INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AND
REQUEST FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA
v.
REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
11 November 2019
1
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS AND
REQUEST FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice,
The undersigned, being duly authorized by the Government of the Republic of The
Gambia, states as follows:
1. In accordance with Articles 36(1) and 40 of the Statute of the Court and Article 38
of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit this Application instituting proceedings in
the name of the Republic of The Gambia (“The Gambia”) against the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar (“Myanmar”). Pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute, the Application includes
a request that the Court indicate provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein from
imminent and irreparable loss.
I. Introduction
2. This Application concerns acts adopted, taken and condoned by the Government of
Myanmar against members of the Rohingya group, a distinct ethnic, racial and religious group
that resides primarily in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. These acts, which include killing, causing
serious bodily and mental harm, inflicting conditions that are calculated to bring about physical
destruction, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcible transfers, are genocidal in
character because they are intended to destroy the Rohingya group in whole or in part. They
have been perpetrated in manifest violation of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the “Genocide Convention”). 1 These acts are all
attributable to Myanmar, which is thus responsible for committing genocide. Myanmar has
also violated other fundamental obligations under the Genocide Convention, including by
attempting to commit genocide; conspiring to commit genocide; inciting genocide; complicity
in genocide; and failing to prevent and punish genocide.
3. In preparing this Application, The Gambia has taken care to pay close attention to
the provisions of the Genocide Convention, including the circumstances of its adoption and its
interpretation and application in the years following its entry into force on 12 January 1951. In
1 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted 9 December 1948, entered
into force 12 January 1951), 78 UNTS 277 [hereinafter Genocide Convention].
2
this regard, particular attention has been paid to the jurisprudence of the International Court of
Justice, as well as of other international courts and tribunals, including the International
Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
and the International Criminal Court.
4. The Gambia is acutely aware that acts of genocide are distinct from other prohibited
acts – such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, persecution, disappearance and torture – but
that there is often a close connection between all such acts. It is equally aware that acts of
genocide are invariably part of a continuum, as Raphaël Lemkin recognised in his pioneering
work,2 and for this reason it is important to place the acts of genocide in their broader context.
Thus, when referring in this Application to Myanmar’s acts of persecution and other violations
of international law that have been committed against the Rohingya, The Gambia’s case is
based on those aspects constituting genocidal acts under the Genocide Convention.
5. The Gambia is cognisant of the Court’s important role as guardian of the Genocide
Convention, especially in the absence of any international criminal tribunal with jurisdiction
over individuals associated with the acts of genocide described in this Application. For this
reason, and to assist the Court in the exercise of its grave responsibility, the Application
provides a more detailed account of the relevant facts and their context than might otherwise
have been necessary.3
6. Those facts are extensively documented by independent investigative efforts
conducted under the auspices of the United Nations and corroborated by international human
rights organizations and other credible sources. They establish that, against the backdrop of
longstanding persecution and discrimination, from around October 2016 the Myanmar military
(the “Tatmadaw”) and other Myanmar security forces began widespread and systematic
2 Raphaël Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for
Redress (1944), chapter IX.
3 Myanmar is not a State Party to the Statute of the International Criminal Court. With the narrow exception of
deportation and other crimes against humanity consummated on the territory of Bangladesh (a State Party to the
ICC Statute), there is no basis for jurisdiction over crimes committed within the territory of Myanmar, including
the crime of genocide. See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the “Prosecution’s Request for a Ruling on
Jurisdiction under Article 19(3) of the Statute”, No. ICC-RoC46(3)-01/18 (6 September 2018); ICC, Office of the
Prosecutor, Situation in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh / Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Request for
authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15, No. ICC-01/19 (4 July 2019). In any event, the Court
remains the sole basis for the attribution of State responsibility, which is distinct from other forms of
accountability.
3
“clearance operations” – the term that Myanmar itself uses – against the Rohingya group. The
genocidal acts committed during these operations were intended to destroy the Rohingya as a
group, in whole or in part, by the use of mass murder, rape and other forms of sexual violence,
as well as the systematic destruction by fire of their villages, often with inhabitants locked
inside burning houses. From August 2017 onwards, such genocidal acts continued with
Myanmar’s resumption of “clearance operations” on a more massive and wider geographical
scale.
7. Multiple UN investigations have underscored the genocidal intent of these crimes.
The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Ms. Yanghee Lee
(of the Republic of Korea), carried out extensive fact-finding in regard to Myanmar’s campaign
against the Rohingya. She reported first-hand accounts of “attacks in which homes were set
ablaze by security forces, in many cases with people trapped inside, and entire villages razed
to the ground.”4 She documented parents “witnessing their young children being thrown into
fires.” 5 She described Myanmar’s “security forces calling families out of their homes,
separating men and boys to be executed in front of their families or taken away.”6 She further
recounted the “testimony of women and girls being raped and then killed, some burned alive
in their homes while unconscious or tied up.”7
8. The UN Special Rapporteur concluded: “I am becoming more convinced that the
crimes committed [in Myanmar] bear the hallmarks of genocide.”8 She has since stated,
without equivocation, that the commander-in-chief of Myanmar’s military and other
responsible individuals “should be held accountable for genocide in Rakhine.” 9 These
individuals were indisputably acting on behalf of the State.
4 UN OHCHR, Statement by Ms. Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council (12 March 2018), available at
https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22806….
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 “Myanmar army chief must be prosecuted for Rohingya ‘genocide’: U.N. rights envoy,” Reuters (25 January
2019), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un/myanmar-army-chi…-
for-rohingya-genocide-u-n-rights-envoy-idUSKCN1PJ1AK.
4
9. Similarly, the UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide, Mr. Adama
Dieng (of Senegal), based on his own fact-finding activities, including interviews with
survivors who had fled to Bangladesh, stated: “Rohingya Muslims have been killed, tortured,
raped, burnt alive and humiliated, solely because of who they are. All the information I have
received indicates that the intent of the perpetrators was to cleanse northern Rakhine state of
their existence, possibly even to destroy the Rohingya as such, which, if proven, would
constitute the crime of genocide.”10
10. The findings of the UN Human Rights Council’s Independent International Fact-
Finding Mission on Myanmar (“UN Fact-Finding Mission”) are especially significant. The
Mission was established on 24 March 2017 amidst escalating violence against the Rohingya,
with the mandate “to establish the facts and circumstances of the alleged recent human rights
violations by military and security forces, and abuses, in Myanmar, in particular in Rakhine
State.”11 It was composed of three distinguished jurists: Marzuki Darusman (Chairman, from
Indonesia), Radhika Coomaraswamy (Sri Lanka), and Christopher Sidoti (Australia). In
carrying out its mandate, the Mission followed best practices established by the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights in its International Commissions of Inquiry and Fact-Finding
Missions on International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law –
Guidance and Practice.12
11. The Mission conducted over 600 interviews with victims and eyewitnesses as well
as over 250 consultations with stakeholders, including intergovernmental and nongovernmental
organizations, researchers and diplomats.13 It “took care to diversify its sources
of information”14 and, in selecting interviewees, “strove to only speak with persons who had
not previously spoken with any other organization or media outlet, and confirmed this ahead
10 UN Secretary-General, Note to Correspondents: Statement by Adama Dieng, United Nations Special Adviser
on the Prevention of Genocide, on his visit to Bangladesh to assess the situation of Rohingya refugees from
Myanmar (12 March 2018), available at https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2018-03-
12/note-correspondents-statement-adama-dieng-united-nations.
11 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar (12
September 2018), UN Doc. A/HRC/39/64 [hereinafter UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report (2018)], para. 4; UN
Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on
Myanmar (17 September 2018), UN Doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2 [hereinafter UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the
Detailed Findings (2018)], para. 4.
12 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 9.
13 Ibid., paras. 19, 23, 754.
14 Ibid., para. 19.
5
of the interview.”15 The Mission also “obtained a large body of satellite imagery and analysis
with the support of UNOSAT [the United Nations Operational Satellite Applications
Programme], and received a vast amount of documents, photographs and videos – some
clandestinely recorded or obtained by the source.”16 It “only used those materials that it was
able to authenticate,” and “[a]ll information was checked against secondary information
assessed as credible and reliable, including organizations’ raw data or notes, expert interviews,
submissions and open source material.”17
12. Based on its meticulous collection and review of the evidence, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded in its September 2018 Report of the Detailed Findings to the UN Human
Rights Council that “the factors allowing the inference of genocidal intent are present.”18 It
thus urged that “named senior generals of the Myanmar military” be “investigated and
prosecuted in an international criminal tribunal for genocide.”19 On 24 October 2018, the
Chairman of the Mission, Mr. Darusman, stated that the situation in Myanmar is an “ongoing
genocide.”20 Those who carried out the genocidal acts were officials and agents of the State of
Myanmar, and were acting on its behalf.
13. The UN Fact-Finding Mission issued an additional report on its detailed findings in
September 2019, based on further investigation, with a particular attention to events that
transpired since September 2018. 21 It conducted additional interviews with victims and
witnesses, both targeted and randomly selected, taking “special care to avoid re-interviewing
victims and witnesses.”22 It also “obtained and analysed satellite imagery, photographs and
15 Ibid., para. 20.
16 Ibid., para. 22.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., para. 1441.
19 Ibid., p. 1.
20 “Rohingya genocide is still going on, says top UN investigator,” The Guardian (24 October 2018), available
at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/24/rohingya-genocide-is-stil….
21 UN Human Rights Council, Detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on
Myanmar (16 September 2019), UN Doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2 [hereinafter UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the
Detailed Findings (2019)], para. 1.
22 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 32-33. In total, the Mission conducted
419 interviews, some of which concerned situations elsewhere in Myanmar. Ibid., para. 32.
6
videos and a range of documents,” and “cross-checked the information against secondary
information assessed as credible and reliable.”23
14. The Mission’s September 2019 report confirmed its earlier conclusion that
Myanmar is responsible for the “commission of genocide.”24 It found: “the evidence that infers
genocidal intent on the part of the State against the Rohingya, identified in its last report, has
strengthened.”25 Alarmingly, the Mission warned: “there is a serious risk that genocidal actions
may occur or recur, and that Myanmar is failing in its obligation to prevent genocide, to
investigate genocide and to enact effective legislation criminalizing and punishing genocide.”26
15. The Gambia, mindful of the jus cogens character of the prohibition of genocide and
the erga omnes and erga omnes partes character of the obligations that are owed under the
Genocide Convention, institutes the present proceedings to establish Myanmar’s responsibility
for violations of the Genocide Convention, to hold it fully accountable under international law
for its genocidal acts against the Rohingya group, and to have recourse to this Court to ensure
the fullest possible protection for those who remain at grave risk from future acts of genocide.
II. The Jurisdiction of the Court
16. The Gambia and Myanmar are both Members of the United Nations and therefore
bound by the Statute of the Court, including Article 36(1), which provides that the Court’s
jurisdiction “comprises … all matters specially provided for … in treaties and conventions in
force.”
17. The Gambia and Myanmar are also parties to the Genocide Convention. Myanmar
signed the Genocide Convention on 30 December 1949 and deposited its instrument of
ratification on 14 March 1956. The Gambia deposited its instrument of accession on 29
December 1978. While the Genocide Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951, it
became applicable between the Parties ninety days after 29 December 1978, pursuant to Article
XIII of the Convention.
23 Ibid., para. 32.
24 Ibid., para. 9.
25 Ibid., para. 58.
26 Ibid.
7
18. Article IX of the Genocide Convention provides:
Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those
relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the
other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the
dispute.27
19. Neither The Gambia nor Myanmar has purported to enter any reservation to Article
IX.
20. The Gambia has repeatedly expressed its concerns in respect of the conduct
described in this Application. Because the prohibition of genocide has the character of a
peremptory norm and the obligations under the Convention are owed erga omnes and erga
omnes partes, 28 The Gambia has, in particular, made clear to Myanmar that its actions
constitute a clear violation of its obligations under the Convention. In response to such
statements, Myanmar has rejected and opposed any suggestion that it has violated the Genocide
Convention.
21. Myanmar has been made fully aware of the grave concerns expressed by The
Gambia and others as to its responsibility for acts of genocide. The latest relevant events
include, inter alia, the following:
12 September 2018: After a year documenting atrocities committed by
Myanmar’s military and security forces against the Rohingya group, the UN
Fact-Finding Mission presented its first report affirming that “[t]he crimes
in Rakhine State, and the manner in which they were perpetrated, are similar
in nature, gravity and scope to those that have allowed genocidal intent to
be established in other contexts.”29
27 Genocide Convention, art. IX.
28 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015, pp. 45-47, paras. 85-88 (citing Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (I), pp. 110-111, para. 161).
29 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report (2018), para. 85.
8
1-2 March 2019: The Gambia, through its membership in the Organization
of Islamic Cooperation (“OIC”), called upon Myanmar “[t]o honor its
obligations under International Law and Human Rights covenants, and to
take all measures to immediately halt all vestiges and manifestations of the
practice of … genocide … against Rohingya Muslims.”30
31 May 2019: At the 14th OIC Summit Conference, The Gambia affirmed
its support for the Ad hoc Ministerial Committee on Human Rights
Violations against the Rohingyas in Myanmar and declared the urgency of
“using all international legal instruments to hold accountable the
perpetrators of crimes against the Rohingya.”31
8 August 2019: The UN Fact-Finding Mission submitted to the UN General
Assembly its consolidated findings in an additional report confirming “[the]
perpetration by Myanmar of genocide and the State’s failure to prevent and
punish genocide.”32
16 September 2019: The UN Fact-Finding Mission emphasized before the
UN Human Rights Council the need to hold Myanmar accountable for the
crime of genocide.33 The UN Fact-Finding Mission also demonstrated that
Myanmar “continues to harbour genocidal intent” and therefore that “the
Rohingya remain under serious risk of genocide.”34 In doing so, the UN
Fact-Finding Mission welcomed the efforts of “The Gambia … and the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to encourage and pursue a case against
30 OIC, Resolution No. 4/46-MM on the Situation of the Muslim Community in Myanmar, OIC Doc. OIC/CFM-
46/2019/MM/RES/FINAL (1-2 March 2019), available at https://www.oicoci.
org/docdown/?docID=4447&refID=1250, para. 11(a).
31 OIC, Final Communiqué of the 14th Islamic Summit Conference, OIC Doc. OIC/SUM-14/2019/FC/FINAL (31
May 2019), available at https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4496&refID=1251, para. 47.
32 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar (8 August
2019), UN Doc. A/HRC/42/50 [hereinafter UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report (2019)], para. 108; see also ibid.,
paras. 18, 90.
33 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 41, 220.
34 Ibid., para. 140; see also ibid., para. 213.
9
Myanmar before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) under the Genocide
Convention.”35
26 September 2019: In response to the latest reports of the UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Her Excellency Mrs. Isatou Touray, Vice-President of the Republic
of The Gambia, stated during the general debate of the 74th Session of the
UN General Assembly that “The Gambia is ready to lead the concerted
efforts for taking the Rohingya issue to the International Court of Justice.”36
29 September 2019: Kyaw Tint Swe, Union Minister for the Office of the
State Counsellor of Myanmar, reacted at the general debate of the 74th
Session of the UN General Assembly to the latest reports of the UN Fact-
Finding Mission, by denying the conclusions: “[The Mission’s] Reports,
without exception, are biased and flawed, based not on facts but on
narratives.”37
11 October 2019: The Gambia’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations
in New York transmitted to Myanmar’s Permanent Mission a Note Verbale
concerning Myanmar’s ongoing breach of its obligations under the
Genocide Convention. The Gambia expressed its concerns over the findings
of the UN Fact-Finding Mission and Myanmar’s rejection of those findings.
The Gambia also called Myanmar’s attention to OIC Resolution No. 4/46-
MM of 2 March 2019. Finally, The Gambia urged Myanmar to take actions
to return to compliance with the Convention, to make reparations to the
victims and to issue assurances and guarantees of non-repetition.38
35 Ibid., para. 40.
36 UN General Assembly, 74th Session, 8th Plenary Meeting, Official Records, UN Doc. A/74/PV.8 (26 September
2019), p. 31.
37 The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, State Counsellor Office, U Kyaw Tint Swe, Union Minister for the
Office of the State Counsellor and Leader of Myanmar Delegation to the 74th Session of United Nations General
Assembly Delivers Statement at High-Level General Debate (New York, 29th September 2019) (30 September
2019), available at https://www.statecounsellor.gov.mm/en/node/2551, p. 11.
38 Note Verbale from Permanent Mission of the Republic of The Gambia to the United Nations to Permanent
Mission of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the United Nations (11 October 2019).
10
22. Despite all the evidence, and the calls on it to desist from further acts of genocide,
Myanmar continues to deny any wrongdoing. It has not responded to The Gambia’s Note
Verbale of 11 October 2019.
23. A dispute therefore exists between The Gambia and Myanmar relating to the
interpretation and application of the Genocide Convention and the fulfilment by Myanmar of
its obligations to prevent genocide and to desist from its own acts of genocide, as well as
Myanmar’s obligation to make reparations to the victims and offer assurances and guarantees
of non-repetition.
24. Accordingly, pursuant to Article 36(1) of the Court’s Statute and Article IX of the
Genocide Convention, the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims submitted in the present
Application by The Gambia against Myanmar.
III. The Facts
A. Background
25. Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) is located in Southeast Asia. It is bordered
by Thailand and Laos to the east, by China to the north, and by India and Bangladesh to the
west. The Bay of Bengal lies to the south.
11
Map of Myanmar39
39 UN Geospatial Information Section, Myanmar, Map No. 4168 Rev. 3 (June 2012), available at
https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/myanmar.pdf.
12
26. Myanmar is “inhabited by a large number of groups with various ethnic, cultural,
linguistic and religious backgrounds.”40 The Bamar, who are predominantly Buddhist, are
Myanmar’s largest ethnic group, estimated to comprise 60-70 percent of the population.41 The
Rohingya, who are Muslim, are one of Myanmar’s ethnic and religious minorities.
27. Nearly all members of the Rohingya group reside in Myanmar’s Rakhine State,
which is located in the westernmost extremity of the country, along the border with
Bangladesh. The Rohingya are a minority within Rakhine State as well; the majority of the
State’s population are ethnic Rakhine (also known as Arakanese), a group that is predominantly
Buddhist. The Rohingya speak their own language, known as Rohingya. The ethnic Rakhine
speak Arakanese, a regional dialect of Burmese.
28. Prior to the genocidal acts that began in 2016, most members of the Rohingya group
lived in the townships of Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung, located in the northern part
of Rakhine State. Until that time, the Rohingya lived predominantly in villages where all or
nearly all the inhabitants were ethnic Rohingya. Some members of the Rohingya group also
lived in ethnically mixed villages and towns. After the Myanmar military attacked and
displaced ethnic Rohingya in 2012, many were confined by Myanmar’s security forces to
enclosed camps which the Rohingya are still forbidden to leave without authorization.
B. Myanmar’s Persecution of the Rohingya Group
29. Myanmar has subjected the Rohingya group to persecution for decades. As far back
as October 1992, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief reported:
since late 1989, the Rohingya citizens of Myanmar … have been
subjected to persecution based on their religious beliefs involving
extrajudicial executions, torture, arbitrary detention, forced
disappearances, intimidation, gang-rape, forced labour, robbery, setting
of fire to homes, evictions, land confiscation and population
resettlement as well as the systematic destruction of towns and
mosques.42
40 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 84.
41 Ibid., para. 84.
42 Ibid., para. 100.
13
30. More recently, the UN Fact-Finding Mission’s September 2018 report found that:
“The Rohingya are in a situation of severe, systemic and institutionalised oppression from birth
to death. Their extreme vulnerability is a consequence of State policies and practices
implemented over decades.”43 The Mission found that the “level of oppression faced by the
Rohingya is hard to fathom” and that “[c]umulatively” the “rules, regulations, orders and
practices” that Myanmar has imposed have “made life for the Rohingya in Rakhine State
slowly but steadily unbearable.” 44 Myanmar has adopted these measures, the Mission
concluded, “to implement a racist and exclusionary vision.”45
31. The Gambia describes below elements of Myanmar’s persecution of the Rohingya
group that the UN Fact-Finding Mission determined are particularly indicative of genocidal
intent, including its systematic denial of legal rights to members of the group and its support
for, and participation in, pervasive hate campaigns designed to achieve the collective
demonisation and dehumanisation of the Rohingya as a group.46
1. Denial of Legal Rights to Members of the Rohingya Group
32. The UN Fact-Finding Mission found evidence of genocidal intent in the “existence
of discriminatory plans and policies,”47 including Myanmar’s 1982 Citizenship Law, a statute
that remains in force, which makes citizenship and the legal rights associated therewith
contingent upon belonging to one of the country’s predetermined racial categories – known as
“national races.”48 Pursuant to this legal regime, the Rohingya are not a “national race,” and
therefore have no rights. The Myanmar authorities even consider that “the Rohingya do not
43 Ibid., para. 458; see also ibid., para. 748 (referring to “[d]ecades of gradual marginalisation and eroding of
rights, resulting in a State-sanctioned and institutionalised system of oppression affecting the lives of Rohingya
from birth to death”).
44 Ibid., para. 622.
45 Ibid., para. 497.
46 ICTY, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Kupreškić et al., Case No. IT-95-16-T, Judgement (14 January 2000), para.
636 (“[W]hen persecution escalates to the extreme form of wilful and deliberate acts designed to destroy a group
or part of a group, it can be held that such persecution amounts to genocide.”).
47 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1425.
48 See ibid., paras. 477-479. On 8 October 1982, Myanmar’s then Head of State, General Ne Win, declared that
there should be “three classes of citizens,” with full citizenship reserved for “pure-blooded nationals,” and the
remaining classes for those who “cannot [be] trust[ed] fully” and who therefore must be denied “full rights.” UN
Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 476 (citing Online Burma/Myanmar Library,
Translation of the speech by General Ne Win provided in The Working People’s Daily, 9 October 1982, available
at http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/Ne_Win%27s_speech_Oct-1982-Citizenshi…). The 1982
Citizenship Law also permits citizenship through means not relevant here, including through naturalisation.
14
belong in Myanmar” because they “are not considered a ‘national race.’”49 According to the
UN Fact-Finding Mission, the Myanmar authorities “object” to the very “use of the name
‘Rohingya,’” insisting instead that they be referred to as “Bengali” so as to suggest they belong
not in Myanmar but in neighbouring Bangladesh.50
33. Myanmar’s persecutory laws and regulations include measures that restrict the
ability of the Rohingya to marry and bear children. Regional Order 1/2005 of the Maungdaw
Township Peace and Development Council, adopted in 2005, includes a section – applicable
only to those who marry “as per the Islamic religion,” i.e., the Rohingya – that mandates
obtaining special marriage permission from the relevant government authorities. Those who
manage to receive permission to marry “must limit the number of children.”51
34. Members of the Rohingya group are also subjected to “severe restrictions” on their
“freedom of movement,” including their “ability to move between villages in the same
township, between townships and outside Rakhine State”52 Rohingya must obtain “travel
permits to leave their township.”53 In northern Rakhine State, “movement between villages is
also restricted and curfews are imposed.”54 The restrictions are enforced through at least 160
security checkpoints.55
35. Since 2012, 128,000 members of the Rohingya group and the Kaman group
(another Muslim minority) in central Rakhine State have been confined in displacement camps
that are “effectively places of deprivation of liberty.”56 The members of the Rohingya group
who reside in these camps are “cordoned off from the outside world … unable to move outside
freely.”57 The Mission found: “In most cases, access is strictly controlled by checkpoints set
up by the Myanmar Police Force. Moreover, many camps are surrounded by barbed wire
fencing. There are also police checkpoints and military posts in the camp area, further limiting
49 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 460.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid., para. 590.
52 Ibid., para. 500.
53 Ibid., para. 525.
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., paras. 512, 517.
57 Ibid., para. 517.
15
freedom of movement.” 58 In the town of Sittwe, approximately 4,000 members of the
Rohingya and Kaman groups are confined to a quarter that the Mission describes as “effectively
a closed ghetto,” guarded by “armed police, checkpoints and barbed wire.”59 There, “Muslims
are trapped and have lived separately from the rest of the population since 2012.”60 Members
of the Rohingya group “can only leave the quarter with special permission and in organized
convoys with police escorts.”61
36. The UN Fact-Finding Mission determined that the restrictions which Myanmar has
imposed since 2012 amount to a “policy of segregation” under which Rohingya are generally
barred from moving to “ethnic Rakhine areas, including the main towns and markets.”62 The
Mission concluded that this State-mandated segregation fosters a “conducive environment for
dehumanization and hate campaigns.”63
2. Hate Propaganda Against the Rohingya Group
37. The UN Fact-Finding Mission found further evidence of genocidal intent in the
Myanmar authorities’ “tolerance for public rhetoric of hatred and contempt for the Rohingya,”
as well as in the “insulting, derogatory, racist and exclusionary utterances of Myanmar officials
and others.”64 Such propaganda includes the Government of Myanmar’s incitement of anti-
Rohingya hatred that portrays the group as a “threat, not only to the local Buddhist
communities, but also to the nation and its Buddhist character as a whole.”65 The Mission
determined that these hate campaigns employ “dehumanising language” and are undertaken
with the “involvement of and condoning by State authorities and influential figures of
authority.”66 This propaganda alleges that the Rohingya identity cannot be reconciled with
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid., para. 520.
60 Ibid.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., para. 525.
63 Ibid., para. 516.
64 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 224.
65 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 606.
66 Ibid., para. 748.
16
belonging to Myanmar. According to the Myanmar military: “Despite living among peacocks,
crows cannot become peacocks.”67
38. The UN Fact-Finding Mission described the vast extent of Myanmar’s hate
campaign against the Rohingya group:
The Mission has examined documents, publications, statements,
Facebook posts and audio-visual materials that have contributed to
shaping public opinion on the Rohingya and Muslims more generally.
The analysis demonstrates that a carefully crafted hate campaign has
developed a negative perception of Muslims among the broad
population in Myanmar. This campaign has been the work of a few key
players: nationalistic political parties and politicians, leading monks,
academics, prominent individuals and members of the Government.
This hate campaign, which continues to the present day, portrays the
Rohingya and other Muslims as an existential threat to Myanmar and to
Buddhism. In the case of the Rohingya, it has gone a step further. It is
accompanied by dehumanising language and the branding of the entire
community as “illegal Bengali immigrants.”68
39. The systematic and sustained hate campaign against the Rohingya group has
included, inter alia:
the fomenting of anti-Rohingya sentiment by the Association for the
Protection of Race and Religion, an organization founded in June 2013 by
the monk Ashin Wirathu, who, among other things, has likened Rohingya to
an invasive species, claiming: “[t]he African catfish have a very great
population and they eat each other and destroy nature” and that “[t]hese
catfish are not allowed into the country to breed”;69
the distribution of literature by monks in Rakhine State directing ethnic
Rakhine not to “do business with” or “associate” with “Bengalis” and
claiming that the “Bengalis who dwell on Arakanese land, drink Arakanese
67 Ibid., para. 85.
68 Ibid., para. 696.
69 Ibid., para. 90; Dr. Kjell Anderson, “The Enemy Next Door: Hate Speech in Burma,” The Sentinel Project (17
October 2014), available at https://thesentinelproject.org/2014/10/17/the-enemy-next-door-hate-spee….
17
water, and rest under Arakanese shadows are now working for the extinction
of the Arakanese”70;
the dissemination of the publication Fear of Extinction of the Race, which
exhorts people to “protect their race and religion,” calls for not patronizing
Muslim shops, an act it describes as akin to “watering poisonous plants,”
and warns, using a racially charged slur used to denote dark skin or foreign
ancestry, “[i]f we are not careful, it is certain that the whole country will be
swallowed by the Muslim Kalars”;71
the publication of the book Influx viruses – The Illegal Muslims in Arakan,
which, among other things, refers to the Rohingya as “hairy with long
beards” and to “Bengali Kalars … swallowing other races”72; and
the publication of the magazine Paccima zone, whose patrons and
committee members include government and police officials, and which has
published articles with such titles as “Black tsunami in a pitiful disguise”
and “Slow invasion” that refer to the Rohingya as the “common enemy” of
all Myanmar ethnic groups.73
40. This pervasive campaign of dehumanization has included appeals for extreme
measures against the Rohingya. On 26 June 2012, for example, the Rakhine Nationalities
Development Party (RNDP), which at the time held the majority of seats in the Rakhine State
legislature,74 called for a “final solution” to deal with the threat posed by what it referred to as
the “present population of Bengali.”75
70 Human Rights Watch, “All you can do is Pray”: Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya
Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State (2013), available at
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/burma0413_FullForWeb.pdf, p. 25.
71 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 697 & n. 1510.
72 Ibid., para. 700.
73 Ibid., paras. 701-702.
74 The Rakhine Nationalities Development Party held 18 seats out of 35 seats in the Rakhine (Arakan) State
parliament. See The Burma Fund UN Office, Burma’s 2010 Elections: A comprehensive report (January 2011),
available at http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/BurmaFund-Election_Report-text.pdf, p. 34, table 3.
75 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 713.
18
41. The UN Fact-Finding Mission observed that the RNDP “praised Hitler and argued
that inhuman acts” are “sometimes necessary to maintain a race.”76 In November 2012, its
magazine referred to the need to take “a decisive stand on the issue of Bengali Muslims” and
warned that “if we do not courageously solve these problems, which we have inherited from
several previous generations, and instead hand them over to the next generation, we will go
down in history as irresponsible.”77 It stated:
Although Hitler and Eichmann were the greatest enemies of the Jews,
they were probably heroes to the Germans. America had to drop nuclear
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Why? If inhumane acts are
sometimes permitted to maintain a race, a country and the sovereignty
... our endeavours to maintain the Rakhine race and the sovereignty and
longevity of the Union of Myanmar cannot be labelled as inhumane.78
42. The Myanmar Government itself has spread, as well as condoned, similarly
extremist anti-Rohingya propaganda. Myanmar’s Ministry of Immigration and Population
(now the Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population) has employed the following slogan
as its motto since 1995: “The earth will not swallow a race to extinction but another race will.”79
43. In August 2011, during parliamentary discussion of the issuance of registration
cards to members of the Rohingya group, Myanmar’s Minister of Immigration stated: “Our
Ministry is trying its best to uphold the slogan ‘Race is not swallowed by the earth but by
another race.’”80
44. In June 2012, the spokesperson of the President of Myanmar posted a statement on
his Facebook account warning of the arrival of “Rohingya terrorists” who the Myanmar
military would “completely destroy.”81 He stated:
We don’t want to hear any humanitarian or human rights excuses. We
don’t want to hear your moral superiority, or so-called peace and loving
kindness. (Go and look at Buthidaung, Maungdaw areas in Rakhine
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid. (citing Rakhine Nationalities Development Party, Toe Thet Yay Journal, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2012)).
78 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 713.
79 Ibid., paras. 698-699.
80 Ibid., para. 699.
81 Ibid., para. 705.
19
State. Our ethnic people are in constant fear in their own land. I feel
very bitter about this. This is our country. This is our land.)82
45. Investigative reporting by The New York Times disclosed in October 2018 that the
“Myanmar military were the prime operatives behind a systematic campaign on Facebook that
stretched back half a decade and that targeted the country’s mostly Muslim Rohingya minority
group.”83 This involved “hundreds of military personnel who created troll accounts and news
and celebrity pages on Facebook and then flooded them with incendiary comments and posts
timed for peak viewership.”84 The head of cybersecurity policy at Facebook said the company
had found “clear and deliberate attempts to covertly spread propaganda that were directly
linked to the Myanmar military.”85
46. Myanmar has specifically sought to instil hatred of the Rohingya among its military
recruits. The UN Fact-Finding Mission reported that in October 2012 soldiers received training
on the “expansion of Islam” and the consequent “extinction of Buddhism.”86 They were also
given an anti-Muslim presentation entitled “Fear of extinction of the race” that referred to the
need to “protect our race and religion as much as possible.”87
C. The Commission of Genocidal Acts Against the Rohingya as a Group
47. As set out below, and as will be described in greater detail over the course of these
proceedings, Myanmar’s persecution against the Rohingya population as a group escalated
dramatically in October 2016, when its military and security forces commenced so-called
“clearance operations” against Rohingya villages, leading to the genocidal acts that are the
subject of this Application.
82 Ibid.
83 “A genocide incited on Facebook, with Posts from Myanmar’s Military,” The New York Times (15 October
2018), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide….
84 Ibid.
85 Ibid.
86 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 716.
87 Ibid.
20
1. The “Clearance Operations” that Began on 9 October 2016
48. In the early hours of 9 October 2016, a small number of Rohingya, armed mainly
with sticks, knives and a few firearms, reacting to Myanmar’s persecution of the group,
attacked three Border Guard Police posts in northern Rakhine State.88 Just hours later, the
Tatmadaw, operating in coordination with the Myanmar Police Force and Border Guard Police,
commenced what they called “clearance operations” targeted at Rohingya villages in a
designated “lockdown zone” in central Maungdaw Township. 89 During these operations,
Myanmar forces systematically shot, killed, forcibly disappeared, raped, gang raped, sexually
assaulted, detained, beat and tortured Rohingya civilians, and burned down and destroyed
Rohingya homes, mosques, madrassas, shops and Qur’ans.90 As they committed these crimes,
the perpetrators called their victims “people from Bangladesh,”91 “Bengali,”92 and “Kalar.”93
49. The first such “clearance operation” was conducted at Wa Peik village. 94 Six
military vehicles entered the village and began systematically killing Rohingya villagers.95
One survivor recalled: “When the soldiers entered the village, they started shooting. … I saw
them shoot at people as they fled.”96 Another recounted: “The military would go in a house,
88 Ibid., paras. 1009, 1011, 1020, 1036, 1069. UNGA, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur
on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, UN Doc. A/HRC/34/67 (14 March 2017), para. 64. At the time, the
group of Rohingya attackers did not have a name. After the attack, the group called itself the Faith Movement
(Harakah Al-Yaqin). In March 2017, the group rebranded itself as the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).
See UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1010-1012.
89 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1069, 1072; UN OHCHR, Report of
OHCHR mission to Bangladesh: Interviews with Rohingyas fleeing from Myanmar since 9 October 2016: FLASH
REPORT (3 February 2017), available at
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/FlashReport3Feb2017.pdf [hereinafter UN OHCHR, Flash
Report (2017)], p. 7.
90 See generally UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1069-1095; UN OHCHR,
Flash Report (2017), pp. 13-40.
91 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
92 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1075.
93 Ibid.
94 Human Rights Watch, Burma: Military Burned Villages in Rakhine State (13 December 2016), available at
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/13/burma-military-burned-villages-rakh….
95 Matthew Smith, “Bringing Burma Back from the Brink,” Wall Street Journal (15 February 2017), available at
https://www.wsj.com/articles/bringing-burma-back-from-the-brink-1487181….
96 Ibid.
21
then it would set on fire, then they went to another house, and fire would start. Everywhere
they went a fire would start and smoke would rise.”97
50. The next day, 10 October 2016, Myanmar security forces carried out a “clearance
operation” at Doe Tan, a village located in Maungdaw Township.98 A survivor recounts:
The military came to our village on 10 October in the morning. First
they started shooting into the air, people were scared and came out of
their homes, and then they started killing people. They were shooting at
people. We were all trying to flee, I was running and at that point I was
shot and fell into the paddy field. Since I was running I am not sure on
which side the bullet entered and where it exited. My cousin helped me
and brought me home and treated my wound. My father was killed at
the same time as I was shot.99
51. In some villages, the military used helicopters to shoot members of the Rohingya
group.100 Survivors describe how bullets “rained” on them whilst they tried to run away.101
52. During these operations, the military carried out mass executions of Rohingya men
and boys. The UN Fact-Finding Mission reported that at the village of Dar Gyi Zar, “Tatmadaw
soldiers captured a group of up to 200 men, women and children, and took them to a paddy
field, where they were told to kneel.”102 After beating them and ordering the men to remove
their shirts, the military “separated from the group” the “men and boys of approximately 12
years or older.”103
53. The women and children were taken to a house where they “heard repeated gunfire
and the screams of the men and boys outside.”104 When they emerged from the house after the
97 Amnesty International, “We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in Myanmar, Neglected in
Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, p. 29.
98 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 14.
99 Ibid.
100 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1084; UN OHCHR, Flash Report
(2017), p. 15.
101 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
102 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1085-1086.
103 Ibid., para. 1086.
104 Ibid.
22
soldiers had left, the women saw “[t]he bodies of the men and boys had been put in a pile, or
series of piles, and burned using hay, harvested rice, and the removed shirts.”105
54. The Myanmar military proceeded to systematically burn and destroy entire
Rohingya villages, with an intention to destroy the group in whole or in part. The Office of the
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (“OHCHR”) concluded, based on analysis of
“testimonies as well as the satellite imagery analysis from three independent sources,” that
Myanmar security forces had “deliberately targeted the entire Rohingya population in the
area.”106 These findings were corroborated by evaluations conducted by international human
rights organizations. Amnesty International concluded: “Satellite images demonstrate
widespread destruction of homes and other civilian properties – in some cases, entire villages
have been destroyed.”107 This included the destruction by fire of at least 1,262 buildings across
12 villages from October to November 2016.108 Human Rights Watch’s separate analysis
concluded that approximately 1,500 buildings in Rohingya villages were burned between
10 October and 23 November 2016.109
55. A “major cause of deaths was due to burning of houses.”110 The OHCHR reports
that “[n]umerous testimonies collected from people from different villages” have “confirmed
that the army deliberately set fire to houses with families inside.”111 In some cases, the military
“pushed Rohingya into already burning houses.” 112 The OHCHR also reported instances
where “the army or Rakhine villagers locked an entire family, including elderly and disabled
people, inside a house and set it on fire, killing them all.”113
105 Ibid., para. 1087.
106 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), pp. 41-42.
107 Amnesty International, “We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in Myanmar, Neglected in
Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, p. 25.
108 Ibid.
109 Human Rights Watch, Burma: Military Burned Villages in Rakhine State (13 December 2016), available at
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/13/burma-military-burned-villages-rakh….
110 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), pp. 16-17.
111 Ibid.
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
23
56. In one such case, an 11-year old girl from Yae Khat Chaung Gwa Son village
reported:
After entering our house, the army apprehended us. They pushed my
mother on the ground. They removed her clothes, and four officers raped
her. They also slaughtered my father, a prayer leader, just before raping
my mother. After a few minutes, they burnt the house with a rocket, with
my mother inside. All this happened before my eyes.114
57. In some instances, the military tied Rohingya to trees and burned them alive.115 A
survivor from Yae Khat Chaung Gwa Son village recounts:
The military dragged my grandmother and grandfather out of their
house. First they were severely beaten, then tied to a tree. The military
then put dried grass, woods around them and set them on fire.116
58. Children, including infants, were deliberately targeted. According to the OHCHR,
victims ranged in ages “from newborns to teenagers.”117 They included children who were
“killed by live ammunition or stabbed while at home; while fleeing to safety; or while in farms
or fields.”118
59. A mother of four from Pwint Hpyu Chang reported:
I fled together with my four children. I was holding and carrying the two
youngest. My two oldest children, my daughter who was six years old
and my son who was 10, were behind me. When the armed men were
running after me, I hid behind some trees and bushes. The men caught
my two oldest children and killed them. They used a knife of the kind
we use to slaughter goats. I saw this from where I was hiding.119
60. Another survivor recounted:
In Kyet Yoe Pyin I saw the military killing a newborn baby of a distant
relative. She was about to deliver the baby just after the military entered
the village. We were all inside the house and the military made us come
114 Ibid.
115 See, e.g., UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 17.
116 Ibid.
117 Ibid., p. 18.
118 Ibid.
119 Ibid.
24
out. My relative could not come out as she was in labour so they dragged
her out and hit her stomach with a big stick. They killed the baby by
stomping on it with their heavy boots. Then they burned the house.120
61. A survivor from the same village recounts: “They held me tight and I was raped by
one of them. My five-year old daughter tried to protect me, she was screaming, one of the men
took out a long knife and killed her by slitting her throat.”121
62. Myanmar military and security forces committed sexual violence on a massive
scale, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity, and sexual assault.122 The OHCHR reported
that the majority of the rape victims it interviewed were “raped by more than one soldier,
usually three to four but even up to eight officers.”123 It also found: “Rape by an individual
soldier would typically occur alongside a gang rape – i.e. several women would be targeted for
rape within a particular house, school or mosque and the majority of them would be gang raped
while some were raped by only one individual.”124
63. At Kyet Yoe Pyin village, in Maungdaw Township, one survivor estimated that
more than 100 females were raped.125
64. A survivor from Dar Gyi Zar village encountered 13 women: “They could not
speak, they were just crying. They all had injuries. Their clothes had blood on them, around
their private parts... they had marks on their necks from where they were held.”126
65. A mother who survived her village’s “clearance operation” gave the following
account, as summarized by the UN Fact-Finding Mission:
One survivor described eight to ten Tatmadaw soldiers entering the
house she was in and taking two young girls to the toilet. She held a
child in her lap so that the Tatmadaw would realise that she was a mother
and would not rape her. The soldiers threw the child aside; five to six
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1091-1092.
123 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 21.
124 Ibid.
125 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1111.
126 Amnesty International, “We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in Myanmar, Neglected in
Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, p. 25.
25
men raped her. She said that she had pain everywhere afterwards and
bled until she reached Bangladesh. She heard that the two girls who were
taken to the toilet died.127
66. A 14-year-old female survivor of a clearance operation described her experience as
follows:
We were hiding in the forest and the soldiers took my sister, who was
12-years old, and eight other girls. Four of them were raped and killed.
Then the soldiers took me. There were around 40 women and girls in the
forest. I remember the first man who raped me, feeling all the pain. I
became numb to the next three men and then I went unconscious. They
were raping most of the women and girls.128
67. On 16 February 2017, after four months of systematic atrocities against members
of the Rohingya group, the Myanmar Government declared an end to the “clearance
operations.”129 Thereafter, a Government Investigation Commission, led by Myanmar’s Vice-
President, absolved the security forces of any wrongdoing and endorsed the “lawfulness and
appropriateness of the response.”130 To date, Myanmar has taken no steps to hold those
responsible for these atrocities accountable.131
68. Despite the official end to the “clearance operations,” widespread persecution of
the Rohingya – through the same tactics employed in those operations – continued. The
humanitarian crisis faced by the Rohingya was further exacerbated by the Government’s
prohibition of humanitarian assistance to the lockdown zone.132 The worst was yet to come.
2. The Resumption of “Clearance Operations” on 25 August 2017
69. Six months after the official end of the Myanmar State’s “clearance operations”
against members of the Rohingya group, they were formally resumed. On 10 August 2017,
127 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1093.
128 Ibid., paras. 1091-1092.
129 Ibid., paras. 1069-1070.
130 Ibid., para. 1071.
131 Ibid., para. 1564.
132 Ibid., para. 573; UNGA, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human
rights in Myanmar, UN Doc. A/HRC/34/67 (14 March 2017), para. 66; Amnesty International, “We Are at
Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, pp. 7, 32.
26
Myanmar airlifted to Rakhine State more than 1,600 members of the Tatmadaw’s 33rd and
99th Light Infantry Divisions (“LID”) from northern Myanmar.133 National media in Myanmar
contemporaneously reported that these military forces were “going to northern Rakhine to carry
out area clearance.”134 Other military units were also re-deployed to northern Rakhine State,
and stationed in areas normally only guarded by Border Guard Police units.135 These forces
were accompanied by tanks, armoured personnel carriers, heavy artillery, helicopters and naval
vessels.136
70. One survivor of the resumed “clearance operations” recounted:
My Rakhine neighbour said to me, “Now you Rohingya are doomed
because the government is sending military from Yangon who are
coming here to kill every Muslim. Someday in Rakhine State there will
be no Rohingya Muslims at all.”137
71. During these renewed “clearance operations,” the Commander-in-Chief of
Myanmar’s armed forces, Senior-General Min Aung Hlaing, confirmed that this was indeed
the objective of the operations: “The Bengali problem was a long-standing one which has
become an unfinished job despite the efforts of the previous governments to solve it. The
government in office is taking great care in solving the problem.”138
72. Myanmar’s pretext for resuming “clearance operations” on 25 August 2017 was
attacks on a military base and various security outposts by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation
Army (“ARSA”), carried out largely by untrained individuals wielding sticks and knives, with
a small number bearing arms and improvised explosive devices.139
73. Immediately following these incidents, Myanmar launched a coordinated second
wave of “clearance operations” across northern Rakhine State, far more brutal and expansive
than had been carried out previously. The UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded:
133 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1151.
134 Ibid., para. 1151.
135 Ibid., para. 1153.
136 Ibid., paras. 1152, 1156.
137 Ibid., para. 1153.
138 Ibid., para. 753.
139 Ibid., para. 750.
27
The security forces’ response was immediate, within hours, brutal and
grossly disproportionate. Ostensibly to eliminate the ‘terrorist threat’
posed by ARSA, in the days and weeks that followed it encompassed
hundreds of villages across Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung
Townships. The operations targeted and terrorised the entire Rohingya
population....140
74. The UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded that the level of coordination of the
attacks against members of the Rohingya group evidenced that it had been pre-planned by
senior Government officials:
This level of build-up, both in quantity and nature, would have required
significant logistical planning over a considerable period. It would have
required decisions at the most senior levels of the Tatmadaw. The
Mission has concluded that this preparation, the joint nature of the
operations, and the deployment of the [Light Infantry Divisions] indicate
that the “clearance operations,” or at least the ability to carry out a large
and widespread operation, was planned and ordered well in advance of
25 August 2017.141
75. The Myanmar military’s modus operandi was similar to, but more extensive and
brutal than, earlier “clearance operations.” 142 Tatmadaw soldiers, accompanied by other
security forces, entered Rohingya villages early in the morning whilst most villagers were
asleep, 143 and fired rocket launchers, mortars, and bullets into Rohingya homes. 144 The
Government forces then tortured, raped and killed the inhabitants, including those who tried to
flee, before burning their homes to the ground, often with members of the Rohingya group
inside.145
76. The UN Fact-Finding Mission determined:
Many Rohingya were killed or injured by indiscriminate shooting.
Rohingya villages were approached without warning, usually from more
than one direction, and often in the early morning, by armed Tatmadaw
soldiers. They were often accompanied by other armed security forces,
including the BGP, the Myanmar Police Force and riot police (known
140 Ibid., para. 751.
141 Ibid., para. 1157.
142 Ibid., para. 752.
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid., paras. 752, 961.
145 Ibid., paras. 884-911.
28
as Ion htein), and frequently by ethnic Rakhine civilians. Members of
the security forces, primarily Tatmadaw soldiers of the Western
Command and the 33rd and 99th LIDs, shot assault rifles towards the
Rohingya villages from a distance, not targeting any particular military
objective or making any distinction between ARSA fighters and
civilians. Men, women and children were all shot at. Many victims
referred to the volume of gunfire, with some describing it as “raining
bullets.” Many were shot and killed or injured while attempting to
flee.146
77. The UN Fact-Finding Mission documented “detailed accounts” of “corroborated
mass killings” in which “hundreds, of men, women and children were killed” in “targeted
attacks.”147 Soldiers “shot individual persons, including at point blank range, and executed
people, including those injured, by slitting their throats using long knives.”148 In some places
“these targeted killings occurred as Tatmadaw soldiers and other security forces systematically
moved from house to house, pulling people out of their homes and executing them, or shooting
then inside their houses, or as they left their houses, often in front of family members.”149
78. In Min Gyi, the Myanmar military “separated women and children from the men”
and “systematically killed the men.”150 At Chut Pyin, the soldiers “dragged people from houses
and shot some of them at point blank range.”151 Others were “killed by having their throats slit
with large knives.”152 At Maung Nu, the military seized the village’s male inhabitants and tied
them up. The soldiers then “opened fire on the men and boys” and “slit their throats with
knives.”153
79. As before, the Myanmar military and security forces did not spare Rohingya
children. The UN Secretary-General’s annual report on children reports that during a
“clearance operation” in Buthidaung Township, both “[m]en and boys were taken from
146 Ibid., para. 884.
147 Ibid., para. 892.
148 Ibid., para. 893.
149 Ibid., para. 893.
150 Ibid., para. 766.
151 Ibid., para. 783.
152 Ibid.
153 Ibid., para. 808.
29
houses.” 154 They “had their hands tied and were forced to lie down on the ground.” 155
Witnesses saw “the men and boys being killed one by one.”156 At least “28 boys between the
ages of 8 and 17 years old were killed.”157
80. At Koe Tan Kauk, in Rathedaung Township, escapees who returned to the village
after the clearance operation found “bodies with throats cut and decapitated heads, including
those of children.”158 One survivor testified: “I found my six-month old son’s body lying next
to my wife’s body. She had been shot. My baby son was stabbed in his stomach and his
intestine and liver were coming out.”159
81. A woman from Kyein Chaung village, in northern Maungdaw Township, described
how soldiers killed two of her children, while a third survived multiple stab wounds to her
head:
Soldiers took to me into a house and beat me and my youngest child. He
was one and a half years old, and he died as a result of the beating. My
four year old son’s hand was being held by my daughter, who was also
stabbed in the head. He started crying and then the military stabbed him
and he died. It was with a long knife, the length of a forearm.160
82. Another witness described the killing of women and children in Kyet Yoe Pyin, in
Maungdaw Township: “A pregnant woman in labour was being assisted by a midwife as well
as a number of other female relatives. I saw approximately five soldiers enter the house and
heard a few gunshots.” She recounted: “Later I went back and saw the dead bodies of an elderly
woman, the mother, a two-year old girl, and another girl who was 16 to 18 years old and the
new-born baby.”161
83. A survivor from Kha Maung Seik village, in Maungdaw Township, described how:
154 UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar, UN Doc.
S/2018/956 (29 October 2018), para. 15.
155 Ibid.
156 Ibid.
157 Ibid.
158 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 837.
159 Ibid.
160 Ibid., para. 894.
161 Ibid., para. 895.
30
When their parents were killed, and the children were standing alone,
they [soldiers] threw the children in the river . . . We were watching from
the other side of the riverbank. Even the newborns and the ones who
could barely walk, they threw them in the river. It was not far from
where we were hiding.162
84. Entire Rohingya villages were set afire and destroyed as part of the second wave of
“clearance operations,” often with their inhabitants locked inside burning homes. By
“analysing satellite imagery and witness accounts,” the UN Fact Finding Mission documented
the “widespread, systematic, deliberate, organized and targeted destruction, mainly by fire, of
Rohingya-populated areas” in the three northern Rakhine State townships of Maungdaw,
Buthidaung, and Rathedaung. 163 Satellite imagery from August 2017 to March 2018
demonstrates that approximately 392 Rohingya villages were partially (214) or totally (178)
destroyed by fire, during this period.164
85. The Mission identified approximately 37,700 individual structures as having been
destroyed, the “vast majority” of which were “Rohingya homes.” Other buildings, including
“markets, religious schools (madrassas) and mosques,” were destroyed as well.165 Myanmar
accomplished this immense level of destruction both “manually using flammable liquid and
matches” and by using “launchers,” i.e., “weapons firing a munition that explodes upon
impact.”166
86. The UN Fact-Finding Mission “verified a pattern of Tatmadaw soldiers
intentionally forcing people into houses that were either burning or about to be set alight, and
even locking them inside.”167 A witness from Ngan Chuang, in northern Maungdaw Township,
who managed to escape, reported: “The military came into my village and burned the houses
162 Fortify Rights, They Gave Them Long Swords: Preparations for Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
Against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state, Myanmar (July 2018), available at
https://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/Fortify_Rights_Long_Swords_July…, p. 67.
163 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 959.
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid., para. 960.
166 Ibid., para. 905.
167 Ibid., para. 908.
31
with launchers. I was inside my house with my children when they locked the door from the
outside.”168
87. Similarly, at Min Gyi, in Maungdaw Township, “soldiers took women and children
to houses where they were raped and gang raped, after which the doors were locked and the
houses set on fire.”169 Most victims, including “young children who had accompanied their
mothers, were unable to escape and burned to death.”170
88. The Mission obtained accounts of “people, including babies and children, being
pushed or thrown into burning houses by soldiers.” For example, at Myin Hlut, in Maungdaw
Township, a witness saw “two young children, six or seven years old, running out of a burning
house, only to be pushed back in by soldiers.”171
89. At Kyauk Pan Du, in Maungdaw Township, a survivor witnessed a “group of
approximately 10 women, children and elderly persons trying to escape a burning house, but
being pushed back inside by soldiers.”172 The same witness saw a soldier “stabbing a child,
and then pushing the child inside the burning house.”173 The entire Rohingya family was
burned alive in the house.174
90. Tellingly, satellite imagery reveals that wherever the Tatmadaw carried out a
“clearance operation” on a mixed ethnicity village or village tract, only the Rohingya
settlements were targeted. Ethnic Rakhine people and habitations remained untouched.175
91. Widespread rape and sexual violence were again a hallmark of Myanmar’s
“clearance operations.” The UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded that “[r]ape and other sexual
and gender-based violence,” including gang rapes, sexually humiliating acts, sexual slavery
and sexual mutilations, were “perpetrated on a massive scale.”176 It determined that the “main
168 Ibid.
169 Ibid., para. 909.
170 Ibid.
171 Ibid., para. 910.
172 Ibid.
173 Ibid.
174 Ibid.
175 Ibid., paras. 972-973.
176 Ibid., para. 920.
32
perpetrators were the Tatmadaw, although other security forces, and sometimes ethnic Rakhine
men, were also involved.”177
92. The UN Fact-Finding Mission identified as a “notable pattern” the perpetration of
“mass gang rape, involving multiple perpetrators and multiple victims in the same incident.”178
These crimes were “commonly perpetrated in open public spaces, in front of family and
neighbours, within forested areas near the village; in large houses within the village; and during
detention in military and police compounds.”179 During these attacks, “up to 40 women and
girls were raped or gang raped together.”180 The victims were “commonly raped by more than
one perpetrator, frequently by many perpetrators, sometimes as many as ten.”181
93. One victim – eight months pregnant at the time – testified about the crimes
committed by the Tatmadaw, some of whom she recognized from the local military camp:
“They stamped and kicked my stomach with their boots, and then stripped me naked…. I was
blindfolded and hung by my wrists from a tree. I was raped nine times, both anally and
vaginally. I counted all of them.”182
94. She then states: “Whilst they were raping me, they bit me on my breasts and neck.
They left me tied to the tree. My mother found me in the evening. My unborn baby died.”183
95. The UN Fact-Finding Mission reported that “[m]any victims were killed after being
raped,” with most having had their throats slit or burned to death.184 It observed: “A large
number of interviewees saw dead bodies of women and girls en route to Bangladesh who they
thought had been raped, because the bodies were naked and large amounts of blood were visible
between their legs.”185
177 Ibid.
178 Ibid., para. 921.
179 Ibid.
180 Ibid.
181 Ibid.
182 Ibid.
183 Ibid.
184 Ibid., para. 927.
185 Ibid.
33
96. The Mission concluded: “Death may have been caused by genital trauma, especially
when a woman had been gang raped, or women and girls may have been raped with
instruments, such as knives or sticks, which caused internal organ damage, leading to death.”186
97. One rape victim, who had been gang raped with her sister, heard a member of the
Tatmadaw say: “We are going to kill you this way, by raping. We are going to kill Rohingya.
We will rape you. This is not your country.”187
98. The UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded: “the widespread sexual violence and the
manner in which it was perpetrated was an intended effort, at least in part, to weaken the social
cohesion of the Rohingya community and contribute to the destruction of the Rohingya as a
group and the breakdown of the Rohingya way of life.”188 The use of rape and sexual violence
as an instrument of genocide – to destroy a group in whole or in part – is well-established in
international law.189
3. Ongoing Genocidal Acts and Threats of Genocidal Acts Against the
Rohingya Group
99. Although Myanmar claims to have ended its most recent wave of “clearance
operations,” the UN Fact-Finding Mission’s September 2019 report to the UN Human Rights
Council found that the Rohingya “remain the target of a Government attack aimed at erasing
the[ir] identity and removing them from Myanmar.”190
100. According to an analysis performed by UNOSAT, between November 2018,
that is, after Myanmar claimed to have ended its “clearance operations,” and May 2019, 30
villages – located primarily in central Maungdaw and Buthidaung Townships – were destroyed
186 Ibid.
187 Ibid., para. 932.
188 Ibid., para. 941.
189 ICTR, Trial Chamber I, Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgement (2 September 1998), paras.
732-734.
190 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 2.
34
“mostly by burning.”191 UNOSAT estimates that by April 2019 the number of destroyed
structures had risen to approximately 40,600 across 416 settlements.192
101. On 10 July 2019, the UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights stated:
“In a continuation of attacks, it was reported that on 2 May and 9 May 2019 Rohingya homes
and shops were burned in Maungdaw and Buthidaung townships.” 193 The Deputy High
Commissioner also stated that “on 28 May 2019, reports alleged that the remaining Rohingya
houses in Taung Bazar, Buthidaung township, were also burned to the ground.”194 She further
observed: “Our information suggests that the authorities have taken no steps to investigate these
attacks.”195
102. Myanmar’s continuing attacks on the Rohingya group and ongoing destruction
of Rohingya villages are accompanied by other efforts to make life for the Rohingya
impossible. These include denying access to food. According to the UN Fact-Finding Mission,
“[s]ince the ‘clearance operations’ began on 25 August 2017, the Government has severely
restricted access to food for Rohingya in Rakhine State.”196
103. In March 2018, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmar reported that “there appears to be a policy of forced starvation in place, designed to
make life in northern Rakhine unsustainable for Rohingya who remain.”197 This is still the
case. In 2019, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women found that
the remaining members of the local Rohingya group were “experiencing conditions of forced
starvation, with security forces denying access to the remaining rice fields and markets.”198 In
191 Ibid., para. 128.
192 Ibid., para. 116.
193 UN OHCHR, Update on Myanmar at the 41st Session of the Human Rights Council: Statement by UN Deputy
High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kate Gilmore (10 July 2019), available at
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24811….
194 Ibid.
195 Ibid.
196 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 156.
197 UN OHCHR, Statement by Ms. Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council (12 March 2018), available at
https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22806….
198 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 158 (quoting CEDAW, Concluding
observations on the exceptional report of Myanmar (advance unedited version), UN Doc. No.
CEDAW/C/MMR/EP/CO/1 (8 March 2019)).
35
July 2019, the FAO and WFP warned that food security in northern Rakhine State had become
“precarious.”199
104. To implement its policy of forced starvation of the Rohingya group, Myanmar
has engaged in widespread confiscation of agricultural lands on which the Rohingya grow
subsistence crops essential to their survival. The UN Fact-Finding Mission determined that
Myanmar is undertaking “a concerted effort” to “confiscate” these “lands from which it
forcibly displaced hundreds of thousands of Rohingya.”200 The ongoing land confiscations
extend beyond the Rohingya villages that Myanmar destroyed during the “clearance
operations.” The Mission reported that “Rohingya-owned and cultivated land” has now been
“confiscated in areas of northern Rakhine State where Rohingya remained.”201 According to
the Mission’s findings, members of the Rohingya group are “no longer allowed to consume
products from their own lands following the confiscation.”202
105. The UN Fact-Finding Mission reported that Rohingya farmers living in the
village of Ah Lel Chaung in Buthidaung recounted that “security forces began harvesting
Rohingya fields to the west of the village and took the crops away in trucks.”203 The Mission
further noted that Rakhine State’s Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Mining
stated that an enterprise controlled by the Myanmar Government had overseen the harvesting
and sale of 45,000 acres of what the Minister cynically described as “ownerless Bengali
land.”204
106. To the same end, Myanmar security forces and members of ethnic Rakhine
communities under their protection “routinely visit Rohingya villages to confiscate food,
including crops and even humanitarian aid.”205 The UN Fact-Finding Mission found that the
Tatmadaw and ethnic Rakhine “deliberately kill[] or confiscate[] livestock, including cattle,
goats and chickens, without permission or payment.”206 An interviewee from Buthidaung
199 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 159.
200 Ibid., para. 139.
201 Ibid., para. 123.
202 Ibid., para. 126.
203 Ibid., para. 123.
204 Ibid.
205 Ibid., para. 161.
206 Ibid., para. 163.
36
Township stated: “the army would often come to the village, search houses for food and steal
anything they could find.”207
107. Another Rohingya who was forced to flee Buthidaung Township reported:
Military, police and members of ethnic Rakhine constantly came to the
village and looted everything including food items. The military took
away my seven cows that I was grassing in the hillside. I cultivated rice
in my land, when it was ready for harvesting; members of ethnic
Rakhine snatched the harvest. I was left with nothing except two goats,
which I had to offer to the military for my release, as I was unable to pay
them 100,000 Kyat. I was arrested at my home and after beating, they
demanded 100,000 Kyat.208
108. In some areas, the military has “ordered villages not to cultivate their lands.”209
A survivor of the “clearance operations” stated that afterwards: “The military and ethnic
Rakhine occupied most of our lands and residents were ordered not to cultivate their lands…
residents were starving and were on the brink of famine.”210
109. Based on the UN Fact-Finding Mission’s evaluation of the evidence that it had
collected over the preceding year, its September 2019 report concluded that “many of the
factors that contributed to the killings, rapes and gang rapes, torture, forced displacement and
other grave human rights violations by the Tatmadaw and other government authorities that
the Mission documented in its 2018 report are still present.”211 The Mission found that “grave
violations against the Rohingya continue” and that there is a “real and significant danger of the
situation deteriorating further.”212
110. This recent report, submitted in mid-September 2019, leaves no doubt that the
approximately 600,000 Rohingya who remain in Myanmar are in “real and significant danger”
of further genocidal acts at the hands of the Myanmar State. According to the report: “there is
a serious risk that genocidal actions may occur or recur, and that Myanmar is failing in its
207 Ibid., para. 162.
208 Ibid., para. 164.
209 Ibid., para. 165.
210 Ibid.
211 Ibid., para. 2.
212 Ibid., para. 58.
37
obligation to prevent genocide, to investigate genocide and to enact effective legislation
criminalizing and punishing genocide.”213 The risk to the Rohingya is especially grave because
“the State continues to harbour genocidal intent.”214 As a consequence, “the Rohingya people
remain at serious risk of genocide under the terms of the Genocide Convention.”215
IV. The Claims of The Gambia
111. Based on the above, as well as the voluminous evidence to be presented over
the course of these proceedings, The Gambia considers that Myanmar—through its State
organs, State agents, and other persons and entities acting on the instructions of or under the
direction and control of Myanmar—is responsible for violations of its obligations under the
Genocide Convention, including Articles I, III, IV, V and VI. Violations of the Genocide
Convention include, but are not limited to:
committing genocide in violation of Article III(a);
conspiracy to commit genocide in violation of Article III(b);
direct and public incitement to commit genocide in violation of Article
III(c);
attempting to commit genocide in violation of Article III(d);
complicity in genocide in violation of Article III(e);
failing to prevent genocide in violation of Article I;
failing to punish genocide in violation of Articles I, IV and VI; and
failing to enact the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of
the Genocide Convention and to provide effective penalties for persons
guilty of genocide or of any of the acts enumerated in Article III, in violation
of Article V.
213 Ibid., paras. 9, 58.
214 Ibid., para. 238.
215 Ibid., para. 242.
38
V. The Relief Sought
112. While reserving the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application, and
subject to the presentation to the Court of the relevant evidence and legal arguments, The
Gambia respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Myanmar:
has breached and continues to breach its obligations under the Genocide
Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III(a),
III(b), III(c), III(d), III(e), IV, V and VI;
must cease forthwith any such ongoing internationally wrongful act and
fully respect its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular
the obligations provided under Articles I, III(a), III(b), III(c), III(d), III(e),
IV, V and VI;
must ensure that persons committing genocide are punished by a competent
tribunal, including before an international penal tribunal, as required by
Articles I and VI;
must perform the obligations of reparation in the interest of the victims of
genocidal acts who are members of the Rohingya group, including but not
limited to allowing the safe and dignified return of forcibly displaced
Rohingya and respect for their full citizenship and human rights and
protection against discrimination, persecution, and other related acts,
consistent with the obligation to prevent genocide under Article I; and
must offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of violations of the
Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles
I, III(a), III(b), III(c), III(d), III(e), IV, V and VI.
VI. Request for Provisional Measures
113. In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 73, 74
and 75 of the Rules of Court, The Gambia requests that the Court indicate provisional measures.
In light of the nature of the rights at issue, as well as the ongoing, severe and irreparable harm
being suffered by members of the Rohingya group, The Gambia requests that the Court address
the request as a matter of extreme urgency.
39
114. This Application describes a brutal and continuing campaign of sweeping
genocidal acts and measures, imposed by Myanmar against members of the Rohingya group,
intended to destroy the group in whole or in part. Myanmar has perpetrated acts of genocide
that collectively target the Rohingya by, inter alia, killing members of the group, including
women and children; committing rape and other forms of sexual violence and perverse cruelty
against Rohingya women and girls; and burning their homes and villages and confiscating their
lands and livestock in a manner intended to deny them access to food, shelter and other
essentials of life. These acts are committed against members of the Rohingya group solely on
the basis of their ethnical, racial, or religious origin, with the intention of destroying them as a
group, as such, in whole or in part, constituting flagrant violations of Myanmar’s obligations
under Articles I, III(a), III(b), III(c), III(d), III(e), IV, V and VI of the Genocide Convention.
115. Provisional measures are necessary in this case to protect against further,
irreparable harm to the rights of the Rohingya group under the Genocide Convention, which
continue to be violated with impunity. The Gambia requests that the Court indicate provisional
measures to protect and preserve these rights, and to prevent aggravation or extension of the
dispute concerning Myanmar’s genocidal actions, pending the determination of the merits of
the issues raised by the Application.
A. Compelling Circumstances Require the Indication of Provisional Measures
116. As described above, Myanmar has perpetrated, and is continuing to perpetrate,
genocidal acts against members of the Rohingya group as such, solely on the grounds of their
ethnical, racial or religious origin. Myanmar has acted with the intent to destroy in whole or
in part the Rohingya as a protected group under the Genocide Convention by the following
ongoing conduct, inter alia:
killing members of the Rohingya group;
raping and inflicting other forms of sexual violence on women and girls
within the group;
subjecting Rohingya men, women and children to torture, beatings and other
forms of cruel treatment for the sole reason that they are members of the
Rohingya group; and
40
deliberately destroying or otherwise denying access to food, shelter and
other essentials of life in a manner that is calculated to destroy the Rohingya
group in whole or in part.
117. As set forth in this Application, Myanmar has denied any wrongdoing and
resisted all calls by The Gambia and the international community to stop and alleviate the
destruction and suffering of members of the Rohingya group, resulting from genocidal acts
committed with the intent to destroy the group in whole or in part. It is clear that Myanmar
has no intention of ending these genocidal acts and continues to pursue the destruction of the
group within its territory. As the UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded as recently as mid-
September 2019, all members of the Rohingya group who are situated today in Myanmar are
at grave risk of further acts of genocide.
118. Instead of preventing these genocidal acts, or punishing the perpetrators as
required by the Genocide Convention, Myanmar is deliberately destroying evidence of its
wrongdoing to cover up the crimes. The UN Fact-Finding Mission documented that Myanmar
has destroyed, buried and disposed of the remains of the Rohingya victims.216 It has concluded
that “mass demolition and terrain clearance throughout northern Rakhine State raise serious
concerns about the potential destruction of evidence and its effect on future investigation into
crimes, including the gravest crimes under international law.”217
B. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
119. The Court “may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions relied on
by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction could be
founded, but need not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the
merits of the case.”218 In order to determine whether the Court has prima facie jurisdiction, the
acts complained of must be prima facie “capable of falling within the provisions of [the
216 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1000-1003.
