INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 16 January 2017
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 16 janvier 2017
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
POUR LA RÉPRESSION DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME
ET DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
I. LETTER FROM THE MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
OF UKRAINE TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
16 January 2017.
I have the honour to transmit herewith the Application of Ukraine instituting
proceedings against the Russian Federation. In accordance with Article 38 (3) of
the Rules of the Court, I hereby authenticate the signature appearing on the Application
of Ms Olena Zerkal, Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine, who has been
duly appointed as Agent of Ukraine in respect of this case.
(Signed) Pavlo Klimkin,
2
2017
General List
No. 166
4
II. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
table of contents
Page
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Terrorism Financing Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The CERD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
II. Jurisdiction of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing
of Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
III. Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A. Ukraine’s turn toward Europe, the Revolution of Dignity, and
the Russian Federation’s unlawful intervention . . . . . . . . . 20
B. The Russian Federation’s sponsorship of terrorism in Ukraine 26
1. The Russian Federation’s supply of arms, financing, and
training with knowledge that its proxies would attack civilians
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. The attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 . . . . . . . 34
3. The shelling of Ukrainian Civilian Populations . . . . . . . 42
4. The bombing of civilians in Ukrainian cities. . . . . . . . . 50
5. The Russian Federation’s refusal to co-operate in preventing
and investigating the financing of terrorism . . . . . . . 52
C. The Russian Federation’s campaign of cultural erasure through
discrimination in Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1. The illegal referendum amidst a climate of discrimination . 60
2. Discrimination against the Crimean Tatar community . . . 62
(a) Political and cultural suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
(b) Suppression of culturally-significant gatherings . . . . . 68
(c) Disappearance and murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
(d) Arbitrary searches and detention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
(e) Media restrictions and harassment . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6
(f) Suppression of Tatar-language education . . . . . . . . 74
3. Discrimination against the ethnic Ukrainian community in
Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
(a) Suppression of Ukrainian-language education. . . . . . 76
(b) Suppression of culturally-significant gatherings . . . . . 80
(c) Media restrictions and harassment . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
IV. Legal grounds for Ukraine’s claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
A. Violations of the Terrorism Financing Convention . . . . . . . 82
B. Violations of the CERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
V. Relief sought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
A. Relief sought under the Terrorism Financing Convention . . . 90
B. Relief sought under the CERD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
VI. Judge ad hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
VII. Reservation of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
VIII. Appointment of Agent and Co-Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8
I. Introduction
1. On 24 August 1991, Ukraine proclaimed its independence from the
Soviet Union, and the modern state of Ukraine was re-born. The Russian Federation
subsequently made solemn commitments to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and
independence within its settled borders. Over the last decade, however, a new generation
of Russian leaders has sought to turn the clock back, characterizing the
break-up of the Soviet Union as the “greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the
twentieth century” and adopting a Soviet-style policy aimed at restoring Russian
dominance over its neighbours. Since then, Ukraine has become the target of an
escalating campaign of Russian interference and aggression. Following the
Orange Revolution of 2004, in which the Ukrainian people peacefully and successfully
demanded the right to choose their leaders in free and fair elections, Ukraine
has been subjected to increasing degrees of Russian pressure and intimidation.
Betraying its earlier promise to respect the sovereign equality and territorial integrity
of Ukraine, the Russian Federation has sought to restore its dominance
through political, economic, and, ultimately, military power.
2. Ukraine’s longstanding foreign policy objective of forging closer ties to the
European Union has been a particular source of Russian ire during this period.
With Ukraine prepared to sign a landmark Association Agreement with the European
Union in 2013, the Russian Federation lashed out, threatening to destroy
Ukraine’s economy by imposing punitive unilateral trade restrictions, attempting
to freeze its people by withholding gas supplies during the harsh winter season, and
calling its territorial integrity into question. When Ukrainian President Viktor
Yanukovych yielded to this extreme Russian pressure, ordinary citizens took to
the streets en masse to remind their leaders that the Ukrainian people have chosen
a European future and that the Government must answer to the people, not the
dictates of foreign powers. In response, President Yanukovych engaged in brutal
tactics to suppress the protests, resulting in the murder of more than 100 unarmed
demonstrators in and around the Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Kyiv’s “Independence
Square”. The Russian Federation sought to prop up Yanukovych through the
provision of financial and other support, including the supply of assault equipment
that was used against the protesters. But the people’s resolve strengthened,
Yanukovych’s support evaporated, and he abandoned his post and fled to
Russian territory. Ukraine’s “Revolution of Dignity” prevailed.
3. The Russian Federation refused to accept the Ukrainian people’s renewed
assertion of their independence. Instead, it has escalated its interference in Ukrainian
affairs to dangerous new levels, intervening militarily in Ukraine, financing acts
of terrorism, and violating the human rights of millions of Ukraine’s citizens,
including, for all too many, their right to life.
4. In eastern Ukraine, the Russian Federation has instigated and sustained an
armed insurrection against the authority of the Ukrainian State, including by systematically
supplying illegal armed groups with heavy weaponry, money, personnel,
training, and other support. That assistance has been used not only to support
combat against the Ukrainian authorities, but to conduct devastating terrorist
attacks, including the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, with
298 innocent civilians on board. A densely-populated residential area in the port
city of Mariupol was targeted for bombardment. A passenger bus carrying civilians
was shelled near Volnovakha. A peaceful and patriotic rally in Kharkiv was
10
bombed. Throughout Ukraine, civilians have suffered as the Russian Federation
and its proxies have attempted to extract concessions. The Russian Federation’s
sponsorship of this brutal campaign of terrorism in Ukraine deliberately flouts
fundamental principles of international law, including those enshrined in the International
Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (“Terrorism
Financing Convention”) 1.
5. In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and City of Sevastopol, the Russian
Federation brazenly defied the United Nations Charter, seizing a part of
Ukraine’s sovereign territory by military force. In an attempt to legitimize its act
of aggression, the Russian Federation engineered an illegal “referendum”, which it
rushed to implement amid a climate of violence and intimidation against non-
Russian ethnic groups. With the groundwork laid by the illegal referendum, the
Russian Federation proceeded to implement a policy of harassment and suppression
of communities it deemed to be opponents of the régime. The result has been
a campaign to erase the distinct cultures of ethnic Ukrainian and Tatar People in
Crimea, carried out through a broad-based pattern of discriminatory acts. The
leaders and institutions of these communities have been persecuted and many of
their leaders have been forced into exile outside Crimea. These communities have
faced abductions, murders, and arbitrary searches and detentions. Their languages
have come under assault. Those who remained in Crimea have had automatic Russian
citizenship forced upon them. This deliberate campaign of cultural erasure,
beginning with the invasion and referendum and continuing to this day, violates
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(“CERD”) 2.
6. The Russian Federation’s unlawful aggression against Ukraine has resulted
in thousands of civilian deaths and the displacement of approximately 2 million
people. As set forth in this Application, it has also resulted in a series of flagrant
violations of the Russian Federation’s treaty obligations, where innocent civilians
have been the primary victims. These attacks on the people of Ukraine, and indeed
the world, demand accountability under international law. When Russia ratified
the Terrorism Financing Convention and the CERD, it agreed to submit disputes
under both of these treaties to this Court’s jurisdiction. Ukraine brings this case to
establish the Russian Federation’s international responsibility under these Conventions,
and to seek redress for its people who have suffered the consequences of
the Russian Federation’s illegal behaviour.
The Terrorism Financing Convention
7. When the Russian Federation acceded to the Terrorism Financing Convention,
it made a solemn commitment to co-operate in efforts to prevent the financing
of terrorism. Indeed, the Russian Federation has repeatedly proclaimed itself
to be a vocal opponent of terrorism in Chechnya, Syria, and elsewhere. But in
Ukraine, the Russian Federation is not just failing to co-operate with Ukrainian
1 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism,
2798 UNTS 197 (entered into force 10 April 2002).
2 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
660 UNTS 212 (entered into force 4 January 1969).
12
authorities in preventing the financing of terrorism — it is mocking the Convention’s
goals by actively promoting and sponsoring terrorism.
8. The illegal armed groups in eastern Ukraine have engaged in a consistent pattern
of attacking civilians. The Russian Federation knew that its proxies were committing
such acts of terrorism, yet decided to supply them with dangerous weapons
and other support. The Russian Government, its public officials, and its citizens
have repeatedly transferred materials, money, personnel, and other support to
these groups. Despite repeated protests by Ukraine, the Russian Federation has
not taken any steps to halt or investigate this terrorism financing. The results have
been both predictable and catastrophic:
9. Shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17. In the most notorious of these
attacks, Russian proxies shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 in flight over
Ukrainian territory on 17 July 2014. This was an offense against humanity, murdering
298 innocent civilians of many nationalities, including infants. The perpetrators
used a sophisticated anti-aircraft system that was supplied by the Russian
Federation. International investigators have systematically traced the
weapon’s route from Russian territory, to its launch site, and then back to Russian
territory. The United Nations Security Council “condemn[ed] in the strongest
terms the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17”, and “demand[ed] that
those responsible for this incident be held to account” 3. Yet the Russian Federation
made no effort to bring the perpetrators to justice or to explain why weapons
from its territory were used for such a terrorist act. The Russian Federation’s
sponsorship of this act of terrorism — and its failure to halt or investigate the
financing that contributed to this attack — violates its obligations under the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
10. Shellings of civilians in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and Kramatorsk. Russian
proxies have carried out a series of devastating rocket attacks on civilians. For
example, they launched a volley of rockets at a queue of civilian vehicles on a
well-travelled highway near Volnovakha, blowing up a passenger bus and killing
12 civilians. Russian proxies assaulted a densely- populated residential area in the
city of Mariupol, murdering 30 in a rocket barrage; top United Nations officials
described the attack as a knowing and targeted attack on civilians. In Kramatorsk,
Russian proxies launched an indiscriminate attack on a residential area, killing
seven civilians. The Russian Federation supplied the weapons used to perpetrate
these and other attacks, knowing that their proxies could use them to commit acts
of terrorism. The Russian Federation’s sponsorship of these acts of terrorism —
and its failure to halt or investigate the financing that contributed to these
attacks — violates its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention.
11. Bombings of civilians in Ukrainian cities. Russian-backed groups have also
perpetrated a wave of bombings intended to instil fear in peaceful, civilian areas,
3 United Nations Security Council resolution 2166, UN doc. S/RES/2166 (21 July 2014).
.
14
far from the areas of eastern Ukraine immediately affected by Russian aggression.
In Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second-largest city, a string of bomb attacks culminated in
a deadly explosion at a peaceful patriotic march marking the anniversary of the
Revolution of Dignity. The Russian Federation supplied the explosive materials
and provided critical training to the terrorists responsible for these plots. The Russian
Federation’s sponsorship of these acts of terrorism — and its failure to halt or
investigate the financing that contributed to these attacks — violates its obligations
under the Terrorism Financing Convention.
12. Failure to co-operate with Ukraine. Ukraine has made repeated requests to
the Russian Federation, under the framework of the Terrorism Financing Convention,
to halt all forms of support for terrorism, including the supply of weapons,
money, and other materials across its border; to stop the fundraising efforts for
Russian-backed illegal armed groups routed through Russian banks; and to help
bring public and private individuals to justice for financing terrorism. The Russian
Federation’s failure to co-operate with Ukraine violates its obligations under
the Terrorism Financing Convention.
The CERD
13. The Russian Federation has employed a different set of tactics in Crimea,
but has shown the same consistent, fundamental contempt for the human rights of
the Ukrainian people. Russian troops consolidated their physical control over
Crimea in February and March of 2014. Under the pretext of a sham referendum
in March 2014, which the United Nations General Assembly determined has “no
validity” 4, the Russian Federation then purported to annex the territory and
installed Crimean authorities under Russian control. These Russian occupation
authorities have subjected the Ukrainian citizens under their control to a régime of
mass intimidation and human rights abuses. Particular targets of the Russian
authorities in occupied Crimea have been the non-Russian communities of the
Crimean peninsula, in particular the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities.
14. As collective punishment against these communities for their refusal to
accept the illegal occupation, the Russian Federation has mounted a broad-based
campaign of cultural erasure through discrimination. The Russian Federation’s
suppression of the Tatar community is epitomized by its decision to outlaw the
Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, the community’s central political and cultural
institution. The Russian authorities have also exiled, imprisoned, and otherwise
persecuted Tatar leaders; subjected ordinary Crimean Tatars to disappearances,
murder, searches, and intimidation; blocked cultural gatherings; and silenced independent
media voices. Similarly, ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea are targeted for mistreatment,
including attacks on their media institutions and dramatic decreases in
educational opportunities. The Russian goal is ethnic dominance achieved through
cultural erasure.
15. As the United Nations General Assembly has recently recognized and con-
4 United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262, UN doc. A/RES/68/262, “Territorial
Integrity of Ukraine” (27 March 2014).
16
demned, the Russian occupation régime is perpetrating “abuses, measures and
practices of discrimination” against the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities
5. The Russian Federation’s targeting of the Crimean Tatar community in
particular has opened old historic wounds, reminding the long-persecuted minority
of its brutal repression and exile under Joseph Stalin. This campaign of cultural
erasure through discrimination against non-Russian ethnic communities in Crimea
violates the Russian Federation’s obligations under the CERD to combat racial
discrimination.
* * *
16. The many innocent victims of the Russian Federation’s violations of international
law deserve accountability. Ukraine respectfully asks this Court to hold
the Russian Federation accountable for its unlawful actions under the Terrorism
Financing Convention and the CERD, and to redress the harm caused to Ukraine
and its people by Russia’s illegal violations of their rights.
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
17. The Court has jurisdiction over “all matters specially provided for . . . in
treaties and conventions in force” 6. This case concerns disputes relating to the
interpretation and application of two conventions: the Terrorism Financing Convention
and the CERD. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are parties to both
treaties, and have consented to the jurisdiction of the Court to resolve such
disputes. Neither Party maintains a reservation to either Convention’s compromissory
clause.
A. International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism
18. Article 24 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation
or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through
negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of them, be
submitted to arbitration. If, within six months from the date of the request for
arbitration, the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration,
any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court
of Justice, by application, in conformity with the Statute of the Court.”
19. A dispute has plainly arisen concerning the interpretation and application
5 United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/RES/71/205, “Situation
of Human Rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol”
(Ukraine) (19 December 2016).
6 Statute of the Court, Art. 36 (1).
18
of the Terrorism Financing Convention. For more than two years, Ukraine has
protested the Russian Federation’s multiple violations of the Convention. Ukraine
has made extensive efforts to negotiate a resolution to the dispute, including the
exchange of more than 40 diplomatic notes and participation in four rounds of
bilateral negotiation sessions. However, the Russian Federation largely failed to
respond to Ukraine’s correspondence, declined to engage on the substance of the
dispute, and consistently failed to negotiate in a constructive manner. Instead,
throughout this process, the Russian Federation has insisted that Ukraine’s
detailed claims did not raise issues under the Terrorism Financing Convention at
all. Yet at the same time as the Russian Federation was refusing to engage in a
meaningful discussion of its terrorism financing practices, those practices have
continued. It therefore became apparent that the dispute could not be settled
within a reasonable time, and that further negotiations would be futile. Consequently,
on 21 April 2016, Ukraine delivered to the Russian Federation a request
to submit the dispute to arbitration, pursuant to Article 24 (1) of the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
20. For more than two months the Russian Federation failed to acknowledge
Ukraine’s offer of arbitration. Eventually the Russian Federation agreed to discuss
the arbitration 7. However, the Russian Federation ignored repeated requests to
confirm that it would agree to actually participate in an arbitration — an important
commitment in light of the recent Russian practice of refusing to participate
in international arbitrations 8. Only in October 2016, nearly six months after
Ukraine had proposed arbitration, did the Russian Federation finally state clearly
its intent to participate in an arbitration if the Parties reached agreement on its
organization.
21. Even though the Russian Federation waited until October 2016 to express
its intent to participate in an arbitration, in August 2016 Ukraine informed the
Russian Federation of its views on how an arbitration should be organized. The
Russian Federation again delayed in responding, but eventually presented a partial
counter-proposal in October 2016. Notwithstanding that the Russian proposal
contained significant gaps and failed to address critical aspects of the arbitration’s
organization, Ukraine continued to meet with the Russian Federation and engaged
in diplomatic correspondence in an attempt to reach agreement on the organization
of the arbitration. However, no agreement could be reached. Because more
than six months have passed since Ukraine’s request for arbitration of April 2016,
without the Parties reaching agreement on the organization of the arbitration, the
Convention envisions that either Party may now refer the dispute to this Court.
7 At the Parties’ first meeting on the organization of the arbitration, the Russian Federation
requested to also discuss the substance of the dispute. Reiterating its view that further
substantive discussions were futile, Ukraine agreed to discuss any topic the Russian Federation
wished, without prejudice to Ukraine’s April 2016 request to submit the dispute to
arbitration.
8 For example, the Russian Federation refused to participate in an arbitration instituted
by the Netherlands under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and has
refused to participate in several arbitration proceedings initiated by Ukrainian investors
pursuant to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the Encouragement and Mutual Protection of Investments
dated 27 November 1998.
20
B. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination
22. Article 22 of the CERD provides:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to the interpretation
or application of this Convention, which is not settled by negotiation
or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention, shall, at
the request of any of the parties to the dispute, be referred to the International
Court of Justice for decision, unless the disputants agree to another mode of
settlement.”
23. A dispute has plainly arisen concerning the interpretation and application
of the CERD. For more than two years, Ukraine has protested the Russian Federation’s
multiple violations of the CERD. Ukraine has made extensive efforts to
negotiate a resolution to the dispute, including the exchange of more than 20 diplomatic
notes and participation in three rounds of bilateral negotiation sessions.
However, the Russian Federation largely failed to respond to Ukraine’s correspondence,
declined to engage on the substance of the dispute, and consistently
failed to negotiate in a constructive manner. It failed to engage in detailed discussions
of the claims presented by Ukraine, and avoided substantive discussions of
the relevant issues. Yet at the same time as it was refusing to engage in a meaningful
discussion of issues of discrimination in Crimea, the Russian Federation was
continuing and intensifying its pattern of cultural erasure through discrimination.
It therefore became apparent that further negotiations would be futile, and prejudicial
to the people living under a discriminatory occupation régime. Accordingly,
the Convention envisions that either party may now refer the dispute to this Court.
III. Facts
24. The Russian Federation’s refusal to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and independence
led to the Revolution of Dignity of the Ukrainian people. In response,
the Russian Federation has sought to assert dominance over Ukraine, including by
attacking the fundamental human rights of Ukraine’s people.
A. Ukraine’s Turn toward Europe, the Revolution of Dignity,
and the Russian Federation’s Unlawful Intervention
25. On 24 August 1991, as the Soviet Union was in the process of disintegrating,
Ukraine declared its independence. The Russian Federation, which also emerged
from the collapse of the Soviet Union, made solemn commitments to respect
Ukraine’s sovereign equality and territorial integrity. For example, in 1994, the
Russian Federation, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine all
signed the Budapest Memorandum 9. Ukraine agreed to disarm and transfer its
Soviet-era nuclear weapons to the Russian Federation, and the Russian Federation
promised to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, never to
threaten or use force against Ukraine, and never to coerce Ukraine with economic
pressure.
9 Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with Ukraine’s Accession to the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, UN doc. A/49/765 Annex I
(19 December 1994).
22
26. But the Russian Federation has since abandoned those commitments. In
August 1999, Vladimir Putin stood before the Russian Duma to be elevated to the
post of Prime Minister, and proclaimed that the Russian Federation “has always
had and still has legitimate zones of interest” 10. Since then, the Russian Federation
under the leadership of Prime Minister, and then President, Putin has sought to
reassert its dominance over the former Soviet republics. True Ukrainian independence
was not consistent with this worldview.
27. In 2004, the Russian Federation openly intervened in Ukraine’s presidential
election, backing then-Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. Yanukovych rigged
the election, and the people responded with two months of mass protests in the
winter of 2004-2005 demanding a free and fair election. This movement became
known as the Orange Revolution and culminated in the election of Viktor
Yuschenko as President, who campaigned on a platform advocating a modern
future for Ukraine oriented toward the European Union and the West.
28. After the Orange Revolution and in response to Ukraine’s pursuit of
improved relations with the European Union, the Russian Federation escalated its
attempts to reimpose Russian hegemony over Ukraine. In 2005, President Putin
famously described the break-up of the Soviet Union as the “greatest geopolitical
catastrophe of the twentieth century” 11. To counteract Ukraine’s pursuit of its
own interests in its domestic and foreign affairs, the Russian Federation implemented
a combination of harsh economic, political, and informational attacks on
Ukraine. For example, in the freezing winters of January 2006 and 2009, the Russian
Federation cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory. The
Russian Federation’s aggressive use of energy as a geopolitical weapon affected
not just Ukraine but a number of European countries depending on gas supplies
passing through Ukraine during harsh winters.
29. In the 2010 presidential election, the pro-Russian candidate Viktor Yanukovych
won. Ukraine nonetheless continued to pursue a closer relationship with the
European Union, and in 2012 the negotiators initialled the text of the Association
Agreement. On 25 February 2013, President Yanukovych reaffirmed Ukraine’s
commitment to concluding the agreement.
30. The Russian Federation responded by applying tremendous pressure on
Ukraine. The Russian Federation launched a trade war against Ukraine, briefly
implementing a de facto trade ban with the threat that it could be reimposed if
Ukraine went forward with its plans for European integration. The Russian Federation
further threatened to suspend gas supplies, another economic weapon it
had wielded against Ukraine with great effect in the past. Russian officials further
threatened consequences to Ukraine’s security, including its territorial integrity.
31. In November 2013, Ukraine and the European Union were close to signing
the historic Association Agreement, with plans to enact important electoral, judicial,
and constitutional reforms in Ukraine to precede signature of the Agreement
at a summit in Lithuania on 28-29 November 2013. But at the last moment, President
Yanukovych succumbed to the intense Russian pressure and abruptly
10 “Vladimir Putin, Address to the Russian Federation State Duma (16 August 1999),
excerpted from BBC News Magazine, “Vladimir Putin: The Rebuilding of ‘Soviet’ Russia”
(28 March 2014).
11 BBC News, “Putin Deplores Collapse of USSR” (25 April 2005).
24
reversed course, stating on 21 November that Ukraine would not sign the Association
Agreement. The European Union strongly condemned this Russian interference
with Ukraine’s relations with Europe.
32. This abrupt policy shift sparked massive street protests across Ukraine,
events that became known as the Revolution of Dignity. The people of Ukraine
rejected the Russian Federation’s interference and protested against the leaders
that had ignored the will of the people and bowed to Russian demands. Peaceful
protesters gathered on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti (“Independence Square”),
Kyiv’s central square, growing in number to the tens of thousands. On 30 November
2015, President Yanukovych called in the Berkut, a special police force, to
attack the protesters, severely injuring dozens.
33. Over the following months, the Maidan protests grew to hundreds of thousands
of Ukrainians. At the same time, the Yanukovych régime remained in close
contact with President Putin on the response to the crisis, and ultimately resorted
to lethal force. Between December 2013 and February 2014, security forces under
President Yanukovych’s direction and control murdered more than 100 unarmed
civilians. In the face of this violence, support for the Yanukovych régime collapsed,
both internationally and within Ukraine’s parliament 12.
34. On 21 February 2014, Viktor Yanukovych abandoned his office and fled
from Ukraine to the Russian Federation. As the country began to chart its new
path, the Ukrainian Parliament appointed a new Government and set early presidential
elections for 25 May 2014.
35. The Russian Federation recognized that Ukraine’s Revolution of Dignity
meant a loss of control over a country that it has long considered part of its “zones
of interest”, and acted to reassert Russian dominance over its sovereign neighbour.
