Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
175-20180716-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 16 July 2018
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS
OF THE 1955 TREATY OF AMITY, ECONOMIC
RELATIONS, AND CONSULAR RIGHTS
(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN v. UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 16 juillet 2018
VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES
DU TRAITÉ D’AMITIÉ, DE COMMERCE
ET DE DROITS CONSULAIRES DE 1955
(RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN c. ÉTATS-UNIS
D’AMÉRIQUE)
I. THE AGENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC
REPUBLIC OF IRAN TO THE REGISTRAR OF
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
in the name of god
16 July 2018.
On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and in accordance with Articles 36,
paragraph 1, 40, paragraph 1, and 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 38,
73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to notify the Court that the
Islamic Republic of Iran is hereby presenting an Application and a request for
provisional measures against the United States of America concerning violations
by the United States of America of the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and
Consular Rights between Iran and the United States of America which was signed
in Tehran on 15 August 1955 and entered into force on 16 June 1957.
As the United States of America, following its announcement of “sanctions” on
8 May 2018, has decided to impose a first package of sanctions and restrictive
measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran by 6 August 2018, we respectfully
request you to draw the attention of the President and of the Court to the extreme
urgency of the situation.
Finally, as indicated in the Application, in accordance with Article 40 of the
Rules of Court, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran hereby informs
the Court that it has appointed the undersigned as its Agent and Mr. Seyed Hossein
Sadat Meidani, as Deputy Agent, for this proceeding and that the address for
service to the Agent and Deputy Agent is the Agent Bureau of the Embassy of the
Islamic Republic of Iran, De Werf 14, 4th Floor, 2544 EH, The Hague.
(Signed) M. H. Zahedin Labbaf,
Agent of the Government of
the Islamic Republic of Iran.
2
2018
General List
No. 175
4
II. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
in the name of god
I, the undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the Islamic Republic
of Iran (“Iran”) of which I am the Agent, have the honour to submit to the
International Court of Justice, in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 (1) of its
Statute and Article 38 of its Rules, an Application instituting proceedings
brought by Iran against the United States of America (“the USA”) in the following
case.
I. Subject of the Dispute
1. The dispute between Iran and the USA concerns the re- imposition and
announced aggravation by the USA of a comprehensive set of so- called “sanctions”
and restrictive measures targeting, directly or indirectly, Iran, Iranian companies
and/or Iranian nationals, resulting from the USA’s decision of 8 May 2018
(“the 8 May sanctions”), which constitute breaches of the Treaty of Amity,
Economic Relations and Consular Rights signed at Tehran on 15 August 1955
(the “Treaty of Amity”) which entered into force between Iran and the USA on
16 June 1957 1.
2. The present Application exclusively concerns the internationally wrongful
acts of the USA resulting from its decision to re- impose in full effect and enforce
the 8 May sanctions that the USA previously decided to lift in connection with the
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (the “JCPOA”), and the announcement that
further sanctions will be imposed 2.
II. The Jurisdiction of the Court
3. The Court has jurisdiction in relation to the above dispute, and to rule on the
claims submitted by Iran, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Statute of the Court and
Article XXI (2) of the Treaty of Amity.
4. Article 36 (1) of the Statute of the Court provides in the relevant part that the
Court’s jurisdiction: “comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters
specifically provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and
conventions in force”.
1 284 United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS) 93, II Recueil des traités bilatéraux 69,
8 UST 899, TIAS No. 3853. The text of the Treaty of Amity is appended to this Application
as Annex 1.
2 Notwithstanding the limited scope of the present Application, Iran continues to
consider that the imposition and enforcement of all unilateral sanctions of the United States
against Iran were and are contrary to international law, including the Treaty of Amity. See
for instance, paragraph 13 of the letter dated 20 July 2015 sent by the Permanent Representative
of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the President of the
Security Council, UN doc. S/2015/550, available at: http://dag.un.org/handle/11176/312365.
6
5. Article XXI (2) of the Treaty of Amity provides:
“Any dispute between the High Contracting Parties as to the interpretation
or application of the present Treaty, not satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy,
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice, unless the High Contracting
Parties agree to settlement by some other pacific means.”
6. The present dispute concerns the interpretation or application of the Treaty
of Amity. It has not been satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy and there has been
no agreement between the Parties to settle the dispute by any pacific means other
than by its submission to the International Court of Justice.
7. On 11 June 2018 3, Iran notified the USA of the existence of a dispute and
reserved its rights to pursue this matter in accordance with the legally binding treaties
between the two Parties. On 19 June 2018 4, Iran reiterated its challenge to the
8 May sanctions and to the announcement that there would be further sanctions
and informed the USA that it considered these to constitute breaches of international
law, in particular of the Treaty of Amity 5.
III. The Facts
8. On 13 October 2017, Mr. Donald Trump, President of the United States of
America, decided not to certify the appropriateness and the proportionality of the
lifting of sanctions under the JCPOA since, in his opinion, Iran was not in compliance
with its nuclear- related commitments under that agreement 6.
9. On 12 January 2018, President Trump stated that the USA would withdraw
from the JCPOA unless its terms were amended so as to place Iran under multiple
additional significant commitments 7.
10. As has been widely publicized, on 8 May 2018, President Trump declared in
Presidential Memoranda:
“I do not believe that continuing to provide JCPOA- related sanctions relief
to Iran is in the national interest of the United States . . . I have determined
that it is in the national interest of the United States to re- impose sanc-
3 Note Verbale No. 381/289/4870056 sent on 11 June 2018 to the Embassy of Switzerland
(US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the US Government, appended to this Application
as Annex 5. See also the letter sent to the Secretary- General of the United Nations on
10 May 2018, UN doc. A/72/869-S/2018/453, appended to this Application as Annex 4. See
also the official statement of Iran in reaction to the 8 May decision of the US, www.irna.ir/
en/News/82912204.
4 Note Verbale No. 381/210/4875065 sent on 19 June 2018 to the Embassy of Switzerland
(US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the US Government, appended to this Application
as Annex 6.
5 See also the article published by Iran’s Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in
Iran Daily of 20 June 2018, exposing the position of Iran and expressly referring to the
Treaty of Amity, www.iran-daily.com/News/217019.html.
6 “Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy”, 13 October 2017, available at: www.
whitehouse.gov/briefings- statements/remarks- president-trump-iran-strategy/.
7 “Statement by the President on the Iran Nuclear Deal”, 12 January 2018, www.white
house.gov/briefings- statements/statement- president-iran-nuclear-deal/.
8
tions lifted or waived in connection with the JCPOA as expeditiously as
possible.” 8
11. As a consequence, he ordered that:
“[t]he Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury shall immediately
begin taking steps to re- impose all United States sanctions lifted or waived in
connection with the JCPOA, including those under the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, the
Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, and the Iran
Freedom and Counter- Proliferation Act of 2012. These steps shall be accomplished
as expeditiously as possible, and in no case later than 180 days from
the date of this memorandum.” 9
12. He also made clear that the sanctions will have extraterritorial effects and
that “[a]ny nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be
strongly sanctioned by the United States” 10.
13. On the same day, the USA stated that it will “begin re- imposing the US
nuclear- related sanctions” and defined two deadlines (namely 6 August 2018 and
4 November 2018) after which “all the US nuclear- related sanctions will be
re- imposed and in full effect” 11.
14. The USA’s underlying reasons for re- imposing sanctions are misconceived.
Since 2015, the International Atomic Energy Agency (“IAEA”) has consistently
verified that Iran has been in full compliance with its obligations under the Safeguards
Agreement, as well as with its voluntary nuclear- related commitments
under the JCPOA and the Additional Protocol 12 including the “non-diversion of
declared nuclear material in Iran” 13 and the absence of undeclared material 14. Following
the USA’s withdrawal from the JCPOA, the Director General of the IAEA
made it clear that:
8 Presidential Memoranda, “Ceasing US Participation in the JCPOA and Taking Additional
Action to Counter Iran’s Malign Influence and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear
Weapon”, 8 May 2018, available at: www.whitehouse.gov/presidential- actions/ceasing-u-sparticipation-
jcpoa-taking-additional-action-counter-irans-malign-influence-denyiran-
paths-nuclear-weapon/ appended to this Application as Annex 2.
9 Ibid.
10 “Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, 8 May
2018, available at: www.whitehouse.gov/briefings- statements/remarks- president-trumpjoint-
comprehensive-plan-action/ (hereinafter “Remarks by President Trump on 8 May
2018”) appended to this Application as Annex 3.
11 OFAC, 8 May 2018 (updated 27 June 2018), “Frequently Asked Questions Regarding
the Re- Imposition of Sanctions Pursuant to the May 8, 2018 National Security Presidential
Memorandum Relating to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)” (hereafter
“OFAC Re- imposition FAQ”), Section 1.1., available at: www.treasury.gov/resourcecenter/
sanctions/programs/documents/jcpoa_winddown_faqs.pdf.
12 IAEA, Board Report, “Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in
light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015)”, 24 May 2018, available at:
www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iran/iaea-and-iran-iaea- reports.
13 See IAEA, Board of Governors, “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement
in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, 14 November 2006, available at: www.iaea.org/sites/
default/files/gov2006-64.pdf.
14 IAEA, Board of Governors, “Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of
Iran in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015)”, 24 May 2018,
available at: www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/06/gov2018-24.pdf.
10
“Iran is subject to the world’s most robust nuclear verification regime under
the JCPOA, which is a significant verification gain. As of today, the IAEA can
confirm that the nuclear- related commitments are being implemented
by Iran.” 15
15. The Council of the European Union (EU) has praised the work of the IAEA
through its High Representative:
“[T]he EU will remain committed to the continued full and effective implementation
of the nuclear deal . . . We fully trust the work, competence and
autonomy of the International Atomic Energy Agency that has published
ten reports certifying that Iran has fully complied with its commitments.” 16
16. On 25 May 2018, the JCPOA participants, without the USA, held a special
meeting in Vienna at which they adopted the conclusions of the IAEA reports. It
was reported that:
“The participants welcomed the fact that the IAEA has again confirmed the
continued adherence by Iran to its nuclear- related commitments. They also
commended the professional and impartial role played by the IAEA, the only
body charged with the monitoring and verification of the implementation by
Iran of its nuclear- related commitments under the JCPOA and UN Security
Council resolution 2231 (2015).” 17
17. Similarly, on 6 July 2018, the Joint Commission of the JCPOA, at the ministerial
level, adopted a Joint Statement in which: “The participants welcomed the
eleventh report by the International Atomic Energy Agency of 24 May confirming
that Iran is abiding by its nuclear-related commitments.” 18
18. Furthermore, the USA announced that it does not intend to limit the
enforcement of damaging measures against Iran to the measures decided on 8 May
2018. The US President announced that “sanctions will go into full effect” in order
to reach their “highest level” and create for Iran “bigger problems than it has ever
15 IAEA, “Statement by IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano”, 9 May 2018, available
at: www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/statement-by-iaea- director-general-yukiya-amano-
9-may-2018.
16 European Union (EU), “Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU
following US President Trump’s announcement on the Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA)”, 9 May
2018, available at: www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press- releases/2018/05/09/declarationby-
the-high- representative-on-behalf-of-the-eu-following-us-president-trump-sannouncement-
on-the-iran-nuclear-deal-jcpoa/.
17 EU, “Chair’s statement following the 25 May 2018 meeting of the Joint Commission
of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, 25 May 2018, available at: eeas.europa.eu/
headquarters/headquarters- homepage/45227/chairs- statement-following-25-may-2018-
meeting-joint-commission-joint-comprehensive-plan_en; confirmed by “Statement from the
Joint Commission of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, 6 July 2018, available at:
eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters- homepage/48076/statement-joint- commissionjoint-
comprehensive-plan-action_en. See also e.g. the position of Germany, France and the
UK: www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french- foreign-policy/disarmament-and-non- proliferation/
events/article/jcpoa-joint- statement-by-france-the-united-kingdom-and-germany-08-05-18;
www.gov.uk/government/news/joint- statement-from-prime-minister-may-chancellormerkel-
and-president-macron-following-president-trumps-statement-on-iran; the Russian
Federation: www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/conten…
id/3234684; the African Union: au.int/en/pressreleases/20180509/statement- chairpersonafrican-
union-commission-united-states-unilateral.
18 Https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters- homepage/45227/chairs- statementfollowing-
25-may-2018-meeting-joint-commission-joint-comprehensive-plan_en.
12
had before” 19. The US Administration is able under US law to mitigate the implementation
of sanctions. However, the current Administration is pushing the sanctions
to their most damaging effect in order to bring Iran to its knees 20.
19. Thus, the US Secretary of State has declared with respect to sanctions targeting
Iran, Iranian companies and nationals, that “new ones are coming” and
that “this is just the beginning”. According to the US Secretary of State, “[t]hese
will indeed end up being the strongest sanctions in history when we are complete” 21.
Threatening to issue new sanctions and maximum enforcement are part of the
overall US sanctions policy. The threat in and of itself has created significant additional
damage to the Iranian economy, and to the Iranian people, by creating
uncertainty for all actors who would wish to have any economic relationship with
Iran, and by deterring any such relationship, even if that relationship is not currently
covered by the scope of sanctions.
20. In the following paragraphs, Iran will further explain: (i) the sanctions that are
the object of the present Application, and (ii) the actual and potential effect of these
sanctions on Iran, the Iranian economy, and Iranian nationals and companies.
(a) The Sanctions that Are the Object of the Present Application
21. Some of the 8 May sanctions have already started to be enforced. For example,
“the Statement of Licensing Policy for Activities Related to the Export or
Re- export to Iran of Commercial Passenger Aircraft and Related Parts and Services”
(“JCPOA SLP”) 22 was revoked immediately as of 8 May 2018.
22. The US Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) also revoked two major
licenses on 27 June 2018:
— General License H, which authorized certain transactions between US-owned
or US- controlled foreign entities with the Government of Iran or persons subject
to the jurisdiction of the Government of Iran;
— General License I, which made possible activities relating to contingent contracts
related to activities eligible for authorization under the JCPOA SLP.
19 Remarks by President Trump on 8 May 2018 (Annex 3 to this Application). See also,
for example, the testimony of Mr. Mnuchin, US Secretary for Treasury, on 11 April 2018,
available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/mnuchin- signals-very-strongnew-
sanctions-on-iran-coming. See also: www.whitehouse.gov/briefings- statements/remarkspresident-
trump-president-macron-france-restricted-bilateral-meeting/.
20 See below, paragraph 34, for the oil importation. Contrary to previous US Administrations,
the present Administration will not use any exception provided by US laws, since
its objective is to put Iranian oil exportation to zero.
21 Remarks by the Secretary of State, “After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy”, 21 May
2018, available at: www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/05/282301.htm.
22 OFAC, “Statement of Licensing Policy for Activities Related to the Export or
Re- export to Iran of Commercial Passenger Aircraft and Related Parts and Services”,
16 January 2016, available at: www.treasury.gov/resource- center/sanctions/Programs/
Documents/lic_pol_statement_aircraft_jcpoa.pdf (hereinafter “Statement of Licensing Policy
for Aircrafts”).
14
23. On 27 June 2018, OFAC also amended the “Iranian Transactions and Sanctions
Regulations”, 31 C.F.R. Part 560 (“ITSR”) 23, which had allowed the import
into the United States of Iranian- origin carpets and foodstuffs and certain related
financial transactions, in order to narrow the scope of the licenses and to authorize
only the wind down of those transactions by 6 August 2018.
24. The USA announced that the other elements of the 8 May sanctions will be
fully implemented and enforced in two phases: one after a 90-day wind-down
period from 8 May 2018 (that is to say, on 6 August 2018) and the other after a
180-day wind-down period from that same date (that is to say, on 4 November
2018), pending yet further sanctions. To achieve these objectives, the US Administration
replaced the applicable so- called “waivers” 24 under US law with “winddown
waivers” that are supposed to allow for the orderly wind-down of activities
pursuant to written contracts entered into prior to 8 May 2018 that were until then
duly authorized under the “waivers” 25. The USA also announced that it will reimpose
the sanctions under relevant provisions of five executive orders 26 which
were lifted by Executive Order No. 13716 of 16 January 2016 27.
25. Before 6 August 2018, the USA will fully re- impose and enforce sanctions
relating to the following sectors and activities:
— the purchase or acquisition of US dollar banknotes by the Government
of Iran;
— direct or indirect sale, supply, or transfer to or from Iran of graphite, raw, or
semi- finished metals such as aluminium and steel, coal, and software for integrating
industrial processes;
— significant transactions related to the purchase or sale of the Iranian Rial, or
the maintenance of significant funds or accounts outside the territory of Iran
denominated in the Iranian Rial;
— the purchase, subscription to, or facilitation of the issuance of Iranian sovereign
debt; and
— transactions concerning Iran’s automotive sector.
23 Available at: www.treasury.gov/resource- center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/fr83_
30335.pdf.
24 “Waivers” are renewable permissions which have the effect of non- application of sanctions
through authorizing activities that are otherwise subject to sanction or prohibited
under relevant sanctions. They are provided under the following US Sanctions Acts: Iran
Sanctions Act, 5 August 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-172, 110 Stat. 1541 (“ISA”); Comprehensive
Iran Sanctions, Accountability and Divestment Act, 1 July 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-195, 124
Stat. 1313 (“CISADA”); National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012,
31 December 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-239, 126 Stat. 2006 (“NDAA”); Iran Threat Reduction
and Syria Human Rights Act, 10 August 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-158, 126 Stat. 1215
(“ITRA”); Iran Freedom and Counter- Proliferation Act, 2 January 2013, Pub. L.
No. 112–239, 126 Stat. 2004 (“IFCA”).