217 Ibid., para. 1242.
218 Alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, para. 24.
41
Convention],” such that “the dispute is one which the Court could have jurisdiction ratione
materiae to entertain.”219
120. As explained above, the jurisdiction of the Court is based on Article 36,
paragraph 1, of its Statute and Article IX of the Genocide Convention. The Gambia and
Myanmar are UN Member States and parties to the Genocide Convention. Both have accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court under Article IX without any reservation. As set out in this
Application, there is an existing dispute between The Gambia and Myanmar concerning the
interpretation, application and fulfilment of obligations under the Genocide Convention.
Therefore, the Court plainly has prima facie jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures.
C. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and Their Plausible Character
121. The Court has “the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so
require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of
either party.”220
122. Addressing the “objects” of the Genocide Convention, the Court explained in
1951 that it:
was manifestly adopted for a purely humanitarian and civilizing
purpose. It is indeed difficult to imagine a convention that might have
this dual character to a greater degree, since its object on the one hand
is to safeguard the very existence of certain human groups and on the
other to confirm and endorse the most elementary principles of morality.
In such a convention the contracting States do not have any interests of
their own; they merely have, one and all, a common interest, namely,
the accomplishment of those high purposes which are the raison d'être
of the convention.221
123. On multiple occasions, the Court has acknowledged that “the norm prohibiting
genocide [is] assuredly a peremptory norm of international law (jus cogens)”222 and that “the
219 Ibid., para. 30.
220 Statute of the International Court of Justice, art. 41.
221 Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion
of 28 May 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23.
222 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment of 26 February 2007, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 111, para. 161
(citing Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
42
rights and obligations enshrined by the Convention are rights and obligations erga omnes.”223
Therefore, all States “have a legal interest” in the protection of the rights involved.224
124. Addressing the admissibility of the claims presented by Belgium against
Senegal on the basis of the Convention against Torture, and having underscored its similarities
with the Genocide Convention, the Court concluded:
The common interest in compliance with the relevant obligations under
the Convention against Torture implies the entitlement of each State
party to the Convention to make a claim concerning the cessation of an
alleged breach by another State party. If a special interest were required
for that purpose, in many cases no State would be in the position to make
such a claim. It follows that any State party to the Convention may
invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to
ascertaining the alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga
omnes partes, such as those under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7,
paragraph 1, of the Convention, and to bring that failure to an end.225
125. Such finding applies mutatis mutandis to the Genocide Convention and to the
legal entitlement of The Gambia under it to seek compliance by Myanmar with its obligations.
126. The Gambia seeks to protect the rights of all members of the Rohingya group
who are in the territory of Myanmar, as members of a protected group under the Genocide
Convention, from the genocidal acts prohibited under the Convention. At this stage of the
proceedings, the Court does not need to establish definitively the existence of such rights; it is
sufficient, for the purpose of indicating provisional measures, that such rights are plausible,
i.e., “grounded in a possible interpretation of the Convention.”226 Protection of the rights that
are the subject of the present request for provisional measures – which include the rights of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment of 3 February 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 32, para.
64).
223 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 11 July 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996
(II), p. 616, para. 31; see also Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment of 3 February 2015, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p. 47, para. 87.
224 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962), Second
Phase, Judgment of 5 February 1970, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33.
225 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Merits, Judgment of 20
July 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 450, para. 69.
226 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures,
Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 152, para. 60.
43
Rohingya group to exist as a group – coincide with the very object and purpose of the
Convention.
127. In addition to the rights of the Rohingya group and its members under the
Genocide Convention, The Gambia also seeks to protect the erga omnes partes rights it has
under the Convention, which mirror the erga omnes obligations of the Convention with which
it is entitled to seek compliance. Considering the jurisprudence of the Court recalled above,
such rights are entirely plausible and could be subsequently adjudged to belong to The Gambia.
The Court has recognized “the universal character both of the condemnation of genocide and
of the co-operation required ‘in order to liberate mankind from such an odious scourge.’”227
D. Risk of Irreparable Harm and Urgency
128. The Court “has the power to indicate provisional measures when there is a risk
that irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings
…, or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences.”228
Especially, the Court has the power to indicate provisional measures “if there is urgency, in the
sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the
Court gives its final decision.”229 As the Court recently confirmed, “the condition of urgency
is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can ‘occur at any moment’
before the Court makes a final decision on the case.”230
129. The indication of provisional measures does not require the Court “to establish
the existence of breaches of the Genocide Convention,” nor is the Court at this stage required
to “make definitive findings of fact or of imputability.”231 The Gambia recognizes that, in
227 Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion
of 28 May 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23.
228 Alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Order of 3 October 2018, para. 77.
229 Ibid., para. 78.
230 Ibid. (citing Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 90).
231 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22,
paras. 44, 46.
44
deciding whether to indicate provisional measures, the Court is concerned “not so much with
the past as with the present and with the future.”232
130. The Court previously indicated provisional measures when rights under the
Genocide Convention were threatened by similar acts against a protected group.233 Where past
violations have occurred, the Court has found provisional measures appropriate when it is “not
inconceivable” that they might occur again. 234 The Court has also ordered provisional
measures in circumstances that were “unstable and could rapidly change” due to “ongoing
tension and the absence of an overall settlement to the conflict,” and where the affected group
remained vulnerable to human rights violations.235
131. There is no doubt that these requirements for the indication of provisional
measures are satisfied here. All members of the Rohingya group in Myanmar are presently in
grave danger of further genocidal acts because of Myanmar’s deliberate and intentional efforts
to destroy them as a group, and the remaining Rohingya communities and individuals in
Myanmar continue to face daily threats of death, torture, rape, starvation and other deliberate
actions aimed at their collective destruction, in whole or in part. Myanmar’s ongoing atrocities
against the Rohingya group, which are well documented by highly credible UN reports, inter
alia, constitute a grave threat to their existence and place them in urgent need of the Court’s
protection. As the UN Fact-Finding Mission concluded, “the brutality with which the
underlying acts were carried out provides further support for a conclusion that they were
committed with genocidal intent.”236 In its September 2019 report, the Mission confirmed that
“the Government continues to harbour genocidal intent and that the Rohingya remain under
serious risk of genocide.”237 This is an urgent situation that literally cries out for the Court’s
protection.
232 Ibid., p. 16, para. 25.
233 Ibid., pp. 24-25, para. 52.
234 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7
December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 1169, para. 89.
235 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia
v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 396, para. 143.
236 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1433.
237 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 140.
45
E. Provisional Measures Requested
132. On the basis of the facts set forth above, The Gambia, as a State party to the
Genocide Convention, respectfully requests the Court, as a matter of extreme urgency, to
indicate the following provisional measures, which are directly linked to the rights that form
the subject matter of the dispute, pending its determination of this case on the merits:
(a) Myanmar shall immediately, in pursuance of its undertaking in the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of
9 December 1948, take all measures within its power to prevent all acts that
amount to or contribute to the crime of genocide, including taking all
measures within its power to prevent the following acts from being
committed against member of the Rohingya group: extrajudicial killings or
physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes or
villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food and other
necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions of life
calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya group in
whole or in part;
(b) Myanmar shall, in particular, ensure that any military, paramilitary or
irregular armed units which may be directed or supported by it, as well as
any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction
or influence, do not commit any act of genocide, of conspiracy to commit
genocide, or direct and public incitement to commit genocide, or of
complicity in genocide, against the Rohingya group, including: extrajudicial
killing or physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of
homes or villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food
and other necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions
of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya
group in whole or in part;
(c) Myanmar shall not destroy or render inaccessible any evidence related to
the events described in the Application, including without limitation by
destroying or rendering inaccessible the remains of any member of the
Rohingya group who is a victim of alleged genocidal acts, or altering the
physical locations where such acts are alleged to have occurred in such a
manner as to render the evidence of such acts, if any, inaccessible;
(d) Myanmar and The Gambia shall not take any action and shall assure that no
action is taken which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute that is
the subject of this Application, or render it more difficult of resolution; and
(e) Myanmar and The Gambia shall each provide a report to the Court on all
measures taken to give effect to this Order for provisional measures, no later
than four months from its issuance.
133. The Gambia respectfully asks that this request for provisional measures be
considered at the Court’s earliest possible opportunity, including the scheduling of a hearing.
46
134. The Gambia reserves its right to request additional provisional measures to
prevent irreparable harm to the rights at issue in this case, or to prevent further aggravation of
the dispute between the Parties, should they become necessary, during the course of these
proceedings.
VII. Appointment of Judge Ad Hoc
135. In accordance with Article 31 of the Statute of the Court and Article 35(1) of
the Rules of Court, The Gambia appoints Judge Navanethem Pillay as judge ad hoc.
VIII. Reservation of Rights
136. The Gambia reserves the right to revise, supplement or amend the terms of this
Application, as well as the grounds invoked.
IX. Appointment of Agent
137. The Gambia has designated as its Agent The Honourable Abubacarr Marie
Tambadou, Attorney General and Minister of Justice of the Republic of The Gambia.
138. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, all communications
relating to this case should be sent to: Consulate General of the Republic of The Gambia,
Apollolaan 137, 1077 AR Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
139. I have the honour to assure the Court of my highest esteem and consideration.
The Hague, 11 November 2019
__________________________________
Agent of the Republic of The Gambia
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AND REQUEST
FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 11 November 2019
APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(THE GAMBIA v. MYANMAR)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
ET DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 11 novembre 2019
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(GAMBIE c. MYANMAR)
THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
11 November 2019.
I have the honour to inform you that the Government of the Republic of The
Gambia has appointed H.E. Mr. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou, Attorney General
and Minister of Justice of the Republic of The Gambia, as its Agent for the
purposes
of filing an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of
the Union of Myanmar concerning the latter’s violation of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and of representing
the Republic of The Gambia in all aspects of the aforementioned proceedings.
This letter confirming the Agent’s appointment shall also serve as authentication
of his signature on the Application.
(Signed) Mamadou Tangara.
THE AGENT OF THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
11 November 2019.
On behalf of the Republic of The Gambia, I have the honour to enclose two
originals
of an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of the
Union of Myanmar concerning the latter’s violation of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, accompanied by an urgent
Request for Provisional Measures in the same proceedings. I am also enclosing a
USB drive with a soft copy of the Application and the Request.
In addition, I have the honour to enclose a letter signed by H.E. Dr. Mamadou
Tangara, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and
Gambians
Abroad of the Republic of The Gambia, conveying the decision
of the Government
of the Republic of The Gambia to appoint me as Agent of the
Republic of The Gambia for the purposes of filing the enclosed Application,
and of representing the Republic of The Gambia in all aspects of the aforementioned
proceedings.
(Signed) Abubacarr Marie Tambadou.
2
2019
General List
No. 178
LE MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE GAMBIE AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 11 novembre 2019.
J’ai l’honneur de vous informer que le Gouvernement de la République de Gambie
a désigné S. Exc. M. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou, Attorney General et ministre
de la justice de la République de Gambie, comme agent aux fins du dépôt d’une
requête introductive d’instance contre la République de l’Union du Myanmar
concernant la violation par cette dernière de la convention pour la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide et aux fins de la représentation de la République
de Gambie dans la procédure susmentionnée sous tous ses aspects.
La présente lettre confirmant la désignation de l’agent tiendra également lieu
d’authentification de la signature de celui-
ci apposée sur la requête.
(Signé) Mamadou Tangara.
L’AGENT DU GOUVERNEMENT
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE GAMBIE AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 11 novembre 2019.
Au nom de la République de Gambie, j’ai l’honneur de joindre à la présente
deux originaux d’une requête introductive d’instance contre la République de
l’Union du Myanmar concernant la violation par cette dernière de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, accompagnée d’une
demande urgente en indication de mesures conservatoires dans la même instance.
Est également jointe une clé USB contenant une version électronique de la requête
et de la demande.
En outre, j’ai l’honneur de joindre à la présente une lettre signée de
S. Exc. M. Mamadou Tangara, ministre des affaires étrangères, de la coopération
internationale et des Gambiens de l’étranger de la République de Gambie, par
laquelle celui‑ci fait connaître la décision de son gouvernement de me désigner en
qualité d’agent de la République de Gambie aux fins du dépôt de la requête jointe
à la présente et de la représentation de la République de Gambie dans la procédure
susmentionnée sous tous ses aspects.
(Signé) Abubacarr Marie Tambadou.
3
2019
Rôle général
no 178
4
APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being
duly authorized by the Government of the Republic of The Gambia, states as follows:
1. In accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 of the Statute of the Court and
Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit this Application
instituting proceedings in the name of the Republic of The Gambia (“The Gambia”)
against the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (“Myanmar”). Pursuant to
Article 41 of the Statute, the Application includes a request that the Court indicate
provisional measures to protect the rights invoked herein from imminent and
irreparable loss.
I. Introduction
2. This Application concerns acts adopted, taken and condoned by the Government
of Myanmar against members of the Rohingya group, a distinct ethnic, racial
and religious group that resides primarily in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. These
acts, which include killing, causing serious bodily and mental harm, inflicting conditions
that are calculated to bring about physical destruction, imposing measures
to prevent births, and forcible transfers, are genocidal in character because they
are intended to destroy the Rohingya group in whole or in part. They have been
perpetrated in manifest violation of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the “Genocide Convention”) 1. These acts
are all attributable to Myanmar, which is thus responsible for committing
genocide.
Myanmar has also violated other fundamental obligations under the
Genocide Convention, including by attempting to commit genocide; conspiring to
commit genocide; inciting genocide; complicity in genocide; and failing to prevent
and punish genocide.
3. In preparing this Application, The Gambia has taken care to pay close attention
to the provisions of the Genocide Convention, including the circumstances of
its adoption and its interpretation and application in the years following its entry
into force on 12 January 1951. In this regard, particular attention has been paid to
the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, as well as of other international
courts and tribunals, including the International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the
International Criminal Court.
4. The Gambia is acutely aware that acts of genocide are distinct from other
prohibited acts — such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, persecution, disappearance
and torture — but that there is often a close connection between all such acts.
1 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted
9 December 1948, entered into force 12 January 1951), 78 UNTS 277 [hereinafter “Genocide
Convention”].
5
REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
A Monsieur le Greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice, le soussigné, dûment
autorisé par le Gouvernement de la République de Gambie, déclare ce qui suit :
1. Conformément aux articles 36, paragraphe 1, et 40 du Statut de la Cour et à
l’article 38 de son Règlement, j’ai l’honneur de soumettre à la Cour, au nom de la
République de Gambie (ci-après la « Gambie »), la présente requête introductive
d’instance contre la République de l’Union du Myanmar (ci-après le « Myanmar
»). Conformément à l’article 41 du Statut, la requête est assortie d’une
demande tendant à ce que la Cour indique des mesures conservatoires pour protéger
les droits invoqués ci-
après contre le risque de préjudice imminent et irréparable
auquel ils sont exposés.
I. Introduction
2. La présente requête a trait à des actes adoptés, accomplis ou tolérés par le
Gouvernement du Myanmar dont sont l’objet les membres du groupe rohingya,
groupe ethnique, racial et religieux bien défini qui réside principalement dans l’Etat
rakhine (Myanmar). Ces actes, qui comprennent le meurtre de membres du groupe,
l’atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du groupe, la soumission
du groupe à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique,
l’imposition de mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe et
le transfert forcé de membres du groupe, revêtent un caractère génocidaire en ce
qu’ils ont pour but de détruire, en tout ou en partie, les Rohingya en tant que
groupe. Perpétrés en violation flagrante de la convention de 1948 pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (ci-après la « convention sur le génocide
») 1, ils sont tous attribuables au Myanmar, le rendant ainsi responsable de
génocide. Le Myanmar a en outre violé d’autres obligations fondamentales mises
à sa charge par la convention sur le génocide, notamment par des faits constitutifs
de tentative de génocide, d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, d’incitation à
commettre le génocide, de complicité dans le génocide et de manquement à l’obligation
de prévenir et de réprimer le génocide.
3. Aux fins d’établir la présente requête, la Gambie a pris soin d’examiner de
façon approfondie les dispositions de la convention sur le génocide, ainsi que les
circonstances dans lesquelles celle-ci a été adoptée et la manière dont elle a été
interprétée et appliquée au fil des années depuis son entrée en vigueur le 12 janvier
1951. A cet égard, la Gambie s’est plus particulièrement intéressée à la jurisprudence
de la Cour internationale de Justice, ainsi qu’à celles d’autres juridictions
internationales, notamment le Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie,
le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda et la Cour pénale internationale.
4. La Gambie sait parfaitement que les actes de génocide sont distincts d’autres
actes prohibés tels que la discrimination, le nettoyage ethnique, la persécution, les
disparitions et la torture, mais qu’il existe souvent un lien étroit entre tous ces actes.
1 Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (adoptée le
9 décembre 1948 et entrée en vigueur le 12 janvier 1951), Nations Unies, Recueil des traités,
vol. 78, p. 277 (ci-après « la convention sur le génocide »).
6
It is equally aware that acts of genocide are invariably part of a continuum, as
Raphaël Lemkin recognised in his pioneering work 2, and for this reason it is important
to place the acts of genocide in their broader context. Thus, when referring in
this Application to Myanmar’s acts of persecution and other violations of international
law that have been committed against the Rohingya, The Gambia’s case is
based on those aspects constituting genocidal acts under the Genocide Convention.
5. The Gambia is cognisant of the Court’s important role as guardian of the
Genocide Convention, especially in the absence of any international criminal
tribunal
with jurisdiction over individuals associated with the acts of genocide
described in this Application. For this reason, and to assist the Court in the
exercise
of its grave responsibility, the Application provides a more detailed
account of the relevant facts and their context than might otherwise have been
necessary 3.
6. Those facts are extensively documented by independent investigative efforts
conducted under the auspices of the United Nations and corroborated by international
human rights organizations and other credible sources. They establish that,
against the backdrop of longstanding persecution and discrimination, from around
October 2016 the Myanmar military (the “Tatmadaw”) and other Myanmar security
forces began widespread and systematic “clearance operations” — the term
that Myanmar itself uses — against the Rohingya group. The genocidal acts committed
during these operations were intended to destroy the Rohingya as a group,
in whole or in part, by the use of mass murder, rape and other forms of sexual
violence, as well as the systematic destruction by fire of their villages, often with
inhabitants locked inside burning houses. From August 2017 onwards, such genocidal
acts continued with Myanmar’s resumption of “clearance operations” on a
more massive and wider geographical scale.
7. Multiple UN investigations have underscored the genocidal intent of these
crimes. The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar,
Ms Yanghee Lee (of the Republic of Korea), carried out extensive fact-finding
in
regard to Myanmar’s campaign against the Rohingya. She reported first-hand
accounts of “attacks in which homes were set ablaze by security forces, in many
cases with people trapped inside, and entire villages razed to the ground” 4.
She documented parents “witnessing their young children being thrown into
2 Raphaël Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of
Government, Proposals for Redress (1944), Chapter IX.
3 Myanmar is not a State party to the Statute of the International Criminal Court. With
the narrow exception of deportation and other crimes against humanity consummated on
the territory of Bangladesh (a State party to the ICC Statute), there is no basis for jurisdiction
over crimes committed within the territory of Myanmar, including the crime of genocide.
See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the “Prosecution’s Request for a Ruling on
Jurisdiction under Article 19 (3) of the Statute”, No. ICC-RoC46(3)-01/18 (6 September
2018); ICC, Office of the Prosecutor, Situation in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh/
Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant
to Article 15, No. ICC-01/19, (4 July 2019). In any event, the Court remains the sole basis
for the attribution of State responsibility, which is distinct from other forms of accountability.
4 UN OHCHR, “Statement by Ms Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in Myanmar at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council” (12 March
2018), available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsI
D=22806&LangID=E.
7
Elle sait aussi que les actes de génocide s’inscrivent invariablement dans un continuum,
comme Raphaël Lemkin l’a compris dans son ouvrage pionnier 2 et que, pour
cette raison, il importe de les replacer dans leur contexte. Aussi évoquera-t-elle
dans la présente requête les actes de persécution et d’autres violations du droit international
commis par le Myanmar à l’encontre des Rohingya pour retenir à l’appui
de sa thèse leurs éléments caractérisant le génocide au sens de la convention.
5. La Gambie est consciente de l’importance de la mission de gardienne de la
convention sur le génocide que la Cour exerce, surtout en l’absence de juridiction
pénale internationale compétente pour juger les personnes impliquées dans les
actes de génocide visés dans la présente requête. Dès lors, et pour aider la Cour à
s’acquitter de cette lourde mission, les faits en cause et leur contexte sont exposés
ci-après d’une manière peut-être plus détaillée qu’il n’aurait été nécessaire en
d’autres circonstances 3.
6. L’existence des faits susmentionnés a été abondamment établie par des
enquêtes indépendantes menées sous les auspices de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, dont les résultats ont été corroborés par des organisations internationales
de défense des droits de l’homme et d’autres sources dignes de foi. Il ressort
de ces enquêtes que, aux alentours du mois d’octobre 2016, dans le prolongement de
la persécution et de la discrimination dont sont victimes de longue date les Rohingya
en tant que groupe, l’armée du Myanmar (connue sous le nom de « Tatmadaw ») et
d’autres forces de sécurité du pays ont commencé à mener contre ce groupe des
« opérations de nettoyage » — expression que le Myanmar lui-même utilise — généralisées
et systématiques. Les actes de génocide commis dans le cadre de ces opérations
visaient à détruire en tout ou en partie les Rohingya en tant que groupe par des
meurtres de masse, des viols et d’autres formes de violence sexuelle, ainsi que par la
destruction systématique de leurs villages par le feu, souvent alors que les habitants
étaient enfermés dans leur maison. Depuis août 2017, avec la reprise par le Myanmar
de ses « opérations de nettoyage », ces actes de génocide se poursuivent de
manière plus massive et à une plus grande échelle sur le plan géographique.
7. De multiples enquêtes des Nations Unies ont mis en évidence l’intention génocidaire
de ces crimes. Ayant réalisé une enquête sur la campagne du Myanmar contre
les Rohingya, la rapporteuse spéciale des Nations Unies sur la situation des droits de
l’homme au Myanmar, Mme Yanghee Lee (République de Corée), a ainsi déclaré que
des témoins directs lui avaient fait le récit d’« attaques au cours desquelles des maisons
avaient été incendiées par les forces de sécurité, souvent avec des personnes piégées à
l’intérieur, et des villages entiers, rasés » 4. Elle a ajouté que des parents avaient « vu
2 Raphaël Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of
Government, Proposals for Redress (1944), chap. IX.
3 Le Myanmar n’est pas partie au Statut de la Cour pénale internationale. A l’exception
restreinte des actes de déportation et des autres crimes contre l’humanité commis sur le
territoire du Bangladesh (Etat partie au Statut de la CPI), il n’existe aucune base de compétence
permettant à la Cour pénale internationale de connaître de crimes commis sur le territoire
du Myanmar, y compris le crime de génocide. Voir CPI, Chambre préliminaire I, Decision
on the « Prosecution’s Request for a Ruling on Jurisdiction under Article 19 (3) of the
Statute », affaire no ICC-RoC46(3)-01/18 (6 septembre 2018) ; CPI, bureau du procureur,
Situation en République populaire du Bangladesh/République de l’Union du Myanmar,
« Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15 », affaire no ICC-01/19
(4 juillet 2019). En tout état de cause, la Cour internationale de Justice demeure la seule
juridiction permettant de mettre en cause la responsabilité de l’Etat, qui est distincte des
autres formes de responsabilité.
4 Nations Unies, « Statement by Ms Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in Myanmar at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council » (12 mars
2018), HCDH, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/
DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22806&LangID=E.
8
fires” 5. She described Myanmar’s “security forces calling families out of their
homes, separating men and boys to be executed in front of their families or taken
away” 6. She further recounted the “testimony of women and girls being raped and
then killed, some burned alive in their homes while unconscious or tied up” 7.
8. The UN Special Rapporteur concluded: “I am becoming more convinced
that the crimes committed [in Myanmar] bear the hallmarks of genocide.” 8 She has
since stated, without equivocation, that the commander-in-chief of Myanmar’s
military and other responsible individuals “should be held accountable for genocide
in Rakhine” 9. These individuals were indisputably acting on behalf of the
State.
9. Similarly, the UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide, Mr. Adama
Dieng (of Senegal), based on his own fact-finding
activities, including interviews
with survivors who had fled to Bangladesh, stated:
“Rohingya Muslims have been killed, tortured, raped, burnt alive and
humiliated, solely because of who they are. All the information I have received
indicates that the intent of the perpetrators was to cleanse northern Rakhine
state of their existence, possibly even to destroy the Rohingya as such, which,
if proven, would constitute the crime of genocide.” 10
10. The findings of the UN Human Rights Council’s Independent International
Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar (“UN Fact-Finding
Mission”) are especially
significant. The Mission was established on 24 March 2017 amidst escalating
violence
against the Rohingya, with the mandate “to establish the facts and
circumstances
of the alleged recent human rights violations by military and
security
forces, and abuses, in Myanmar, in particular in Rakhine State” 11. It was
composed
of three distinguished jurists: Marzuki Darusman (Chairman, from
Indonesia), Radhika Coomaraswamy (Sri Lanka), and Christopher Sidoti
(Australia).
In carrying out its mandate, the Mission followed best practices estab5
UN OHCHR, “Statement by Ms Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in Myanmar at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council” (12 March
2018), available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsI
D=22806&LangID=E.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 “Myanmar army chief must be prosecuted for Rohingya ‘genocide’: UN rights
envoy”, Reuters (25 January 2019), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmarrohingya-
un/myanmar-army-chief-must-be-prosecuted-
for-rohingya-genocide-u-n-rightsenvoy-
idUSKCN1PJ1AK.
10 UN Secretary-General,
Note to Correspondents: Statement by Adama Dieng,
United Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, on his visit to Bangladesh to
assess the situation of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar (12 March 2018), available at https://
www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/
2018-03-12/note-correspondentsstatement-
adama-dieng-united-nations.
11 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar (12 September 2018), UN doc. A/HRC/39/64, para. 4; UN Human
Rights Council, Report of the Detailed Findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar (17 September 2018), UN doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2 [hereinafter UN
Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018)], para. 4.
9
jeter leurs jeunes enfants dans le feu » 5, que « les forces de sécurité [du Myanmar]
invitaient les familles à sortir de leur maison et séparaient les hommes et les garçons
pour les exécuter sous les yeux de leur famille ou les emmener » 6, et qu’elle
avait entendu des « témoignages selon lesquels des femmes et des filles avaient été
violées et tuées, certaines étant brûlées vives dans leur maison alors qu’elles étaient
inconscientes ou ligotées » 7.
8. La rapporteuse spéciale des Nations Unies a conclu en ces termes : « Je suis de
plus en plus convaincue que les crimes commis [au Myanmar] portent la marque
du génocide. » 8 Depuis lors, elle a déclaré sans équivoque que le commandant en
chef de l’armée du Myanmar et d’autres personnes responsables « devraient
répondre du génocide perpétré dans l’Etat rakhine » 9. Or, les intéressés agissaient
incontestablement au nom de l’Etat.
9. De même, se fondant sur ses propres activités d’établissement des faits,
notamment ses entretiens avec des rescapés qui s’étaient réfugiés au Bangladesh, le
conseiller spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies pour la prévention du
génocide, M. Adama Dieng (Sénégal), a déclaré ce qui suit :
« Des musulmans rohingya ont été tués, torturés, violés, brûlés vifs et humiliés,
uniquement pour ce qu’ils étaient. Toutes les informations que j’ai reçues
portent à croire que les auteurs de ces actes étaient animés de l’intention de
nettoyer la partie septentrionale de l’Etat rakhine de leur présence et peut-être
même de les détruire en tant que Rohingya, ce qui constituerait un génocide
au cas où les faits seraient établis. » 10
10. Les constatations effectuées par la mission internationale indépendante
d’établissement des faits sur le Myanmar (ci-après la « mission d’établissement des
faits des Nations Unies ») sont importantes. Créée le 24 mars 2017 dans un contexte
marqué par l’escalade de la violence contre les Rohingya, la mission avait pour
mandat « d’établir les faits et les circonstances concernant les allégations de
récentes violations des droits de l’homme par des membres de l’armée et des forces
de sécurité, et d’atteintes à ces droits, au Myanmar et, en particulier, dans l’Etat
rakhine » 11. Elle était composée de trois éminents juristes : Marzuki Darusman
(Indonésie) (président), Radhika Coomaraswamy (Sri Lanka) et Christopher
5 Nations Unies, « Statement by Ms Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in Myanmar at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council » (12 mars
2018), HCDH, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/
DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22806&LangID=E.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 « Myanmar army chief must be prosecuted for Rohingya « genocide »: UN rights
envoy », Reuters (25 janvier 2019), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.reuters.com/
article/us-myanmar-
rohingya-un/myanmar-army-chief-must-be-prosecuted-
for-rohingyagenocide-
u-n-rights-envoy-idUSKCN1PJ1AK.
10 Secrétaire général de l’ONU, Note to Correspondents: Statement by Adama Dieng, United
Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, on his visit to Bangladesh to assess the
situation of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar (12 mars 2018), accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/
2018-03-12/note-correspondentsstatement-
adama-dieng-united-nations.
11 Nations Unies, Rapport de la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement des faits
sur le Myanmar (12 septembre 2018), Conseil des droits de l’homme, doc. A/HRC/39/64, par. 4 ;
Nations Unies, Report of the Detailed Findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar (17 septembre 2018), Conseil des droits de l’homme, doc. A/HRC/39/
CRP.2 (ci-après « UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018)), par. 4.
10
lished by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in its International Commissions
of Inquiry and Fact-Finding
Missions on International Human Rights Law
and International
Humanitarian Law — Guidance and Practice 12.
11. The Mission conducted over 600 interviews with victims and eyewitnesses as
well as over 250 consultations with stakeholders, including intergovernmental and
non-governmental
organizations, researchers and diplomats 13. It “took care to
diversify its sources of information” 14 and, in selecting interviewees, “strove to
only speak with persons who had not previously spoken with any other organization
or media outlet, and confirmed this ahead of the interview” 15. The Mission
also “obtained a large body of satellite imagery and analysis with the support of
UNOSAT [the United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme],
and received a vast amount of documents, photographs and videos — some clandestinely
recorded or obtained by the source” 16. It “only used those materials that
it was able to authenticate”, and
“[a]ll information was checked against secondary information assessed as
credible and reliable, including organizations’ raw data or notes, expert interviews,
submissions and open source material” 17.
12. Based on its meticulous collection and review of the evidence, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded in its September 2018 Report of the Detailed Findings
to the UN Human Rights Council that “the factors allowing the inference of
genocidal
intent are present” 18. It thus urged that “named senior generals of the
Myanmar military” be “investigated and prosecuted in an international criminal
tribunal for genocide” 19. On 24 October 2018, the Chairman of the Mission,
Mr. Darusman, stated that the situation in Myanmar is an “ongoing genocide” 20.
Those who carried out the genocidal acts were officials and agents of the State of
Myanmar, and were acting on its behalf.
13. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission issued an additional report on its detailed
findings in September 2019, based on further investigation, with a particular attention
to events that transpired since September 2018 21. It conducted additional
interviews with victims and witnesses, both targeted and randomly selected, taking
“special care to avoid re-interviewing
victims and witnesses” 22. It also “obtained
and analysed satellite imagery, photographs and videos and a range of docu12
UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 9.
13 Ibid., paras. 19, 23, 754.
14 Ibid., para. 19.
15 Ibid., para. 20.
16 Ibid., para. 22.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., para. 1441.
19 Ibid., p. 1.
20 “Rohingya genocide is still going on, says top UN investigator”, The Guardian
(24 October 2018), available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/24/rohingya-genocide-
is-still-going-on-says-top-un-investigator.
21 UN Human Rights Council, Detailed Findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar (16 September 2019), UN doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2 [hereinafter
UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019)], para. 1.
22 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 32-33. In
total, the Mission conducted 419 interviews, some of which concerned situations elsewhere
in Myanmar. Ibid., para. 32.
11
Sidoti (Australie). Dans le cadre de l’exécution de son mandat, la mission a suivi
les meilleures pratiques établies par le haut-commissaire
des Nations Unies aux
droits de l’homme dans son document intitulé Commissions d’enquête et missions
d’établissement des faits sur le droit international des droits de l’homme et le droit
humanitaire international — Orientations et pratiques 12.
11. La mission a mené plus de 600 entretiens avec des victimes et des témoins
oculaires et plus de 250 consultations avec des parties prenantes, dont des organisations
intergouvernementales et non gouvernementales, des chercheurs et des
diplomates 13. Elle a « pris soin de diversifier ses sources d’information » 14 et, dans
le choix des personnes interrogées, « s’est efforcée de ne s’entretenir qu’avec des
personnes qui n’avaient pas déjà parlé à une autre organisation ou à un organe de
presse, ce dont elle s’assurait avant l’entretien » 15. En outre, elle « s’est procuré un
grand nombre d’images satellitaires et d’analyses avec le concours de l’UNOSAT
[le programme des Nations Unies pour les applications satellitaires opérationnelles]
et a reçu tout un éventail de documents, photos et vidéos, dont certaines
avaient été enregistrées clandestinement ou obtenues par la source » 16. Elle « n’a
utilisé que les pièces dont elle avait pu établir l’authenticité » et
« a recoupé toutes les informations reçues avec des informations secondaires
jugées crédibles et fiables, notamment des données brutes ou des notes produites
par des organisations, des entretiens avec des experts, des communications
et des éléments d’information relevant du domaine public » 17.