To do so, the Russian Federation has been willing to flagrantly breach international
law by violating Ukrainian sovereignty and attacking the fundamental
human rights of Ukraine’s people. Thus, beginning on 20 February 2014, the Russian
Federation launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula — notwithstanding
the Russian Federation’s consistent prior recognition of Ukraine’s borders,
including Ukraine’s sovereignty over Crimea.
36. By 27 February 2014, armed groups of masked men donning unmarked
green military uniforms seized the buildings of the Crimean Parliament and Council
of Ministers, and surrounded, blockaded, or established control over other government
buildings, military bases, airports, and media outlets. Despite denials of
involvement at the time, Russian President Putin later admitted that the theft of
Crimea was planned in advance and carried out by the Russian Government, using
Russian soldiers 13. The Russian Federation formalized its illegal assertion of
authority over Crimea by orchestrating a purported referendum, which was
unconstitutional under Ukrainian law and has been condemned by the United
Nations 14. Despite continued widespread condemnation from the international
community, the Russian Federation continues to this day to illegally occupy and
12 See, e.g., United Nations: Ukraine, Statements by Foreign Missions and Representations:
21 November-31 December 2013.
13 See e.g., BBC News, “Putin Reveals Secrets of Russia’s Crimea Takeover Plot”
(9 March 2015).
14 United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262, UN doc. A/RES/68/262, “Territorial
Integrity of Ukraine” (27 March 2014).
26
administer Crimea. With effective control over Crimea established, the Russian
Federation has imposed a policy of Russian dominance, seeking to erase the distinct
cultural identities of the peninsula’s ethnic Ukrainian and Tatar communities
through a pattern of discriminatory acts.
37. In the spring of 2014, not long after the purported annexation of Crimea
and in the months leading up to Ukraine’s early democratic elections for its new
president, the Russian Federation instigated conflict in eastern Ukraine. Whereas
in Crimea the Russian Federation asserted control directly, in eastern Ukraine it
chose to intervene through proxies, deliberately fomenting instability and implementing
the Putinist vision that part of Ukraine should be treated as “Novorossiya”
(“New Russia”). The Russian Government began directly and indirectly
arming, training, providing money, and otherwise supporting its proxies whose
aim was to undermine the constitutional order and divide Ukraine. These Russian
proxies loosely organized themselves into various entities, including the so-called
Donetsk People’s Republic (“DPR”), Luhansk People’s Republic (“LPR”), and
Partisans of the Kharkiv People’s Republic (“Kharkiv Partisans”). Individuals
affiliated with these groups seized government buildings in the Donetsk and
Luhansk regions of eastern Ukraine, laying the groundwork for an illegitimate
military campaign against the Ukrainian Government — as well as a campaign of
terrorist violence against the innocent civilian population of Ukraine.
B. The Russian Federation’s Sponsorship of Terrorism in Ukraine
1. The Russian Federation’s supply of arms, financing, and training with knowledge
that its proxies would attack civilians
38. The Russian Federation, acting through its organs, agents, persons, and
entities, has pursued a campaign to finance terrorist violence in Ukraine through
the provision of weapons, funds, and training to illegal armed groups. Beginning
in March 2014, these armed groups, with support from the Russian Federation,
seized control over the eastern border between Ukraine and Russia. With Ukraine
denied the ability to control its border, the Russian Federation has been able to
illegally smuggle weapons, funds, and fighters trained in Russia to armed groups in
Ukraine. That assistance is used, in part, to carry out terrorist acts intended to
cause death or serious bodily injury to civilians, for the purpose of intimidating the
Ukrainian population and compelling action by the Ukrainian Government.
Despite mounting evidence that terrorism was an integral component of the strategy
and tactics of these illegal armed groups, the Russian Federation escalated the
scope of its support.
39. The DPR and the LPR emerged as two of the primary illegal armed groups
operating in Ukraine. These organizations and other groups and individuals associated
with them are proxies of the Russian Federation: they operate with critical
Russian support and assistance, defying Ukrainian and international law, committing
acts of terrorism, and inflicting violence and human rights abuses on the people
of Ukraine.
40. From their inception, the illegal armed groups associated with the DPR and
the LPR exhibited a pattern and practice of attacking and intimidating civilians.
As United Nations monitors reported, in the spring of 2014 these groups commit28
ted “an increasing number of acts of intimidation and violence . . . targeting ‘ordinary’
people who support Ukrainian unity or who openly oppose” the so-called
“people’s republics” 15. Human rights monitors reported numerous incidents of
abduction, hostage-taking, and torture of civilians. For example, when the DPR
seized the Regional State Administration building in Donetsk on 4 May 2014, they
severely beat and tortured the town councillors, trade union members, and others
found inside. Terrorists shot an Orthodox priest in his vehicle in Donetsk, and a
couple and their daughter in Luhansk. On 8 May, the burned body of Valeriy Salo,
a farmer and head of a local pro-Ukraine cultural organization, was found a day
after he was abducted. On 18 May, a group associated with the DPR executed an
elderly farmer in a village near Slovyansk. During the same period, United Nations
human rights monitors documented a “worrisome trend” of armed groups taking
local activists hostage for ransom or political concessions. Further examples
abound of the terrorist violence perpetrated by the DPR, the LPR, and associated
groups against innocent civilians in eastern Ukraine 16.
41. On one of the most notorious terrorist acts of this period, the abduction,
torture, and murder of Horlivka town councillor Volodymyr Rybak, has been
linked to DPR leaders with close connections to the Russian Government.
Mr. Rybak, well known for his support of Ukrainian unity, was abducted on
17 April 2014 after attempting to raise the Ukrainian flag outside the Horlivka
town hall. Intercepted audio shows that Igor Bezler, a high-ranking DPR commander
with close ties to Russian intelligence, ordered the abduction of Mr. Rybak.
Igor Girkin (a.k.a. “Strelkov”), the self-proclaimed “commander-in-chief” of the
DPR, ordered the disposal of his body. Mr. Rybak’s body was found by a river,
alongside the body of Yuriy Propavko, a 19-year-old student and activist from
Kyiv 17.
42. The demonstrated readiness of Russian-backed armed groups to engage in
horrific, violent acts of intimidation against the civilian population did not cause
the Russian Federation to withdraw its support. Instead, those violent acts only
spurred further Russian assistance. The Russian Federation mobilized to assist its
proxies in eastern Ukraine, including in their acts of terrorism. Satellite images
reveal that, as early as March 2014, the Russian Federation began massing military
equipment and personnel on the border with Ukraine — aircrafts, helicopters,
tanks, artillery, infantry fighting vehicles, and special forces.
15 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 June 2014), para. 207.
16 See, e.g., Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ibid.
(15 May 2014), para. 102; ibid. (15 June 2014), paras. 199, 205, 207, 209, 210, 214.
17 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Accountability
for Killing in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016”, p. 33 (2016).
30
Figure A
Empty site near Novocherkassk, Russian Federation
before military build-up — 13 May 2013 18
Figure B
Mechanized Infantry Brigade/Motorized Rifle Regiment after military
build-up near Novocherkassk, Russian Federation — 27 March 2014 19
18 NATO, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, NATO Defends Accuracy of
Satellite Images with Additional Proof (11 April 2014).
19 Ibid.
32
43. Dutch intelligence likewise discovered documentary evidence “that material
was being assembled at collection sites in the west of the Russian Federation to
subsequently be supplied to the Separatists” 20.
44. In May and June 2014, Russian-backed illegal armed groups, together with
Russian troops, seized control over part of the Ukraine-Russia border. With
Ukraine’s ability to control its border defeated, the Russian Federation began
openly sending weapons and personnel to its proxies, including the DPR and the
LPR. On 17 May 2014, for example, six heavy-duty “KamAZ” trucks loaded with
firearms crossed the border from the Russian Federation toward Kulnikovo.
On 29 May 2014, the Russian Federation sent the Chechen “Vostok” (East) Battalion
to support DPR operations. On 30 May 2014, the Diakove border guard
division in Luhansk stopped a group of people, including Russian and Ukrainian
nationals, unloading 43 pieces of firearms, 74 ammunition boxes, and grenades
with the purpose of transferring them to illegal armed groups associated with the
LPR.
45. In June and July 2014, as Ukraine mounted anti-terrorist operations to
regain territory seized by illegal armed groups, the Russian Federation responded
by escalating its supply of heavy weapons to the DPR and the LPR. In June, for
example, OSCE monitors reported a military convoy including tanks and armoured
personnel carriers traveling from Russia to Luhansk and then Donetsk 21. Over the
next month, the OSCE reported “movement of a significant amount of military
hardware across the Russian-Ukrainian border”, including a column of tanks and
artillery pieces 22. On 12-13 July, the Russian Federation sent a convoy of 150 vehicles
to its proxies, including tanks, artillery, and multiple rocket launchers 23.
46. Since then, Russian supplies that fuel terrorist violence in eastern Ukraine
have continued to flow persistently into the country. Between December 2014 and
February 2015, the Russian Federation supplied at least 500 units of military hardware
to the DPR, including 80 tanks, 40 infantry fighting vehicles, 45 armoured
personnel carriers, and 37 multiple-launch rocket systems. During the same period
of time, the Russian Federation supplied around 200 units of military hardware to
the LPR, including 55 tanks, 30 infantry fighting vehicles, and 30 armoured personnel
carriers. More recently, in August 2016, the Russian Federation supplied its
proxies, including the DPR and the LPR, with 59 tanks, 24 infantry fighting vehicles,
four multiple-launch rocket systems, 104 military vehicles, and 94 railway
tank-cars of gasoline. All told, the tank fleet and artillery power of the illegal
armed groups associated with the DPR and the LPR rivals that of the combined
armies of several European countries.
20 See Dutch Safety Board, “Crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17: Hrabove,
Ukraine”, 17 July 2014 (hereinafter “DSB Report”), App. T, p. 138.
21 Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission in Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time)”,
20 June 2014.
22 Ibid., 13 July 2014.
23 United States Embassy in Ukraine, “Statement concerning the United States Assessment
of the Downing of Flight MH17 and Its Aftermath”, 19 July 2014.
34
47. The Russian Federation also supplied its proxies in eastern Ukraine with
critical in-kind support for attacks on Ukrainian territory, including training in the
Russian Federation. In Belgorod Oblast and Tambov Oblast of the Russian Federation,
and in occupied Crimea, the Russian Federation created training camps
for its proxies. Indeed, Aleksandr Zakharchenko, a self-proclaimed leader of the
DPR, publicly admitted in August 2014 that “[t]here are 1,200 individuals who
have gone through training over a four-month period on the territory of the Russian
Federation and who have been introduced here at the most decisive moment” 24.
48. These illegal armed groups used this Russian assistance in part to engage in
traditional combat activities against Ukrainian forces seeking to regain government
control over Ukrainian territory. But they also have gone far beyond fighting
Ukrainian troops, repeatedly inflicting violence on civilian populations in an
attempt to intimidate them and to dissuade the Ukrainian Government from
attempting to reassert its authority in eastern Ukraine. As their firepower grew, the
Russian-backed groups transitioned from small-scale violence against individual
civilians to large-scale attacks targeting civilians or indiscriminately firing on civilian
areas. These acts of terrorism were sponsored by the Russian Federation, and
the Russian Federation further failed to halt or investigate the financing that contributed
to these attacks.
2. The attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
49. By the early summer of 2014, the Russian Federation was well aware that its
proxies operating on Ukrainian territory were engaged in a pattern and practice of
terrorizing civilians. Yet rather than intervening to abate those actions, the Russian
Federation’s response was to substantially increase these groups’ firepower by
supplying them with powerful weapons. An early result of this decision was the
attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17.
50. In July 2014, as part of this escalation of arms supplies and other support,
the Russian Federation delivered a Buk surface-to-air missile system to DPRassociated
forces. Those illegal armed groups used the Buk system to commit a
devastating surface-to-air attack, destroying a civilian airliner transiting
Ukrainia airspace and murdering the 298 individuals on board. The shootdown
of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was immediately condemned by the international
community, and the Security Council demanded accountability 25.
24 Shaun Walker, “Ukraine Rebel Leader Says He Has 1,200 Fighters ‘Trained in Russia’
under His Command”, The Guardian (16 August 2014).
25 United Nations Security Council resolution 2166, UN doc. S/RES/2166 (21 July 2014).
36
Figures C and D
Wreckage of Flight MH17 26 and body bags containing
remains of the victims 27
51. Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was a Boeing 777-200 in transit from
Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur on 17 July 2014. The civilian airliner was following
its standard flight plan, cruising at 33,000 feet, an altitude reserved for civilian air
traffic in a corridor frequently used for such traffic. The Dutch Safety Board, after
an extensive investigation, determined that at 16:20:03 local time (15:20:03 CET),
while transiting Ukrainian airspace in the eastern part of the country, Flight MH17
was destroyed by a 9M38 series missile launched by a Buk system 28. The Dutch
Safety Board found that the Buk missile was launched from an area in the vicinity
of Snizhne, Ukraine 29. A joint investigation team comprised of Australian, Belgian,
Malaysian, Dutch, and Ukrainian officials reached the same conclusion and
identified the missile, the type of Buk system used, and the exact location of the
launch site 30. The DPR and its affiliates, buttressed by Russian support, had complete
control over the launch area at the time of the attack.
52. Investigators considered an array of alternative explanations for the destruction
of Flight MH17 — human error, technical malfunction, sabotage from within
the aircraft, an attack by an alternative weapons system or from a different location.
All of these possibilities were ruled out 31. The evidence points in one direction
only: the attack on Flight MH17 was carried out by elements of the DPR, who
fired at an aircraft exhibiting ordinary civilian characteristics.
26 Deutsche Welle News, “MH17 Photographer Recalls Grim Crash Day” (16 July 2015).
27 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Scenes of Tragedy at the MH17 Crash Site”
(16 July 2015).
28 DSB Report, p. 136. This investigation into the crash of Flight MH17 was conducted
by the Dutch Safety Board in accordance with the international regulations that apply to
independent accident investigation, laid down in Annex 13 to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation. See also Joint Investigation Team, Presentation Preliminary Results
Criminal Investigation MH17 (hereinafter “JIT Presentation”), Openbaar Ministerie [Public
Prosecution Service] (28 September 2016). The Joint Investigation Team comprises law
enforcement officials of the grieving nations most affected by the shoot-down of MH17.
29 DSB Report, p. 144.
30 JIT Presentation.
31 DSB Report, pp. 116-31; JIT Presentation.
38
53. These perpetrators committed this terrorist attack with the direct support of
the Russian Government. The DPR specifically requested such a Buk system from
its Russian sponsors 32. During the night of 16-17 July 2014, Russian agents clandestinely
transported the Buk system and its crew from the territory of the Russian
Federation into Ukraine in Luhansk oblast, approximately 117 kilometres
from the Millerovo military airbase in the Russian Federation. Russian operatives
ultimately delivered the system to DPR-associated personnel in DPR-controlled
territory near Snizhne. Eyewitnesses saw and photographed the weapon several
times on its journey from the Russian Federation to Snizhne, where it was used to
destroy Flight MH17 33.
Figure E
Image from a video in the possession of the Joint Investigation Team,
showing Buk missile near Donetsk in transit to launch site 34
54. After the attack, the DPR returned the Buk system to the Russian Federation.
When the Buk system was seen returning to the Russian border, having performed
its function, it was missing at least one missile 35. There is no evidence that
Russian authorities investigated, arrested, or punished those who supported this
act of terrorism.
32 JIT Presentation.
33 Ibid.
34 Lizzie Dearden, “MH17: How Investigators Were Able to Prove Rebels Shot Down
Plane with Missile from Russia”, The Independent (28 September 2016).
35 JIT Presentation.
40
Figure F
Route of the Buk system used in the attack on Flight MH17 36
55. DPR leaders initially claimed responsibility for the attack. For example, top
DPR leader Igor Girkin posted a statement and video footage claiming credit for
the DPR 37. Only after the full scope of international condemnation became clear
did the DPR seek to cover up its role in committing this Russian-sponsored attack.
56. When the Russian Federation delivered this deadly surface-to-air missile
system to the DPR, it knew precisely the type of organization it was aiding.
Self-proclaimed DPR leaders such as Girkin and Bezler were already presiding
over a reign of terror in eastern Ukraine, including the murder of civilians who
supported Ukrainian unity. The Russian Government knew or should have known
that their proxies would use these powerful anti-aircraft weapons in a manner consistent
with their previous pattern of disregard for civilian life.
57. Indeed, on 21 July 2014, days after the attack, Russian President Vladimir
Putin declared: “All those who are responsible for the situation in the region must
take greater responsibility before their own peoples and before the peoples of the
countries whose citizens were killed in this disaster.” 38 But there is no evidence that
36 BBC News, “MH17 Missile ‘Came From Russia’, Dutch-Led Investigators Say”
(28 September 2016).
37 Сводки от Стрелкова Игоря Ивановича [Reports from Igor Ivanoich Strelkov],
ВКонтакте [VKontakte] (17 July 2014), archived at https://web.archive.org/
web/20140717155720/ https://vk.com/wall-57424472_7256; see also The New Zealand
Herald, “MH17: Pro-Russian Separatist Boasts Online about Shooting Down Plane”
(18 July 2014).
38 President of Russia Official Website, Statement by President of Russia Vladimir Putin
(21 July 2014), http://en.special.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/46262.
42
the Russian Federation has taken any responsibility before the peoples of the
world for supporting this horrific terrorist act.
3. The shelling of Ukrainian civilian populations
58. The MH17 tragedy underscored that the DPR and associated groups would
use Russian-supplied weapons for attacks on civilians. Yet despite the deadly consequences
of this support, the Russian Federation not only failed to investigate or
punish the financing of terrorism in Ukraine, but continued to deliver heavy weaponry
to its proxies, including the DPR, surely aware that more civilians would die
in terrorist attacks as a result.
59. On 13 January 2015, illegal armed groups associated with the DPR launched
an artillery bombardment against the Ukrainian civilian population, using
weapons and training provided by the Russian Federation. The DPR targeted
a civilian-vehicle checkpoint (the “Buhas checkpoint”) located approximately
two kilometres north of the Ukrainian town of Volnovakha. The Buhas
checkpoint regulated civilian traffic between Government- and DPR-controlled
territory. At any given time, it was common for hundreds of civilian vehicles to be
present in the area 39.
60. When the DPR launched its attack on Volnovakha, more than 50 separate
explosions detonated within seconds of each other, spanning hundreds of metres.
One explosion ejected rocket shrapnel into a civilian passenger bus following its
ordinary route 40. The ordnance pierced the broad side of the bus and killed ten passengers
instantly. Two more passed away at the hospital from injuries sustained
during the attack, and 17 were injured.
Figure G
Civilian bus hit in Volnovakha attack 41
39 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 28 August
2015” (28 August 2015).
40 Ibid. (17 January 2015).
41 Ukraine Today, “12 Bus Passengers Killed by Insurgent Artillery Strike in Donetsk
Region” (14 January 2014).
44
61. The OSCE determined that the explosions were caused by rockets fired from
a Russian-made, truck-mounted, 122 mm BM-21 “Grad” Multiple Launch Rocket
System (“MLRS”). Through a crater analysis, the OSCE concluded that the rockets
had been fired from a north-north-easterly direction 42. That area was controlled
by the DPR, and members of the DPR and illegal armed groups associated
with it initially claimed credit for the attack on social media 43.
62. The DPR carried out this attack on a civilian bus in Volnovakha using
heavy weaponry supplied by the Russian Federation. In the months preceding the
attack, the Russian Federation provided the DPR and other Russian-backed illegal
armed groups with the precise type of weapon system — the BM-21 Grad
MLRS — used in the Volnovakha attack. A Russian service member of the
Ninth Independent Motor Rifle Brigade confirmed on video that his unit was
instructed to smuggle heavy weaponry, including the BM-21 Grad MLRS, disguising
factory symbols and other marks that would indicate their true Russian origin
44. Russian military units then transferred the “sanitized” weapons to Chechens
for further delivery to Russian-backed groups in eastern Ukraine 45. One version of
the BM-21 system, the KamAZ 5350 Grad-K, is used only by the Russian (and not
Ukrainian) military, and yet has been found in the possession of individuals associated
with the DPR 46.
63. On 24 January 2015, less than two weeks after the Volnovakha bus attack,
illegal armed groups associated with the DPR used similar Russian-supplied weapons
to attack a residential area in the Ukrainian coastal city of Mariupol. Mariupol
is a strategic port city lying on the north coast of the Sea of Azov, and an
obstacle to the Russian proxies’ objective of linking the territory under their control
to Russian-occupied Crimea. In January 2015, the DPR launched a massive
bombardment of the city.
64. At least 19 individual rocket volleys detonated across a 1.6-by-1.1 kilometre
area of Mariupol — a neighbourhood containing an open market, civilian buildings,
retail shops, private homes, and a school 47. The terrorist attack killed 30
civilians and wounded 120 others, among them women, children, and the elderly.
The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs determined that
42 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 16 January 2015” (17 January 2015).
43 See, e.g., Aric Toler, Unpicking the Donetsk People’s Republic’s Tangled Volnovakha
Bus Massacre Narrative, Bellingcat (18 January 2015).
44 ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО- АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ЦЕНТР [The Ukraine Information and
Analysis Centre], Російський військовослужбовець Петро Хохлов: ЗС РФ ввозить важке
озброєння в Україну [Russian soldier Petr Khokhlov, Armed Forces Importing Heavy
Weapons in Ukraine], YouTube (published 28 August 2014), https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=vwllmlGuMz0&feature=youtu.be.
45 Ibid.
46 See Atlantic Council, “Hiding in Plain Sight: Putin’s War in Ukraine” and “Boris
Nemtsov’s Putin. War.” (2015), p. 21 and note 91.
47 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Spot Report by the OSCE
SMM to Ukraine, 24 January 2015: Shelling Incident on Olimpiiska Street in Mariupol”
(24 January 2015).
46
the perpetrators “knowingly targeted a civilian population”, and Secretary-
General Ban Ki-moon condemned the atrocity as “indiscriminate” 48.
Figures H, I and J
Civilians observing the death and destruction caused
by the shelling of a residential area of Mariupol 49
65. The same day as the attack, Aleksandr Zakharchenko, the self-styled
“Prime Minister” of the DPR, claimed credit for an “offensive” on Mariupol 50. A
subsequent OSCE investigation confirmed that the attacks originated from
DPR-controlled territory 51. The investigation further established that the attack
used the same Grad rockets fired at Volnovakha, as well as the more advanced
BM-27 Uragan MLRS, a system capable of launching 16 rockets simultaneously 52.
Ukrainian authorities had previously observed and confiscated units of the BM-21
Grad MLRS and the BM-27 Uragan system that were smuggled across the border
from the Russian Federation.
48 Spokesman for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Statement
Attributable to the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Ukraine
(24 January 2015); United Nations Security Council Official Record, 7368th meeting., p. 2,
UN doc. S/PV.7368 (26 January 2015) (statement of Jeffrey Feltman, United Nations
Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs).
49 Christopher Miller, “Rockets Rain on Eastern Ukrainian Port City, Killing at
Least 30”, Mashable (24 January 2015); Oliver Carroll, “Ukraine Crisis: Rocket Attack in
Mariupol Kills and Injures Dozens”, The Independent (24 January 2015).
50 Alessandra Prentice and Pavel Polityuk, Pro-Russian Rebels Attack Key Port; Ukraine
Says at Least 30 Dead, Reuters (24 January 2015).
51 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Spot Report by the OSCE
SMM to Ukraine, 24 January 2015: Shelling Incident on Olimpiiska Street in Mariupol”
(24 January 2015).
