or religious grounds (United Nations, Report of the detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2, 17 September 2018, paras. 458-748). The Court also recalls that following the events which occurred in Rakhine State in 2016 and 2017, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh.
56. In view of the function of provisional measures, which is to protect the respective rights of either party pending its final decision, the Court does not consider that the exceptional gravity of the allegations is a decisive factor warranting, as argued by Myanmar, the determination, at the present stage of the proceedings, of the existence of a genocidal intent. In the Court’s view, all the facts and circumstances mentioned above (see paragraphs 53-55) are sufficient to conclude that the rights claimed by The Gambia and for which it is seeking protection  namely the right of the Rohingya group in Myanmar and of its members to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts mentioned in Article III, and the right of The Gambia to seek compliance by Myanmar with its obligations not to commit, and to prevent and punish genocide in accordance with the Convention  are plausible.
* *
57. The Court now turns to the issue of the link between the rights claimed and the provisional measures requested.
* *
58. The Gambia submits that the provisional measures it requests (see paragraph 12 above) are directly linked to the rights which form the subject-matter of the dispute. In particular, the Applicant asserts that the first two provisional measures have been requested to ensure Myanmar’s compliance with its obligation to prevent genocide and to uphold the rights of The Gambia to protect the Rohingya group against total or partial destruction, and that the four other provisional measures requested are aimed at protecting the integrity of the proceedings before the Court and The Gambia’s right to have its claim fairly adjudicated.
*
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59. Myanmar does not dispute the link of the provisional measures requested with the rights under the Genocide Convention for which protection is sought by the Applicant, except with regard to the fifth and sixth provisional measures requested. The Respondent claims that these last two measures would go beyond the specific purpose of preserving the respective rights of the Parties pending a final decision by the Court. Furthermore, with regard to the sixth provisional measure, Myanmar argues that the indication of such a measure would circumvent Myanmar’s reservation to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention.
* *
60. The Court has already found (see paragraph 56 above) that the rights asserted by The Gambia under the Genocide Convention are plausible.
61. The Court considers that, by their very nature, the first three provisional measures sought by The Gambia (see paragraph 12 above) are aimed at preserving the rights it asserts on the basis of the Genocide Convention in the present case, namely the right of the Rohingya group in Myanmar and of its members to be protected from acts of genocide and other acts mentioned in Article III, and the right of The Gambia to have Myanmar comply with its obligations under the Convention to prevent and punish acts identified and prohibited under Articles II and III of the Convention, including by ensuring the preservation of evidence. As to the fourth and fifth provisional measures requested by The Gambia, the question of their link with the rights for which The Gambia seeks protection does not arise, in so far as such measures would be directed at preventing any action which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute or render it more difficult to resolve, and at providing information on the compliance by the Parties with any specific provisional measure indicated by the Court.
62. As to the sixth provisional measure requested by The Gambia, the Court does not consider that its indication is necessary in the circumstances of the case.
63. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between the rights claimed and some of the provisional measures being requested by The Gambia.
IV. RISK OF IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY
64. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 645, para. 77).
65. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met when the acts
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susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can “occur at any moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the case. The Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings (Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), pp. 645-646, para. 78).
66. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the Request for the indication of provisional measures, to establish the existence of breaches of the Genocide Convention, but to determine whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the protection of rights under this instrument. It cannot at this stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision on the Request for the indication of provisional measures.
* *
67. The Gambia contends that there is a risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of the Rohingya and to its own rights under the Genocide Convention, as well as urgency. According to The Gambia, not only have the Rohingya been subjected to genocidal acts in the recent past, but there is a grave danger of further such acts because the Government of Myanmar continues to harbour genocidal intent and to commit crimes against members of the Rohingya group. The Gambia thus argues that the Rohingya remaining in Myanmar face grave threats to their existence, placing them in urgent need of protection.
*
68. Myanmar denies that there exists a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice in the present case. Myanmar first asserts that it is currently engaged in repatriation initiatives for the return of displaced Rohingya presently in Bangladesh, with the support of international actors, whose support would not be forthcoming if there was an imminent or ongoing risk of genocide. Myanmar also argues that it is engaged in a range of initiatives aimed at bringing stability to Rakhine State, protecting those who are there or who will return there, and holding accountable those responsible for past violence  actions which are inconsistent with it allegedly harbouring genocidal intent. Finally, Myanmar stresses the challenges it is facing, inter alia, in ending an ongoing “internal armed conflict” with the Arakan Army in Rakhine State. It submits that the indication of provisional measures by the Court might reignite the 2016-2017 “internal armed conflict” with the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, and undermine its current efforts towards reconciliation.
* *
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69. The Court recalls that, as underlined in General Assembly resolution 96 (I) of 11 December 1946,
“[g]enocide is a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings; such denial of the right of existence shocks the conscience of mankind, results in great losses to humanity in the form of cultural and other contributions represented by these human groups, and is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations”.
The Court has observed, in particular, that the Genocide Convention “was manifestly adopted for a purely humanitarian and civilizing purpose”, since “its object on the one hand is to safeguard the very existence of certain human groups and on the other to confirm and endorse the most elementary principles of morality” (Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23).
70. In view of the fundamental values sought to be protected by the Genocide Convention, the Court considers that the rights in question in these proceedings, in particular the right of the Rohingya group in Myanmar and of its members to be protected from killings and other acts threatening their existence as a group, are of such a nature that prejudice to them is capable of causing irreparable harm.
71. The Court notes that the reports of the Fact-Finding Mission (see paragraph 55 above) have indicated that, since October 2016, the Rohingya in Myanmar have been subjected to acts which are capable of affecting their right of existence as a protected group under the Genocide Convention, such as mass killings, widespread rape and other forms of sexual violence, as well as beatings, the destruction of villages and homes, denial of access to food, shelter and other essentials of life. As indicated in resolution 74/246 adopted by the General Assembly on 27 December 2019, this has caused almost 744,000 Rohingya to flee their homes and take refuge in neighbouring Bangladesh (United Nations, doc. A/RES/74/246, 27 December 2019, preambular para. 25). According to the 2019 detailed findings of the Fact-Finding Mission, approximately 600,000 Rohingya remained in Rakhine State as of September 2019 (United Nations, Detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/CRP.5, 16 September 2019, paras. 4, 57, 107, 120, 158 and 212).
72. The Court is of the opinion that the Rohingya in Myanmar remain extremely vulnerable. In this respect, the Court notes that in its resolution 74/246 of 27 December 2019, the General Assembly reiterated
“its grave concern that, in spite of the fact that Rohingya Muslims lived in Myanmar for generations prior to the independence of Myanmar, they were made stateless by the enactment of the 1982 Citizenship Law and were eventually disenfranchised, in 2015, from the electoral process” (United Nations, doc. A/RES/74/246, 27 December 2019, preambular para. 14).
The Court further takes note of the detailed findings of the Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar submitted to the Human Rights Council in September 2019, which refer to the risk of violations of the Genocide Convention, and in which it is “conclude[d] on reasonable grounds that the Rohingya people remain at serious risk of genocide under the terms of the Genocide Convention” (United Nations, Detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/CRP.5, 16 September 2019, para. 242; see also paras. 58, 240 and 667).
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73. The Court takes note of the statement of Myanmar during the oral proceedings that it is currently engaged in repatriation initiatives to facilitate the return of Rohingya refugees present in Bangladesh and that it intends to promote ethnic reconciliation, peace and stability in Rakhine State, and to make its military accountable for violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. In the view of the Court, however, these steps do not appear sufficient in themselves to remove the possibility that acts causing irreparable prejudice to the rights invoked by The Gambia for the protection of the Rohingya in Myanmar could occur. In particular, the Court notes that Myanmar has not presented to the Court concrete measures aimed specifically at recognizing and ensuring the right of the Rohingya to exist as a protected group under the Genocide Convention. Moreover, the Court cannot ignore that the General Assembly has, as recently as on 27 December 2019, expressed its regret that “the situation has not improved in Rakhine State to create the conditions necessary for refugees and other forcibly displaced persons to return to their places of origin voluntarily, safely and with dignity” (United Nations, doc. A/RES/74/246, 27 December 2019, preambular para. 20). At the same time the General Assembly reiterated
“its deep distress at reports that unarmed individuals in Rakhine State have been and continue to be subjected to the excessive use of force and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by the military and security and armed forces, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary killings, systematic rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance and government seizure of Rohingya lands from which Rohingya Muslims were evicted and their homes destroyed” (ibid., preambular para. 16).
74. Finally, the Court observes that, irrespective of the situation that the Myanmar Government is facing in Rakhine State, including the fact that there may be an ongoing internal conflict between armed groups and the Myanmar military and that security measures are in place, Myanmar remains under the obligations incumbent upon it as a State party to the Genocide Convention. The Court recalls that, in accordance with the terms of Article I of the Convention, States parties expressly confirmed their willingness to consider genocide as a crime under international law which they must prevent and punish independently of the context “of peace” or “of war” in which it takes place (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 615, para. 31). The context invoked by Myanmar does not stand in the way of the Court’s assessment of the existence of a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights protected under the Convention.
75. In light of the considerations set out above, the Court finds that there is a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights invoked by The Gambia, as specified by the Court (see paragraph 56 above).
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V. CONCLUSION AND MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED
76. From all of the above considerations, the Court concludes that the conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate provisional measures are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court to indicate certain measures in order to protect the rights claimed by The Gambia, as identified above (see paragraph 56).
77. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The Court has already exercised this power in the past (see, for example, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 651, para. 96).
78. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional measures requested by The Gambia and the circumstances of the case, the Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to those requested.
79. Bearing in mind Myanmar’s duty to comply with its obligations under the Genocide Convention, the Court considers that, with regard to the situation described above, Myanmar must, in accordance with its obligations under the Convention, in relation to the members of the Rohingya group in its territory, take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of all acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention, in particular: (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the group; (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; and (d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.
80. Myanmar must also, in relation to the members of the Rohingya group in its territory, ensure that its military, as well as any irregular armed units which may be directed or supported by it and any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit acts of genocide, or of conspiracy to commit genocide, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide, of attempt to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide.
81. The Court is also of the view that Myanmar must take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of any evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the Genocide Convention.
82. Regarding the provisional measure requested by The Gambia that each Party shall provide a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to its Order, the Court recalls that it has the power, reflected in Article 78 of the Rules of Court, to request the parties to provide information on any matter connected with the implementation of any provisional measures it has indicated. In view of the specific provisional measures it has decided to indicate, the Court considers that Myanmar must submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to
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this Order within four months, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter every six months, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court. Every report so provided shall then be communicated to The Gambia which shall be given the opportunity to submit to the Court its comments thereon.
83. The Gambia has further requested the Court to indicate measures aimed at ensuring the non-aggravation of the dispute with Myanmar. In this respect, the Court recalls that when it is indicating provisional measures for the purpose of preserving specific rights, it also possesses the power to indicate additional provisional measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension of the dispute whenever it considers that the circumstances so require (see Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), pp. 551-552, para. 59). However, in the circumstances of the present case, and in view of the specific provisional measures it has decided to take, the Court does not deem it necessary to indicate an additional measure relating to the non-aggravation of the dispute between the Parties.
*
* *
84. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
*
* *
85. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governments of The Gambia and Myanmar to submit arguments and evidence in respect of those questions.
*
* *
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86. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
(1) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall, in accordance with its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the members of the Rohingya group in its territory, take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of all acts within the scope of Article II of this Convention, in particular:
(a) killing members of the group;
(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the group;
(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; and
(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(2) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall, in relation to the members of the Rohingya group in its territory, ensure that its military, as well as any irregular armed units which may be directed or supported by it and any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any acts described in point (1) above, or of conspiracy to commit genocide, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide, of attempt to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide;
(3) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide;
(4) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order within four months, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter every six months, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.
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Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-third day of January, two thousand and twenty, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of The Gambia and the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, respectively.
(Signed) Abdulqawi Ahmed YUSUF,
President.
(Signed) Philippe GAUTIER,
Registrar.
Vice-President XUE appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court; Judge CANÇADO TRINDADE appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc KRESS appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) A.A.Y.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
___________

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(THE GAMBIA v. MYANMAR)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 23 JANUARY 2020
2020
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(GAMBIE c. MYANMAR)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 23 JANVIER 2020
Official citation:
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar),
Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020,
I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 3
Mode officiel de citation :
Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Gambie c. Myanmar),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020,
C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 3
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003838-6
Sales number
No de vente: 1180
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(THE GAMBIA v. MYANMAR)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(GAMBIE c. MYANMAR)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
23 JANUARY 2020
ORDER
23 JANVIER 2020
ORDONNANCE
3
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-15
I. Prima Facie Jurisdiction 16-38
1. General introduction 16-19
2. Existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation, application
or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention 20-31
3. The reservation of Myanmar to Article VIII of the Convention 32-36
4. Conclusion as to prima facie jurisdiction 37-38
II. Question of the Standing of The Gambia 39-42
III. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested 43-63
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency 64-75
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted 76-85
Operative Clause 86
3
4
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-15
I. Compétence PRIMA FACIE 16-38
1. Introduction générale 16-19
2. Existence d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation, l’application
ou l’exécution de la convention sur le génocide 20-31
3. La réserve du Myanmar à l’article VIII de la convention 32-36
4. Conclusion quant à la compétence prima facie 37-38
II. Question de la qualité pour agir de la Gambie 39-42
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et le lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées 43-63
IV. Le risque de préjudice irréparable et l’urgence 64-75
V. Conclusion et mesures à adopter 76-85
Dispositif 86
4
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2020
23 January 2020
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(THE GAMBIA v. MYANMAR)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Yusuf; Vice- President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde,
Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Gevorgian, Salam,
Iwasawa; Judges ad hoc Pillay, Kress; Registrar Gautier.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. On 11 November 2019, the Republic of The Gambia (hereinafter
“The Gambia”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting
proceedings against the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (hereinafter
“Myanmar”) concerning alleged violations of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter the
“Genocide Convention” or the “Convention”).
2020
23 January
General List
No. 178
4
5
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2020
23 janvier 2020
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION POUR
LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(GAMBIE c. MYANMAR)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents : M. Yusuf, président ; Mme Xue, vice- présidente ; MM. Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Mme Donoghue,
M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson,
Crawford, Gevorgian, Salam, Iwasawa, juges ; Mme Pillay,
M. Kress, juges ad hoc ; M. Gautier, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et 75
de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
1. Le 11 novembre 2019, la République de Gambie (ci-après la « Gambie
») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête introductive d’instance
contre la République de l’Union du Myanmar ( ci-après le « Myanmar »)
concernant des violations alléguées de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide ( ci-après la « convention sur le génocide
» ou la « convention »).
2020
23 janvier
Rôle général
no 178
5 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
6
2. At the end of its Application, The Gambia
“respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Myanmar:
— has breached and continues to breach its obligations under the
Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided
under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV,
V and VI;
— must cease forthwith any such ongoing internationally wrongful
act and fully respect its obligations under the Genocide
Convention, in particular the obligations provided under
Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
— must ensure that persons committing genocide are punished by
a competent tribunal, including before an international penal
tribunal, as required by Articles I and VI;
— must perform the obligations of reparation in the interest of
the victims of genocidal acts who are members of the Rohingya
group, including but not limited to allowing the safe and dignified
return of forcibly displaced Rohingya and respect for
their full citizenship and human rights and protection against
discrimination, persecution, and other related acts, consistent
with the obligation to prevent genocide under Article I; and
— must offer assurances and guarantees of non- repetition of violations
of the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations
provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d),
III (e), IV, V and VI.”