25 The issuance of these wind-down periods does not mean that the corresponding sanctions
will enter into effect only in the future. For instance, the US Administration made it
clear that new contracts signed after 8 May 2018 are not welcome (see point 2.2 of the
OFAC Re- imposition FAQ).
26 Executive Order 13574, 23 May 2011, 76 FR 30505; Executive Order 13590,
20 November 2011, 76 FR 72609; Executive Order 13622, 30 July 2012, 77 FR 45897; Executive
Order 13628, 9 October 2012, 77 FR 62139; Executive Order 13645, 3 June 2013, 78 FR
33945.
27 Executive Order 13716, 16 January 2016, 81 FR 3693.
16
26. Before 4 November 2018, the USA will fully re- impose and enforce sanctions
relating to the following sectors and activities:
— Iran’s port operators, and shipping and shipbuilding sectors, including on the
Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (“IRISL”), South Shipping Line Iran,
or their affiliates;
— petroleum- related transactions with, among others, the National Iranian Oil
Company (“NIOC”), Naftiran Intertrade Company (“NICO”), and National
Iranian Tanker Company (“NITC”), including the purchase of petroleum,
petroleum products, or petrochemical products from Iran;
— transactions by foreign financial institutions with the Central Bank of Iran
and designated Iranian financial institutions;
— the provision of specialized financial messaging services to the Central Bank of
Iran and Iranian financial institutions;
— the provision of underwriting services, insurance, or reinsurance; and
— Iran’s energy sector.
27. Not later than 4 November 2018, the USA will also fully re- implement individual
sanctions that applied to designated individuals and entities from the “Specially
Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List” (the “SDN List”) and
other lists maintained by OFAC:
— The SDN List contains the names of individuals, groups or entities whose
assets are blocked and with whom US persons are prohibited from dealing.
— The “Non-SDN Iranian Sanctions Act List” (“NS-ISA List”), which contains
the names of persons subject to blocking and non- blocking sanctions 28.
— The “List of Foreign Sanctions Evaders” (“FSE List”), which is a list of foreign
individuals and entities determined by the USA to have “violated” US sanctions
imposed on Iran. It also lists foreign persons who are accused by the USA
of having facilitated “deceptive transactions” for or on behalf of persons subject
to US sanctions.
— The “List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Sanctions” which
includes the names of foreign financial institutions that are subject to sanctions
under relevant US sanctions laws 29.
28. The re- imposition of sanctions immediately affects almost 500 entities which
are listed in Annex II, Attachment 3, of the JCPOA including: the Central Bank of
Iran (CBI), the majority of Iranian banks and financial institutions, National Iranian
Airline Company (Iran Air) and other Iranian airlines, National Iranian Oil
Company (NIOC) and other Iranian oil companies, National Petrochemical Company,
National Iranian Tanker Company (NITC), Iran Shipping Line Company
(IRISL), and other shipping companies, etc. The designation of these entities, and
of entities owned by them, on US lists entails the blocking of assets of and the risk
of extraterritorial sanctions against any person (whether US or also in certain cases
non-US nationals) engaging in any activities with those on the lists after their relisting.
28 These acts are referenced in note 24 above.
29 Ibid.
18
(b) The Actual and Potential Effect of the 8 May Sanctions on Iran,
Iranian Nationals and Companies
29. The highly damaging effect on Iran of the 8 May sanctions cannot be fully
evaluated and submitted with precision at this stage, although it is plain that they
will have a major and irreparable impact on Iran’s economy and upon Iranian
nationals and companies. While presenting certain illustrative examples
below, Iran will put forward a more complete assessment of the damages in its
Memorial.
30. The mere announcement of the re- imposition of the 8 May sanctions,
together with the previous announcement that the USA was very likely to take this
decision 30, started to produce damaging effects immediately on the Iranian economy,
Iranian nationals and companies.
31. One of the immediate effects of the announcement of 8 May sanctions (and
its anticipation) has been the devaluation of Iranian currency 31. Since October
2017, when President Trump merely suggested that the USA would re- impose
sanctions, the value of the Rial has dropped dramatically 32. This devaluation has
resulted and is continuing to result in inflation in the prices of goods, commodities,
raw materials and related services in different sectors of the economy. Many people
have rushed to buy gold products to preserve the value of their money. The
price of gold coins has more than doubled in the past few months 33.
32. As another example, the revocation of the JCPOA SLP (civil aviation
licences) has already proved to be very harmful to Iran and the safety of Iranian
civil aviation 34. Under the pre-8 May 2018 Statement of Licensing Policy, US and
non-US persons were able
“to request specific authorization from OFAC to engage in transactions for
the sale of commercial passenger aircraft and related parts and services to
Iran, provided such transactions do not involve any person on OFAC’s Specially
Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (‘SDN List’)” 35.
30 See above paragraphs 8-9.
31 See R. Goldberg and S. Ghasseminejad, “Iran’s currency is in free fall — time for the
US to exploit it”, The Hill, 4 November 2011, available at: http://thehill.com/opinion/
national- security/382670-irans- currency-is-in-free-fall-time-for-the-us-to-exploit-it.
32 The EUR/IRR rate was 4,702 on 1 October 2017 and 9,217 on 27 June 2018, hence a
95 per cent increase, source available at: www.tgju.org.
33 C. Carpenter, “Trump Ire Stokes Gold Trade in Iran as Rial Hits Record Low”,
Bloomberg, 3 May 2018, available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-03/iraniansgo-
for-gold-amid- currency-turmoil-rising-u-s-tensions.
34 See the result of the independent audit experts at paragraph 3.2 of ICAO, “Continuity
of the United States Trade Embargo on the Civil Aviation of the Islamic Republic of Iran
and the Safety Deficiencies Arising Out of It”, 15 March 2006, DGCA/06-IP/31, available
at: www.icao.int/Meetings/AMC/MA/Directors%20General%20of%20Civil%20Aviation%
20Conference%20on%20a%20Global%20Strategy%20for%20Aviation%20Safety%20
(DGCA-06)/dgca_06_ip_31_e.pdf.
35 Statement of Licensing Policy for Aircrafts, see note 22.
20
Euro Exchange Rate per Unit in Iranian Market
1 October 2017 - 27 June 2018
Extracted from www.tgju.org
Gold Price per Mithqal in Iranian Market
(1 Mithqal = 4.25 Gram)
2 October 2017 - 27 June 2018
Extracted from www.tgju.org
22
33. Relying on OFAC authorizations, several Iranian airline companies had
committed to buy 140 Boeing aircraft (80 for Iran Air 36, 30 for Iran Aseman Airlines
37, 10 for Kish Air 38 and 20 for Qeshm Airlines 39) for a total book value of
US$ 24 billion. At the same time, Airbus sold 171 aircraft to Iranian companies (98
to Iran Air 40, 28 to Zagros Airlines 41 and 45 to Iran Air Tours 42). Airbus is a European
company, but its aircraft are constituted of more than 10 per cent of US components,
meaning that Airbus may be subject to the 8 May and announced further
sanctions. Save for the very few aircraft that had been delivered before May 2018,
all these transactions are now in jeopardy, if not cancelled 43. Iran commercial airlines
and civil passengers are therefore left to use an aging fleet, with limited access
to maintenance information, services and spare parts, thus creating a material risk
to airline safety and security. The following table summarizes the contracts that
were cancelled or most adversely affected in the aviation sector as a direct result of
the 8 May sanctions:
Aviation sector
Iranian
contracting party
Foreign
contracting party
Subject-matter of the transaction
Value
(B$)
Iran Air Boeing Sale of 80 Aircraft to Iran Air 17.5
Iran Air Airbus Sale of 100 Aircraft to Iran Air 21.2
Iran Air ATR Sale of 20 Aircraft to Iran Air 0.5
Iran Aseman
Airlines
Boeing Planned sale of 60 Aircraft to Iran Aseman Airlines 6.7
Zagros Airlines Airbus Planned sale of 28 Aircraft to Zagros Airlines 4.3
Kish Air Boeing Planned sale of 10 Aircraft to Kish Air 1.1
Qeshm Airlines Boeing Planned sale of 20 Aircraft to Qeshm Airlines 2.1
Iran Air Tours Airbus Planned sale of 45 Aircraft to Iran Air Tour 5.0
TOTAL (in Billions of USD) 58.4
36 “FACTBOX-Iran’s $38 billion airplane purchases under nuclear deal”, Reuters,
8 May 2018, https://uk.reuters.com/article/iran- nuclear-aircraft-deals/factbox-irans-
38-billion- airplane-purchases-under-nuclear-deal-idUKL8N1SE75Z.
37 “Iranian airline finalizes deal to purchase 60 Boeing planes”, AP, 10 June 2017.
38 “FACTBOX-Iran’s $38 billion airplane purchases under nuclear deal”, Reuters,
8 May 2018, https://uk.reuters.com/article/iran- nuclear-aircraft-deals/factbox-irans-38-
billion- airplane-purchases-under-nuclear-deal-idUKL8N1SE75Z.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 “Zagros Airlines places a commitment for 28 new Airbus aircraft”, Airbus Newsroom,
22 June 2017, available at: www.airbus.com/newsroom/press- releases/en/2017/06/zagrosairlines-
places-a-commitment-for-28-new-airbus-aircraft-.html.
42 “Iran Airtour commits to 45 A320neo aircraft”, Airbus Newsroom, 22 June 2017, available
at: https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press- releases/en/2017/06/iran- airtour-commitsto-
45-a320neo-aircraft.html.
43 C. Charpentreau, “Boeing confirms passing $20B Iran deal”, AeroTime News,
7 June 2018, available at: www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/21390-boeing- confirmspassing-
20b-iran-deal.
24
34. Another key industrial sector of Iran that has been and is being directly
affected by the re- imposition of the US sanctions is the oil and gas sector. As a US
State Department official reported, the United States is asking countries to cut
their oil imports from Iran to “zero” as soon as possible and not later than
4 November 2018 44. Already, several important actors have decided to withdraw
from Iran including the termination of contractual relations with Iranian companies
and nationals:
— Total SA, announced 45 that it would pull out 46 of a billion- dollar deal it made
with Iran and the Chinese company CNPC.
— Lukoil, which was to develop oil fields in Iran, decided 47 at the end of May that
it would no longer pursue any joint ventures with Iranian oil companies due to
the impending US sanctions.
— Reliance Industries Ltd., an Indian company that owns the world’s largest oilrefining
complex, announced 48 on 30 May 2018 that it would no longer accept
crude oil imports from Iran.
The following table recapitulates transactions that were cancelled or most adversely
affected in the energy sector as a consequence of the 8 May sanctions:
35. Several US owned and foreign companies and individuals have also
announced the withdrawal of their activities in Iran including the termination of
their contractual relations with Iranian companies and nationals. Some examples
49 in the transportation sector are listed in the table below. These withdrawals
are particularly harmful for the Iranian automotive industry. They will result in
44 B. Hook, Director of Policy Planning, “Briefing With an Iran Diplomacy Update”,
2 July 2018, available at: www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/07/283669.htm; see also I. Talley,
“US Toughens Stance on Future Iran Oil Exports”, WSJ, 26 June 2018, available at: www.
wsj.com/articles/u-s- signals-zero-tolerance-on-future-iran-oil-exports-1530028859;
L. Wroughton and D. Chiacu, “US pushes allies to halt Iran oil imports, waivers unlikely”,
Reuters, 27 June 2018, available at: uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran/u-s- pushes-allies-tohalt-
iran-oil-imports-waivers-unlikely-idUKKBN1JM26Q.
45 S. Kar-Gupta and J. Irish, “France’s Total to quit Iran gas project if no sanctions
waiver”, 16 May 2018, available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-iran- nuclear-france-total/
frances-total-to-quit-iran-gas- project-if-no-sanctions-waiver-idUSKCN1IH1XK.
46 Total, “US withdrawal from the JCPOA: Total’s position related to the South Pars 11
project in Iran”, 16 May 2018, available at: www.total.com/en/media/news/press- releases/
us- withdrawal-jcpoa-totals-position-related-south-pars-11-project-iran.
47 “Lukoil puts Iran plans on hold due to threat of US sanctions”, Reuters, 29 May 2018,
available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us- russia-lukoil-iran/lukoil-puts-iran-plans-onhold-
due-to- threat-of-u-s-sanctions-idUSKCN1IU1M7.
48 “Exclusive: India’s Reliance to halt oil imports from Iran: sources”, Reuters, 30 May
2018, available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-india-iran- reliance-exclusive/exclusive- indiasreliance-
to-halt-oil-imports-from-iran-sources-idUSKCN1IV1XM; it should be noted that
because crude oil imports are contracted months in advance, Reliance will cease importing
Iranian oil in October or November of this year.
49 For other examples of US companies that have withdrawn from Iran, see for instance,
A. Fitch and I. Talley, “US Companies Wind Down Iran Business after Nuclear Deal
Pullout”, WSJ, 5 June 2018, available at: www.wsj.com/articles/u-s- companies-wind-downiran-
business-after-nuclear-deal-pullout-1528225532; for other examples of non-US companies,
see for instance, E. R. Wald, “10 Companies Leaving Iran as Trump’s Sanctions Close
In”, Forbes, 6 June 2018, available at: www.forbes.com/sites/ellenrwald/2018/06/06/10-
companies- leaving-iran-as-trumps-sanctions-close-in/#1500d8dbc90f.
26
Energy sector
Iranian
contracting
party
Foreign
contracting
party
Subject-matter of the transaction Value (B$)
Hampa
Engineering
Corporation
Siemens Transportation equipments 1.6
NIOC Total and CNPC South Pars Gas field 4.8
Amin Energy
Developers
Saga Energy Solar Panels 2.9
Esfahan Oil
Refining Co.
Daelim Oil 2.2
MAPNA Group General Electric Pipelines 0.2
NIOC Reliance
Industries
Oil exports 1.3
NIOEC SK E&C Co. Ltd. Upgrade of Tabriz refinery 1.6
Iran’s Ministry of
Energy
Turkey’s Unit
International
Building of 7 natural Gas plants 4.2
NIOEC Sinopec Upgrade of Abadan Refinery 1.1
NIOC Hellenic
Petroleum
Oil exports not
available
NIOC SARAS Oil exports 1.1
TOTAL (in Billions of USD) 21.0
Transportation sector
Iranian contracting
party
Foreign contracting
party
Subject-matter
of the transaction
Value (B$)
MAPNA Group Siemens Various projects 3,5
Iran Khodro & Saipa Peugeot Citröen (PSA) Automotive plant and production 5.4
Iran’s State Railway
Company
Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) High speed rail line Arak-Qom 1.3
Wagon Pars Alstom Railway 1.4
Islamic Republic of Iran
Railways
Hyundai Rotem Railway 0.7
Islamic Republic of Iran
Railways
SNCF Railway non
communiqué
CDTIC China Civil Engineering
Construction Corp.
Railway 0.5
IDRO CJSC Transmashholding Railway 2.9
TOTAL (in Billions of USD) 15.7
28
the unemployment of tens of thousands of nationals which will affect the entire
Iranian social equilibrium.
36. Other effects are expected. To estimate these, reference may be made to the
effects caused by previous US sanctions, while keeping in mind that the 8 May and
announced further sanctions are intended to be even more damaging. Iranian oil
production is intended to decrease 50, which will have a major impact on GDP and
on household welfare, especially that of the ordinary population 51. Recent international
reports from the IMF 52 and the World Bank 53 underlined that the reimposition
of sanctions disconnecting Iran from the global trade and financial
system would negatively affect the whole economy.
37. Respected international organizations acknowledge that the US sanctions
have dramatic consequences on the Iranian population and economy. Thus,
according to the World Health Organization, access to medicines, including lifesaving
medicines, chronic treatment or preventive care, and medical equipment for
the Iranian people become increasingly restricted 54. According to the World Food
Programme, Iran’s ability to import many essential food items will be severely
restricted mainly because of financial restrictions 55. The 8 May sanctions will, at
least, have the same effects on the Iranian people.
50 “Crude oil production for Iran from 2000 to 2018”, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis,
available at: fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRNNGDPMOMBD; see also above, paragraph 34.
51 A. Sadeghi, “How Public Investment Could Help Strengthen Iran’s Growth Potential:
Issues and Options”, IMF Working Paper, WP/18/129, available at: www.imf.org/
en/ Publications/WP/Issues/2018/06/08/How- Public-Investment-Could-Help-Strengthen-
Irans-Growth-Potential-Issues-and-Options-45679.
52 IMF, “Islamic Republic of Iran: 2018 Article IV Consultation”, IMF Country Report
No. 18/93, 29 March 2018, p. 27, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/
Issues/2018/03/29/Islamic- Republic-of-Iran-2018-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-
Staff-Report-and-45767.
53 World Bank Group, “Iran Economic Monitor — Sustaining Growth: The Challenge
of Job Creation”, 2017, p. 13, available at: documents.worldbank.org/curated/
en/347831520515722711/pdf/124020-WP- PUBLIC-P162048-Iran-IEM-Fall-2017-7Mar18-
MM.pdf.
54 World Health Organization, “Iran — Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance”,
May 2017, WHO/CCU/17.01/Iran, available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/
10665/136898/ccsbrief_irn_en.pdf;jsessionid=49F78DE5A0B5EAD6D5926778B23CB1D6?
sequence=1; see also, F. Kokabisaghi, “Assessment of the Effects of Economic Sanctions on
Iranians’ Right to Health by Using Human Rights Impact Assessment Tool: A Systematic
Review”, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2018, 7 (5), p. 374, available
at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953521/pdf/ijhpm-7-374.pdf; S. Setayesh
and T. K. Mackey, “Addressing the impact of economic sanctions on Iranian drug shortages
in the joint comprehensive plan of action: promoting access to medicines and health diplomacy”,
Globalization and Health, 2016, 12, p. 31, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC4897941/pdf/12992_2016_Article_168.pdf; G. Ghiasi, A. Rashidian, A. Kebriaeezadeh,
J. Salamzadeh, “The Impact of the Sanctions Made against Iran on Availability to
Asthma Medicines in Tehran”, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 15 (3),
p. 567, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149045/pdf/ijpr-15-567.pdf;
A. M. Cheraghali, “Impacts of international sanctions on Iranian pharmaceutical market”,
DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, p. 3, available at: apps.who.int/medicine
docs/documents/s20247en/s20247en.pdf.