52 Ibid.
48
66. Notwithstanding the international condemnation of the Mariupol attack,
the DPR and associated illegal armed groups continued their Russian-fuelled campaign
of terror. On 10 February 2015, these groups launched an aerial rocket
attack against another group of civilians in the town of Kramatorsk. The DPR
bombarded a densely-populated area, including beauty salons, retail banks, and
cafes. The attack killed seven civilians and seriously injured 26 more — including
five children 53. The OSCE Chief Monitor in Ukraine determined that the shelling
of this civilian area was “indiscriminate” 54.
Figures K and L
Civilians observing the death and destruction caused
by the shelling of a residential area of Kramatorsk 55
67. The OSCE investigation determined that the multiple rocket attacks on
Kramatorsk originated from a south-south-easterly direction, an area that was
under DPR control 56. The OSCE further determined that the attack was likely
perpetrated using a BM-30 Smerch MLRS system 57. Video shows a column of
Smerch systems in the area of DPR-controlled Makiivka, near the likely launch
site. As the independent Armament Research Services (a technical weapons consultancy
on which the International Committee of the Red Cross relies) indicated,
the DPR and its associates could only have received this system from the Russian
military 58.
53 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 10 February 2015” (11 February 2015).
54 Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe, “Statement by OSCE Chief
Monitor in Ukraine on Situation in Kramatorsk” (10 February 2015).
55 Sam Matthew, “Killed without Warning and Left Abandoned in the Snow: Chilling
Picture of Woman’s Body after Rocket Attack Kills Six Civilians in Ukraine ahead of Peace
Talks”, Daily Mail (11 February 2015).
56 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 10 February 2015” (11 February 2015).
57 Ibid.
58 See Armament Research Services, “Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms and
Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine” (Research Report No. 3) (2014), p. 73.
50
68. The tragic terrorist attacks on civilians in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and
Kramatorsk by Russian-backed armed groups were far from isolated or disconnected
incidents. For example, DPR-associated groups also shelled civilian areas
in the town of Debaltseve — including targeted assaults on convoys of civilians
seeking to evacuate to safety 59. The Russian Federation, through its financing of
illegal armed groups like the DPR and the LPR, is responsible for sponsoring this
campaign of terrorist attacks.
4. The bombing of civilians in Ukrainian cities
69. Russian-funded terrorists have also struck at peaceful Ukrainian cities, far
from the fighting in eastern Ukraine. Between July 2014 and April 2015, Ukraine’s
second-largest city, Kharkiv, was struck by a series of bomb attacks instigated by
the Russian Federation and executed with Russian assistance. Kharkiv lies about
40 kilometres from the Russian border, and approximately 145 kilometres away
from the Donetsk and Luhansk regions where combat operations were occurring.
The United Nations has reported more than 45 explosions in Kharkiv 60. The perpetrator
of at least some of these attacks, including the deadliest, was a terror
organization called the Kharkiv Partisans, a group with close ties to both the Russian
Federation and the DPR. The city of Odessa on the coast of the Black Sea has
also experienced a wave of bombings.
70. On 9 November 2014, members of the Kharkiv Partisans planted an explosive
device at the Stena Rock Club, a nightclub in the city centre. The club was
popular with local volunteers and activists who supported national unity. Late in
the evening, the bomb detonated and injured 13 civilians, leaving two in serious
condition 61. The members of the Kharkiv Partisans who carried out the attack
were trained to do so in the Russian Federation. When the perpetrators were
arrested, Ukrainian law enforcement authorities discovered Russian-made landmines
in their possession.
71. A further bombing campaign followed, including an explosion on a freight
car and at an electrical substation 62. On 9 February 2015, a bomb was detonated
at a notary’s office.
72. The deadliest terrorist bombing occurred on 22 February 2015 at a peaceful
march. Following a rally to mark the one-year anniversary of Ukraine’s Revolution
of Dignity and the deaths of protesters who had been murdered in the Maidan
demonstrations, 500 people carried the Ukrainian flag to Liberty Square. Kharkiv
Partisans operatives detonated a bomb containing TNT and shrapnel, concealed
59 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (1 December 2014-15 February 2015), para. 29;
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring
Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time),
6 February 2015”.
60 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2015), para. 24.
61 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine, Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 13 November 2014” (14 November 2014); ibid. (11 November 2014).
62 Ibid. (24 November 2014); ibid. (21 November 2014).
52
in a plastic bag, at the front of the march. Three people, including a 15-year-old
boy and a police officer, were killed, and 15 were wounded 63.
Figure M
Investigation of unity march bombing in Kharkiv 64
73. This terrorist attack was supported by the Russian Federation. The perpetrators
were trained in sabotage by Russian officials at a military base in Belgorod,
just across the border from Kharkiv. An agent of the Russian security services
planted a Russian-made MON-100 anti-personnel mine at a “dead drop” location
in Kharkiv, which the Kharkiv Partisans collected and used in their attack.
5. The Russian Federation’s refusal to co-operate in preventing and investigating
the financing of terrorism
74. The Russian Federation has not just ignored its commitment to prevent and
investigate the financing of terrorism; it has turned that commitment on its head,
embracing a State policy to directly finance repeated acts of terrorism in Ukraine.
63 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2015), para. 24; Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission
(SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 23 February
2015” (24 February 2015); Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Spot
Report by Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, 22 February 2015: Explosion in Kharkiv
at March Commemorating February 2014 Pro-Maidan Events” (22 February 2015).
64 Andrew E. Kramer, “New Violence Belies Talk of Peace in Ukraine”, New York Times
(22 February 2015).
54
The Russian Federation has also failed to co-operate with Ukraine to prevent such
financing by public officials and private citizens of the Russian Federation, and to
investigate any violations of the Convention being committed on its own territory.
Despite repeated requests for assistance and co-operation by Ukraine within the
framework of the Terrorism Financing Convention, the Russian Federation has
refused to honour its commitments to combat the financing of terrorism.
75. In October 2014, Ukraine sought the co-operation of the Russian Federation
in its investigation of four officials suspected of financing terrorism:
Sergei Kuzhegetovich Shoigu, Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation;
Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky, Vice-Chairman of the State Duma; Sergei
Mikhailovich Mironov, member of the State Duma; and Gennadiy Andreyevich
Zyuganov, member of the State Duma. The Russian Federation failed to promptly
respond to these requests, and eventually replied only in cursory fashion, issuing
an unexplained denial of the allegations. However, Mr. Zhirinovsky has admitted
to supplying military equipment to illegal armed groups associated with the LPR 65,
and Mr. Mironov has been publicly thanked by the self-proclaimed leader of the
LPR for his support 66. Moreover, in light of the significant evidence of the Russian
military’s role in transferring weapons to terrorists in Ukraine for use in attacks
such as the shoot-down of Flight MH17, there is ample basis to investigate the
Defence Minister. Quite simply, the Russian Federation failed to investigate or
co-operate with these requests in good faith.
76. The Russian Federation’s refusal to co-operate as required under the Terrorism
Financing Convention has been widespread. In addition to requesting
assistance concerning these high-ranking officials implicated in the financing of
terrorism, Ukraine has specifically identified a large number of military personnel
and other Russian officials who are complicit. Consistent with its pattern of
non-co-operation, the Russian Federation has refused to provide assistance, without
any indication that it has conducted an independent investigation.
77. Ukraine has also requested assistance relating to numerous Russian nationals
suspected of smuggling weapons and ammunition into Ukraine for use in terrorism.
For example, Ukraine requested assistance relating to the prosecution of
Ms O. Kulygina and Mr. N. Kozitsyn, Russian citizens who had illegally smuggled
weapons to groups engaged in terrorism in Ukraine. The Russian Federation
refused to co-operate, citing only perfunctory and baseless objections to the adequacy
of Ukraine’s requests. Similarly, more than a dozen legal assistance requests
have been pending with Russian authorities for more than a year, without any
action or response at all. The Russian Federation is simply ignoring its obligation
65 See, e.g., 161.ru, Подарок Жириновского ополченцам [“Zhirinovsky’s Gift to the
Militias”], YouTube (published 6 May 2014), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Yx3h9
dZhEU; Либерально- демократическая партия России [The Liberal Democratic Party of
Russia], ЛДПР отправляет в дар патриотам Луганска автомобиль « ТИГР » и
лекарства [“Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Sends a ‘Tiger’ Vehicle and Medicine as
Gifts to the Patriots in Luhansk”] (6 May 2014), http://ldpr.ru/events/videos/liberal_democratic_
party_sends_gifts_patriots_lugansk_car_tiger_and_drugs/.
66 See, e.g., Официальный сайт Политической партии СПРАВЕДЛИВАЯ РОССИЯ
[Official website of the political party A JUST RUSSIA], Сергей Миронов получил
благодарственное письмо от главы ЛНР Валерия Болотова [“Sergei Mironov Received
a Thank You Letter from the Head of the LPR Valery Bolotov”] (11 July 2014), http://www.
spravedlivo.ru/5_61825.html.
56
to co-operate in good faith in the prevention and prosecution of the financing of
terrorism.
78. The Russian Federation has also ignored numerous requests to halt a massive
fundraising operation, conducted in its territory, in support of terrorism in
Ukraine. Several groups are raising funds for armed groups that commit terrorism,
using State-owned Russian banks, including Sberbank, the largest in the country
67. Russian regulators are well-equipped to block terror-related fundraising; in
2015, the head of the Federal Service for Financing Monitoring reported that the
agency had frozen 3,500 bank accounts suspected of terrorist connections in other
countries. Ukraine has urged the Russian Federation to take similar action to
block the financing of terrorism in Ukraine, making specific requests concerning
several financial institutions, including Sberbank, Yandex, WebMoney, Kolibri,
Zolota Korona, Bank Kredyt Dnipro, and Terra Bank. Not only has the Russian
Federation taken no action, it has not even responded to Ukraine’s requests
for assistance under the Terrorism Financing Convention.
79. Ukraine has also identified specific individuals present on the territory of
the Russian Federation responsible for raising funds for terrorists in Ukraine. For
example, Ukraine requested assistance with respect to Olexandr Zhukovskyi, providing
identifying information and a link to a social media page containing photographic
evidence of his efforts in support of DPR-associated illegal armed groups.
The Russian Federation took no action on this request for nearly a year, during
which time Mr. Zhukovskyi posted photographs showing himself at a meeting
where he raised 120,000 roubles for the DPR. The Russian Federation not only
failed to provide any assistance, but remarkably also denied that there was any
information showing that anyone by Mr. Zhukovskyi’s name even existed on Russian
territory.
80. The Russian Federation’s wilful refusal to co- operate in good faith is
emblematic of its overall strategy: to denounce terrorism and deny involvement in
Ukraine, while at the same time directly and indirectly financing terrorism in
Ukraine as a barely-disguised State policy. Even while its treaty obligations mandate
co-operation in the prevention of terrorist financing, the Russian Federation
has done the opposite, sponsoring terrorism itself, rejecting co-operation, and
countenancing terrorist financing activities on its territory.
C. The Russian Federation’s Campaign of Cultural Erasure
through Discrimination in Crimea
81. While supporting terrorism in eastern Ukraine, the Russian Federation and
its agents, including the de facto authorities of Crimea, have simultaneously conducted
a campaign of discrimination against the non-Russian ethnic communities
of the Crimean peninsula. In occupying and purporting to annex Crimea, Russian
authorities determined that the peninsula’s non-Russian communities should be
67 Jo Beckler and Steven Lee Myers, “Russian Groups Crowdfund the War in Ukraine”,
New York Times (11 June 2015).
58
considered enemies of the Russian régime. The Russian Federation has meted out
collective punishment aimed at suppressing and erasing the cultural heritage of
these communities, and imposing a régime of ethnic Russian dominance.
82. The Crimean peninsula has historically had a diverse, multi-ethnic population,
including large communities of ethnic Russians, ethnic Ukrainians, and
Crimean Tatars. In the last census taken before the purported annexation, out of a
population of approximately 2.3 million people, 58 per cent were ethnic Russians,
24 per cent were ethnic Ukrainians, and 12 per cent were Crimean Tatars 68.
83. Ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea associate strongly with the Ukrainian State
and culture, identifying with Ukraine’s struggle for independence. They preserve
and promote awareness of Ukrainian culture, history, literature, music, and language
on the Crimean peninsula, where the ethnic Russian community outnumbers
the ethnic Ukrainian community.
84. The Crimean Tatars are a Turkic people with a long history on the Crimean
peninsula since the days of the Golden Horde in the thirteenth century. Before 1783
they controlled their own state, the Crimean Khanate, but that state was conquered
and annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, which began forcing many
Tatars out of the territory. In 1944, this cultural trauma was repeated and extended,
as Joseph Stalin invoked false claims of collaboration with the Nazis as a
justification to ethnically cleanse the peninsula of the Tatar community. That
mass deportation of the Crimean Tatars (the “Sürgün”) remains a potent and
traumatic cultural memory.
85. In 1989, after nearly half a century in exile, the Soviet Union permitted the
Tatars to return to their homeland. Mustafa Dzhemilev, a famous human rights
activist and Soviet dissident who had been deported from Crimea in 1944, led the
community in its return. The Crimean Tatar community subsequently witnessed a
cultural rebirth in an autonomous Crimea under Ukrainian sovereignty. Central
to the community’s revival was the establishment of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar
People, a representative and executive body dedicated to “eliminat[ing] the consequences
of the genocide, committed by the Soviet state against Crimean Tatars”,
and implementing the community’s “right to free national self-determination in its
national territory” 69. Mr. Dzhemilev led the Mejlis from 1991 until 2013, when he
was replaced by Refat Chubarov.
1. The illegal referendum amidst a climate of discrimination
86. As a critical initial step in implementing its policy of establishing Russian
dominance on the Crimean peninsula, the Russian Federation engineered a “referendum”
to create a façade of legality for its subsequent annexation of Crimea. This
so-called referendum was, as the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission concluded,
inconsistent with the constitutions of both Ukraine and the Autonomous
68 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, About Number and Composition Population of
Autonomous Republic of Crimea by Data, All- Ukrainian Population Census, http://2001.
ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea.
69 Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, General Information about Mejlis, http://qtmm.
org/en/general- information-about-mejlis.
60
Republic of Crimea, as well as general constitutional principles 70. The referendum
was also invalid under international law, as the United Nations General Assembly
has recognized 71.
87. These fundamental defects in the Russian Federation’s purported referendum
were compounded by the acts of discrimination associated with it. In order to
avoid disruptions to its plan to seize and annex Crimea, the Russian Federation
fostered an atmosphere of intense political intimidation. Leading up to the referendum,
Crimea was overrun with soldiers without insignia mobilized by the
Russian Federation. As United Nations observers reported, the presence of these
Russian forces was “not conducive to an environment in which the will of the
voters could be exercised freely” 72.
88. This intimidation was focused on the non-Russian communities of the peninsula.
As the OSCE reported, during preparations for the referendum, “ethnic
Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars on the peninsula were in a particularly vulnerable
position” 73. Many ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars were abducted, beaten,
or detained by soldiers or so-called “self- defence” groups 74. One prominent case
was the disappearance of Reshat Ametov, a well-known Tatar activist and father
of three. On 3 March 2014, Mr. Ametov was standing in silent protest in front of
the Cabinet of Ministers building in Simferopol, when uniformed “self-defence”
forces affiliated with the Russian occupation kidnapped him. Two weeks later,
Mr. Ametov was found dead, with signs of torture on his body 75.
89. This threatening conduct by Russian forces and their agents prior to the
referendum targeted ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars, while sparing the
Russian-speaking population of Crimea. As United Nations observers assessed,
“Russian-speakers have not been subject to threats in Crimea”, while ethnic
Ukrainians and Tatars experienced “discrimination and violence” 76. During this
tense period before the referendum, for example, Crimean Tatars found the walls
and gates of their homes marked with crosses, heightening the anxious mood.
Temporary checkpoints were installed in Crimean Tatar settlements three or
70 See Council of Europe, European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice
Commission), Opinion on Whether the Decision Taken by the Supreme Council of the Autonomous
Republic of Crimea in Ukraine to Organize a Referendum on Becoming a Constituent
Territory of the Russian Federation or Restoring Crimea’s 1992 Constitution Is Compatible
with Constitutional Principles (hereinafter “Venice Commission Opinion”),
CDL-AD(2014)002 (21-22 March 2014).
71 See United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262, UN doc. A/RES/68/262,
“Territorial Integrity of Ukraine” (27 March 2014).
72 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 April 2014), para. 86.
73 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment
Mission in Ukraine”, Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014), p. 85.
74 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 April 2014), para. 86; see also Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment Mission in Ukraine”,
Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014), paras. 87-88.
75 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Accountability
for Killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016”, para. 121; Human Rights Watch,
Crimea: Disappeared Man Found Killed (18 March 2014).
76 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 April 2014), para. 89.
62
four days before the referendum. Ukrainian journalists were beaten and abducted,
including outside of polling stations 77.
90. The referendum itself was designed to discriminate against non-Russians.
The question was not neutrally framed, providing no clear option for voters to
preserve the status quo. This unbalanced process necessarily and disproportionately
harmed the political rights of the non-Russian ethnic communities of the
Crimean peninsula, which had strong reason to fear Russian dominance and
wished to retain the protection of Ukrainian law. Indeed, as the Venice Commission
recognized, “[d]ue to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of
Crimea”, it “would have been particularly important” to respect each community
and seek a consensual solution 78. Instead, amid a climate of fear and intimidation
they had fostered, Russian authorities rushed through a biased referendum, running
roughshod over the rights of non-Russian ethnic communities.
91. In the aftermath of the referendum, the Russian Federation targeted ethnic
Ukrainians and Tatars for their protests during that period. Russian authorities
carried out one-sided arrests and prosecutions of participants in protests and street
turmoil pre-dating the purported annexation. One of these individuals was the
Deputy Chairman of the Mejlis, Akhtem Chiygoz, who remains in custody 79.
Authorities also arrested and prosecuted ethnic Ukrainian activists on trumped-up
charges 80. The Russian Federation subjected ethnic Ukrainians and Tatars to
these prosecutions for pre-referendum conduct — even though the Russian Federation
officially claims it did not control Crimea at that time.
92. Based on the alleged results of the illegal referendum, carried out in an
atmosphere of ethnic intimidation and violence fostered by the Russian Federation
and its agents, the Russian Federation purported to annex Crimea. That
unlawful act opened the door to what has become a sustained campaign of discrimination
against non-Russian communities, which were considered opponents
of the occupation régime and targeted for cultural erasure.
2. Discrimination against the Crimean Tatar community
93. After the Tatars refused to support the illegal annexation of Crimea, the
Russian Federation imposed a collective punishment on the Crimean Tatar People.
With attacks on the Tatar People, their leaders, and their institutions, the Rus-
77 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment
Mission in Ukraine”, Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014),
paras. 116, 125-131, 156; United Nations Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special
Rapporteur on Minority Issues on Her Mission to Ukraine (7-14 April 2014)”, UN doc. A/
HRC/28/64/Add.1 (26 August 2014), para. 51.
78 See Venice Commission Opinion.
79 Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 236.
80 See Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Ukrainian Jailed in Crimea over Euromaidan
‘Murder’ Charge” (10 June 2016); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights, “Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-
15 May 2016), para. 189.
64
sian Federation launched a systematic campaign of discrimination aimed at the
cultural erasure of a perceived opponent of the régime.
94. In a haunting echo of the Sürgün, the Russian assault on the Tatar community
has caused a huge portion of the community to flee. In the 2001 census, there
were 243,400 Crimean Tatars living on the peninsula, comprising 12 per cent of the
population 81. A census taken by the Russian Federation in 2015 counted
only 42,254 Tatars — just 2 per cent of the population 82. The United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees has reported that most displaced persons from Crimea
have been Tatars, and has cited the pressure on their community under Russian
rule as the reason for the exodus 83.
(a) Political and cultural suppression
95. In the immediate aftermath of the purported annexation, the Russian Federation
began to attack the leaders of the Crimean Tatar community. After the
Tatar community refused to recognize the illegal occupation, the Russian Federation
promptly retaliated against Mr. Dzhemilev by banning him from Crimea for
five years, as well as pursuing criminal charges against his son 84. The Russian Federation
likewise exiled Mr. Dzhemilev’s successor and chairman of the Mejlis,
Refat Chubarov 85. Occupation authorities have excluded numerous other Tatar
leaders from the territory, and have otherwise placed restrictions on their freedom
of movement.
96. In August 2016, the Russian Federation shocked the international community
by employing a brutal Soviet technique for suppressing dissent. Occupation
authorities involuntarily committed Ilmi Umerov, the Deputy Chairman of
the Mejlis, to a psychiatric hospital for three weeks. The Chair of the OSCE
Parliamentary Assembly’s human rights committee described Mr. Umerov’s
81 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, About number and composition population of
Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data all- Ukrainian population census, http://2001.
ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea.
82 Russia Census in the Republic of Crimea, National Composition of the Population
(18 August 2015), http://crimea.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/crimea/ru/census_and_
researching/census/crimea_census_2014/score_2010/.
83 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Profiling and Needs Assessment of
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) (17 October 2014), p. 57; see also Office of the Prosecutor
of the International Crimina Court, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities
(14 November 2016), para. 172.
84 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 May 2014), para. 152; Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on
Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 229; Amnesty International Public
Statement, Harassment and Violence against Crimean Tatars by State and Non-State Actors
(23 May 2014).
85 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Thematic Report:
Freedom of Movement across the Administrative Boundary Line with Crimea” (19 June
2015), p. 9; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 152.
66
detention as “a worrying new low in Russia’s stigmatization of the Crimean
Tatar community” 86.
97. As part of its campaign against the recognized leadership of the
Crimean Tatar community, the Russian Federation has also subjected prominent
individuals to arbitrary harassment. In September 2014, the Russian Federal Security
Service (“FSB”) carried out a wave of unjustified searches of the homes of
Mejlis members and the offices of Tatar institutions 87. Russian authorities have
continued to search the houses of Mejlis members and regional chairmen in a pattern
of harassment. On 11 October 2016, Suleyman Kadyrov, a member of the
regional Mejlis in Feodosia, was arrested and charged with publicly calling for
actions aimed at violating the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation. His
apparent crime was a simple, true statement: “Crimea is Ukraine.” 88
98. The Russian Federation’s efforts to stifle the political and cultural rights of
the Crimean Tatar community culminated in the outright ban of the Mejlis. The
Mejlis is a traditional organ of the Crimean Tatar people, and — along with the
Kuraltai, which elects the Mejlis members — is considered by the community to be
its legitimate representative institution 89. On 15 February 2016, the so-called prosecutor
of Crimea filed a petition accusing the Mejlis of disrupting the territorial
integrity of the Russian Federation (i.e., refusing to accept the illegal annexation) 90.
On 26 April, the so-called Supreme Court of Crimea declared the Mejlis an
“extremist organization” and banned its activities 91. Despite international condemnation,
the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation upheld the ban
on 29 September 2016. In addition to prohibiting the Mejlis’ public activity and
use of bank accounts, the decision exposed approximately 2,500 members of the
national and local Mejlis bodies to criminal liability, facing up to eight years in
prison, simply for belonging to an “extremist” organization 92. This ban has been
enforced against eight members of the Mejlis, who face fines for holding an “illegal
meeting” at the home of Mr. Umerov 93. Ironically, at the same time the Russian
Federation has cynically invoked “extremism” to justify its policy of ethnic
Russian dominance in Crimea, it has itself been financing acts of terrorism in eastern
Ukraine.
86 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Press Release: Parliamentary
Assembly Human Rights Chair Calls for Release of Crimean Tatar Leader Umerov”
(27 August 2016); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,
“Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May-15 August 2016), para. 178;
Human Rights Watch, Crimean Tatar Activist Confined in Psychiatric Hospital
(26 August 2016).
87 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 September 2014), para. 156; ibid. (15 November
2014), para. 218; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the
Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015),
para. 232.
88 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August-15 November 2016), para. 159.