12. Se fondant sur les éléments de preuve qu’elle avait minutieusement recueillis
et examinés, la mission a estimé, dans son rapport soumis en septembre 2018 au
Conseil des droits de l’homme, que « les éléments permettant de conclure à l’existence
d’une intention génocidaire [étaient] réunis » 18. En conséquence, elle a
demandé que « des membres de la haute hiérarchie de l’armée du Myanmar nommément
désignés » fassent « l’objet d’enquêtes et de poursuites devant une juridiction
pénale internationale pour génocide » 19. Le 24 octobre 2018, son président,
M. Darusman, a déclaré au sujet de la situation au Myanmar qu’un « génocide se
poursui[vait] » 20. Or, les auteurs matériels des actes de génocide en cause étaient
des responsables et agents de l’Etat du Myanmar et agissaient en son nom.
13. A la suite de nouvelles enquêtes, la mission d’établissement des faits des
Nations Unies a publié, en septembre 2019, un rapport complémentaire exposant
ses constatations détaillées, dans lequel elle s’attachait particulièrement aux faits
survenus depuis septembre 2018 21. Pour ce faire, elle a procédé à des suppléments
d’entretien avec des victimes et des témoins, ciblés ou choisis au hasard, « en veillant
tout particulièrement à ne pas réinterroger des victimes et des témoins » 22. Elle
12 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 9.
13 Ibid., par. 19, 23 et 754.
14 Ibid., par. 19.
15 Ibid., par. 20.
16 Ibid., par. 22.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., par. 1441.
19 Ibid., p. 1.
20 « Rohingya genocide is still going on, says top UN investigator », The Guardian
(24 octobre 2018), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/
oct/24/rohingya-genocide-
is-still-going-on-says-top-un-investigator.
21 Nations Unies, Detailed Findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission
on Myanmar (16 septembre 2019), Conseil des droits de l’homme, doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2
(ci-
après « UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019) »), par. 1.
22 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 32-33. La
mission a mené au total 419 entretiens, dont certains portaient sur des faits survenus dans
d’autres régions du Myanmar. Ibid., par. 32.
12
ments”, and “cross-checked
the information against secondary information
assessed as credible and reliable” 23.
14. The Mission’s September 2019 report confirmed its earlier conclusion that
Myanmar is responsible for the “commission of genocide” 24. It found: “the
evidence
that infers genocidal intent on the part of the State against the Rohingya,
identified in its last report, has strengthened” 25. Alarmingly, the Mission
warned:
“there is a serious risk that genocidal actions may occur or recur, and that
Myanmar is failing in its obligation to prevent genocide, to investigate
genocide
and to enact effective legislation criminalizing and punishing
genocide” 26.
15. The Gambia, mindful of the jus cogens character of the prohibition of genocide
and the erga omnes and erga omnes partes character of the obligations that are
owed under the Genocide Convention, institutes the present proceedings to establish
Myanmar’s responsibility for violations of the Genocide Convention, to hold
it fully accountable under international law for its genocidal acts against the Rohingya
group, and to have recourse to this Court to ensure the fullest possible protection
for those who remain at grave risk from future acts of genocide.
II. The Jurisdiction of the Court
16. The Gambia and Myanmar are both Members of the United Nations and
therefore bound by the Statute of the Court, including Article 36 (1), which provides
that the Court’s jurisdiction “comprises . . . all matters specially provided
for . . . in treaties and conventions in force”.
17. The Gambia and Myanmar are also parties to the Genocide Convention.
Myanmar signed the Genocide Convention on 30 December 1949 and deposited
its instrument of ratification on 14 March 1956. The Gambia deposited its
instrument
of accession on 29 December 1978. While the Genocide Convention
entered into force on 12 January 1951, it became applicable between the Parties
ninety days after 29 December 1978, pursuant to Article XIII of the Convention.
18. Article IX of the Genocide Convention provides:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating
to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated
in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at
the request of any of the parties to the dispute.” 27
19. Neither The Gambia nor Myanmar has purported to enter any reservation
to Article IX.
20. The Gambia has repeatedly expressed its concerns in respect of the conduct
23 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 32-33. In
total, the Mission conducted 419 interviews, some of which concerned situations elsewhere
in Myanmar. Ibid., para. 32.
24 Ibid., para. 9.
25 Ibid., para. 58.
26 Ibid.
27 Genocide Convention, Art. IX.
13
a également « obtenu et analysé des images satellitaires, des photos et des vidéos
ainsi que divers documents » et « recoupé les informations reçues avec des informations
secondaires jugées crédibles et fiables » 23.
14. Le rapport établi par la mission en septembre 2019 est venu corroborer la
conclusion qui avait été dégagée dans le précédent, à savoir que le Myanmar s’était
rendu responsable d’« actes de génocide » 24. La mission y conclut que « les preuves
de l’intention génocidaire qui anime l’Etat à l’égard des Rohingya, mises en évidence
dans son dernier rapport, sont plus solides que jamais » 25. Lançant un cri
d’alarme, elle signale
« qu’il existe un risque sérieux que des actes de génocide se produisent ou se
reproduisent et que le Myanmar ne s’acquitte pas de son obligation de prévenir
le génocide, d’enquêter sur les actes de génocide et de prendre des mesures
législatives efficaces pour incriminer et réprimer le génocide » 26.
15. Consciente que l’interdiction du génocide relève du jus cogens et que les obligations
énoncées par la convention sur le génocide sont des obligations erga omnes
et erga omnes partes, la Gambie introduit la présente instance à l’effet d’établir que
le Myanmar est responsable de violations de cet instrument, de faire en sorte que,
en application du droit international, il réponde de façon pleine et entière des actes
de génocide qu’il a commis à l’encontre du groupe rohingya et de faire appel à la
Cour pour assurer autant que possible la protection des personnes qui courent
encore sérieusement le risque de subir des actes de génocide.
II. Compétence de la Cour
16. La Gambie et le Myanmar sont tous deux Membres de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies et, partant, liés par le Statut de la Cour, notamment par le paragraphe
1 de l’article 36, qui dispose que la compétence de la Cour « s’étend à …
tous les cas spécialement prévus … dans les traités et conventions en vigueur ».
17. La Gambie et le Myanmar sont aussi parties à la convention sur le génocide.
Le Myanmar a signé cet instrument le 30 décembre 1949 et a déposé son instrument
de ratification le 14 mars 1956. La Gambie a déposé son instrument d’adhésion
le 29 décembre 1978. Entrée en vigueur le 12 janvier 1951, la convention est,
en application de son article XIII, devenue applicable entre les deux Parties quatrevingt-
dix jours après le 29 décembre 1978.
18. L’article IX de la convention sur le génocide dispose que :
« Les différends entre les Parties contractantes relatifs à l’interprétation,
l’application ou l’exécution de la présente Convention, y compris ceux relatifs
à la responsabilité d’un Etat en matière de génocide ou de l’un quelconque des
autres actes énumérés à l’article III, seront soumis à la Cour internationale de
Justice, à la requête d’une Partie au différend. » 27
19. Ni la Gambie ni le Myanmar n’ont déclaré émettre des réserves à
l’article IX.
20. La Gambie s’est maintes fois déclarée préoccupée par le comportement
23 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 32-33. La
mission a mené au total 419 entretiens, dont certains portaient sur des faits survenus dans
d’autres régions du Myanmar. Ibid., par. 32.
24 Ibid., par. 9.
25 Ibid., par. 58.
26 Ibid.
27 Convention sur le génocide, art. IX.
14
described in this Application. Because the prohibition of genocide has the character
of a peremptory norm and the obligations under the Convention are owed erga
omnes and erga omnes partes 28, The Gambia has, in particular, made clear to
Myanmar that its actions constitute a clear violation of its obligations under the
Convention. In response to such statements, Myanmar has rejected and opposed
any suggestion that it has violated the Genocide Convention.
21. Myanmar has been made fully aware of the grave concerns expressed by
The Gambia and others as to its responsibility for acts of genocide. The latest relevant
events include, inter alia, the following:
— 12 September 2018: After a year documenting atrocities committed by Myanmar’s
military and security forces against the Rohingya group, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission presented its first report affirming that “[t]he crimes in
Rakhine
State, and the manner in which they were perpetrated, are similar in
nature, gravity and scope to those that have allowed genocidal intent to be
established in other contexts” 29.
— 1-2 March 2019: The Gambia, through its membership in the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation (“OIC”), called upon Myanmar
“[t]o honor its obligations under International Law and Human Rights covenants,
and to take all measures to immediately halt all vestiges and manifestations
of the practice of . . . genocide . . . against Rohingya Muslims” 30.
— 31 May 2019: At the 14th OIC Summit Conference, The Gambia affirmed its
support for the Ad hoc Ministerial Committee on Human Rights Violations
against the Rohingyas in Myanmar and declared the urgency of “using all
international legal instruments to hold accountable the perpetrators of crimes
against the Rohingya” 31.
— 8 August 2019: The UN Fact-Finding
Mission submitted to the UN General
Assembly its consolidated findings in an additional report confirming “[the]
perpetration by Myanmar of genocide and the State’s failure to prevent and
punish genocide” 32.
— 16 September 2019: The UN Fact-Finding
Mission emphasized before the UN
Human Rights Council the need to hold Myanmar accountable for the crime
of genocide 33. The UN Fact‑Finding Mission also demonstrated that Myan28
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I), pp. 45‑47, paras. 85-88 (citing
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I),
pp. 110‑111, para. 161).
29 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report (2018), para. 85.
30 OIC, Resolution No. 4/46-MM on the Situation of the Muslim Community in Myanmar,
OIC doc. OIC/CFM-46/2019/MM/RES/FINAL (1-2 March 2019), available at https://www.
oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4447&refID=1250, p. 18, para. 11 (a).
31 OIC, Final Communiqué of the 14th Islamic Summit Conference, OIC doc. OIC/
SUM-14/2019/FC/FINAL (31 May 2019), available at https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/
?docID=4496&refID=1251, para. 47.
32 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding
Mission on Myanmar (8 August 2019), UN doc. A/HRC/42/50[hereinafter UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report (2019)], para. 108; see also ibid., paras. 18, 90.
33 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 41, 220.
15
décrit dans la présente requête. L’interdiction du génocide revêtant le caractère de
norme impérative et les obligations découlant de la convention étant dues erga
omnes et erga omnes partes 28, elle a, en particulier, fait clairement savoir au Myanmar
que ses actes constituaient une violation manifeste des obligations mises à sa
charge par la convention. Le Myanmar, quant à lui, rejette et conteste toute allégation
de violation de la convention sur le génocide formulée contre lui.
21. Le Myanmar a été pleinement informé des graves préoccupations exprimées
par la Gambie et d’autres au sujet de sa responsabilité à raison d’actes de génocide.
On en retiendra notamment les suivantes, dont il a été fait état tout récemment :
— 12 septembre 2018 : Ayant recueilli pendant un an des informations sur les
atrocités commises par l’armée et les forces de sécurité du Myanmar à l’encontre
du groupe rohingya, la mission d’établissement des faits des
Nations Unies présente son premier rapport, dans lequel elle affirme que « [l]es
infractions commises dans l’Etat rakhine et la manière dont elles l’ont été sont
de nature, de gravité et d’ampleur semblables à celles qui ont permis d’établir
l’intention génocidaire dans d’autres contextes » 29.
— 1er-2 mars 2019 : La Gambie, en sa qualité de membre de l’Organisation de la
coopération islamique (ci-après l’« OCI »), demande instamment au Myanmar
« d’honorer les obligations mises à sa charge par le droit international et les
pactes relatifs aux droits de l’homme, et de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour mettre immédiatement fin à tous vestiges et manifestations de la
pratique … du génocide … contre les musulmans rohingya » 30.
— 31 mai 2019 : A la quatorzième session de la Conférence au sommet des Etats
membres de l’OCI, la Gambie confirme son soutien au comité ministériel ad hoc
chargé d’examiner les violations des droits de l’homme perpétrées contre les
Rohingya au Myanmar et déclare qu’il est urgent de « recour[ir] aux instruments
juridiques internationaux pour amener les auteurs des crimes commis contre les
Rohingya à répondre de leurs actes » 31.
— 8 août 2019 : La mission d’établissement des faits soumet à l’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies un rapport complémentaire avec ses conclusions détaillées,
confirmant qu’il y a eu « commission d’un génocide par le Myanmar et …
absence de prévention et de répression de ce crime par l’Etat » 32.
— 16 septembre 2019 : La mission d’établissement des faits souligne devant le
Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies qu’il est nécessaire de tenir le
Myanmar pour responsable du crime de génocide 33. En outre, elle démontre
28 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Croatie c. Serbie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (I), p. 45-47, par. 85-88 (citant Application de
la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine
c. Serbie-et-Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 110-111, par. 161).
29 Rapport de la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement des faits sur le
Myanmar (2018), par. 85.
30 OCI, Resolution No. 4/46-MM on the Situation of the Muslim Community in Myanmar,
doc. OIC/CFM-46/2019/MM/RES/FINAL (1er-2 mars 2019), par. 11 a), accessible à
l’adresse suivante : https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4447&refID=1250.
31 OCI, Communiqué final de la quatorzième session de la Conférence islamique au sommet,
doc. OIC/SUM-14/2019/FC/FINAL (31 mai 2019), par. 47, accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4499&refID=1251.
32 Nations Unies, Rapport de la mission internationale indépendante d’établissement des
faits sur le Myanmar (8 août 2019), Conseil des droits de l’homme, doc. A/HRC/42/50
(ci-
après le « rapport de la mission d’établissement des faits des Nations Unies (2019) »),
par. 108 ; voir aussi ibid., par. 18 et 90.
33 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 41 et 220.
16
mar “continues to harbour genocidal intent” and therefore that “the Rohingya
remain under serious risk of genocide” 34. In doing so, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission welcomed the efforts of
“The Gambia . . . and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to encourage
and pursue a case against Myanmar before the International Court of Justice
(ICJ) under the Genocide Convention.” 35
— 26 September 2019: In response to the latest reports of the UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Her Excellency Mrs. Isatou Touray, Vice-President
of the Republic of
The Gambia, stated during the general debate of the 74th Session of the UN
General Assembly that “The Gambia is ready to lead the concerted efforts for
taking the Rohingya issue to the International Court of Justice.” 36
— 29 September 2019: Kyaw Tint Swe, Union Minister for the Office of the State
Counsellor of Myanmar, reacted at the general debate of the 74th Session of
the UN General Assembly to the latest reports of the UN Fact-Finding
Mission,
by denying the conclusions: “[The Mission’s] Reports, without exception,
are biased and flawed, based not on facts but on narratives.” 37
— 11 October 2019: The Gambia’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations in
New York transmitted to Myanmar’s Permanent Mission a Note Verbale
concerning
Myanmar’s ongoing breach of its obligations under the Genocide
Convention. The Gambia expressed its concerns over the findings of the
UN Fact-Finding
Mission and Myanmar’s rejection of those findings. The
Gambia also called Myanmar’s attention to OIC Resolution No. 4/46-MM of
2 March 2019. Finally, The Gambia urged Myanmar to take actions to return
to compliance with the Convention, to make reparations to the victims and
to issue assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition 38.
22. Despite all the evidence, and the calls on it to desist from further acts of
genocide, Myanmar continues to deny any wrongdoing. It has not responded to
The Gambia’s Note Verbale of 11 October 2019.
23. A dispute therefore exists between The Gambia and Myanmar relating to
the interpretation and application of the Genocide Convention and the fulfilment
by Myanmar of its obligations to prevent genocide and to desist from its own acts
of genocide, as well as Myanmar’s obligation to make reparations to the victims
and offer assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition.
24. Accordingly, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Court’s Statute and Article IX
of the Genocide Convention, the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims submitted
in the present Application by The Gambia against Myanmar.
34 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 140, 213.
35 Ibid., para. 40.
36 UN General Assembly, 74th Session, 8th Plenary Meeting, Official Records, UN doc. A/
74/PV.8 (26 September 2019), p. 31.
37 The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, State Counsellor Office, U Kyaw Tint Swe,
Union Minister for the Office of the State Counsellor and Leader of Myanmar Delegation to
the 74th Session of United Nations General Assembly Delivers Statement at High-Level
General Debate (New York, 29th September 2019) (30 September 2019), available at https://
www.statecounsellor.gov.mm/en/node/2551, p. 11.
38 Note Verbale from Permanent Mission of the Republic of The Gambia to the United
Nations to Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the United
Nations (11 October 2019).
17
que le Myanmar « reste animé d’une intention génocidaire » et que, en conséquence,
« les Rohingya continuent de courir un risque sérieux de génocide » 34.
Ce faisant, elle se félicite des initiatives que
« la Gambie … et l’Organisation de la coopération islamique prennent pour
encourager l’exercice de poursuites contre le Myanmar devant la Cour internationale
de Justice (CIJ) sur le fondement de la convention sur le génocide et
pour engager elles-mêmes ces poursuites » 35.
— 26 septembre 2019 : En réaction aux derniers rapports de la mission d’établissement
des faits, S. Exc. Mme Isatou Touray, vice-présidente
de la République de
Gambie, déclare, lors du débat général à la soixante-quatorzième
session de
l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, que « [l]a Gambie est prête à jouer un
rôle de chef de file dans le cadre d’efforts concertés visant à porter la question
des Rohingya devant la Cour internationale de justice » 36.
— 29 septembre 2019 : Réagissant aux derniers rapports de la mission d’établissement
des faits lors du débat général à la soixante-quatorzième
session de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies, Kyaw Tint Swe, ministre de l’Union pour
le bureau du conseiller d’Etat du Myanmar, en rejette les conclusions en ces
termes : « Les rapports [de la mission], sans exception, sont entachés de parti
pris et d’erreurs, étant fondés non pas sur des faits mais sur des récits. » 37
— 11 octobre 2019 : La mission permanente de la Gambie auprès de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies à New York adresse à celle du Myanmar une note verbale
concernant les manquements persistants de ce dernier aux obligations mises à sa
charge par la convention sur le génocide. La Gambie se déclare préoccupée par les
constatations de la mission d’établissement des faits et par leur rejet par le Myanmar.
En outre, elle appelle l’attention du Myanmar sur la résolution no 4/46-MM
de l’OCI du 2 mars 2019. Enfin, elle exhorte le Myanmar à prendre les mesures
nécessaires pour se mettre de nouveau en conformité avec la convention, accorder
des réparations aux victimes et mettre en place des garanties de non-répétition 38.
22. En dépit de tous les éléments de preuve disponibles et des appels qui lui sont
lancés pour qu’il s’abstienne de commettre de nouveaux actes de génocide, le
Myanmar continue de nier avoir fait quoi que ce soit d’illicite. En outre, il n’a pas
répondu à la note verbale que la Gambie lui avait adressée le 11 octobre 2019.
23. Il s’ensuit qu’un différend oppose la Gambie au Myanmar au sujet de l’interprétation
et de l’application de la convention sur le génocide et de l’exécution
des obligations faites à ce dernier de prévenir le génocide, de s’abstenir de commettre
lui-même des actes de génocide, ainsi que d’accorder des réparations aux
victimes et d’offrir des garanties de non-répétition.
24. En application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut et de l’article IX
de la convention sur le génocide, la Cour a donc compétence pour connaître des
demandes formulées dans la présente requête par la Gambie contre le Myanmar.
34 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 140 et 213.
35 Ibid., par. 40.
36 Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, soixante-quatorzième
session, 8e séance plénière,
Documents officiels, doc. A/74/PV.8 (26 septembre 2019), p. 34.
37 République de l’Union du Myanmar, bureau du conseiller d’Etat, U Kyaw Tint Swe,
Union Minister for the Office of the State Counsellor and Leader of Myanmar Delegation to
the 74th Session of United Nations General Assembly Delivers Statement at High-Level
General Debate (New York, 29th September 2019) (30 septembre 2019), accessible à l’adresse
suivante : https://www.statecounsellor.gov.mm/en/node/2551, p. 11 de l’allocution.
38 Note verbale adressée à la mission permanente de la République de l’Union du
Myanmar auprès des Nations Unies par la mission permanente de la République de Gambie
auprès des Nations Unies (11 octobre 2019).
18
III. The Facts
A. Background
25. Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) is located in Southeast Asia. It is
bordered by Thailand and Laos to the east, by China to the north, and by India
and Bangladesh to the west. The Bay of Bengal lies to the south.
Map of Myanmar 39
39 UN Geospatial Information Section, Myanmar, Map No. 4168 Rev. 3 (June 2012),
available at https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/myanmar.pdf.
Dali
Baoshan
Lijiang
Lampang
Khon Kaen
Jorhat
Guwahati
Kunming
Dukou
Lincang
Tengchong
Imphal
Vientiane
(Viangchan)
Houayxay
I N D I A
T H A I L A N D
LAO PEOPLE'S
BHUTAN
Muang Xai
Sagaing
Shwebo
Bhamo
Shingbwiyang
Katha
Myingyan
Prome (Pye)
Minbu
Pakokku
Falam
Kengtung
Putao
Makaw
Namhkam
Loikaw
Meiktila
SAGAING
DIVISION
BAGO
YANGON
MAGWAY
DIVISION
MANDALAY
KACHIN
CHIN
SHAN STATE
Gejiu
Pongsali
Jinghong
Xichang
Chiang Mai
Nakhon
Sawan Nakhon
Ratchasima
Barisal
Chittagong
Tinsukia
Lumding Shillong
Maymyo
Mawlaik
Taungdwingyi
Chauk
Monywa
Kalemya
Pyapon
Henzada
Mergui
Kawthuang Chumphon
Sandoway
Amherst
Ta-kaw
Möng-Pan
- Hopin
Lashio
Ye
Thaton
Sittwe
(Akyab)
Pathein
Magway
Bago
Pa-an
Dawei
Mawlamyine
Taunggyi
Hakha
Myitkyina
Mandalay
Yangon
Bangkok
(Krung Thep)
Naypyitaw
Dhaka
DIVISION
AYEYARWARDY
DIVISION
TANINTHARYI
DIVISION
DIVISION
DIVISION
STATE
STATE
RAKHINE
STATE KAYAH
STATE
MON
STATE
KAYIN
STATE
C H I N A
VIET NAM
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA A nd am an Sea
Mouths of the Irrawaddy
Irrawaddy
Irrawaddy
Chindwin
Brahmapu tra
Salween
Mekong
Jinsha Jiang
Mekong
Mae Nam Ping
B ay of Ben gal
G u l f o f T h a i l a n d
Martaban
Gulf of
Lancang (Mekong)
Yuan (Red)
MYANMAR MYANMAR
Map No. 4168 Rev. 3 UNITED NATIONS
June 2012
Department of Field Support
Cartographic Section
0 100 200 300 km
0 100 200 mi
Chinese
Line
Indian
Line
Preparis Island
(MYANMAR)
Ramree I.
Cheduba I.
Launglon Bok
Islands
Bilugyin I.
Mergui
Archipelago
Coco Islands
(MYANMAR)
94° 96° 98° 100° 102°
24°
26°
22°
20°
18°
16°
14°
12°
10°
18°
16°
14°
12°
10°
20°
28°
22°
24°
26°
92° 94°
96° 98° 100° 102°
National capital
Division or state capital
Town, village
Major airport
International boundary
Division or state boundary
Main road
Secondary road
Railroad
The boundaries and names shown and the designations
used on this map do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the United Nations.
19
III. Exposé des faits
A. Contexte général
25. Situé en Asie du Sud-Est, le Myanmar (antérieurement connu sous le nom
de Birmanie) est bordé à l’est par la Thaïlande et le Laos, au nord par la Chine et
à l’ouest par l’Inde et le Bangladesh, la baie du Bengale se trouvant au sud.
Carte du Myanmar 39
39 Nations Unies, Myanmar, carte no 4168 Rev. 3 (juin 2012), section de l’information
géospatiale, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/
profile/myanmar.pdf.
Dali
Baoshan
Lijiang
Lampang
Khon Kaen
Jorhat
Guwahati
Kunming
Dukou
Lincang
Tengchong
Imphal
Vientiane
(Viangchan)
Houayxay
I N D I A
T H A I L A N D
LAO PEOPLE'S
BHUTAN
Muang Xai
Sagaing
Shwebo
Bhamo
Shingbwiyang
Katha
Myingyan
Prome (Pye)
Minbu
Pakokku
Falam
Kengtung
Putao
Makaw
Namhkam
Loikaw
Meiktila
SAGAING
DIVISION
BAGO
YANGON
MAGWAY
DIVISION
MANDALAY
KACHIN
CHIN
SHAN STATE
Gejiu
Pongsali
Jinghong
Xichang
Chiang Mai
Nakhon
Sawan Nakhon
Ratchasima
Barisal
Chittagong
Tinsukia
Lumding Shillong
Maymyo
Mawlaik
Taungdwingyi
Chauk
Monywa
Kalemya
Pyapon
Henzada
Mergui
Kawthuang Chumphon
Sandoway
Amherst
Ta-kaw
Möng-Pan
- Hopin
Lashio
Ye
Thaton
Sittwe
(Akyab)
Pathein
Magway
Bago
Pa-an
Dawei
Mawlamyine
Taunggyi
Hakha
Myitkyina
Mandalay
Yangon
Bangkok
(Krung Thep)
Naypyitaw
Dhaka
DIVISION
AYEYARWARDY
DIVISION
TANINTHARYI
DIVISION
DIVISION
DIVISION
STATE
STATE
RAKHINE
STATE KAYAH
STATE
MON
STATE
KAYIN
STATE
C H I N A
VIET NAM
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA A n da m a n Sea
Mouths of the Irrawaddy
Irrawaddy
Irrawaddy
Chindwin
Brahmaputra
Salween
Mekong
Jinsha Jiang
Mekong
Mae Nam Ping
Ba y o f Beng al
G u l f o f T h a i la n d
Martaban
Gulf of
Lancang (Mekong)
Yuan (Red)
MYANMAR MYANMAR
Map No. 4168 Rev. 3 UNITED NATIONS
June 2012
Department of Field Support
Cartographic Section
0 100 200 300 km
0 100 200 mi
Chinese
Line
Indian
Line
Preparis Island
(MYANMAR)
Ramree I.
Cheduba I.
Launglon Bok
Islands
Bilugyin I.
Mergui
Archipelago
Coco Islands
(MYANMAR)
94° 96° 98° 100° 102°
24°
26°
22°
20°
18°
16°
14°
12°
10°
18°
16°
14°
12°
10°
20°
28°
22°
24°
26°
92° 94°
96° 98° 100° 102°
Capitale nationale
Chef-lieu de département
ou capitale d’Etat
Ville, village
Aéroport important
Frontière internationale
Limite de département ou d’Etat
Route principale
Route secondaire
Voie ferrée
Les frontières et les noms indiqués sur cette carte et
les désignations qui y sont employées ne sont pas
nécessairement reconnus ou officiellement acceptés par l’ONU
20
26. Myanmar is “inhabited by a large number of groups with various ethnic,
cultural, linguistic and religious backgrounds” 40. The Bamar, who are predominantly
Buddhist, are Myanmar’s largest ethnic group, estimated to comprise 60 to
70 per cent of the population 41. The Rohingya, who are Muslim, are one of Myanmar’s
ethnic and religious minorities.
27. Nearly all members of the Rohingya group reside in Myanmar’s Rakhine
State, which is located in the westernmost extremity of the country, along the border
with Bangladesh. The Rohingya are a minority within Rakhine State as well;
the majority of the State’s population are ethnic Rakhine (also known as Arakanese),
a group that is predominantly Buddhist. The Rohingya speak their own
language, known as Rohingya. The ethnic Rakhine speak Arakanese, a regional
dialect of Burmese.
28. Prior to the genocidal acts that began in 2016, most members of the Rohingya
group lived in the townships of Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung,
located in the northern part of Rakhine State. Until that time, the Rohingya lived
predominantly in villages where all or nearly all the inhabitants were ethnic Rohingya.
Some members of the Rohingya group also lived in ethnically mixed villages
and towns. After the Myanmar military attacked and displaced ethnic Rohingya in
2012, many were confined by Myanmar’s security forces to enclosed camps which
the Rohingya are still forbidden to leave without authorization.
B. Myanmar’s Persecution of the Rohingya Group
29. Myanmar has subjected the Rohingya group to persecution for decades. As
far back as October 1992, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or
Belief reported:
“since late 1989, the Rohingya citizens of Myanmar . . . have been subjected
to persecution based on their religious beliefs involving extrajudicial executions,
torture, arbitrary detention, forced disappearances, intimidation, gangrape,
forced labour, robbery, setting of fire to homes, evictions, land confiscation
and population resettlement as well as the systematic destruction of
towns and mosques” 42.
30. More recently, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission’s September 2018 report
found that: “The Rohingya are in a situation of severe, systemic and institutionalised
oppression from birth to death. Their extreme vulnerability is a consequence
of State policies and practices implemented over decades.” 43 The Mission found
that the “level of oppression faced by the Rohingya is hard to fathom” and that
“[c]umulatively” the “rules, regulations, orders and practices” that Myanmar has
imposed have “made life for the Rohingya in Rakhine State slowly but steadily
unbearable” 44. Myanmar has adopted these measures, the Mission concluded, “to
implement a racist and exclusionary vision” 45.
40 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 84.
41 Ibid., para. 84.
42 Ibid., para. 100.
43 Ibid., para. 458; see also ibid., para. 748 (referring to “[d]ecades of gradual marginalisation
and eroding of rights, resulting in a State-sanctioned
and institutionalised system of
oppression affecting the lives of Rohingya from birth to death”).
44 Ibid., para. 622.
45 Ibid., para. 497.
21
26. Le Myanmar est « habité par un grand nombre de groupes aux origines ethniques,
culturelles, linguistiques et religieuses diverses » 40. Les Bamar, majoritairement
bouddhistes, constituent le groupe ethnique le plus important du pays ; ils
représentent 60 à 70 % de la population selon les estimations 41. Les Rohingya, qui
sont musulmans, font partie des minorités ethniques et religieuses du Myanmar.
27. Presque tous les membres du groupe rohingya résident dans l’Etat rakhine,
situé à l’extrême ouest du pays, à la frontière avec le Bangladesh. Les Rohingya
sont également minoritaires dans l’Etat rakhine, la majorité de la population de cet
Etat étant composée de Rakhine (également appelés Arakanais), groupe majoritairement
bouddhiste. Les Rohingya ont leur propre langue, connue sous le nom de
rohingya. Les Rakhine parlent l’arakanais, dialecte régional des Birmans.
28. Avant les actes de génocide qui ont commencé en 2016, la plupart des membres
du groupe rohingya vivaient dans les communes de Maungdaw, Buthidaung et
Rathedaung, au nord de l’Etat rakhine. Les Rohingya habitaient principalement des
villages dont tous les habitants ou presque appartenaient à leur ethnie. Certains
membres du groupe rohingya vivaient également dans des villages et des villes à
composition ethnique mixte. Lorsque l’armée du Myanmar a attaqué et déplacé les
Rohingya en 2012, nombre d’entre eux ont été parqués par les forces de sécurité du
pays dans des camps fermés qu’ils ne peuvent toujours pas quitter sans autorisation.
B. Persécution par le Myanmar du groupe des Rohingya
29. Le Myanmar persécute les Rohingya depuis plusieurs dizaines d’années.
Dès octobre 1992, le rapporteur spécial des Nations Unies sur la liberté de religion
ou de conviction faisait savoir que
« les citoyens rohingya du Myanmar … [étaient], depuis la fin de l’année 1989,
victimes de persécutions à cause de leurs croyances religieuses : exécutions
extrajudiciaires, torture, détention arbitraire, disparitions forcées, intimidation,
viols collectifs, travail forcé, vols, incendie de leur maison, expulsions,
confiscation de leurs terres où sont réinstallées d’autres populations et destruction
systématique des villes et des mosquées » 42.
30. Plus récemment, dans son rapport de septembre 2018 portant constatations
détaillées, la mission d’établissement des faits a pu écrire ce qui suit : « Les Rohingya
vivent, de la naissance à la mort, dans une situation d’oppression grave, systémique
et institutionnalisée. Leur extrême vulnérabilité est la conséquence de politiques
et de pratiques de l’Etat mises en oeuvre depuis plusieurs décennies. » 43 La
mission a estimé que « le degré d’oppression auquel les Rohingya [étaient] soumis
[était] inimaginable » et que « l’ensemble des règles, réglementations, arrêtés et pratiques
» imposés par le Myanmar avaient « lentement mais sûrement rendu insupportable
la vie des Rohingya dans l’Etat rakhine » 44. Et la mission de conclure que
c’est « pour mettre en oeuvre un projet raciste et d’exclusion » que le Myanmar a
adopté ces mesures 45.
40 UN Fact-Finding Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 84.
41 Ibid., par. 84.
42 Ibid., par. 100.
43 Ibid., par. 458 ; voir aussi ibid., par. 748 (où il est question de « [d]izaines d’années de
marginalisation et d’érosion des droits progressives qui ont abouti à une oppression systématique,
sanctionnée par l’Etat et institutionnalisée, qui affecte la vie des Rohingya de la
naissance à la mort »).
44 Ibid., par. 622.
45 Ibid., par. 497.
22
31. The Gambia describes below elements of Myanmar’s persecution of the
Rohingya group that the UN Fact-Finding
Mission determined are particularly
indicative of genocidal intent, including its systematic denial of legal rights to
members of the group and its support for, and participation in, pervasive hate
campaigns designed to achieve the collective demonisation and dehumanisation of
the Rohingya as a group 46.
1. Denial of legal rights to members of the Rohingya group
32. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission found evidence of genocidal intent in the
“existence of discriminatory plans and policies” 47, including Myanmar’s 1982 Citizenship
Law, a statute that remains in force, which makes citizenship and the legal
rights associated therewith contingent upon belonging to one of the country’s predetermined
racial categories — known as “national races” 48. Pursuant to this legal
regime, the Rohingya are not a “national race”, and therefore have no rights. The
Myanmar authorities even consider that “the Rohingya do not belong in Myanmar”
because they “are not considered a ‘national race’” 49. According to the UN
Fact-Finding
Mission, the Myanmar authorities “object” to the very “use of the
name ‘Rohingya’”, insisting instead that they be referred to as “Bengali” so as to
suggest they belong not in Myanmar but in neighbouring Bangladesh 50.