3. In its Application, The Gambia seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction
on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on Article
IX of the Genocide Convention.
4. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and
to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
5. At the end of its Request, The Gambia asked the Court to indicate
the following provisional measures:
“(a) Myanmar shall immediately, in pursuance of its undertaking in
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide of 9 December 1948, take all measures within its
power to prevent all acts that amount to or contribute to the crime
of genocide, including taking all measures within its power to
prevent the following acts from being committed against [any]
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 5
6
2. Au terme de sa requête, la Gambie
« prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que le Myanmar :
— a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations qui lui
incombent au regard de la convention sur le génocide, notamment
celles énoncées à l’article premier, aux litt. a), b), c), d)
et e) de l’article III, ainsi qu’aux articles IV, V et VI ;
— doit immédiatement mettre fin à tout fait internationalement
illicite de ce type qui se poursuit et se conformer pleinement
aux obligations qui lui incombent au regard de la convention
sur le génocide, notamment celles énoncées à l’article premier,
aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi qu’aux
articles IV, V et VI ;
— doit s’assurer que les personnes ayant commis le génocide
soient punies par les tribunaux compétents ou une juridiction
pénale internationale, comme l’exigent l’article premier et l’article
VI de la convention sur le génocide ;
— doit satisfaire à ses obligations de réparation au profit des victimes
d’actes de génocide appartenant au groupe des Rohingya,
y compris, mais sans que cette énumération soit limitative, en
permettant le retour, en toute sécurité et dans la dignité, des
membres de ce groupe déplacés de force, en respectant la
citoyenneté à part entière et les droits de l’homme des
Rohingya, et en les protégeant contre la discrimination, la persécution
et d’autres actes y relatifs, conformément à l’obligation
de prévenir le génocide qui lui incombe au titre de
l’article premier de la convention sur le génocide ; et
— doit offrir des assurances et des garanties de non- répétition des
violations de la convention sur le génocide, notamment en ce
qui concerne les obligations énoncées à l’article premier, aux
litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi qu’aux articles IV,
V et VI. »
3. Dans sa requête, la Gambie entend fonder la compétence de la Cour
sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de celle-ci et sur l’article IX
de la convention sur le génocide.
4. La requête contenait une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires,
présentée en application de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et
des articles 73, 74 et 75 du Règlement.
5. Au terme de sa demande, la Gambie priait la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« a) le Myanmar doit immédiatement, conformément à l’engagement
qu’il a assumé aux termes de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide du 9 décembre 1948, prendre
toutes les mesures en son pouvoir afin de prévenir tout acte
constituant un crime de génocide ou y contribuant, y compris
toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour empêcher la commission,
6 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
7
member of the Rohingya group: extrajudicial killings or physical
abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes
or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food
and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of
conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction
of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(b) Myanmar shall, in particular, ensure that any military, paramilitary
or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported
by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any
act of genocide, of conspiracy to commit genocide, or direct and
public incitement to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide,
against the Rohingya group, including: extrajudicial killing
or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning
of homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation
of food and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate
infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical
destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(c) Myanmar shall not destroy or render inaccessible any evidence
related to the events described in the Application, including without
limitation by destroying or rendering inaccessible the remains
of any member of the Rohingya group who is a victim of alleged
genocidal acts, or altering the physical locations where such acts
are alleged to have occurred in such a manner as to render the
evidence of such acts, if any, inaccessible;
(d) Myanmar and The Gambia shall not take any action and shall
assure that no action is taken which may aggravate or extend the
existing dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render
it more difficult of resolution; and
(e) Myanmar and The Gambia shall each provide a report to the
Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order for
provisional measures, no later than four months from its issuance.”
6. The Registrar immediately communicated to the Government of
Myanmar the Application containing the Request for the indication of
provisional measures, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court.
He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing
by The Gambia of the Application and the Request for the indication of
provisional measures.
7. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute, the Registrar informed all States entitled to appear before the
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 6
7
à l’encontre de tout membre du groupe rohingya, des actes
ci-après : exécutions extrajudiciaires ou mauvais traitements ; viols
ou autres formes de violence sexuelle ; incendie de maisons ou de
villages ; destruction de terres et de bétail, privation de nourriture
et d’autres biens de première nécessité ou toute autre soumission
intentionnelle du groupe rohingya à des conditions d’existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ;
b) le Myanmar doit en particulier veiller à ce qu’aucune des unités
militaires, paramilitaires ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient
relever de son autorité ou bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune
organisation ou personne qui pourrait se trouver sous son contrôle,
son autorité ou son influence ne commette, à l’encontre du groupe
rohingya, un quelconque acte de génocide, ne participe à une
entente en vue de commettre le crime de génocide, n’incite directement
et publiquement à commettre ce crime ou ne s’en rende
complice, notamment par les actes ci-après : exécutions extrajudiciaires
ou mauvais traitements ; viols ou autres formes de violence
sexuelle ; incendie de maisons ou de villages ; destruction de terres
et de bétail, privation de nourriture et d’autres biens de première
nécessité ou toute autre soumission intentionnelle du groupe
rohingya à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction
physique totale ou partielle ;
c) le Myanmar doit s’abstenir de détruire ou de rendre inaccessible
tout élément de preuve se rapportant aux faits décrits dans la
requête, y compris, mais non exclusivement, en détruisant ou en
rendant inaccessibles les dépouilles des membres du groupe
rohingya qui auraient été victimes d’actes de génocide, ou en transformant
les lieux où de tels actes auraient été commis de sorte à
rendre inaccessibles les éventuels éléments de preuve y afférents ;
d) le Myanmar et la Gambie doivent ne prendre aucune mesure, et
veiller à ce qu’il n’en soit pris aucune, qui soit de nature à aggraver
ou étendre le différend existant qui constitue l’objet de la requête,
ou à en rendre le règlement plus difficile ; et
e) le Myanmar et la Gambie fourniront chacun à la Cour un rapport
exposant l’ensemble des mesures prises pour donner effet à l’ordonnance
en indication de mesures conservatoires, au plus tard
quatre mois après le prononcé de celle-ci. »
6. Le greffier a immédiatement communiqué au Gouvernement du
Myanmar la requête contenant la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut
de la Cour et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement. Il a également
informé le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du
dépôt par la Gambie de cette requête et de cette demande.
7. En attendant que la communication prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article
40 du Statut ait été effectuée, le greffier a informé tous les Etats admis
7 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
8
Court of the filing of the Application and the Request for the indication
of provisional measures by a letter dated 11 November 2019.
8. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality
of either Party, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon
it by Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
The Gambia chose Ms Navanethem Pillay and Myanmar Mr. Claus
Kress.
9. By letters dated 12 November 2019, the Registrar informed the Parties
that, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of its Rules, the Court had
fixed 10, 11 and 12 December 2019 as the dates for the oral proceedings
on the Request for the indication of provisional measures.
10. By a letter dated 9 December 2019, a copy of which was immediately
communicated to Myanmar, The Gambia submitted to the Court
the text of the following additional provisional measure requested from
the Court:
“The Gambia requests that Myanmar be ordered to grant access
to, and cooperate with, all United Nations fact- finding bodies that
are engaged in investigating alleged genocidal acts against the
Rohingya, including the conditions to which the Rohingya are subjected.”
11. At the public hearings, oral observations on the Request for the
indication of provisional measures were presented by:
On behalf of The Gambia: H.E. Mr. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou,
Mr. Payam Akhavan,
Mr. Andrew Loewenstein,
Ms Tafadzwa Pasipanodya,
Mr. Arsalan Suleman,
Mr. Pierre d’Argent,
Mr. Paul Reichler,
Mr. Philippe Sands
On behalf of Myanmar: H.E. Ms Aung San Suu Kyi,
Mr. William Schabas,
Mr. Christopher Staker,
Ms Phoebe Okowa.
12. At the end of its second round of oral observations, The Gambia
asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures:
“(a) Myanmar shall immediately, in pursuance of its undertaking in
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide of 9 December 1948, take all measures within its
power to prevent all acts that amount to or contribute to the crime
of genocide, including taking all measures within its power to
prevent the following acts from being committed against any
member of the Rohingya group: extrajudicial killings or physical
abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 7
8
à ester devant la Cour, par lettre en date du 11 novembre 2019, du dépôt
de la requête et de la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
8. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité de
l’une ou l’autre Partie, chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui
confère l’article 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc
pour siéger en l’affaire. La Gambie a désigné Mme Navanethem Pillay et
le Myanmar, M. Claus Kress.
9. Par lettres en date du 12 novembre 2019, le greffier a informé les
Parties que la Cour, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 de son
Règlement, avait fixé aux 10, 11 et 12 décembre 2019 les dates de la procédure
orale sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
10. Par lettre en date du 9 décembre 2019, dont copie a immédiatement
été communiquée au Myanmar, la Gambie a soumis à la Cour le texte
d’une nouvelle mesure conservatoire sollicitée par elle :
« La Gambie demande qu’il soit prescrit au Myanmar de donner
accès et d’apporter son concours à tous les organes d’établissement
des faits de l’Organisation des Nations Unies qui enquêtent sur des
actes de génocide qui auraient été commis contre les Rohingya, y
compris sur les conditions auxquelles ces derniers sont soumis. »
11. Au cours des audiences publiques, des observations orales sur la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été présentées par :
Au nom de la Gambie : S. Exc. M. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou,
M. Payam Akhavan,
M. Andrew Loewenstein,
Mme Tafadzwa Pasipanodya,
M. Arsalan Suleman,
M. Pierre d’Argent,
M. Paul Reichler,
M. Philippe Sands.
Au nom du Myanmar : S. Exc. Mme Aung San Suu Kyi,
M. William Schabas,
M. Christopher Staker,
Mme Phoebe Okowa.
12. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, la Gambie a
prié la Cour d’indiquer les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« a) le Myanmar doit immédiatement, conformément à l’engagement
qu’il a assumé aux termes de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide du 9 décembre 1948, prendre
toutes les mesures en son pouvoir afin de prévenir tout acte
constituant un crime de génocide ou y contribuant, y compris
toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour empêcher la commission,
à l’encontre de tout membre du groupe rohingya, des actes
ci-après : exécutions extrajudiciaires ou mauvais traitements ; viols
8 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
9
or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food
and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of
conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction
of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(b) Myanmar shall, in particular, ensure that any military, paramilitary
or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported
by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any
act of genocide, of conspiracy to commit genocide, or direct and
public incitement to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide,
against the Rohingya group, including: extrajudicial killing
or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning
of homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation
of food and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate
infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical
destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(c) Myanmar shall not destroy or render inaccessible any evidence
related to the events described in the Application, including without
limitation by destroying or rendering inaccessible the remains
of any member of the Rohingya group who is a victim of alleged
genocidal acts, or altering the physical locations where such acts
are alleged to have occurred in such a manner as to render the
evidence of such acts, if any, inaccessible;
(d) Myanmar and The Gambia shall not take any action and shall
assure that no action is taken which may aggravate or extend the
existing dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render
it more difficult of resolution;
(e) Myanmar and The Gambia shall each provide a report to the
Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order for provisional
measures, no later than four months from its issuance;
and
(f) Myanmar shall grant access to, and cooperate with, all
United Nations fact-finding bodies that are engaged in investigating
alleged genocidal acts against the Rohingya, including the
conditions to which the Rohingya are subjected.”
13. At the end of its second round of oral observations, Myanmar
requested the Court:
“(1) to remove the case from its List;
(2) in the alternative, to reject the request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted by The Gambia.”
* * *
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 8
9
ou autres formes de violence sexuelle ; incendie de maisons ou de
villages ; destruction de terres et de bétail, privation de nourriture
et d’autres biens de première nécessité ou toute autre soumission
intentionnelle du groupe rohingya à des conditions d’existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ;
b) le Myanmar doit en particulier veiller à ce qu’aucune des unités
militaires, paramilitaires ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient
relever de son autorité ou bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune
organisation ou personne qui pourrait se trouver sous son contrôle,
son autorité ou son influence ne commette, à l’encontre du groupe
rohingya, un quelconque acte de génocide, ne participe à une
entente en vue de commettre le crime de génocide, n’incite directement
et publiquement à commettre ce crime ou ne s’en rende
complice, notamment par les actes ci-après : exécutions extrajudiciaires
ou mauvais traitements ; viols ou autres formes de violence
sexuelle ; incendie de maisons ou de villages ; destruction de terres
et de bétail, privation de nourriture et d’autres biens de première
nécessité ou toute autre soumission intentionnelle du groupe
rohingya à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction
physique totale ou partielle ;
c) le Myanmar doit s’abstenir de détruire ou de rendre inaccessible
tout élément de preuve se rapportant aux faits décrits dans la
requête, y compris, mais non exclusivement, en détruisant ou en
rendant inaccessibles les dépouilles des membres du groupe
rohingya qui auraient été victimes d’actes de génocide, ou en transformant
les lieux où de tels actes auraient été commis de sorte à
rendre inaccessibles les éventuels éléments de preuve y afférents ;
d) le Myanmar et la Gambie doivent ne prendre aucune mesure, et
veiller à ce qu’il n’en soit pris aucune, qui soit de nature à aggraver
ou étendre le différend existant qui constitue l’objet de la requête,
ou à en rendre le règlement plus difficile ;
e) le Myanmar et la Gambie fourniront chacun à la Cour un rapport
exposant l’ensemble des mesures prises pour donner effet à l’ordonnance
en indication de mesures conservatoires, au plus tard
quatre mois après le prononcé de celle-ci ; et
f) le Myanmar doit donner accès et apporter son concours à tous les
organes d’établissement des faits de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies qui enquêtent sur des actes de génocide qui auraient été
commis contre les Rohingya, y compris sur les conditions auxquelles
ces derniers sont soumis. »
13. Au terme de son second tour d’observations orales, le Myanmar a
prié la Cour :
« 1) de radier l’affaire de son rôle ;
2) à titre subsidiaire, de rejeter la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires présentée par la Gambie. »
* * *
9 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
10
14. In its Application, The Gambia seeks protection for “all members
of the Rohingya group who are in the territory of Myanmar, as members
of a protected group under the Genocide Convention”. According to a
2016 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, Rohingya Muslims “self- identify as a distinct ethnic group with
their own language and culture, and claim a longstanding connection to
Rakhine State”; however, “[s]uccessive Governments [of Myanmar] have
rejected these claims, and the Rohingya were not included in the list of
recognized ethnic groups. Most Rohingya are stateless.” (United Nations,
Situation of Human Rights of Rohingya Muslims and other Minorities in
Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/32/18, 29 June 2016, para. 3.)
15. The Court’s references in this Order to the “Rohingya” should be
understood as references to the group that self- identifies as the Rohingya
group and that claims a longstanding connection to Rakhine State, which
forms part of the Union of Myanmar.
I. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
1. General Introduction
16. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which
its jurisdiction could be founded, but need not satisfy itself in a definitive
manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case (see, inter
alia, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations,
and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports
2018 (II), p. 630, para. 24).
17. In the present case, The Gambia seeks to found the jurisdiction of
the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on
Article IX of the Genocide Convention (see paragraph 3 above). The
Court must therefore first determine whether those provisions prima facie
confer upon it jurisdiction to rule on the merits of the case, enabling it —
if the other necessary conditions are fulfilled — to indicate provisional
measures.