89 Ibid., para. 169.
90 Ibid. (16 February-15 May 2016), para. 186.
91 Ibid.
92 Ibid.
93 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August-15 November 2016), para. 168.
68
Figure M
Masked Russian security forces raiding the Mejlis in 2014 94
99. The international community has strongly condemned the Russian Federation’s
attack on the Crimean Tatars’ leading political and cultural institution.
United Nations human rights monitors observed that the treatment of the Mejlis
could be considered “a collective punishment against the Crimean Tatar
community” 95. The United Nations General Assembly has likewise expressed
“serious concern” at the decision to ban the Mejlis, and called upon the Russian
Federation to immediately revoke and repeal this decision 96. By suppressing
and then dissolving the Tatar institution that has led the community in its return
from exile, the Russian Federation has reopened the deep historic wounds caused
by previous discrimination against and maltreatment of the Tatars under the
Soviet Union.
(b) Suppression of culturally-significant gatherings
100. Together with its assault on Tatar institutions and leaders, the Russian
occupation régime has sought to stamp out celebrations and commemorations
central to Crimean Tatar culture. Remembrance of the Sürgün remains central to
Crimean Tatar identity. Yet within three months of the purported annexation,
occupation authorities thwarted attempts to mark the 70th anniversary of the
Soviet deportation. On 16 May 2014, just two days before the anniversary, the
so-called Prime Minister of Crimea abruptly prohibited mass activities for the next
94 BBC News, “Russia Must Boost Crimea Forces, Says Defence Minister” (16 September
2014).
95 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2016), para. 188.
96 United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/RES/71/205, “Situation
of Human Rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol”
(Ukraine) (19 December 2016).
70
three weeks. Russian authorities then used riot police, military vehicles, and helicopters
to intimidate gatherings of Crimean Tatars 97.
101. A few months later, Russian occupation authorities took similar steps to
restrict the Crimean Tatar community’s usual commemoration of International
Human Rights Day, on 10 December. Before the occupation, the Crimean Tatar
community had marked Human Rights Day with rallies in Lenin Square in Simferopol.
Russian authorities, however, blocked the community from carrying on this
tradition. Permits were denied, prosecutors sent letters to Crimean Tatar activists
warning against unsanctioned gatherings, and Russian security forces surrounded
the city centre 98.
102. The Russian Federation continued this practice in 2015, and barred commemoration
of other culturally significant events as well. On 18 February 2015, for
example, Bakhchisaray authorities prohibited the local Mejlis from carrying out a
rally commemorating the 97th anniversary of the death of Noman Çelebichan, an
important figure in Crimean Tatar history 99. In June 2015, the Mejlis’ application
to celebrate Crimean Tatar flag day was also rejected 100. This ongoing and widespread
action to bar Crimean Tatars from holding such gatherings reflects a pattern
of oppression and punishment against this ethnic minority community and its
culture.
(c) Disappearance and murder
103. The Russian occupation régime has further persecuted the Crimean Tatar
community by instigating, or at least tolerating and encouraging, a pattern of disappearances
and murders. Numerous international observers have reported this
pattern 101.
97 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), paras. 132,
252; Amnesty International Public Statement, Harassment and Violence against
Crimean Tatars by State and Non-State Actors (23 May 2014).
98 See Sergey Zayets et al., “The Fear Peninsula: Chronicle of Occupation and Violation
of Human Rights in Crimea (2015)”, p. 69.
99 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 251.
100 See ibid., para. 253.
101 See, e.g., Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,
“Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2016); United
Nations Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues on
Her Mission to Ukraine (7-14 April 2014)”, UN doc. A/HRC/28/64/Add.1 (26 August 2014);
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment Mission
in Ukraine”, Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014); United Nations
General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/RES/71/205, “Situation of Human Rights
in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol” (Ukraine)
(19 December 2016).
72
104. The case of Mr. Ametov, noted above, is an important example. Despite
the fact that Mr. Ametov’s abduction was videotaped, the Russian Federation has
made no progress investigating it after more than two years 102.
105. A number of other Crimean Tatar individuals also disappeared around
this time, including Timur Shaimardanov. Mr. Shaimardanov was a leader of a
local activist group, and disappeared on 25 May 2014 — one day after speaking
out about another disappearance. Russian occupation authorities failed to even
open an investigation into Mr. Shaimardanov’s disappearance until July 2014, and
he has not been found 103.
106. This pattern has continued. On 24 May 2016, Ervin Ibragimov, a member
of the Coordination Council of the World Congress of Crimean Tatars and the
Bakhchisaray regional Mejlis, disappeared. Video footage from a nearby shop
shows a group of men stopping Mr. Ibragimov’s car, apprehending him, forcing
him into a van, and driving away 104. Mr. Ibragimov has not been found, but one
week later, his employment record book and passport were found near a bar.
When Mr. Ibragimov’s father attempted to file a complaint, complete with video
of the abduction, the FSB office in Simferopol turned him away. As the European
Union has stated, the disappearance of Mr. Ibragimov is “regrettably only
one of the most recent examples”, and part of a “brutal” “persecution of
Crimean Tatars” 105.
(d) Arbitrary searches and detention
107. Russian authorities have also targeted Crimean Tatars for detentions and
searches, in both public spaces and their own homes. For example, on 28 August
2014, Russian police searched the home of a family in Bakhchisaray; they purportedly
were searching for drugs and weapons, but instead confiscated books. Russian
authorities have rounded up large groups of Tatars at public markets and
cafes, targeting people with non-Slavic appearance. On 12 October 2016, the Russian
FSB forcefully broke into six Crimean Tatar houses, conducting searches in
the presence of children, and confiscating religious literature 106.
102 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2016), para. 180; Amnesty
International Public Statement, Harassment and Violence against Crimean Tatars by State
and Non-State Actors (23 May 2014).
103 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May-15 August 2015), para. 171; Human Rights
Watch, Crimea: Enforced Disappearances (7 October 2014).
104 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May-15 August 2016), para. 154; Amnesty
International, URGENT ACTION: Crimean Tatar Activist Forcibly Disappeared
(26 May 2016).
105 OSCE Permanent Council, “EU Statement on ‘Russia’s Ongoing Aggression against
Ukraine and Illegal Occupation of Crimea’”, No. 1106, PC.DEL/945/16 (24 June 2016).
106 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August-15 November 2016), para. 165; ibid.
(16 May-15 August 2016), para. 179; ibid. (16 September 2014), para. 153.
74
108. United Nations human rights monitors noted in 2016 that they were
“increasingly worried about the growing number of large-scale ‘police’ actions
conducted with the apparent intention to harass and intimidate Crimean Tatars
and other Muslim believers” 107. The United Nations further reported that the
“series of police actions conducted since the beginning of 2016 seem to disproportionately
target members of the Crimean Tatar community” 108.
(e) Media restrictions and harassment
109. As part of its general crackdown on the Crimean Tatar community, the
Russian Federation has restricted the activities of Tatar media, including by rejecting
registrations and raiding and otherwise harassing media outlets.
110. The Russian Federation has required all media outlets to re-register with
occupation authorities, but then blocked specific ones — numerous Tatar outlets
in particular — from re-registering, pursuant to a policy of blacklisting disfavoured
media 109. By 2015, ATR was the last independent television station serving
the Crimean Tatar population. On 26 January 2015, masked members of the
FSB raided the ATR facility in Simferopol 110. ATR was then denied registration
in April 2015. Continuing into 2016, Crimean Tatar journalists have been threatened
with prosecution for “extremist” views — as United Nations human rights
monitors reported, the Deputy Director of ATR was warned about “her criticism
of the arrests of Crimean Tatars on social media” 111.
(f) Suppression of Tatar-language education
111. Finally, the Russian Federation has attacked the Crimean Tatar community’s
right to educate their children in their own language. Russian authorities
have stopped the training of teachers of the Crimean Tatar language and literature,
and have also blocked the hiring of such teachers from Turkey, making it
increasingly difficult to meet the educational needs of the Crimean Tatar People 112.
107 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2016), para. 183.
108 Ibid., (16 May-15 August 2016), para. 179.
109 See Council of Europe Media Freedom Alert, Forced Closure of Crimean Tatar-
Language Media Outlets (1 April 2015); BBC News, Vitaly Shevchenko “Crimean Tatar
Media ‘Silenced by Russia’” (1 April 2015).
110 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Raid on ATR Television
Channel in Crimea Unacceptable, a Clear Intrusion of the Media’s Independence, Says
Mijatović (26 January 2015).
111 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May-15 August 2016), para. 169.
112 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), paras. 192,
291; European Parliament Policy Department, The Situation of National Minorities in
Crimea following Its Annexation by Russia (April 2016), pp. 22-23, 26.
76
The shortage of teachers has been exacerbated by a shortage of textbooks. The
occupation authorities banned textbooks that followed the Ukrainian curriculum,
yet did not provide Crimean Tatar schools with approved textbooks 113. Moreover,
since the occupation began, the number of hours dedicated to Crimean Tatar language
has decreased significantly, with the language no longer taught as a subject
in the senior classes of secondary schools.
112. The Russian Federation has also interfered with Crimean Tatar education
more directly, conducting repeated raids of the community’s educational institutions.
Between June and September 2014, three Tatar religious schools in Simferopol
were searched by Russian authorities 114. By mid-September 2014, Russian
authorities had searched eight out of ten Tatar religious schools belonging to the
Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Crimea. Searches of educational institutions
(and other locations) for so-called “extremist” literature have been carried
out “mainly among the Crimean Tatar population” 115.
113. In sum, the Russian Federation has engaged in multiple acts of racial discrimination
in Crimea, squarely targeted against the ethnic Tatar population.
3. Discrimination against the ethnic Ukrainian community in Crimea
114. The Russian Federation has applied its policy of ethnic Russian dominance
in Crimea — and persecution of non-Russian cultures — to assault the ethnic
Ukrainian community 116. The Russian occupation authorities have sought to
restrict education in the Ukrainian language, criminalized expressions of connection
to Ukraine, and harassed ethnic Ukrainian media.
(a) Suppression of Ukrainian-language education
115. The Russian Federation is causing Ukrainian-language education in
Crimea to “disappear”, through a campaign of “pressure on school administrators,
teachers, parents and children” 117. Prior to the occupation, both ethnic Russians
and ethnic Ukrainians had opportunities to learn and study in their native
languages. The Russian language, along with the languages of other national
minorities in Ukraine, enjoys guarantees of free development, use, and protection
under Ukraine’s Constitution, both within Crimea and elsewhere in Ukraine.
Since 2014, by contrast, the Russian occupation authorities have systematically
undermined the linguistic and educational rights of the ethnic Ukrainian commu-
113 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 290.
114 Ibid., paras. 242-243.
115 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 September 2014), para. 153; Human Rights
Watch, Rights in Retreat (November 2014), p. 16.
116 See, e.g., United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/
RES/71/205, “Situation of Human Rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the
City of Sevastopol” (Ukraine) (19 December 2016).
117 See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Tbilisi Declaration and
Resolutions Adopted by the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the Twenty-Fifth Annual
Session” (1-5 July 2016).
78
nity in Crimea. For example, the Russian Federation has deliberately reduced the
supply of Ukrainian-language teachers. In August 2014, the Ministry of Education
directed 276 Ukrainian language and literature teachers to be re-trained to teach
Russian language and literature 118. In September 2014, the Russian authorities
closed a Ukrainian language department at Tauride National University which
had previously graduated around 50 Ukrainian-language teachers per year. The
Russian authorities have also limited the availability of Ukrainian-language education
by removing all textbooks and educational materials issued by Ukraine’s
Ministry of Education, and purging Ukrainian-language books from schools and
public libraries. Reports have even emerged of the burning of books in the Ukrainian
language or about Ukraine.
116. Russian officials have resorted to even more heavy-handed tactics to prevent
Ukrainian-language education. In Yalta, for example, the Russian Federation
eliminated such education in all but one school. In at least one school, authorities
dispersed a Ukrainian-speaking group of children across many classes to
prevent them from remaining in contact as a Ukrainian-language group 119.
117. The resulting decline in Ukrainian-language education has been precipitous.
In the 2013-2014 school year, general education in the Ukrainian language
was provided to 12,694 children 120. But in the 2014-2015 school year, the first of
the occupation, the number of children receiving Ukrainian-language education
plummeted to 2,154 121. In the 2015-2016 school year, that number was cut in half,
reduced to less than 1,000 students 122. As the United Nations reported in December
2016, of the seven Ukrainian-language educational institutions that existed in
Crimea until 2014, only one remains in operation, and even this school ceased
instruction in Ukrainian in the first and second grades this year 123.
118. These repeated acts of racial discrimination serve an overarching goal of
cultural erasure. As the OSCE has reported, the Russian Federation’s attempts at
“eradication of education in and of the Ukrainian language” is part of a broader
campaign to suppress the “cultural, religious and other manifestations of the
118 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 191
119 Ibid., para. 194.
120 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August-15 November 2015), para. 157; see also
Permanent Delegation of the Russian Federation to UNESCO, “Information on the Situation
in the Republic of Crimea (the Russian Federation) within the Scope of UNESCO
Competence as of April 8, 2015” (14 April 2015).
121 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August-15 November 2015), para. 157. The
Russian Federation has admitted this decrease, and in fact reported a lower number (1,990)
for the 2014-2015 school year. See Permanent Delegation of the Russian Federation to
UNESCO, “Information on the Situation in the Republic of Crimea (the Russian Federation)
within the Scope of UNESCO Competence as of April 8, 2015” (14 April 2015).
122 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August-15 November 2015), para. 157.
123 Ibid., para. 180.
80
Ukrainian identity”, in pursuit of “the policy of russification in occupied
Crimea” 124. Russian authorities are attempting not just to dominate Crimea, but
to permanently erase the distinct ethnic Ukrainian identity of many inhabitants of
Crimea, beginning with an attack on the language they speak, and their ability to
impart that language to their children.
(b) Suppression of culturally-significant gatherings
119. As with its treatment of the Crimean Tatars, the Russian Federation has
furthered its policy of cultural erasure by restricting gatherings in celebration of
ethnic Ukrainians’ cultural heritage. For example, in March 2015, authorities
refused the application of the Ukrainian Cultural Centre to hold a gathering in a
central location in Simferopol to commemorate the 201st birthday of the renowned
Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko 125.
120. The event was relegated to a peripheral park, and Russian officials thereafter
retaliated against ethnic Ukrainians who participated. Specifically, three participants
were arrested for carrying a Ukrainian flag inscribed with the (accurate)
statement that Crimea remains a part of Ukraine, which the Russian Federation
considers criminal “extremist” activity. The alleged organizer of the event was fired
from his job as a school teacher in Simferopol 126.
(c) Media restrictions and harassment
121. The Russian Federation has also engaged in a pattern of discriminatory
restrictions on ethnic Ukrainian media entities in Crimea. For example, Russian
occupation authorities have repeatedly harassed and detained writers and editors
of the Centre for Journalist Investigations, a media organization associated with
ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea. In March 2015, Centre writer Natalia Kokorina was
ordered out of her house, which was searched, and she was detained and interrogated
by the FSB for six hours 127. The same day, authorities raided the home of the
parents of another Centre editor, Anna Andriyevskaya, and charged her with the
crime of “anti-state activities” for an article she had written. The Russian authorities
have continued to harass Ms Andriyevskaya and others in 2016, by, inter alia,
including her on a list of approximately 6,000 “terrorists and extremists” 128.
122. Again, these are not isolated examples. For example, the Russian authorities
have attempted to exert pressure on a journalist with the Ukrainian news portal
Sobitiya Kryma by harassing his mother, and they searched the apartment of a
124 Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe, “Tbilisi Declaration and
Resolutions Adopted by the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the Twenty-Fifth Annual
Session” (1-5 July 2016), p. 42.
125 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 140.
126 Ibid.
127 Council of Europe Media Freedom Alert, Harassment of Journalists Natalya Kokorina
and Anna Andrievska in Crimea, Ukraine by Russian Officials (2 April 2015).
128 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Russia’s Labeling of Journalists
as Terrorists a Threat to Media Freedom” (12 July 2016).
82
Ukrainian independent blogger for criticizing the Russian authorities 129. Since the
start of the occupation, the Krymska Svitlytsya, the only Ukrainian-language
newspaper in Crimea and an institution that has existed since Ukrainian independence,
has been banned 130.
123. Through all of these efforts, the Russian Federation has pursued a campaign
of systematic racial discrimination designed to promote and perpetuate Russian
dominance by erasing the cultural identity of non-Russian ethnic communities.
IV. Legal Grounds for Ukraine’s Claims
124. Ukraine claims that the Russian Federation, through its State organs,
State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority,
including the de facto authorities administering the illegal Russian occupation of
Crimea, and through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction
and control, is responsible for serious violations of the Terrorism Financing Convention
and the CERD.
A. Violations of the Terrorism Financing Convention
125. Article 18 of the Terrorism Financing Convention requires States to
co-operate in the prevention of the financing of terrorism. Yet in defiance of its
international obligations, the Russian Federation actively finances terrorist acts on
the territory of Ukraine.
126. Acts of terrorism within the meaning of the Terrorism Financing Convention
are defined in Article 2 (1). Numerous attacks perpetrated by illegal armed
groups supported by the Russian Federation, including the DPR, the LPR, and
the Kharkiv Partisans, constitute acts of terrorism within the meaning of that provision.
(a) Article 2 (1) (a) of the Terrorism Financing Convention defines acts of terrorism
to include any violation of the Montreal Convention for the Suppression
of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (“Montreal Convention”).
The devastating attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, a civilian
airliner, violated Article 1 of the Montreal Convention, which prohibits
“unlawfully and intentionally . . . destroy[ing] an aircraft in service”. The
attack was therefore an act of terrorism under Article 2 (1) (a) of the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
(b) Article 2 (1) (b) of the Terrorism Financing Convention further defines acts of
terrorism to include any “act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury
to a civilian, or to any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities
in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or
context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a government or an international
organization to do or to abstain from doing any act”. Under the Con-
129 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “OSCE Representative
Mourns Death of Russian Journalist; Denounces New Cases of Media Freedom Violations
in Ukraine” (17 June 2014).
130 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 257.
84
vention and related principles of international law, attacks that directly target
civilians, or are aimed indiscriminately at civilian areas, constitute acts
intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to civilians. The attack on
Flight MH17, an aircraft exhibiting all ordinary indicia of civilian traffic, is an
act of terrorism under Article 2 (1) (b), in addition to Article 2 (1) (a). The
targeted or indiscriminate shelling attacks on civilians in Volnovakha, Mariupol,
and Kramatorsk, the bombings throughout the city of Kharkiv, and
similar attacks perpetrated by Russian-backed illegal armed groups in Ukraine
are also acts of terrorism under Article 2 (1) (b) of the Terrorism Financing
Convention.
127. Article 2 of the Terrorism Financing Convention further defines a prohibited
act of terrorist financing as “directly or indirectly, unlawfully and wilfully,
provid[ing] or collect[ing] funds with the intention that they should be used or in
the knowledge that they are to be used, in full or in part, in order to carry out” acts
of terrorism. Numerous acts of the Russian Federation, its State organs, agents,
and persons and entities exercising governmental authority, in providing material
support to illegal armed groups committing terrorism in eastern Ukraine, constitute
the financing of terrorism within the meaning of the Convention.
(a) Article 1 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention defines “funds” broadly
to include “assets of every kind”. The Russian Federation provides entities
and individuals responsible for terrorist acts in Ukraine with direct financial
assistance, as well as in-kind contributions including heavy weaponry and
training.
(b) The Russian Federation supplies these weapons and other forms of assistance
to its proxies in eastern Ukraine with the intention or knowledge that they will
be used, in full or in part, to conduct acts of terrorism. From the beginning of
the hostilities in eastern Ukraine, it was apparent that these groups acted with
utter contempt for civilian life, resulting in numerous atrocities. Under the
Terrorism Financing Convention, the Russian Federation is obliged to block
and pursue these organizations. Instead, the Russian Federation’s decision to
continue funding these organizations makes clear that it intentionally and
knowingly supports terrorism, in service of the Russian Government’s objective
of intimidating the Ukrainian population and coercing the decisions of
Ukraine’s Government.
128. Under Article 18, the Russian Federation is required to “co-operate in the
prevention” of terrorism financing offenses as defined by Article 2. That obligation
includes “taking all practical measures . . . to prevent and counter preparations in
[its] territories for the commission of those offenses”. Far from preventing the
financing of terrorism, the Russian Federation has financed terrorism as a matter
of State policy. These actions are blatant violations of Article 18 of the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
129. The Russian Federation is also responsible for failing to co- operate with
Ukraine to investigate, identify, and prevent terrorism financing offenses as defined
by Article 2, committed by numerous Russian officials, organizations, and citizens.
86
(a) Article 8 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “[e]ach
State Party shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with its domestic
legal principles, for the identification, detection and freezing or seizure of any
funds used or allocated for the purpose of committing the offences set forth in
article 2”. Illegal fundraising on the territory of the Russian Federation for
entities and individuals responsible for terrorist acts in Ukraine, often conducted
through State-owned financial institutions, is rampant. Despite widespread
reporting and repeated protests by Ukraine, the Russian Federation
has failed to honour its obligations to identify, detect, freeze, and seize such
funds.
(b) Article 9 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “[u]pon
receiving information that a person who has committed or who is alleged to
have committed an offence set forth in article 2 may be present in its territory,
the State Party concerned shall take such measures as may be necessary under
its domestic law to investigate the facts contained in the information”. Articles
10 and 11 require a State party to extradite or prosecute offenders. The
Russian Federation has repeatedly refused to investigate, prosecute, or extradite
offenders within its territory brought to its attention by Ukraine.
(c) Article 12 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “States
Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection
with criminal investigations or criminal or extradition proceedings in
respect of the offences set forth in article 2, including assistance in obtaining
evidence in their possession necessary for the proceedings”. Ukraine has
brought to the Russian Federation’s attention numerous criminal investigations
for which it requested assistance, and the Russian Federation has failed
to investigate or adequately respond.
(d) Article 18 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “States
Parties shall co- operate in the prevention of the offences set forth in article 2
by taking all practicable measures . . . to prevent and counter preparations in
their respective territories for the commission of those offences within or outside
their territories.” In addition to being responsible for direct acts of terrorist
financing in violation of this article, the Russian Federation has indirectly
contributed to the cause of terrorism by failing to take all practicable measures
to prevent the financing of terrorism by public and private actors on the territory
of the Russian Federation.
130. By acceding to the Terrorism Financing Convention, the Russian Federation
undertook to co-operate in the prevention of terrorist financing, and to assist
in the investigation and prosecution of terrorist financing. Instead, the Russian
Federation has turned the Convention on its head, committing acts of terrorist
financing, refusing to halt the financing of terrorism from its territory, obstructing
investigations, and failing to co-operate and assist Ukraine in good faith as
required by international law.
B. Violations of the CERD
131. Russian authorities are pursuing on the Crimean peninsula a policy of cultural
erasure through a pattern of discriminatory actions, treating groups that are
88
not ethnic Russian as threats to the régime whose identity and culture must be
suppressed.