55 World Food Programme, “Food and Nutrition Security in Iran”, 2016, available at:
docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000021105/download/.
30
38. To sum up, the 8 May sanctions have already started to harm the whole
Iranian economy and society, including the oil industry, civil aviation and the
banking and financial system, as well as Iranian nationals and companies, mainly
through the extraterritorial sanctions which impose to US and non-US persons to
terminate their commercial relations with their Iranian counterparts and which
prevent any possible future commerce between them.
IV. Breaches of the Treaty of Amity
39. Through the 8 May sanctions and the announced further sanctions, the
USA has violated and continues to violate multiple provisions of the Treaty of
Amity.
(a) Violation of Article IV (1) of the Treaty of Amity
40. Article IV (1) provides that:
“Each High Contracting Party shall at all times accord fair and equitable
treatment to nationals and companies of the other High Contracting Party,
and to their property and enterprises; shall refrain from applying unreasonable
or discriminatory measures that would impair their legally acquired rights
and interests; and shall assure that their lawful contractual rights are afforded
effective means of enforcement, in conformity with the applicable laws.”
41. The USA is breaching this provision through the 8 May and announced
further sanctions, including those with extraterritorial effects or which oblige US
and non-US persons to terminate their economic or contractual relations with
Iran, Iranian nationals or Iranian companies. Alternatively or cumulatively, these
measures are contrary to the fair and equitable treatment standard of Article
IV (1), are both discriminatory and unreasonable, impair legally acquired rights
or interests of Iranian nationals and companies, and deprive them of any effective
means of enforcement of their lawful contractual rights.
(b) Violation of Article VII (1) of the Treaty of Amity
42. Article VII (1) provides that:
“Neither High Contracting Party shall apply restrictions on the making of
payments, remittances, and other transfers of funds to or from the territories
of the other High Contracting Party, except (a) to the extent necessary to
assure the availability of foreign exchange for payments for goods and services
essential to the health and welfare of its people, or (b) in the case of a
member of the International Monetary Fund, restrictions specifically
approved by the Fund.”
43. The USA is breaching this provision through the 8 May sanctions, including
the financial sanctions, and notably the prohibitions on purchases of US dollars or
Iranian Rial as well as the restrictions on operations in dollars “to or from the
territor(y)” of Iran.
32
(c) Violation of Articles VIII (1) and (2) of the Treaty of Amity
44. Article VIII (1) and (2) provide that:
“1. Each High Contracting Party shall accord to products of the other High
Contracting Party, from whatever place and by whatever type of carrier arriving,
and to products destined for exportation to the territories of such other
High Contracting Party, by whatever route and by whatever type of carrier,
treatment no less favorable than that accorded like products of or destined for
exportation to any third country, in all matters relating to: (a) duties, other
charges, regulations and formalities, on or in connection with importation
and exportation; and (b) internal taxation, sale, distribution, storage and use.
The same rule shall apply with respect to the international transfer of payments
for imports and exports.
2. Neither High Contracting Party shall impose restrictions or prohibitions
on the importation of any product of the other High Contracting Party or on
the exportation of any product to the territories of the other High Contracting
Party, unless the importation of the like product of, or the exportation of the
like product to, all third countries is similarly restricted or prohibited.”
45. The USA is breaching these provisions through the 8 May sanctions and
announced further sanctions, including through the revocation of the relevant
licenses under which entities were able to enter into economic relations with Iran
and Iranian nationals or companies and licenses issued by OFAC which allowed
entities to engage in the sale and export to Iran of, among other things, commercial
aircraft and related parts and services 56, as well as the importation of Iranian products
to the USA including Iranian food and carpets. The 8 May sanctions and
announced further sanctions have or will have precisely the effect of prohibiting
the importation of Iranian products to US territory and vice versa.
(d) Violation of Article IX (2) of the Treaty of Amity
46. Article IX (2) provides that:
“Nationals and companies of either High Contracting Party shall be
accorded treatment no less favorable than that accorded nationals and companies
of the other High Contracting Party, or of any third country, with
respect to all matters relating to importation and exportation.”
47. The USA is breaching this provision of the Treaty through the 8 May and
announced further sanctions, including by applying sectoral sanctions to foreign
individuals and companies which import from or export to Iranian nationals and
companies, and by revoking the licenses which were allowing some imports from
and/or exports to Iranian nationals and companies.
56 Preventing the sale by non-US entities such as European company Airbus of aircraft
to Iran is also a violation of Article VIII (1) and (2) of the Treaty.
34
(e) Violation of Article X (1) of the Treaty of Amity
48. Article X (1) provides that: “Between the territories of the two High
Contracting Parties there shall be freedom of commerce and navigation.”
49. The USA is breaching this provision of the Treaty through the 8 May and
announced further sanctions, including by the revocation of licenses which allowed
limited commercial relations relating to aircraft, foodstuff and carpets between the
territories of Iran and the USA, as well as by the revocation of the license under
which US-owned or US- controlled foreign entities were authorized to engage in
economic relations with Iran and Iranian nationals or companies.
V. Judgment Requested
50. On the basis of the foregoing, and while reserving the right to supplement,
amend or modify the present Application in the course of further proceedings in
the case, Iran respectfully requests the Court to adjudge, order and declare that:
(a) The USA, through the 8 May and announced further sanctions referred to in
the present Application, with respect to Iran, Iranian nationals and companies,
has breached its obligations to Iran under Articles IV (1), VII (1), VIII (1),
VIII (2), IX (2) and X (1) of the Treaty of Amity;
(b) The USA shall, by means of its own choosing, terminate the 8 May sanctions
without delay;
(c) The USA shall immediately terminate its threats with respect to the announced
further sanctions referred to in the present Application;
(d) The USA shall ensure that no steps shall be taken to circumvent the decision
to be given by the Court in the present case and will give a guarantee of nonrepetition
of its violations of the Treaty of Amity;
(e) The USA shall fully compensate Iran for the violation of its international legal
obligations in an amount to be determined by the Court at a subsequent stage
of the proceedings. Iran reserves the right to submit and present to the Court
in due course a precise evaluation of the compensation owed by the USA.
51. For the purposes of Article 31 (3) of the Statute and Article 35 (1) of the
Rules of Court, the Islamic Republic of Iran declares its intention to exercise the
right to designate a judge ad hoc.
Done at The Hague on 16 July 2018.
(Signed) M. H. Zahedin Labbaf,
Agent of the Government of
the Islamic Republic of Iran.
36
LIST OF ANNEXES* 57
Annex 1. Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights between the
United States of America and Iran, signed at Tehran, on 15 August 1955.
Annex 2. Presidential Memoranda, Ceasing U.S. Participation in the JCPOA
and Taking Additional Action to Counter Iran’s Malign Influence
and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear Weapon, 8 May 2018.
Annex 3. Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of
Action, 8 May 2018.
Annex 4. Letter sent to the Secretary- General of the United Nations on
10 May 2018, UN Doc A/72/869-S/2018/453.
Annex 5. Note verbale No. 381/289/4870056 sent on 11 June 2018 to the
Embassy of Switzerland (US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the
U.S. Government.
Annex 6. Note verbale No. 381/210/4875065 sent on 19 June 2018 to the
Embassy of Switzerland (US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the
U.S. Government.
* Annexes not reproduced in print version, but available in electronic version on the
Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “cases”).

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 16 July 2018
ALLEGED VIOLATIONS
OF THE 1955 TREATY OF AMITY, ECONOMIC
RELATIONS, AND CONSULAR RIGHTS
(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN v. UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 16 juillet 2018
VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES
DU TRAITÉ D’AMITIÉ, DE COMMERCE
ET DE DROITS CONSULAIRES DE 1955
(RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN c. ÉTATS-UNIS
D’AMÉRIQUE)
I. THE AGENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC
REPUBLIC OF IRAN TO THE REGISTRAR OF
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
in the name of god
16 July 2018.
On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and in accordance with Articles 36,
paragraph 1, 40, paragraph 1, and 41 of the Statute of the Court, and Articles 38,
73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to notify the Court that the
Islamic Republic of Iran is hereby presenting an Application and a request for
provisional measures against the United States of America concerning violations
by the United States of America of the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and
Consular Rights between Iran and the United States of America which was signed
in Tehran on 15 August 1955 and entered into force on 16 June 1957.
As the United States of America, following its announcement of “sanctions” on
8 May 2018, has decided to impose a first package of sanctions and restrictive
measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran by 6 August 2018, we respectfully
request you to draw the attention of the President and of the Court to the extreme
urgency of the situation.
Finally, as indicated in the Application, in accordance with Article 40 of the
Rules of Court, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran hereby informs
the Court that it has appointed the undersigned as its Agent and Mr. Seyed Hossein
Sadat Meidani, as Deputy Agent, for this proceeding and that the address for
service to the Agent and Deputy Agent is the Agent Bureau of the Embassy of the
Islamic Republic of Iran, De Werf 14, 4th Floor, 2544 EH, The Hague.
(Signed) M. H. Zahedin Labbaf,
Agent of the Government of
the Islamic Republic of Iran.
2
2018
General List
No. 175
I. L’AGENT DU GOUVERNEMENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE
ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR
INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
au nom de dieu
Le 16 juillet 2018.
Au nom de la République islamique d’Iran, et conformément au paragraphe 1
de l’article 36, au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 et à l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour,
ainsi qu’aux articles 38, 73, 74 et 75 de son Règlement, j’ai l’honneur de faire
connaître à la Cour que la République islamique d’Iran dépose par les présentes
une requête et une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires contre les
Etats-Unis d’Amérique à raison de violations, par ces derniers, du traité d’amitié,
de commerce et de droits consulaires conclu entre les deux Etats, qui a été signé à
Téhéran le 15 août 1955 et est entré en vigueur le 16 juin 1957.
Etant donné que les Etats-Unis d’Amérique, après avoir annoncé des « sanctions
» le 8 mai 2018, ont décidé d’imposer à la République islamique d’Iran une
première série de sanctions et de mesures restrictives d’ici au 6 août 2018, nous
vous prions respectueusement de bien vouloir appeler l’attention du président et de
la Cour sur l’extrême urgence de la situation.
Enfin, ainsi qu’il est indiqué dans la requête et conformément à l’article 40 du
Règlement, le Gouvernement de la République islamique d’Iran fait par les présentes
connaître à la Cour qu’il a désigné le soussigné comme agent et M. Seyed
Hossein Sadat Meidani comme agent adjoint dans le cadre de la présente instance
et que ceux-
ci ont élu domicile au bureau de l’agent à l’ambassade de la République
islamique d’Iran, De Werf 14, 4e étage, 2544 EH, La Haye.
L’agent du Gouvernement de
la République islamique d’Iran,
(Signé) M. H. Zahedin Labbaf.
3
2018
Rôle général
no 175
4
II. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
in the name of god
I, the undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the Islamic Republic
of Iran (“Iran”) of which I am the Agent, have the honour to submit to the
International
Court of Justice, in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 (1) of its
Statute and Article 38 of its Rules, an Application instituting proceedings
brought by Iran against the United States of America (“the USA”) in the following
case.
I. Subject of the Dispute
1. The dispute between Iran and the USA concerns the re-imposition
and
announced aggravation by the USA of a comprehensive set of so-called
“sanctions”
and restrictive measures targeting, directly or indirectly, Iran, Iranian companies
and/or Iranian nationals, resulting from the USA’s decision of 8 May 2018
(“the 8 May sanctions”), which constitute breaches of the Treaty of Amity,
Economic
Relations and Consular Rights signed at Tehran on 15 August 1955
(the “Treaty of Amity”) which entered into force between Iran and the USA on
16 June 1957 1.
2. The present Application exclusively concerns the internationally wrongful
acts of the USA resulting from its decision to re-impose
in full effect and enforce
the 8 May sanctions that the USA previously decided to lift in connection with the
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (the “JCPOA”), and the announcement that
further sanctions will be imposed 2.
II. The Jurisdiction of the Court
3. The Court has jurisdiction in relation to the above dispute, and to rule on the
claims submitted by Iran, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Statute of the Court and
Article XXI (2) of the Treaty of Amity.
4. Article 36 (1) of the Statute of the Court provides in the relevant part that the
Court’s jurisdiction: “comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters
specifically provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and
conventions in force”.
1 284 United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS) 93, II Recueil des traités bilatéraux 69,
8 UST 899, TIAS No. 3853. The text of the Treaty of Amity is appended to this Application
as Annex 1.
2 Notwithstanding the limited scope of the present Application, Iran continues to
consider that the imposition and enforcement of all unilateral sanctions of the United States
against Iran were and are contrary to international law, including the Treaty of Amity. See
for instance, paragraph 13 of the letter dated 20 July 2015 sent by the Permanent Representative
of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the President of the
Security Council, UN doc. S/2015/550, available at: http://dag.un.org/handle/11176/312365.
5
II. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
au nom de dieu
Le soussigné, dûment autorisé par le Gouvernement de la République islamique
d’Iran (ci‑après l’« Iran ») dont il est l’agent, a l’honneur de soumettre à la Cour,
conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 de
son Statut ainsi qu’à l’article 38 de son Règlement, une requête introductive d’instance
contre les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique (ci‑après les « Etats‑Unis ») relativement à
l’affaire exposée ci‑après.
I. Objet du différend
1. Le différend entre l’Iran et les Etats‑Unis a trait au rétablissement et au durcissement
annoncé, par une décision des autorités américaines en date du 8 mai 2018,
de tout un arsenal de mesures restrictives ou qualifiées de « sanctions » ciblant, directement
ou indirectement, l’Iran ainsi que ses sociétés ou ses ressortissants (ci‑après
les « sanctions du 8 mai »), faits qui constituent des violations du traité d’amitié, de
commerce et de droits consulaires signé à Téhéran le 15 août 1955 (ci‑après le « traité
d’amitié ») et entré en vigueur entre les deux Etats le 16 juin 1957 1.
2. La présente requête concerne exclusivement les faits internationalement illicites
dont les Etats‑Unis se sont rendus responsables en décidant de rétablir avec
plein effet et de faire appliquer les sanctions précédemment levées en application
du plan d’action global commun (ci‑après le « plan d’action »), et en annonçant
l’imposition de nouvelles sanctions 2.
II. Compétence de la Cour
3. La Cour, en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut et du paragraphe
2 de l’article XXI du traité d’amitié, a compétence pour connaître du différend
susmentionné et statuer sur les demandes présentées par l’Iran.
4. Ledit paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut dispose, en sa partie pertinente,
que la compétence de la Cour « s’étend à toutes les affaires que les parties lui soumettront,
ainsi qu’à tous les cas spécialement prévus dans la Charte des
Nations Unies ou dans les traités et conventions en vigueur ».
1 Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 284, p. 111 ; II Recueil des traités bilatéraux 69,
8 UST 899, TIAS no 3853. Le texte du traité d’amitié est joint à la présente demande sous
l’annexe 1.
2 Nonobstant le champ restreint de la présente requête, l’Iran considère que toutes les
sanctions unilatérales imposées et appliquées contre lui par les Etats-Unis étaient et demeurent
contraires au droit international, et notamment au traité d’amitié. Voir, par exemple, la lettre
en date du 20 juillet 2015 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité par le représentant
permanent de la République islamique d’Iran auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
doc. S/2015/550, par. 13, consultable à l’adresse : http://undocs.org/fr/S/2015/550.
6
5. Article XXI (2) of the Treaty of Amity provides:
“Any dispute between the High Contracting Parties as to the interpretation
or application of the present Treaty, not satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy,
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice, unless the High Contracting
Parties agree to settlement by some other pacific means.”
6. The present dispute concerns the interpretation or application of the Treaty
of Amity. It has not been satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy and there has been
no agreement between the Parties to settle the dispute by any pacific means other
than by its submission to the International Court of Justice.
7. On 11 June 2018 3, Iran notified the USA of the existence of a dispute and
reserved its rights to pursue this matter in accordance with the legally binding treaties
between the two Parties. On 19 June 2018 4, Iran reiterated its challenge to the
8 May sanctions and to the announcement that there would be further sanctions
and informed the USA that it considered these to constitute breaches of international
law, in particular of the Treaty of Amity 5.
III. The Facts
8. On 13 October 2017, Mr. Donald Trump, President of the United States of
America, decided not to certify the appropriateness and the proportionality of the
lifting of sanctions under the JCPOA since, in his opinion, Iran was not in compliance
with its nuclear-related
commitments under that agreement 6.
9. On 12 January 2018, President Trump stated that the USA would withdraw
from the JCPOA unless its terms were amended so as to place Iran under multiple
additional significant commitments 7.
10. As has been widely publicized, on 8 May 2018, President Trump declared in
Presidential Memoranda:
“I do not believe that continuing to provide JCPOA-related
sanctions relief
to Iran is in the national interest of the United States . . . I have determined
that it is in the national interest of the United States to re-impose
sanc-
3 Note Verbale No. 381/289/4870056 sent on 11 June 2018 to the Embassy of Switzerland
(US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the US Government, appended to this Application
as Annex 5. See also the letter sent to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations on
10 May 2018, UN doc. A/72/869-S/2018/453, appended to this Application as Annex 4. See
also the official statement of Iran in reaction to the 8 May decision of the US, www.irna.ir/
en/News/82912204.