33. Myanmar’s persecutory laws and regulations include measures that restrict
the ability of the Rohingya to marry and bear children. Regional Order 1/2005 of
the Maungdaw Township Peace and Development Council, adopted in 2005,
includes a section — applicable only to those who marry “as per the Islamic religion”,
i.e. the Rohingya — that mandates obtaining special marriage permission
from the relevant government authorities. Those who manage to receive permission
to marry “must limit the number of children” 51.
34. Members of the Rohingya group are also subjected to “severe restrictions”
on their “freedom of movement”, including their “ability to move between villages
in the same township, between townships and outside Rakhine State” 52. Rohingya
must obtain “travel permits to leave their township” 53. In northern Rakhine State,
46 ICTY, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Kupreškić et al., Case No. IT-95-16-T, Judgment
(14 January 2000), para. 636 (“[W]hen persecution escalates to the extreme form of wilful
and deliberate acts designed to destroy a group or part of a group, it can be held that such
persecution amounts to genocide.”).
47 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1425.
48 See ibid., paras. 477-479. On 8 October 1982, Myanmar’s then Head of State, General
Ne Win, declared that there should be “three classes of citizens”, with full citizenship
reserved for “pure-blooded
nationals”, and the remaining classes for those who “cannot [be]
trust[ed] fully” and who therefore must be denied “full rights”. Ibid., para. 476 (citing Online
Burma/Myanmar Library, Translation of the Speech by General Ne Win Provided in The
Working People’s Daily, 9 October 1982, available at https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/
Ne_Win%27s_speech_Oct-1982-Citizenship_Law.pdf). The 1982 Citizenship Law also
permits citizenship through means not relevant here, including through naturalization.
49 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 460.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid., para. 590.
52 Ibid., para. 500.
53 Ibid., para. 525.
23
31. La Gambie évoquera ci-
après certains aspects de la persécution du groupe
rohingya par le Myanmar que la mission a jugés particulièrement révélateurs de
l’intention génocidaire, parmi lesquels le déni systématique des droits des membres
de ce groupe ainsi que le soutien apporté par le Myanmar à des campagnes de
haine généralisées visant à diaboliser et déshumaniser les Rohingya en tant que
groupe, et sa participation auxdites campagnes 46.
1. Déni des droits des membres du groupe rohingya
32. La mission d’établissement des faits a vu une preuve d’intention génocidaire
dans « l’existence de plans et politiques discriminatoires 47 », notamment la loi de
1982 relative à la citoyenneté, toujours en vigueur au Myanmar, qui subordonne la
citoyenneté et les droits qu’elle confère à l’appartenance à l’une des catégories
raciales prédéterminées du pays, dites « races nationales » 48. Selon le régime juridique
ainsi institué, les Rohingya, qui ne constituent pas une « race nationale »,
n’ont aucun droit. Les autorités du Myanmar estiment même que « les Rohingya
n’ont pas leur place au Myanmar » au motif qu’« ils ne sont pas considérés comme
une « race nationale » » 49. La mission relève encore que ces autorités vont jusqu’à
« s’opposer » à l’« emploi du nom de « Rohingya » » en insistant pour que les intéressés
soient appelés « Bangladais », et ce, afin d’accréditer l’idée qu’ils seraient
issus non du Myanmar mais du Bangladesh voisin 50.
33. Les textes législatifs et réglementaires du Myanmar organisant la persécution
des Rohingya viennent notamment restreindre le droit de ceux-
ci de se marier
et d’avoir des enfants. Ainsi, l’arrêté 1/2005, adopté en 2005 par le conseil de paix
et de développement de la commune de Maungdaw, comprend une partie concernant
exclusivement les personnes qui se marient « selon la religion islamique »
— c’est-à-dire les Rohingya —, qui les oblige à demander aux autorités gouvernementales
un permis spécial de mariage. Les Rohingya qui obtiennent ce permis
« doivent limiter le nombre de leurs enfants » 51.
34. Les Rohingya subissent également de « graves restrictions » à leur « liberté
de circulation », notamment à leur « liberté d’aller et venir entre villages d’une
même commune, entre communes et hors de l’Etat rakhine » 52. Ils sont assujettis à
« un permis de circuler pour sortir de leur commune » 53. Dans le nord de l’Etat
46 TPIY, Chambre de première instance, Le Procureur c. Zoran Kupreškić et consorts,
affaire no IT-95-16-T, jugement (14 janvier 2000), par. 636 (« quand la persécution atteint sa
forme extrême consistant en des actes intentionnels et délibérés destinés à détruire un groupe
en tout ou en partie, on peut estimer qu’elle constitue un génocide »).
47 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1425.
48 Ibid., par. 477-479. Le 8 octobre 1982, le général Ne Win, alors chef d’Etat du
Myanmar, a déclaré qu’il devrait y avoir « trois classes de citoyens », la citoyenneté à part
entière étant réservée aux « nationaux pur sang » et les autres classes rassemblant ceux en qui
« on ne peut pas avoir entièrement confiance » et à qui il convient par conséquent de « refuser
la plénitude des droits ». Ibid., par. 476 (qui renvoie à la bibliothèque en ligne Burma/
Myanmar Library, Translation of the speech by General Ne Win provided in The Working
People’s Daily, 9 October 1982, accessible à l’adresse suivante : http://www.burmalibrary.
org/docs6/Ne_Win%27s_speech_Oct-1982-Citizenship_Law.pdf). La loi de 1982 relative à la
citoyenneté permet également d’acquérir la nationalité par d’autres moyens qui ne sont pas
pertinents ici, notamment par naturalisation.
49 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 460.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid., par. 590.
52 Ibid., par. 500.
53 Ibid., par. 525.
24
“movement between villages is also restricted and curfews are imposed” 54. The
restrictions are enforced through at least 160 security checkpoints 55.
35. Since 2012, 128,000 members of the Rohingya group and the Kaman group
(another Muslim minority) in central Rakhine State have been confined in displacement
camps that are “effectively places of deprivation of liberty” 56. The
members of the Rohingya group who reside in these camps are “cordoned off from
the outside world . . . unable to move outside freely” 57. The Mission found: “In
most cases, access is strictly controlled by checkpoints set up by the Myanmar
Police Force. Moreover, many camps are surrounded by barbed wire fencing.
There are further police checkpoints and military posts in the camp area, further
limiting freedom of movement.” 58 In the town of Sittwe, approximately 4,000 members
of the Rohingya and Kaman groups are confined to a quarter that the Mission
describes as “effectively a closed ghetto”, guarded by “armed police, checkpoints
and barbed wire” 59. There, “Muslims are trapped and have lived separately from
the rest of the population since 2012” 60. Members of the Rohingya group “can
only leave the quarter with special permission and in organized convoys with
police escorts” 61.
36. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission determined that the restrictions which
Myanmar has imposed since 2012 amount to a “policy of segregation” under
which Rohingya are generally barred from moving to “ethnic Rakhine areas,
including the main towns and markets” 62. The Mission concluded that this State-mandated
segregation fosters a “conducive environment for dehumanization and
hate campaigns” 63.
2. Hate propaganda against the Rohingya group
37. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission found further evidence of genocidal intent in
the Myanmar authorities’ “tolerance for public rhetoric of hatred and contempt
for the Rohingya”, as well as in the “insulting, derogatory, racist and exclusionary
utterances of Myanmar officials and others” 64. Such propaganda includes the
Government of Myanmar’s incitement of anti‑Rohingya hatred that portrays the
group as a “threat, not only to the local Buddhist communities, but also to the
nation and its Buddhist character as a whole” 65. The Mission determined that
these hate campaigns employ “dehumanising language” and are undertaken with
the “involvement of and condoning by State authorities and influential figures of
authority” 66. This propaganda alleges that the Rohingya identity cannot be reconciled
with belonging to Myanmar. According to the Myanmar military: “Despite
living among peacocks, crows cannot become peacocks.” 67
54 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 525.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., paras. 512, 517.
57 Ibid., para. 517.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid., para. 520.
60 Ibid.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., para. 525.
63 Ibid., para. 516.
64 Ibid., para. 224.
65 Ibid., para. 606.
66 Ibid., para. 748.
67 Ibid., para. 85.
25
rakhine, « la circulation entre les villages est également restreinte et des couvre-feux
sont imposés » 54. Au moins 160 postes de contrôle ont été installés pour faire respecter
ces dispositions 55.
35. Depuis 2012, 128 000 membres des groupes rohingya et kaman (une autre
minorité musulmane) de la région centrale de l’Etat rakhine sont confinés dans des
camps de personnes déplacées qui sont « en réalité des lieux de privation de
liberté » 56. Les Rohingya vivant dans ces camps sont « coupés du monde extérieur
[et] ne peuvent pas sortir librement » 57. La mission a constaté que, « [d]ans la plupart
des cas, l’accès [était] strictement contrôlé par des postes de contrôle mis en
place par la police nationale. A cela s’ajoute que de nombreux camps sont entourés
de clôtures de fil de fer barbelé. Des postes de contrôle de la police et de l’armée se
trouvent également à l’intérieur des camps, ce qui restreint encore plus la liberté de
circulation. » 58 Dans la ville de Sittwe, environ 4000 membres des groupes rohingya
et kaman sont confinés dans un quartier que la mission décrit comme « un ghetto
effectivement enclos », gardé « par des policiers armés, des postes de contrôle et des
barbelés » 59. « Les musulmans [y] sont pris au piège et vivent depuis 2012 séparés
du reste de la population. » 60 Les Rohingya « ne peuvent sortir de ce quartier
qu’avec un permis spécial et en convoi organisé sous escorte policière » 61.
36. La mission estime que les restrictions imposées par le Myanmar depuis 2012
constituent « une politique de ségrégation » qui interdit généralement aux Rohingya
de se rendre « dans les régions d’ethnie rakhine, y compris les principales villes et
les marchés » 62. Elle conclut que cette ségrégation instituée par l’Etat crée « une
atmosphère propice à la déshumanisation et aux campagnes de haine » 63.
2. Propagande haineuse contre le groupe des Rohingya
37. La mission d’établissement des faits voit une autre preuve de l’intention
génocidaire dans la « tolérance [des autorités du Myanmar] à l’égard d’un discours
d’incitation à la haine et au mépris des Rohingya », ainsi que dans « les déclarations
insultantes, dénigrantes, racistes et marginalisantes des représentants du Myanmar
et d’autres personnes » 64. Cette propagande consiste notamment, de la part du
Gouvernement du Myanmar, en une provocation à la haine des Rohingya, ce
groupe étant dépeint comme « une menace non seulement pour les communautés
bouddhistes, mais encore pour la nation et son caractère bouddhique en général
» 65. La mission a constaté que ces campagnes de haine employaient « un vocabulaire
déshumanisant » et étaient menées « avec la participation et la bénédiction
des autorités de l’Etat et de personnalités influentes » 66. L’un des aspects de cette
propagande est d’affirmer que l’on ne saurait être un Rohingya et appartenir au
Myanmar. Ainsi, selon l’armée du Myanmar, « [q]uand bien même les corbeaux
vivraient parmi des paons, ils ne deviendront jamais des paons » 67.
54 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 525.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., par. 512 et 517.
57 Ibid., par. 517.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid., par. 520.
60 Ibid.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., par. 525.
63 Ibid., par. 516.
64 Ibid., par. 224.
65 Ibid., par. 606.
66 Ibid., par. 748.
67 Ibid., par. 85.
26
38. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission described the vast extent of Myanmar’s hate
campaign against the Rohingya group:
“The Mission has examined documents, publications, statements, Facebook
posts and audio-visual
materials that have contributed to shaping public
opinion on the Rohingya and Muslims more generally. The analysis demonstrates
that a carefully crafted hate campaign has developed a negative perception
of Muslims among the broad population in Myanmar. This campaign
has been the work of a few key players: nationalistic political parties and politicians,
leading monks, academics, prominent individuals and members of the
Government. This hate campaign, which continues to the present day, portrays
the Rohingya and other Muslims as an existential threat to Myanmar
and to Buddhism. In the case of the Rohingya, it has gone a step further. It is
accompanied by dehumanising language and the branding of the entire community
as ‘illegal Bengali immigrants’.” 68
39. The systematic and sustained hate campaign against the Rohingya group
has included, inter alia:
— the fomenting of anti-Rohingya
sentiment by the Association for the Protection
of Race and Religion, an organization founded in June 2013 by the monk
Ashin Wirathu, who, among other things, has likened Rohingya to an invasive
species, claiming: “[t]he African catfish have a very great population and they
eat each other and destroy nature” and that “[t]hese catfish are not allowed into
the country to breed” 69;
— the distribution of literature by monks in Rakhine State directing ethnic Rakhine
not to “do business with” or “associate” with “Bengalis” and claiming that
the “Bengalis who dwell on Arakanese land, drink Arakanese water, and rest
under Arakanese shadows are now working for the extinction of the
Arakanese” 70;
— the dissemination of the publication Fear of Extinction of the Race, which
exhorts people to “protect their race and religion”, calls for not patronizing
Muslim shops, an act it describes as akin to “watering poisonous plants”, and
warns, using a racially charged slur used to denote dark skin or foreign ancestry,
“[i]f we are not careful, it is certain that the whole country will be swallowed
by the Muslim Kalars” 71;
— the publication of the book Influx Viruses — The Illegal Muslims in Arakan,
which, among other things, refers to the Rohingya as “hairy with long beards”
and to “Bengali Kalars . . . swallowing other races” 72; and
— the publication of the magazine Paccima zone, whose patrons and committee
members include government and police officials, and which has published
68 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 696.
69 Ibid., para. 90; Dr. Kjell Anderson, “The Enemy Next Door: Hate Speech in Burma”,
The Sentinel Project (17 October 2014), available at https://thesentinelproject.org/2014/10/17/
the-enemy-next-door-hate-speech-
in-burma/.
70 Human Rights Watch, “All You Can Do Is Pray”: Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic
Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State (2013), available at https://www.
hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/burma0413_FullForWeb.pdf, p. 25.
71 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 697 and n. 1510.
72 Ibid., para. 700.
27
38. La mission a décrit l’ampleur considérable de cette campagne de haine
contre le groupe des Rohingya :
« La mission a analysé des documents, publications, déclarations, positions
exprimées sur Facebook et autres documents audiovisuels qui ont contribué à
façonner l’opinion publique en ce qui concerne les Rohingya et, plus généralement,
les musulmans. Il est ressorti de cette analyse qu’une campagne de
haine habilement orchestrée avait permis de diffuser une image défavorable
des musulmans dans de larges couches de la population du Myanmar. Les
principaux acteurs de cette campagne sont les suivants : partis et personnel
politiques nationalistes, moines influents, universitaires, personnalités diverses
et membres du Gouvernement. Cette campagne de haine, qui se poursuit
encore, prétend que les Rohingya et autres musulmans constituent une menace
contre l’existence même du Myanmar et du bouddhisme. Elle emploie un
vocabulaire déshumanisant et traite l’ensemble des membres de cette communauté
d’« immigrants bangladais illégaux ». » 68
39. Cette campagne de haine généralisée et systématique contre le groupe des
Rohingya a pris notamment les formes suivantes :
— excitation de passions anti-rohingya par l’Association pour la protection de la
race et de la religion, organisme fondé en juin 2013 par un bonze du nom
d’Ashin Wirathu, qui, entre autres propos, a comparé les Rohingya à une
espèce envahissante et déclaré que « les poissons-chats d’Afrique [avaient] une
population très nombreuse, se dévor[ai]ent les uns les autres et détruis[ai]ent la
nature », et qu’« il [était] interdit d’introduire ces poissons-chats dans le pays
pour qu’ils s’y reproduisent » 69 ;
— distribution par des bonzes de l’Etat rakhine de brochures exhortant les
Rakhine à ne pas « commercer » ni « s’associer » avec des « Bangladais » et prétendant
que « les Bangladais qui vivent en terre arakanaise, boivent de l’eau
arakanaise et se reposent sous une ombre arakanaise oeuvrent maintenant à
l’extinction des Arakanais » 70 ;
— distribution d’une publication intitulée L’extinction de la race est à craindre,
qui enjoint à la population de « défendre sa race et sa religion », appelle à ne pas
faire d’achats dans des magasins musulmans (ce qui reviendrait à « arroser des
plantes vénéneuses ») et prévient, en utilisant un terme à connotation raciste
qui désigne un teint foncé ou une ascendance étrangère, que, « [s]i nous ne prenons
pas garde, il est certain que le pays tout entier sera avalé par ces « Kalars »
de musulmans » 71 ;
— publication d’un livre intitulé Influx Viruses — The Illegal Muslims in Arakan
(« Afflux de virus — Les musulmans irréguliers en Arakan ») qui, entre autres
propos, affirme que les Rohingya sont « velus et porteurs d’une longue barbe »
et que « les « Kalars » bangladais … se nourrissent des autres races » 72 ; et
— publication de la revue Paccima Zone, qui compte parmi ses parrains et dans
son comité directeur des représentants de l’Etat et de la police, et publie des
68 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 696.
69 Ibid., par. 90 ; Dr Kjell Anderson, « The Enemy Next Door: Hate Speech in
Burma », The Sentinel Project (17 octobre 2014), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://
thesentinelproject.org/2014/10/17/the-enemy-next-door-hate-speech-
in-burma/.
70 Human Rights Watch, « All You Can Do is Pray » — Crimes Against Humanity and
Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State (2013), p. 25, accessible à
l’adresse suivante : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/burma0413_FullForWeb.
pdf.
71 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 657 et n. 1510.
72 Ibid., par. 700.
28
articles with such titles as “Black tsunami in a pitiful disguise” and “Slow
invasion”
that refer to the Rohingya as the “common enemy” of all Myanmar
ethnic groups 73.
40. This pervasive campaign of dehumanization has included appeals for
extreme measures against the Rohingya. On 26 June 2012, for example, the Rakhine
Nationalities Development Party (RNDP), which at the time held the majority
of seats in the Rakhine State legislature 74, called for a “final solution” to deal with
the threat posed by what it referred to as the “present population of Bengali” 75.
41. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission observed that the RNDP “praised Hitler
and argued that inhuman acts” are “sometimes necessary to maintain a race” 76. In
November 2012, its magazine referred to the need to take “a decisive stand on the
issue of Bengali Muslims” and warned that “if we do not courageously solve these
problems, which we have inherited from several previous generations, and instead
hand them over to the next generation, we will go down in history as irresponsible” 77.
It stated:
“Although Hitler and Eichmann were the greatest enemies of the Jews, they
were probably heroes to the Germans. America had to drop nuclear bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Why? If inhumane acts are sometimes permitted to
maintain a race, a country and the sovereignty . . . our endeavours to maintain
the Rakhine race and the sovereignty and longevity of the Union of Myanmar
cannot be labelled as inhumane.” 78
42. The Myanmar Government itself has spread, as well as condoned, similarly
extremist anti-Rohingya
propaganda. Myanmar’s Ministry of Immigration and
Population (now the Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population) has
employed the following slogan as its motto since 1995: “The earth will not swallow
a race to extinction but another race will.” 79
43. In August 2011, during parliamentary discussion of the issuance of registration
cards to members of the Rohingya group, Myanmar’s Minister of Immigration
stated: “Our Ministry is trying its best to uphold the slogan ‘Race is not
swallowed by the earth but by another race’.” 80
44. In June 2012, the spokesperson of the President of Myanmar posted a statement
on his Facebook account warning of the arrival of “Rohingya terrorists”
who the Myanmar military would “completely destroy” 81. He stated:
“We don’t want to hear any humanitarian or human rights excuses. We
don’t want to hear your moral superiority, or so-called
peace and loving kind73
UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 701-702.
74 The Rakhine Nationalities Development Party held 18 seats out of 35 seats in the
Rakhine (Arakan) State parliament. See The Burma Fund UN Office, Burma’s 2010 Elections:
A Comprehensive Report (January 2011), available at http://www.burmalibrary.org/
docs11/BurmaFund-Election_Report-text.pdf, p. 34, Table 3.
75 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 713.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid. (citing Rakhine Nationalities Development Party, Toe Thet Yay Journal, Vol. 2,
No. 12 (2012)).
78 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 713.
79 Ibid., paras. 698-699.
80 Ibid., para. 699.
81 Ibid., para. 705.
29
articles intitulés « Un tsunami noir qui veut être pris en pitié » et « Une lente
invasion », dans lesquels les Rohingya sont traités d’« ennemi commun » de
tous les groupes ethniques du Myanmar 73.
40. Dans le cadre de cette vaste campagne de déshumanisation, des appels à
prendre des mesures extrêmes contre les Rohingya sont lancés. Le 26 juin 2012, par
exemple, le parti pour le développement des nationalités de l’Etat rakhine, qui
détenait à l’époque la majorité des sièges à l’Assemblée de l’Etat rakhine 74, a
appelé à une « solution finale » pour en finir avec la menace constituée par ce qu’il
appelait « la population bangladaise actuelle » 75.
41. La mission d’établissement des faits a constaté que le parti pour le développement
des nationalités de l’Etat rakhine avait « loué Hitler et soutenu qu’il [était] parfois
nécessaire de commettre des actes inhumains pour préserver une race » 76. En
novembre 2012, son magazine préconisait d’adopter « une position ferme sur la question
des musulmans bangladais » et formulait la mise en garde suivante : « si, au lieu
de résoudre courageusement ces problèmes que nous avons hérités de plusieurs générations
antérieures, nous les léguons aux générations futures, l’histoire se souviendra
de nous comme d’autant d’irresponsables » 77. Il y était en outre indiqué ceci :
« Bien qu’Hitler et Eichmann aient été les plus grands ennemis des Juifs, ils
étaient probablement des héros pour les Allemands. L’Amérique a bien dû
lâcher des bombes atomiques sur Hiroshima et Nagasaki. Et pourquoi ? S’il
est parfois permis de commettre des actes inhumains pour préserver une race,
un pays et sa souveraineté … on ne pourra pas qualifier d’inhumains les efforts
que nous faisons pour préserver la race rakhine, ainsi que la souveraineté et la
longévité de l’Union du Myanmar. » 78
42. Le Gouvernement du Myanmar lui-
même a véhiculé et cautionné une propagande
anti-rohingya tout aussi extrême. Son propre ministère de l’immigration
et de la population (aujourd’hui ministère du travail, de l’immigration et de la
population) s’est donné le slogan suivant pour devise depuis 1995 : « La terre n’avalera
pas une race jusqu’à extinction, mais une autre race le fera. » 79
43. En août 2011, pendant un débat parlementaire sur l’opportunité de délivrer
des cartes d’immatriculation aux Rohingya, le ministre de l’immigration du Myanmar
a déclaré ce qui suit : « Notre ministère fait de son mieux pour honorer sa
devise : « Une race n’est pas avalée par la terre mais par une autre race ». » 80
44. En juin 2012, le porte-parole
du président du Myanmar affichait sur son
compte Facebook une déclaration dans laquelle il mettait en garde contre l’arrivée
de « terroristes rohingya », que l’armée du Myanmar allait « détruire totalement » 81.
Il poursuivait ainsi :
« Nous ne voulons pas entendre vos excuses humanitaires ou liées aux
droits de l’homme. Nous ne voulons pas entendre votre prétendue supériorité
73 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 701-702.
74 Le parti pour le développement des nationalités de l’Etat rakhine détenait 18 des
35 sièges de l’Assemblée de l’Etat rakhine (Arakan). Voir The Burma Fund UN Office,
Burma’s 2010 Elections : A Comprehensive Report (janvier 2011), accessible à l’adresse suivante :
http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/BurmaFund-Election_Report-text.pdf, p. 34, table 3.
75 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 713.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid. (Toe Thet Yay, vol. 2, no 12 (2012), citant le parti pour le développement des
nationalités de l’Etat rakhine).
78 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 713.
79 Ibid., par. 698-699.
80 Ibid., par. 699.
81 Ibid., par. 705.
30
ness. (Go and look at Buthidaung, Maungdaw areas in Rakhine State. Our
ethnic people are in constant fear in their own land. I feel very bitter about
this. This is our country. This is our land.)” 82
45. Investigative reporting by The New York Times disclosed in October 2018
that the “Myanmar military were the prime operatives behind a systematic campaign
on Facebook that stretched back half a decade and that targeted the country’s
mostly Muslim Rohingya minority group” 83. This involved “hundreds of
military personnel who created troll accounts and news and celebrity pages on
Facebook and then flooded them with incendiary comments and posts timed for
peak viewership” 84. The head of cybersecurity policy at Facebook said the company
had found “clear and deliberate attempts to covertly spread propaganda that
were directly linked to the Myanmar military” 85.
46. Myanmar has specifically sought to instil hatred of the Rohingya among its
military recruits. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission reported that in October 2012
soldiers received training on the “expansion of Islam” and the consequent “extinction
of Buddhism” 86. They were also given an anti-Muslim
presentation entitled
“Fear of extinction of the race” that referred to the need to “protect our race and
religion as much as possible” 87.
C. The Commission of Genocidal Acts against
the Rohingya as a Group
47. As set out below, and as will be described in greater detail over the course of
these proceedings, Myanmar’s persecution against the Rohingya population as a
group escalated dramatically in October 2016, when its military and security forces
commenced so-called
“clearance operations” against Rohingya villages, leading to
the genocidal acts that are the subject of this Application.
1. The “clearance operations” that began on 9 October 2016
48. In the early hours of 9 October 2016, a small number of Rohingya, armed
mainly with sticks, knives and a few firearms, reacting to Myanmar’s persecution
of the group, attacked three Border Guard Police posts in northern Rakhine
State 88. Just hours later, the Tatmadaw, operating in co-ordination
with the
Myanmar Police Force and Border Guard Police, commenced what they called
82 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 705.
83 “A genocide incited on Facebook, with posts from Myanmar’s military”, The New
York Times (15 October 2018), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/
myanmar-facebook-
genocide.html.
84 Ibid.
85 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 716.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid., paras. 1009, 1011, 1020, 1036, 1069. UNGA, Human Rights Council, Report of
the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/34/67
(14 March 2017), para. 64. At the time, the group of Rohingya attackers did not have a
name. After the attack, the group called itself the Faith Movement (Harakah Al‑Yaqin). In
March 2017, the group rebranded itself as the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).
See UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1010-1012.
31
morale ou vos appels à la paix et à la bienveillance. (Allez donc du côté de
Buthidaung et de Maungdaw dans l’Etat rakhine. Les gens de notre ethnie
vivent dans une peur permanente dans leur propre pays. Cela me met très en
colère. Ce pays est à nous. Cette terre est à nous.) » 82
45. Une enquête du New York Times a révélé en octobre 2018 que « l’armée du
Myanmar [était] la première responsable d’une campagne systématique sur Facebook
qui dur[ait] depuis cinq ans et vis[ait] un groupe minoritaire principalement
musulman du pays, les Rohingya » 83. Cette campagne mobilisait « des centaines de
militaires pour créer des comptes de troll et des pages de nouvelles ou de célébrités,
et les inonder de commentaires et de posts incendiaires à des moments calculés
pour leur assurer le plus grand nombre de lecteurs » 84. A cet égard, le responsable
des politiques de cybersécurité de Facebook a déclaré que l’entreprise avait mis au
jour « des tentatives flagrantes et délibérées pour diffuser clandestinement de la
propagande, lesquelles étaient en lien direct avec l’armée du Myanmar » 85.
46. Le Myanmar a cherché tout particulièrement à inspirer aux recrues de son
armée la haine des Rohingya. Selon la mission d’établissement des faits des Nations
Unies, des soldats ont ainsi suivi en octobre 2012 un cours sur « l’expansion de
l’islam » et « l’extinction du bouddhisme » qui devait en résulter 86. Il leur a également
été présenté un exposé intitulé « L’extinction de la race est à craindre », qui
évoquait la nécessité de « défendre dans toute la mesure du possible notre race et
notre religion » 87.
C. Commission d’actes de génocide contre les Rohingya
en tant que groupe
47. Comme on le verra ci-
après et comme il en sera rendu compte plus en détail
en cours d’instance, la persécution de la population rohingya par le Myanmar s’est
spectaculairement aggravée en octobre 2016, lorsque les forces militaires et de
sécurité du Myanmar ont lancé contre les villages rohingya des opérations qualifiées
d’« opérations de nettoyage », ce qui a conduit aux actes de génocide qui font
l’objet de la présente requête.
1. « Opérations de nettoyage » lancées le 9 octobre 2016
48. Le 9 octobre 2016 à l’aube, un petit nombre de Rohingya, armés surtout de
bâtons, de couteaux et de rares armes à feu, qui ripostaient à la persécution de leur
groupe par le Myanmar, ont attaqué trois postes de la police des frontières dans le
nord de l’Etat rakhine 88. Quelques heures plus tard, la Tatmadaw, agissant en
coordination avec la police nationale et la police des frontières, a lancé des
82 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 705.
83 « A genocide incited on Facebook, with posts from Myanmar’s military », The New
York Times (15 octobre 2018), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.nytimes.
com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-
genocide.html.
84 Ibid.
85 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 716.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid., par. 1009, 1011, 1020, 1036 et 1069. Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
rapport de la rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des droits de l’homme au Myanmar,
doc. A/HRC/34/67 (14 mars 2017), par. 64. A l’époque des faits, le groupe des assaillants
rohingya n’avait pas de nom. Après cette attaque, il a pris pour nom le mouvement de la foi
(Harakah Al-Yaqin). En mars 2017, il s’est renommé armée du salut des Rohingya de
l’Arakan (ASRA). Voir UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018),
par. 1010-1012.
32
“clearance operations” targeted at Rohingya villages in a designated “lockdown
zone” in central Maungdaw Township 89. During these operations, Myanmar
forces systematically shot, killed, forcibly disappeared, raped, gang raped, sexually
assaulted, detained, beat and tortured Rohingya civilians, and burned down and
destroyed Rohingya homes, mosques, madrassas, shops and Qur’ans 90. As they
committed these crimes, the perpetrators called their victims “people from
Bangladesh” 91, “Bengali” 92, and “Kalar” 93.
49. The first such “clearance operation” was conducted at Wa Peik village 94. Six
military vehicles entered the village and began systematically killing Rohingya villagers
95. One survivor recalled: “When the soldiers entered the village, they started
shooting . . . I saw them shoot at people as they fled.” 96 Another recounted: “The
military would go in a house, then it would set on fire, then they went to another
house, and fire would start. Everywhere they went a fire would start and smoke
would rise.” 97
50. The next day, 10 October 2016, Myanmar security forces carried out a
“clearance operation” at Doe Tan, a village located in Maungdaw Township 98.
A survivor recounts:
“The military came to our village on 10 October in the morning. First they
started shooting into the air, people were scared and came out of their homes,
and then they started killing people. They were shooting at people. We were
all trying to flee, I was running and at that point I was shot and fell into the
paddy field. Since I was running I am not sure on which side the bullet entered
and where it exited. My cousin helped me and brought me home and treated
my wound. My father was killed at the same time as I was shot.” 99
51. In some villages, the military used helicopters to shoot members of the Rohingya
group 100. Survivors describe how bullets “rained” on them whilst they tried
to run away 101.
89 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1069, 1072;
UN OHCHR, Report of OHCHR Mission to Bangladesh: Interviews with Rohingyas Fleeing
from Myanmar since 9 October 2016: Flash Report (3 February 2017), available at https://
www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/FlashReport3Feb2017.pdf [hereinafter UN
OHCHR, Flash Report (2017)], p. 7.
90 See generally UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018),
paras. 1069-1095; UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), pp. 13‑40.
91 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
92 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1075.
93 Ibid.
94 Human Rights Watch, Burma: Military Burned Villages in Rakhine State (13 December
2016), available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/13/burma-military-
burned-villagesrakhine-
state.
95 Matthew Smith, “Bringing Burma back from the brink”, Wall Street Journal
(15 February 2017), available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/bringing-burma-back-fromthe-
brink-1487181031.
96 Ibid.
97 Amnesty International, “We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in
Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at https://www.amnesty.
org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, p. 29.
98 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 14.
99 Ibid.
100 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1084; UN
OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
101 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
33
« opérations
de nettoyage » — selon leur propre terminologie — contre les villages
rohingya situés dans une « zone de confinement » au centre de la commune de
Maungdaw 89. Pendant ces opérations, les forces du Myanmar ont systématiquement
ouvert le feu, tué, fait disparaître par la force, violé, violé collectivement,
agressé sexuellement, détenu, battu et torturé des civils rohingya, et brûlé et détruit
des maisons, mosquées, madrassas (écoles coraniques), magasins et corans
rohingya 90. Tout en commettant ces crimes, elles traitaient leurs victimes d’« immigrés
du Bangladesh » 91, de « Bangladais » 92 et de « Kalar » 93.
49. La première de ces « opérations de nettoyage » a eu pour théâtre le village de
Wa Peik 94. Six véhicules militaires y sont entrés et leurs occupants ont commencé à
tuer systématiquement les Rohingya du village 95. Aux dires d’un rescapé, « [q]uand
les soldats sont arrivés, ils ont commencé à tirer … Je les ai vus tirer sur des gens qui
s’enfuyaient. » 96 Et un autre : « Les militaires entraient dans une maison, et on la
voyait prendre feu ; puis ils allaient dans une autre maison, et celle-
ci aussi prenait
feu. Partout où ils allaient, un incendie se déclenchait et de la fumée apparaissait. » 97
50. Le lendemain, soit le 10 octobre 2016, les forces de sécurité du Myanmar ont
lancé une « opération de nettoyage » contre le village de Doe Tan, dans la commune
de Maungdaw 98. Un rescapé décrit cette opération :
« Les soldats sont venus dans notre village le 10 octobre au matin. Ils ont
d’abord tiré en l’air, ce qui a fait peur aux habitants, qui sont sortis de leur
maison, et alors les soldats ont commencé à tuer les gens. Ils leur tiraient dessus.