132. Article 2 of the CERD commits States Parties to pursue “a policy of eliminating
racial discrimination in all its forms”, and to “engage in no act or practice
of racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or institutions and to
ensure that all public authorities and public institutions, national and local, shall
act in conformity with this obligation”. In addition to this overarching obligation,
the CERD provides, inter alia, that:
(a) States Parties must “prevent, prohibit and eradicate” “racial segregation and
apartheid” (Article 3);
(b) States Parties “[s]hall not permit public authorities or public institutions,
national or local, to promote or incite racial discrimination” (Article 4);
(c) States Parties must “guarantee the right to everyone, without distinction as to
race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in
the enjoyment of the following rights” (Article 5):
(i) “The right to equal treatment before tribunals and all other organs
administering justice” (Article 5 (a));
(ii) “The right to security of person and protection by the State against violence
or bodily harm, whether inflicted by government officials or by any
individual group or institution” (Article 5 (b));
(iii) “Political rights, in particular the right to participate in elections — to
vote and to stand for election — on the basis of universal and equal suffrage,
to take part in the Government as well as in the conduct of public
affairs at any level and to have equal access to public service” (Article
5 (c));
(iv) “The right to freedom of movement and residence within the border of
the State” (Article 5 (d) (i));
(v) “The right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to
one’s country” (Article 5 (d) (ii));
(vi) “The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion” (Article
5 (d) (vii));
(vii) “The right to freedom of opinion and expression” (Article 5 (d) (viii));
(viii) “The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association” (Article
5 (d) (ix));
(ix) “The right to education and training” (Article 5 (e) (v)); and
(x) “The right to equal participation cultural activities” (Article 5 (e) (vi));
(d) States Parties must “assure to everyone within their jurisdiction effective protection
and remedies, through the competent national tribunals and other
State institutions, against any acts of racial discrimination which violate his
human rights and fundamental freedoms contrary to this Convention” (Article
6).
The Russian Federation has done none of the above.
133. The Russian Federation’s policy of cultural erasure in Crimea, targeting in
particular the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities, violates Articles
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the CERD. In furtherance of this policy, and beginning with
its illegal invasion and referendum, the Russian Federation has engaged in a wide90
spread pattern of discriminatory acts, each of which is an independent violation of
the CERD, including:
(a) holding an illegal referendum in an atmosphere of violence and intimidation
against non-Russian ethnic groups, without any effort to seek a consensual
and inclusive solution protecting those groups, and as an initial step toward
depriving these communities of the protection of Ukrainian law and subjecting
them to a régime of Russian dominance;
(b) brutally suppressing the political and cultural expression of Crimean Tatar
identity, by persecuting the community’s leaders and banning its central institution,
the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People;
(c) preventing Crimean Tatars from gathering in celebration and commemoration
of their culture, including to mark the anniversary of Stalin’s ethnic
cleansing of Tatars from the peninsula;
(d) perpetrating and tolerating a campaign of disappearances and murder targeting
Crimean Tatars;
(e) harassing the Crimean Tatar community by disproportionately subjecting it to
a régime of arbitrary searches and detention;
(f) silencing Crimean Tatar voices in the media;
(g) suppressing Crimean Tatar language education and educational institutions;
(h) suppressing ethnic Ukrainians’ rights to education in the Ukrainian language;
(i) preventing ethnic Ukrainians from gathering in celebration and commemoration
of their culture; and
(j) silencing ethnic Ukrainian voices in the media.
V. Relief Sought
A. Relief Sought under
the Terrorism Financing Convention
134. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and
entities exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting on its
instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under
the Terrorism Financing Convention by:
(a) supplying funds, including in-kind contributions of weapons and training, to
illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the
DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals,
in violation of Article 18;
(b) failing to take appropriate measures to detect, freeze, and seize funds used to
assist illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including
the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals,
in violation of Articles 8 and 18;
(c) failing to investigate, prosecute, or extradite perpetrators of the financing of
terrorism found within its territory, in violation of Articles 9, 10, 11, and 18;
92
(d) failing to provide Ukraine with the greatest measure of assistance in connection
with criminal investigations of the financing of terrorism, in violation of
Articles 12 and 18; and
(e) failing to take all practicable measures to prevent and counter acts of financing
of terrorism committed by Russian public and private actors, in violation of
Article 18.
135. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
Russian Federation bears international responsibility, by virtue of its sponsorship
of terrorism and failure to prevent the financing of terrorism under the Convention,
for the acts of terrorism committed by its proxies in Ukraine, including:
(a) the shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(b) the shelling of civilians, including in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and Kramatorsk;
and
(c) the bombing of civilians, including in Kharkiv.
136. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation to
comply with its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention, including
that the Russian Federation:
(a) immediately and unconditionally cease and desist from all support, including
the provision of money, weapons, and training, to illegal armed groups that
engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the
Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals;
(b) immediately make all efforts to ensure that all weaponry provided to such
armed groups is withdrawn from Ukraine;
(c) immediately exercise appropriate control over its border to prevent further
acts of financing of terrorism, including the supply of weapons, from the territory
of the Russian Federation to the territory of Ukraine;
(d) immediately stop the movement of money, weapons, and all other assets from
the territory of the Russian Federation and occupied Crimea to illegal armed
groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the
LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals, including
by freezing all bank accounts used to support such groups;
(e) immediately prevent all Russian officials from financing terrorism in Ukraine,
including Sergei Shoigu, Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation;
Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Vice-Chairman of the State Duma; Sergei Mironov,
member of the State Duma; and Gennadiy Zyuganov, member of the State
Duma, and initiate prosecution against these and other actors responsible for
financing terrorism;
(f) immediately provide full co-operation to Ukraine in all pending and future
requests for assistance in the investigation and interdiction of the financing of
terrorism relating to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in
Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated
groups and individuals;
(g) make full reparation for the shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(h) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Volnovakha;
(i) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Mariupol;
94
(j) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Kramatorsk;
(k) make full reparation for the bombing of civilians in Kharkiv; and
(l) make full reparation for all other acts of terrorism the Russian Federation has
caused, facilitated, or supported through its financing of terrorism, and failure
to prevent and investigate the financing of terrorism.
B. Relief Sought under the CERD
137. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and
entities exercising governmental authority, including the de facto authorities
administering the illegal Russian occupation of Crimea, and through other agents
acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations
under the CERD by:
(a) systematically discriminating against and mistreating the Crimean Tatar and
ethnic Ukrainian communities in Crimea, in furtherance of a State policy of
cultural erasure of disfavoured groups perceived to be opponents of the occupation
régime;
(b) holding an illegal referendum in an atmosphere of violence and intimidation
against non-Russian ethnic groups, without any effort to seek a consensual
and inclusive solution protecting those groups, and as an initial step toward
depriving these communities of the protection of Ukrainian law and subjecting
them to a régime of Russian dominance;
(c) suppressing the political and cultural expression of Crimean Tatar identity,
including through the persecution of Crimean Tatar leaders and the ban on
the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People;
(d) preventing Crimean Tatars from gathering to celebrate and commemorate
important cultural events;
(e) perpetrating and tolerating a campaign of disappearances and murders of
Crimean Tatars;
(f) harassing the Crimean Tatar community with an arbitrary régime of searches
and detention;
(g) silencing Crimean Tatar media;
(h) suppressing Crimean Tatar language education and the community’s educational
institutions;
(i) suppressing Ukrainian language education relied on by ethnic Ukrainians;
(j) preventing ethnic Ukrainians from gathering to celebrate and commemorate
important cultural events; and
(k) silencing ethnic Ukrainian media.
138. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation to
comply with its obligations under the CERD, including:
(a) immediately cease and desist from the policy of cultural erasure and take all
necessary and appropriate measures to guarantee the full and equal protection
of the law to all groups in Russian-occupied Crimea, including Crimean Tatars
and ethnic Ukrainians;
96
(b) immediately restore the rights of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People and
of Crimean Tatar leaders in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(c) immediately restore the rights of the Crimean Tatar People in Russianoccupied
Crimea to engage in cultural gatherings, including the annual commemoration
of the Sürgün;
(d) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end the disappearance
and murder of Crimean Tatars in Russian-occupied Crimea, and to fully
and adequately investigate the disappearances of Reshat Ametov,
Timur Shaimardanov, Ervin Ibragimov, and all other victims;
(e) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end unjustified
and disproportionate searches and detentions of Crimean Tatars in Russianoccupied
Crimea;
(f) immediately restore licenses and take all other necessary and appropriate
measures to permit Crimean Tatar media outlets to resume operations in Russian-
occupied Crimea;
(g) immediately cease interference with Crimean Tatar education and take all necessary
and appropriate measures to restore education in the Crimean Tatar
language in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(h) immediately cease interference with ethnic Ukrainian education and take all
necessary and appropriate measures to restore education in the Ukrainian language
in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(i) immediately restore the rights of ethnic Ukrainians to engage in cultural gatherings
in Russian-occupied Crimea;
(j) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to permit the free
operation of ethnic Ukrainian media in Russian-occupied Crimea; and
(k) make full reparation for all victims of the Russian Federation’s policy and pattern
of cultural erasure through discrimination in Russian-occupied Crimea.
VI. Judge AD HOC
139. In accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (2) of the Statute of the
Court, and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of the Court, Ukraine declares its intention
to exercise its right to choose a judge ad hoc.
VII. Reservation of Rights
140. Ukraine reserves the right to supplement and/or amend this Application,
as well as the legal grounds invoked and the relief requested, as may be necessary
to preserve and vindicate its rights under the Terrorism Financing Convention and
the CERD.
VIII. Appointment of Agent and Co-Agent
141. Ukraine hereby designates as its Agent Ms Olena Zerkal, Deputy Foreign
Minister of Ukraine.
98
142. Ukraine hereby designates as its Co-Agent Mr. Vsevolod Chentsov, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Director-General for the European Union.
143. Pursuant to Article 40 (1) of the Rules of the Court, communications relating
to this case should be sent to:
Ms Olena Zerkal
Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine
c/o Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Zeestraat 78
2518 AD The Hague
Kingdom of the Netherlands
(Signed) Pavlo Klimkin,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
(Signed) Olena Zerkal,
Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine
Agent of Ukraine.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 16 January 2017
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
AND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 16 janvier 2017
APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
POUR LA RÉPRESSION DU FINANCEMENT DU TERRORISME
ET DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
I. LETTER FROM THE MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
OF UKRAINE TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
16 January 2017.
I have the honour to transmit herewith the Application of Ukraine instituting
proceedings against the Russian Federation. In accordance with Article 38 (3) of
the Rules of the Court, I hereby authenticate the signature appearing on the Application
of Ms Olena Zerkal, Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine, who has been
duly appointed as Agent of Ukraine in respect of this case.
(Signed) Pavlo Klimkin,
2
2017
General List
No. 166
I. LETTRE DU MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES
DE L’UKRAINE AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 16 janvier 2017.
J’ai l’honneur de faire tenir ci-
joint la requête par laquelle l’Ukraine entend
introduire une instance contre la Fédération de Russie. Conformément au paragraphe
3 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, je certifie par la présente que la
signature apposée sur ce document est celle de Mme Olena Zerkal, vice-ministre
des
affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine, qui a été dûment désignée en tant qu’agent de cet
Etat aux fins de la présente affaire.
(Signé) Pavlo Klimkin.
3
2017
Rôle général
no 166
4
II. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
table of contents
Page
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Terrorism Financing Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The CERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
II. Jurisdiction of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing
of Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
III. Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A. Ukraine’s turn toward Europe, the Revolution of Dignity, and
the Russian Federation’s unlawful intervention . . . . . . . . 20
B. The Russian Federation’s sponsorship of terrorism in Ukraine 26
1. The Russian Federation’s supply of arms, financing, and
training with knowledge that its proxies would attack civilians
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. The attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 . . . . . . . 34
3. The shelling of Ukrainian Civilian Populations . . . . . . 42
4. The bombing of civilians in Ukrainian cities . . . . . . . . 50
5. The Russian Federation’s refusal to co‑operate in preventing
and investigating the financing of terrorism . . . . . . 52
C. The Russian Federation’s campaign of cultural erasure through
discrimination in Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1. The illegal referendum amidst a climate of discrimination . 60
2. Discrimination against the Crimean Tatar community . . . 62
(a) Political and cultural suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
(b) Suppression of culturally‑significant gatherings . . . . 68
(c) Disappearance and murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
(d) Arbitrary searches and detention . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
(e) Media restrictions and harassment . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5
II. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
table des matières
Page
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
La convention contre le financement du terrorisme . . . . . . 11
La CIEDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
II. La compétence de la Cour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A. La convention internationale pour la répression du financement
du terrorisme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B. La convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
III. Exposé des faits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. Le virage de l’Ukraine vers l’Europe, la Révolution de la
dignité
et l’intervention illicite de la Fédération de Russie . . . 21
B. Soutien apporté par la Fédération de Russie au terrorisme en
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1. Fourniture par la Fédération de Russie d’armes, de fonds et
d’entraînement à ses intermédiaires alors qu’elle savait qu’ils
lanceraient des attaques contre des civils . . . . . . . . . . 27
2. L’attaque contre le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines . . . 35
3. Tirs d’artillerie contre des populations civiles ukrainiennes 43
4. Attentats à la bombe contre des civils dans des villes
ukrainiennes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5. Refus de la Fédération de Russie de coopérer à la prévention
du financement du terrorisme et aux enquêtes en la
matière . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
C. La campagne d’annihilation culturelle par la discrimination
menée par la Fédération de Russie en Crimée . . . . . . . . . 57
1. Un référendum illégal sur fond de discrimination . . . . . 61
2. Discrimination à l’égard de la communauté tatare de
Crimée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
a) Répression politique et culturelle . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
b) Interdiction de rassemblements culturels importants . . 69
c) Disparitions et meurtres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
d) Perquisitions et détentions arbitraires . . . . . . . . . . 73
e) Restrictions imposées aux médias et harcèlement de
journalistes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6
(f) Suppression of Tatar‑language education . . . . . . . . 74
3. Discrimination against the ethnic Ukrainian community in
Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
(a) Suppression of Ukrainian‑language education . . . . . 76
(b) Suppression of culturally‑significant gatherings . . . . 80
(c) Media restrictions and harassment . . . . . . . . . . . 80
IV. Legal grounds for Ukraine’s claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
A. Violations of the Terrorism Financing Convention . . . . . . 82
B. Violations of the CERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
V. Relief sought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
A. Relief sought under the Terrorism Financing Convention . . 90
B. Relief sought under the CERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
VI. Judge ad hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
VII. Reservation of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
VIII. Appointment of Agent and Co-Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7
f) Mesures tendant à priver les Tatars de Crimée de la possibilité
de suivre un enseignement dans leur langue . . 75
3. Discrimination à l’égard de la communauté ukrainienne de
souche en Crimée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
a) Mesures tendant à priver les Ukrainiens de souche de la
possibilité de suivre un enseignement dans leur langue 77
b) Interdiction de rassemblements culturels importants . . 81
c) Restrictions imposées aux médias et harcèlement de journalistes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
IV. Fondements juridiques des demandes de l’Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A. Violations de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B. Violations de la CIEDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
V. Remèdes sollicités . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A. Remèdes sollicités au titre de la convention contre le financement
du terrorisme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
B. Remèdes sollicités au titre de la CIEDR . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
VI. Juge ad hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
VII. Réserve de droits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
VIII. Désignation d’un agent et d’un co-agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8
I. Introduction
1. On 24 August 1991, Ukraine proclaimed its independence from the
Soviet Union, and the modern state of Ukraine was re‑born. The Russian Federation
subsequently made solemn commitments to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and
independence within its settled borders. Over the last decade, however, a new generation
of Russian leaders has sought to turn the clock back, characterizing the
break‑up of the Soviet Union as the “greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the
twentieth
century” and adopting a Soviet‑style policy aimed at restoring Russian
dominance over its neighbours. Since then, Ukraine has become the target of an
escalating campaign of Russian interference and aggression. Following the
Orange Revolution of 2004, in which the Ukrainian people peacefully and successfully
demanded the right to choose their leaders in free and fair elections, Ukraine
has been subjected to increasing degrees of Russian pressure and intimidation.
Betraying its earlier promise to respect the sovereign equality and territorial integrity
of Ukraine, the Russian Federation has sought to restore its dominance
through political, economic, and, ultimately, military power.
2. Ukraine’s longstanding foreign policy objective of forging closer ties to the
European Union has been a particular source of Russian ire during this period.
With Ukraine prepared to sign a landmark Association Agreement with the European
Union in 2013, the Russian Federation lashed out, threatening to destroy
Ukraine’s economy by imposing punitive unilateral trade restrictions, attempting
to freeze its people by withholding gas supplies during the harsh winter season, and
calling its territorial integrity into question. When Ukrainian President Viktor
Yanukovych yielded to this extreme Russian pressure, ordinary citizens took to
the streets en masse to remind their leaders that the Ukrainian people have chosen
a European future and that the Government must answer to the people, not the
dictates of foreign powers. In response, President Yanukovych engaged in brutal
tactics to suppress the protests, resulting in the murder of more than 100 unarmed
demonstrators in and around the Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Kyiv’s “Independence
Square”. The Russian Federation sought to prop up Yanukovych through the
provision of financial and other support, including the supply of assault equipment
that was used against the protesters. But the people’s resolve strengthened,
Yanukovych’s support evaporated, and he abandoned his post and fled to
Russian
territory. Ukraine’s “Revolution of Dignity” prevailed.
3. The Russian Federation refused to accept the Ukrainian people’s renewed
assertion of their independence. Instead, it has escalated its interference in Ukrainian
affairs to dangerous new levels, intervening militarily in Ukraine, financing acts
of terrorism, and violating the human rights of millions of Ukraine’s citizens,
including, for all too many, their right to life.
4. In eastern Ukraine, the Russian Federation has instigated and sustained an
armed insurrection against the authority of the Ukrainian State, including by systematically
supplying illegal armed groups with heavy weaponry, money, personnel,
training, and other support. That assistance has been used not only to support
combat against the Ukrainian authorities, but to conduct devastating terrorist
attacks, including the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, with
298 innocent civilians on board. A densely‑populated residential area in the port
city of Mariupol was targeted for bombardment. A passenger bus carrying civilians
was shelled near Volnovakha. A peaceful and patriotic rally in Kharkiv was
9
I. Introduction
1. Le 24 août 1991, l’Ukraine a proclamé son indépendance vis-
à-vis de l’Union
soviétique, événement qui a marqué la renaissance de l’Etat ukrainien sous sa
forme moderne. La Fédération de Russie s’est par la suite solennellement engagée
à respecter la souveraineté et l’indépendance de l’Ukraine au sein de ses frontières
établies. Ces dix dernières années, une nouvelle génération de dirigeants russes a
toutefois cherché à remonter le cours de l’histoire, qualifiant l’éclatement de
l’URSS de « plus grande catastrophe géopolitique du XXe siècle » et adoptant une
politique de type soviétique en vue de rétablir la domination de la Russie sur ses
voisins. Depuis lors, l’Ukraine est devenue la cible d’une campagne d’ingérence et
d’agression russes qui n’a cessé de s’aggraver. A la suite de la Révolution orange de
2004, durant laquelle le peuple ukrainien a, de manière pacifique, exigé — et
obtenu — le droit de choisir ses dirigeants par des élections libres et régulières, elle
a fait l’objet d’une pression et d’une intimidation croissantes de la part de la Russie.
Reniant sa promesse antérieure de respecter l’égalité souveraine et l’intégrité
territoriale de l’Ukraine, la Fédération de Russie a tenté de rétablir sa domination
par l’exercice d’une puissance politique, économique et, enfin, militaire.
2. L’objectif de politique étrangère poursuivi de longue date par l’Ukraine et
consistant à tisser des liens plus étroits avec l’Union européenne a particulièrement
suscité le courroux de la Russie au cours de cette période. Alors que le pays s’apprêtait
à signer un accord d’association capital avec l’Union en 2013, la Fédération
de Russie s’est ainsi déchaînée contre lui, menaçant de détruire son économie par
l’imposition, à titre de représailles, de restrictions commerciales unilatérales, tentant
de faire mourir de froid sa population en suspendant les livraisons de gaz par
un hiver glacial, et remettant en cause son intégrité territoriale. Lorsque le président
ukrainien, M. Viktor Ianoukovitch, a cédé à ces pressions extrêmes exercées
par la Russie, les citoyens ordinaires sont massivement descendus dans la rue pour
rappeler à leurs dirigeants que le peuple ukrainien s’était choisi un avenir européen
et que c’était à lui que le gouvernement devait rendre des comptes, plutôt que
d’obéir aux ordres de puissances étrangères. Face à ces protestations, M. Ianoukovitch
a engagé une violente répression qui a coûté la vie à plus d’une centaine de
manifestants non armés sur Maïdan Nézalejnosti, la « place de l’indépendance » de
Kiev, et aux environs de celle‑ci. Soucieuse de prêter main-forte au président ukrainien,
la Fédération de Russie lui a apporté un appui financier et revêtant d’autres
formes, lui fournissant notamment des armes d’assaut dont il allait être fait usage
à l’encontre des manifestants. Le peuple ne s’est toutefois montré que plus résolu
et, après avoir perdu son soutien, M. Ianoukovitch a fini par abandonner son poste
et fuir en Russie. La « Révolution de la dignité » ukrainienne avait triomphé.
3. Refusant d’accepter l’indépendance réaffirmée du peuple ukrainien, la Fédération
de Russie a porté son ingérence dans les affaires du pays à des niveaux sans
précédent et dangereux, intervenant militairement en Ukraine, finançant des actes
de terrorisme et violant les droits de l’homme de millions de citoyens ukrainiens, y
compris, pour un nombre par trop élevé d’entre eux, leur droit à la vie.
4. En Ukraine orientale, la Fédération de Russie a fomenté et soutenu une
insurrection armée contre l’autorité de l’Etat ukrainien, notamment par la fourniture
systématique d’armement lourd, d’argent, de personnel, d’entraînement et
d’autres formes de soutien à des groupes armés illégaux. Cette assistance a non
seulement été utilisée dans le cadre de la lutte contre les autorités ukrainiennes,
mais elle a aussi servi à la commission d’attentats terroristes dévastateurs, dont la
destruction de l’appareil assurant le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines, qui avait à
son bord 298 civils innocents. Une zone résidentielle densément peuplée de la ville
portuaire de Marioupol a été bombardée. Un autocar transportant des civils a
10
bombed. Throughout Ukraine, civilians have suffered as the Russian Federation
and its proxies have attempted to extract concessions. The Russian Federation’s
sponsorship of this brutal campaign of terrorism in Ukraine deliberately flouts
fundamental principles of international law, including those enshrined in the International
Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (“Terrorism
Financing Convention”) 1.
5. In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and City of Sevastopol, the Russian
Federation brazenly defied the United Nations Charter, seizing a part of
Ukraine’s sovereign territory by military force. In an attempt to legitimize its act
of aggression, the Russian Federation engineered an illegal “referendum”, which it
rushed to implement amid a climate of violence and intimidation against non-Russian
ethnic groups. With the groundwork laid by the illegal referendum, the
Russian Federation proceeded to implement a policy of harassment and suppression
of communities it deemed to be opponents of the régime. The result has been
a campaign to erase the distinct cultures of ethnic Ukrainian and Tatar People in
Crimea, carried out through a broad‑based pattern of discriminatory acts. The
leaders and institutions of these communities have been persecuted and many of
their leaders have been forced into exile outside Crimea. These communities have
faced abductions, murders, and arbitrary searches and detentions. Their languages
have come under assault. Those who remained in Crimea have had automatic Russian
citizenship forced upon them. This deliberate campaign of cultural erasure,
beginning with the invasion and referendum and continuing to this day, violates
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(“CERD”) 2.
6. The Russian Federation’s unlawful aggression against Ukraine has resulted
in thousands of civilian deaths and the displacement of approximately 2 million
people. As set forth in this Application, it has also resulted in a series of flagrant
violations of the Russian Federation’s treaty obligations, where innocent civilians
have been the primary victims. These attacks on the people of Ukraine, and indeed
the world, demand accountability under international law. When Russia ratified
the Terrorism Financing Convention and the CERD, it agreed to submit disputes
under both of these treaties to this Court’s jurisdiction. Ukraine brings this case to
establish the Russian Federation’s international responsibility under these Conventions,
and to seek redress for its people who have suffered the consequences of
the Russian Federation’s illegal behaviour.