4 Note Verbale No. 381/210/4875065 sent on 19 June 2018 to the Embassy of Switzerland
(US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the US Government, appended to this Application
as Annex 6.
5 See also the article published by Iran’s Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in
Iran Daily of 20 June 2018, exposing the position of Iran and expressly referring to the
Treaty of Amity, www.iran-daily.com/News/217019.html.
6 “Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy”, 13 October 2017, available at: www.
whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
remarks-president-
trump-iran-strategy/.
7 “Statement by the President on the Iran Nuclear Deal”, 12 January 2018, www.white
house.gov/briefings-statements/
statement-president-
iran-nuclear-deal/.
7
5. Ledit paragraphe 2 de l’article XXI du traité d’amitié est ainsi libellé :
« Tout différend qui pourrait s’élever entre les Hautes Parties contractantes
quant à l’interprétation ou à l’application du présent Traité et qui ne pourrait
pas être réglé d’une manière satisfaisante par la voie diplomatique sera porté
devant la Cour internationale de Justice, à moins que les Hautes Parties
contractantes ne conviennent de le régler par d’autres moyens pacifiques. »
6. Le présent différend concerne l’interprétation ou l’application du traité
d’amitié. Il n’a pu être réglé d’une manière satisfaisante par la voie diplomatique,
et l’Iran et les Etats‑Unis n’ont pas convenu de le régler par d’autres moyens pacifiques
que la saisine de la Cour.
7. Le 11 juin 2018 3, l’Iran a notifié aux Etats‑Unis l’existence d’un différend, en
se réservant le droit d’agir à cet égard conformément aux traités par lesquels les
deux Etats sont juridiquement liés. Le 19 juin 2018 4, il a de nouveau contesté les
sanctions du 8 mai et l’annonce de nouvelles sanctions à venir, et a informé les
Etats‑Unis qu’il y voyait des violations du droit international, et en particulier du
traité d’amitié 5.
III. Exposé des faits
8. Le 13 octobre 2017, M. Donald Trump, président des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique,
a décidé de ne pas ratifier la levée des sanctions prévue dans le plan d’action,
celle-
ci n’étant selon lui ni appropriée ni proportionnée, au motif que l’Iran ne
respectait pas les engagements qu’il avait pris en matière nucléaire dans le cadre de
ce même plan d’action 6.
9. Le 12 janvier 2018, le président Trump a déclaré que les Etats‑Unis se retireraient
du plan d’action si celui‑ci n’était pas modifié de manière à imposer à l’Iran
plusieurs engagements supplémentaires importants 7.
10. Le 8 mai 2018, dans un mémorandum largement diffusé, le président Trump
a ainsi déclaré :
« Je ne crois pas qu’il soit dans l’intérêt des Etats‑Unis de continuer à libérer
l’Iran des sanctions, comme prévu par le plan d’action. … J’ai décidé qu’il
était dans l’intérêt des Etats‑Unis de rétablir aussi rapidement que possible les
3 Note verbale no 381/289/4870056 adressée le 11 juin 2018 à l’ambassade de Suisse
(section des intérêts américains) pour transmission au Gouvernement américain, jointe à la
présente requête sous l’annexe 5. Voir aussi la lettre adressée le 10 mai 2018 au Secrétaire
général de l’ONU, doc. A/72/869-S/2018/453, jointe à la présente requête sous l’annexe 4.
Voir de même la déclaration officielle faite par l’Iran suite à la décision américaine du 8 mai :
www.irna.ir/en/News/82912204.
4 Note verbale no 381/210/4875065 adressée le 19 juin 2018 à l’ambassade de Suisse
(section des intérêts américains) pour transmission au Gouvernement américain, jointe à la
présente requête sous l’annexe 6.
5 Voir également l’article publié le 20 juin 2018 dans Iran Daily, dans lequel le ministre
iranien des affaires étrangères, Mohammad Javad Zarif, expose la position de l’Iran en
faisant expressément référence au traité d’amitié, consultable à l’adresse : www.iran-daily.
com/News/217019.html.
6 « Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy », 13 octobre 2017, consultable à
l’adresse : www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
remarks-president-
trump-iran-strategy/.
7 « Statement by the President on the Iran Nuclear Deal », 12 janvier 2018, consultable à
l’adresse : www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
statement-president-
iran-nuclear-deal/.
8
tions lifted or waived in connection with the JCPOA as expeditiously as
possible.” 8
11. As a consequence, he ordered that:
“[t]he Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury shall immediately
begin taking steps to re-impose
all United States sanctions lifted or waived in
connection with the JCPOA, including those under the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, the
Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, and the Iran
Freedom and Counter-Proliferation
Act of 2012. These steps shall be accomplished
as expeditiously as possible, and in no case later than 180 days from
the date of this memorandum.” 9
12. He also made clear that the sanctions will have extraterritorial effects and
that “[a]ny nation that helps Iran in its quest for nuclear weapons could also be
strongly sanctioned by the United States” 10.
13. On the same day, the USA stated that it will “begin re-imposing
the US
nuclear-related
sanctions” and defined two deadlines (namely 6 August 2018 and
4 November 2018) after which “all the US nuclear-related
sanctions will be
re-
imposed
and in full effect” 11.
14. The USA’s underlying reasons for re-imposing
sanctions are misconceived.
Since 2015, the International Atomic Energy Agency (“IAEA”) has consistently
verified that Iran has been in full compliance with its obligations under the Safeguards
Agreement, as well as with its voluntary nuclear-related
commitments
under the JCPOA and the Additional Protocol 12 including the “non‑diversion of
declared nuclear material in Iran” 13 and the absence of undeclared material 14. Following
the USA’s withdrawal from the JCPOA, the Director General of the IAEA
made it clear that:
8 Presidential Memoranda, “Ceasing US Participation in the JCPOA and Taking Additional
Action to Counter Iran’s Malign Influence and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear
Weapon”, 8 May 2018, available at: www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/
ceasing-u-s-participation-
jcpoa-taking-additional-action-counter-irans-malign-influence-denyiran-
paths-nuclear-weapon/ appended to this Application as Annex 2.
9 Ibid.
10 “Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, 8 May
2018, available at: www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
remarks-president-
trumpjoint-
comprehensive-plan-action/ (hereinafter “Remarks by President Trump on 8 May
2018”) appended to this Application as Annex 3.
11 OFAC, 8 May 2018 (updated 27 June 2018), “Frequently Asked Questions Regarding
the Re-Imposition
of Sanctions Pursuant to the May 8, 2018 National Security Presidential
Memorandum Relating to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)” (hereafter
“OFAC Re-imposition
FAQ”), Section 1.1., available at: www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/programs/documents/jcpoa_winddown_faqs.pdf.
12 IAEA, Board Report, “Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in
light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015)”, 24 May 2018, available at:
www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iran/iaea-and-iran-iaea-reports.
13 See IAEA, Board of Governors, “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement
in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, 14 November 2006, available at: www.iaea.org/sites/
default/files/gov2006-64.pdf.
14 IAEA, Board of Governors, “Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of
Iran in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015)”, 24 May 2018,
available at: www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/06/gov2018-24.pdf.
9
sanctions qui ont été levées ou assouplies par des dérogations en application
du plan d’action. » 8
11. En conséquence, le président Trump a ordonné que
« [l]e secrétaire d’Etat et le secrétaire au Trésor prennent sans délai des dispositions
pour rétablir toutes les sanctions américaines qui ont été levées ou
assouplies par des dérogations en application du plan d’action, notamment
celles prévues par le National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2012, l’Iran Sanctions Act de 1996, l’Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human
Rights Act de 2012, et l’Iran Freedom and Counter‑proliferation Act de 2012.
Ces dispositions seront exécutées le plus rapidement possible et en aucun cas
au‑delà d’un délai de 180 jours à compter du présent mémorandum. » 9
12. Le président Trump a également précisé sans ambiguïté que les sanctions
auraient des effets extraterritoriaux et que « [t]oute nation qui aiderait l’Iran dans
ses projets nucléaires pourrait se voir appliquer également de lourdes sanctions par
les Etats‑Unis » 10.
13. Le même jour, les Etats‑Unis ont déclaré qu’ils allaient « commencer à rétablir
leurs sanctions contre le nucléaire iranien » et ont fixé deux dates limites (à
savoir le 6 août 2018 et le 4 novembre 2018) à partir desquelles « toutes les sanctions
américaines contre le nucléaire iranien seraient rétablies et pleinement en vigueur » 11.
14. Les motifs avancés par les Etats‑Unis à l’appui de leur décision de rétablir
les sanctions sont sans fondement. Depuis 2015, l’Agence internationale de l’énergie
atomique (AIEA) vérifie continuellement que l’Iran respecte pleinement ses
obligations au titre de l’accord de garanties, ainsi que les engagements qu’il a pris
de lui‑même en matière nucléaire dans le cadre du plan d’action et du protocole
additionnel 12, notamment en ce qui concerne le « non‑détournement de matières
nucléaires déclarées » en Iran 13 et l’absence de matières nucléaires non déclarées 14.
Ainsi, après que les Etats‑Unis eurent annoncé leur retrait du plan d’action, le
directeur général de l’AIEA a souligné ce qui suit :
8 Presidential Memoranda, « Ceasing US Participation in the JCPOA and Taking Additional
Action to Counter Iran’s Malign Influence and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear
Weapon », 8 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/
ceasing-u-s-participation-
jcpoa-taking-additional-action-counter-irans-malign-influencedeny-
iran-paths-nuclear-
weapon/, joint à la présente requête sous l’annexe 2.
9 Ibid.
10 « Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action », 8 mai
2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
remarks-presidenttrump-
joint-comprehensive-plan-action/, joint à la présente requête sous l’annexe 3 (ci-
après
les « Remarques du président Trump en date du 8 mai 2018 »).
11 OFAC, 8 mai 2018 (mis à jour le 27 juin 2018), « Frequently Asked Questions Regarding
the Re-Imposition
of Sanctions Pursuant to the May 8, 2018 National Security Presidential
Memorandum Relating to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) »,
section 1.1, consultable à l’adresse : www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/programs/
documents/jcpoa_winddown_faqs.pdf (ci-
après la « liste des questions fréquemment posées
établie par l’OFAC au sujet du rétablissement des sanctions »).
12 Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique (AIEA), conseil des gouverneurs, rapport
intitulé « Vérification et contrôle en République islamique d’Iran à la lumière de la résolution
2231 (2015), 24 mai 2018 », consultable à l’adresse : www.iaea.org/sites/default/
files/18/06/gov2018-24_fr.pdf.
13 Voir AIEA, conseil des gouverneurs, rapport intitulé « Mise en oeuvre de l’accord de
garanties TNP en République islamique d’Iran », 14 novembre 2006, consultable à l’adresse :
www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gov2006-64_fr.pdf.
14 AIEA, conseil des gouverneurs, rapport intitulé « Vérification et contrôle en République
islamique d’Iran à la lumière de la résolution 2231 (2015), 24 mai 2018 », consultable
à l’adresse : www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/06/gov2018-24_fr.pdf.
10
“Iran is subject to the world’s most robust nuclear verification regime under
the JCPOA, which is a significant verification gain. As of today, the IAEA can
confirm that the nuclear-related
commitments are being implemented
by Iran.” 15
15. The Council of the European Union (EU) has praised the work of the IAEA
through its High Representative:
“[T]he EU will remain committed to the continued full and effective implementation
of the nuclear deal . . . We fully trust the work, competence and
autonomy of the International Atomic Energy Agency that has published
ten reports certifying that Iran has fully complied with its commitments.” 16
16. On 25 May 2018, the JCPOA participants, without the USA, held a special
meeting in Vienna at which they adopted the conclusions of the IAEA reports. It
was reported that:
“The participants welcomed the fact that the IAEA has again confirmed the
continued adherence by Iran to its nuclear-related
commitments. They also
commended the professional and impartial role played by the IAEA, the only
body charged with the monitoring and verification of the implementation by
Iran of its nuclear-related
commitments under the JCPOA and UN Security
Council resolution 2231 (2015).” 17
17. Similarly, on 6 July 2018, the Joint Commission of the JCPOA, at the ministerial
level, adopted a Joint Statement in which: “The participants welcomed the
eleventh report by the International Atomic Energy Agency of 24 May confirming
that Iran is abiding by its nuclear‑related commitments.” 18
18. Furthermore, the USA announced that it does not intend to limit the
enforcement of damaging measures against Iran to the measures decided on 8 May
2018. The US President announced that “sanctions will go into full effect” in order
to reach their “highest level” and create for Iran “bigger problems than it has ever
15 IAEA, “Statement by IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano”, 9 May 2018, available
at: www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/statement-by-iaea-director-
general-yukiya-amano-
9-may-2018.
16 European Union (EU), “Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU
following US President Trump’s announcement on the Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA)”, 9 May
2018, available at: www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/
2018/05/09/declarationby-
the-high-representative-
on-behalf-of-the-eu-following-us-president-trump-sannouncement-
on-the-iran-nuclear-deal-jcpoa/.
17 EU, “Chair’s statement following the 25 May 2018 meeting of the Joint Commission
of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, 25 May 2018, available at: eeas.europa.eu/
headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
45227/chairs-statement-
following-25-may-2018-
meeting-joint-commission-joint-comprehensive-plan_en; confirmed by “Statement from the
Joint Commission of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, 6 July 2018, available at:
eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
48076/statement-joint-commissionjoint-
comprehensive-plan-action_en. See also e.g. the position of Germany, France and the
UK: www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-
policy/disarmament-and-non-proliferation/
events/article/jcpoa-joint-statement-
by-france-the-united-kingdom-and-germany-08-05-18;
www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-
from-prime-minister-may-chancellormerkel-
and-president-macron-following-president-trumps-statement-on-iran; the Russian
Federation: www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/conten…
id/3234684; the African Union: au.int/en/pressreleases/20180509/statement-chairpersonafrican-
union-commission-united-states-unilateral.
18 Https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
45227/chairs-statementfollowing-
25-may-2018-meeting-joint-commission-joint-comprehensive-plan_en.
11
« L’Iran est soumis, dans le cadre du plan d’action, à un régime de contrôle
qui est le plus strict au monde, ce qui signifie que la surveillance a été considérablement
renforcée. A l’heure actuelle, l’AIEA peut confirmer que les engagements
liés au nucléaire sont mis en oeuvre par l’Iran. » 15
15. L’Union européenne, par la voix de sa haute représentante, a quant à elle
salué le travail de l’AIEA en ces termes :
« L’Union européenne restera engagée à poursuivre la mise en oeuvre complète
et effective de l’accord nucléaire. Nous faisons entièrement confiance au
travail, à la compétence et à l’autonomie de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie
atomique (AIEA), qui a publié dix rapports certifiant que l’Iran a pleinement
respecté ses engagements. » 16
16. Le 25 mai 2018, les participants au plan d’action, hormis les Etats‑Unis, ont
tenu une réunion extraordinaire à Vienne, au cours de laquelle ils ont entériné les
conclusions des rapports de l’AIEA :
« Les participants ont noté avec satisfaction que l’AIEA confirmait une fois
de plus que l’Iran continuait de respecter ses engagements en matière nucléaire.
Ils ont également salué le professionnalisme et l’impartialité de l’AIEA, seule
instance chargée du contrôle et de la vérification du respect par l’Iran de ses
engagements en matière nucléaire aux termes du plan d’action et de la résolution
2231 (2015) du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. » 17
17. De même, le 6 juillet 2018, la commission conjointe du plan d’action, au
niveau ministériel, a adopté une déclaration commune dans laquelle il est dit que
« [l]es participants ont salué le onzième rapport de l’Agence internationale de
l’énergie atomique du 24 mai confirmant que l’Iran respecte ses engagements en
matière nucléaire » 18.
18. En outre, les Etats-Unis ont annoncé que l’application de mesures préjudiciables
à l’Iran ne se limiterait pas aux mesures du 8 mai 2018. Leur président a
ainsi déclaré que « des sanctions seraient appliquées avec plein effet » et qu’elles
seraient « maximales » de manière à causer à l’Iran « les pires problèmes qu’il ait
15 AIEA, « Statement by IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano », 9 mai 2018, consultable
à l’adresse : www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/statement-by-iaea-director-
generalyukiya-
amano-9-may-2018.
16 UE, Remarques par la haute représentante/vice-présidente
Federica Mogherini suite à
l’annonce du président des Etats-Unis concernant l’accord nucléaire avec l’Iran (JCPOA),
8 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
44242/node/44242_fr.
17 UE, déclaration de la présidence à la suite de la réunion de la commission conjointe du
plan d’action global commun tenue le 25 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : eeas.europa.eu/
headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
45628/node/45628_fr ; voir, dans le même sens, la
déclaration de la commission conjointe du plan d’action global commun en date du 6 juillet
2018, consultable à l’adresse : eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
48237/node/48237_fr ; voir aussi, par exemple, la position exprimée conjointement par l’Allemagne,
la France et le Royaume-Uni : www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/
disarmament-and-non-proliferation/events/article/jcpoa-joint-statement-by-france-theunited-
kingdom-and-germany-08-05-18 et www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statementfrom-
prime-minister-
may-chancellor-merkel-and-president-macron-following-presidenttrumps-
statement-on-iran, ainsi que celles exprimées par, respectivement, la Fédération de
Russie : www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/conten…
id/3234684, et l’Union africaine : au.int/en/pressreleases/20180509/statement-chairpersonafrican-
union-commission-united-states-unilateral.
18 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/
48237/node/48237_fr.
12
had before” 19. The US Administration is able under US law to mitigate the implementation
of sanctions. However, the current Administration is pushing the sanctions
to their most damaging effect in order to bring Iran to its knees 20.