18. Article IX of Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute.”
19. The Gambia and Myanmar are parties to the Genocide Convention.
Myanmar deposited its instrument of ratification on 14 March 1956,
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 9
10
14. Dans sa requête, la Gambie sollicite la protection « de l’ensemble
des membres du groupe rohingya se trouvant sur le territoire du Myanmar,
en tant que membres d’un groupe protégé au titre de la convention
sur le génocide ». D’après un rapport de 2016 établi par le haut- commissaire
des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme, les musulmans rohingya « se
considèrent comme un groupe ethnique qui se distingue par sa langue et sa
culture, et revendiquent un lien de longue date avec l’Etat rakhine » ;
toutefois, « [l]es gouvernements successifs [du Myanmar] ont rejeté ces
revendications et les Rohingya n’ont pas été inclus dans la liste des
groupes ethniques reconnus. La plupart d’entre eux sont apatrides. »
(Nations Unies, Situation des droits de l’homme des musulmans rohingya et
d’autres minorités au Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/32/18, 29 juin 2016, par. 3.)
15. Lorsque la Cour mentionne, dans la présente ordonnance, les
« Rohingya », il faut comprendre qu’elle fait référence au groupe qui se
considère comme le groupe rohingya et qui revendique un lien de longue
date avec l’Etat rakhine, lequel fait partie de l’Union du Myanmar.
I. Compétence PRIMA FACIE
1. Introduction générale
16. La Cour ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dispositions
invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie constituer une
base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais n’a pas besoin
de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au fond de
l’affaire (voir, notamment, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce
et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre
2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 630, par. 24).
17. En la présente espèce, la Gambie entend fonder la compétence de
la Cour sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de celle-ci et sur l’article
IX de la convention sur le génocide (voir le paragraphe 3 ci- dessus).
La Cour doit donc, en premier lieu, déterminer si ces dispositions lui
confèrent prima facie compétence pour statuer au fond de l’affaire, ce qui
lui permettrait — sous réserve que les autres conditions nécessaires soient
réunies — d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
18. L’article IX de la convention sur le génocide est ainsi libellé :
« Les différends entre les Parties contractantes relatifs à l’interprétation,
l’application ou l’exécution de la présente Convention, y compris
ceux relatifs à la responsabilité d’un Etat en matière de génocide
ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à l’article III, seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, à la requête d’une partie
au différend. »
19. La Gambie et le Myanmar sont tous deux parties à la convention
sur le génocide. Le Myanmar a déposé son instrument de ratification le
10 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
11
without entering a reservation to Article IX, but making reservations to
Articles VI and VIII. The Gambia acceded to the Convention on
29 December 1978, without entering any reservation.
2. Existence of a Dispute relating to the Interpretation, Application
or Fulfilment of the Genocide Convention
20. Article IX of the Genocide Convention makes the Court’s jurisdiction
conditional on the existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the Convention. A dispute between
States exists where they hold clearly opposite views concerning the question
of the performance or non-performance of certain international obligations
(see Application of the International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian
Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports
2017, p. 115, para. 22, citing Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 74). The claim of one party must be “positively opposed” by the other
(South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The Court
cannot limit itself to noting that one of the parties maintains that a dispute
exists, and the other denies it (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 810, para. 16). Since The Gambia has invoked
as a basis of the Court’s jurisdiction the compromissory clause in an
international convention, the Court must ascertain whether the acts complained
of by the Applicant are capable of falling within the provisions of
that instrument and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one which
the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain (Immunities and
Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1159,
para. 47). The Court also recalls that, “[i]n principle, the date for determining
the existence of a dispute is the date on which the application is
submitted to the Court” (see, for example, Obligations concerning Negotiations
relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear
Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 271, para. 39).
* *
21. The Gambia contends that a dispute exists with Myanmar relating
to the interpretation and application of the Genocide Convention and the
fulfilment by Myanmar of its obligations “to prevent genocide and to
desist from its own acts of genocide”. Specifically, The Gambia asserts
that in October 2016 the Myanmar military and other Myanmar security
forces began widespread and systematic “clearance operations” against
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 10
11
14 mars 1956 sans faire de réserve à l’article IX ; il a en revanche formulé
des réserves aux articles VI et VIII. La Gambie a adhéré à la convention,
sans aucune réserve, le 29 décembre 1978.
2. Existence d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation, l’application ou
l’exécution de la convention sur le génocide
20. L’article IX de la convention sur le génocide subordonne la compétence
de la Cour à l’existence d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation, l’application
ou l’exécution dudit instrument. Il existe un différend entre des
Etats lorsque leurs points de vue quant à l’exécution ou à la non-exécution
de certaines obligations internationales sont nettement opposés (voir
Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement
du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil
2017, p. 115, par. 22, citant Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec
la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif,
C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). Il faut que la réclamation de l’une des parties
« se heurte à l’opposition manifeste » de l’autre (Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie
c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328). La Cour ne peut se borner à constater
que l’une des parties soutient qu’il existe un différend et que l’autre le nie
(cf. Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis
d’Amérique), exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II),
p. 810, par. 16). La Gambie entendant fonder sa compétence sur la clause
compromissoire d’une convention internationale, la Cour doit donc
rechercher si les actes dont le demandeur tire grief sont susceptibles d’entrer
dans les prévisions de cet instrument et si, par suite, le différend est de
ceux dont la Cour pourrait avoir compétence pour connaître ratione
materiae (Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil
2016 (II), p. 1159, par. 47). La Cour rappelle également que, « [e]n principe,
la date à laquelle doit être appréciée l’existence d’un différend est
celle du dépôt de la requête » (voir, par exemple, Obligations relatives à
des négociations concernant la cessation de la course aux armes nucléaires
et le désarmement nucléaire (Iles Marshall c. Inde), compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 271, par. 39).
* *
21. La Gambie affirme qu’un différend l’oppose au Myanmar au sujet
de l’interprétation et de l’application de la convention sur le génocide,
ainsi que de l’exécution des obligations incombant au défendeur « de prévenir
le génocide et de s’abstenir de commettre lui-même des actes de
génocide ». Elle avance plus particulièrement que, au mois d’octobre
2016, l’armée et d’autres forces de sécurité du Myanmar ont commencé à
11 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
12
the Rohingya group, during the course of which they committed mass
murder, rape and other forms of sexual violence, and engaged in the systematic
destruction by fire of Rohingya villages, often with inhabitants
locked inside burning houses, with the intent to destroy the Rohingya
as a group, in whole or in part. The Gambia alleges that, from August 2017
onwards, such genocidal acts continued with Myanmar’s resumption
of “clearance operations” on a more massive and wider geographical
scale.
22. The Gambia maintains that, prior to filing its Application, it made
clear to Myanmar that the latter’s actions constituted a violation of its
obligations under the Genocide Convention, but that Myanmar “has
rejected and opposed any suggestion that it has violated the Genocide
Convention”. In this connection, The Gambia argues that it has made
several statements in multilateral settings whereby it clearly addressed the
situation of the Rohingya in Rakhine State, including allegations of
breaches by Myanmar of the Genocide Convention, and expressed its
readiness to take this issue to the Court. The Gambia adds that Myanmar
was aware that the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on
Myanmar established by the Human Rights Council of the United Nations
(hereinafter the “Fact-Finding Mission”) welcomed the efforts of States,
in particular Bangladesh and The Gambia, and the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation (hereinafter the “OIC”) “to encourage and pursue a
case against Myanmar before the International Court of Justice under the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”
(United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-
Finding Mission on Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019,
para. 107). According to The Gambia, Myanmar completely rejected the
Fact-Finding Mission reports and the conclusions contained therein.
Finally, The Gambia emphasizes that its claims against Myanmar regarding
breaches by the latter of its obligations under the Genocide Convention
were specifically communicated to Myanmar by a Note Verbale sent
on 11 October 2019, to which Myanmar did not respond.
*
23. Myanmar contends that the Court does not have jurisdiction under
Article IX of the Genocide Convention. It first argues that there is no
dispute between the Parties in view of the fact that the proceedings before
the Court were instituted by The Gambia, not on its own behalf, but
rather as a “proxy” and “on behalf of” the OIC. It further argues that no
such dispute existed at the time of the filing of the Application. In this
regard, Myanmar asserts that the allegations contained in the OIC documents
and statements regarding the situation of the Rohingya mentioned
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 11
12
mener contre le groupe rohingya des « opérations de nettoyage » généralisées
et systématiques, au cours desquelles elles ont commis des meurtres
de masse, des viols et d’autres formes de violence sexuelle et se sont livrées
à la destruction systématique des villages rohingya par le feu, souvent
alors que les habitants étaient enfermés dans leurs maisons, et ce, avec
l’intention de détruire en tout ou en partie les Rohingya en tant que
groupe. Le demandeur ajoute que, depuis le mois d’août 2017, ces actes
de génocide se poursuivent avec la reprise par le Myanmar d’« opérations
de nettoyage » menées de manière plus massive et à une plus grande
échelle sur le plan géographique.
22. La Gambie soutient que, avant de déposer sa requête, elle a clairement
fait connaître au Myanmar que les actes de ce dernier constituaient
un manquement aux obligations lui incombant au titre de la convention
sur le génocide, mais que le Myanmar « rejette et conteste toute allégation
de violation de la convention sur le génocide formulée contre lui ». A cet
égard, la Gambie argue qu’elle a, dans des enceintes multilatérales, fait
plusieurs déclarations dans lesquelles elle évoquait clairement la situation
des Rohingya dans l’Etat rakhine, y compris des allégations de violations
par le Myanmar de la convention sur le génocide, et s’est dite prête à
porter cette question devant la Cour. Elle ajoute que le défendeur savait
que la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement des faits sur le
Myanmar mise en place par le Conseil des droits de l’homme des
Nations Unies (ci-après la « mission d’établissement des faits ») se félicitait
des efforts déployés par certains Etats, en particulier le Bangladesh et
la Gambie, et par l’Organisation de la coopération islamique (ci-après
l’« OCI ») « pour encourager et engager une procédure contre le Myanmar
devant la Cour internationale de Justice au titre de la Convention pour la
prévention et la répression du crime de génocide » (Nations Unies, Rapport
de la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement des faits
sur le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 août 2019, par. 107). Selon le
demandeur, le Myanmar a rejeté en bloc les rapports établis par cette
mission ainsi que les conclusions qui y sont contenues. Enfin, la Gambie
souligne que les griefs qu’elle formule contre le Myanmar au sujet des
manquements de celui-ci aux obligations que lui impose la convention sur
le génocide ont été spécifiquement communiqués à cet Etat par une note
verbale en date du 11 octobre 2019, à laquelle il n’a pas répondu.
*
23. Le Myanmar affirme que la Cour n’a pas compétence en vertu de
l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide. Il soutient tout d’abord qu’il
n’existe pas de différend entre les Parties étant donné que l’instance
devant la Cour a été introduite, non pas par la Gambie en tant que telle,
mais « pour le compte » et « au nom » de l’OCI. Il fait ensuite valoir qu’un
tel différend n’existait pas au moment du dépôt de la requête. A cet égard,
le défendeur estime que les allégations contenues dans les documents et
déclarations de l’OCI au sujet de la situation des Rohingya qui ont été
12 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
13
by The Gambia could not give rise to a dispute between the Parties as
they did not amount to allegations of violations of the Genocide Convention
made by The Gambia against Myanmar. It also contends that the
Court cannot infer the existence of a dispute between the Parties from
The Gambia’s Note Verbale of 11 October 2019 and the absence of any
response by Myanmar before the filing of the Application on 11 November
2019. In Myanmar’s opinion, the Note Verbale in question did not
call for a response as it did not formulate specific allegations of violations
of the Convention, and, in any event, such a response could not be
expected within a month.
24. Myanmar concludes that, in the absence of a dispute, the Court’s
lack of jurisdiction is manifest and the case should be removed from the
General List.
* *
25. With regard to Myanmar’s contention that, in bringing before the
Court its claims based on alleged violations of the Genocide Convention,
The Gambia acted as a “proxy” for the OIC in circumvention of Article
34 of the Statute, the Court notes that the Applicant instituted proceedings
in its own name, and that it maintains that it has a dispute with
Myanmar regarding its own rights under the Convention. In the view of
the Court, the fact that The Gambia may have sought and obtained the
support of other States or international organizations in its endeavour to
seise the Court does not preclude the existence between the Parties of a
dispute relating to the Genocide Convention.
26. Turning to the question whether there was a dispute between the
Parties at the time of the filing of the Application, the Court recalls that,
for the purposes of deciding this issue, it takes into account in particular
any statements or documents exchanged between the Parties (see
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 443-445, paras. 50-55),
as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings (see Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 94, para. 51 and p. 95, para. 53). In
so doing, it pays special attention to “the author of the statement or document,
their intended or actual addressee, and their content” (ibid.,
p. 100, para. 63). The existence of a dispute is a matter for objective determination
by the Court; it is a matter of substance, and not a question of
form or procedure (Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation
of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall
Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2016 (I), p. 270, paras. 35-36).
27. The Court notes that, on 8 August 2019, the Fact-Finding Mission
published a report which affirmed its previous conclusion “that Myanmar
incurs State responsibility under the prohibition against genocide” and
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 12
13
mentionnées par le demandeur ne pouvaient donner naissance à un différend
entre les Parties puisqu’il ne s’agissait pas d’allégations de violations
de la convention sur le génocide formulées par la Gambie contre le Myanmar.
Ce dernier estime également que la Cour ne saurait déduire l’existence
d’un différend entre les Parties de la note verbale de la Gambie du
11 octobre 2019 et du fait qu’il n’y a pas répondu avant le dépôt de la
requête le 11 novembre 2019. Selon le Myanmar, dès lors que n’y étaient
pas formulées d’allégations spécifiques de violations de la convention, la
note verbale en question n’appelait pas de réponse et, en tout état de
cause, pas dans un délai d’un mois.
24. Le Myanmar conclut que, en l’absence de différend, le défaut de
compétence de la Cour est manifeste et que l’affaire devrait être rayée du
rôle général.
* *
25. En ce qui concerne l’affirmation du défendeur selon laquelle, en
portant devant elle ses réclamations fondées sur des violations alléguées de
la convention sur le génocide, la Gambie aurait agi « pour le compte » de
l’OCI, contournant ainsi les dispositions de l’article 34 du Statut, la Cour
note que le demandeur a introduit l’instance en son nom propre et qu’il
soutient qu’un différend l’oppose au Myanmar au sujet de ses propres
droits en vertu de la convention. La Cour considère que le fait que la
Gambie puisse avoir cherché et obtenu le soutien d’autres Etats ou d’organisations
internationales en se préparant à la saisir n’exclut pas l’existence
d’un différend entre les Parties relatif à la convention sur le génocide.
26. S’agissant de la question de savoir s’il existait un différend entre les
Parties au moment du dépôt de la requête, la Cour rappelle que, aux fins
de trancher ce point, elle tient notamment compte de l’ensemble des
déclarations ou documents échangés entre les Parties (voir Questions
concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 443-445, par. 50-55), ainsi que des
échanges qui ont eu lieu dans des enceintes multilatérales (voir Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 94, par. 51, et p. 95, par. 53).
Ce faisant, elle accorde une attention particulière « aux auteurs des déclarations
ou documents, aux personnes auxquelles ils étaient destinés ou qui
en ont effectivement eu connaissance et à leur contenu » (ibid., p. 100,
par. 63). L’existence d’un différend doit être établie objectivement par la
Cour ; c’est une question de fond, et non de forme ou de procédure (Obligations
relatives à des négociations concernant la cessation de la course aux
armes nucléaires et le désarmement nucléaire (Iles Marshall c. Inde), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 270, par. 35-36).