The Terrorism Financing Convention
7. When the Russian Federation acceded to the Terrorism Financing Convention,
it made a solemn commitment to co‑operate in efforts to prevent the financing
of terrorism. Indeed, the Russian Federation has repeatedly proclaimed itself
to be a vocal opponent of terrorism in Chechnya, Syria, and elsewhere. But in
Ukraine, the Russian Federation is not just failing to co‑operate with Ukrainian
1 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism,
2798 UNTS 197 (entered into force 10 April 2002).
2 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
660 UNTS 212 (entered into force 4 January 1969).
11
essuyé des tirs d’artillerie près de Volnovakha. Un attentat à la bombe a été perpétré
lors d’un rassemblement patriotique pacifique à Kharkiv. Partout en Ukraine,
la population civile a payé le prix des tentatives de la Fédération de Russie et de ses
intermédiaires d’arracher des concessions au pays. En soutenant cette brutale campagne
de terrorisme, la Fédération de Russie viole délibérément les principes fondamentaux
du droit international, y compris ceux qui sont énoncés dans la convention
internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme (ci-
après la
« convention contre le financement du terrorisme ») 1.
5. En République autonome de Crimée et en particulier dans la ville de Sébastopol,
la Fédération de Russie a bafoué sans vergogne la Charte des Nations Unies,
s’emparant par la force militaire d’une partie du territoire souverain de l’Ukraine.
Pour tenter de légitimer cet acte d’agression, elle a orchestré un « référendum »
illégal qu’elle s’est hâtée de tenir dans un climat de violence et d’intimidation contre
les groupes ethniques non russes. Après avoir ainsi préparé le terrain, la Fédération
de Russie a mené une politique de harcèlement et de répression des communautés
qu’elle considérait comme hostiles au régime. Il en est résulté une campagne
visant à annihiler, par un large éventail d’actes de discrimination, les cultures
propres aux Ukrainiens de souche et au peuple tatar de Crimée. Les institutions de
ces communautés ont fait l’objet de persécutions, de même que leurs dirigeants,
dont bon nombre ont été contraints de s’exiler hors de Crimée. Des enlèvements,
des meurtres, ainsi que des perquisitions et des détentions arbitraires ont été commis
contre des membres des communautés en question, dont les langues ont également
été prises pour cible. Ceux restés en Crimée se sont vu imposer automatiquement
la nationalité russe. Cette campagne délibérée d’annihilation culturelle, qui a
débuté avec l’invasion et le référendum et se poursuit aujourd’hui, constitue une
violation de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (ci-
après la « CIEDR ») 2.
6. L’agression illicite de l’Ukraine par la Fédération de Russie a entraîné la
mort de milliers de civils et le déplacement de quelque deux millions de personnes.
Ainsi que cela sera exposé dans la présente requête, elle a également donné lieu à
une série de violations flagrantes des obligations conventionnelles incombant à la
Fédération de Russie, violations dont les principales victimes ont été des civils
innocents. Ces attaques dirigées contre le peuple ukrainien — et, à travers lui, le
monde tout entier — exigent que les responsabilités soient établies au regard du
droit international. Lorsqu’elle a ratifié la convention contre le financement du
terrorisme et la CIEDR, la Fédération de Russie a accepté de soumettre à la compétence
de la Cour les différends relevant de ces deux instruments. L’Ukraine a
introduit la présente affaire pour que soit établie la responsabilité internationale de
la Fédération de Russie au titre desdites conventions et que son peuple, qui a subi
les conséquences du comportement illicite de cette dernière, obtienne réparation.
La convention contre le financement du terrorisme
7. Lorsqu’elle a adhéré à la convention contre le financement du terrorisme, la
Fédération de Russie s’est solennellement engagée à apporter son concours aux
efforts déployés pour lutter contre cette pratique. Si elle s’est effectivement posée à
maintes reprises en ardente opposante au terrorisme en Tchétchénie, en Syrie et
ailleurs, il n’en va pas de même en Ukraine où, non contente de ne pas coopérer
1 Convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme,
Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 2798, p. 197 (entrée en vigueur le 10 avril 2002).
2 Convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale, Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 660, p. 212 (entrée en vigueur le 4 janvier 1969).
12
authorities in preventing the financing of terrorism — it is mocking the Convention’s
goals by actively promoting and sponsoring terrorism.
8. The illegal armed groups in eastern Ukraine have engaged in a consistent pattern
of attacking civilians. The Russian Federation knew that its proxies were committing
such acts of terrorism, yet decided to supply them with dangerous weapons
and other support. The Russian Government, its public officials, and its citizens
have repeatedly transferred materials, money, personnel, and other support to
these groups. Despite repeated protests by Ukraine, the Russian Federation has
not taken any steps to halt or investigate this terrorism financing. The results have
been both predictable and catastrophic:
9. Shoot-down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17. In the most notorious of these
attacks, Russian proxies shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 in flight over
Ukrainian territory on 17 July 2014. This was an offense against humanity, murdering
298 innocent civilians of many nationalities, including infants. The perpetrators
used a sophisticated anti‑aircraft system that was supplied by the Russian
Federation. International investigators have systematically traced the
weapon’s route from Russian territory, to its launch site, and then back to Russian
territory. The United Nations Security Council “condemn[ed] in the strongest
terms the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17”, and “demand[ed] that
those responsible for this incident be held to account” 3. Yet the Russian Federation
made no effort to bring the perpetrators to justice or to explain why weapons
from its territory were used for such a terrorist act. The Russian Federation’s
sponsorship of this act of terrorism — and its failure to halt or investigate the
financing that contributed to this attack — violates its obligations under the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
10. Shellings of civilians in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and Kramatorsk. Russian
proxies have carried out a series of devastating rocket attacks on civilians. For
example, they launched a volley of rockets at a queue of civilian vehicles on a
well‑travelled highway near Volnovakha, blowing up a passenger bus and killing
12 civilians. Russian proxies assaulted a densely-populated
residential area in the
city of Mariupol, murdering 30 in a rocket barrage; top United Nations officials
described the attack as a knowing and targeted attack on civilians. In Kramatorsk,
Russian proxies launched an indiscriminate attack on a residential area, killing
seven civilians. The Russian Federation supplied the weapons used to perpetrate
these and other attacks, knowing that their proxies could use them to commit acts
of terrorism. The Russian Federation’s sponsorship of these acts of terrorism —
and its failure to halt or investigate the financing that contributed to these
attacks — violates its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention.
11. Bombings of civilians in Ukrainian cities. Russian‑backed groups have also
perpetrated a wave of bombings intended to instil fear in peaceful, civilian areas,
3 United Nations Security Council resolution 2166, UN doc. S/RES/2166 (21 July 2014).
.
13
avec les autorités locales en vue d’en prévenir le financement, la Fédération de
Russie bafoue les objectifs de la convention en promouvant et en soutenant activement
le terrorisme.
8. Les groupes armés illégaux opérant en Ukraine orientale se sont livrés à des
attaques systématiques contre les civils. Alors même qu’elle avait connaissance des
agissements terroristes de ses intermédiaires, la Fédération de Russie a décidé de
leur fournir des armes redoutables et de leur apporter d’autres formes de soutien.
Le Gouvernement russe, ses responsables publics et ses citoyens ont ainsi procuré
à maintes reprises du matériel, de l’argent, du personnel et d’autres formes de soutien
aux groupes en question. En dépit des protestations répétées de l’Ukraine, la
Fédération de Russie n’a pris aucune mesure pour faire cesser ce financement du
terrorisme ou pour enquêter à son sujet. Comme l’on pouvait s’y attendre, les
conséquences en ont été catastrophiques.
9. Destruction de l’appareil assurant le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines. La
plus tristement célèbre de ces attaques, commise le 17 juillet 2014, a été la destruction
par des intermédiaires de la Russie au‑dessus du territoire ukrainien, de l’aéronef
de la Malaysia Airlines qui assurait le vol MH17. Cette attaque, qui a causé la
mort de 298 civils innocents de nombreuses nationalités, y compris d’enfants en
bas âge, constitue une atteinte à l’humanité. Ses auteurs ont fait usage d’un système
anti‑aérien sophistiqué fourni par la Fédération de Russie. Les enquêteurs
internationaux en ont retracé tous les déplacements, de son transfert depuis le territoire
russe vers le site de tir jusqu’à son retour en Russie. Le Conseil de sécurité
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies a « [c]ondamn[é] avec la plus grande fermeté
la destruction de l’appareil de la Malaysia Airlines affrété pour le vol MH17 » et
« [e]xig[é] que l’on contraigne les responsables de l’incident à répondre de leurs
actes » 3. Ce nonobstant, la Fédération de Russie n’a fait aucun effort pour traduire
en justice les auteurs de l’attaque ou expliquer pourquoi des armes en provenance
de son territoire avaient servi à un tel acte terroriste. Le soutien qu’elle a apporté à
la perpétration d’un tel acte de terrorisme — de même que son omission de faire
cesser le financement qui y a contribué ou d’enquêter à cet égard — emporte violation
des obligations qui lui incombent en vertu de la convention contre le financement
du terrorisme.
10. Tirs d’artillerie contre des civils à Volnovakha, Marioupol et Kramatorsk.
Des intermédiaires de la Russie ont mené une série d’attaques à la roquette dévastatrices
contre des civils. A titre d’exemple, ils ont tiré une salve de roquettes sur
une file de véhicules civils qui circulaient sur une autoroute très fréquentée non loin
de Volnovakha, faisant exploser un autocar et tuant douze civils. Ils ont également
pris pour cible une zone résidentielle densément peuplée de la ville de Marioupol,
trente personnes ayant trouvé la mort dans un tir de barrage que de hauts responsables
de l’ONU ont décrit comme une attaque délibérée et ciblée contre des civils.
A Kramatorsk, des intermédiaires de la Russie ont mené une autre attaque aveugle
contre une zone résidentielle, faisant sept morts parmi les civils. La Fédération de
Russie a fourni les armes employées pour perpétrer ces attaques et d’autres encore,
alors même qu’elle savait que ses intermédiaires pourraient en faire usage pour
commettre des actes terroristes. Le soutien qu’elle a apporté à la perpétration de
tels actes de terrorisme — de même que son omission de faire cesser le financement
qui y a contribué ou d’enquêter à cet égard — emporte violation des obligations
qui lui incombent en vertu de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme.
11. Attentats à la bombe dirigés contre des civils dans des villes ukrainiennes. Des
groupes appuyés par la Russie ont également perpétré une vague d’attentats à la
3 Résolution 2166 (2014) du 21 juillet 2014 du Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, publiée sous la cote S/RES/2166.
14
far from the areas of eastern Ukraine immediately affected by Russian aggression.
In Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second‑largest city, a string of bomb attacks culminated in
a deadly explosion at a peaceful patriotic march marking the anniversary of the
Revolution of Dignity. The Russian Federation supplied the explosive materials
and provided critical training to the terrorists responsible for these plots. The Russian
Federation’s sponsorship of these acts of terrorism — and its failure to halt or
investigate the financing that contributed to these attacks — violates its obligations
under the Terrorism Financing Convention.
12. Failure to co‑operate with Ukraine. Ukraine has made repeated requests to
the Russian Federation, under the framework of the Terrorism Financing Convention,
to halt all forms of support for terrorism, including the supply of weapons,
money, and other materials across its border; to stop the fundraising efforts for
Russian‑backed illegal armed groups routed through Russian banks; and to help
bring public and private individuals to justice for financing terrorism. The Russian
Federation’s failure to co‑operate with Ukraine violates its obligations under
the Terrorism Financing Convention.
The CERD
13. The Russian Federation has employed a different set of tactics in Crimea,
but has shown the same consistent, fundamental contempt for the human rights of
the Ukrainian people. Russian troops consolidated their physical control over
Crimea in February and March of 2014. Under the pretext of a sham referendum
in March 2014, which the United Nations General Assembly determined has “no
validity” 4, the Russian Federation then purported to annex the territory and
installed Crimean authorities under Russian control. These Russian occupation
authorities have subjected the Ukrainian citizens under their control to a régime of
mass intimidation and human rights abuses. Particular targets of the Russian
authorities in occupied Crimea have been the non‑Russian communities of the
Crimean peninsula, in particular the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities.
14. As collective punishment against these communities for their refusal to
accept the illegal occupation, the Russian Federation has mounted a broad‑based
campaign of cultural erasure through discrimination. The Russian Federation’s
suppression of the Tatar community is epitomized by its decision to outlaw the
Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, the community’s central political and cultural
institution. The Russian authorities have also exiled, imprisoned, and otherwise
persecuted Tatar leaders; subjected ordinary Crimean Tatars to disappearances,
murder, searches, and intimidation; blocked cultural gatherings; and silenced independent
media voices. Similarly, ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea are targeted for mistreatment,
including attacks on their media institutions and dramatic decreases in
educational opportunities. The Russian goal is ethnic dominance achieved through
cultural erasure.
15. As the United Nations General Assembly has recently recognized and con-
4 United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262, UN doc. A/RES/68/262, “Territorial
Integrity of Ukraine” (27 March 2014).
15
bombe visant à faire régner la terreur dans des zones civiles pacifiques, très éloignées
des régions d’Ukraine orientale directement touchées par l’agression russe.
Kharkiv, la deuxième plus grande ville du pays, a ainsi été la cible d’une série
d’attentats à la bombe, le plus meurtrier ayant été une violente explosion lors d’une
marche patriotique pacifique organisée à la date anniversaire de la Révolution de
la dignité. La Fédération de Russie a fourni les explosifs et un entraînement décisif
aux terroristes qui ont ourdi ces attentats. Le soutien qu’elle a apporté à la perpétration
de tels actes de terrorisme — de même que son omission de faire cesser le
financement qui y a contribué ou d’enquêter à cet égard — emporte violation des
obligations qui lui incombent en vertu de la convention contre le financement du
terrorisme.
12. Défaut de coopération avec l’Ukraine. Dans le cadre de la convention contre
le financement du terrorisme, l’Ukraine a demandé à maintes reprises à la Fédération
de Russie de renoncer à toute forme de soutien en faveur d’activités terroristes,
notamment la fourniture en contrebande d’armes, d’argent et d’autres éléments
; de cesser de contribuer au financement, via des banques russes, des groupes
armés illégaux appuyés par elle ; et de l’aider à traduire en justice les personnes
publiques et privées ayant financé le terrorisme. Le refus de la Fédération de Russie
de coopérer avec l’Ukraine emporte violation des obligations qui lui incombent
en vertu de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme.
La CIEDR
13. En Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a mis en oeuvre une stratégie différente
tout en affichant systématiquement, là encore, un profond mépris pour les droits
de l’homme du peuple ukrainien. En février et mars 2014, les forces russes ont
renforcé le contrôle physique qu’elles exerçaient sur cette région. Prenant prétexte
d’un simulacre de référendum organisé au mois de mars — consultation sans
« aucune validité », ainsi que l’a estimé l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies 4 —,
la Fédération de Russie a ensuite cherché à annexer le territoire en y installant des
autorités placées sous son contrôle. Ces autorités d’occupation russe ont soumis les
citoyens ukrainiens qui relevaient désormais d’elles à un régime caractérisé par des
mesures d’intimidation et des violations massives des droits de l’homme, visant en
particulier les communautés non russes de la péninsule, dont celles des Tatars de
Crimée et des Ukrainiens de souche.
14. Afin de punir collectivement les communautés en question pour leur refus
de cette occupation illicite, la Fédération de Russie a mis en place une vaste campagne
d’annihilation culturelle par la discrimination. Sa décision de déclarer hors
la loi le Majlis des Tatars de Crimée, principale institution politique et culturelle de
cette communauté, illustre parfaitement la répression dont celle‑ci a fait l’objet.
Les autorités russes ont également exilé, emprisonné et exposé à d’autres persécutions
les dirigeants tatars ; fait disparaître, tué, soumis à des perquisitions et à des
mesures d’intimidation des citoyens tatars ordinaires ; empêché des rassemblements
culturels ; et réduit au silence des médias indépendants. Quant aux
Ukrainiens
de souche présents en Crimée, ils font eux aussi l’objet de mauvais
traitements ciblés, notamment d’attaques dirigées contre leurs médias et de réductions
drastiques de leurs possibilités en matière d’enseignement. L’objectif
de la Russie consiste à imposer une domination ethnique par une annihilation
culturelle.
15. Ainsi que l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies l’a récemment reconnu, le
4 Résolution 68/262 du 27 mars 2014 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, intitulée
« Intégrité territoriale de l’Ukraine » et publiée sous la cote A/RES/68/262.
16
demned, the Russian occupation régime is perpetrating “abuses, measures and
practices of discrimination” against the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities
5. The Russian Federation’s targeting of the Crimean Tatar community in
particular has opened old historic wounds, reminding the long‑persecuted minority
of its brutal repression and exile under Joseph Stalin. This campaign of cultural
erasure through discrimination against non‑Russian ethnic communities in Crimea
violates the Russian Federation’s obligations under the CERD to combat racial
discrimination.
* * *
16. The many innocent victims of the Russian Federation’s violations of international
law deserve accountability. Ukraine respectfully asks this Court to hold
the Russian Federation accountable for its unlawful actions under the Terrorism
Financing Convention and the CERD, and to redress the harm caused to Ukraine
and its people by Russia’s illegal violations of their rights.
II. Jurisdiction of the Court
17. The Court has jurisdiction over “all matters specially provided for . . . in
treaties and conventions in force” 6. This case concerns disputes relating to the
interpretation and application of two conventions: the Terrorism Financing Convention
and the CERD. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are parties to both
treaties, and have consented to the jurisdiction of the Court to resolve such
disputes.
Neither Party maintains a reservation to either Convention’s compromissory
clause.
A. International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism
18. Article 24 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation
or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through
negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of them, be
submitted to arbitration. If, within six months from the date of the request for
arbitration, the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration,
any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court
of Justice, by application, in conformity with the Statute of the Court.”
19. A dispute has plainly arisen concerning the interpretation and application
5 United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/RES/71/205, “Situation
of Human Rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol”
(Ukraine) (19 December 2016).
6 Statute of the Court, Art. 36 (1).
17
régime d’occupation russe commet des « atteintes [et applique des] mesures et pratiques
discriminatoires » à l’encontre des communautés des Tatars et des Ukrainiens
de souche en Crimée, des agissements qu’elle a condamnés 5. Le fait que la
Fédération de Russie s’en prenne plus particulièrement à la communauté tatare a
ravivé d’anciennes blessures, rappelant à cette minorité longtemps persécutée sa
répression brutale et son exil sous Joseph Staline. En menant cette campagne d’annihilation
culturelle par la discrimination contre les communautés ethniques non
russes en Crimée, la Fédération de Russie manque aux obligations que lui impose
la CIEDR aux fins de la lutte contre la discrimination raciale.
* * *
16. Les nombreuses victimes innocentes des violations du droit international
commises par la Fédération de Russie méritent que celle‑ci réponde de ses actes.
L’Ukraine prie donc respectueusement la Cour d’obliger la Fédération de Russie à
répondre de ses actes illicites au regard de la convention contre le financement du
terrorisme et de la CIEDR, et de lui prescrire de réparer le préjudice qu’elle a causé
à l’Ukraine et à son peuple en violant leurs droits.
II. La compétence de la Cour
17. La Cour a compétence à l’égard de « tous les cas spécialement prévus …
dans les traités et conventions en vigueur » 6. La présente affaire porte sur des différends
relatifs à l’interprétation et à l’application de deux conventions, à savoir la
convention contre le financement du terrorisme et la CIEDR. L’Ukraine et la
Fédération de Russie sont parties à ces deux instruments et ont accepté la compétence
de la Cour pour régler de tels différends. Aucune des Parties ne maintient de
réserve à l’application de la clause compromissoire contenue dans l’une ou l’autre
convention.
A. La convention internationale pour la répression
du financement du terrorisme
18. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la convention contre le financement du
terrorisme est libellé comme suit :
« Tout différend entre des Etats Parties concernant l’interprétation ou l’application
de la présente Convention qui ne peut pas être réglé par voie de
négociation dans un délai raisonnable est soumis à l’arbitrage, à la demande
de l’un de ces Etats. Si, dans les six mois qui suivent la date de la demande
d’arbitrage, les Parties ne parviennent pas à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation
de l’arbitrage, l’une quelconque d’entre elles peut soumettre le différend à
la Cour internationale de Justice, en déposant une requête conformément au
Statut de la Cour. »
19. Un différend concernant l’interprétation et l’application de la convention
5 Résolution 71/205 du 19 décembre 2016 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
intitulée « Situation des droits de l’homme dans la République autonome de Crimée et la
ville de Sébastopol (Ukraine) » et publiée sous la cote A/RES/71/205.
6 Statut de la Cour, paragraphe 1 de l’article 36.
18
of the Terrorism Financing Convention. For more than two years, Ukraine has
protested the Russian Federation’s multiple violations of the Convention. Ukraine
has made extensive efforts to negotiate a resolution to the dispute, including the
exchange of more than 40 diplomatic notes and participation in four rounds of
bilateral negotiation sessions. However, the Russian Federation largely failed to
respond to Ukraine’s correspondence, declined to engage on the substance of the
dispute, and consistently failed to negotiate in a constructive manner. Instead,
throughout this process, the Russian Federation has insisted that Ukraine’s
detailed claims did not raise issues under the Terrorism Financing Convention at
all. Yet at the same time as the Russian Federation was refusing to engage in a
meaningful discussion of its terrorism financing practices, those practices have
continued. It therefore became apparent that the dispute could not be settled
within a reasonable time, and that further negotiations would be futile. Consequently,
on 21 April 2016, Ukraine delivered to the Russian Federation a request
to submit the dispute to arbitration, pursuant to Article 24 (1) of the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
20. For more than two months the Russian Federation failed to acknowledge
Ukraine’s offer of arbitration. Eventually the Russian Federation agreed to discuss
the arbitration 7. However, the Russian Federation ignored repeated requests to
confirm that it would agree to actually participate in an arbitration — an important
commitment in light of the recent Russian practice of refusing to participate
in international arbitrations 8. Only in October 2016, nearly six months after
Ukraine had proposed arbitration, did the Russian Federation finally state clearly
its intent to participate in an arbitration if the Parties reached agreement on its
organization.
21. Even though the Russian Federation waited until October 2016 to express
its intent to participate in an arbitration, in August 2016 Ukraine informed the
Russian Federation of its views on how an arbitration should be organized. The
Russian Federation again delayed in responding, but eventually presented a partial
counter‑proposal in October 2016. Notwithstanding that the Russian proposal
contained significant gaps and failed to address critical aspects of the arbitration’s
organization, Ukraine continued to meet with the Russian Federation and engaged
in diplomatic correspondence in an attempt to reach agreement on the organization
of the arbitration. However, no agreement could be reached. Because more
than six months have passed since Ukraine’s request for arbitration of April 2016,
without the Parties reaching agreement on the organization of the arbitration, the
Convention envisions that either Party may now refer the dispute to this Court.
7 At the Parties’ first meeting on the organization of the arbitration, the Russian Federation
requested to also discuss the substance of the dispute. Reiterating its view that further
substantive discussions were futile, Ukraine agreed to discuss any topic the Russian Federation
wished, without prejudice to Ukraine’s April 2016 request to submit the dispute to
arbitration.
8 For example, the Russian Federation refused to participate in an arbitration instituted
by the Netherlands under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and has
refused to participate in several arbitration proceedings initiated by Ukrainian investors
pursuant to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the Encouragement and Mutual Protection of Investments
dated 27 November 1998.
19
contre le financement du terrorisme s’est clairement fait jour entre les deux Etats.