Nous avons tous essayé de nous enfuir. Je courais et, à un moment donné,
j’ai été touché par une balle et je suis tombé dans la rizière. Comme je courais,
je ne sais pas très bien de quel côté la balle est entrée et de quel côté elle est
ressortie. Mon cousin m’a aidé, il m’a ramené à la maison et il a soigné ma
blessure. Mon père a été tué au moment où j’ai été touché. » 99
51. Dans certains villages, l’armée a utilisé des hélicoptères pour tirer sur les
Rohingya 100. Des rescapés ont parlé d’une « pluie » de balles qui s’est abattue sur
eux alors qu’ils essayaient de se sauver 101.
89 Voir UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1069
et 1072 ; Haut-Commissariat
des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme (HCDH), Report
of OHCHR Mission to Bangladesh: Interviews with Rohingyas Fleeing from Myanmar
since 9 October 2016: Flash Report (3 février 2017), p. 7, accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/FlashReport3Feb2017.pdf (ci-après
« HCDH, Flash Report (2017) »).
90 Voir, d’une manière générale, UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed
Findings (2018), par. 1069-1695 ; HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 13‑40.
91 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
92 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1075.
93 Ibid.
94 Human Rights Watch, Burma: Military Burned Villages in Rakhine State (13 décembre
2016), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/13/burma-militaryburned-
villages-rakhine-state.
95 Matthew Smith, « Bringing Burma back from the brink », Wall Street Journal
(15 février 2017), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.wsj.com/articles/bringing-burma-
back-from-the-brink-1487181031.
96 Ibid.
97 Amnesty International, « We Are at Breaking Point »: Rohingya: Persecuted in Myanmar,
Neglected in Bangladesh (19 décembre 2016), p. 29, accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF.
98 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 14.
99 Ibid.
100 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1084 ; HCDH,
Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
101 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 15.
34
52. During these operations, the military carried out mass executions of Rohingya
men and boys. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission reported that at the village of
Dar Gyi Zar, “Tatmadaw soldiers captured a group of up to 200 men, women and
children, and took them to a paddy field, where they were told to kneel” 102. After
beating them and ordering the men to remove their shirts, the military “separated
from the group” the “men and boys of approximately 12 years or older” 103.
53. The women and children were taken to a house where they “heard repeated
gunfire and the screams of the men and boys outside” 104. When they emerged from
the house after the soldiers had left, the women saw “[t]he bodies of the men and
boys had been put in a pile, or series of piles, and burned using hay, harvested rice,
and the removed shirts” 105.
54. The Myanmar military proceeded to systematically burn and destroy entire
Rohingya villages, with an intention to destroy the group in whole or in part. The
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (“OHCHR”) concluded,
based on analysis of “testimonies as well as the satellite imagery analysis from
three independent sources”, that Myanmar security forces had “deliberately targeted
the entire Rohingya population in the area” 106. These findings were corroborated
by evaluations conducted by international human rights organizations.
Amnesty International concluded: “Satellite images demonstrate widespread
destruction of homes and other civilian properties — in some cases, entire villages
have been destroyed.” 107 This included the destruction by fire of at least 1,262 buildings
across 12 villages from October to November 2016 108. Human Rights Watch’s
separate analysis concluded that approximately 1,500 buildings in Rohingya villages
were burned between 10 October and 23 November 2016 109.
55. A “major cause of deaths was due to burning of houses” 110. The OHCHR
reports that “[n]umerous testimonies collected from people from different villages”
have “confirmed that the army deliberately set fire to houses with families
inside” 111. In some cases, the military “pushed Rohingya into already burning
houses” 112. The OHCHR also reported instances where “the army or Rakhine villagers
locked an entire family, including elderly and disabled people, inside a house
and set it on fire, killing them all” 113.
56. In one such case, an 11-year-old girl from Yae Khat Chaung Gwa Son village
reported:
“After entering our house, the army apprehended us. They pushed my
mother on the ground. They removed her clothes, and four officers raped her.
102 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1085-1086.
103 Ibid., para. 1086.
104 Ibid.
105 Ibid., para. 1087.
106 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), pp. 41‑42.
107 Amnesty International, “We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in
Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at https://www.amnesty.
org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, p. 25.
108 Ibid.
109 Human Rights Watch, Burma: Military Burned Villages in Rakhine State (13 December
2016), available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/13/burma-military-
burned-villagesrakhine-
state.
110 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), pp. 16‑17.
111 Ibid.
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
35
52. Pendant ces opérations, les militaires ont procédé à des exécutions en masse
d’hommes et de garçons rohingya. La mission rapporte que, dans le village de Dar
Gyi Zar, « les soldats de la Tatmadaw ont capturé un groupe de quelque 200 hommes,
femmes et enfants, qu’ils ont conduits dans une rizière où ils leur ont dit de s’agenouiller
» 102. Après les avoir battus et avoir ordonné aux hommes de se mettre torse nu, ils
ont « séparé du groupe les hommes et les garçons d’environ douze ans et plus » 103.
53. Les femmes et les enfants ont été emmenés dans une maison d’où ils ont
« entendu de nombreux coups de feu, ainsi que les cris des hommes et des garçons
restés dehors » 104. Quand elles sont sorties de la maison après le départ des soldats,
les femmes ont vu que « [l]es corps des hommes et des garçons avaient été entassés
en une pile ou une série de piles, et brûlés avec du foin, de la paille de riz et les
vêtements qu’ils avaient dû enlever » 105.
54. L’armée du Myanmar a entrepris de brûler et détruire systématiquement des
villages rohingya entiers, dans l’intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, le
groupe des Rohingya. Le Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de
l’homme, s’appuyant sur « des témoignages ainsi que sur une analyse d’images
satellitaires obtenues de trois sources indépendantes », a conclu que les forces de
sécurité du Myanmar avaient « délibérément pris pour cible toute la population
rohingya de la région » 106. Cette conclusion a été corroborée par les analyses auxquelles
ont procédé des organisations internationales des droits de l’homme. Selon
Amnesty International, « [l]es images satellitaires montrent une destruction généralisée
d’habitations et d’autres biens à caractère civil — dans certains cas, ce sont
des villages entiers qui ont été détruits » 107. Au moins 1262 bâtiments répartis entre
12 villages ont été détruits par le feu en octobre et novembre 2016 108. De son côté,
Human Rights International a conclu qu’environ 1500 bâtiments avaient été
incendiés dans des villages rohingya entre le 10 octobre et le 23 novembre 2016 109.
55. « L’incendie de maisons a été une cause majeure de décès. » 110 Selon le HautCommissariat,
« [d]e nombreux témoignages recueillis auprès d’habitants de différents
villages » ont « confirmé que l’armée a[vait] délibérément incendié des
maisons
alors que des familles s’y trouvaient » 111. Dans certains cas, les soldats
ont « poussé des Rohingya dans des maisons qui étaient déjà en feu » 112. Le Haut-
Commissariat a également signalé des cas où « l’armée ou des villageois rakhine
[avaient] enfermé toute une famille, y compris des vieillards et des personnes handicapées,
à l’intérieur d’une maison et y [avaient] mis le feu, les tuant tous » 113.
56. Une fillette de onze ans du village de Yae Khat Chaung Gwa Son apporte ce
témoignage :
« Après être entrés dans notre maison, les soldats nous ont attrapés. Ils ont
fait tomber ma mère. Ils l’ont déshabillée et quatre soldats l’ont violée. Ils ont
102 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1085-1086.
103 Ibid., par. 1086.
104 Ibid.
105 Ibid., par. 1087.
106 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 41‑42.
107 Amnesty International, « We Are at Breaking Point »: Rohingya: Persecuted in
Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh (19 décembre 2016), p. 25, accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF.
108 Ibid.
109 Human Rights Watch, Burma: Military Burned Villages in Rakhine State (13 décembre
2016), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/13/burma-militaryburned-
villages-rakhine-state.
110 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 16‑17.
111 Ibid.
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
36
They also slaughtered my father, a prayer leader, just before raping my
mother. After a few minutes, they burnt the house with a rocket, with my
mother inside. All this happened before my eyes.” 114
57. In some instances, the military tied Rohingya to trees and burned them
alive 115. A survivor from Yae Khat Chaung Gwa Son village recounts:
“The military dragged my grandmother and grandfather out of their house.
First they were severely beaten, then tied to a tree. The military then put dried
grass, woods around them and set them on fire.” 116
58. Children, including infants, were deliberately targeted. According to the
OHCHR, victims ranged in ages “from newborns to teenagers” 117. They included
children who were “killed by live ammunition or stabbed while at home; while fleeing
to safety; or while in farms or fields” 118.
59. A mother of four from Pwint Hpyu Chang reported:
“I fled together with my four children. I was holding and carrying the two
youngest. My two oldest children, my daughter who was six years old and my
son who was 10, were behind me. When the armed men were running after
me, I hid behind some trees and bushes. The men caught my two oldest children
and killed them. They used a knife of the kind we use to slaughter goats. I
saw this from where I was hiding.” 119
60. Another survivor recounted:
“In Kyet Yoe Pyin I saw the military killing a newborn baby of a distant
relative. She was about to deliver the baby just after the military entered the
village. We were all inside the house and the military made us come out. My
relative could not come out as she was in labour so they dragged her out and
hit her stomach with a big stick. They killed the baby by stomping on it with
their heavy boots. Then they burned the house.” 120
61. A survivor from the same village recounts: “They held me tight and I was
raped by one of them. My five-year-old daughter tried to protect me, she was screaming,
one of the men took out a long knife and killed her by slitting her throat.” 121
62. Myanmar military and security forces committed sexual violence on a massive
scale, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity, and sexual assault 122. The
OHCHR reported that the majority of the rape victims it interviewed were “raped
by more than one soldier, usually three to four but even up to eight officers” 123. It
also found:
“Rape by an individual soldier would typically occur alongside a gang
rape — i.e. several women would be targeted for rape within a particular
114 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), pp. 16‑17.
115 Ibid., p. 17.
116 Ibid.
117 Ibid., p. 18.
118 Ibid.
119 Ibid.
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1091-1092.
123 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 21.
37
aussi tué mon père, qui était prédicateur, juste avant de violer ma mère. Après
quelques minutes, ils ont incendié la maison avec une roquette, avec ma mère
à l’intérieur. Tout ça s’est passé sous mes yeux. » 114
57. Il est arrivé que des soldats attachent des Rohingya à des arbres et les brûlent
vivants 115. Un rescapé du village de Yae Khat Chaung Gwa Son décrit la scène :
« Les soldats ont fait sortir de force ma grand-mère et mon grand-père de la
maison. Ils les ont d’abord violemment battus, puis attachés à un arbre. Ils ont
ensuite placé de l’herbe sèche et du bois autour d’eux et y ont mis le feu. » 116
58. Des enfants, et même des nourrissons, ont été délibérément pris pour cible.
Selon le Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme, l’âge des
victimes allait « du nouveau-né à l’adolescent » 117. Parmi ces victimes, il y avait des
enfants qui ont été « tués par balle ou à l’arme blanche à l’intérieur de leur maison
ou alors qu’ils s’enfuyaient ou se trouvaient dans une ferme ou aux champs » 118.
59. Une mère de quatre enfants du village de Pwint Hpyu Chang déclare ceci :
« Je me suis enfuie avec mes quatre enfants. Je portais les deux plus jeunes.
Mes deux aînés, une fille qui avait six ans et un garçon qui en avait dix, étaient
derrière moi. Nous étions poursuivis par des hommes armés, et j’ai réussi à me
cacher derrière des arbres et des buissons. Les hommes ont attrapé mes deux
aînés et les ont tués. Ils ont utilisé un couteau qui sert à égorger les chèvres.
J’ai vu tout ça depuis ma cachette. » 119
60. Une autre rescapée livre le témoignage suivant :
« A Kyet Yoe Pyin j’ai vu des soldats tuer le nouveau-né d’une parente éloignée.
Elle allait accoucher juste au moment où les soldats sont arrivés dans le
village. Nous étions tous à l’intérieur de la maison et les soldats nous ont fait
sortir. Elle ne pouvait pas sortir parce qu’elle était en couches, alors ils l’ont
traînée dehors et l’ont frappée au ventre avec un gros bâton. Ils ont tué le bébé
en lui marchant dessus avec leurs grosses bottes. Puis ils ont mis le feu à la
maison. » 120
61. Une rescapée du même village déclare ce qui suit : « Ils m’ont immobilisée et
l’un d’eux m’a violée. Ma fille, qui avait cinq ans, essayait de me défendre ; elle
hurlait, alors l’un des hommes a sorti un long couteau et l’a tuée en l’égorgeant. » 121
62. L’armée et la police du Myanmar ont commis des violences sexuelles généralisées,
notamment des viols, des viols collectifs, des dénudations forcées et des
agressions sexuelles 122. Le Haut-Commissariat
des Nations Unies aux droits de
l’homme a constaté que la majorité des victimes dont il avait recueilli le témoignage
avaient été « violées par plus d’un soldat, en général trois ou quatre, ce
chiffre pouvant aller jusqu’à huit » 123. Il a également indiqué ceci :
« Le viol par un seul soldat était en général commis en parallèle avec un viol
collectif, c’est-à-dire que plusieurs femmes étaient regroupées dans une mai114
HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 16‑17.
115 Ibid., p. 17.
116 Ibid.
117 Ibid., p. 18.
118 Ibid.
119 Ibid.
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1091-1092.
123 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 21.
38
house, school or mosque and the majority of them would be gang raped while
some were raped by only one individual.” 124
63. At Kyet Yoe Pyin village, in Maungdaw Township, one survivor estimated
that more than 100 females were raped 125.
64. A survivor from Dar Gyi Zar village encountered 13 women: “They could
not speak, they were just crying. They all had injuries. Their clothes had blood on
them, around their private parts . . . they had marks on their necks from where they
were held.” 126
65. A mother who survived her village’s “clearance operation” gave the following
account, as summarized by the UN Fact-Finding
Mission:
“One survivor described eight to ten Tatmadaw soldiers entering the house
she was in and taking two young girls to the toilet. She held a child in her lap
so that the Tatmadaw would realise that she was a mother and would not rape
her. The soldiers threw the child aside; five to six men raped her. She said that
she had pain everywhere afterwards and bled until she reached Bangladesh.
She heard that the two girls who were taken to the toilet died.” 127
66. A 14-year-old female survivor of a clearance operation described her experience
as follows:
“We were hiding in the forest and the soldiers took my sister, who was
12 years old, and eight other girls. Four of them were raped and killed. Then
the soldiers took me. There were around 40 women and girls in the forest. I
remember the first man who raped me, feeling all the pain. I became numb to
the next three men and then I went unconscious. They were raping most of the
women and girls.” 128
67. On 16 February 2017, after four months of systematic atrocities against
members of the Rohingya group, the Myanmar Government declared an end to
the “clearance operations” 129. Thereafter, a Government Investigation Commission,
led by Myanmar’s Vice-President,
absolved the security forces of any wrongdoing
and endorsed the “lawfulness and appropriateness of the response” 130. To
date, Myanmar has taken no steps to hold those responsible for these atrocities
accountable 131.
68. Despite the official end to the “clearance operations”, widespread persecution
of the Rohingya — through the same tactics employed in those operations —
continued. The humanitarian crisis faced by the Rohingya was further exacerbated
124 UN OHCHR, Flash Report (2017), p. 21.
125 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1111.
126 Amnesty International, “We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in
Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh (19 December 2016), available at https://www.amnesty.
org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, p. 25.
127 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1093.
128 Ibid., paras. 1091-1092.
129 Ibid., paras. 1069-1070.
130 Ibid., para. 1071.
131 Ibid., para. 1564.
39
son, une école ou une mosquée pour y être violées, la majorité d’entre elles
subissant un viol collectif tandis que quelques autres étaient violées par un
seul homme. » 124
63. Selon le témoignage d’une rescapée, plus de 100 femmes ont été violées au
village de Kyet Yoe Pyin, dans la commune de Maungdaw 125.
64. Aux dires d’une rescapée du village de Dar Gyi Zar, qui a rencontré
13 femmes, celles-
ci « ne pouvaient plus parler, elles n’arrêtaient pas de pleurer.
Elles avaient toutes des ecchymoses. Il y avait du sang sur leurs vêtements, autour
de leurs parties intimes … elles avaient des bleus sur le cou et la nuque, là où elles
avaient été agrippées. » 126
65. Une mère, qui a survécu à l’« opération de nettoyage » de son village, a fait
le récit suivant, résumé par la mission d’établissement des faits :
« Une rescapée a raconté que huit à dix soldats de la Tatmadaw étaient
entrés dans la maison où elle se trouvait et avaient emmené deux fillettes dans
le cabinet de toilette. Elle-même tenait un enfant sur ses genoux pour que les
soldats se rendent compte qu’elle était mère et pour qu’ils ne la violent pas.
Les soldats lui ont arraché l’enfant et cinq ou six hommes l’ont violée. Elle a
déclaré qu’ensuite elle avait mal partout et qu’elle avait saigné jusqu’à ce
qu’elle arrive au Bangladesh. Elle a entendu dire que les deux fillettes qui
avaient été emmenées dans le cabinet de toilette étaient mortes. » 127
66. Une rescapée d’une opération de nettoyage âgée de quatorze ans décrit ainsi
ce qu’elle a subi :
« Nous nous étions cachées dans la forêt, mais les soldats ont pris ma soeur,
qui avait douze ans, et huit autres filles. Quatre d’entre elles ont été violées et
tuées. Puis les soldats m’ont attrapée. Il y avait une quarantaine de femmes et
de filles dans la forêt. Je me rappelle le premier homme qui m’a violée et combien
ça faisait mal. J’étais comme paralysée quand les trois suivants m’ont
violée, et puis j’ai perdu connaissance. Ils violaient presque toutes les femmes
et les filles. » 128
67. Le 16 février 2017, après quatre mois d’atrocités systématiques perpétrées
contre des membres du groupe rohingya, le Gouvernement du Myanmar a annoncé
qu’il mettait fin aux « opérations de nettoyage » 129. Une commission d’enquête
gouvernementale dirigée par le vice-président du Myanmar a par la suite déclaré
que les forces de l’ordre n’avaient commis aucune infraction, affirmant que « la
réponse [avait été] licite et adéquate » 130. A ce jour, le Myanmar n’a rien fait pour
amener les auteurs de ces atrocités à répondre de leurs actes 131.
68. Malgré la fin officielle des « opérations de nettoyage », la persécution généralisée
des Rohingya s’est poursuivie, les moyens mis en oeuvre étant les mêmes que
ceux employés lors desdites opérations. L’interdiction faite par le gouvernement de
124 HCDH, Flash Report (2017), p. 21.
125 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1111.
126 Amnesty International, « We Are at Breaking Point »: Rohingya: Persecuted in
Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh (19 décembre 2016), p. 25, accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF.
127 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1093.
128 Ibid., par. 1091-1092.
129 Ibid., par. 1069-1070.
130 Ibid., par. 1071.
131 Ibid., par. 1564.
40
by the Government’s prohibition of humanitarian assistance to the lockdown
zone 132. The worst was yet to come.
2. The resumption of “clearance operations” on 25 August 2017
69. Six months after the official end of the Myanmar State’s “clearance operations”
against members of the Rohingya group, they were formally resumed. On
10 August 2017, Myanmar airlifted to Rakhine State more than 1,600 members of
the Tatmadaw’s 33rd and 99th Light Infantry Divisions (“LID”) from northern
Myanmar 133. National media in Myanmar contemporaneously reported that these
military forces were “going to northern Rakhine to carry out area clearance” 134.
Other military units were also re-deployed
to northern Rakhine State, and stationed
in areas normally only guarded by Border Guard Police units 135. These
forces were accompanied by tanks, armoured personnel carriers, heavy artillery,
helicopters and naval vessels 136.
70. One survivor of the resumed “clearance operations” recounted:
“My Rakhine neighbour said to me, ‘Now you Rohingya are doomed
because the government is sending military from Yangon who are coming
here to kill every Muslim. Someday in Rakhine State there will be no Rohingya
Muslims at all.’” 137
71. During these renewed “clearance operations”, the Commander-in-Chief of
Myanmar’s armed forces, Senior-General
Min Aung Hlaing, confirmed that this was
indeed the objective of the operations: “The Bengali problem was a long-standing
one
which has become an unfinished job despite the efforts of the previous governments
to solve it. The government in office is taking great care in solving the problem.” 138
72. Myanmar’s pretext for resuming “clearance operations” on 25 August 2017
was attacks on a military base and various security outposts by the Arakan Rohingya
Salvation Army (“ARSA”), carried out largely by untrained individuals
wielding sticks and knives, with a small number bearing arms and improvised
explosive devices 139.
73. Immediately following these incidents, Myanmar launched a co-ordinated
second wave of “clearance operations” across northern Rakhine State, far more
brutal and expansive than had been carried out previously. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded:
“The security forces’ response was immediate, within hours, brutal and
grossly disproportionate. Ostensibly to eliminate the ‘terrorist threat’ posed
132 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 573; UNGA,
Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights
in Myanmar, UN doc. A/HRC/34/67 (14 March 2017), para. 66; Amnesty International,
“We Are at Breaking Point”: Rohingya: Persecuted in Myanmar, Neglected in Bangladesh
(19 December 2016), available at https://www.amnesty.org/ download/
Documents/
ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF, pp. 7, 32.
133 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1151.
134 Ibid.
135 Ibid., para. 1153.
136 Ibid., paras. 1152, 1156.
137 Ibid., para. 1153.
138 Ibid., para. 753.
139 Ibid., para. 750.
41
fournir toute aide humanitaire à la zone de confinement n’a fait qu’exacerber la
crise humanitaire vécue par les Rohingya 132. Mais le pire restait à venir.
2. Reprise des « opérations de nettoyage » le 25 août 2017
69. Six mois après y avoir officiellement mis un terme, l’Etat du Myanmar a
formellement repris les « opérations de nettoyage » menées contre le groupe des
Rohingya. Le 10 août 2017, il a acheminé par aéronef du nord du pays vers l’Etat
rakhine plus de 1600 éléments des 33e et 99e divisions d’infanterie légère de la Tatmadaw
133, tandis que les médias nationaux annonçaient que ces forces militaires
« se rend[ai]ent dans le nord de l’Etat rakhine pour procéder au nettoyage de la
zone » 134. D’autres unités de l’armée ont également été redéployées dans le nord de
l’Etat rakhine et stationnées dans des zones normalement placées sous la seule
garde d’unités de la police des frontières 135. Ces forces étaient accompagnées de
chars, de véhicules blindés de transport de troupes, de pièces d’artillerie lourde,
d’hélicoptères et de bâtiments de la marine 136.
70. Un rescapé de la reprise des « opérations de nettoyage » a livré le témoignage
suivant :
« Mon voisin rakhine m’a dit : « C’en est fait maintenant de vous autres
Rohingya car le gouvernement envoie de Yangon des soldats qui viennent
tuer jusqu’au dernier musulman. Le jour viendra où il n’y aura plus le moindre
musulman rohingya dans l’Etat rakhine. » » 137
71. Au cours de ces nouvelles « opérations de nettoyage », le général
Min Aung Hlaing, commandant en chef des forces armées du Myanmar, a confirmé
que tel en était bel et bien l’objectif : « Le problème bangladais est un problème de
longue date et les gouvernements précédents, malgré leurs efforts, n’ont pas fini le
travail ; le gouvernement actuel est bien décidé à régler définitivement la question. » 138
72. Pour reprendre les « opérations de nettoyage », le 25 août 2017, le Myanmar
a pris prétexte d’attaques menées contre une base militaire et divers avant-postes
de sécurité par l’Armée du salut des Rohingya de l’Arakan (« ARSA »), attaques
qui étaient essentiellement le fait d’individus non entraînés munis de bâtons et de
couteaux, un petit nombre d’entre eux étant porteurs d’armes et d’engins explosifs
improvisés 139.
73. Aussitôt après, le Myanmar a lancé une seconde vague organisée d’« opérations
de nettoyage » partout dans le nord de l’Etat rakhine, encore plus brutales et
étendues que par le passé, que la mission d’établissement des faits a décrites comme
suit :
« La riposte des forces de sécurité, quelques heures plus tard, a été immédiate,
brutale et tout à fait disproportionnée. Dans le but officiel d’éliminer la
132 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 573 ; Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies, rapport de la rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des droits
de l’homme au Myanmar, publié sous la cote A/HRC/34/67 (14 mars 2017), par. 66 ;
Amnesty International, « We Are at Breaking Point » : Rohingya : Persecuted in Myanmar,
Neglected in Bangladesh (19 décembre 2016), p. 7 et 32, accessible à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1653622016ENGLISH.PDF.
133 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1151.
134 Ibid.
135 Ibid., par. 1153.
136 Ibid., par. 1152 et 1156.
137 Ibid., par. 1153.
138 Ibid., par. 753.
139 Ibid., par. 750.
42
by ARSA, in the days and weeks that followed it encompassed hundreds of
villages across Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships. The
operations targeted and terrorised the entire Rohingya population.” 140
74. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded that the level of co-ordination
of
the attacks against members of the Rohingya group evidenced that it had been
pre‑planned by senior Government officials:
“This level of build-up, both in quantity and nature, would have required
significant logistical planning over a considerable period. It would have required
decisions at the most senior levels of the Tatmadaw. The Mission has
concluded that this preparation, the joint nature of the operations, and the
deployment of the [Light Infantry Divisions] indicate that the ‘clearance operations’,
or at least the ability to carry out a large and widespread operation,
was planned and ordered well in advance of 25 August 2017.” 141
75. The Myanmar military’s modus operandi was similar to, but more extensive
and brutal than, earlier “clearance operations” 142. Tatmadaw soldiers, accompanied
by other security forces, entered Rohingya villages early in the morning whilst
most villagers were asleep 143, and fired rocket launchers, mortars, and bullets into
Rohingya homes 144. The Government forces then tortured, raped and killed the
inhabitants, including those who tried to flee, before burning their homes to the
ground, often with members of the Rohingya group inside 145.
76. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission determined:
“Many Rohingya were killed or injured by indiscriminate shooting.
Rohingya villages were approached without warning, usually from more than
one direction, and often in the early morning, by armed Tatmadaw soldiers.
They were often accompanied by other armed security forces, including the
BGP, the Myanmar Police Force and riot police (known as Ion htein), and
frequently by ethnic Rakhine civilians. Members of the security forces, primarily
Tatmadaw soldiers of the Western Command and the 33rd and 99th
LIDs, shot assault rifles towards the Rohingya villages from a distance, not
targeting any particular military objective or making any distinction between
ARSA fighters and civilians. Men, women and children were all shot at. Many
victims referred to the volume of gunfire, with some describing it as ‘raining
bullets.’ Many were shot and killed or injured while attempting to flee.” 146
77. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission documented “detailed accounts” of “corroborated
mass killings” in which “hundreds, of men, women and children were
killed” in “targeted attacks” 147. Soldiers “shot individual persons, including at
140 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 751.
141 Ibid., para. 1157.
142 Ibid., para. 752.
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid., paras. 752, 961.
145 Ibid., paras. 884-911.
146 Ibid., para. 884.
147 Ibid., para. 892.
43
« menace terroriste » de l’ARSA, elle s’est, dans les jours et les semaines qui
ont suivi, étendue à des centaines de villages situés dans les communes de
Maungdaw, Buthidaung et Rathedaung. Les opérations ont ciblé et terrorisé
l’ensemble de la population rohingya. » 140
74. La mission conclura que, au vu du degré de coordination des attaques
contre les Rohingya, celles-
ci avaient été prévues et planifiées en haut lieu :
« Cette vaste mobilisation d’hommes et de moyens impliquait une importante
planification logistique sur une très longue période. Elle a nécessité des
décisions au sommet de la hiérarchie de la Tatmadaw. La mission estime qu’il
ressort de ces préparatifs, de la conjonction des opérations et du déploiement
de [divisions d’infanterie légère] que les « opérations de nettoyage » ou, à tout
le moins, les moyens de mener une opération d’envergure de caractère généralisé
ont été planifiés et ordonnés bien avant le 25 août 2017. » 141
75. Le modus operandi de l’armée du Myanmar rappelait celui des « opérations
de nettoyage » 142 antérieures, mais cette nouvelle offensive a été plus étendue et
brutale encore. Accompagnés d’autres forces de sécurité, les soldats de la Tatmadaw
ont investi les villages rohingya à l’aube, alors que la plupart des habitants
dormaient encore 143, et tiré au lance-roquettes, au mortier et à l’arme individuelle
sur les maisons 144. Les forces gouvernementales ont ensuite torturé, violé et tué des
habitants, y compris ceux qui tentaient de s’enfuir, avant de réduire les maisons en
cendres, souvent alors que des Rohingya se trouvaient à l’intérieur 145.
76. La mission d’établissement des faits a constaté ce qui suit :
« Nombre de Rohingya ont été tués ou blessés par des tirs sans discrimination.
Des soldats de la Tatmadaw, la plupart du temps venus de plusieurs
directions différentes, s’en prenaient sans sommation à des villages rohingya.
Ils étaient souvent accompagnés d’autres forces de sécurité armées, dont
des agents de la police des frontières (BGP), de la police nationale et de la
police anti-émeutes (appelés Ion htein), et souvent de civils rakhine. Les
membres des forces de sécurité, essentiellement des soldats du commandement
ouest de la Tatmadaw et des 33e et 99e divisions d’infanterie légère,
tiraient de loin au fusil d’assaut contre les villages rohingya, sans prendre pour
cible tel ou tel objectif militaire déterminé ou distinguer entre combattants de
l’ARSA et civils. Ils ont ouvert le feu sur des hommes, des femmes et des
enfants. Nombre de victimes ont évoqué la densité des tirs, certaines d’entre
elles parlant de « pluie de balles. » Beaucoup ont été abattus ou blessés en
tentant de s’enfuir. » 146
77. La mission a recueilli des « récits détaillés » de « massacres avérés » pendant
lesquels « des centaines d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants ont été tués » dans le
cadre d’« attaques ciblées » 147. Des soldats « ont abattu des individus, parfois à
140 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 751.
141 Ibid., par. 1157.
142 Ibid., par. 752.
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid., par. 752 et 961.
145 Ibid., par. 884-911.
146 Ibid., par. 884.
147 Ibid., par. 892.
44
point blank range, and executed people, including those injured, by slitting their
throats using long knives” 148. In some places
“these targeted killings occurred as Tatmadaw soldiers and other security
forces systematically moved from house to house, pulling people out of their
homes and executing them, or shooting then inside their houses, or as they left
their houses, often in front of family members” 149.
78. In Min Gyi, the Myanmar military “separated women and children from
the men” and “systematically killed the men” 150. At Chut Pyin, the soldiers
“dragged people from houses and shot some of them at point blank range” 151.
Others were “killed by having their throats slit with large knives” 152. At Maung
Nu, the military seized the village’s male inhabitants and tied them up. The soldiers
then “opened fire on the men and boys” and “slit their throats with knives” 153.
79. As before, the Myanmar military and security forces did not spare Rohingya
children. The UN Secretary-General’s
annual report on children reports that
during a “clearance operation” in Buthidaung Township, both “[m]en and boys
were taken from houses” 154. They “had their hands tied and were forced to lie
down on the ground” 155. Witnesses saw “the men and boys being killed one by
one” 156. At least “28 boys between the ages of 8 and 17 years old were killed” 157.
80. At Koe Tan Kauk, in Rathedaung Township, escapees who returned to the
village after the clearance operation found “bodies with throats cut and decapitated
heads, including those of children” 158. One survivor testified: “I found my
six-month old son’s body lying next to my wife’s body. She had been shot. My
baby son was stabbed in his stomach and his intestine and liver were coming
out.” 159
81. A woman from Kyein Chaung village, in northern Maungdaw Township,
described how soldiers killed two of her children, while a third survived multiple
stab wounds to her head:
“Soldiers took me into a house and beat me and my youngest child. He was
one and a half years old, and he died as a result of the beating. My four-year
old son’s hand was being held by my daughter, who was also stabbed in the
head. He started crying and then the military stabbed him and he died. It was
with a long knife, the length of a forearm.” 160
82. Another witness described the killing of women and children in Kyet Yoe
Pyin, in Maungdaw Township: “A pregnant woman in labour was being assisted
by a midwife as well as a number of other female relatives. I saw approximately five
soldiers enter the house and heard a few gunshots.” She recounted: “Later I went
148 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 893.
149 Ibid.
150 Ibid., para. 766.
151 Ibid., para. 783.
152 Ibid.
153 Ibid., para. 808.
154 UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General
on Children and Armed Conflict
in Myanmar, UN doc. S/2018/956 (29 October 2018), para. 15.
155 Ibid.
156 Ibid.
157 Ibid.
158 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 837.
159 Ibid.
160 Ibid., para. 894.
45
bout portant et en ont exécuté d’autres, y compris des blessés en les égorgeant avec
de longs couteaux » 148. En certains lieux,
« les soldats de la Tatmadaw et des autres forces de sécurité ont perpétré ces
assassinats en progressant méthodiquement de maison en maison pour en
faire sortir les habitants et les exécuter, ou en ouvrant le feu sur eux à l’intérieur
ou alors qu’ils tentaient de sortir, souvent devant les membres de leur
famille » 149.
78. A Min Gyi, l’armée du Myanmar a « séparé les femmes et les enfants des
hommes » et « systématiquement tué [ces derniers] » 150. A Chut Pyin, les soldats
« ont fait sortir les gens des maisons et abattu certaines personnes à bout portant
» 151. D’autres « ont été égorgées avec de grands couteaux » 152. A Maung Nu,
les soldats ont capturé et ligoté les hommes et les garçons du village, avant « d’ouvrir
le feu sur [eux] » et de les « égorger au couteau » 153.