27. La Cour note que, le 8 août 2019, la mission d’établissement des faits
a publié un rapport dans lequel elle confirmait sa conclusion antérieure
« selon laquelle la responsabilité de l’Etat [du Myanmar était] engagée au
13 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
14
welcomed the efforts of The Gambia, Bangladesh and the OIC to pursue
a case against Myanmar before the Court under the Genocide Convention
(United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact- Finding
Mission on Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019, paras. 18
and 107). On 26 September 2019, The Gambia stated during the general
debate of the seventy- fourth session of the General Assembly of the
United Nations that it was ready to lead concerted efforts to take the
Rohingya issue to the International Court of Justice (United Nations,
Official Records of the General Assembly, UN doc. A/74/PV.8, 26 September
2019, p. 31). Myanmar addressed the General Assembly two days
later, characterizing the Fact-Finding Mission reports as “biased and
flawed, based not on facts but on narratives” (United Nations, Official
Records of the General Assembly, UN doc. A/74/PV.12, 28 September
2019, p. 24). In the Court’s view, these statements made by the Parties
before the United Nations General Assembly suggest the existence of a
divergence of views concerning the events which allegedly took place in
Rakhine State in relation to the Rohingya. In this regard, the Court
recalls that
“a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or
interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the
other need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis . . . the position
or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever
the professed view of that party” (Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89).
28. In addition, the Court takes into account The Gambia’s Note Verbale
of 11 October 2019, in which The Gambia, referring to the reports of
the Fact-Finding Mission, wrote that it “underst[ood] Myanmar to be in
ongoing breach of [its] obligations under the [Genocide] Convention and
under customary international law” and “insist[ed] that Myanmar take
all necessary actions to comply with these obligations”. The Court
observes that this Note Verbale specifically referred to the reports of the
Fact-Finding Mission and indicated The Gambia’s opposition to the
views of Myanmar, in particular as regards the latter’s denial of its
responsibility under the Convention. In light of the gravity of the allegations
made therein, the Court considers that the lack of response may be
another indication of the existence of a dispute between the Parties. As
the Court has previously held, “the existence of a dispute may be inferred
from the failure of a State to respond to a claim in circumstances where a
response is called for” (Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to
Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall
Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2016 (I), p. 271, para. 37).
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 13
14
regard de l’interdiction d[u] crime de génocide » et se félicitait des efforts
déployés par la Gambie, le Bangladesh et l’OCI pour engager une procédure
contre le Myanmar devant la Cour au titre de la convention
(Nations Unies, Rapport de la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement
des faits sur le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 août 2019,
par. 18 et 107). Le 26 septembre 2019, la Gambie a déclaré, pendant le
débat général de la soixante- quatorzième session de l’Assemblée générale,
qu’elle était prête à jouer un rôle de chef de file dans le cadre d’efforts
concertés visant à porter la question des Rohingya devant la Cour internationale
de Justice (Nations Unies, Documents officiels de l’Assemblée générale,
doc. A/74/PV.8, 26 septembre 2019, p. 34). Le Myanmar a pris la
parole devant l’Assemblée générale deux jours plus tard, affirmant que les
rapports de la mission d’établissement des faits étaient « biaisés et lacunaires,
basés non sur des faits mais sur des [récits] » (Nations Unies, Documents
officiels de l’Assemblée générale, doc. A/74/PV.12, 28 septembre 2019,
p. 26-27). Selon la Cour, ces déclarations faites par les Parties devant l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies révèlent l’existence d’une divergence de
vues au sujet des événements qui se seraient déroulés dans l’Etat rakhine en
ce qui concerne les Rohingya. A cet égard, la Cour rappelle que
« un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, un conflit, une opposition
de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts ou le fait que la réclamation
de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre ne
doivent pas nécessairement être énoncés expressis verbis … il est possible
… d’établir par inférence quelle est en réalité la position ou
l’attitude d’une partie » (Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun
et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 315, par. 89).
28. En outre, la Cour tient compte de la note verbale de la Gambie en
date du 11 octobre 2019, dans laquelle la Gambie, se référant aux rapports
de la mission d’établissement des faits, a précisé qu’elle « estim[ait] que le
Myanmar persist[ait] à manquer à [ses] obligations au regard de la convention
[sur le génocide] et du droit international coutumier » et qu’elle lui
« demand[ait] instamment … de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour se conformer à ces obligations ». La Cour observe que cette note verbale
mentionnait spécifiquement les rapports de la mission d’établissement
des faits et indiquait l’opposition de la Gambie aux vues du Myanmar,
notamment en ce qui concerne le refus de ce dernier de reconnaître toute
responsabilité au titre de la convention. Au vu de la gravité des allégations
qui y étaient formulées, la Cour considère que l’absence de réponse du
défendeur peut être une indication supplémentaire de l’existence d’un différend
entre les Parties. Ainsi qu’elle l’a déjà précisé, « l’existence d’un différend
p[ouvait] être déduite de l’absence de réaction d’un Etat à une
accusation dans des circonstances où une telle réaction s’imposait » (Obligations
relatives à des négociations concernant la cessation de la course aux
armes nucléaires et le désarmement nucléaire (Iles Marshall c. Inde), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 271, par. 37).
14 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
15
29. As to whether the acts complained of by the Applicant are capable
of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention, the Court
recalls that The Gambia contends that Myanmar’s military and security
forces and persons or entities acting on its instructions or under its direction
and control have been responsible, inter alia, for killings, rape and
other forms of sexual violence, torture, beatings, cruel treatment, and for
the destruction or denial of access to food, shelter and other essentials of
life, all with the intent to destroy the Rohingya group, in whole or in part.
In The Gambia’s view, these acts are all attributable to Myanmar, which
it considers to be responsible for committing genocide. The Gambia contends
that Myanmar has also violated other obligations under the Genocide
Convention, “including by attempting to commit genocide; conspiring
to commit genocide; inciting genocide; complicity in genocide; and failing
to prevent and punish genocide”. The Court notes that Myanmar, for its
part, denied that it has committed any of the violations of the Genocide
Convention alleged by The Gambia, arguing in particular the absence of
any genocidal intent.
30. For the purposes of the present proceedings, the Court is not required
to ascertain whether any violations of Myanmar’s obligations under the
Genocide Convention have occurred. Such a finding, which notably
depends on the assessment of the existence of an intent to destroy, in whole
or in part, the group of the Rohingya as such, could be made by the Court
only at the stage of the examination of the merits of the present case. What
the Court is required to do at the stage of making an order on provisional
measures is to establish whether the acts complained of by The Gambia are
capable of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention. In the
Court’s view, at least some of the acts alleged by The Gambia are capable
of falling within the provisions of the Convention.
31. The Court finds therefore that the above-mentioned elements are
sufficient at this stage to establish prima facie the existence of a dispute
between the Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment
of the Genocide Convention.
3. The Reservation of Myanmar to Article VIII of the Convention
32. Myanmar further submits that The Gambia cannot validly seise
the Court as a result of Myanmar’s reservation to Article VIII of the
Genocide Convention, which specifically deals with the right of any of the
Contracting Parties to the Convention to seise any competent organ of
the United Nations. According to the Respondent, this provision applies
to the Court, being a competent organ of the United Nations. In its view,
only this provision enables States parties not specially affected to bring a
claim before the Court for alleged breaches of the Convention by another
State party. Myanmar therefore submits that the valid seisin of the Court
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 14
15
29. S’agissant de la question de savoir si les actes dont le demandeur
tire grief sont susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention
sur le génocide, la Cour rappelle que, selon la Gambie, l’armée et les
forces de sécurité du Myanmar, ainsi que des personnes ou entités agissant
sur instruction ou sous la direction et le contrôle de celui-ci, se sont
rendues responsables, entre autres, de meurtres, de viols et d’autres
formes de violence sexuelle, d’actes de torture, de passages à tabac, de
traitements cruels, ainsi que de destruction ou de privation de nourriture,
d’abris et d’autres moyens d’existence élémentaires, et ce, avec l’intention
de détruire le groupe rohingya en tout ou en partie. La Gambie estime
que ces actes sont tous attribuables au Myanmar, qu’elle considère comme
étant responsable d’avoir commis un génocide. Elle soutient que le défendeur
a également manqué à d’autres obligations lui incombant au titre de
la convention sur le génocide, « notamment par des faits constitutifs de
tentative de génocide, d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, d’incitation
à commettre le génocide, de complicité dans le génocide, et de
manquement à l’obligation de prévenir et de punir le génocide ». La Cour
relève que le Myanmar, quant à lui, a nié avoir commis l’une quelconque
des violations de la convention sur le génocide dont l’accuse la Gambie,
arguant notamment de l’absence de toute intention génocidaire.
30. Aux fins de la présente procédure, la Cour n’est pas tenue de déterminer
si des violations des obligations du Myanmar au titre de la convention
sur le génocide ont eu lieu. Une telle conclusion, qui suppose
notamment de rechercher s’il existait une intention de détruire, en tout ou
en partie, le groupe des Rohingya comme tel, ne pourrait être formulée
par la Cour qu’au stade de l’examen au fond de la présente affaire. Ce que
la Cour est tenue de faire au stade d’une ordonnance en indication de
mesures conservatoires est de déterminer si les actes dont la Gambie tire
grief sont susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention sur le
génocide. De l’avis de la Cour, au moins certains des actes allégués par la
Gambie sont susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention.
31. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que les éléments susmentionnés
sont suffisants à ce stade pour établir l’existence prima facie d’un différend
entre les Parties relatif à l’interprétation, l’application ou l’exécution de la
convention sur le génocide.
3. La réserve du Myanmar à l’article VIII de la convention
32. Le Myanmar affirme par ailleurs que la Gambie ne peut saisir valablement
la Cour en raison de la réserve qu’il a faite à l’article VIII de la
convention sur le génocide, disposition qui traite spécifiquement du droit
de toute partie contractante de saisir tout organe compétent de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies. Selon le défendeur, cette disposition s’applique
à la Cour, celle-ci étant un organe compétent de l’Organisation. D’après
le Myanmar, seule cette disposition permet aux Etats parties qui ne sont
pas spécialement affectés de porter devant la Cour une réclamation à raison
de violations alléguées de la convention par un autre Etat partie. Le
15 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
16
by The Gambia, on the basis of Article VIII, is a necessary precondition
to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide
Convention. In light of its reservation to Article VIII, Myanmar
concludes that the Court should not assume jurisdiction in the present
case.
*
33. The Gambia submits that Myanmar’s argument based on its reservation
to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention should be rejected as
it would amount to depriving Article IX of any substance. In particular,
the Applicant contends that the Respondent has not explained how its
argument could be reconciled with Myanmar’s consent to Article IX and
to the Court’s jurisdiction.
* *
34. The Court recalls that Myanmar has made a reservation to Article
VIII of the Genocide Convention, which reads as follows: “With reference
to article VIII, the Union of Burma makes the reservation that the
said article shall not apply to the Union.”
Article VIII of the Genocide Convention provides:
“Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of the
United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the
United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and
suppression of acts of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated
in article III.”
35. The Court considers that, although the terms “competent organs
of the United Nations” under Article VIII are broad and may be interpreted
as encompassing the Court within their scope of application, other
terms used in Article VIII suggest a different interpretation. In particular,
the Court notes that this provision only addresses in general terms the
possibility for any Contracting Party to “call upon” the competent organs
of the United Nations to take “action” which is “appropriate” for the
prevention and suppression of acts of genocide. It does not refer to the
submission of disputes between Contracting Parties to the Genocide Convention
to the Court for adjudication. This is a matter specifically
addressed in Article IX of the Convention, to which Myanmar has not
entered any reservation. Article VIII and Article IX of the Convention
can therefore be said to have distinct areas of application. It is only Article
IX of the Convention which is relevant to the seisin of the Court in the
present case (cf. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April
1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 23, para. 47).
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 15
16
Myanmar soutient en conséquence que, pour que la Cour puisse exercer
sa compétence en vertu de l’article IX de la convention, elle devrait avoir
été valablement saisie par la Gambie sur le fondement de l’article VIII. Il
conclut que, au vu de la réserve qu’il a formulée à l’article VIII, la Cour
ne devrait pas se déclarer compétente en la présente espèce.
*
33. La Gambie considère que l’argument du Myanmar fondé sur la
réserve qu’il a formulée à l’article VIII de la convention sur le génocide
devrait être rejeté car il reviendrait à vider l’article IX de sa substance.
Elle fait notamment valoir que le défendeur n’a pas expliqué comment cet
argument pourrait être concilié avec le fait qu’il a consenti à l’article IX
et à la compétence de la Cour.
* *
34. La Cour rappelle que le Myanmar a émis une réserve à l’article VIII
de la convention sur le génocide, qui se lit comme suit : « En ce qui
concerne l’article VIII, l’Union birmane formule la réserve suivante : les
dispositions dudit article ne seront pas applicables à l’Union. »
L’article VIII de la convention sur le génocide dispose ce qui suit :
« Toute Partie contractante peut saisir les organes compétents de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies afin que ceux-ci prennent, conformément
à la Charte des Nations Unies, les mesures qu’ils jugent
appropriées pour la prévention et la répression des actes de génocide
ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à l’article III. »
35. La Cour estime que, quoique l’expression « organes compétents de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies » soit large et puisse donner à penser
que l’article VIII s’applique également à la Cour, d’autres termes employés
dans ce même article suggèrent une interprétation différente. La Cour
relève en particulier que cette disposition se contente de prévoir en des
termes généraux la possibilité pour toute partie contractante de « saisir »
les organes compétents des Nations Unies afin que ceux-ci prennent « les
mesures … appropriées » pour la prévention et la répression des actes de
génocide. Elle ne traite pas de la soumission à la Cour de différends entre
parties contractantes à la convention sur le génocide aux fins de règlement
judiciaire. Cette question est régie spécifiquement par l’article IX de la
convention, auquel le Myanmar n’a formulé aucune réserve. L’article VIII
et l’article IX peuvent donc être regardés comme ayant des champs d’application
distincts. Seul l’article IX de la convention est pertinent en ce
qui concerne la question de la saisine de la Cour en la présente espèce
(cf. Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993,
p. 23, par. 47).
16 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
17
36. In view of the above, Myanmar’s reservation to Article VIII of the
Genocide Convention does not appear to deprive The Gambia of the possibility
to seise the Court of a dispute with Myanmar under Article IX of
the Convention.
4. Conclusion as to Prima Facie Jurisdiction
37. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that, prima facie, it
has jurisdiction pursuant to Article IX of the Genocide Convention to
deal with the case.
38. Given the above conclusion, the Court considers that it cannot
accede to Myanmar’s request that the case be removed from the General
List for manifest lack of jurisdiction.
II. Question of the Standing of The Gambia
39. Myanmar accepts that, because of the erga omnes partes character
of some obligations under the Convention, The Gambia has an interest in
Myanmar’s compliance with such obligations. It disputes, however, that
The Gambia has the capacity to bring a case before the Court in relation
to Myanmar’s alleged breaches of the Genocide Convention without
being specially affected by such alleged violations. Myanmar argues that
“it is the right of an injured State to decide if, and eventually how, to
invoke the responsibility of another State, and that the right of non-injured
States to invoke such responsibility is subsidiary”. The Respondent submits
that Bangladesh, as the State being specially affected by the events
forming the subject-matter of the Application, would be the State entitled
to invoke the responsibility of Myanmar, but that Bangladesh is prevented
from doing so in light of its declaration made with regard to Article
IX of the Genocide Convention.
*
40. The Gambia contends that, since the obligations under the Genocide
Convention are obligations erga omnes partes, any State party to the
Genocide Convention is entitled to invoke the responsibility of another
State party for the breach of its obligations, without having to prove a
special interest. The Gambia argues that the fact of being party to a treaty
imposing obligations erga omnes partes suffices to establish its legal interest
and legal standing before the Court. In this regard, it refers to the case
concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgium v. Senegal), in which the Court recognized the capacity of Belgium
to bring a claim before the Court in relation to alleged breaches of
erga omnes partes obligations by Senegal under the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punish-
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 16
17
36. Dès lors, la réserve que le défendeur a formulée à l’article VIII de
la convention sur le génocide ne paraît pas priver la Gambie de la possibilité
de saisir la Cour d’un différend l’opposant au Myanmar sur la base
de l’article IX de la convention.