19. Thus, the US Secretary of State has declared with respect to sanctions targeting
Iran, Iranian companies and nationals, that “new ones are coming” and
that “this is just the beginning”. According to the US Secretary of State, “[t]hese
will indeed end up being the strongest sanctions in history when we are complete” 21.
Threatening to issue new sanctions and maximum enforcement are part of the
overall US sanctions policy. The threat in and of itself has created significant additional
damage to the Iranian economy, and to the Iranian people, by creating
uncertainty for all actors who would wish to have any economic relationship with
Iran, and by deterring any such relationship, even if that relationship is not currently
covered by the scope of sanctions.
20. In the following paragraphs, Iran will further explain: (i) the sanctions that are
the object of the present Application, and (ii) the actual and potential effect of these
sanctions on Iran, the Iranian economy, and Iranian nationals and companies.
(a) The Sanctions that Are the Object of the Present Application
21. Some of the 8 May sanctions have already started to be enforced. For example,
“the Statement of Licensing Policy for Activities Related to the Export or
Re-export
to Iran of Commercial Passenger Aircraft and Related Parts and Services”
(“JCPOA SLP”) 22 was revoked immediately as of 8 May 2018.
22. The US Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) also revoked two major
licenses on 27 June 2018:
—— General License H, which authorized certain transactions between US-owned
or US-controlled
foreign entities with the Government of Iran or persons subject
to the jurisdiction of the Government of Iran;
—— General License I, which made possible activities relating to contingent contracts
related to activities eligible for authorization under the JCPOA SLP.
19 Remarks by President Trump on 8 May 2018 (Annex 3 to this Application). See also,
for example, the testimony of Mr. Mnuchin, US Secretary for Treasury, on 11 April 2018,
available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/mnuchin-signals-
very-strongnew-
sanctions-on-iran-coming. See also: www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
remarks-
president-
trump-president-macron-france-restricted-bilateral-meeting/.
20 See below, paragraph 34, for the oil importation. Contrary to previous US Administrations,
the present Administration will not use any exception provided by US laws, since
its objective is to put Iranian oil exportation to zero.
21 Remarks by the Secretary of State, “After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy”, 21 May
2018, available at: www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/05/282301.htm.
22 OFAC, “Statement of Licensing Policy for Activities Related to the Export or
Re-export
to Iran of Commercial Passenger Aircraft and Related Parts and Services”,
16 January 2016, available at: www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/Programs/
Documents/lic_pol_statement_aircraft_jcpoa.pdf (hereinafter “Statement of Licensing Policy
for Aircrafts”).
13
jamais eus » 19. De fait, la législation américaine autorise l’exécutif américain à
moduler l’application des sanctions ; or, le gouvernement actuel a décidé de les
mettre en oeuvre dans toute la mesure possible, avec pour seul but de mettre l’Iran
à genoux 20.
19. Ainsi, le secrétaire d’Etat américain a déclaré, à propos des sanctions contre
l’Iran et les sociétés et ressortissants iraniens, qu’il « en arrivait de nouvelles » et
que « ce n’[était] qu’un début ». Il a précisé que ces sanctions, une fois en place,
seraient « assurément les plus sévères de l’histoire » 21. La menace de nouvelles
sanctions est une composante de la politique globale de sanctions mise en oeuvre
par les Etats-Unis. La menace elle-même cause un préjudice supplémentaire
notable à l’économie et à la population iraniennes, en générant une incertitude
auprès de tous les acteurs qui souhaiteraient entretenir des relations économiques
avec l’Iran, et en décourageant pareilles relations, même celles qui n’entrent pas
dans le champ d’application actuel des sanctions.
20. Dans les paragraphes qui suivent, l’Iran décrit plus en détail : i) les sanctions
qui font l’objet de la présente requête ; et ii) les effets potentiels ou déjà avérés des
sanctions sur l’économie iranienne et les sociétés et ressortissants iraniens.
a) Les sanctions, objet de la présente requête
21. Les autorités américaines ont déjà commencé à faire appliquer certaines des
sanctions dont le rétablissement a été annoncé le 8 mai. La déclaration relative à la
politique d’autorisation concernant les activités liées à l’exportation ou à la réexportation
en Iran d’aéronefs de transport commercial de passagers et de pièces
détachées ou de services connexes (Statement of Licensing Policy for Activities
Related to the Export or Re-export
to Iran of Commercial Passenger Aircraft and
Related Parts and Services) 22 a ainsi été invalidée dès le 8 mai 2018.
22. L’Office of Foreign Assets Control (« OFAC ») a également révoqué le
27 juin 2018 deux autorisations essentielles, à savoir :
—— l’autorisation générale H, qui permettait certaines opérations entre des entités
étrangères détenues ou contrôlées par des Américains et le Gouvernement iranien
ou des personnes relevant de sa juridiction ; et
—— l’autorisation générale I, qui permettait certaines opérations liées à des contrats
conditionnels visant des activités susceptibles d’autorisation dans le cadre du
plan d’action (déclaration relative à la politique d’autorisation).
19 Remarques du président Trump en date du 8 mai 2018 (annexe 3 à la présente requête).
Voir aussi, par exemple, le témoignage en date du 11 avril 2018 de M. Mnuchin, secrétaire
au Trésor du Gouvernement américain, consultable à l’adresse : www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2018-04-11/mnuchin-signals-
very-strong-new-sanctions-on-iran-coming. Voir également
: www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/
remarks-president-
trump-president-macronfrance-
restricted-bilateral-meeting/.
20 Voir plus loin, au paragraphe 34, les conséquences pour les importations de pétrole.
Contrairement à ses prédécesseurs, le Gouvernement américain actuel n’entend faire usage
d’aucune exception prévue par la législation interne, car son objectif est de réduire à « zéro »
les exportations de pétrole iranien.
21 Remarks by the Secretary of State, « After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy », 21 mai
2018, consultable à l’adresse : https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/05/282301.htm.
22 OFAC, « Statement of Licensing Policy for Activities Related to the Export or
Re-export
to Iran of Commercial Passenger Aircraft and Related Parts and Services »,
16 janvier 2016, consultable à l’adresse : www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/
Programs/Documents/lic_pol_statement_aircraft_jcpoa.pdf (ci-
après la « déclaration relative
à la politique d’autorisation (aviation civile) »).
14
23. On 27 June 2018, OFAC also amended the “Iranian Transactions and Sanctions
Regulations”, 31 C.F.R. Part 560 (“ITSR”) 23, which had allowed the import
into the United States of Iranian-origin
carpets and foodstuffs and certain related
financial transactions, in order to narrow the scope of the licenses and to authorize
only the wind down of those transactions by 6 August 2018.
24. The USA announced that the other elements of the 8 May sanctions will be
fully implemented and enforced in two phases: one after a 90-day wind-down
period from 8 May 2018 (that is to say, on 6 August 2018) and the other after a
180-day wind-down period from that same date (that is to say, on 4 November
2018), pending yet further sanctions. To achieve these objectives, the US Administration
replaced the applicable so-called
“waivers” 24 under US law with “winddown
waivers” that are supposed to allow for the orderly wind-down of activities
pursuant to written contracts entered into prior to 8 May 2018 that were until then
duly authorized under the “waivers” 25. The USA also announced that it will re-impose
the sanctions under relevant provisions of five executive orders 26 which
were lifted by Executive Order No. 13716 of 16 January 2016 27.
25. Before 6 August 2018, the USA will fully re-impose
and enforce sanctions
relating to the following sectors and activities:
—— the purchase or acquisition of US dollar banknotes by the Government
of Iran;
—— direct or indirect sale, supply, or transfer to or from Iran of graphite, raw, or
semi-finished
metals such as aluminium and steel, coal, and software for integrating
industrial processes;
—— significant transactions related to the purchase or sale of the Iranian Rial, or
the maintenance of significant funds or accounts outside the territory of Iran
denominated in the Iranian Rial;
—— the purchase, subscription to, or facilitation of the issuance of Iranian sovereign
debt; and
—— transactions concerning Iran’s automotive sector.
23 Available at: www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/Programs/Documents/fr83_
30335.pdf.
24 “Waivers” are renewable permissions which have the effect of non-application
of sanctions
through authorizing activities that are otherwise subject to sanction or prohibited
under relevant sanctions. They are provided under the following US Sanctions Acts: Iran
Sanctions Act, 5 August 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-172, 110 Stat. 1541 (“ISA”); Comprehensive
Iran Sanctions, Accountability and Divestment Act, 1 July 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-195, 124
Stat. 1313 (“CISADA”); National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012,
31 December 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-239, 126 Stat. 2006 (“NDAA”); Iran Threat Reduction
and Syria Human Rights Act, 10 August 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-158, 126 Stat. 1215
(“ITRA”); Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation
Act, 2 January 2013, Pub. L.
No. 112–239, 126 Stat. 2004 (“IFCA”).
25 The issuance of these wind-down periods does not mean that the corresponding sanctions
will enter into effect only in the future. For instance, the US Administration made it
clear that new contracts signed after 8 May 2018 are not welcome (see point 2.2 of the
OFAC Re-imposition
FAQ).
26 Executive Order 13574, 23 May 2011, 76 FR 30505; Executive Order 13590,
20 November 2011, 76 FR 72609; Executive Order 13622, 30 July 2012, 77 FR 45897; Executive
Order 13628, 9 October 2012, 77 FR 62139; Executive Order 13645, 3 June 2013, 78 FR
33945.
27 Executive Order 13716, 16 January 2016, 81 FR 3693.
15
23. Le 27 juin 2018, l’OFAC a également modifié la réglementation relative aux
opérations et aux sanctions concernant l’Iran (« Iranian Transactions and Sanctions
Regulations » (ci‑après l’« ITSR »)) 23, qui autorisait l’importation aux Etats-
Unis de tapis et de denrées alimentaires d’origine iranienne, ainsi que certaines
transactions financières connexes, l’objectif de cette modification étant de réduire
la portée des autorisations, désormais limitée à la liquidation de telles opérations
d’ici au 6 août 2018.
24. Les Etats-Unis ont annoncé que les autres éléments des sanctions du 8 mai
seraient pleinement rétablis et mis en oeuvre en deux temps, un premier volet devant
être rétabli au terme d’un délai de liquidation de 90 jours à compter du 8 mai 2018
(soit le 6 août 2018) et un second, au terme d’un délai de liquidation de 180 jours
(soit le 4 novembre 2018), en attendant que d’autres sanctions encore soient prises.
Pour atteindre ces objectifs, ils ont également remplacé les « dérogations »
(waivers) 24 prévues par leur droit interne par des « dérogations pour liquidation »
(wind-down waivers), censées permettre la liquidation ordonnée des activités
jusqu’alors dûment autorisées en vertu des dérogations applicables 25. Les Etats-
Unis ont par ailleurs annoncé qu’ils allaient remettre en vigueur les dispositions
pertinentes de cinq décrets 26 qui avaient été levées par le décret no 13716 du 16 janvier
2016 27.
25. D’ici au 6 août 2018, les Etats-Unis vont rétablir pleinement et faire appliquer
des sanctions touchant les secteurs et les activités ci-
après :
—— achat ou acquisition de billets de banque des Etats-Unis par le Gouvernement
iranien ;
—— vente, fourniture ou transfert, directement ou indirectement, à destination ou
en provenance d’Iran, de graphite, de métaux bruts ou semi-finis tels que l’aluminium
et l’acier, de charbon et de logiciels d’intégration de procédés industriels
;
—— transactions importantes liées à l’achat ou à la vente de rials iraniens, ou
conservation hors d’Iran de fonds ou de comptes substantiels libellés en rial
iranien ;
—— achat ou souscription de titres de la dette souveraine iranienne, ou facilitation
de leur émission ; et
—— activités liées à l’industrie automobile iranienne.
23 Consultable à l’adresse : www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/Programs/
Documents/fr83_30335.pdf.
24 Les « dérogations » sont des autorisations renouvelables qui ont pour effet de faire
exception en permettant des activités autrement interdites par les dispositions applicables.
Elles sont prévues par plusieurs lois relatives aux sanctions américaines, à savoir : Iran Sanctions
Act, 5 août 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-172, 110 Stat. 1541 (ci-
après « ISA ») ; Comprehensive
Iran Sanctions, Accountability and Divestment Act, 1er juillet 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-195,
124 Stat. 1313 (ci-
après « CISADA ») ; National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2012, 31 décembre 2011, Pub. L. No. 112‑239, 126 Stat. 2006 (ci-
après « NDAA ») ; Iran
Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act, 10 août 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-158,
126 Stat. 1215 (ci-
après « ITRA ») ; Iran Freedom and Counter-proliferation
Act,
2 janvier 2013, Pub. L. 112–239, 126 Stat. 2004 (ci-
après « IFCA »).
25 Ce moratoire à fin de liquidation ne signifie pas que les sanctions ne feront sentir leurs
effets que dans l’avenir. Par exemple, l’exécutif américain a clairement dit qu’il serait
malvenu de conclure de nouveaux contrats avec l’Iran après le 8 mai 2018 (voir le point 2.2
dans la liste des questions fréquemment posées établie par l’OFAC au sujet du rétablissement
des sanctions).
26 Executive Order 13574, 23 mai 2011, 76 FR 30505 ; Executive Order 13590,
20 novembre 2011, 76 FR 72609 ; Executive Order 13622, 30 juillet 2012, 77 FR 45897 ;
Executive Order 13628, 9 octobre 2012, 77 FR 62139 ; Executive Order 13645, 3 juin 2013,
78 FR 33945.
27 Executive Order 13716, 16 janvier 2016, 81 FR 3693.
16
26. Before 4 November 2018, the USA will fully re-impose
and enforce sanctions
relating to the following sectors and activities:
—— Iran’s port operators, and shipping and shipbuilding sectors, including on the
Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (“IRISL”), South Shipping Line Iran,
or their affiliates;
—— petroleum-related
transactions with, among others, the National Iranian Oil
Company (“NIOC”), Naftiran Intertrade Company (“NICO”), and National
Iranian Tanker Company (“NITC”), including the purchase of petroleum,
petroleum products, or petrochemical products from Iran;
—— transactions by foreign financial institutions with the Central Bank of Iran
and designated Iranian financial institutions;
—— the provision of specialized financial messaging services to the Central Bank of
Iran and Iranian financial institutions;
—— the provision of underwriting services, insurance, or reinsurance; and
—— Iran’s energy sector.
27. Not later than 4 November 2018, the USA will also fully re-implement
individual
sanctions that applied to designated individuals and entities from the “Specially
Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List” (the “SDN List”) and
other lists maintained by OFAC:
—— The SDN List contains the names of individuals, groups or entities whose
assets are blocked and with whom US persons are prohibited from dealing.
—— The “Non-SDN Iranian Sanctions Act List” (“NS-ISA List”), which contains
the names of persons subject to blocking and non-blocking
sanctions 28.
—— The “List of Foreign Sanctions Evaders” (“FSE List”), which is a list of foreign
individuals and entities determined by the USA to have “violated” US sanctions
imposed on Iran. It also lists foreign persons who are accused by the USA
of having facilitated “deceptive transactions” for or on behalf of persons subject
to US sanctions.
—— The “List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Sanctions” which
includes the names of foreign financial institutions that are subject to sanctions
under relevant US sanctions laws 29.
28. The re-imposition
of sanctions immediately affects almost 500 entities which
are listed in Annex II, Attachment 3, of the JCPOA including: the Central Bank of
Iran (CBI), the majority of Iranian banks and financial institutions, National Iranian
Airline Company (Iran Air) and other Iranian airlines, National Iranian Oil
Company (NIOC) and other Iranian oil companies, National Petrochemical Company,
National Iranian Tanker Company (NITC), Iran Shipping Line Company
(IRISL), and other shipping companies, etc. The designation of these entities, and
of entities owned by them, on US lists entails the blocking of assets of and the risk
of extraterritorial sanctions against any person (whether US or also in certain cases
non-US nationals) engaging in any activities with those on the lists after their re-listing.
28 These acts are referenced in note 24 above.
29 Ibid.
17
26. D’ici au 4 novembre 2018, les Etats-Unis vont rétablir pleinement et faire
appliquer des sanctions touchant les secteurs et les activités ci-
après :
—— exploitants portuaires, transporteurs maritimes et constructeurs navals iraniens,
les entreprises visées étant l’Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines
(ci-
après l’« IRISL »), la South Shipping Line Iran et les sociétés apparentées,
entre autres ;
—— opérations liées au pétrole, notamment l’achat de pétrole et de produits pétroliers
ou pétrochimiques en provenance d’Iran, avec la National Iranian Oil
Company (la compagnie pétrolière nationale, ci-
après la « NIOC »), la Naftiran
Intertrade Company (ci-
après la « NICO ») et la National Iranian Tanker
Company (ci-
après la « NITC »), entre autres ;
—— transactions entre des institutions financières étrangères et la banque centrale
d’Iran ou certaines institutions financières iraniennes désignées ;
—— prestation de services de messagerie financière spécialisés à la banque centrale
d’Iran et à certaines institutions financières iraniennes ;
—— prestation de services de garantie, d’assurance ou de réassurance ; et
—— secteur iranien de l’énergie.