79. Comme par le passé, l’armée et les forces de sécurité du Myanmar n’ont pas
épargné les enfants rohingya. Il ressort du rapport annuel du Secrétaire général sur
les enfants que, lors d’une « opération de nettoyage » menée dans la commune de
Buthidaung, « [l]es hommes et les garçons ont été arrêtés chez eux » 154. On « leur a
attaché les mains et on les a contraints à s’allonger par terre » 155. Des témoins « les
ont vus [être] exécutés l’un après l’autre » 156. Au moins « 28 garçons âgés de huit
à dix-sept ans ont été tués » 157.
80. A Koe Tan Kauk, dans la commune de Rathedaung, les fuyards revenus au
village après l’opération de nettoyage ont trouvé « des cadavres égorgés et décapités,
y compris des enfants » 158. Un rescapé a déclaré ceci : « J’ai trouvé le corps de
mon fils âgé de six mois gisant à côté de celui de ma femme. Elle avait été abattue.
Mon petit garçon avait été poignardé à l’estomac ; on voyait ses intestins et son
foie. » 159
81. Une femme du village de Kyein Chaung, situé dans le nord de la commune
de Maungdaw, a décrit la façon dont les soldats avaient tué deux de ses enfants, le
troisième ayant survécu à de multiples coups de poignard à la tête :
« Les soldats m’ont emmenée dans une maison et ils nous ont frappés, mon
fils cadet et moi. Il avait un an et demi et a succombé. Ma fille tenait mon fils
âgé de quatre ans par la main ; elle a également été poignardée à la tête. Lui
s’est mis à pleurer, le soldat l’a poignardé et il est mort. Il a fait ça avec un long
couteau, long comme un avant-bras. » 160
82. Une autre rescapée a décrit ainsi le meurtre de femmes et d’enfants à Kyet
Yoe Pyin, dans la commune de Maungdaw : « Une femme en couches était assistée
d’une sage-femme et d’un certain nombre de femmes de sa famille. J’ai vu environ
cinq soldats entrer dans la maison et entendu des coups de feu. » Et le témoin
148 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 893.
149 Ibid.
150 Ibid., par. 766.
151 Ibid., par. 783.
152 Ibid.
153 Ibid., par. 808.
154 Nations Unies, rapport du Secrétaire général sur les enfants et les conflits armés au
Myanmar, Conseil de sécurité, doc. S/2018/956 (29 octobre 2018), par. 15.
155 Ibid.
156 Ibid.
157 Ibid.
158 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 837.
159 Ibid.
160 Ibid., par. 894.
46
back and saw the dead bodies of an elderly woman, the mother, a two-year old girl,
and another girl who was 16 to 18 years old and the new-born baby.” 161
83. A survivor from Kha Maung Seik village, in Maungdaw Township,
described how:
“When their parents were killed, and the children were standing alone, they
[soldiers] threw the children in the river . . . We were watching from the other
side of the riverbank. Even the newborns and the ones who could barely walk,
they threw them in the river. It was not far from where we were hiding.” 162
84. Entire Rohingya villages were set afire and destroyed as part of the second
wave of “clearance operations”, often with their inhabitants locked inside burning
homes. By “analysing satellite imagery and witness accounts”, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission documented the “widespread, systematic, deliberate, organized
and targeted destruction, mainly by fire, of Rohingya-populated
area[s]” in the
three northern Rakhine State townships of Maungdaw, Buthidaung, and Rathedaung
163. Satellite imagery from August 2017 to March 2018 demonstrates that
approximately 392 Rohingya villages were partially (214) or totally (178) destroyed
by fire, during this period 164.
85. The Mission identified approximately 37,700 individual structures as having
been destroyed, the “vast majority” of which were “Rohingya homes”. Other
buildings, including “markets, religious schools (madrassas) and mosques”, were
destroyed as well 165. Myanmar accomplished this immense level of destruction
both “manually using flammable liquid and matches” and by using “launchers”,
i.e., “weapons firing a munition that explodes upon impact” 166.
86. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission “verified a pattern of Tatmadaw soldiers
intentionally forcing people into houses that were either burning or about to be set
alight, and even locking them inside” 167. A witness from Ngan Chuang, in northern
Maungdaw Township, who managed to escape, reported: “The military came
into my village and burned the houses with launchers. I was inside my house with
my children when they locked the door from the outside.” 168
87. Similarly, at Min Gyi, in Maungdaw Township, “soldiers took women and
children to houses where they were raped and gang raped, after which the doors
were locked and the houses set on fire” 169. Most victims, including “young children
who had accompanied their mothers, were unable to escape and burned to
death” 170.
88. The Mission obtained accounts of “people, including babies and children,
being pushed or thrown into burning houses by soldiers”. For example, at Myin
161 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 895.
162 Fortify Rights, They Gave Them Long Swords: Preparations for Genocide and Crimes
against Humanity against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar (July 2018), available
at https://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/Fortify_Rights_Long_Swords_July….
pdf, p. 67.
163 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 959.
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid., para. 960.
166 Ibid., para. 905.
167 Ibid., para. 908.
168 Ibid.
169 Ibid., para. 909.
170 Ibid.
47
d’ajouter : « Je suis revenue plus tard et j’ai trouvé les cadavres d’une femme âgée,
de la mère, d’une fillette de deux ans et d’une autre fille âgée de seize ou dixhuit
ans, ainsi que du nouveau-né. » 161
83. Selon un rescapé du village de Kha Maung Seik, situé dans la commune de
Maungdaw,
« [l]eurs parents ayant été tués, les enfants étaient restés seuls ; ils [les soldats]
les ont jetés dans le fleuve… Nous nous trouvions sur l’autre rive. Même les
nouveau-nés et ceux qui pouvaient à peine marcher, ils les ont jetés dans le
fleuve. Cela s’est passé non loin de là où nous étions cachés. » 162
84. Des villages rohingya entiers ont été incendiés et détruits lors de la seconde
vague d’« opérations de nettoyage », les habitants s’étant souvent trouvés enfermés
dans leur maison en proie aux flammes. En « analysant les images satellitaires et les
récits des témoins », la mission d’établissement des faits a dressé constat d’une
« destruction généralisée, systématique, délibérée, organisée et ciblée, principalement
par le feu, des zones peuplées par des Rohingya » dans les trois communes de
Maungdaw, Buthidaung et Rathedaung du nord de l’Etat rakhine 163. Les images
satellitaires de la période allant d’août 2017 à mars 2018 montrent que près de
392 villages rohingya ont été entièrement (178) ou partiellement (214) détruits par
le feu au cours de ladite période 164.
85. La mission d’établissement des faits a recensé environ 37 700 habitations
détruites, la « plupart » desquelles étaient des « habitations rohingya ». D’autres
édifices, dont des « marchés, écoles coraniques (madrassas) et mosquées », ont également
été détruits 165. Le Myanmar a accompli cette immense entreprise de destruction
à la fois « avec des moyens de fortune, en utilisant du liquide inflammable
et des allumettes » et en faisant usage de « lance-roquettes
», c’est-à-dire « d’armes
chargées de munitions explosant sous impact » 166.
86. La mission « a constaté qu’une méthode employée par les soldats de la Tatmadaw
consistait à repousser intentionnellement les gens dans leur maison en feu
ou sur le point d’être incendiée, en allant même jusqu’à les y enfermer » 167. Aux
dires d’un témoin rescapé de Ngan Chuang, dans le nord de la commune de
Maungdaw, « [l’]armée est venue dans mon village et a brûlé les maisons à l’aide
de lance-flammes.
J’étais chez moi avec mes enfants et ils ont fermé la porte de
l’extérieur. » 168
87. De même, à Min Gyi, dans la commune de Maungdaw, « les soldats ont
emmené des femmes et des enfants dans des maisons où elles ont été violées et violées
collectivement, après quoi ils ont fermé les portes et mis le feu aux maisons » 169.
La plupart des victimes, y compris « de jeunes enfants qui avaient accompagné
leurs mères, n’ont pas pu s’échapper et sont mortes brûlées vives » 170.
88. La mission a recueilli des témoignages faisant état de « personnes, y compris
des bébés et des enfants, repoussées ou jetées par les soldats à l’intérieur de maisons
161 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 895.
162 Fortify Rights, They Gave Them Long Swords: Preparations for Genocide and Crimes
against Humanity against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar (juillet 2018), accessible
à l’adresse suivante : https://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/Fortify_Rights_Long_
Swords_July_2018.pdf, p. 67.
163 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 959.
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid., par. 960.
166 Ibid., par. 905.
167 Ibid., par. 908.
168 Ibid.
169 Ibid., par. 909.
170 Ibid.
48
Hlut, in Maungdaw Township, a witness saw “two young children, six or
seven years old, running out of a burning house, only to be pushed back in by
soldiers” 171.
89. At Kyauk Pan Du, in Maungdaw Township, a survivor witnessed a “group
of approximately 10 women, children and elderly persons trying to escape a burning
house, but being pushed back inside by soldiers” 172. The same witness saw a
soldier “stabbing a child, and then pushing the child inside the burning house” 173.
The entire Rohingya family was burned alive in the house 174.
90. Tellingly, satellite imagery reveals that wherever the Tatmadaw carried out
a “clearance operation” on a mixed ethnicity village or village tract, only the Rohingya
settlements were targeted. Ethnic Rakhine people and habitations remained
untouched 175.
91. Widespread rape and sexual violence were again a hallmark of Myanmar’s
“clearance operations”. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded that “[r]ape and
other sexual and gender‑based violence”, including gang rapes, sexually humiliating
acts, sexual slavery and sexual mutilations, were “perpetrated on a massive
scale” 176. It determined that the “main perpetrators were the Tatmadaw,
although other security forces, and sometimes ethnic Rakhine men, were also
involved” 177.
92. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission identified as a “notable pattern” the perpetration
of “mass gang rape, involving multiple perpetrators and multiple victims in
the same incident” 178. These crimes were “commonly perpetrated in open public
spaces, in front of family and neighbours, within forested areas near the village; in
large houses within the village; and during detention in military and police
compounds” 179. During these attacks, “up to 40 women and girls were raped or
gang raped together” 180. The victims were “commonly raped by more than one
perpetrator, frequently by many perpetrators, sometimes as many as ten” 181.
93. One victim — eight months pregnant at the time — testified about the
crimes committed by the Tatmadaw, some of whom she recognized from the local
military camp: “They stamped and kicked my stomach with their boots, and then
stripped me naked . . . I was blindfolded and hung by my wrists from a tree. I was
raped nine times, both anally and vaginally. I counted all of them.” 182
94. She then states: “Whilst they were raping me, they bit me on my breasts and
neck. They left me tied to the tree. My mother found me in the evening. My unborn
baby died.” 183
171 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 910.
172 Ibid.
173 Ibid.
174 Ibid.
175 Ibid., paras. 972-973.
176 Ibid., para. 920.
177 Ibid.
178 Ibid., para. 921.
179 Ibid.
180 Ibid.
181 Ibid.
182 Ibid.
183 Ibid.
49
en feu ». Par exemple, à Myin Hlut, dans la commune de Maungdaw, un témoin a
vu « deux jeunes enfants de six à sept ans qui tentaient de s’échapper d’une maison
en feu être repoussés à l’intérieur par les soldats » 171.
89. A Kyauk Pan Du, dans la commune de Maungdaw, un rescapé a vu « un
groupe d’une dizaine de femmes, d’enfants et de personnes âgées qui tentaient de
s’enfuir d’une maison en proie aux flammes être repoussés à l’intérieur par des
soldats » 172. Ce même témoin a vu un soldat « poignarder un enfant puis le pousser
à l’intérieur de la maison en feu » 173. La famille rohingya tout entière a été brûlée
vive dans la maison 174.
90. Chose frappante, les images satellitaires montrent que, partout où la Tatmadaw
a mené une « opération de nettoyage » dans un village ou une partie de village
à composition ethnique mixte, seules les zones habitées par des Rohingya étaient
visées, les zones d’habitation rakhine étant épargnées 175.
91. Les viols et violences sexuelles généralisés ont été une fois encore un trait
caractéristique des « opérations de nettoyage » menées par le Myanmar. La mission
d’établissement des faits a ainsi conclu que « [l]e viol et d’autres formes de
violence sexuelle et sexiste », dont les viols collectifs, les actes d’humiliation
sexuelle, l’esclavage sexuel et les mutilations sexuelles, [avaient] été « perpétrés à
très grande échelle » 176. Elle a constaté que « les auteurs principaux en étaient les
soldats de la Tatmadaw, même si d’autres forces de sécurité et parfois des civils
d’ethnie rakhine étaient également impliqués » 177.
92. La mission a mis au jour un « schéma caractérisé » consistant dans la perpétration,
« en une même occasion, de viols collectifs en masse par des auteurs multiples
sur la personne de victimes multiples » 178. Ces crimes étaient « couramment
perpétrés en public, sous les yeux de la famille et des voisins des victimes, dans des
bois environnants, à l’intérieur de grandes maisons du village ou alors que les victimes
[étaient] détenues dans des locaux de l’armée et de la police » 179. Lors de ces
attaques, « jusqu’à 40 femmes et filles étaient violées ou violées collectivement en
même temps » 180. Les victimes étaient « couramment violées par plusieurs hommes,
parfois jusqu’à dix » 181.
93. Une victime — enceinte de huit mois à l’époque des faits — a livré le témoignage
suivant au sujet des crimes commis par les membres de la Tatmadaw, parmi
lesquels elle a reconnu certains soldats du camp militaire de la région : « Ils m’ont
piétinée et donné des coups de bottes au ventre avant de me mettre toute nue… Ils
m’ont bandé les yeux et m’ont accrochée par les poignets à un arbre. J’ai été violée
neuf fois, par l’anus comme par le vagin. J’ai compté. » 182
94. Elle a en outre déclaré ceci : « Pendant qu’ils me violaient, ils me mordaient
les seins et le cou. Ils m’ont laissée attachée à l’arbre. Ma mère m’a retrouvée le
soir. Mon bébé est mort dans mon ventre. » 183
171 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 910.
172 Ibid.
173 Ibid.
174 Ibid.
175 Ibid., par. 972-973.
176 Ibid., par. 920.
177 Ibid.
178 Ibid., par. 921.
179 Ibid.
180 Ibid.
181 Ibid.
182 Ibid.
183 Ibid.
50
95. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission reported that “[m]any victims were killed
after being raped”, with most having had their throats slit or burned to death 184. It
observed:
“A large number of interviewees saw dead bodies of women and girls en route
to Bangladesh who they thought had been raped, because the bodies were
naked and large amounts of blood were visible between their legs.” 185
96. The Mission concluded:
“Death may have been caused by genital trauma, especially when a woman
had been gang raped, or women and girls may have been raped with instruments,
such as knives or sticks, which caused internal organ damage, leading
to death.” 186
97. One rape victim, who had been gang raped with her sister, heard a member
of the Tatmadaw say: “We are going to kill you this way, by raping. We are going
to kill Rohingya. We will rape you. This is not your country.” 187
98. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded:
“the widespread sexual violence and the manner in which it was perpetrated
was an intended effort, at least in part, to weaken the social cohesion of the
Rohingya community and contribute to the destruction of the Rohingya as a
group and the breakdown of the Rohingya way of life” 188.
The use of rape and sexual violence as an instrument of genocide — to destroy a
group in whole or in part — is well‑established in international law 189.
3. Ongoing genocidal acts and threats of genocidal acts against the Rohingya
group
99. Although Myanmar claims to have ended its most recent wave of “clearance
operations”, the UN Fact-Finding
Mission’s September 2019 report to the UN
Human Rights Council found that the Rohingya “remain the target of a
Government
attack aimed at erasing the[ir] identity and removing them from
Myanmar” 190.
100. According to an analysis performed by UNOSAT, between November
2018, that is, after Myanmar claimed to have ended its “clearance operations”, and
May 2019, 30 villages — located primarily in central Maungdaw and Buthidaung
Townships — were destroyed “mostly by burning” 191. UNOSAT estimates that by
April 2019 the number of destroyed structures had risen to approximately 40,600
across 416 settlements 192.
101. On 10 July 2019, the UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights
stated: “In a continuation of attacks, it was reported that on 2 May and 9 May
184 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 927.
185 Ibid.
186 Ibid.
187 Ibid., para. 932.
188 Ibid., para. 941.
189 ICTR, Trial Chamber I, Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment
(2 September 1998), paras. 732-734.
190 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 2.
191 Ibid., para. 128.
192 Ibid., para. 116.
51
95. La mission a constaté que « [de] nombreuses victimes [avaient] été tuées
après avoir été violées », la plupart ayant été égorgées ou brûlées vives 184, et relevé
ce qui suit :
« un grand nombre de personnes entendues ont vu, sur le chemin qui les
menait au Bangladesh, les dépouilles de femmes et de filles qui, selon elles,
avaient été violées puisque les corps étaient nus et présentaient des saignements
importants entre les jambes » 185.
96. La mission a indiqué que
« [l]es victimes [avaient] sans doute succombé à des traumatismes génitaux,
notamment celles qui [avaient] subi un viol collectif ou [avaient] été pénétrées
avec des instruments, par exemple un couteau ou un bâton, qui [avaient]
atteint les organes internes » 186.
97. Une victime ayant subi un viol collectif avec sa soeur a entendu un membre
de la Tatmadaw dire : « C’est comme ça qu’on va vous tuer, en vous violant. On va
tuer les Rohingya. On va vous violer. Ce n’est pas votre pays ici. » 187
98. Et la mission de conclure que
« les violences sexuelles généralisées et leur mode de perpétration procédaient,
au moins en partie, de l’intention d’entamer la cohésion sociale de la communauté
rohingya et de contribuer à détruire les Rohingya en tant que groupe et
à ruiner le mode de vie rohingya » 188.
Le recours au viol et aux violences sexuelles comme instruments de génocide
— pour détruire un groupe en tout ou en partie — est bien établi en droit international
189.
3. Persistance d’actes de génocide et de menaces d’actes de génocide contre le
groupe des Rohingya
99. Bien que le Myanmar prétende avoir mis fin à sa plus récente vague d’« opérations
de nettoyage », il ressort du rapport portant constatations détaillées que la
mission d’établissement des faits a présenté au Conseil des droits de l’homme des
Nations Unies en septembre 2019 que les Rohingya « demeurent la cible d’une
attaque du gouvernement visant à gommer [leur] identité et à les chasser du Myanmar
» 190.
100. Selon une analyse effectuée par l’UNOSAT, entre novembre 2018 — soit
après que le Myanmar a prétendu avoir mis fin à ses « opérations de nettoyage » —
et mai 2019, 30 villages, situés principalement dans le centre des communes de
Maungdaw et de Buthidaung, ont été détruits, « essentiellement par le feu » 191.
L’UNOSAT estime que, à la date d’avril 2019, environ 40 600 habitations situées
dans 416 villages avaient été détruites 192.
101. Le 10 juillet 2019, la haute-commissaire
adjointe aux droits de l’homme des
Nations Unies a fait la déclaration suivante : « Il a été rapporté que, les 2 et 9 mai
184 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 927.
185 Ibid.
186 Ibid.
187 Ibid., par. 932.
188 Ibid., par. 941.
189 TPIR, Chambre de première instance I, Le Procureur c. Akayesu, affaire no ICTR-
96-4-T, jugement (2 septembre 1998), par. 732-734.
190 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 2.
191 Ibid., par. 128.
192 Ibid., par. 116.
52
2019 Rohingya homes and shops were burned in Maungdaw and Buthidaung
townships.” 193 The Deputy High Commissioner also stated that “on 28 May 2019,
reports alleged that the remaining Rohingya houses in Taung Bazar, Buthidaung
township, were also burned to the ground” 194. She further observed: “Our information
suggests that the authorities have taken no steps to investigate these
attacks.” 195
102. Myanmar’s continuing attacks on the Rohingya group and ongoing
destruction of Rohingya villages are accompanied by other efforts to make life for
the Rohingya impossible. These include denying access to food. According to the
UN Fact-Finding
Mission, “[s]ince the ‘clearance operations’ began on 25 August
2017, the Government has severely restricted access to food for Rohingya in Rakhine
State” 196.
103. In March 2018, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human
rights in Myanmar reported that “there appears to be a policy of forced starvation
in place, designed to make life in northern Rakhine unsustainable for Rohingya
who remain” 197. This is still the case. In 2019, the Committee on the Elimination
of Discrimination against Women found that the remaining members of the local
Rohingya group were “experiencing conditions of forced starvation, with security
forces denying access to the remaining rice fields and markets” 198. In July 2019, the
FAO and WFP warned that food security in northern Rakhine State had become
“precarious” 199.
104. To implement its policy of forced starvation of the Rohingya group,
Myanmar has engaged in widespread confiscation of agricultural lands on which
the Rohingya grow subsistence crops essential to their survival. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission determined that Myanmar is undertaking “a concerted effort” to
“confiscate” these “lands from which it forcibly displaced hundreds of thousands
of Rohingya” 200. The ongoing land confiscations extend beyond the Rohingya villages
that Myanmar destroyed during the “clearance operations”. The Mission
reported that “Rohingya-owned and cultivated land” has now been “confiscated
in areas of northern Rakhine State where Rohingya remained” 201. According to
the Mission’s findings, members of the Rohingya group are “no longer allowed to
consume products from their own lands following the confiscation” 202.
105. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission reported that Rohingya farmers living in
the village of Ah Lel Chaung in Buthidaung recounted that “security forces began
harvesting Rohingya fields to the west of the village and took the crops away in
193 UN OHCHR, Update on Myanmar at the 41st Session of the Human Rights Council:
Statement by UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kate Gilmore (10 July
2019), available at https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?News
ID=24811&LangID=E.
194 Ibid.
195 Ibid.
196 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 156.
197 UN OHCHR, “Statement by Ms Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation
of human rights in Myanmar at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council”, (12 March
2018), available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?News
ID=22806&LangID=E.
198 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 158 (quoting
CEDAW, Concluding Observations on the Exceptional Report of Myanmar (advance unedited
version), UN doc. No. CEDAW/C/MMR/EP/CO/1 (8 March 2019)).
199 Ibid., para. 159.
200 Ibid., para. 139.
201 Ibid., para. 123.
202 Ibid., para. 126.
53
2019, les attaques se poursuivant, des maisons et commerces rohingya ont été
incendiés dans les communes de Maungdaw et de Buthidaung. » 193 La haute-commissaire
adjointe ajoutait que, « le 28 mai 2019, à Taung Bazar, dans la commune
de Buthidaung, les maisons de Rohingya qui ne l’avaient pas encore été
auraient également été détruites par le feu » 194, tout en précisant ceci : « selon nos
informations, les autorités n’ont rien fait pour enquêter sur ces attaques » 195.
102. Les attaques que le Myanmar continue de perpétrer contre le groupe
rohingya et la poursuite de la destruction de villages rohingya s’accompagnent
d’autres actions tendant à rendre impossible la vie des intéressés, actions qui
consistent notamment à priver ces derniers d’accès à la nourriture. D’après la mission
d’établissement des faits, « [d]epuis que les « opérations de nettoyage » ont
commencé le 25 août 2017, le gouvernement a sérieusement restreint l’accès à la
nourriture des Rohingya de l’Etat rakhine » 196.
103. En mars 2018, la rapporteuse spéciale sur la situation des droits de
l’homme au Myanmar a déclaré ce qui suit : « il apparaît qu’il existe une politique
de privation forcée de nourriture, conçue pour rendre la vie intolérable pour les
Rohingya qui demeurent dans le nord de l’Etat rakhine » 197. Il en est toujours
ainsi. En 2019, le comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des
femmes a estimé que les derniers Rohingya restés sur place « subissaient une privation
forcée de nourriture, les forces de sécurité leur refusant tout accès aux rizières
et marchés qui n’ont pas été détruits » 198. En juillet 2019, la FAO et le PAM ont
signalé que la sécurité alimentaire dans le nord de l’Etat rakhine était devenue
« précaire » 199.
104. Pour mettre à exécution sa politique de privation forcée de nourriture du
groupe rohingya, le Myanmar a lancé une vaste campagne de confiscation des
terres agricoles dont les Rohingya tirent leur subsistance. La mission d’établissement
des faits a ainsi constaté que le Myanmar avait entrepris de « confisquer
méthodiquement » ces « terres d’où il a chassé des centaines de milliers de
Rohingya » 200. Ces confiscations de terres s’étendent au-
delà des villages rohingya
détruits par le Myanmar lors des « opérations de nettoyage ». Selon la mission, « les
terres possédées et cultivées par les Rohingya » ont maintenant été « confisquées
dans les zones du nord de l’Etat rakhine où vivent encore des Rohingya » 201. Il
ressort des conclusions de la mission que les Rohingya « ne sont plus autorisés à
consommer le produit de leurs propres terres une fois celles-
ci confisquées » 202.
105. Des agriculteurs rohingya du village d’Ah Lel Chaung, situé dans la commune
de Buthidaung, ont indiqué à la mission d’établissement des faits que « les
forces de sécurité [avaient] commencé à moissonner les champs rohingya situés à
193 Nations Unies, Update on Myanmar at the 41st Session of the Human Rights Council:
Statement by UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kate Gilmore (10 juillet
2019), HCDH, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/
Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24811&LangID=E.
194 Ibid.
195 Ibid.
196 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 156.
197 Nations Unies,« Statement by Ms Yanghee Lee, Special Rapporteur on the situation
of human rights in Myanmar at the 37th session of the Human Rights Council » (12 mars
2018), HCDH, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/
DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22806&LangID=E.
198 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 158 (citant
CEDAW, observations finales sur le rapport exceptionnel du Myanmar (version provisoire
non éditée), CEDAW/C/MMR/EP/CO/1 (8 mars 2019)).
199 Ibid., par. 159.
200 Ibid., par. 139.
201 Ibid., par. 123.
202 Ibid., par. 126.
54
trucks” 203. The Mission further noted that Rakhine State’s Minister of Agriculture,
Livestock, Forestry and Mining stated that an enterprise controlled by the
Myanmar Government had overseen the harvesting and sale of 45,000 acres of
what the Minister cynically described as “ownerless Bengali land” 204.
106. To the same end, Myanmar security forces and members of ethnic Rakhine
communities under their protection “routinely visit Rohingya villages to confiscate
food, including crops and even humanitarian aid” 205. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission
found that the Tatmadaw and ethnic Rakhine “deliberately kill[ ] or confiscate[
] livestock, including cattle, goats and chickens, without permission or
payment” 206. An interviewee from Buthidaung Township stated: “the army would
often come to the village, search houses for food and steal anything they could
find” 207.
107. Another Rohingya who was forced to flee Buthidaung Township rep-
orted:
“Military, police and members of ethnic Rakhine constantly came to the village
and looted everything including food items. The military took away my
seven cows that I was grassing in the hillside. I cultivated rice in my land,
when it was ready for harvesting; members of ethnic Rakhine snatched the
harvest. I was left with nothing except two goats, which I had to offer to the
military for my release, as I was unable to pay them 100,000 Kyat. I was
arrested at my home and after beating, they demanded 100,000 Kyat.” 208
108. In some areas, the military has “ordered villages not to cultivate their
lands” 209. A survivor of the “clearance operations” stated that afterwards: “The
military and ethnic Rakhine occupied most of our lands and residents were ordered
not to cultivate their lands . . . residents were starving and were on the brink of
famine.” 210
109. Based on the UN Fact-Finding
Mission’s evaluation of the evidence that
it had collected over the preceding year, its September 2019 report concluded
that
“many of the factors that contributed to the killings, rapes and gang rapes,
torture, forced displacement and other grave human rights violations by the
Tatmadaw and other government authorities that the Mission documented in
its 2018 report are still present” 211.
The Mission found that “grave violations against the Rohingya continue” and
that there is a “real and significant danger of the situation deteriorating
further” 212.
110. This recent report, submitted in mid-September
2019, leaves no doubt that
the approximately 600,000 Rohingya who remain in Myanmar are in “real and
significant danger” of further genocidal acts at the hands of the Myanmar State.
According to the report: “there is a serious risk that genocidal actions may occur
203 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), para. 123.
204 Ibid.
205 Ibid., para. 161.
206 Ibid., para. 163.
207 Ibid., para. 162.
208 Ibid., para. 164.
209 Ibid., para. 165.
210 Ibid.
211 Ibid., para. 2.
212 Ibid., para. 58.
55
l’ouest du village et à emporter les récoltes dans des camions » 203. Selon la mission,
le ministre de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, des forêts et des mines de l’Etat rakhine a
déclaré qu’une entreprise contrôlée par le Gouvernement du Myanmar avait
supervisé la moisson et la vente de récoltes de 18 000 hectares de ce qu’il a cyniquement
qualifié de « terres bangladaises sans propriétaire » 204.
106. A cette même fin, les forces de sécurité du Myanmar et des membres de
communautés rakhine bénéficiant de leur protection « se rendent régulièrement
dans des villages rohingya pour y confisquer des aliments, y compris des récoltes,
voire de l’aide humanitaire » 205. La mission a constaté que les éléments de la Tatmadaw
et les Rakhine « tu[aient] intentionnellement ou réquisitionn[aient] le bétail
(boeufs, chèvres et volaille) » 206. Selon un habitant de la commune de Buthidaung :
« l’armée venait souvent dans le village chercher de la nourriture dans les maisons
et voler tout ce qu’elle trouvait » 207.
107. Aux dires d’un autre Rohingya contraint de fuir la commune de Buthidaung,
« [d]es soldats, des policiers et des Rakhine venaient sans cesse tout piller dans
le village, vivres comprises. Les soldats ont emporté mes sept vaches que je
faisais paître à flanc de colline. Je cultivais du riz sur ma terre et, au moment
de la moisson, les Rakhine m’ont pris ma récolte. Il ne me restait plus que
deux chèvres que j’ai données aux soldats pour être libéré, n’ayant pas les
moyens de leur verser 100 000 kyat. Ils m’ont arrêté chez moi et m’ont réclamé
100 000 kyat après m’avoir battu. » 208
108. En certains lieux, les soldats ont « ordonné aux villageois de ne pas cultiver
leurs terres » 209. Un rescapé des « opérations de nettoyage » a indiqué que, par
la suite, « [l]es soldats et les Rakhine occupaient l’essentiel de nos terres, que les
habitants avaient reçu l’ordre de ne pas cultiver … [ils] étaient au bord de la
famine » 210.
109. Se fondant sur son évaluation des éléments de preuve qu’elle avait réunis
l’année précédente, la mission d’établissement des faits a, dans son rapport de septembre
2019, conclu que
« nombre des facteurs ayant contribué aux meurtres, viols et viols collectifs,
actes de torture, déplacements forcés et autres violations graves des droits de
l’homme commis par la Tatmadaw, et d’autres autorités gouvernementales
qui ont été constatés par la mission dans son rapport de 2018, subsist[ai]ent
encore » 211.
Elle a précisé que « les graves violations dont sont victimes les Rohingya
persist[ai]ent » et « qu’il y a[vait] réellement tout lieu de craindre que la situation se
détériore encore » 212.
110. Ce récent rapport, présenté à la mi-septembre
2019, ne laisse aucun doute
quant au fait que les quelque 600 000 Rohingya qui vivent encore au Myanmar
sont exposés à « un grave et réel danger » de subir de nouveaux actes de génocide
de la part de l’Etat du Myanmar. Selon le rapport, « il existe un risque sérieux que
203 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 123.
204 Ibid.
205 Ibid., par. 161.
206 Ibid., par. 163.
207 Ibid., par. 162.
208 Ibid., par. 164.
209 Ibid., par. 165.
210 Ibid.
211 Ibid., par. 2.
212 Ibid., par. 58.
56
or recur, and that Myanmar is failing in its obligation to prevent genocide, to
investigate genocide and to enact effective legislation criminalizing and punishing
genocide” 213. The risk to the Rohingya is especially grave because “the State
continues
to harbour genocidal intent” 214. As a consequence, “the Rohingya people
remain at serious risk of genocide under the terms of the Genocide
Convention” 215.
IV. The Claims of The Gambia
111. Based on the above, as well as the voluminous evidence to be presented
over the course of these proceedings, The Gambia considers that Myanmar —
through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities acting on the
instructions of or under the direction and control of Myanmar — is responsible for
violations of its obligations under the Genocide Convention, including Articles I,
III, IV, V and VI. Violations of the Genocide Convention include, but are not
limited to:
— committing genocide in violation of Article III (a);
— conspiracy to commit genocide in violation of Article III (b);
— direct and public incitement to commit genocide in violation of Article III (c);
— attempting to commit genocide in violation of Article III (d);
— complicity in genocide in violation of Article III (e);
— failing to prevent genocide in violation of Article I;
— failing to punish genocide in violation of Articles I, IV and VI; and
— failing to enact the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the
Genocide Convention and to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of
genocide or of any of the acts enumerated in Article III, in violation of Article
V.
V. The Relief Sought
112. While reserving the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application,
and subject to the presentation to the Court of the relevant evidence and legal
arguments, The Gambia respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare
that Myanmar:
— has breached and continues to breach its obligations under the Genocide Convention,
in particular the obligations provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b),
III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI;
— must cease forthwith any such ongoing internationally wrongful act and fully
respect its obligations under the Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations
provided under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV,
V and VI;
— must ensure that persons committing genocide are punished by a competent
tribunal, including before an international penal tribunal, as required by Articles
I and VI;
213 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), paras. 9, 58.
214 Ibid., para. 238.
215 Ibid., para. 242.
57
des actes de génocide se produisent ou se reproduisent, et que le Myanmar ne
s’acquitte pas de son obligation de prévenir le génocide et de prendre des mesures
législatives efficaces pour incriminer et réprimer le génocide » 213. Le danger auquel
sont exposés les Rohingya est d’autant plus grave que « l’Etat reste animé d’une
intention génocidaire » 214. En conséquence, « les Rohingya continuent de courir un
risque sérieux de génocide au sens de la convention sur le génocide » 215.
IV. Griefs de la Gambie
111. Au vu de ce qui précède, ainsi que des nombreux éléments de preuve qui
seront présentés en cours d’instance, la Gambie considère que le Myanmar — par
l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents d’Etat, ainsi que d’autres personnes et entités
agissant sur instructions ou sous la direction et le contrôle de l’Etat — est responsable
de violations des obligations mises à sa charge par la convention sur le
génocide, notamment celles qui sont énoncées aux articles premier, III, IV, V et VI.