4. Conclusion quant à la compétence prima facie
37. A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que, prima facie,
elle a compétence en vertu de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide
pour connaître de l’affaire.
38. Compte tenu de cette conclusion, la Cour considère qu’elle ne peut
accéder à la demande du Myanmar tendant à ce qu’elle raye l’affaire du
rôle général pour défaut manifeste de compétence.
II. Question de la qualité pour agir de la Gambie
39. Le Myanmar admet que, en raison du caractère erga omnes partes
de certaines obligations imposées par la convention sur le génocide, la
Gambie a un intérêt à ce qu’il s’acquitte de ces obligations. Il conteste
toutefois que celle-ci ait la capacité de porter une affaire devant la Cour
concernant des violations de cet instrument que le Myanmar aurait commises
sans qu’elle ait été spécialement affectée par ces violations alléguées.
Le défendeur affirme que « c’est à un Etat lésé que revient le droit de
décider si et, le cas échéant, de quelle manière il souhaite invoquer la responsabilité
d’un autre Etat, et que le droit des Etats non lésés d’invoquer
cette responsabilité est subsidiaire ». Il ajoute que le Bangladesh, en tant
qu’Etat spécialement affecté par les événements qui forment l’objet de la
requête, serait l’Etat fondé à invoquer la responsabilité du Myanmar,
mais que le Bangladesh ne peut le faire compte tenu de la déclaration
qu’il a formulée en ce qui concerne l’article IX de la convention sur le
génocide.
*
40. La Gambie soutient que, les obligations qu’impose la convention
sur le génocide étant des obligations erga omnes partes, tout Etat partie à
cet instrument a le droit d’invoquer la responsabilité d’un autre Etat partie
pour manquement à celles-ci, et ce, sans avoir à démontrer un intérêt
particulier. Elle estime que le fait d’être partie à un traité imposant des
obligations erga omnes partes suffit à établir son intérêt juridique et sa
qualité pour agir devant la Cour. A cet égard, la Gambie se réfère à l’affaire
relative à des Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader
(Belgique c. Sénégal), dans laquelle la Cour a reconnu que la
Belgique avait la capacité de porter devant elle une réclamation au sujet
de manquements allégués du Sénégal à des obligations erga omnes partes
lui incombant au regard de la convention contre la torture et autres peines
17 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
18
ment (hereinafter the “Convention against Torture”), without determining
whether Belgium had been specially affected by those breaches.
The Gambia also submits that if a special interest were required with
respect to alleged breaches of obligations erga omnes partes, in many
cases no State would be in a position to make a claim against the perpetrator
of the wrongful act.
* *
41. The Court recalls that in its Advisory Opinion on Reservations to
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,
it observed that
“[i]n such a convention the contracting States do not have any interests
of their own; they merely have, one and all, a common interest,
namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which are the
raison d’être of the convention. Consequently, in a convention of this
type one cannot speak of individual advantages or disadvantages to
States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual balance between
rights and duties. The high ideals which inspired the Convention provide,
by virtue of the common will of the parties, the foundation and
measure of all its provisions.” (I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23.)
In view of their shared values, all the States parties to the Genocide Convention
have a common interest to ensure that acts of genocide are prevented
and that, if they occur, their authors do not enjoy impunity. That
common interest implies that the obligations in question are owed by any
State party to all the other States parties to the Convention. In its Judgment
in the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute
or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the Court observed that the
relevant provisions in the Convention against Torture were “similar” to
those in the Genocide Convention. The Court held that these provisions
generated “obligations [which] may be defined as ‘obligations erga omnes
partes’ in the sense that each State party has an interest in compliance
with them in any given case” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 449,
para. 68). It follows that any State party to the Genocide Convention,
and not only a specially affected State, may invoke the responsibility of
another State party with a view to ascertaining the alleged failure to
comply with its obligations erga omnes partes, and to bring that failure to
an end.
42. The Court concludes that The Gambia has prima facie standing to
submit to it the dispute with Myanmar on the basis of alleged violations
of obligations under the Genocide Convention.
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 17
18
ou traitements cruels, inhumains et dégradants (ci-après la « convention
contre la torture »), sans déterminer si le demandeur avait été spécialement
affecté par ces manquements. La Gambie affirme également que, si
un intérêt particulier était requis en ce qui concerne des manquements
à des obligations erga omnes partes, dans bien des cas, aucun Etat ne
serait en mesure de formuler une réclamation contre l’Etat auteur du fait
illicite.
* *
41. La Cour rappelle que, dans l’avis consultatif qu’elle a donné sur les
Réserves à la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide, elle a observé que
« [d]ans une telle convention, les Etats contractants n’ont pas d’intérêts
propres ; ils ont seulement, tous et chacun, un intérêt commun,
celui de préserver les fins supérieures qui sont la raison d’être de la
convention. Il en résulte que l’on ne saurait, pour une convention de
ce type, parler d’avantages ou de désavantages individuels des Etats,
non plus que d’un exact équilibre contractuel à maintenir entre les
droits et les charges. La considération des fins supérieures de la
Convention est, en vertu de la volonté commune des parties, le fondement
et la mesure de toutes les dispositions qu’elle renferme. »
(C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 23.)
En raison des valeurs qu’ils partagent, tous les Etats parties à la convention
sur le génocide ont un intérêt commun à assurer la prévention des
actes de génocide et, si de tels actes sont commis, à veiller à ce que leurs
auteurs ne bénéficient pas de l’impunité. Cet intérêt commun implique
que les obligations en question s’imposent à tout Etat partie à la convention
à l’égard de tous les autres Etats parties. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu
en l’affaire relative à des Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou
d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), la Cour a indiqué que les dispositions
pertinentes de la convention contre la torture étaient « comparables » à
celles de la convention sur le génocide. Elle a estimé que ces dispositions
généraient des « obligations … [pouvant] … être qualifiées d’« obligations
erga omnes partes », en ce sens que, quelle que soit l’affaire, chaque Etat
partie a[vait] un intérêt à ce qu’elles soient respectées » (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 449, par. 68). Il s’ensuit que tout Etat partie à
la convention sur le génocide, et non pas seulement un Etat spécialement
affecté, peut invoquer la responsabilité d’un autre Etat partie en vue de
faire constater le manquement allégué de celui-ci à ses obligations erga
omnes partes et de mettre fin à ce manquement.
42. La Cour conclut que la Gambie a prima facie qualité pour lui soumettre
le différend qui l’oppose au Myanmar sur la base de violations
alléguées d’obligations prévues par la convention sur le génocide.
18 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
19
III. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and the Link between
such Rights and the Measures Requested
43. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are
at least plausible (see, for example, Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v.
United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J.
Reports 2018 (II), pp. 421-422, para. 43).
44. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called
upon to determine definitively whether the rights which The Gambia
wishes to see protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights
claimed by The Gambia on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection,
are plausible. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights whose
protection is sought and the provisional measures being requested (ibid.,
p. 422, para. 44).
* *
45. In its Application, The Gambia states that it seeks to assert the
rights of “all members of the Rohingya group who are in the territory of
Myanmar, as members of a protected group under the Genocide Convention”,
including the “rights of the Rohingya group to exist as a group”, to
be protected from acts of genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct
and public incitement to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide
and complicity in genocide, in accordance with Article III of the Convention.
The Gambia adds that it “also seeks to protect the erga omnes partes
rights it has under the Convention, which mirror the erga omnes obligations
of the Convention with which it is entitled to seek compliance”.
46. The Gambia contends that, for the purposes of the indication of
provisional measures, the rights it asserts in the present case are plausible,
and that their protection coincides with the very object and purpose of
the Convention. The Gambia affirms that, based on the evidence and
material placed before the Court, the acts of which it complains are capable
of being characterized at least plausibly as genocidal. The Applicant
maintains that the evidence of the specific genocidal intent (dolus specialis)
can be deduced from the pattern of conduct against the Rohingya in
Myanmar and refers, in this regard, to the inference of such intent drawn
by the Fact- Finding Mission in its reports. In The Gambia’s view, the
Court should not be required, before granting provisional measures, to
ascertain whether the existence of a genocidal intent is the only plausible
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 18
19
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et le lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées
43. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient
de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de
sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués par chacune des
parties. Il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder par de
telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre
pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aussi ne peut-elle
exercer ce pouvoir que si elle estime que les droits allégués par le demandeur
sont au moins plausibles (voir, par exemple, Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 421-422, par. 43).
44. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’est cependant pas appelée à
se prononcer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que la
Gambie souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si
les droits que celle-ci revendique au fond et dont elle sollicite la protection
sont plausibles. En outre, un lien doit exister entre les droits dont la protection
est recherchée et les mesures conservatoires demandées (ibid.,
p. 422, par. 44).
* *
45. Dans sa requête, la Gambie déclare qu’elle cherche à faire valoir les
droits de « l’ensemble des membres du groupe rohingya se trouvant sur le
territoire du Myanmar, en tant que membres d’un groupe protégé au titre
de la convention », y compris les « droits des Rohingya d’exister en tant
que groupe », d’être protégés contre des actes de génocide, d’entente en
vue de commettre le génocide, d’incitation directe et publique à commettre
le génocide, de tentative de génocide et de complicité dans le génocide,
conformément à l’article III de la convention. Elle ajoute qu’elle
« cherche également à protéger les droits erga omnes partes qui sont les
siens en vertu de la convention, lesquels reflètent les obligations erga
omnes qui y sont énoncées, et dont elle est fondée à demander le respect ».
46. La Gambie soutient que, aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoires,
les droits qu’elle revendique en la présente affaire sont plausibles,
et que leur protection coïncide avec l’objet et le but mêmes de la convention.
Elle considère que, au vu des éléments de preuve et documents qui
ont été présentés à la Cour, les actes dont elle tire griefs sont susceptibles
d’être qualifiés, de manière au moins plausible, d’actes de génocide. Le
demandeur fait valoir que la preuve de l’intention génocidaire spécifique
(dolus specialis) peut être déduite de la ligne de conduite suivie à l’encontre
des Rohingya au Myanmar et se réfère, sur ce point, au fait que la
mission d’établissement des faits a, dans ses rapports, conclu à l’existence
d’une telle intention. Selon la Gambie, la Cour ne devrait pas être tenue,
avant d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires, de déterminer si l’existence
19 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
20
inference to be drawn in the given circumstances from the material put
before it, a requirement which would amount to making a determination
on the merits. In this regard, the fact that some of the alleged acts may
also be characterized as crimes other than genocide would not be inconsistent
with and should not exclude the plausible inference of the existence
of the said genocidal intent.
*
47. Myanmar does not specifically address the question whether, for
the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, the rights asserted
by The Gambia are at least plausible. The Respondent rather contends
that the Court should indicate provisional measures only if the claims put
forward by The Gambia, based on the facts alleged in its Application, are
plausible. Myanmar argues that, for that purpose, a “plausible claim”
under the Genocide Convention must include evidence of the required
specific genocidal intent. For Myanmar, “it is this subjective intent that is
the critical element distinguishing genocide from other violations of international
law such as crimes against humanity and war crimes”. Myanmar
maintains that the Court should take into account the exceptional gravity
of the alleged violations in assessing whether the required level of plausibility
is met. It submits that the Court should therefore determine whether
it is plausible that the existence of a genocidal intent is the only inference
that can be drawn from the acts alleged and the evidence submitted by
the Applicant. In this respect, the Respondent explains that if the information
and the materials invoked in support of the Application may provide
evidence indicating alternative inferences that can be drawn from the
alleged conduct, other than an inference of a genocidal intent, the Court
should conclude that the claims are not plausible.
48. On that basis, Myanmar states that, in the present case, the Applicant
has not provided sufficient and reliable evidence to establish that the
acts complained of were plausibly committed with the required specific
genocidal intent. The Respondent argues that alternative inferences, other
than a genocidal intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Rohingya
group as such, may be drawn from the alleged conduct of Myanmar
vis-à-vis the Rohingya.
* *
49. The Court observes that, in accordance with Article I of the Convention,
all States parties thereto have undertaken “to prevent and to
punish” the crime of genocide. Article II provides that
“genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to
destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious
group, as such:
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 19
20
d’une intention génocidaire est la seule conclusion plausible qui puisse
être tirée des éléments qui lui ont été présentés dans les circonstances de
l’espèce, puisque cela reviendrait à se prononcer au fond. A cet égard, le
fait que certains des actes allégués puissent également être qualifiés de
crimes autres que le génocide ne contredirait pas et ne devrait pas exclure
la conclusion plausible de l’existence de ladite intention génocidaire.
*
47. Le Myanmar ne traite pas spécifiquement la question de savoir si,
aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoires, les droits revendiqués
par la Gambie sont au moins plausibles. En revanche, le défendeur affirme
que la Cour ne devrait indiquer pareilles mesures que si les griefs que le
demandeur a formulés, sur la base des faits invoqués dans la requête, sont
plausibles. Le défendeur fait valoir qu’une « réclamation plausible » au
regard de la convention sur le génocide doit inclure des éléments de preuve
attestant l’existence de l’intention génocidaire spécifique requise. Selon le
Myanmar, « cette intention subjective constitue l’élément essentiel qui distingue
le génocide d’autres violations du droit international telles que les
crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre ». Le défendeur soutient
que la Cour, en recherchant s’il est satisfait au niveau de plausibilité requis,
devrait tenir compte de l’exceptionnelle gravité des violations alléguées. Il
avance que la Cour devrait par conséquent déterminer s’il est plausible que
l’existence d’une intention génocidaire soit la seule conclusion qui puisse
être tirée des actes allégués et des éléments de preuve présentés par le
demandeur. A cet égard, il précise que, si les informations et documents
invoqués à l’appui de la requête contiennent des éléments donnant à penser
que des conclusions autres que l’existence d’une intention génocidaire
peuvent être tirées du comportement allégué, la Cour devrait conclure que
les réclamations du demandeur ne sont pas plausibles.
48. Sur cette base, le Myanmar affirme que, en la présente espèce, le
demandeur n’a pas fourni des éléments de preuve suffisants et fiables pour
établir que les actes dont il tire grief ont été plausiblement commis avec
l’intention génocidaire spécifique requise. Il avance que des conclusions
autres que l’existence d’une intention génocidaire de détruire, en tout ou
en partie, le groupe rohingya comme tel, peuvent être tirées du comportement
allégué du Myanmar à l’égard des Rohingya.
* *
49. La Cour observe que, conformément à l’article premier de la
convention, tous les Etats parties à cet instrument se sont engagés « à
prévenir et à punir » le crime de génocide. L’article II dispose ce qui suit :
« le génocide s’entend de l’un quelconque des actes ci-après, commis
dans l’intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national,
ethnique, racial ou religieux, comme tel :
20 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
21
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated
to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.”
50. Pursuant to Article III of the Genocide Convention, the commission
of the following acts, other than genocide itself, are also prohibited
by the Convention: conspiracy to commit genocide (Article III, para. (b)),
direct and public incitement to commit genocide (Article III, para. (c)),
attempt to commit genocide (Article III, para. (d)) and complicity in
genocide (Article III, para. (e)).
51. The obligation to prevent and punish genocide set out in Article I
of the Convention is supplemented by the distinct obligations which
appear in the subsequent articles, especially those in Articles V and VI
requiring the enactment of the necessary legislation to give effect to the
provisions of the Convention, as well as the prosecution of persons
charged with such acts. In so far as these provisions concerning the duty
to punish also have a deterrent and therefore a preventive effect or purpose,
they too meet the obligation to prevent genocide (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (I), p. 109, para. 159 and p. 219, para. 426).