Pendant plus de deux ans, l’Ukraine a protesté contre les multiples violations de
cet instrument commises par la Fédération de Russie. Elle a déployé d’importants
efforts pour régler le différend par voie de négociation, notamment en échangeant
plus de quarante notes diplomatiques et en participant à quatre cycles de négociations
bilatérales. Cependant, la plupart de ses communications sont restées sans
réponse, la Fédération de Russie s’étant refusée à aborder le fond du différend et
n’ayant à aucun moment négocié de manière constructive. Dans le cadre de ce
processus, celle-
ci a au contraire toujours soutenu que les demandes circonstanciées
de l’Ukraine ne soulevaient aucune question au regard de la convention
contre le financement du terrorisme. Tout en refusant d’engager une véritable discussion
sur ses pratiques en la matière, la Fédération de Russie a continué de financer
le terrorisme. Il est donc apparu qu’il serait impossible de régler le différend
dans un délai raisonnable et que toute nouvelle négociation serait inutile. Aussi, le
21 avril 2016, l’Ukraine a‑t‑elle présenté à la Fédération de Russie une demande
tendant à soumettre le différend à l’arbitrage, conformément au paragraphe 1 de
l’article 24 de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme.
20. Après avoir mis plus de deux mois pour accuser réception de la proposition
de l’Ukraine relative à l’arbitrage, la Fédération de Russie a finalement accepté de
discuter de la question 7. Elle n’a toutefois pas donné suite aux multiples demandes
l’invitant à confirmer qu’elle consentirait à participer effectivement à une telle procédure,
engagement important compte tenu de sa pratique récente consistant à
refuser de prendre part à des arbitrages internationaux 8. Ce n’est qu’en
octobre 2016, soit près de six mois après que l’Ukraine eut formulé sa proposition
en ce sens, que la Fédération de Russie a fini par exprimer clairement son intention
de participer à une procédure d’arbitrage à condition que les Parties trouvent un
accord sur son organisation.
21. Bien que la Fédération de Russie ait attendu jusqu’en octobre 2016 pour se
déclarer prête à prendre part à un arbitrage, l’Ukraine l’avait informée de ses vues
quant à l’organisation de la procédure dès le mois d’août de la même année. Après
avoir de nouveau tardé à répondre, la Fédération de Russie a finalement soumis
une contre‑proposition partielle en octobre 2016. Alors même que celle-
ci comportait
des lacunes importantes et passait sous silence certains aspects pourtant essentiels
de l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’Ukraine a continué de rencontrer la Fédération
de Russie et d’échanger avec elle une correspondance diplomatique pour
tenter de trouver un accord à cet égard. Il n’en a cependant rien été. Plus de six mois
s’étant écoulés depuis que l’Ukraine a présenté sa demande d’arbitrage en avril
2016, et les Parties n’étant pas parvenues à s’entendre sur l’organisation de la procédure,
l’une ou l’autre d’entre elles peut désormais saisir la Cour du différend,
ainsi que le prévoit la convention.
7 Lors de la première réunion des Parties consacrée à l’organisation de l’arbitrage, la
Fédération de Russie a demandé à discuter également du fond du différend. Après avoir
répété qu’elle jugeait inutile de s’attarder davantage sur ce point, l’Ukraine a accepté
d’aborder toute question que la Fédération de Russie souhaitait traiter, sans préjudice de sa
demande d’avril 2016 tendant à soumettre le différend à l’arbitrage.
8 La Fédération de Russie a notamment refusé de participer à un arbitrage introduit par
les Pays‑Bas au titre de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, ainsi qu’à
plusieurs autres procédures introduites par des investisseurs ukrainiens en application de
l’accord entre le Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie et le Conseil des ministres de
l’Ukraine sur la promotion et la protection mutuelle des investissements en date du
27 novembre 1998.
20
B. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination
22. Article 22 of the CERD provides:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to the interpretation
or application of this Convention, which is not settled by negotiation
or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention, shall, at
the request of any of the parties to the dispute, be referred to the International
Court of Justice for decision, unless the disputants agree to another mode of
settlement.”
23. A dispute has plainly arisen concerning the interpretation and application
of the CERD. For more than two years, Ukraine has protested the Russian Federation’s
multiple violations of the CERD. Ukraine has made extensive efforts to
negotiate a resolution to the dispute, including the exchange of more than 20 diplomatic
notes and participation in three rounds of bilateral negotiation sessions.
However, the Russian Federation largely failed to respond to Ukraine’s correspondence,
declined to engage on the substance of the dispute, and consistently
failed to negotiate in a constructive manner. It failed to engage in detailed discussions
of the claims presented by Ukraine, and avoided substantive discussions of
the relevant issues. Yet at the same time as it was refusing to engage in a meaningful
discussion of issues of discrimination in Crimea, the Russian Federation was
continuing and intensifying its pattern of cultural erasure through discrimination.
It therefore became apparent that further negotiations would be futile, and prejudicial
to the people living under a discriminatory occupation régime. Accordingly,
the Convention envisions that either party may now refer the dispute to this Court.
III. Facts
24. The Russian Federation’s refusal to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and independence
led to the Revolution of Dignity of the Ukrainian people. In response,
the Russian Federation has sought to assert dominance over Ukraine, including by
attacking the fundamental human rights of Ukraine’s people.
A. Ukraine’s Turn toward Europe, the Revolution of Dignity,
and the Russian Federation’s Unlawful Intervention
25. On 24 August 1991, as the Soviet Union was in the process of disintegrating,
Ukraine declared its independence. The Russian Federation, which also emerged
from the collapse of the Soviet Union, made solemn commitments to respect
Ukraine’s sovereign equality and territorial integrity. For example, in 1994, the
Russian Federation, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine all
signed the Budapest Memorandum 9. Ukraine agreed to disarm and transfer its
Soviet‑era nuclear weapons to the Russian Federation, and the Russian Federation
promised to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, never to
threaten or use force against Ukraine, and never to coerce Ukraine with economic
pressure.
9 Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with Ukraine’s Accession to the
Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, UN doc. A/49/765 Annex I
(19 December 1994).
21
B. La convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes
de discrimination raciale
22. L’article 22 de la CIEDR est libellé comme suit :
« Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant l’interprétation
ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura pas été réglé par
voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément prévues par
ladite Convention sera porté, à la requête de toute partie au différend, devant
la Cour internationale de Justice pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que
les parties au différend ne conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement. »
23. Un différend touchant l’interprétation et l’application de la CIEDR s’est clairement
fait jour entre les deux Etats. Pendant plus de deux ans, l’Ukraine a protesté
contre les multiples violations de la convention commises par la Fédération de Russie.
Elle a déployé d’importants efforts pour régler le différend par voie de négociation,
notamment en échangeant plus de vingt notes diplomatiques et en participant
à trois cycles de négociations bilatérales. Cependant, la plupart de ses communications
sont restées sans réponse, la Fédération de Russie s’étant refusée à aborder le
fond du différend et n’ayant jamais négocié de manière constructive. Elle n’a pas
examiné en détail les demandes présentées par l’Ukraine et a éludé tout débat de
fond sur les points pertinents. Tout en refusant d’engager une véritable discussion
sur les questions de discrimination en Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a poursuivi
et intensifié sa campagne d’annihilation culturelle par la discrimination. Il est donc
apparu que toute nouvelle négociation serait inutile et préjudiciable aux personnes
vivant sous un régime d’occupation discriminatoire. Aussi l’une ou l’autre partie
peut‑elle désormais saisir la Cour du différend, ainsi que le prévoit la convention.
III. Exposé des faits
24. Le refus par la Fédération de Russie de respecter la souveraineté et l’indépendance
de l’Ukraine a conduit le peuple ukrainien à faire sa Révolution de la
dignité. En réaction à cette révolution, la Fédération de Russie a cherché à affirmer
sa domination sur l’Ukraine, y compris en s’attaquant aux droits de l’homme fondamentaux
des Ukrainiens.
A. Le virage de l’Ukraine vers l’Europe, la Révolution de la dignité
et l’intervention illicite de la Fédération de Russie
25. Le 24 août 1991, alors que l’Union soviétique était en pleine désintégration,
l’Ukraine a proclamé son indépendance. La Fédération de Russie, qui, elle aussi,
était née de la désintégration de l’Union soviétique, s’est à plusieurs reprises engagée
solennellement à respecter l’égalité souveraine et l’intégrité territoriale de
l’Ukraine. C’est ainsi qu’en 1994 elle a signé le mémorandum de Budapest 9, en
même temps que les Etats‑Unis, le Royaume‑Uni et l’Ukraine. L’Ukraine ayant
décidé de renoncer à l’arme nucléaire et de transférer à la Fédération de Russie son
arsenal nucléaire hérité de l’ère soviétique, la Fédération de Russie s’engageait par
ce mémorandum à respecter la souveraineté et l’intégrité territoriale de l’Ukraine,
à s’abstenir de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi de la force contre celle‑ci et à ne
jamais recourir à la coercition économique contre elle.
9 Mémorandum concernant les garanties de sécurité liées à l’adhésion de l’Ukraine au
traité sur la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires, document des Nations Unies daté du
19 décembre 1994, publié sous la cote A/49/765, annexe I.
22
26. But the Russian Federation has since abandoned those commitments. In
August 1999, Vladimir Putin stood before the Russian Duma to be elevated to the
post of Prime Minister, and proclaimed that the Russian Federation “has always
had and still has legitimate zones of interest” 10. Since then, the Russian Federation
under the leadership of Prime Minister, and then President, Putin has sought to
reassert its dominance over the former Soviet republics. True Ukrainian independence
was not consistent with this worldview.
27. In 2004, the Russian Federation openly intervened in Ukraine’s presidential
election, backing then‑Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. Yanukovych rigged
the election, and the people responded with two months of mass protests in the
winter of 2004‑2005 demanding a free and fair election. This movement became
known as the Orange Revolution and culminated in the election of Viktor
Yuschenko as President, who campaigned on a platform advocating a modern
future for Ukraine oriented toward the European Union and the West.
28. After the Orange Revolution and in response to Ukraine’s pursuit of
improved relations with the European Union, the Russian Federation escalated its
attempts to reimpose Russian hegemony over Ukraine. In 2005, President Putin
famously described the break-up of the Soviet Union as the “greatest geopolitical
catastrophe of the twentieth century” 11. To counteract Ukraine’s pursuit of its
own interests in its domestic and foreign affairs, the Russian Federation implemented
a combination of harsh economic, political, and informational attacks on
Ukraine. For example, in the freezing winters of January 2006 and 2009, the Russian
Federation cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory. The
Russian Federation’s aggressive use of energy as a geopolitical weapon affected
not just Ukraine but a number of European countries depending on gas supplies
passing through Ukraine during harsh winters.
29. In the 2010 presidential election, the pro‑Russian candidate Viktor Yanukovych
won. Ukraine nonetheless continued to pursue a closer relationship with the
European Union, and in 2012 the negotiators initialled the text of the Association
Agreement. On 25 February 2013, President Yanukovych reaffirmed Ukraine’s
commitment to concluding the agreement.
30. The Russian Federation responded by applying tremendous pressure on
Ukraine. The Russian Federation launched a trade war against Ukraine, briefly
implementing a de facto trade ban with the threat that it could be reimposed if
Ukraine went forward with its plans for European integration. The Russian Federation
further threatened to suspend gas supplies, another economic weapon it
had wielded against Ukraine with great effect in the past. Russian officials further
threatened consequences to Ukraine’s security, including its territorial integrity.
31. In November 2013, Ukraine and the European Union were close to signing
the historic Association Agreement, with plans to enact important electoral, judicial,
and constitutional reforms in Ukraine to precede signature of the Agreement
at a summit in Lithuania on 28‑29 November 2013. But at the last moment, President
Yanukovych succumbed to the intense Russian pressure and abruptly
10 “Vladimir Putin, Address to the Russian Federation State Duma (16 August 1999),
excerpted from BBC News Magazine, “Vladimir Putin: The Rebuilding of ‘Soviet’ Russia”
(28 March 2014).
11 BBC News, “Putin Deplores Collapse of USSR” (25 April 2005).
23
26. Or, la Fédération de Russie est depuis revenue sur ces engagements. En
août 1999, Vladimir Poutine, s’adressant à la Douma qui devait le nommer aux
fonctions de premier ministre, proclama que la Fédération de Russie « [avait] toujours
eu et [avait] encore des zones d’influence légitimes » 10. Dès ce moment, la
Fédération de Russie, dirigée par Poutine d’abord comme premier ministre, puis
comme président, s’est employée à rétablir sa domination sur les anciennes républiques
soviétiques. Il n’y avait pas de place pour une véritable indépendance de
l’Ukraine dans cette vision du monde.
27. En 2004, la Fédération de Russie s’ingéra ouvertement dans l’élection présidentielle
en Ukraine en soutenant le premier ministre de l’époque, Viktor Ianoukovitch.
Celui‑ci ayant truqué l’élection, la population protesta en organisant des
manifestations pendant deux mois durant l’hiver 2004‑2005 pour exiger une élection
libre et régulière. Ce mouvement populaire connu sous le nom de Révolution
orange aboutit à l’élection comme président de Viktor Iouchtchenko, qui avait fait
campagne sur un programme proposant d’ouvrir l’Ukraine à la modernité en la
rapprochant de l’Union européenne et de l’Occident.
28. Après la Révolution orange et en réaction à la politique ukrainienne de rapprochement
avec l’Union européenne, la Fédération de Russie s’employa avec une
énergie renouvelée à rétablir l’hégémonie russe sur son voisin. En 2005, le président
Poutine prononça, au sujet de la disparition de l’Union soviétique, la phrase restée
célèbre qui en faisait « la plus grande catastrophe géopolitique du XXe siècle » 11.
Pour empêcher l’Ukraine de poursuivre ses intérêts propres dans ses affaires intérieures
et extérieures, la Fédération de Russie lança contre elle une série de violentes
attaques sur les plans économique, politique et de l’information. C’est ainsi
qu’en janvier 2006 et en 2009, par des hivers particulièrement rigoureux, elle coupa
l’alimentation de tous les gazoducs passant par le territoire ukrainien. Ce recours
agressif à l’énergie comme arme géopolitique affecta non seulement l’Ukraine,
mais aussi plusieurs pays d’Europe qui dépendaient du gaz acheminé à travers ce
pays pour affronter les rigueurs de l’hiver.
29. Alors que le candidat prorusse Viktor Ianoukovitch avait remporté l’élection
présidentielle de 2010, l’Ukraine n’en continua pas moins de chercher à resserrer
ses liens avec l’Union européenne, si bien qu’en 2012 ses négociateurs paraphaient
le texte d’un accord d’association. Le 25 février 2013, le président Ianoukovitch
réaffirmait la volonté de l’Ukraine de signer cet accord.
30. La Fédération de Russie réagit alors en soumettant l’Ukraine à des pressions
extraordinaires. Elle déclencha contre elle une guerre commerciale, lui
imposa brièvement un embargo commercial de facto et menaça de lui réimposer cet
embargo si elle persévérait dans la voie de l’intégration européenne. Elle menaça
également de suspendre l’approvisionnement du pays en gaz, ce qui était une autre
arme économique qu’elle avait déjà employée par le passé avec une efficacité
redoutable. Les autorités russes brandirent aussi la menace de conséquences pour
la sécurité de l’Ukraine, y compris son intégrité territoriale.
31. En novembre 2013, l’Ukraine et l’Union européenne étaient sur le point de
conclure un accord d’association historique, l’Ukraine se préparant à adopter
d’importantes réformes électorales, judiciaires et constitutionnelles en prévision de
la cérémonie de signature de cet accord qui devait avoir lieu à un sommet convoqué
en Lituanie pour les 28 et 29 novembre 2013. Mais à la dernière minute, le
10 Vladimir Poutine, discours du 16 août 1999 à la Douma d’Etat de la Fédération de
Russie, extraits cités dans le BBC News Magazine, « Vladimir Putin: The Rebuilding of
« Soviet » Russia [Vladimir Poutine : La reconstitution de la Russie « soviétique »]
(28 mars 2014).
11 BBC News, « Putin Deplores Collapse of USSR » [Poutine regrette la disparition de
l’URSS] (25 avril 2005).
24
reversed course, stating on 21 November that Ukraine would not sign the Association
Agreement. The European Union strongly condemned this Russian interference
with Ukraine’s relations with Europe.
32. This abrupt policy shift sparked massive street protests across Ukraine,
events that became known as the Revolution of Dignity. The people of Ukraine
rejected the Russian Federation’s interference and protested against the leaders
that had ignored the will of the people and bowed to Russian demands. Peaceful
protesters gathered on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti (“Independence Square”),
Kyiv’s central square, growing in number to the tens of thousands. On 30 November
2015, President Yanukovych called in the Berkut, a special police force, to
attack the protesters, severely injuring dozens.
33. Over the following months, the Maidan protests grew to hundreds of thousands
of Ukrainians. At the same time, the Yanukovych régime remained in close
contact with President Putin on the response to the crisis, and ultimately resorted
to lethal force. Between December 2013 and February 2014, security forces under
President Yanukovych’s direction and control murdered more than 100 unarmed
civilians. In the face of this violence, support for the Yanukovych régime collapsed,
both internationally and within Ukraine’s parliament 12.
34. On 21 February 2014, Viktor Yanukovych abandoned his office and fled
from Ukraine to the Russian Federation. As the country began to chart its new
path, the Ukrainian Parliament appointed a new Government and set early presidential
elections for 25 May 2014.
35. The Russian Federation recognized that Ukraine’s Revolution of Dignity
meant a loss of control over a country that it has long considered part of its “zones
of interest”, and acted to reassert Russian dominance over its sovereign neighbour.
To do so, the Russian Federation has been willing to flagrantly breach international
law by violating Ukrainian sovereignty and attacking the fundamental
human rights of Ukraine’s people. Thus, beginning on 20 February 2014, the Russian
Federation launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula — notwithstanding
the Russian Federation’s consistent prior recognition of Ukraine’s borders,
including Ukraine’s sovereignty over Crimea.
36. By 27 February 2014, armed groups of masked men donning unmarked
green military uniforms seized the buildings of the Crimean Parliament and Council
of Ministers, and surrounded, blockaded, or established control over other government
buildings, military bases, airports, and media outlets. Despite denials of
involvement at the time, Russian President Putin later admitted that the theft of
Crimea was planned in advance and carried out by the Russian Government, using
Russian soldiers 13. The Russian Federation formalized its illegal assertion of
authority over Crimea by orchestrating a purported referendum, which was
unconstitutional under Ukrainian law and has been condemned by the United
Nations 14. Despite continued widespread condemnation from the international
community, the Russian Federation continues to this day to illegally occupy and
12 See, e.g., United Nations: Ukraine, Statements by Foreign Missions and Representations:
21 November-31 December 2013.
13 See e.g., BBC News, “Putin Reveals Secrets of Russia’s Crimea Takeover Plot”
(9 March 2015).
14 United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262, UN doc. A/RES/68/262, “Territorial
Integrity of Ukraine” (27 March 2014).
25
président Ianoukovitch plia sous l’intensité de la pression russe et fit brusquement
marche arrière en déclarant, le 21 novembre, que l’Ukraine ne signerait pas l’accord
d’association. L’Union européenne émit une vigoureuse condamnation de
cette ingérence russe dans les relations entre l’Ukraine et l’Europe.
32. Ce brusque revirement politique déclencha dans toute l’Ukraine des manifestations
massives connues sous le nom de Révolution de la dignité. Le peuple
ukrainien, rejetant l’ingérence de la Fédération de Russie, protesta contre ses
propres dirigeants qui avaient fait fi de la volonté populaire et cédé aux exigences
russes. Des manifestants pacifiques de plus en plus nombreux se rassemblèrent sur
la place centrale de Kiev, « Maïdan Nézalejnosti » (place de l’Indépendance), leur
nombre allant jusqu’à atteindre plusieurs dizaines de milliers. Le 30 novembre 2015,
le président Ianoukovitch fit intervenir une unité de police spéciale, la Berkout, qui
attaqua les manifestants, blessant grièvement plusieurs dizaines d’entre eux.
33. Au cours des mois suivants, le nombre de manifestants sur Maïdan finit par
atteindre plusieurs centaines de milliers. Le régime Ianoukovitch, qui, pendant
toute cette période, avait maintenu des contacts étroits avec le président Poutine
sur la réponse à apporter à cette crise, ordonna un recours meurtrier à la force. De
décembre 2013 à février 2014, les forces de sécurité placées sous la direction et le
contrôle du président Ianoukovitch tuèrent plus de 100 civils non armés. Devant
une telle violence, les soutiens dont pouvait jouir le régime Ianoukovitch à l’étranger
ou au Parlement ukrainien s’effondrèrent 12.
34. Le 21 février 2014, Viktor Ianoukovitch abandonnait son poste pour se
réfugier en Fédération de Russie. Alors que le pays s’engageait ainsi sur une nouvelle
voie, le Parlement ukrainien nomma un nouveau gouvernement et décida de
tenir une élection présidentielle anticipée le 25 mai 2014.
35. La Fédération de Russie comprit alors que la Révolution de la dignité lui
faisait perdre son contrôle sur un pays qu’elle considérait traditionnellement
comme faisant partie de ses « zones d’influence » et décida de rétablir sa domination
sur un voisin pourtant souverain. Pour cela, elle n’hésita pas à faire ouvertement
fi du droit international en violant la souveraineté de l’Ukraine et en s’attaquant
aux droits de l’homme fondamentaux du peuple ukrainien. Ainsi, le
20 février 2014, elle lança une invasion de la péninsule de Crimée, nonobstant le
fait qu’elle avait toujours reconnu jusqu’alors les frontières de l’Ukraine, et notamment
la souveraineté de celle-
ci sur la Crimée.
36. Le 27 février 2014, des groupes d’hommes armés et masqués vêtus de treillis
militaires verts dépourvus d’insignes s’emparèrent des bâtiments du Parlement de
Crimée et du Conseil des ministres, et entourèrent, bloquèrent ou placèrent sous
leur contrôle d’autres édifices gouvernementaux, des bases militaires, des aéroports
et les locaux de divers médias. Alors qu’à l’époque de ces événements la
Fédération de Russie niait y avoir participé, le président Poutine reconnut plus
tard que cette main basse sur la Crimée avait été préparée de longue date et exécutée
par le Gouvernement russe qui avait utilisé des soldats russes à cette fin 13. La
Fédération de Russie officialisa sa mainmise illicite sur la Crimée en orchestrant un
prétendu référendum, inconstitutionnel en droit ukrainien et condamné par
l’ONU 14. Nonobstant la condamnation générale et persistante de la communauté
12 Voir par exemple sur le site Web de l’ONU en Ukraine (« United Nations Ukraine »),
Statements by Foreign Missions and Representations : 21 November‑31 December 2013
[Déclarations émanant de missions et représentations étrangères : 21 novembre‑31 décembre
2013].
13 Voir par exemple BBC News, « Putin Reveals Secrets of Russia’s Crimea Takeover
Plot » [Poutine révèle les secrets du plan de mainmise de la Russie sur la Crimée] (9 mars 2015).
14 Résolution 68/262 du 27 mars 2014 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, intitulée
« Intégrité territoriale de l’Ukraine » et publiée sous la cote A/RES/68/262.
26
administer Crimea. With effective control over Crimea established, the Russian
Federation has imposed a policy of Russian dominance, seeking to erase the distinct
cultural identities of the peninsula’s ethnic Ukrainian and Tatar communities
through a pattern of discriminatory acts.
37. In the spring of 2014, not long after the purported annexation of Crimea
and in the months leading up to Ukraine’s early democratic elections for its new
president, the Russian Federation instigated conflict in eastern Ukraine. Whereas
in Crimea the Russian Federation asserted control directly, in eastern Ukraine it
chose to intervene through proxies, deliberately fomenting instability and implementing
the Putinist vision that part of Ukraine should be treated as “Novorossiya”
(“New Russia”). The Russian Government began directly and indirectly
arming, training, providing money, and otherwise supporting its proxies whose
aim was to undermine the constitutional order and divide Ukraine. These Russian
proxies loosely organized themselves into various entities, including the so‑called
Donetsk People’s Republic (“DPR”), Luhansk People’s Republic (“LPR”), and
Partisans of the Kharkiv People’s Republic (“Kharkiv Partisans”). Individuals
affiliated with these groups seized government buildings in the Donetsk and
Luhansk regions of eastern Ukraine, laying the groundwork for an illegitimate
military campaign against the Ukrainian Government — as well as a campaign of
terrorist violence against the innocent civilian population of Ukraine.