27. Le 4 novembre 2018 au plus tard, les Etats-Unis rétabliront également avec
plein effet les sanctions individuelles applicables aux personnes et entités figurant
sur les listes tenues à jour par l’OFAC, à savoir :
—— la liste des personnes physiques ou morales issues de pays spécialement désignés
ou visées par le gel d’avoirs (« Specially Designated Nationals and
Blocked
Persons List », ci-
après la « liste SDN »), qui contient les noms de personnes
physiques ou morales dont les avoirs sont gelés et avec lesquels les
ressortissants
des Etats-Unis ont interdiction de commercer ;
—— la liste des personnes physiques ou morales hors liste SDN visées par la loi sur
les sanctions contre l’Iran (« Non-SDN Iranian Sanctions Act List », ci-
après la
« liste NS-ISA »), qui contient les noms de personnes physiques ou morales également
visées par le gel d’avoirs ou d’autres sanctions 28 ;
—— la liste des étrangers fraudeurs des sanctions (« List of Foreign Sanctions Evaders
», ci-
après la « liste FSE »), qui contient les noms de personnes physiques
ou morales étrangères désignées, dont les Etats-Unis considèrent qu’elles ont
« violé » les sanctions, ou facilité des « opérations frauduleuses » au nom ou au
profit de tiers visés par les sanctions ;
—— la liste des institutions financières étrangères (« List of Foreign Financial Institutions
Subject to Sanctions ») visées par les sanctions prévues par les lois américaines
pertinentes 29.
28. Le rétablissement des sanctions aura une incidence immédiate pour près de
500 entités iraniennes énumérées à l’annexe II (pièce jointe no 3) du plan d’action,
parmi lesquelles la compagnie aérienne nationale (Iran Air) et d’autres compagnies
aériennes iraniennes, la compagnie pétrolière nationale (NIOC) et d’autres compagnies
pétrolières iraniennes, la National Petrochemical Company, la NITC, l’IRISL
et d’autres compagnies de transport maritime, la banque centrale d’Iran et la majorité
des banques et institutions financières iraniennes, entre autres. Dès lors que ces
entités désignées, ainsi que celles qui leur appartiennent, sont inscrites ou réinscrites
sur les listes américaines, toute personne physique ou morale qui entreprend une
quelconque activité avec elles s’expose au gel de ses avoirs et à des sanctions extraterritoriales
(si elle est américaine et même, dans certains cas, non américaine).
28 Les lois applicables sont mentionnées à la note 24 plus haut.
29 Ibid.
18
(b) The Actual and Potential Effect of the 8 May Sanctions on Iran,
Iranian Nationals and Companies
29. The highly damaging effect on Iran of the 8 May sanctions cannot be fully
evaluated and submitted with precision at this stage, although it is plain that they
will have a major and irreparable impact on Iran’s economy and upon Iranian
nationals and companies. While presenting certain illustrative examples
below, Iran will put forward a more complete assessment of the damages in its
Memorial.
30. The mere announcement of the re-imposition
of the 8 May sanctions,
together with the previous announcement that the USA was very likely to take this
decision 30, started to produce damaging effects immediately on the Iranian economy,
Iranian nationals and companies.
31. One of the immediate effects of the announcement of 8 May sanctions (and
its anticipation) has been the devaluation of Iranian currency 31. Since October
2017, when President Trump merely suggested that the USA would re-impose
sanctions, the value of the Rial has dropped dramatically 32. This devaluation has
resulted and is continuing to result in inflation in the prices of goods, commodities,
raw materials and related services in different sectors of the economy. Many people
have rushed to buy gold products to preserve the value of their money. The
price of gold coins has more than doubled in the past few months 33.
32. As another example, the revocation of the JCPOA SLP (civil aviation
licences) has already proved to be very harmful to Iran and the safety of Iranian
civil aviation 34. Under the pre‑8 May 2018 Statement of Licensing Policy, US and
non-US persons were able
“to request specific authorization from OFAC to engage in transactions for
the sale of commercial passenger aircraft and related parts and services to
Iran, provided such transactions do not involve any person on OFAC’s Specially
Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (‘SDN List’)” 35.
30 See above paragraphs 8-9.
31 See R. Goldberg and S. Ghasseminejad, “Iran’s currency is in free fall — time for the
US to exploit it”, The Hill, 4 November 2011, available at: http://thehill.com/opinion/
national-security/
382670-irans-currency-
is-in-free-fall-time-for-the-us-to-exploit-it.
32 The EUR/IRR rate was 4,702 on 1 October 2017 and 9,217 on 27 June 2018, hence a
95 per cent increase, source available at: www.tgju.org.
33 C. Carpenter, “Trump Ire Stokes Gold Trade in Iran as Rial Hits Record Low”,
Bloomberg, 3 May 2018, available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-03/iraniansgo-
for-gold-amid-currency-
turmoil-rising-u-s-tensions.
34 See the result of the independent audit experts at paragraph 3.2 of ICAO, “Continuity
of the United States Trade Embargo on the Civil Aviation of the Islamic Republic of Iran
and the Safety Deficiencies Arising Out of It”, 15 March 2006, DGCA/06-IP/31, available
at: www.icao.int/Meetings/AMC/MA/Directors%20General%20of%20Civil%20Aviation%
20Conference%20on%20a%20Global%20Strategy%20for%20Aviation%20Safety%20
(DGCA-06)/dgca_06_ip_31_e.pdf.
35 Statement of Licensing Policy for Aircrafts, see note 22.
19
b) Les effets potentiels ou déjà avérés des sanctions du 8 mai sur l’économie
iranienne et les sociétés et ressortissants iraniens
29. Les effets extrêmement préjudiciables, pour l’Iran, des sanctions du 8 mai ne
peuvent être appréciés et décrits dans toute leur ampleur à ce stade, même s’il est
déjà évident que celles-
ci auront des conséquences considérables et irréparables
pour l’économie iranienne, ainsi que pour les sociétés et ressortissants iraniens.
Quelques exemples sont donnés ci-
après pour illustrer la situation, mais l’Iran
présentera par la suite, dans son mémoire, une évaluation plus complète des dommages
causés.
30. La simple annonce du rétablissement des sanctions du 8 mai, conjuguée aux
annonces antérieures qui laissaient déjà fortement présager que les Etats-Unis
prendraient pareille décision 30, a commencé immédiatement à produire des
effets préjudiciables pour l’économie iranienne, et pour les sociétés et ressortissants
iraniens.
31. L’un des effets immédiats de l’annonce des sanctions du 8 mai (et des prévisions
en découlant) a été la dévaluation de la monnaie iranienne 31. Depuis octobre
2017, date à laquelle le président Trump a seulement laissé entendre que les Etats-
Unis rétabliraient les sanctions, la valeur du rial a chuté de façon spectaculaire 32.
Cette dévaluation a entraîné et continue d’entraîner une inflation des prix des
biens, produits de base, matières premières et services connexes dans différents
secteurs de l’économie. Un grand nombre de personnes ont précipitamment acheté
de l’or afin de préserver la valeur de leur argent. Le prix des pièces d’or a plus que
doublé au cours des derniers mois 33.
32. Autre exemple : l’annulation de la déclaration relative à la politique d’autorisation,
qui avait été mise en place dans le sillage du plan d’action, s’est déjà révélée
très dommageable pour l’Iran et la sécurité de son aviation civile 34. Selon cette
déclaration, en vigueur avant le 8 mai 2018, Américains et étrangers pouvaient
alors
« demander à l’OFAC une autorisation particulière en vue de conclure des
opérations de vente à l’Iran d’aéronefs de transport commercial de passagers,
de pièces et de services aéronautiques, pourvu que ne participe à de telles opérations
aucune personne figurant sur la liste des personnes physiques ou
morales issues de pays spécialement désignés ou visées par le gel d’avoirs (dite
la « liste SDN ») qui a été établie par l’OFAC » 35.
30 Voir plus haut, par. 8-9.
31 Voir R. Goldberg et S. Ghasseminejad, « Iran’s currency is in free fall — time for the
US to exploit it », The Hill, 4 novembre 2011, consultable à l’adresse : http://thehill.com/
opinion/national-security/
382670-irans-currency-
is-in-free-fall-time-for-the-us-to-exploit-it.
32 Le cours EUR/IRR était de 4,702 le 1er octobre 2017 et de 9,217 le 27 juin 2018, soit
une augmentation de 95 % ; source consultable à l’adresse : www.tgju.org.
33 C. Carpenter, « Trump Ire Stokes Gold Trade in Iran as Rial Hits Record Low »,
Bloomberg, 3 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-
05-03/iranians-go-for-gold-amid-currency-
turmoil-rising-u-s-tensions.
34 Voir les résultats d’un audit effectué par des experts indépendants, au paragraphe 3.2 du
rapport présenté à l’OACI sous le titre « Continuity of the United States Trade Embargo on the
Civil Aviation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Safety Deficiencies Arising Out of it »,
15 mars 2006, doc. DGCA/06-IP/31, consultable à l’adresse : www.icao.int/Meetings/AMC/
MA/Directors%20General%20of%20Civil%20Aviation%20Conference%20on%20a%20
Global%20Strategy%20for%20Aviation%20Safety%20(DGCA-06)/dgca_06_ip_31_e.pdf.
35 Déclaration relative à la politique d’autorisation (aviation civile), voir plus haut,
note 22.
20
Euro Exchange Rate per Unit in Iranian Market
1 October 2017 - 27 June 2018
Extracted from www.tgju.org
Gold Price per Mithqal in Iranian Market
(1 Mithqal = 4.25 Gram)
2 October 2017 - 27 June 2018
Extracted from www.tgju.org
21
Taux de change de l’euro par unité sur le marché iranien
1er octobre 2017-27 juin 2018
(source : www.tgju.org)
Cours de l’or par mithqual sur le marché iranien
1 mithqual = 4,25 grammes
2 octobre 2017-27 juin 2018
(source : www.tgju.org)
22
33. Relying on OFAC authorizations, several Iranian airline companies had
committed to buy 140 Boeing aircraft (80 for Iran Air 36, 30 for Iran Aseman Airlines
37, 10 for Kish Air 38 and 20 for Qeshm Airlines 39) for a total book value of
US$ 24 billion. At the same time, Airbus sold 171 aircraft to Iranian companies (98
to Iran Air 40, 28 to Zagros Airlines 41 and 45 to Iran Air Tours 42). Airbus is a European
company, but its aircraft are constituted of more than 10 per cent of US components,
meaning that Airbus may be subject to the 8 May and announced further
sanctions. Save for the very few aircraft that had been delivered before May 2018,
all these transactions are now in jeopardy, if not cancelled 43. Iran commercial airlines
and civil passengers are therefore left to use an aging fleet, with limited access
to maintenance information, services and spare parts, thus creating a material risk
to airline safety and security. The following table summarizes the contracts that
were cancelled or most adversely affected in the aviation sector as a direct result of
the 8 May sanctions:
Aviation sector
Iranian
contracting party
Foreign
contracting party
Subject-matter of the transaction
Value
(B$)
Iran Air Boeing Sale of 80 Aircraft to Iran Air 17.5
Iran Air Airbus Sale of 100 Aircraft to Iran Air 21.2
Iran Air ATR Sale of 20 Aircraft to Iran Air 0.5
Iran Aseman
Airlines
Boeing Planned sale of 60 Aircraft to Iran Aseman Airlines 6.7
Zagros Airlines Airbus Planned sale of 28 Aircraft to Zagros Airlines 4.3
Kish Air Boeing Planned sale of 10 Aircraft to Kish Air 1.1
Qeshm Airlines Boeing Planned sale of 20 Aircraft to Qeshm Airlines 2.1
Iran Air Tours Airbus Planned sale of 45 Aircraft to Iran Air Tour 5.0
TOTAL (in Billions of USD) 58.4
36 “FACTBOX-Iran’s $38 billion airplane purchases under nuclear deal”, Reuters,
8 May 2018, https://uk.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-
aircraft-deals/factbox-irans-
38-billion-airplane-
purchases-under-nuclear-deal-idUKL8N1SE75Z.
37 “Iranian airline finalizes deal to purchase 60 Boeing planes”, AP, 10 June 2017.
38 “FACTBOX-Iran’s $38 billion airplane purchases under nuclear deal”, Reuters,
8 May 2018, https://uk.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-
aircraft-deals/factbox-irans-38-
billion-airplane-
purchases-under-nuclear-deal-idUKL8N1SE75Z.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 “Zagros Airlines places a commitment for 28 new Airbus aircraft”, Airbus Newsroom,
22 June 2017, available at: www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/
en/2017/06/zagros-airlines-
places-a-commitment-for-28-new-airbus-aircraft-.html.
42 “Iran Airtour commits to 45 A320neo aircraft”, Airbus Newsroom, 22 June 2017, available
at: https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/
en/2017/06/iran-airtour-
commitsto-
45-a320neo-aircraft.html.
43 C. Charpentreau, “Boeing confirms passing $20B Iran deal”, AeroTime News,
7 June 2018, available at: www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/21390-boeing-confirmspassing-
20b-iran-deal.
23
33. Faisant fond sur l’autorisation de l’OFAC, plusieurs compagnies aériennes
iraniennes se sont engagées à acheter des appareils Boeing (140 en tout, soit 80 par
Iran Air 36, 30 par Iran Aseman Airlines 37, 10 par Kish Air 38 et 20 par Qeshm Airlines
39), pour une valeur comptable totale de 24 milliards de dollars des Etats-
Unis. De son côté, la société Airbus a vendu ou s’est engagée à vendre 171 aéronefs
à des entreprises iraniennes (98 à Iran Air 40, 28 à Zagros Airlines 41 et 45 à Iran Air
Tours 42). Airbus est une entreprise européenne, mais ses appareils sont composés
à plus de 10 % de pièces américaines, de sorte qu’elle peut être visée par les sanctions
du 8 mai ou les sanctions à venir. Exception faite des quelques rares appareils
livrés avant mai 2018, toutes ces opérations sont aujourd’hui en péril, lorsqu’elles
n’ont pas déjà été annulées 43. Les compagnies aériennes commerciales iraniennes
et les passagers civils iraniens doivent donc continuer d’utiliser une flotte vieillissante,
ce qui pose un risque pour la sûreté et la sécurité aériennes, d’autant que les
compagnies ont un accès limité aux informations concernant la maintenance des
appareils, ainsi qu’aux services et pièces nécessaires. Le tableau ci-
dessous
récapitule
les accords annulés, ou les plus durement touchés, dans le secteur aéronautique
en conséquence directe des sanctions du 8 mai :
Secteur aéronautique
Partie contractante
iranienne
Partie contractante
étrangère
Objet de l’opération
Valeur
(en milliards de
dollars E.-U.)
Iran Air Boeing Vente de 80 appareils à Iran Air 17,5
Iran Air Airbus Vente de 100 appareils à Iran Air 21,2
Iran Air ATR Vente de 20 appareils à Iran Air 0,5
Iran Aseman
Airlines
Boeing Vente prévue de 60 appareils à Iran Aseman
Airlines
6,7
Zagros Airlines Airbus Vente prévue de 28 appareils à Zagros Airlines 4,3
Kish Air Boeing Vente prévue de 10 appareils à Kish Air 1,1
Qeshm Airlines Boeing Vente prévue de 20 appareils à Qeshm Airlines 2,1
Iran Air Tours Airbus Vente prévue de 45 appareils à Iran Air Tours 5,0
Montant total 58,4
36 « FACTBOX-Iran’s $38 billion airplane purchases under nuclear deal », Reuters,
8 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : https://uk.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-
aircraftdeals/
factbox-irans-38-billion-airplane-
purchases-under-nuclear-deal-idUKL8N1SE75Z.
37 « Iranian airline finalizes deal to purchase 60 Boeing planes », AP, 10 juin 2017.
38 « FACTBOX-Iran’s $38 billion airplane purchases under nuclear deal », Reuters,
8 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : https://uk.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-
aircraftdeals/
factbox-irans-38-billion-airplane-
purchases-under-nuclear-deal-idUKL8N1SE75Z.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 « Zagros Airlines places a commitment for 28 new Airbus aircraft », Airbus Newsroom,
22 juin 2017, consultable à l’adresse : www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/
en/2017/06/
zagros-airlines-
places-a-commitment-for-28-new-airbus-aircraft-.html.
42 « Iran Airtour commits to 45 A320neo aircraft », Airbus Newsroom, 22 juin 2017,
consultable à l’adresse : https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/
en/2017/06/iran-airtour-
commits- to-45-a320neo-aircraft.html.
43 C. Charpentreau, « Boeing confirms passing $20B Iran deal », AeroTime News,
7 juin 2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/21390-
Boeing-confirms-
passing-20b-iran-deal.
24
34. Another key industrial sector of Iran that has been and is being directly
affected by the re-imposition
of the US sanctions is the oil and gas sector. As a US
State Department official reported, the United States is asking countries to cut
their oil imports from Iran to “zero” as soon as possible and not later than
4 November 2018 44. Already, several important actors have decided to withdraw
from Iran including the termination of contractual relations with Iranian companies
and nationals:
—— Total SA, announced 45 that it would pull out 46 of a billion-dollar
deal it made
with Iran and the Chinese company CNPC.
—— Lukoil, which was to develop oil fields in Iran, decided 47 at the end of May that
it would no longer pursue any joint ventures with Iranian oil companies due to
the impending US sanctions.
—— Reliance Industries Ltd., an Indian company that owns the world’s largest oil-refining
complex, announced 48 on 30 May 2018 that it would no longer accept
crude oil imports from Iran.
The following table recapitulates transactions that were cancelled or most adversely
affected in the energy sector as a consequence of the 8 May sanctions:
35. Several US owned and foreign companies and individuals have also
announced the withdrawal of their activities in Iran including the termination of
their contractual relations with Iranian companies and nationals. Some examples
49 in the transportation sector are listed in the table below. These withdrawals
are particularly harmful for the Iranian automotive industry. They will result in
44 B. Hook, Director of Policy Planning, “Briefing With an Iran Diplomacy Update”,
2 July 2018, available at: www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/07/283669.htm; see also I. Talley,
“US Toughens Stance on Future Iran Oil Exports”, WSJ, 26 June 2018, available at: www.
wsj.com/articles/u-s-signals-
zero-tolerance-on-future-iran-oil-exports-1530028859;
L. Wroughton and D. Chiacu, “US pushes allies to halt Iran oil imports, waivers unlikely”,
Reuters, 27 June 2018, available at: uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran/u-s-pushes-
allies-tohalt-
iran-oil-imports-waivers-unlikely-idUKKBN1JM26Q.