52. The Court further observes that the provisions of the Convention
are intended to protect the members of a national, ethnical, racial or religious
group from acts of genocide or any other punishable acts enumerated
in Article III. The Court also considers that there is a correlation
between the rights of members of groups protected under the Genocide
Convention, the obligations incumbent on States parties thereto, and the
right of any State party to seek compliance therewith by another State
party (cf. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 426,
para. 51). In the Court’s view, the Rohingya in Myanmar appear to constitute
a protected group within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide
Convention.
53. In the present case, the Court notes that, at the hearings, Myanmar,
referring to what it characterizes as “clearance operations” carried
out in Rakhine State in 2017, stated that
“it cannot be ruled out that disproportionate force was used by members
of the Defence Services in some cases in disregard of international
humanitarian law, or that they did not distinguish clearly
enough between [Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army] fighters and
civilians”,
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 20
21
a) Meurtre de membres du groupe ;
b) Atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du
groupe ;
c) Soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d’existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ;
d) Mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe ;
e) Transfert forcé d’enfants du groupe à un autre groupe. »
50. En application de l’article III de la convention sur le génocide, la
commission des actes suivants, autres que le génocide lui-même, est également
prohibée par la convention : l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide
(litt. b) de l’article III), l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le
génocide (litt. c) de l’article III), la tentative de génocide (litt. d) de l’article
III) et la complicité dans le génocide (litt. e) de l’article III).
51. A l’obligation de prévenir et de punir le génocide énoncée à l’article
premier de la convention s’ajoutent les obligations distinctes qui
figurent dans les articles suivants, notamment celles contenues aux
articles V et VI qui exigent que soient adoptées les mesures législatives
nécessaires pour assurer l’application des dispositions de la convention et
que soient traduites en justice les personnes accusées des actes susmentionnés.
Dans la mesure où ces dispositions concernant le devoir de punir
ont également un effet ou un but dissuasif et, partant, préventif, elles
relèvent elles aussi de l’obligation de prévenir le génocide (Application de
la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Serbie-et- Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 109,
par. 159 et p. 219, par. 426).
52. La Cour observe en outre que les dispositions de la convention
visent à protéger les membres d’un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou
religieux contre les actes de génocide ou tous autres actes punissables tels
qu’énumérés à l’article III. Elle considère également qu’il existe une corrélation
entre les droits des membres des groupes protégés par la convention,
les obligations incombant aux Etats parties à cet instrument et le
droit de chacun d’entre eux de demander l’exécution de ces obligations
par un autre Etat partie (cf. Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats
arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018,
C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 426, par. 51). Selon la Cour, les Rohingya au
Myanmar semblent constituer un groupe protégé au sens de l’article II de
la convention.
53. En la présente espèce, la Cour note que, au sujet de ce qu’il qualifie
d’« opérations de nettoyage » menées dans l’Etat rakhine en 2017, le
Myanmar a indiqué à l’audience qu’
« il [ne pouvait] pas être exclu que des membres des services de
défense aient, dans certains cas, fait un usage disproportionné de la
force au mépris du droit international humanitaire, ou qu’ils n’aient
pas fait assez clairement la distinction entre combattants de [l’armée
du salut des Rohingya de l’Arakan] et civils »,
21 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
22
and that “[t]here may also have been failures to prevent civilians from
looting or destroying property after fighting or in abandoned villages”.
54. The Court also notes that the United Nations General Assembly,
in its resolution 73/264 adopted on 22 December 2018, expressed
“grave concern at the findings of the independent international factfinding
mission on Myanmar that [. . .] there [was] sufficient information
to warrant investigation and prosecution so that a competent
court may determine liability for genocide in relation to the situation
in Rakhine State, that crimes against humanity and war crimes have
been committed in Kachin, Rakhine and Shan States, including murder,
imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, rape, sexual slavery
and other forms of sexual violence, persecution and enslavement,
that children were subjected to and witnessed serious human rights
violations, including killing, maiming and sexual violence, that there
are reasonable grounds to conclude that serious crimes under
international law have been committed that warrant criminal investigation
and prosecution and that the military has consistently failed
to respect international human rights law and international humanitarian
law”.
By the same resolution, the General Assembly condemned
“all violations and abuses of human rights in Myanmar, as set out in
the report of the fact- finding mission, including the widespread, systematic
and gross human rights violations and abuses committed in
Rakhine State, including the presence of elements of extermination
and deportation and the systematic oppression and discrimination
that the fact- finding mission concluded may amount to persecution
and to the crime of apartheid”.
It also
“strongly condemn[ed] the grossly disproportionate response of the
military and the security forces, deplore[d] the serious deterioration
of the security, human rights and humanitarian situation and the exodus
of more than 723,000 Rohingya Muslims and other minorities to
Bangladesh and the subsequent depopulation of northern Rakhine
State, and call[ed] upon the Myanmar authorities to ensure that those
responsible for violations of international law, including human rights
violations and abuses, are held accountable and removed from posi-
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 21
22
et qu’ « [i]l a[vait] également pu arriver que des civils ne soient pas empêchés
de piller ou de détruire des biens après des combats ou dans des villages
abandonnés ».
54. La Cour relève également que l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies, dans sa résolution 73/264 adoptée le 22 décembre 2018,
s’est déclarée
« profondément préoccupée par les constatations de la mission internationale
indépendante d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar,
qui a conclu que la quantité d’informations disponibles était suffisante
pour justifier l’ouverture d’enquêtes et le lancement de poursuites,
de façon qu’un tribunal compétent puisse déterminer les
responsabilités dans le génocide, au regard de la situation dans l’Etat
rakhine, que des crimes contre l’humanité et des crimes de guerre
avaient été commis dans les Etats kachin, rakhine et shan, à savoir,
entre autres, des cas de meurtre, d’emprisonnement, de disparition
forcée, de torture, de viol, d’esclavage sexuel et autres formes de
violence sexuelle, de persécution et de réduction en esclavage, que
des enfants avaient été victimes et témoins de graves violations des
droits de la personne, notamment des meurtres, des mutilations et
des violences sexuelles, qu’il existait des motifs raisonnables de
conclure que des crimes graves de droit international avaient été
commis et qu’ils méritaient de faire l’objet d’enquêtes et de
poursuites pénales, et que l’armée n’avait jamais respecté le droit
international des droits de l’homme, ni le droit international humanitaire
».
Dans ce même texte, l’Assemblée générale a condamné
« toutes les violations des droits de la personne et atteintes à ces
droits commises au Myanmar qu’a relevées la mission d’établissement
des faits dans son rapport, notamment les violations et atteintes
généralisées, systématiques et flagrantes commises dans l’Etat
rakhine, comme, entre autres choses, l’existence d’éléments d’extermination
et d’expulsion et les actes d’oppression et de discrimination
systématiques qui, selon les conclusions de la mission d’établissement
des faits, peuvent être considérés comme des persécutions, voire
comme un crime d’apartheid ».
Elle a également
« condamn[é] fermement … la réaction tout à fait disproportionnée
de l’armée et des forces de sécurité, déplor[é] la grave détérioration
des conditions de sécurité, de la situation des droits de la personne et
de la situation humanitaire, ainsi que l’exode de plus de 723 000 musulmans
Rohingya et de membres d’autres minorités vers le Bangladesh
et le dépeuplement du nord de l’Etat rakhine qui en résulte, et
demand[é] aux autorités du Myanmar de veiller à ce que les auteurs
de violations du droit international, y compris des violations des
22 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
23
tions of power” (UN doc. A/RES/73/264, 22 December 2018,
paras. 1-2).
55. In this connection, the Court recalls that the Fact-Finding Mission,
to which the General Assembly refers in its above- mentioned resolution,
stated, in its report of 12 September 2018, that it had “reasonable grounds
to conclude that serious crimes under international law ha[d] been committed
that warrant[ed] criminal investigation and prosecution”, including
the crime of genocide, against the Rohingya in Myanmar
(United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/39/64, 12 September 2018,
paras. 83 and 84-87). The Court notes that, regarding the acts perpetrated
against the Rohingya in Rakhine State, the Fact-Finding Mission, in its
2018 detailed findings, observed that
“[t]he actions of those who orchestrated the attacks on the Rohingya
read as a veritable check-list: the systematic stripping of human rights,
the dehumanizing narratives and rhetoric, the methodical planning,
mass killing, mass displacement, mass fear, overwhelming levels of
brutality, combined with the physical destruction of the home of the
targeted population, in every sense and on every level” (United Nations,
Report of the Detailed Findings of the Independent International
Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2,
17 September 2018, para. 1440).
The Fact-Finding Mission concluded that “on reasonable grounds . . . the
factors allowing the inference of genocidal intent [were] present”
(United Nations, ibid., para. 1441). The Fact- Finding Mission reiterated
its conclusions, based on further investigations, in its report of 8 August
2019 (United Nations, Report of the Independent International Fact-
Finding Mission on Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019,
para. 18). The Court further notes that the Fact-Finding Mission, in its
2018 detailed findings, also asserted, based on its overall assessment of
the situation in Myanmar since 2011, and particularly in Rakhine State,
that the extreme levels of violence perpetrated against the Rohingya in
2016 and 2017 resulted from the “systemic oppression and persecution of
the Rohingya”, including the denial of their legal status, identity and citizenship,
and followed the instigation of hatred against the Rohingya on
ethnic, racial or religious grounds (United Nations, Report of the Detailed
Findings of the Independent International Fact- Finding Mission on Myanmar,
UN doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2, 17 September 2018, paras. 458-748).
The Court also recalls that following the events which occurred in Rakhine
State in 2016 and 2017, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled
to Bangladesh.
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 22
23
droits de la personne et atteintes à ces droits, aient à répondre de
leurs actes et soient démis de leurs fonctions de pouvoir » (Nations
Unies, doc. A/RES/73/264, 22 décembre 2018, par. 1-2).
55. A cet égard, la Cour rappelle que la mission d’établissement des
faits, à laquelle l’Assemblée générale se réfère dans sa résolution susmentionnée,
a déclaré, dans son rapport du 12 septembre 2018, qu’elle avait
« des motifs raisonnables de conclure que des crimes graves de droit international
[avaient] été commis », y compris le crime de génocide, contre les
Rohingya au Myanmar, « et qu’ils mérit[ai]ent de faire l’objet d’enquêtes
et de poursuites pénales » (Nations Unies, Rapport de la mission internationale
indépendante d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar, doc. A/
HRC/39/64, 12 septembre 2018, par. 83 et 84-87). La Cour note que, au
sujet des actes perpétrés contre les Rohingya dans l’Etat rakhine, la mission
d’établissement des faits a observé, dans ses constatations détaillées
de 2018, que
« [c]eux qui [avaient] orchestré les attaques contre les Rohingya sembl[
ai]ent avoir agi en suivant scrupuleusement une liste préétablie :
violation systématique des droits de l’homme, récits et propos déshumanisants,
planification méthodique, massacres, déplacements massifs,
campagne de terreur, violence extrême, ainsi que destruction
physique du lieu de vie de la population visée, à tous les niveaux et
dans tous les sens du terme » (Nations Unies, Rapport portant
constatations détaillées de la mission internationale indépendante
d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2,
17 septembre 2018, par. 1440).
La mission d’établissement des faits a conclu qu’elle avait « des motifs raisonnables
de penser que les éléments permettant de déduire l’existence
d’une intention génocidaire [étaient] réunis » (ibid., par. 1441). Elle a réitéré
ses conclusions, sur la base de nouvelles enquêtes, dans son rapport du
8 août 2019 (Nations Unies, Rapport de la mission internationale indépendante
d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50, 8 août
2019, par. 18). La Cour relève en outre que la mission d’établissement des
faits, dans ses constatations détaillées de 2018, a également estimé, en se
fondant sur son appréciation générale de la situation au Myanmar depuis
2011, et plus particulièrement dans l’Etat rakhine, que les niveaux extrêmes
de la violence perpétrée contre les Rohingya en 2016 et 2017 résultaient de
l’« oppression et de la persécution systématiques » de ces derniers, y compris
le déni de leurs statut juridique, identité et citoyenneté, et avaient fait suite
à l’incitation à la haine contre les intéressés pour des motifs ethniques,
raciaux ou religieux (Nations Unies, Rapport portant constatations détaillées
de la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement des faits sur
le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2, 17 septembre 2018, par. 458-748). La
Cour rappelle enfin que, à la suite des événements qui se sont produits dans
l’Etat rakhine en 2016 et 2017, des centaines de milliers de Rohingya ont fui
au Bangladesh.
23 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
24
56. In view of the function of provisional measures, which is to protect
the respective rights of either party pending its final decision, the Court
does not consider that the exceptional gravity of the allegations is a decisive
factor warranting, as argued by Myanmar, the determination, at the
present stage of the proceedings, of the existence of a genocidal intent. In
the Court’s view, all the facts and circumstances mentioned above (see
paragraphs 53-55) are sufficient to conclude that the rights claimed by
The Gambia and for which it is seeking protection — namely the right of
the Rohingya group in Myanmar and of its members to be protected
from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts mentioned in Article III,
and the right of The Gambia to seek compliance by Myanmar with its
obligations not to commit, and to prevent and punish genocide in accordance
with the Convention — are plausible.
* *
57. The Court now turns to the issue of the link between the rights
claimed and the provisional measures requested.
* *
58. The Gambia submits that the provisional measures it requests
(see paragraph 12 above) are directly linked to the rights which form the
subject-matter of the dispute. In particular, the Applicant asserts that the
first two provisional measures have been requested to ensure Myanmar’s
compliance with its obligation to prevent genocide and to uphold the
rights of The Gambia to protect the Rohingya group against total or partial
destruction, and that the four other provisional measures requested
are aimed at protecting the integrity of the proceedings before the Court
and The Gambia’s right to have its claim fairly adjudicated.
*
59. Myanmar does not dispute the link of the provisional measures
requested with the rights under the Genocide Convention for which protection
is sought by the Applicant, except with regard to the fifth and
sixth provisional measures requested. The Respondent claims that these
last two measures would go beyond the specific purpose of preserving the
respective rights of the Parties pending a final decision by the Court.
Furthermore, with regard to the sixth provisional measure, Myanmar
argues that the indication of such a measure would circumvent Myanmar’s
reservation to Article VIII of the Genocide Convention.
* *
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 23
24
56. Compte tenu de la fonction des mesures conservatoires, qui est de
protéger les droits de chacune des parties en attendant qu’elle rende sa décision
définitive, la Cour ne considère pas que l’exceptionnelle gravité des
allégations formulées soit un élément décisif justifiant, comme le soutient le
Myanmar, d’établir, à ce stade de la procédure, l’existence d’une intention
génocidaire. De l’avis de la Cour, l’ensemble des faits et circonstances mentionnés
ci- dessus (voir les paragraphes 53-55) suffisent pour conclure que
les droits que la Gambie revendique et dont elle sollicite la protection — à
savoir le droit du groupe rohingya au Myanmar et de ses membres d’être
protégés contre les actes de génocide et les actes prohibés connexes mentionnés
à l’article III, ainsi que le droit de la Gambie de demander que le
Myanmar s’acquitte de ses obligations de ne pas commettre et de prévenir
et de punir le génocide en application de la convention — sont plausibles.
* *
57. La Cour en vient maintenant à la question du lien entre les droits
revendiqués et les mesures conservatoires sollicitées.