Ces violations de la convention sur le génocide comprennent, sans que cette liste
soit limitative :
— la commission du génocide, en violation du litt. a) de l’article III ;
— l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, en violation du litt. b) de l’article III ;
— l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide, en violation du litt. c)
de l’article III ;
— la tentative de génocide, en violation du litt. d) de l’article III ;
— la complicité dans le génocide, en violation du litt. e) de l’article III ;
— le fait de ne pas prévenir le génocide, en violation de l’article premier ;
— le fait de ne pas punir le génocide, en violation des articles premier, IV et VI ; et
— le fait de ne pas prendre les mesures législatives nécessaires pour assurer l’application
des dispositions de la convention sur le génocide et prévoir des sanctions
pénales efficaces frappant les personnes coupables de génocide ou de l’un quelconque
des actes énumérés à l’article III, en violation de l’article V.
V. Décision sollicitée
112. Tout en se réservant le droit de réviser, compléter ou modifier la présente
requête, et sous réserve de la présentation à la Cour des éléments de preuve et arguments
juridiques pertinents, la Gambie prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et
juger que le Myanmar :
— a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations qui lui incombent au regard
de la convention sur le génocide, notamment celles énoncées à l’article premier,
aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi qu’aux articles IV, V et VI ;
— doit immédiatement mettre fin à tout fait internationalement illicite de ce type
qui se poursuit et se conformer pleinement aux obligations qui lui incombent
au regard de la convention sur le génocide, notamment celles énoncées à l’article
premier, aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi qu’aux articles IV,
V et VI ;
— doit s’assurer que les personnes ayant commis le génocide soient punies par les
tribunaux compétents ou une juridiction pénale internationale, comme l’exigent
l’article premier et l’article VI de la convention sur le génocide ;
213 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2019), par. 9 et 58.
214 Ibid., par. 238.
215 Ibid., par. 242.
58
— must perform the obligations of reparation in the interest of the victims of
genocidal acts who are members of the Rohingya group, including but not
limited to allowing the safe and dignified return of forcibly displaced Rohingya
and respect for their full citizenship and human rights and protection against
discrimination, persecution, and other related acts, consistent with the obligation
to prevent genocide under Article I; and
— must offer assurances and guarantees of non-repetition
of violations of the
Genocide Convention, in particular the obligations provided under Articles I,
III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d), III (e), IV, V and VI.
VI. Request for Provisional Measures
113. In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 73,
74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, The Gambia requests that the Court indicate provisional
measures. In light of the nature of the rights at issue, as well as the ongoing,
severe and irreparable harm being suffered by members of the Rohingya group, The
Gambia requests that the Court address the request as a matter of extreme urgency.
114. This Application describes a brutal and continuing campaign of sweeping
genocidal acts and measures, imposed by Myanmar against members of the Rohingya
group, intended to destroy the group in whole or in part. Myanmar has
perpetrated acts of genocide that collectively target the Rohingya by, inter alia,
killing members of the group, including women and children; committing rape and
other forms of sexual violence and perverse cruelty against Rohingya women and
girls; and burning their homes and villages and confiscating their lands and livestock
in a manner intended to deny them access to food, shelter and other essentials
of life. These acts are committed against members of the Rohingya group
solely on the basis of their ethnical, racial, or religious origin, with the intention of
destroying them as a group, as such, in whole or in part, constituting flagrant violations
of Myanmar’s obligations under Articles I, III (a), III (b), III (c), III (d),
III (e), IV, V and VI of the Genocide Convention.
115. Provisional measures are necessary in this case to protect against further,
irreparable harm to the rights of the Rohingya group under the Genocide Convention,
which continue to be violated with impunity. The Gambia requests that the
Court indicate provisional measures to protect and preserve these rights, and to
prevent aggravation or extension of the dispute concerning Myanmar’s genocidal
actions, pending the determination of the merits of the issues raised by the Application.
A. Compelling Circumstances Require the Indication of Provisional Measures
116. As described above, Myanmar has perpetrated, and is continuing to perpetrate,
genocidal acts against members of the Rohingya group as such, solely on the
grounds of their ethnical, racial or religious origin. Myanmar has acted with the
intent to destroy in whole or in part the Rohingya as a protected group under the
Genocide Convention by the following ongoing conduct, inter alia:
— killing members of the Rohingya group;
59
— doit satisfaire à ses obligations de réparation au profit des victimes d’actes de
génocide appartenant au groupe des Rohingya, y compris, mais sans que cette
énumération soit limitative, en permettant le retour, en toute sécurité et dans la
dignité, des membres de ce groupe déplacés de force, en respectant la citoyenneté
à part entière et les droits de l’homme des Rohingya, et en les protégeant
contre la discrimination, la persécution et d’autres actes y relatifs, conformément
à l’obligation de prévenir le génocide qui lui incombe au titre de l’article
premier de la convention sur le génocide ; et
— doit offrir des assurances et des garanties de non-répétition
des violations de la
convention sur le génocide, notamment en ce qui concerne les obligations
énoncées à l’article premier, aux litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi
qu’aux articles IV, V et VI.
VI. Demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
113. Conformément à l’article 41 du Statut et aux articles 73, 74 et 75 du Règlement
de la Cour, la Gambie demande à celle-
ci d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
Compte tenu de la nature des droits en cause, ainsi que du préjudice grave
et irréparable que subissent les membres du groupe des Rohingya, elle prie la Cour
d’examiner cette demande de toute urgence.
114. Dans la présente requête est décrite la campagne violente et radicale que
continue de mener le Myanmar contre les membres du groupe des Rohingya au
moyen de mesures et actes de génocide, en vue de détruire ledit groupe en tout ou
en partie. Le Myanmar se rend coupable d’actes de génocide visant collectivement
les Rohingya, notamment en tuant des membres de ce groupe, y compris des
femmes et des enfants ; en commettant des viols et d’autres formes de violence
sexuelle et en faisant preuve d’une cruauté barbare envers les femmes et les filles
rohingya ; en incendiant les habitations et les villages et en confisquant les terres et
le bétail de manière à priver les Rohingya de nourriture, d’abris et d’autres moyens
d’existence élémentaires. Ces actes sont perpétrés à l’encontre des membres du
groupe des Rohingya sur la seule base de leur origine ethnique, raciale ou religieuse,
dans l’intention de détruire ce groupe comme tel, en tout ou en partie, ce
qui constitue une violation flagrante des obligations qui incombent au Myanmar
au regard de l’article premier, des litt. a), b), c), d) et e) de l’article III, ainsi que
des articles IV, V et VI de la convention sur le génocide.
115. L’indication de mesures conservatoires est nécessaire en l’espèce pour
empêcher qu’un nouveau préjudice irréparable ne soit causé aux droits que le
groupe des Rohingya tient de la convention sur le génocide, droits qui continuent
d’être violés en toute impunité. La Gambie prie la Cour d’indiquer de telles mesures
pour protéger et préserver ces droits et prévenir toute aggravation ou extension du
différend relatif aux actes génocidaires du Myanmar, en attendant que les questions
soulevées dans la requête soient tranchées au fond.
A. Les circonstances exigent l’indication de mesures conservatoires
116. Ainsi que cela a été exposé ci-dessus,
le Myanmar a commis et continue de
commettre des actes de génocide à l’encontre des membres du groupe des Rohingya
comme tel, sur la seule base de leur origine ethnique, raciale ou religieuse. Agissant
dans l’intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, ledit groupe, lequel est protégé par
la convention sur le génocide, il continue de se livrer, entre autres, aux actes suivants :
— meurtre de membres du groupe des Rohingya ;
60
— raping and inflicting other forms of sexual violence on women and girls within
the group;
— subjecting Rohingya men, women and children to torture, beatings and other
forms of cruel treatment for the sole reason that they are members of the Rohingya
group; and
— deliberately destroying or otherwise denying access to food, shelter and other
essentials of life in a manner that is calculated to destroy the Rohingya group
in whole or in part.
117. As set forth in this Application, Myanmar has denied any wrongdoing and
resisted all calls by The Gambia and the international community to stop and alleviate
the destruction and suffering of members of the Rohingya group, resulting
from genocidal acts committed with the intent to destroy the group in whole or in
part. It is clear that Myanmar has no intention of ending these genocidal acts and
continues to pursue the destruction of the group within its territory. As the UN
Fact-Finding
Mission concluded as recently as mid-September
2019, all members
of the Rohingya group who are situated today in Myanmar are at grave risk of
further acts of genocide.
118. Instead of preventing these genocidal acts, or punishing the perpetrators as
required by the Genocide Convention, Myanmar is deliberately destroying evidence
of its wrongdoing to cover up the crimes. The UN Fact-Finding
Mission
documented that Myanmar has destroyed, buried and disposed of the remains of
the Rohingya victims 216. It has concluded that “mass demolition and terrain clearance
throughout northern Rakhine State raise serious concerns about the potential
destruction of evidence and its effect on future investigation into crimes, including
the gravest crimes under international law” 217.
B. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
119. The Court “may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions relied
on by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which its jurisdiction
could be founded, but need not satisfy itself in a definitive manner that it has jurisdiction
as regards the merits of the case” 218. In order to determine whether the
Court has prima facie jurisdiction, the acts complained of must be prima facie
“capable of falling within the provisions of [the Convention]”, such that “the
dispute
is one which the Court could have jurisdiction ratione materiae to
entertain” 219.
120. As explained above, the jurisdiction of the Court is based on Article 36,
paragraph 1, of its Statute and Article IX of the Genocide Convention. The Gambia
and Myanmar are UN Member States and parties to the Genocide Convention.
Both have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court under Article IX without
any reservation. As set out in this Application, there is an existing dispute between
The Gambia and Myanmar concerning the interpretation, application and fulfilment
of obligations under the Genocide Convention. Therefore, the Court plainly
has prima facie jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures.
216 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), paras. 1000-1003.
217 Ibid., para. 1242.
218 Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular
Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 630, para. 24.
219 Ibid., p. 632, para. 30.
61
— viols et autres formes de violence sexuelle à l’encontre des femmes et des filles
de ce groupe ;
— soumission des hommes, femmes et enfants rohingya à la torture, à des passages
à tabac et à d’autres formes de traitement cruel au seul motif de leur
appartenance à ce groupe ; et
— destruction délibérée ou privation de nourriture, d’abris et d’autres moyens
d’existence élémentaires dans l’intention de détruire le groupe, en tout ou en
partie.
117. Comme indiqué dans la présente requête, le Myanmar nie avoir commis
quelque acte illicite et rejette tous les appels de la Gambie et de la communauté
internationale à cesser de semer la destruction et la souffrance parmi les membres
du groupe des Rohingya au moyen d’actes de génocide commis dans l’intention de
le détruire, en tout ou en partie. De toute évidence, il n’entend nullement mettre fin
à ces actes et poursuit la destruction dudit groupe sur son territoire. Ainsi que la
mission d’établissement des faits des Nations Unies l’a conclu tout récemment
encore, à la mi‑septembre 2019, l’ensemble des membres du groupe des Rohingya
qui vivent aujourd’hui au Myanmar courent un grave risque d’être victimes de
nouveaux actes de génocide.
118. Loin d’empêcher ces actes illicites ou d’en punir les auteurs comme l’exige
la convention sur le génocide, le Myanmar en détruit délibérément les preuves pour
dissimuler les crimes commis. La mission d’établissement des faits a ainsi établi
qu’il avait détruit et enterré les dépouilles des victimes rohingya 216. Elle a conclu
que « les démolitions massives et le déblaiement des terrains dans le nord de l’Etat
rakhine suscit[ai]ent de vives préoccupations quant à la possible destruction de
preuves et aux conséquences que cela pourrait avoir pour les enquêtes menées à
l’avenir sur les crimes commis, notamment les plus graves au regard du droit international
» 217.
B. Compétence prima facie
119. La Cour « ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dispositions
invoquées par le demandeur semblent, prima facie, constituer une base sur
laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais n’a pas besoin de s’assurer de
manière définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au fond de l’affaire » 218. Pour que la
compétence prima facie de la Cour soit établie, les actes dont le demandeur tire
grief doivent être, prima facie, « susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de [la
convention] » de sorte que « le différend [soit] de ceux dont elle pourrait avoir compétence
pour connaître ratione materiae » 219.
120. Ainsi que cela a été précisé ci-dessus,
la compétence de la Cour est fondée sur
le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut et sur l’article IX de la convention sur le
génocide. La Gambie et le Myanmar sont Membres de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies et parties à ladite convention. Tous deux ont accepté la juridiction de la Cour
au titre de l’article IX sans aucune réserve. Comme exposé dans la requête, il existe un
différend entre la Gambie et le Myanmar concernant l’interprétation et l’application
de la convention sur le génocide ainsi que le respect des obligations qui en découlent.
La Cour est donc compétente prima facie pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
216 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1000-1003.
217 Ibid., par. 1242.
218 Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955
(République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 630, par. 24.
219 Ibid., p. 632, par. 30.
62
C. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and Their Plausible Character
121. The Court has “the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so
require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective
rights of either party” 220.
122. Addressing the “objects” of the Genocide Convention, the Court explained
in 1951 that it:
“was manifestly adopted for a purely humanitarian and civilizing purpose. It
is indeed difficult to imagine a convention that might have this dual character
to a greater degree, since its object on the one hand is to safeguard the very
existence of certain human groups and on the other to confirm and endorse
the most elementary principles of morality. In such a convention the contracting
States do not have any interests of their own; they merely have, one and
all, a common interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes
which are the raison d’être of the convention.” 221
123. On multiple occasions, the Court has acknowledged that “the norm prohibiting
genocide [is] assuredly a peremptory norm of international law (jus
cogens)” 222 and that “the rights and obligations enshrined by the Convention are
rights and obligations erga omnes” 223. Therefore, all States “have a legal interest”
in the protection of the rights involved 224.
124. Addressing the admissibility of the claims presented by Belgium against
Senegal on the basis of the Convention against Torture, and having underscored
its similarities with the Genocide Convention, the Court concluded:
“The common interest in compliance with the relevant obligations under
the Convention against Torture implies the entitlement of each State party to
the Convention to make a claim concerning the cessation of an alleged breach
by another State party. If a special interest were required for that purpose, in
many cases no State would be in the position to make such a claim. It follows
that any State party to the Convention may invoke the responsibility of
another State party with a view to ascertaining the alleged failure to comply
with its obligations erga omnes partes, such as those under Article 6, paragraph
2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and to bring that failure
to an end.” 225
220 Statute of the International Court of Justice, Art. 41.
221 Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,
Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23.
222 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment of 26 February 2007,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 111, para. 161 (citing Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment of 3 February 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 32, para. 64).
223 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Preliminary Objections, Judgment
of 11 July 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 616, para. 31; see also Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment
of 3 February 2015, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p. 47, para. 87.
224 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), Second
Phase, Judgment of 5 February 1970, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33.
225 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Merits, Judgment of 20 July 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 450, para. 69.
63
C. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et leur plausibilité
121. La Cour a « le pouvoir d’indiquer, si elle estime que les circonstances
l’exigent, quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun doivent être prises à
titre provisoire » 220.
122. Examinant les « fins » de la convention sur le génocide, la Cour a, en 1951,
indiqué que cette dernière avait été
« manifestement adoptée dans un but purement humain et civilisateur. On ne
peut même pas concevoir une convention qui offrirait à un plus haut degré ce
double caractère, puisqu’elle vise d’une part à sauvegarder l’existence même
de certains groupes humains, d’autre part à confirmer et à sanctionner les
principes de morale les plus élémentaires. Dans une telle convention, les Etats
contractants n’ont pas d’intérêts propres ; ils ont seulement, tous et chacun,
un intérêt commun, celui de préserver les fins supérieures qui sont la raison
d’être de la convention. » 221
123. La Cour a reconnu à maintes reprises que « la norme interdisant le génocide
constituait assurément une norme impérative du droit international (jus
cogens) » 222 et que « les droits et obligations consacrés par la convention [étaient]
des droits et obligations erga omnes » 223. Dès lors, tous les Etats ont « un intérêt
juridique » à ce que ces droits soient protégés 224.
124. Concernant la recevabilité des demandes que la Belgique avait présentées
sur la base de la convention contre la torture dans l’affaire qui l’opposait au Sénégal,
la Cour, après avoir souligné les similitudes de cet instrument avec la convention
sur le génocide, est parvenue à la conclusion suivante :
« L’intérêt commun des Etats parties à ce que soient respectées les obligations
pertinentes énoncées dans la convention contre la torture implique que chacun
d’entre eux puisse demander qu’un autre Etat partie, qui aurait manqué auxdites
obligations, mette fin à ces manquements. Si un intérêt particulier était
requis à cet effet, aucun Etat ne serait, dans bien des cas, en mesure de présenter
une telle demande. Il s’ensuit que tout Etat partie à la convention contre la torture
peut invoquer la responsabilité d’un autre Etat partie dans le but de faire
constater le manquement allégué de celui‑ci à des obligations erga omnes partes,
telles que celles qui lui incombent en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 6
et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 7, et de mettre fin à un tel manquement. » 225
220 Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, art. 41.
221 Réserves à la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, avis
consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 23.
222 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 111, par. 161
(citant Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique
du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 32,
par. 64).
223 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II),
p. 616, par. 31 ; voir aussi Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du
crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (I), p. 47, par. 87.
224 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgique c. Espagne),
deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970, p. 32, par. 33.
225 Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 450, par. 69.
64
125. Such finding applies mutatis mutandis to the Genocide Convention and to
the legal entitlement of The Gambia under it to seek compliance by Myanmar with
its obligations.
126. The Gambia seeks to protect the rights of all members of the Rohingya
group who are in the territory of Myanmar, as members of a protected group
under the Genocide Convention, from the genocidal acts prohibited under the
Convention. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court does not need to establish
definitively the existence of such rights; it is sufficient, for the purpose of indicating
provisional measures, that such rights are plausible, i.e. “grounded in a possible
interpretation of the Convention” 226. Protection of the rights that are the subject
of the present request for provisional measures — which include the rights of the
Rohingya group to exist as a group — coincide with the very object and purpose
of the Convention.
127. In addition to the rights of the Rohingya group and its members under the
Genocide Convention, The Gambia also seeks to protect the erga omnes partes
rights it has under the Convention, which mirror the erga omnes obligations of the
Convention with which it is entitled to seek compliance. Considering the jurisprudence
of the Court recalled above, such rights are entirely plausible and could be
subsequently adjudged to belong to The Gambia. The Court has recognized “the
universal character both of the condemnation of genocide and of the co-operation
required ‘in order to liberate mankind from such an odious scourge’” 227.
D. Risk of Irreparable Harm and Urgency
128. The Court “has the power to indicate provisional measures when there is a
risk that irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of
judicial proceedings . . ., or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail
irreparable consequences” 228. Especially, the Court has the power to indicate provisional
measures “if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent
risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the Court gives its final
decision” 229. As the Court recently confirmed, “the condition of urgency is met
when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can ‘occur at any
moment’ before the Court makes a final decision on the case” 230.
129. The indication of provisional measures does not require the Court “to
establish the existence of breaches of the Genocide Convention”, nor is the Court
at this stage required to “make definitive findings of fact or of imputability” 231.
226 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 152, para. 60.
227 Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,
Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23.
228 Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular
Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Order of 3 October 2018,
p. 645, para. 77.
229 Ibid., para. 78.
230 Ibid. (citing Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 90).
231 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Provisional Measures, Order of
8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, paras. 44, 46.
65
125. Ces conclusions s’appliquent, mutatis mutandis, à la convention sur le
génocide et au droit que la Gambie tient de cet instrument de demander que le
Myanmar exécute ses obligations.
126. La Gambie cherche à protéger les droits de l’ensemble des membres du
groupe rohingya se trouvant sur le territoire du Myanmar, en tant que membres
d’un groupe protégé au titre de la convention sur le génocide, des actes prohibés
par cet instrument. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’a pas à établir de façon
définitive l’existence de ces droits ; il suffit, aux fins de l’indication de mesures
conservatoires, que ceux‑ci soient plausibles, c’est-à-dire « fondés sur une interprétation
possible de la convention » 226. La protection des droits formant l’objet de la
présente demande en indication de mesures conservatoires — qui incluent le droit
des Rohingya d’exister en tant que groupe — correspond précisément à l’objet et
au but de la convention.
127. Outre les droits que le groupe rohingya et ses membres tiennent de la
convention sur le génocide, la Gambie cherche également à protéger les droits erga
omnes partes qui sont les siens en vertu de cet instrument, lesquels reflètent les
obligations erga omnes énoncées dans la convention, et dont elle est fondée à
demander le respect. A la lumière de la jurisprudence de la Cour rappelée plus
haut, ces droits sont tout à fait plausibles, et il pourrait être ultérieurement décidé
qu’ils appartiennent à la Gambie. A cet égard, la Cour a reconnu « le caractère
universel à la fois de la condamnation du génocide et de la coopération nécessaire
« pour libérer l’humanité d’un fléau aussi odieux » » 227.
D. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence
128. La Cour a « le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires lorsqu’il
existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits en litige dans une
procédure judiciaire … ou lorsque la méconnaissance alléguée de ces droits risque
d’entraîner des conséquences irréparables » 228. Elle a plus particulièrement le pouvoir
d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires « s’il y a urgence, c’est‑à‑dire s’il existe
un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé avant qu[’elle] ne
rende sa décision définitive » 229. Ainsi que la Cour l’a récemment confirmé,
« [l]a condition d’urgence est remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles de causer un
préjudice irréparable peuvent « intervenir
à tout moment » avant qu[’elle] ne se
prononce de manière définitive en l’affaire
» 230.
129. L’indication de mesures conservatoires n’exige pas de la Cour qu’elle
« éttabli[sse] l’existence de violations de la convention sur le génocide », pas plus
qu’elle ne « conclu[e] définitivement sur les faits ou leur imputabilité » à ce stade 231.
226 Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 152, par. 60.
227 Réserves à la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, avis
consultatif du 28 mai 1951, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 23.
228 Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955
(République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018,
p. 645, par. 77.
229 Ibid., par. 78.
230 Ibid. (citant Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 90.
231 Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril
1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 22, par. 44, 46.
66
The Gambia recognizes that, in deciding whether to indicate provisional measures,
the Court is concerned “not so much with the past as with the present and with the
future” 232.
130. The Court previously indicated provisional measures when rights under
the Genocide Convention were threatened by similar acts against a protected
group 233. Where past violations have occurred, the Court has found provisional
measures appropriate when it is “not inconceivable” that they might occur
again 234. The Court has also ordered provisional measures in circumstances that
were “unstable and could rapidly change” due to “ongoing tension and the absence
of an overall settlement to the conflict”, and where the affected group remained
vulnerable to human rights violations 235.
131. There is no doubt that these requirements for the indication of provisional
measures are satisfied here. All members of the Rohingya group in Myanmar are
presently in grave danger of further genocidal acts because of Myanmar’s deliberate
and intentional efforts to destroy them as a group, and the remaining Rohingya
communities and individuals in Myanmar continue to face daily threats of death,
torture, rape, starvation and other deliberate actions aimed at their collective
destruction, in whole or in part. Myanmar’s ongoing atrocities against the Rohingya
group, which are well documented by highly credible UN reports, inter alia,
constitute a grave threat to their existence and place them in urgent need of the
Court’s protection. As the UN Fact-Finding
Mission concluded, “the brutality
with which the underlying acts were carried out provides further support for a
conclusion that they were committed with genocidal intent” 236. In its September
2019 report, the Mission confirmed that “the Government continues to harbour
genocidal intent and that the Rohingya remain under serious risk of genocide” 237.
This is an urgent situation that literally cries out for the Court’s protection.
E. Provisional Measures Requested
132. On the basis of the facts set forth above, The Gambia, as a State party to
the Genocide Convention, respectfully requests the Court, as a matter of extreme
urgency, to indicate the following provisional measures, which are directly linked
to the rights that form the subject matter of the dispute, pending its determination
of this case on the merits:
(a) Myanmar shall immediately, in pursuance of its undertaking in the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December
1948, take all measures within its power to prevent all acts that amount to
or contribute to the crime of genocide, including taking all measures within its
power to prevent the following acts from being committed against member of
the Rohingya group: extrajudicial killings or physical abuse; rape or other
232 See note 231 supra, p. 16, para. 25.
233 Ibid., pp. 24‑25, para. 52.
234 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1169, para. 89.
235 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October
2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 396, para. 143.
236 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), para. 1433.
237 Ibid. (2019), para. 140.
67
A cet égard, la Gambie a conscience que, lorsqu’elle décide si elle doit ou non indiquer
pareilles mesures, la Cour « se préoccupe moins du passé que du présent et de
l’avenir » 232.
130. La Cour a déjà indiqué des mesures conservatoires alors que des droits
découlant de la convention sur le génocide étaient menacés par des actes analogues
commis à l’encontre d’un groupe protégé 233. Dans le cas de violations passées, elle
a conclu qu’il y avait lieu d’indiquer de telles mesures s’il n’était « pas inconcevable »
que celles-
ci se reproduisent 234. La Cour a également indiqué des mesures
conservatoires
lorsque la situation était « instable et pou[v]ait changer rapidement »,
« étant donné les tensions actuelles et l’absence d’un règlement global du conflit », et
que le groupe concerné demeurait vulnérable aux violations des droits de
l’homme 235.
131. Il ne fait aucun doute que les conditions requises aux fins de l’indication de
mesures conservatoires sont réunies en la présente espèce. A l’heure actuelle, l’ensemble
des membres du groupe rohingya au Myanmar sont gravement menacés
d’être victimes de nouveaux actes de génocide du fait des efforts délibérés et intentionnels
de cet Etat pour les détruire en tant que groupe, les personnes et communautés
rohingya restées au Myanmar courant chaque jour le risque d’être tuées,
torturées, violées, de mourir de faim et de subir d’autres actes délibérés devant
entraîner leur destruction collective totale ou partielle. Les atrocités actuellement
commises par le Myanmar contre les Rohingya — qui sont bien documentées,
notamment par des rapports de l’ONU tout à fait dignes de foi — menacent gravement
l’existence de ce groupe, lequel a, de toute urgence, besoin de la protection de
la Cour. Ainsi que l’a conclu la mission d’établissement des faits des Nations
Unies, « la brutalité avec laquelle ont été commis les actes sous‑jacents montre que
ceux-
ci ont été perpétrés avec une intention génocidaire » 236. Dans son rapport de
septembre 2019, la mission a en outre confirmé que « le Gouvernement nourri[ssait]
toujours une intention génocidaire et que les Rohingya continu[ai]ent de courir un
grave risque de génocide » 237. Il s’agit là d’une situation d’urgence qui commande
impérieusement la protection de la Cour.
E. Mesures conservatoires sollicitées
132. Sur la base des faits exposés ci-dessus,
la Gambie, en sa qualité d’Etat partie
à la convention sur le génocide, prie respectueusement la Cour d’indiquer, de
toute urgence, les mesures conservatoires ci-
après, qui sont directement liées aux
droits formant l’objet du différend, dans l’attente de la décision qu’elle rendra sur
le fond de l’affaire :
a) le Myanmar doit immédiatement, conformément à l’engagement qu’il a assumé
aux termes de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide du 9 décembre 1948, prendre toutes les mesures en son pouvoir afin de
prévenir tout acte constituant un crime de génocide ou susceptible d’y contribuer,
y compris toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour empêcher la commission,
à l’encontre de membres du groupe rohingya, des actes ci‑après : exécu232
Voir note 231 supra, p. 16, par. 25.
233 Ibid., p. 24‑25, dispositif.
234 Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1169, par. 89.
235 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 15 octobre 2008, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 396, par. 143.
236 UN Fact-Finding
Mission, Report of the Detailed Findings (2018), par. 1433.
237 Ibid. (2019), par. 140.
68
forms of sexual violence; burning of homes or villages; destruction of lands
and livestock, deprivation of food and other necessities of life, or any other
deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical
destruction of the Rohingya group in whole or in part;
(b) Myanmar shall, in particular, ensure that any military, paramilitary or irregular
armed units which may be directed or supported by it, as well as any
organizations
and persons which may be subject to its control, direction
or influence, do not commit any act of genocide, of conspiracy to commit
genocide, or direct and public incitement to commit genocide, or of complicity
in genocide, against the Rohingya group, including: extrajudicial killing or
physical abuse; rape or other forms of sexual violence; burning of homes or
villages; destruction of lands and livestock, deprivation of food and other
necessities of life, or any other deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated
to bring about the physical destruction of the Rohingya group in
whole or in part;
(c) Myanmar shall not destroy or render inaccessible any evidence related to the
events described in the Application, including without limitation by destroying
or rendering inaccessible the remains of any member of the Rohingya
group who is a victim of alleged genocidal acts, or altering the physical
locations
where such acts are alleged to have occurred in such a manner as
to render the evidence of such acts, if any, inaccessible;
(d) Myanmar and The Gambia shall not take any action and shall assure that no
action is taken which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute that is the
subject of this Application, or render it more difficult of resolution; and
(e) Myanmar and The Gambia shall each provide a report to the Court on all
measures taken to give effect to this Order for provisional measures, no later
than four months from its issuance.
133. The Gambia respectfully asks that this request for provisional measures be
considered at the Court’s earliest possible opportunity, including the scheduling of
a hearing.
134. The Gambia reserves its right to request additional provisional measures
to prevent irreparable harm to the rights at issue in this case, or to prevent further
aggravation of the dispute between the Parties, should they become necessary, during
the course of these proceedings.
VII. Appointment of Judge Ad Hoc
135. In accordance with Article 31 of the Statute of the Court and Article 35 (1)
of the Rules of Court, The Gambia appoints Judge Navanethem Pillay as judge
ad hoc.
VIII. Reservation of Rights
136. The Gambia reserves the right to revise, supplement or amend the terms of
this Application, as well as the grounds invoked.
69
tions extrajudiciaires ou mauvais traitements ; viols ou autres formes de violence
sexuelle ; destruction par le feu de maisons ou de villages ; destruction de terres
et de bétail, privation de nourriture et d’autres biens de première nécessité ou
toute autre soumission intentionnelle du groupe rohingya à des conditions
d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ;
b) le Myanmar doit en particulier veiller à ce qu’aucune des unités militaires, paramilitaires
ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient relever de son autorité ou
bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune organisation ou personne qui pourrait se
trouver sous son contrôle, son autorité ou son influence ne commette, à l’encontre
du groupe rohingya, le crime de génocide, ne participe à une entente en
vue de commettre ce crime, n’incite directement et publiquement à le commettre
ou ne s’en rende complice, notamment par les actes ci-
après : exécutions extrajudiciaires
ou mauvais traitements ; viols ou autres formes de violence sexuelle ;
destruction par le feu de maisons ou de villages ; destruction de terres et de
bétail, privation de nourriture et d’autres biens de première nécessité ou toute
autre soumission intentionnelle du groupe rohingya à des conditions d’existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle ;
c) le Myanmar doit s’abstenir de détruire ou de rendre inaccessible tout élément
de preuve se rapportant aux faits décrits dans la requête, y compris, mais non
exclusivement, en détruisant ou en rendant inaccessibles les dépouilles des
membres du groupe rohingya qui auraient été victimes d’actes de génocide, ou
en transformant les lieux où de tels actes auraient été commis de sorte à rendre
inaccessibles les éventuels éléments de preuve y afférents ;
d) le Myanmar et la Gambie doivent ne prendre aucune mesure, et veiller à ce qu’il
n’en soit pris aucune, qui soit de nature à aggraver ou étendre le différend existant
qui constitue l’objet de la requête, ou à en rendre le règlement plus difficile ;
et
e) le Myanmar et la Gambie fourniront chacun à la Cour un rapport exposant
l’ensemble des mesures prises pour donner effet à l’ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires, au plus tard quatre mois après le prononcé de
celle-
ci.
133. La Gambie prie respectueusement la Cour d’examiner la présente demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires dès que son calendrier le lui permettra,
notamment en tenant des audiences aussitôt que possible.
134. Si cela se révèle nécessaire, la Gambie se réserve le droit, au cours de la
présente procédure, de solliciter de nouvelles mesures conservatoires afin d’éviter
qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé aux droits en cause en l’espèce, ou d’empêcher
une nouvelle aggravation du différend opposant les Parties.
VII. Désignation d’un juge ad hoc
135. Conformément à l’article 31 du Statut de la Cour et au paragraphe 1 de
l’article 35 de son Règlement, la Gambie désigne la juge Navanethem Pillay pour
siéger en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire.
VIII. Réserve de droits
136. La Gambie se réserve le droit de réviser, compléter ou modifier la présente
requête, ainsi que l’exposé de ses moyens.
70
IX. Appointment of Agent
137. The Gambia has designated as its Agent The Honourable Abubacarr
Marie Tambadou, Attorney General and Minister of Justice of the Republic of
The Gambia.
138. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, all communications
relating to this case should be sent to:
Consulate General of the Republic of The Gambia
Apollolaan 137
1077 AR Amsterdam
The Netherlands
139. I have the honour to assure the Court of my highest esteem and consideration.
The Hague, 11 November 2019.
(Signed) Mr. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou,
Agent of the Republic of The Gambia.
71
IX. Désignation d’un agent
137. La Gambie a désigné comme agent M. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou,
Attorney General et ministre de la justice de la République de Gambie.
138. En application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour,
toute communication relative à la présente affaire doit être adressée au :
Consulat général de la République de Gambie
Apollolaan 137
1077 AR Amsterdam
Pays-Bas
139. J’ai l’honneur d’assurer la Cour de ma plus haute estime et considération.
La Haye, le 11 novembre 2019.
L’agent de la République de Gambie,
(Signé) M. Abubacarr Marie Tambadou.
Application instituting proceedings and Request for the indication of provisional measures