45 S. Kar-Gupta and J. Irish, “France’s Total to quit Iran gas project if no sanctions
waiver”, 16 May 2018, available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-
france-total/
frances-total-to-quit-iran-gas-project-
if-no-sanctions-waiver-idUSKCN1IH1XK.
46 Total, “US withdrawal from the JCPOA: Total’s position related to the South Pars 11
project in Iran”, 16 May 2018, available at: www.total.com/en/media/news/press-releases/
us-withdrawal-
jcpoa-totals-position-related-south-pars-11-project-iran.
47 “Lukoil puts Iran plans on hold due to threat of US sanctions”, Reuters, 29 May 2018,
available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-
lukoil-iran/lukoil-puts-iran-plans-onhold-
due-to-threat-
of-u-s-sanctions-idUSKCN1IU1M7.
48 “Exclusive: India’s Reliance to halt oil imports from Iran: sources”, Reuters, 30 May
2018, available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-india-iran-reliance-
exclusive/exclusive-indiasreliance-
to-halt-oil-imports-from-iran-sources-idUSKCN1IV1XM; it should be noted that
because crude oil imports are contracted months in advance, Reliance will cease importing
Iranian oil in October or November of this year.
49 For other examples of US companies that have withdrawn from Iran, see for instance,
A. Fitch and I. Talley, “US Companies Wind Down Iran Business after Nuclear Deal
Pullout”, WSJ, 5 June 2018, available at: www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-companies-
wind-downiran-
business-after-nuclear-deal-pullout-1528225532; for other examples of non-US companies,
see for instance, E. R. Wald, “10 Companies Leaving Iran as Trump’s Sanctions Close
In”, Forbes, 6 June 2018, available at: www.forbes.com/sites/ellenrwald/2018/06/06/10-
companies-leaving-
iran-as-trumps-sanctions-close-in/#1500d8dbc90f.
25
34. Un autre secteur clef pour l’Iran qui a pâti et continue de pâtir directement
du rétablissement des sanctions américaines est celui de l’industrie pétrolière et
gazière. Selon un représentant du département d’Etat américain, les Etats-Unis
demandent à d’autres pays de réduire à « zéro » leurs importations de pétrole iranien
dès que possible, et au plus tard le 4 novembre 2018 44. Plusieurs acteurs de
premier plan ont déjà décidé de se retirer d’Iran, notamment en rompant toute
relation contractuelle avec des sociétés et ressortissants iraniens :
—— L’entreprise Total SA a annoncé 45 son retrait d’un accord 46 d’une valeur de
plusieurs milliards de dollars qu’elle avait conclu avec l’Iran et l’entreprise
chinoise CNCP.
—— L’entreprise Lukoil, qui devait développer de nouveaux champs pétrolifères en
Iran, a décidé 47 fin mai qu’elle ne donnerait suite à aucun projet commun avec
des compagnies pétrolières iraniennes en raison du rétablissement imminent
des sanctions américaines.
—— Reliance Industries Ltd, entreprise indienne qui détient le plus grand complexe
de raffinerie de pétrole au monde, a annoncé 48 le 30 mai 2018 qu’elle n’accepterait
plus de pétrole brut importé d’Iran.
Le tableau ci-
dessous
récapitule les opérations annulées, ou les plus durement touchées,
dans le secteur de l’énergie en conséquence des sanctions du 8 mai :
35. Nombre de personnes physiques ou morales américaines et étrangères ont
également annoncé qu’elles se retiraient de leurs activités en Iran, mettant fin
notamment à leurs relations contractuelles avec les sociétés et ressortissants iraniens.
Le tableau ci-
dessous
donne quelques exemples 49 de partenariats ainsi interrompus
dans le secteur des transports. Ce désengagement est particulièrement
44 B. Hook, directeur de la planification des politiques, « Briefing With an Iran Diplomacy
Update », 2 juillet 2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/07/283669.
htm ; voir également « US Toughens Stance on Future Iran Oil Exports », WSJ, 26 juin 2018,
consultable à l’adresse : www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-signals-
zero-tolerance-on-future-iran-oilexports-
1530028859 ; L. Wroughton et D. Chiacu, « US pushes allies to halt Iran oil imports,
waivers unlikely », Reuters, 27 juin 2018, consultable à l’adresse : uk.reuters.com/article/
us-usa-iran/u-s-pushes-
allies-to-halt-iran-oil-imports-waivers-unlikely-idUKKBN1JM26Q.
45 S. Kar-Gupta et J. Irish, « France’s Total to quit Iran gas project if no sanctions
waiver », 16 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclearfrance-
total/frances-total-to-quit-iran-gas-project-
if-no-sanctions-waiver-idUSK
CN1IH1XK.
46 Total, « Retrait du JCPOA par les Etats-Unis : position de Total relative au projet
South Pars 11 en Iran », 16 mai 2018, consultable à l’adresse : https://www.total.com/fr/
medias/actualite/communiques/retrait-du-jcpoa-par-les-etats-unis-position-
de-total-relative-au-
projet-south-pars-11-en-iran.
47 « Lukoil puts Iran plans on hold due to threat of US sanctions », Reuters, 29 mai 2018,
consultable à l’adresse : https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-
lukoil-iran/lukoil-putsiran-
plans-on-hold-due-to-threat-
of-u-s-sanctions-idUSKCN1IU1M7.
48 « Exclusive : India’s Reliance to halt oil imports from Iran : sources », Reuters, 30 mai
2018, consultable à l’adresse : https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-iran-relianceexclusive/
exclusive-indias-
reliance-to-halt-oil-imports-from-iran-sourcesidUSKCN1IV1XM
; il convient de noter que, les importations de pétrole brut étant convenues
par contrat des mois à l’avance, l’entreprise Reliance cessera d’importer du pétrole
iranien en octobre ou en novembre de cette année.
49 Pour d’autres exemples d’entreprises américaines qui se sont retirées de leurs activités
en Iran, voir aussi A. Fitch et I. Talley, « US Companies Wind Down Iran Business After
Nuclear Deal Pullout », The Wall Street Journal, 5 juin 2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.
wsj.com/articles/u-s-companies-
wind-down-iran-business-after-nuclear-deal-pullout-
1528225532 ; pour d’autres exemples d’entreprises non américaines, voir notamment
E. R. Wald, « 10 Companies Leaving Iran As Trump’s Sanctions Close In », Forbes, 6 juin
2018, consultable à l’adresse : www.forbes.com/sites/ellenrwald/2018/06/06/10-companies-leaving-
iran-as-trumps-sanctions-close-in/#1500d8dbc90f.
26
Energy sector
Iranian
contracting
party
Foreign
contracting
party
Subject-matter of the transaction Value (B$)
Hampa
Engineering
Corporation
Siemens Transportation equipments 1.6
NIOC Total and CNPC South Pars Gas field 4.8
Amin Energy
Developers
Saga Energy Solar Panels 2.9
Esfahan Oil
Refining Co.
Daelim Oil 2.2
MAPNA Group General Electric Pipelines 0.2
NIOC Reliance
Industries
Oil exports 1.3
NIOEC SK E&C Co. Ltd. Upgrade of Tabriz refinery 1.6
Iran’s Ministry of
Energy
Turkey’s Unit
International
Building of 7 natural Gas plants 4.2
NIOEC Sinopec Upgrade of Abadan Refinery 1.1
NIOC Hellenic
Petroleum
Oil exports not
available
NIOC SARAS Oil exports 1.1
TOTAL (in Billions of USD) 21.0
Transportation sector
Iranian contracting
party
Foreign contracting
party
Subject-matter
of the transaction
Value (B$)
MAPNA Group Siemens Various projects 3,5
Iran Khodro & Saipa Peugeot Citröen (PSA) Automotive plant and production 5.4
Iran’s State Railway
Company
Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) High speed rail line Arak-Qom 1.3
Wagon Pars Alstom Railway 1.4
Islamic Republic of Iran
Railways
Hyundai Rotem Railway 0.7
Islamic Republic of Iran
Railways
SNCF Railway non
communiqué
CDTIC China Civil Engineering
Construction Corp.
Railway 0.5
IDRO CJSC Transmashholding Railway 2.9
TOTAL (in Billions of USD) 15.7
27
Secteur de l’énergie
Partie
contractante
iranienne
Partie
contractante
étrangère
Objet de
l’opération
Valeur
(en milliards
de dollars E.-U.)
Hampa
Engineering
Corporation
Siemens Matériel de transport 1,6
NIOC Total et CNPC Gisement de gaz de South Pars 4,8
Amin Energy
Developers
Saga Energy Panneaux solaires 2,9
Esfahan Oil
Refining Co.
Daelim Pétrole 2,2
MAPNA Group General Electric Pipelines 0,2
NIOC Reliance
Industries
Exportations de pétrole 1,3
NIOEC SK E&C Co. Ltd. Travaux d’amélioration de la raffinerie de Tabriz 1,6
Ministère iranien
de l’énergie
Turkey’s Unit
International
Construction de sept centrales de gaz naturel 4,2
NIOEC Sinopec Travaux d’amélioration de la raffinerie d’Abadan 1,1
NIOC Hellenic
Petroleum
Exportations de pétrole non
communiqué
NIOC SARAS Exportations de pétrole 1,1
Montant total 21,0
Secteur des transports
Partie contractante
iranienne
Partie contractante
étrangère
Objet de
l’opération
Valeur
(en milliards
de dollars E.-U)
MAPNA Group Siemens Divers projets 3,5
Iran Khodro & Saipa Peugeot Citröen (PSA) Construction automobile
(usine et chaîne de production)
5,4
Iran’s State Railway
Company
Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) Ligne ferroviaire à grande
vitesse Arak-Qom
1,3
Wagon Pars Alstom Ligne ferroviaire 1,4
Islamic Republic of Iran
Railways
Hyundai Rotem Ligne ferroviaire 0,7
Islamic Republic of Iran
Railways
SNCF Ligne ferroviaire non
communiqué
CDTIC China Civil Engineering
Construction Corp.
Ligne ferroviaire 0,5
IDRO CJSC Transmashholding Ligne ferroviaire 2,9
Montant total 15,7
28
the unemployment of tens of thousands of nationals which will affect the entire
Iranian social equilibrium.
36. Other effects are expected. To estimate these, reference may be made to the
effects caused by previous US sanctions, while keeping in mind that the 8 May and
announced further sanctions are intended to be even more damaging. Iranian oil
production is intended to decrease 50, which will have a major impact on GDP and
on household welfare, especially that of the ordinary population 51. Recent international
reports from the IMF 52 and the World Bank 53 underlined that the re-imposition
of sanctions disconnecting Iran from the global trade and financial
system would negatively affect the whole economy.
37. Respected international organizations acknowledge that the US sanctions
have dramatic consequences on the Iranian population and economy. Thus,
according to the World Health Organization, access to medicines, including lifesaving
medicines, chronic treatment or preventive care, and medical equipment for
the Iranian people become increasingly restricted 54. According to the World Food
Programme, Iran’s ability to import many essential food items will be severely
restricted mainly because of financial restrictions 55. The 8 May sanctions will, at
least, have the same effects on the Iranian people.
50 “Crude oil production for Iran from 2000 to 2018”, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis,
available at: fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRNNGDPMOMBD; see also above, paragraph 34.
51 A. Sadeghi, “How Public Investment Could Help Strengthen Iran’s Growth Potential:
Issues and Options”, IMF Working Paper, WP/18/129, available at: www.imf.org/
en/Publications/
WP/Issues/2018/06/08/How-Public-
Investment-Could-Help-Strengthen-
Irans-Growth-Potential-Issues-and-Options-45679.
52 IMF, “Islamic Republic of Iran: 2018 Article IV Consultation”, IMF Country Report
No. 18/93, 29 March 2018, p. 27, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/
Issues/2018/03/29/Islamic-Republic-
of-Iran-2018-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-
Staff-Report-and-45767.
53 World Bank Group, “Iran Economic Monitor — Sustaining Growth: The Challenge
of Job Creation”, 2017, p. 13, available at: documents.worldbank.org/curated/
en/347831520515722711/pdf/124020-WP-PUBLIC-
P162048-Iran-IEM-Fall-2017-7Mar18-
MM.pdf.
54 World Health Organization, “Iran — Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance”,
May 2017, WHO/CCU/17.01/Iran, available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/
10665/136898/ccsbrief_irn_en.pdf;jsessionid=49F78DE5A0B5EAD6D5926778B23CB1D6?
sequence=1; see also, F. Kokabisaghi, “Assessment of the Effects of Economic Sanctions on
Iranians’ Right to Health by Using Human Rights Impact Assessment Tool: A Systematic
Review”, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2018, 7 (5), p. 374, available
at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953521/pdf/ijhpm-7-374.pdf; S. Setayesh
and T. K. Mackey, “Addressing the impact of economic sanctions on Iranian drug shortages
in the joint comprehensive plan of action: promoting access to medicines and health diplomacy”,
Globalization and Health, 2016, 12, p. 31, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC4897941/pdf/12992_2016_Article_168.pdf; G. Ghiasi, A. Rashidian, A. Kebriaeezadeh,
J. Salamzadeh, “The Impact of the Sanctions Made against Iran on Availability to
Asthma Medicines in Tehran”, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 15 (3),
p. 567, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149045/pdf/ijpr-15-567.pdf;
A. M. Cheraghali, “Impacts of international sanctions on Iranian pharmaceutical market”,
DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, p. 3, available at: apps.who.int/medicine
docs/documents/s20247en/s20247en.pdf.
55 World Food Programme, “Food and Nutrition Security in Iran”, 2016, available at:
docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000021105/download/.
29
préjudiciable
pour l’industrie automobile iranienne. Il se traduira par la perte de
dizaines de milliers d’emplois en Iran, avec d’inévitables conséquences sur l’ensemble
de l’équilibre social du pays.
36. D’autres effets sont attendus. Pour en prendre la mesure, l’on peut se référer
aux sanctions américaines antérieures, tout en gardant à l’esprit que celles du 8 mai
et les autres annoncées sont voulues plus dévastatrices encore. Les Etats-Unis
veulent faire chuter la production iranienne de pétrole 50, ce qui aura une incidence
majeure sur le PIB et le bien-être des ménages, et en particulier des moins favorisés
d’entre eux 51. Dans des rapports internationaux publiés récemment, le Fonds
monétaire international 52 et la Banque mondiale 53 ont souligné que le rétablissement
des sanctions aurait pour conséquence de déconnecter l’Iran du système commercial
et financier international, ce qui entraînerait des répercussions sur l’ensemble
de l’économie iranienne.
37. D’autres organisations internationales respectées ont relevé que les sanctions
américaines avaient des conséquences dramatiques pour l’économie et la
population iraniennes. Ainsi, selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS),
l’accès aux médicaments, y compris aux médicaments vitaux, aux traitements à
long terme ou préventifs, et aux équipements médicaux est de plus en plus limité 54.
Selon le Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM), les possibilités pour l’Iran d’importer
nombre de produits alimentaires essentiels seront considérablement
réduites, principalement en raison des restrictions financières 55. La population iranienne
subira donc elle aussi de la même façon, si ce n’est davantage, les effets des
sanctions du 8 mai.
50 « Crude oil production for Iran from 2000 to 2018 », banque fédérale de réserve de
Saint Louis, consultable à l’adresse : fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRNNGDPMOMBD ; voir
aussi plus haut, par. 34.
51 A. Sadeghi, « How Public Investment Could Help Strengthen Iran’s Growth Potential:
Issues and Options », IMF Working Papers, WP/18/129, consultable à l’adresse : www.imf.
org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/06/08/How-Public-
Investment-Could-Help-Strengthen-
Irans-Growth-Potential-Issues-and-Options-45679.
52 FMI, République islamique d’Iran : consultation de 2018 au titre de l’article IV, IMF
Country Report no 18/93, mars 2018, p. 27, consultable à l’adresse : https://www.imf.org/en/
Publications/CR/Issues/2018/03/29/Islamic-Republic-
of-Iran-2018-Article-IV-Consultation-
Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-45767.
53 Banque mondiale, « Iran Economic Monitor — Sustaining Growth: The Challenge of
Job Creation », 2017, p. 13, consultable à l’adresse : documents.worldbank.org/curated/
en/347831520515722711/pdf/124020-WP-PUBLIC-
P162048-Iran-IEM-Fall-2017-
7Mar18-MM.pdf.
54 OMS, « Islamic Republic of Iran — Country Cooperation Strategy », mai 2017, WHO/
CCU/17.01/Iran (Islamic Republic of), consultable à l’adresse : apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
handle/10665/136898/ccsbrief_irn_en.pdf;jsessionid=49F78DE5A0B5EAD6D5926778B23C
B1D6?sequence=1 ; voir aussi F. Kokabisaghi, « Assessment of the Effects of Economic
Sanctions on Iranians’ Right to Health by Using Human Rights Impact Assessment Tool:
A Systematic Review », International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2018, 7(5),
p. 374, consultable à l’adresse : www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953521/pdf/
ijhpm-7-374.pdf ; S. Setayesh et T. K. Mackey, « Addressing the impact of economic sanctions
on Iranian drug shortages in the joint comprehensive plan of action: promoting access
to medicines and health diplomacy », Globalization and Health, 2016, 14 pages, consultable
à l’adresse : www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897941/pdf/12992_2016_Article_168.
pdf ; G. Ghiasi, A. Rashidian, A. Kebriaeezadeh, J. Salamzadeh, « The Impact of the Sanctions
Made Iran on Availability to Asthma Medicines in Tehran », Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, 2016, 15 (3), p. 567, consultable à l’adresse : www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC5149045/pdf/ijpr-15-567.pdf ; A. M. Cheraghali, « Impacts of international
sanctions on Iranian pharmaceutical market », DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
2013, p. 3, consultable à l’adresse : apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s20247en/
s20247en.pdf.