* *
58. La Gambie affirme que les mesures conservatoires qu’elle sollicite
(voir le paragraphe 12 ci- dessus) sont directement liées aux droits qui forment
l’objet du différend. Elle soutient en particulier que les deux premières
mesures ont été demandées pour s’assurer que le Myanmar
s’acquitte de son obligation de prévenir le génocide et préserver les droits
de la Gambie de protéger le groupe rohingya contre une destruction
totale ou partielle, et que les quatre autres visent à protéger l’intégrité de
l’instance devant la Cour et le droit de la Gambie à ce que sa demande
soit examinée équitablement.
*
59. Le Myanmar ne conteste pas le lien entre les mesures conservatoires
sollicitées et les droits au titre de la convention sur le génocide que
le demandeur cherche à protéger, hormis en ce qui concerne les cinquième
et sixième mesures. Il affirme que ces dernières iraient au-delà du but
spécifique de préserver les droits respectifs des Parties dans l’attente de
la décision finale de la Cour. De plus, en ce qui concerne la sixième
mesure, le défendeur fait valoir que, si elle devait être indiquée, cela
reviendrait à contourner la réserve qu’il a formulée à l’article VIII de la
convention.
* *
24 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
25
60. The Court has already found (see paragraph 56 above) that the
rights asserted by The Gambia under the Genocide Convention are plausible.
61. The Court considers that, by their very nature, the first three provisional
measures sought by The Gambia (see paragraph 12 above) are
aimed at preserving the rights it asserts on the basis of the Genocide Convention
in the present case, namely the right of the Rohingya group in
Myanmar and of its members to be protected from acts of genocide and
other acts mentioned in Article III, and the right of The Gambia to have
Myanmar comply with its obligations under the Convention to prevent
and punish acts identified and prohibited under Articles II and III of the
Convention, including by ensuring the preservation of evidence. As to the
fourth and fifth provisional measures requested by The Gambia, the
question of their link with the rights for which The Gambia seeks protection
does not arise, in so far as such measures would be directed at preventing
any action which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute or
render it more difficult to resolve, and at providing information on the
compliance by the Parties with any specific provisional measure indicated
by the Court.
62. As to the sixth provisional measure requested by The Gambia, the
Court does not consider that its indication is necessary in the circumstances
of the case.
63. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between the rights
claimed and some of the provisional measures being requested by
The Gambia.
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
64. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused
to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged
disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (Alleged Violations
of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular
Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional
Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 645,
para. 77).
65. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real
and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the
Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met when the
acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can “occur at any
moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the case. The Court
must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings
(ibid., pp. 645-646, para. 78).
66. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on
the Request for the indication of provisional measures, to establish the
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 24
25
60. La Cour a déjà conclu (voir le paragraphe 56 ci- dessus) que les
droits revendiqués par la Gambie au titre de la convention sur le génocide
étaient plausibles.
61. La Cour considère que, de par leur nature même, les trois premières
mesures conservatoires sollicitées par la Gambie (voir le paragraphe
12 ci- dessus) visent à sauvegarder les droits que celle-ci revendique
sur la base de la convention sur le génocide en la présente espèce, à savoir
le droit du groupe rohingya au Myanmar et de ses membres d’être protégés
contre les actes de génocide et les autres actes mentionnés à l’article
III, ainsi que le droit du demandeur à ce que le Myanmar s’acquitte
des obligations de prévenir et de punir les actes définis et prohibés par les
articles II et III, y compris en veillant à la conservation des éléments de
preuve. S’agissant des quatrième et cinquième mesures conservatoires sollicitées
par la Gambie, la question de leur lien avec les droits que celle-ci
cherche à protéger ne se pose pas puisqu’elles viseraient à prévenir tout
acte susceptible d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend existant ou d’en
rendre le règlement plus difficile, ainsi qu’à fournir des informations sur
la mise en oeuvre par les Parties de toute mesure conservatoire spécifique
qui pourrait être indiquée par la Cour.
62. Enfin, en ce qui concerne la sixième mesure conservatoire sollicitée
par la Gambie, la Cour ne considère pas que son indication soit nécessaire
dans les circonstances de l’espèce.
63. La Cour conclut de ce qui précède qu’il existe un lien entre les
droits revendiqués et certaines mesures conservatoires sollicitées par la
Gambie.
IV. Le risque de préjudice irréparable et l’urgence
64. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’il existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable
soit causé aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire ou
lorsque la méconnaissance alléguée de ces droits risque d’entraîner des
conséquences irréparables (Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce
et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre
2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 645, par. 77).
65. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires n’est
toutefois exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et
imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé avant que la Cour ne
rende sa décision définitive. La condition d’urgence est remplie dès lors
que les actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice irréparable peuvent
« intervenir à tout moment » avant que la Cour ne se prononce de manière
définitive en l’affaire. La Cour doit donc rechercher si pareil risque existe
à ce stade de la procédure (ibid., p. 645-646, par. 78).
66. La Cour n’a pas, aux fins de sa décision sur la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, à établir l’existence de violations de la
25 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
26
existence of breaches of the Genocide Convention, but to determine
whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures
for the protection of rights under this instrument. It cannot at this stage
make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit
arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision
on the Request for the indication of provisional measures.
* *
67. The Gambia contends that there is a risk of irreparable prejudice
to the rights of the Rohingya and to its own rights under the Genocide
Convention, as well as urgency. According to The Gambia, not only have
the Rohingya been subjected to genocidal acts in the recent past, but
there is a grave danger of further such acts because the Government of
Myanmar continues to harbour genocidal intent and to commit crimes
against members of the Rohingya group. The Gambia thus argues that
the Rohingya remaining in Myanmar face grave threats to their existence,
placing them in urgent need of protection.
*
68. Myanmar denies that there exists a real and imminent risk of irreparable
prejudice in the present case. Myanmar first asserts that it is currently
engaged in repatriation initiatives for the return of displaced
Rohingya presently in Bangladesh, with the support of international
actors, whose support would not be forthcoming if there was an imminent
or ongoing risk of genocide. Myanmar also argues that it is engaged
in a range of initiatives aimed at bringing stability to Rakhine State, protecting
those who are there or who will return there, and holding accountable
those responsible for past violence — actions which are inconsistent
with it allegedly harbouring genocidal intent. Finally, Myanmar stresses
the challenges it is facing, inter alia, in ending an ongoing “internal armed
conflict” with the Arakan Army in Rakhine State. It submits that the
indication of provisional measures by the Court might reignite the
2016-2017 “internal armed conflict” with the Arakan Rohingya Salvation
Army, and undermine its current efforts towards reconciliation.
* *
69. The Court recalls that, as underlined in General Assembly resolution
96 (I) of 11 December 1946,
“[g]enocide is a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups,
as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human
beings; such denial of the right of existence shocks the conscience of
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 25
26
convention sur le génocide, mais doit déterminer si les circonstances exigent
l’indication de telles mesures à l’effet de protéger certains droits
conférés par cet instrument. Elle n’est pas habilitée, à ce stade, à conclure
de façon définitive sur les faits, et sa décision sur la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires laisse intact le droit de chacune des Parties
de faire valoir à cet égard ses moyens au fond.
* *
67. La Gambie affirme qu’il existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable
soit causé aux droits des Rohingya ainsi qu’aux droits qui sont les
siens au titre de la convention sur le génocide, et qu’il y a urgence. Selon
le demandeur, non seulement les Rohingya ont récemment été victimes
d’actes de génocide, mais ils courent un grand risque d’en subir de nouveaux
parce que le Gouvernement du Myanmar reste animé d’une intention
génocidaire et continue de commettre des crimes à l’encontre des
membres de ce groupe. La Gambie fait donc valoir que l’existence des
Rohingya demeurant au Myanmar est gravement menacée, et que ceux-ci
ont besoin d’une protection d’urgence.
*
68. Le Myanmar conteste qu’il existe un risque réel et imminent de
préjudice irréparable en la présente espèce. Il indique tout d’abord qu’il
participe actuellement à une série d’actions visant à aider au retour des
Rohingya déplacés qui se trouvent au Bangladesh et que celles-ci ont reçu
le soutien d’acteurs internationaux, ce qui ne serait pas le cas s’il existait
un risque imminent ou persistant de génocide. Le Myanmar précise
ensuite qu’il a pris des mesures en vue de rétablir la stabilité dans l’Etat
rakhine, de protéger les personnes qui s’y trouvent ou qui y retourneront
et de traduire en justice les responsables des violences passées, ce qui,
selon lui, est incompatible avec une quelconque intention génocidaire de
sa part. Enfin, le défendeur met l’accent sur les défis qu’il doit relever,
notamment pour mettre fin au « conflit armé interne » qui se poursuit avec
l’armée arakanaise dans l’Etat rakhine. Il soutient que l’indication de
mesures conservatoires par la Cour risquerait de raviver le « conflit armé
interne » de 2016-2017 avec l’armée du salut des Rohingya de l’Arakan et
de saper les efforts de réconciliation qu’il déploie actuellement.
* *
69. La Cour rappelle que, comme cela est souligné dans la résolution
96 (I) de l’Assemblée générale en date du 11 décembre 1946,
« [l]e génocide est le refus du droit à l’existence à des groupes entiers,
de même que l’homicide est le refus du droit à l’existence à un individu
; un tel refus bouleverse la conscience humaine, inflige de
26 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
27
mankind, results in great losses to humanity in the form of cultural
and other contributions represented by these human groups, and is
contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations”.
The Court has observed, in particular, that the Genocide Convention
“was manifestly adopted for a purely humanitarian and civilizing purpose”,
since “its object on the one hand is to safeguard the very existence
of certain human groups and on the other to confirm and endorse the
most elementary principles of morality” (Reservations to the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23).
70. In view of the fundamental values sought to be protected by the
Genocide Convention, the Court considers that the rights in question in
these proceedings, in particular the right of the Rohingya group in Myanmar
and of its members to be protected from killings and other acts
threatening their existence as a group, are of such a nature that prejudice
to them is capable of causing irreparable harm.
71. The Court notes that the reports of the Fact- Finding Mission (see
paragraph 55 above) have indicated that, since October 2016, the
Rohingya in Myanmar have been subjected to acts which are capable of
affecting their right of existence as a protected group under the Genocide
Convention, such as mass killings, widespread rape and other forms of
sexual violence, as well as beatings, the destruction of villages and homes,
denial of access to food, shelter and other essentials of life. As indicated
in resolution 74/246 adopted by the General Assembly on 27 December
2019, this has caused almost 744,000 Rohingya to flee their homes and
take refuge in neighbouring Bangladesh (UN doc. A/RES/74/246,
27 December 2019, preambular para. 25). According to the 2019 detailed
findings of the Fact- Finding Mission, approximately 600,000 Rohingya
remained in Rakhine State as of September 2019 (United Nations,
Detailed Findings of the Independent International Fact- Finding Mission on
Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/42/CRP.5, 16 September 2019, paras. 4, 57,
107, 120, 158 and 212).
72. The Court is of the opinion that the Rohingya in Myanmar remain
extremely vulnerable. In this respect, the Court notes that in its resolution
74/246 of 27 December 2019, the General Assembly reiterated
“its grave concern that, in spite of the fact that Rohingya Muslims
lived in Myanmar for generations prior to the independence of Myanmar,
they were made stateless by the enactment of the 1982 Citizenship
Law and were eventually disenfranchised, in 2015, from the
electoral process” (UN doc. A/RES/74/246, 27 December 2019, preambular
para. 14).
The Court further takes note of the detailed findings of the Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar submitted to the Human Rights Council in September
2019, which refer to the risk of violations of the Genocide Con-
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 26
27
grandes pertes à l’humanité, qui se trouve ainsi privée des apports
culturels ou autres de ces groupes, et est contraire à la loi morale
ainsi qu’à l’esprit et aux fins des Nations Unies ».
La Cour a en particulier observé que la convention sur le génocide avait
« été manifestement adoptée dans un but purement humain et civilisateur
», puisqu’elle « vis[ait] d’une part à sauvegarder l’existence même de
certains groupes humains, d’autre part à confirmer et à sanctionner les
principes de morale les plus élémentaires » (Réserves à la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, avis consultatif,
C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 23).
70. A la lumière des valeurs fondamentales que la convention sur le
génocide entend protéger, la Cour considère que les droits en cause en
l’espèce et, en particulier, celui du groupe rohingya au Myanmar et de ses
membres d’être protégés contre les meurtres et autres actes menaçant leur
existence en tant que groupe, sont de nature telle que le préjudice qui leur
serait porté pourrait être irréparable.
71. La Cour relève qu’il ressort des rapports de la mission d’établissement
des faits (voir le paragraphe 55 ci- dessus) que, depuis le mois d’octobre
2016, les Rohingya au Myanmar subissent des actes susceptibles de
porter atteinte à leur droit à l’existence en tant que groupe protégé au
titre de la convention sur le génocide, tels que des massacres, des viols et
d’autres formes de violence sexuelle généralisés ainsi que des passages à
tabac, des destructions de villages et de maisons, et des privations de
nourriture, d’abris et d’autres moyens d’existence élémentaires. Comme
cela est précisé dans la résolution 74/246 adoptée par l’Assemblée générale
le 27 décembre 2019, quelque 744 000 Rohingya ont dû fuir pour se
réfugier au Bangladesh voisin (Nations Unies, doc. A/RES/74/246,
27 décembre 2019, alinéa 25 du préambule). Selon les constatations détaillées
de 2019 de la mission d’établissement des faits, environ 600 000
Rohingya demeuraient dans l’Etat rakhine au mois de septembre 2019
(Nations Unies, Constatations détaillées de la mission internationale
indépendante d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/
CRP.5, 16 septembre 2019, par. 4, 57, 107, 120, 158 et 212).
72. La Cour est d’avis que les Rohingya au Myanmar demeurent extrêmement
vulnérables. A cet égard, la Cour observe que, dans sa résolution
74/246 du 27 décembre 2019, l’Assemblée générale a constaté
« une fois de plus avec une vive inquiétude que, bien qu’ayant vécu
au Myanmar depuis des générations avant l’indépendance de ce
pays, les musulmans rohingya [avaient] été rendus apatrides par la
promulgation de la loi de 1982 sur la citoyenneté et privés du droit
de vote et exclus du processus électoral en 2015 » (Nations Unies,
doc. A/RES/74/246, 27 décembre 2019, alinéa 14 du préambule).
La Cour prend également note des constatations détaillées de la mission
d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar présentées au Conseil des droits de
l’homme en septembre 2019, dans lesquelles il est fait référence au risque de
27 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
28
vention, and in which it is “conclude[d] on reasonable grounds that the
Rohingya people remain at serious risk of genocide under the terms of
the Genocide Convention” (United Nations, Detailed Findings of the
Independent International Fact- Finding Mission on Myanmar, UN doc. A/
HRC/42/CRP.5, 16 September 2019, para. 242; see also paras. 58, 240
and 667).
73. The Court takes note of the statement of Myanmar during the oral
proceedings that it is currently engaged in repatriation initiatives to facilitate
the return of Rohingya refugees present in Bangladesh and that it
intends to promote ethnic reconciliation, peace and stability in Rakhine
State, and to make its military accountable for violations of international
humanitarian and human rights law. In the view of the Court, however,
these steps do not appear sufficient in themselves to remove the possibility
that acts causing irreparable prejudice to the rights invoked by The Gambia
for the protection of the Rohingya in Myanmar could occur. In particular,
the Court notes that Myanmar has not presented to the Court
concrete measures aimed specifically at recognizing and ensuring the right
of the Rohingya to exist as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
Moreover, the Court cannot ignore that the General Assembly
has, as recently as on 27 December 2019, expressed its regret that “the
situation has not improved in Rakhine State to create the conditions necessary
for refugees and other forcibly displaced persons to return to their
places of origin voluntarily, safely and with dignity” (UN doc. A/
RES/74/246, 27 December 2019, preambular para. 20). At the same time
the General Assembly reiterated
“its deep distress at reports that unarmed individuals in Rakhine State
have been and continue to be subjected to the excessive use of force
and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law
by the military and security and armed forces, including extrajudicial,
summary or arbitrary killings, systematic rape and other forms of
sexual and gender-based violence, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance
and government seizure of Rohingya lands from which
Rohingya Muslims were evicted and their homes destroyed” (ibid.,
preambular para. 16).
74. Finally, the Court observes that, irrespective of the situation that
the Myanmar Government is facing in Rakhine State, including the fact
that there may be an ongoing internal conflict between armed groups and
the Myanmar military and that security measures are in place, Myanmar
remains under the obligations incumbent upon it as a State party to the
Genocide Convention. The Court recalls that, in accordance with the
terms of Article I of the Convention, States parties expressly confirmed
their willingness to consider genocide as a crime under international law
which they must prevent and punish independently of the context “of
peace” or “of war” in which it takes place (Application of the Convention
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 27
28
violations de la convention sur le génocide et dans lesquelles la mission
« conclut sur la base de motifs raisonnables que le peuple rohingya continue
de courir un risque sérieux de génocide au sens de la convention sur le génocide
» (Nations Unies, Constatations détaillées de la mission internationale
indépendante d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/
CRP.5, 16 septembre 2019, par. 242 ; voir aussi par. 58, 240 et 667).
73. La Cour prend note de la déclaration faite par le défendeur à l’audience
selon laquelle il participe actuellement à des actions visant à faciliter
le retour des réfugiés rohingya se trouvant au Bangladesh, et entend promouvoir
la réconciliation interethnique, la paix et la stabilité dans l’Etat
rakhine et faire en sorte que son armée réponde des violations du droit
international humanitaire et des droits de l’homme qui ont été commises.
La Cour est toutefois d’avis que ces mesures ne paraissent pas suffisantes en
elles-mêmes pour écarter la possibilité que soient commis des actes de
nature à causer un préjudice irréparable aux droits invoqués par la Gambie
en vue de protéger les Rohingya au Myanmar. La Cour relève notamment
que le Myanmar ne lui a présenté aucune mesure concrète visant spécifiquement
à reconnaître et à garantir le droit des Rohingya d’exister en tant que
groupe protégé au titre de la convention sur le génocide. En outre, elle ne
peut ignorer que l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies a dit tout récemment,
le 27 décembre 2019, regretter que « la situation ne se soit pas améliorée
dans l’Etat rakhine, afin de créer les conditions nécessaires au retour
volontaire, dans la dignité et dans la sécurité, dans leur lieu d’origine, des
réfugiés et autres personnes déplacées de force » (Nations Unies, doc. A/
RES/74/246, 27 décembre 2019, alinéa 20 du préambule). Dans le même
temps, l’Assemblée générale s’est de nouveau déclarée
« profondément consternée par les informations selon lesquelles,
dans l’Etat rakhine, des Rohingya non armés [étaient] soumis à un
emploi excessif de la force ainsi qu’à des violations du droit des
droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire par l’armée
et les forces de sécurité, notamment des exécutions extrajudiciaires,
sommaires ou arbitraires, des viols systématiques et d’autres formes
de violence sexuelle et fondée sur le genre, des détentions arbitraires
et des disparitions forcées et la saisie par le Gouvernement des terres
des musulmans rohingya dont ils ont été évincés et où leurs habitations
ont été détruites » (ibid., alinéa 16 du préambule).
74. Enfin, la Cour fait observer que, indépendamment de la situation à
laquelle le Gouvernement du Myanmar est confronté dans l’Etat rakhine,
notamment le fait qu’un conflit interne continuerait de s’y dérouler entre
des groupes armés et l’armée du Myanmar et que des mesures de sécurité
sont en vigueur, le défendeur reste soumis aux obligations qui lui incombent
en tant qu’Etat partie à la convention sur le génocide. Elle rappelle que,
conformément au libellé de l’article premier de cet instrument, les Etats
parties ont expressément confirmé leur volonté de considérer le génocide
comme un crime du droit des gens qu’ils doivent prévenir et punir indépendamment
du contexte « de paix » ou « de guerre » dans lequel il se pro-
28 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
29
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 615, para. 31). The context invoked by
Myanmar does not stand in the way of the Court’s assessment of the
existence of a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights
protected under the Convention.
75. In light of the considerations set out above, the Court finds that
there is a real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights
invoked by The Gambia, as specified by the Court (see paragraph 56
above).
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted
76. From all of the above considerations, the Court concludes that the
conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate provisional measures
are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court
to indicate certain measures in order to protect the rights claimed by
The Gambia, as identified above (see paragraph 56).
77. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures
that are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph
2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the
Court. The Court has already exercised this power in the past (see, for
example, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations,
and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J.
Reports 2018 (II), p. 651, para. 96).
78. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional
measures requested by The Gambia and the circumstances of the case, the
Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to
those requested.
79. Bearing in mind Myanmar’s duty to comply with its obligations
under the Genocide Convention, the Court considers that, with regard to
the situation described above, Myanmar must, in accordance with its
obligations under the Convention, in relation to the members of the
Rohingya group in its territory, take all measures within its power to prevent
the commission of all acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention,
in particular: (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing
serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the group; (c) deliberately
inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole or in part; and (d) imposing measures
intended to prevent births within the group.
80. Myanmar must also, in relation to the members of the Rohingya
group in its territory, ensure that its military, as well as any irregular
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 28
29
duirait (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du
crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 615, par. 31). Le contexte invoqué
par le Myanmar ne saurait avoir d’incidence sur l’appréciation par la Cour
de l’existence d’un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit
causé aux droits protégés par la convention.
75. A la lumière des considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut qu’il
existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé
aux droits invoqués par le demandeur, tels qu’elle les a énoncés (voir le
paragraphe 56 ci-dessus).
V. Conclusion et mesures à adopter
76. La Cour conclut de l’ensemble des considérations qui précèdent
que les conditions auxquelles son Statut subordonne l’indication de
mesures conservatoires sont réunies. Il y a donc lieu pour elle d’indiquer,
dans l’attente de sa décision définitive, certaines mesures visant à protéger
les droits revendiqués par la Gambie, tels qu’ils ont été identifiés ci- dessus
(voir le paragraphe 56).
77. La Cour rappelle que, lorsqu’une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires lui est présentée, elle a le pouvoir, en vertu de son
Statut, d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou partiellement différentes de
celles qui sont sollicitées. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 de son Règlement
mentionne expressément ce pouvoir, qu’elle a déjà exercé par le
passé (voir, par exemple, Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce
et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 octobre
2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 651, par. 96).
78. En la présente espèce, ayant examiné le libellé des mesures conservatoires
demandées par la Gambie ainsi que les circonstances de l’affaire,
la Cour estime que les mesures à indiquer n’ont pas à être identiques à
celles qui sont sollicitées.
79. Gardant à l’esprit le devoir du Myanmar de s’acquitter des obligations
qui lui incombent au titre de la convention sur le génocide, la Cour
considère que, s’agissant de la situation décrite précédemment, le défendeur
doit, conformément aux obligations lui incombant au titre de la
convention, prendre toutes les mesures en son pouvoir afin de prévenir la
commission, à l’encontre des membres du groupe rohingya présents sur
son territoire, de tout acte entrant dans le champ d’application de l’article
II de la convention, en particulier : a) meurtre de membres du
groupe ; b) atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres
du groupe ; c) soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions
d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ; et
d) mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe.
80. Le Myanmar doit également veiller à ce que ni ses unités militaires,
ni aucune unité armée irrégulière qui pourrait relever de son autorité ou
29 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
30
armed units which may be directed or supported by it and any organizations
and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence,
do not commit acts of genocide, or of conspiracy to commit
genocide, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide, of attempt
to commit genocide, or of complicity in genocide.
81. The Court is also of the view that Myanmar must take effective
measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of any
evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the
Genocide Convention.
82. Regarding the provisional measure requested by The Gambia that
each Party shall provide a report to the Court on all measures taken to
give effect to its Order, the Court recalls that it has the power, reflected in
Article 78 of the Rules of Court, to request the parties to provide information
on any matter connected with the implementation of any provisional
measures it has indicated. In view of the specific provisional
measures it has decided to indicate, the Court considers that Myanmar
must submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to
this Order within four months, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter
every six months, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the
Court. Every report so provided shall then be communicated to The Gambia
which shall be given the opportunity to submit to the Court its comments
thereon.
83. The Gambia has further requested the Court to indicate measures
aimed at ensuring the non-aggravation of the dispute with Myanmar. In
this respect, the Court recalls that when it is indicating provisional measures
for the purpose of preserving specific rights, it also possesses the
power to indicate additional provisional measures with a view to preventing
the aggravation or extension of the dispute whenever it considers that
the circumstances so require (see Request for Interpretation of the Judgment
of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Provisional Measures,
Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II), pp. 551-552, para. 59).
However, in the circumstances of the present case, and in view of the
specific provisional measures it has decided to take, the Court does not
deem it necessary to indicate an additional measure relating to the nonaggravation
of the dispute between the Parties.
* * *
84. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under
Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to
whom the provisional measures are addressed.
* * *
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 29
30
bénéficier de son appui ou organisation ou personne qui pourrait se trouver
sous son contrôle, son autorité ou son influence ne commettent, à
l’encontre des membres du groupe rohingya présents sur son territoire,
d’actes de génocide, ou ne participent à une entente en vue de commettre
le génocide, n’incitent directement et publiquement à le commettre, ne se
livrent à une tentative de génocide ou ne se rendent complices de ce crime.
81. La Cour est également d’avis que le Myanmar doit prendre des
mesures effectives pour prévenir la destruction et assurer la conservation
de tout élément de preuve relatif aux allégations d’actes entrant dans le
champ d’application de l’article II de la convention sur le génocide.
82. S’agissant de la mesure conservatoire sollicitée par la Gambie tendant
à ce que chacune des Parties lui fournisse un rapport exposant l’ensemble
des mesures prises pour donner effet à la présente ordonnance, la
Cour rappelle qu’elle a, comme cela est reflété à l’article 78 de son Règlement,
le pouvoir de demander aux parties des renseignements sur toutes
questions relatives à la mise en oeuvre de mesures conservatoires indiquées
par elle. Au vu des mesures spécifiques qu’elle a décidé d’indiquer, elle
estime que le Myanmar doit lui fournir un rapport sur l’ensemble des
mesures prises pour exécuter la présente ordonnance dans un délai de
quatre mois à compter de la date de celle-ci, puis tous les six mois jusqu’à
ce que la Cour ait rendu sa décision définitive en l’affaire. Chaque rapport
ainsi fourni sera ensuite communiqué à la Gambie, qui aura la possibilité
de soumettre à la Cour ses observations à son sujet.
83. La Gambie a également prié la Cour d’indiquer des mesures visant
à prévenir toute aggravation du différend l’opposant au Myanmar. A cet
égard, la Cour rappelle que, lorsqu’elle indique des mesures conservatoires
à l’effet de sauvegarder des droits particuliers, elle dispose aussi du
pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures complémentaires en vue d’empêcher l’aggravation
ou l’extension du différend si elle estime que les circonstances
l’exigent (voir Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire
du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge
c. Thaïlande), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 18 juillet 2011,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 551-552, par. 59). Toutefois, dans les circonstances
de la présente espèce, et compte tenu des mesures conservatoires
spécifiques qu’elle a décidées, la Cour ne juge pas nécessaire d’indiquer de
mesure complémentaire visant à prévenir toute aggravation du différend
entre les Parties.
* * *
84. La Cour réaffirme que ses « ordonnances indiquant des mesures
conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un caractère obligatoire
» (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2001, p. 506, par. 109) et créent donc des obligations juridiques internationales
pour toute partie à laquelle ces mesures sont adressées.
* * *
30 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
31
85. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present
proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the
admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of The Gambia and Myanmar to
submit arguments and evidence in respect of those questions.
* * *
86. For these reasons,
The Court,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
(1) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall, in accordance with its
obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the members of the Rohingya group
in its territory, take all measures within its power to prevent the commission
of all acts within the scope of Article II of this Convention, in particular:
(a) killing members of the group;
(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the
group;
(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; and
(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(2) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall, in relation to the members
of the Rohingya group in its territory, ensure that its military, as well
as any irregular armed units which may be directed or supported by it
and any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control,
direction or influence, do not commit any acts described in point (1)
above, or of conspiracy to commit genocide, of direct and public incitement
to commit genocide, of attempt to commit genocide, or of complicity
in genocide;
(3) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall take effective measures
to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related
to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide;
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 30
31
85. La Cour réaffirme en outre que la décision rendue en la présente
procédure ne préjuge en rien la question de sa compétence pour connaître
du fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la
requête ou au fond lui-même. Elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements
de la Gambie et du Myanmar de faire valoir leurs moyens et éléments
de preuve à cet égard.
* * *
86. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
1) A l’unanimité,
La République de l’Union du Myanmar doit, conformément aux obligations
lui incombant au titre de la convention pour la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide, prendre toutes les mesures en son pouvoir
afin de prévenir la commission, à l’encontre des membres du groupe
rohingya présents sur son territoire, de tout acte entrant dans le champ
d’application de l’article II de la convention, en particulier :
a) meurtre de membres du groupe ;
b) atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du
groupe ;
c) soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d’existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ; et
d) mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe ;
2) A l’unanimité,
La République de l’Union du Myanmar doit veiller à ce que ni ses unités
militaires, ni aucune unité armée irrégulière qui pourrait relever de son
autorité ou bénéficier de son appui ou organisation ou personne qui pourrait
se trouver sous son contrôle, son autorité ou son influence ne commettent,
à l’encontre des membres du groupe rohingya présents sur son
territoire, l’un quelconque des actes définis au point 1) ci- dessus, ou ne
participent à une entente en vue de commettre le génocide, n’incitent
directement et publiquement à le commettre, ne se livrent à une tentative
de génocide ou ne se rendent complices de ce crime ;
3) A l’unanimité,
La République de l’Union du Myanmar doit prendre des mesures effectives
pour prévenir la destruction et assurer la conservation des éléments
de preuve relatifs aux allégations d’actes entrant dans le champ d’application
de l’article II de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du
crime de génocide ;
31 application of the genocide convention (order 23 I 20)
32
(4) Unanimously,
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar shall submit a report to the
Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order within four
months, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter every six months,
until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-third day of January, two thousand
and twenty, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic of The Gambia and the Government of the Republic of the
Union of Myanmar, respectively.
(Signed) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
Vice- President Xue appends a separate opinion to the Order of the
Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the
Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Kress appends a declaration to the
Order of the Court.
(Initialled) A.A.Y.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
application de convention génocide (ord. 23 I 20) 31
32
4) A l’unanimité,
La République de l’Union du Myanmar doit fournir à la Cour un rapport
sur l’ensemble des mesures prises pour exécuter la présente ordonnance
dans un délai de quatre mois à compter de la date de celle-ci, puis
tous les six mois jusqu’à ce que la Cour ait rendu sa décision définitive en
l’affaire.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-trois janvier deux mille vingt, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les
autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République
de Gambie et au Gouvernement de la République de l’Union du
Myanmar.
Le président,
(Signé) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
Mme la juge Xue, vice- présidente, joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son
opinion individuelle ; M. le juge Cançado Trindade joint à l’ordonnance
l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ; M. le juge ad hoc Kress joint une
déclaration à l’ordonnance.
(Paraphé) A.A.Y.
(Paraphé) Ph.G.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the indication of provisional measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 23 January 2020

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