55 PAM, « Food and Nutrition Security in Iran », 2016, consultable à l’adresse : docs.wfp.
org/api/documents/WFP-0000021105/download/.
30
38. To sum up, the 8 May sanctions have already started to harm the whole
Iranian economy and society, including the oil industry, civil aviation and the
banking and financial system, as well as Iranian nationals and companies, mainly
through the extraterritorial sanctions which impose to US and non-US persons to
terminate their commercial relations with their Iranian counterparts and which
prevent any possible future commerce between them.
IV. Breaches of the Treaty of Amity
39. Through the 8 May sanctions and the announced further sanctions, the
USA has violated and continues to violate multiple provisions of the Treaty of
Amity.
(a) Violation of Article IV (1) of the Treaty of Amity
40. Article IV (1) provides that:
“Each High Contracting Party shall at all times accord fair and equitable
treatment to nationals and companies of the other High Contracting Party,
and to their property and enterprises; shall refrain from applying unreasonable
or discriminatory measures that would impair their legally acquired rights
and interests; and shall assure that their lawful contractual rights are afforded
effective means of enforcement, in conformity with the applicable laws.”
41. The USA is breaching this provision through the 8 May and announced
further sanctions, including those with extraterritorial effects or which oblige US
and non-US persons to terminate their economic or contractual relations with
Iran, Iranian nationals or Iranian companies. Alternatively or cumulatively, these
measures are contrary to the fair and equitable treatment standard of Article
IV (1), are both discriminatory and unreasonable, impair legally acquired rights
or interests of Iranian nationals and companies, and deprive them of any effective
means of enforcement of their lawful contractual rights.
(b) Violation of Article VII (1) of the Treaty of Amity
42. Article VII (1) provides that:
“Neither High Contracting Party shall apply restrictions on the making of
payments, remittances, and other transfers of funds to or from the territories
of the other High Contracting Party, except (a) to the extent necessary to
assure the availability of foreign exchange for payments for goods and services
essential to the health and welfare of its people, or (b) in the case of a
member of the International Monetary Fund, restrictions specifically
approved by the Fund.”
43. The USA is breaching this provision through the 8 May sanctions, including
the financial sanctions, and notably the prohibitions on purchases of US dollars or
Iranian Rial as well as the restrictions on operations in dollars “to or from the
territor(y)” of Iran.
31
38. En résumé, les sanctions du 8 mai ont déjà commencé à causer un préjudice
à l’ensemble de la société et de l’économie iraniennes, notamment aux secteurs de
l’industrie pétrolière, de l’aviation civile, de la banque et de la finance, de même
qu’aux sociétés et ressortissants iraniens, principalement par les effets des sanctions
extraterritoriales qui imposent aux personnes physiques et morales, américaines
ou non américaines, de mettre fin à leurs échanges commerciaux avec leurs
partenaires iraniens et les empêchent de reprendre de tels échanges à l’avenir.
IV. Violations du traité d’amitié
39. Du fait des sanctions du 8 mai et des autres sanctions qu’ils ont annoncées,
les Etats-Unis ont violé et continuent de violer de multiples dispositions du traité
d’amitié.
a) Violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article IV du traité d’amitié
40. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article IV se lit comme suit :
« Chacune des Hautes Parties contractantes accordera en tout temps un
traitement juste et équitable aux ressortissants et aux sociétés de l’autre Haute
Partie contractante, ainsi qu’à leurs biens et à leurs entreprises ; elle ne prendra
aucune mesure arbitraire ou discriminatoire pouvant porter atteinte à
leurs droits ou à leurs intérêts légalement acquis et, en conformité des lois
applicables en la matière, elle assurera des voies d’exécution efficaces à leurs
droits contractuels légitimement nés. »
41. Les Etats‑Unis violent cette disposition du fait des sanctions du 8 mai et des
autres sanctions qu’ils ont annoncées, y compris celles ayant des effets extraterritoriaux
ou contraignant des personnes physiques et morales, américaines ou non américaines,
à mettre fin à leurs relations économiques ou contractuelles avec l’Iran, ses
ressortissants ou ses sociétés. Ces mesures, selon le cas, vont à l’encontre de la
garantie d’un traitement juste et équitable prévue au paragraphe 1 de l’article IV,
sont à la fois discriminatoires et arbitraires, portent atteinte aux droits et intérêts
légalement acquis de sociétés et de ressortissants iraniens, et/ou privent ceux-
ci de
toute voie d’exécution efficace à leurs droits contractuels légitimement nés.
b) Violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article VII du traité d’amitié
42. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article VII se lit comme suit :
« Aucune des Hautes Parties contractantes n’imposera de restrictions en
matière de paiements, remises et transferts de fonds à destination ou en provenance
des territoires de l’autre Haute Partie contractante sauf : a) dans la
mesure nécessaire afin que les ressources en devises étrangères soient suffisantes
pour régler le prix des marchandises et des services indispensables à la
santé et au bien‑être de sa population ; et b) dans le cas d’un membre du
Fonds monétaire international, s’il s’agit de restrictions expressément approuvées
par le Fonds. »
43. Les Etats‑Unis violent cette disposition du fait des sanctions du 8 mai,
notamment par l’effet des sanctions financières, et en particulier de l’interdiction
d’acheter des dollars des Etats‑Unis ou des rials iraniens, ainsi qu’à raison des
restrictions à la possibilité d’effectuer des transactions en dollars « à destination ou
en provenance d[u] territoire … » iranien.
32
(c) Violation of Articles VIII (1) and (2) of the Treaty of Amity
44. Article VIII (1) and (2) provide that:
“1. Each High Contracting Party shall accord to products of the other High
Contracting Party, from whatever place and by whatever type of carrier arriving,
and to products destined for exportation to the territories of such other
High Contracting Party, by whatever route and by whatever type of carrier,
treatment no less favorable than that accorded like products of or destined for
exportation to any third country, in all matters relating to: (a) duties, other
charges, regulations and formalities, on or in connection with importation
and exportation; and (b) internal taxation, sale, distribution, storage and use.
The same rule shall apply with respect to the international transfer of payments
for imports and exports.
2. Neither High Contracting Party shall impose restrictions or prohibitions
on the importation of any product of the other High Contracting Party or on
the exportation of any product to the territories of the other High Contracting
Party, unless the importation of the like product of, or the exportation of the
like product to, all third countries is similarly restricted or prohibited.”
45. The USA is breaching these provisions through the 8 May sanctions and
announced further sanctions, including through the revocation of the relevant
licenses under which entities were able to enter into economic relations with Iran
and Iranian nationals or companies and licenses issued by OFAC which allowed
entities to engage in the sale and export to Iran of, among other things, commercial
aircraft and related parts and services 56, as well as the importation of Iranian products
to the USA including Iranian food and carpets. The 8 May sanctions and
announced further sanctions have or will have precisely the effect of prohibiting
the importation of Iranian products to US territory and vice versa.
(d) Violation of Article IX (2) of the Treaty of Amity
46. Article IX (2) provides that:
“Nationals and companies of either High Contracting Party shall be
accorded treatment no less favorable than that accorded nationals and companies
of the other High Contracting Party, or of any third country, with
respect to all matters relating to importation and exportation.”
47. The USA is breaching this provision of the Treaty through the 8 May and
announced further sanctions, including by applying sectoral sanctions to foreign
individuals and companies which import from or export to Iranian nationals and
companies, and by revoking the licenses which were allowing some imports from
and/or exports to Iranian nationals and companies.
56 Preventing the sale by non-US entities such as European company Airbus of aircraft
to Iran is also a violation of Article VIII (1) and (2) of the Treaty.
33
c) Violation des paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article VIII du traité d’amitié
44. Les paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article VIII se lisent comme suit :
« 1. Chacune des Hautes Parties contractantes accordera aux produits de
l’autre Haute Partie contractante, quelle qu’en soit la provenance et indépendamment
du mode de transport utilisé, ainsi qu’aux produits destinés à l’exportation
vers les territoires de cette autre Haute Partie contractante, quels
que soient l’itinéraire et le mode de transport utilisés, un traitement non moins
favorable que celui qui est accordé aux produits similaires provenant de tout
pays tiers ou destinés à l’exportation vers tout pays tiers, pour toutes les questions
qui ont trait : a) aux droits de douane et autres taxes ainsi qu’aux règles
et formalités applicables en matière d’importation et d’exportation ; et b) à la
fiscalité, la vente, la distribution, l’entreposage et l’utilisation desdits produits
sur le plan national. La même règle s’appliquera au transfert international des
sommes versées en paiement des importations ou des exportations.
2. Aucune des Hautes Parties contractantes ne restreindra ou n’interdira
l’importation d’un produit de l’autre Haute Partie contractante ou l’exportation
d’un produit destiné aux territoires de l’autre Haute Partie contractante,
à moins que l’importation d’un produit similaire provenant de tout pays tiers
ou l’exportation d’un produit similaire à destination de tous les pays tiers ne
soient, de la même manière, interdites ou restreintes. »
45. Les Etats-Unis violent ces dispositions du fait des sanctions du 8 mai et des
autres sanctions qu’ils ont annoncées, en ce qu’elles prévoient notamment la révocation
d’autorisations spécifiques qui permettaient à certaines entités d’entretenir
des relations économiques avec l’Iran, ses ressortissants ou ses sociétés, ainsi que la
révocation d’autorisations émanant de l’OFAC, qui permettaient la vente à l’Iran,
ou l’exportation en direction de l’Iran, d’aéronefs de transport commercial, de
pièces détachées ou de services connexes 56, entre autres, ainsi que l’importation
aux Etats-Unis de produits iraniens — tapis ou denrées alimentaires, par exemple.
Les sanctions du 8 mai et les autres sanctions annoncées reviennent ou reviendront
précisément à interdire l’importation sur le territoire américain de produits iraniens,
et l’importation sur le territoire iranien de produits américains.
d) Violation du paragraphe 2 de l’article IX du traité d’amitié
46. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article IX se lit comme suit :
« Les ressortissants et les sociétés de l’une des Hautes Parties contractantes
bénéficieront, pour toutes les questions qui ont trait aux importations et aux
exportations, d’un traitement non moins favorable que celui qui est accordé
aux ressortissants et aux sociétés de l’autre Haute Partie contractante ou de
tout pays tiers. »
47. Les Etats-Unis violent cette disposition du traité du fait des sanctions du
8 mai et des autres sanctions annoncées, notamment par l’effet de l’imposition de
sanctions sectorielles à des sociétés et ressortissants étrangers qui se livrent à des
importations ou exportations avec des partenaires iraniens, et de l’annulation
d’autorisations qui permettaient certaines importations ou exportations en provenance
ou à destination de sociétés et ressortissants iraniens.
56 Le fait d’empêcher des entités non américaines, telles que l’entreprise européenne
Airbus, de vendre des aéronefs à l’Iran constitue également une violation des paragraphes 1
et 2 de l’article VIII du traité.
34
(e) Violation of Article X (1) of the Treaty of Amity
48. Article X (1) provides that: “Between the territories of the two High
Contracting Parties there shall be freedom of commerce and navigation.”
49. The USA is breaching this provision of the Treaty through the 8 May and
announced further sanctions, including by the revocation of licenses which allowed
limited commercial relations relating to aircraft, foodstuff and carpets between the
territories of Iran and the USA, as well as by the revocation of the license under
which US-owned or US-controlled
foreign entities were authorized to engage in
economic relations with Iran and Iranian nationals or companies.
V. Judgment Requested
50. On the basis of the foregoing, and while reserving the right to supplement,
amend or modify the present Application in the course of further proceedings in
the case, Iran respectfully requests the Court to adjudge, order and declare that:
(a) The USA, through the 8 May and announced further sanctions referred to in
the present Application, with respect to Iran, Iranian nationals and companies,
has breached its obligations to Iran under Articles IV (1), VII (1), VIII (1),
VIII (2), IX (2) and X (1) of the Treaty of Amity;
(b) The USA shall, by means of its own choosing, terminate the 8 May sanctions
without delay;
(c) The USA shall immediately terminate its threats with respect to the announced
further sanctions referred to in the present Application;
(d) The USA shall ensure that no steps shall be taken to circumvent the decision
to be given by the Court in the present case and will give a guarantee of non-repetition
of its violations of the Treaty of Amity;
(e) The USA shall fully compensate Iran for the violation of its international legal
obligations in an amount to be determined by the Court at a subsequent stage
of the proceedings. Iran reserves the right to submit and present to the Court
in due course a precise evaluation of the compensation owed by the USA.
51. For the purposes of Article 31 (3) of the Statute and Article 35 (1) of the
Rules of Court, the Islamic Republic of Iran declares its intention to exercise the
right to designate a judge ad hoc.
Done at The Hague on 16 July 2018.
(Signed) M. H. Zahedin Labbaf,
Agent of the Government of
the Islamic Republic of Iran.
35
e) Violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article X du traité d’amitié
48. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article X se lit comme suit : « Il y aura liberté de commerce
et de navigation entre les territoires des deux Hautes Parties contractantes. »
49. Les Etats-Unis violent cette disposition du traité du fait des sanctions du
8 mai et des autres sanctions annoncées, notamment par l’effet de la révocation
d’autorisations qui permettaient, pour les aéronefs, denrées alimentaires et tapis,
des échanges commerciaux limités entre leur territoire et celui de l’Iran, ainsi que
de l’autorisation qui permettait certaines relations économiques entre, d’une part,
des entités étrangères détenues ou contrôlées par des Américains et, d’autre part,
l’Iran, ses ressortissants ou sociétés.
V. Décision demandée
50. Sur la base de ce qui précède et tout en se réservant le droit de compléter ou
de modifier la présente requête au cours de la suite de la procédure en l’affaire,
l’Iran prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que :
a) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique, du fait des sanctions du 8 mai et des autres sanctions
annoncées qui sont décrites dans la présente requête et qui ciblent l’Iran,
les Iraniens et les sociétés iraniennes, ont manqué aux obligations leur incombant
envers l’Iran en application des paragraphes 1 des articles IV, VII et VIII,
des paragraphes 2 des articles VIII et IX, et du paragraphe 1 de l’article X du
traité d’amitié ;
b) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique doivent, par les moyens de leur choix, mettre fin sans
délai aux sanctions du 8 mai ;
c) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique doivent immédiatement cesser de menacer d’imposer
les autres sanctions annoncées qui sont décrites dans la présente requête ;
d) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique doivent veiller à ce que rien ne soit fait pour contourner
la décision que la Cour rendra dans la présente affaire et donner une garantie
de non‑répétition de leurs violations du traité d’amitié ;
e) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique doivent verser à l’Iran, à raison de leur manquement
à leurs obligations juridiques internationales, une indemnisation intégrale dont
le montant sera déterminé par la Cour à un stade ultérieur de la procédure.
L’Iran se réserve le droit de soumettre et de présenter à la Cour en temps utile
une évaluation précise du montant de l’indemnité due par les Etats-Unis
d’Amérique.
51. En vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 du Règlement de la Cour, la République
islamique d’Iran déclare son intention d’exercer la faculté de désigner un
juge ad hoc que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut.
Fait à La Haye, le 16 juillet 2018.
L’agent du Gouvernement de
la République islamique d’Iran,
(Signé) M. H. Zahedin Labbaf.
36
LIST OF ANNEXES* 57
Annex 1. Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights between the
United States of America and Iran, signed at Tehran, on 15 August 1955.
Annex 2. Presidential Memoranda, Ceasing U.S. Participation in the JCPOA
and Taking Additional Action to Counter Iran’s Malign Influence
and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear Weapon, 8 May 2018.
Annex 3. Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of
Action, 8 May 2018.
Annex 4. Letter sent to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations on
10 May 2018, UN Doc A/72/869-S/2018/453.
Annex 5. Note verbale No. 381/289/4870056 sent on 11 June 2018 to the
Embassy of Switzerland (US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the
U.S. Government.
Annex 6. Note verbale No. 381/210/4875065 sent on 19 June 2018 to the
Embassy of Switzerland (US Interest Section) to be transmitted to the
U.S. Government.
* Annexes not reproduced in print version, but available in electronic version on the
Court’s website (http://www.icj-cij.org, under “cases”).
37
LISTE DES ANNEXES* 57
Annexe 1. Traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires entre les Etats-
Unis d’Amérique et l’Iran, signé à Téhéran, le 15 août 1955.
Annexe 2. Mémorandum présidentiel — Mettre un terme à la participation des
Etats-Unis au JCPOA et prendre des mesures supplémentaires pour
contrer l’influence malveillante de l’Iran et refuser à celui-ci toutes les
voies menant à une arme nucléaire, 8 mai 2018.
Annexe 3. Remarques du président Trump sur le Joint Comprehensive Plan of
Action, 8 mai 2018.
Annexe 4. Lettre datée du 10 mai 2018 adressée au Secrétaire général des
Nations Unies, doc. A/72/869-S/2018/453.
Annexe 5. Note verbale (réf. : 381/289/4870056) datée du 11 juin 2018 adressée à
l’ambassade de la Confédération helvétique (section des intérêts américains)
pour transmission au Gouvernement américain.
Annexe 6. Note verbale (réf. 381/210/4875065) datée du 19 juin 2018 adressée à
l’ambassade de la Confédération helvétique (section des intérêts américains)
pour transmission au Gouvernement américain.
* Annexes non reproduites en version papier, mais disponibles en version électronique
sur le site Internet de la Cour (http://www.icj-cij.org, onglet « affaires »).

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