B. The Russian Federation’s Sponsorship of Terrorism in Ukraine
1. The Russian Federation’s supply of arms, financing, and training with knowledge
that its proxies would attack civilians
38. The Russian Federation, acting through its organs, agents, persons, and
entities, has pursued a campaign to finance terrorist violence in Ukraine through
the provision of weapons, funds, and training to illegal armed groups. Beginning
in March 2014, these armed groups, with support from the Russian Federation,
seized control over the eastern border between Ukraine and Russia. With Ukraine
denied the ability to control its border, the Russian Federation has been able to
illegally smuggle weapons, funds, and fighters trained in Russia to armed groups in
Ukraine. That assistance is used, in part, to carry out terrorist acts intended to
cause death or serious bodily injury to civilians, for the purpose of intimidating the
Ukrainian population and compelling action by the Ukrainian Government.
Despite mounting evidence that terrorism was an integral component of the strategy
and tactics of these illegal armed groups, the Russian Federation escalated the
scope of its support.
39. The DPR and the LPR emerged as two of the primary illegal armed groups
operating in Ukraine. These organizations and other groups and individuals associated
with them are proxies of the Russian Federation: they operate with critical
Russian support and assistance, defying Ukrainian and international law, committing
acts of terrorism, and inflicting violence and human rights abuses on the people
of Ukraine.
40. From their inception, the illegal armed groups associated with the DPR and
the LPR exhibited a pattern and practice of attacking and intimidating civilians.
As United Nations monitors reported, in the spring of 2014 these groups commit-
27
internationale, la Fédération de Russie poursuit à ce jour son occupation et son
administration illicites de la Crimée. Une fois établi son contrôle effectif sur la
péninsule, elle lui a imposé sa domination et s’est employée à anéantir les identités
culturelles distinctes de ses communautés ethniques ukrainienne et tatare en multipliant
les actes de discrimination à l’encontre de celles‑ci.
37. Au printemps 2014, peu après cette « annexion » de la Crimée, pendant les
mois qui précédèrent l’élection démocratique anticipée du nouveau président de
l’Ukraine, la Fédération de Russie fomenta un conflit en Ukraine orientale. Alors
qu’en Crimée elle avait décidé d’imposer directement son contrôle, en Ukraine
orientale elle choisit d’intervenir par le truchement d’intermédiaires, en y suscitant
délibérément l’instabilité et en exécutant le dessein « poutinien » de transformer
cette partie de l’Ukraine en « Novorossiya » (« Nouvelle Russie »). Le Gouvernement
russe commença à fournir directement et indirectement des armes, de l’entraînement,
de l’argent et d’autres formes de soutien à ses intermédiaires, qui
avaient pour objectif de saper l’ordre constitutionnel et de diviser l’Ukraine. Ces
intermédiaires de la Russie s’organisèrent vaguement en diverses entités, parmi
lesquelles les prétendues « République populaire de Donetsk » (RPD), « République
populaire de Louhansk » (RPL) et « Partisans de la République populaire de
Kharkiv » (ou « Partisans de Kharkiv »). Des individus affiliés à ces groupes s’emparèrent
d’édifices gouvernementaux dans les régions de Donetsk et de Louhansk,
en Ukraine orientale, jetant ainsi les bases d’une campagne militaire illégitime
contre le Gouvernement ukrainien et d’une campagne de violence terroriste visant
les populations civiles innocentes d’Ukraine.
B. Soutien apporté par la Fédération de Russie au terrorisme en Ukraine
1. Fourniture par la Fédération de Russie d’armes, de fonds et d’entraînement à ses
intermédiaires alors qu’elle savait qu’ils lanceraient des attaques contre des civils
38. Par l’intermédiaire de ses organes, agents et autres entités, la Fédération de
Russie a mené une campagne de financement de la violence terroriste en Ukraine
en fournissant des armes, des fonds et un entraînement à des groupes armés illégaux.
A partir du mois de mars 2014, ces groupes armés ont pris, avec le soutien de
la Fédération de Russie, le contrôle de la frontière orientale de l’Ukraine avec la
Russie. Une fois l’Ukraine privée de tout moyen de surveiller cette frontière, la
Fédération de Russie a pu fournir en contrebande aux groupes armés présents sur
le territoire ukrainien des armes, des fonds et des combattants entraînés en Russie.
Une partie de cette aide sert aujourd’hui à commettre des actes de terrorisme visant
à faire des morts ou des blessés graves parmi les civils pour intimider la population
et contraindre le Gouvernement ukrainien à intervenir. En dépit de preuves toujours
plus nombreuses que le terrorisme fait partie intégrante de la stratégie et de
la tactique de ces groupes armés illégaux, la Fédération de Russie leur a accordé un
soutien de plus en plus large.
39. La RPD et la RPL ont fini par devenir deux des principaux groupes armés
illégaux opérant en Ukraine. Ces organisations, ainsi que d’autres groupes et individus
qui leur sont associés, oeuvrent pour le compte de la Fédération de Russie :
l’aide et le soutien vitaux dont elles bénéficient de la part de celle‑ci leur permettent
d’agir au mépris du droit ukrainien et du droit international, de commettre des
actes de terrorisme et d’infliger au peuple ukrainien toutes sortes de violences et de
violations des droits de l’homme.
40. Dès leur création, les groupes armés illégaux associés à la RPD et à la RPL
ont eu pour pratique de lancer systématiquement des attaques et des actions d’intimidation
contre les civils. Selon les rapports d’observateurs des Nations Unies, au
28
ted “an increasing number of acts of intimidation and violence . . . targeting ‘ordinary’
people who support Ukrainian unity or who openly oppose” the so‑called
“people’s republics” 15. Human rights monitors reported numerous incidents of
abduction, hostage‑taking, and torture of civilians. For example, when the DPR
seized the Regional State Administration building in Donetsk on 4 May 2014, they
severely beat and tortured the town councillors, trade union members, and others
found inside. Terrorists shot an Orthodox priest in his vehicle in Donetsk, and a
couple and their daughter in Luhansk. On 8 May, the burned body of Valeriy Salo,
a farmer and head of a local pro‑Ukraine cultural organization, was found a day
after he was abducted. On 18 May, a group associated with the DPR executed an
elderly farmer in a village near Slovyansk. During the same period, United Nations
human rights monitors documented a “worrisome trend” of armed groups taking
local activists hostage for ransom or political concessions. Further examples
abound of the terrorist violence perpetrated by the DPR, the LPR, and associated
groups against innocent civilians in eastern Ukraine 16.
41. On one of the most notorious terrorist acts of this period, the abduction,
torture, and murder of Horlivka town councillor Volodymyr Rybak, has been
linked to DPR leaders with close connections to the Russian Government.
Mr. Rybak, well known for his support of Ukrainian unity, was abducted on
17 April 2014 after attempting to raise the Ukrainian flag outside the Horlivka
town hall. Intercepted audio shows that Igor Bezler, a high‑ranking DPR commander
with close ties to Russian intelligence, ordered the abduction of Mr. Rybak.
Igor Girkin (a.k.a. “Strelkov”), the self‑proclaimed “commander‑in‑chief” of the
DPR, ordered the disposal of his body. Mr. Rybak’s body was found by a river,
alongside the body of Yuriy Propavko, a 19‑year‑old student and activist from
Kyiv 17.
42. The demonstrated readiness of Russian‑backed armed groups to engage in
horrific, violent acts of intimidation against the civilian population did not cause
the Russian Federation to withdraw its support. Instead, those violent acts only
spurred further Russian assistance. The Russian Federation mobilized to assist its
proxies in eastern Ukraine, including in their acts of terrorism. Satellite images
reveal that, as early as March 2014, the Russian Federation began massing military
equipment and personnel on the border with Ukraine — aircrafts, helicopters,
tanks, artillery, infantry fighting vehicles, and special forces.
15 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 June 2014), para. 207.
16 See, e.g., Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ibid.
(15 May 2014), para. 102; ibid. (15 June 2014), paras. 199, 205, 207, 209, 210, 214.
17 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Accountability
for Killing in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016”, p. 33 (2016).
29
printemps de 2014 ces groupes ont commis « un nombre croissant d’actes d’intimidation
et de violence … visant des gens « ordinaires » qui sout[enaient] l’unité de
l’Ukraine ou s’oppos[aient] ouvertement » aux prétendues « républiques populaires
» 15. Des observateurs des droits de l’homme ont dénoncé de nombreux cas de
civils enlevés, pris en otages ou torturés. Quand la RPD s’est emparée du bâtiment
de l’Administration d’Etat de la région de Donetsk le 4 mai 2014, ses membres ont
roué de coups et torturé les conseillers municipaux, des syndicalistes et d’autres
personnes qui s’y trouvaient. Des terroristes ont tiré sur un prêtre orthodoxe dans
sa voiture à Donetsk et sur un couple et sa fille à Louhansk. Un agriculteur qui
animait un organisme culturel local pro‑ukrainien, Valeriy Salo, a été enlevé le
7 mai et son corps carbonisé retrouvé le 8 mai. Le 18 mai, un groupe associé à la
RPD exécutait un agriculteur âgé dans un village proche de Sloviansk. Pendant
la même période, des observateurs des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies ont
pu constater « une tendance alarmante » des groupes armés à prendre en otages des
militants locaux pour obtenir des rançons ou des concessions politiques.
Il existe maints autres exemples d’actes de violence terroristes commis par la
RPD, la RPL et leurs groupes associés contre des civils innocents d’Ukraine
orientale
16.
41. Des liens ont pu être établis entre l’un des actes de terrorisme les plus
notoires de cette période, à savoir l’enlèvement, la torture et l’assassinat d’un
conseiller municipal d’Horlivka, Volodymyr Rybak, et plusieurs dirigeants de la
RPD entretenant des rapports étroits avec le Gouvernement russe. M. Rybak, qui
était connu pour son engagement en faveur de l’unité de l’Ukraine, fut enlevé le
17 avril 2014 après avoir tenté d’arborer le drapeau ukrainien devant l’hôtel de
ville d’Horlivka. Des interceptions de communications audio montrent qu’un
commandant de rang élevé de la RPD nommé Igor Bezler, étroitement lié aux services
de renseignement russes, avait ordonné l’enlèvement de M. Rybak. Le « commandant
en chef » autoproclamé de la RPD, Igor Guirkine (alias Strelkov), a
ordonné ensuite de faire disparaître son corps. Le cadavre de M. Rybak a été
retrouvé près d’une rivière, à côté de celui d’un étudiant et militant de Kiev âgé de
dix‑neuf ans, Yuriy Propavko 17.
42. La propension manifeste des groupes armés qu’elle soutenait à commettre
contre la population civile des actes d’intimidation aussi horribles que violents n’a
pas convaincu la Fédération de Russie de leur retirer son appui. Bien au contraire,
ces violences n’ont fait que renforcer l’assistance russe. La Fédération de Russie
s’est mobilisée pour aider ses intermédiaires en Ukraine orientale, et notamment
les aider à commettre des actes de terrorisme. Des images satellite révèlent que, dès
mars 2014, elle a commencé à masser des troupes et du matériel militaire à sa frontière
avec l’Ukraine en y déployant des avions, des hélicoptères, des chars, des
véhicules de combat d’infanterie et des forces spéciales.
15 Haut-Commissariat
des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme (HCNUDH), « Report
on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la situation des droits de l’homme
en Ukraine] (15 juin 2014), par. 207.
16 Voir par exemple HCNUDH, ibid. (15 mai 2014), par. 102 ; HCNUDH, ibid.
(15 juin 2014)], par. 199, 205, 207, 209, 210 et 214.
17 HCNUDH, « Accountability for Killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016 »
[Responsabilité du fait de meurtres commis en Ukraine de janvier 2014 à mai 2016], p. 33
(2016).
30
Figure A
Empty site near Novocherkassk, Russian Federation
before military build-up — 13 May 2013 18
Figure B
Mechanized Infantry Brigade/Motorized Rifle Regiment after military
build‑up near Novocherkassk, Russian Federation — 27 March 2014 19
18 NATO, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, NATO Defends Accuracy of
Satellite Images with Additional Proof (11 April 2014).
19 Ibid.
31
Figure A
Site inoccupé près de Novotcherkassk (Fédération de Russie), avant
la concentration de moyens militaires — 13 mai 2013 18
Figure B
Brigade d’infanterie mécanisée/Régiment d’infanterie motorisée
après la concentration de moyens militaires près de Novotcherkassk
(Fédération de Russie) — 27 mars 2014 19
18 OTAN, grand quartier général des puissances alliées en Europe (SHAPE), NATO
Defends Accuracy of Satellite Images with Additional Proof [L’OTAN apporte de nouvelles
preuves de la sincérité de ses images satellitaires] (11 avril 2014).
19 Ibid.
32
43. Dutch intelligence likewise discovered documentary evidence “that material
was being assembled at collection sites in the west of the Russian Federation to
subsequently be supplied to the Separatists” 20.
44. In May and June 2014, Russian‑backed illegal armed groups, together with
Russian troops, seized control over part of the Ukraine‑Russia border. With
Ukraine’s ability to control its border defeated, the Russian Federation began
openly sending weapons and personnel to its proxies, including the DPR and the
LPR. On 17 May 2014, for example, six heavy‑duty “KamAZ” trucks loaded with
firearms crossed the border from the Russian Federation toward Kulnikovo.
On 29 May 2014, the Russian Federation sent the Chechen “Vostok” (East) Battalion
to support DPR operations. On 30 May 2014, the Diakove border guard
division in Luhansk stopped a group of people, including Russian and Ukrainian
nationals, unloading 43 pieces of firearms, 74 ammunition boxes, and grenades
with the purpose of transferring them to illegal armed groups associated with the
LPR.
45. In June and July 2014, as Ukraine mounted anti‑terrorist operations to
regain territory seized by illegal armed groups, the Russian Federation responded
by escalating its supply of heavy weapons to the DPR and the LPR. In June, for
example, OSCE monitors reported a military convoy including tanks and armoured
personnel carriers traveling from Russia to Luhansk and then Donetsk 21. Over the
next month, the OSCE reported “movement of a significant amount of military
hardware across the Russian‑Ukrainian border”, including a column of tanks and
artillery pieces 22. On 12‑13 July, the Russian Federation sent a convoy of 150 vehicles
to its proxies, including tanks, artillery, and multiple rocket launchers 23.
46. Since then, Russian supplies that fuel terrorist violence in eastern Ukraine
have continued to flow persistently into the country. Between December 2014 and
February 2015, the Russian Federation supplied at least 500 units of military hardware
to the DPR, including 80 tanks, 40 infantry fighting vehicles, 45 armoured
personnel carriers, and 37 multiple‑launch rocket systems. During the same period
of time, the Russian Federation supplied around 200 units of military hardware to
the LPR, including 55 tanks, 30 infantry fighting vehicles, and 30 armoured personnel
carriers. More recently, in August 2016, the Russian Federation supplied its
proxies, including the DPR and the LPR, with 59 tanks, 24 infantry fighting vehicles,
four multiple‑launch rocket systems, 104 military vehicles, and 94 railway
tank‑cars of gasoline. All told, the tank fleet and artillery power of the illegal
armed groups associated with the DPR and the LPR rivals that of the combined
armies of several European countries.
20 See Dutch Safety Board, “Crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17: Hrabove,
Ukraine”, 17 July 2014 (hereinafter “DSB Report”), App. T, p. 138.
21 Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission in Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time)”,
20 June 2014.
22 Ibid., 13 July 2014.
23 United States Embassy in Ukraine, “Statement concerning the United States Assessment
of the Downing of Flight MH17 and Its Aftermath”, 19 July 2014.
33
43. De même, les services de renseignement néerlandais ont mis au jour des
documents prouvant « que du matériel était rassemblé sur des sites de regroupement
dans l’ouest de la Fédération de Russie pour être ensuite livré aux séparatistes
» 20.
44. En mai et juin 2014, des groupes armés illégaux soutenus par la Russie, agissant
de concert avec des soldats russes, ont pris le contrôle d’une partie de la frontière
entre l’Ukraine et la Russie. L’Ukraine se trouvant de ce fait dans l’impossibilité
de surveiller sa frontière, la Fédération de Russie a commencé à envoyer
ouvertement des armes et des renforts à ses intermédiaires, dont la RPD et la RPL.
Le 17 mai 2014, par exemple, six camions lourds KamAz chargés d’armes venant
de la Fédération de Russie ont traversé la frontière pour se diriger vers Kulnikovo.
Le 29 mai 2014, la Fédération de Russie a envoyé le bataillon tchétchène « Vostok
» (Est) appuyer les opérations de la RPD. Le 30 mai 2014, la division de
gardes‑frontières Diakove de Louhansk a intercepté un groupe d’individus composé
de citoyens ukrainiens et russes en train de décharger 43 armes à feu, 74 caisses
de munitions et des grenades qu’ils avaient l’intention de remettre à des groupes
armés illégaux associés à la RPL.
45. En juin et juillet 2014, alors que l’Ukraine lançait des opérations antiterroristes
pour reprendre les territoires dont s’étaient emparés des groupes armés illégaux,
la Fédération de Russie a réagi en accroissant ses livraisons d’armes lourdes
à la RPD et à la RPL. En juin par exemple, des observateurs de l’OSCE rapportaient
qu’un convoi militaire comprenant des chars et des véhicules blindés de
transport de troupes venu de Russie s’était rendu à Louhansk, puis à Donetsk 21.
Le mois suivant, l’OSCE signalait « le passage d’un volume important de matériel
militaire à travers la frontière russo‑ukrainienne », y compris une colonne de chars
et de pièces d’artillerie 22. Les 12 et 13 juillet, la Fédération de Russie dépêchait un
convoi de 150 véhicules à ses intermédiaires, y compris des chars, de l’artillerie et
des lance‑roquettes multiples 23.
46. Depuis cette date, les livraisons russes qui alimentent la violence terroriste
en Ukraine orientale se sont poursuivies sans interruption. Entre décembre 2014 et
février 2015, la Fédération de Russie a livré à la RPD au moins 500 unités de matériel
militaire, dont 80 chars, 40 véhicules de combat d’infanterie, 45 véhicules blindés
de transport de troupes et 37 lance‑roquettes multiples. Pendant la même
période, elle a livré à la RPL environ 200 unités de matériel militaire, dont 55 chars,
30 véhicules de combat d’infanterie et 30 véhicules blindés de transport de troupes.
Plus récemment, en août 2016, elle a livré à ses intermédiaires, parmi lesquels la
RPD et la RPL, 59 chars, 24 véhicules de combat d’infanterie, 4 lance‑roquettes
multiples, 104 véhicules militaires et 94 wagons‑citernes ferroviaires de carburant.
Au total, le parc de chars et l’artillerie des groupes armés illégaux associés à la
RPD et à la RPL n’ont rien à envier aux moyens combinés des armées de plusieurs
pays d’Europe.
20 Bureau néerlandais de la sécurité, « Crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 : Hrabove,
Ukraine » [Crash de l’appareil assurant le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines à Hrabove
(Ukraine)], 17 juillet 2014 (ci‑après « le rapport du bureau néerlandais de la sécurité »),
appendice T, p. 138.
21 Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (ci-après OSCE), « Latest
from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine Based on Information Received as
of 18:00 (Kyiv time) » [Bulletin de la mission spéciale d’observation en Ukraine, basé sur les
informations reçues à 18 heures au plus tard (heure de Kiev)], 20 juin 2014.
22 Ibid., 13 juillet 2014.
23 Ambassade des Etats‑Unis en Ukraine, « Statement concerning the United States
Assessment of the Downing of Flight MH17 and its Aftermath » [Déclaration sur l’évaluation
par les Etats‑Unis de la destruction du vol MH17 et de ses suites], 19 juillet 2014.
34
47. The Russian Federation also supplied its proxies in eastern Ukraine with
critical in‑kind support for attacks on Ukrainian territory, including training in the
Russian Federation. In Belgorod Oblast and Tambov Oblast of the Russian Federation,
and in occupied Crimea, the Russian Federation created training camps
for its proxies. Indeed, Aleksandr Zakharchenko, a self‑proclaimed leader of the
DPR, publicly admitted in August 2014 that “[t]here are 1,200 individuals who
have gone through training over a four‑month period on the territory of the Russian
Federation and who have been introduced here at the most decisive moment” 24.
48. These illegal armed groups used this Russian assistance in part to engage in
traditional combat activities against Ukrainian forces seeking to regain government
control over Ukrainian territory. But they also have gone far beyond fighting
Ukrainian troops, repeatedly inflicting violence on civilian populations in an
attempt to intimidate them and to dissuade the Ukrainian Government from
attempting to reassert its authority in eastern Ukraine. As their firepower grew, the
Russian‑backed groups transitioned from small‑scale violence against individual
civilians to large‑scale attacks targeting civilians or indiscriminately firing on civilian
areas. These acts of terrorism were sponsored by the Russian Federation, and
the Russian Federation further failed to halt or investigate the financing that contributed
to these attacks.
2. The attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
49. By the early summer of 2014, the Russian Federation was well aware that its
proxies operating on Ukrainian territory were engaged in a pattern and practice of
terrorizing civilians. Yet rather than intervening to abate those actions, the Russian
Federation’s response was to substantially increase these groups’ firepower by
supplying them with powerful weapons. An early result of this decision was the
attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17.
50. In July 2014, as part of this escalation of arms supplies and other support,
the Russian Federation delivered a Buk surface‑to‑air missile system to DPR‑associated
forces. Those illegal armed groups used the Buk system to commit a
devastating surface‑to‑air attack, destroying a civilian airliner transiting
Ukrainia
airspace and murdering the 298 individuals on board. The shootdown
of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was immediately condemned by the international
community,
and the Security Council demanded accountability 25.
24 Shaun Walker, “Ukraine Rebel Leader Says He Has 1,200 Fighters ‘Trained in Russia’
under His Command”, The Guardian (16 August 2014).
25 United Nations Security Council resolution 2166, UN doc. S/RES/2166 (21 July 2014).
35
47. La Fédération de Russie a également fourni à ses intermédiaires en Ukraine
orientale une aide en nature déterminante pour faciliter leurs attaques contre le
territoire ukrainien, notamment sous la forme d’un entraînement sur son sol. Dans
les oblast de Belgorod et de Tambov en Fédération de Russie, ainsi qu’en Crimée
occupée, elle a créé des camps d’entraînement pour ses intermédiaires. Un dirigeant
autoproclamé de la RPD, Aleksandr Zakhartchenko, a d’ailleurs admis
publiquement en août 2014 que « 1200 individus avaient suivi un entraînement sur
le territoire de la Fédération de Russie sur une période de quatre mois et avaient
été introduits ici au moment le plus décisif 24 ».
48. Ces groupes armés illégaux ont mis à profit une partie de l’aide russe qu’ils
recevaient pour mener des opérations de combat classiques contre les forces ukrainiennes
qui tentaient de rétablir le contrôle de l’Etat sur le territoire ukrainien.
Mais ils sont allés bien au‑delà des seules hostilités contre les troupes ukrainiennes,
puisqu’ils ont exposé les populations civiles à des violences répétées pour les intimider
et dissuader le Gouvernement ukrainien d’essayer de rétablir son autorité en
Ukraine orientale. A mesure qu’augmentait leur puissance de feu, les groupes soutenus
par la Russie sont passés d’actes de violence à petite échelle contre des civils
isolés à des attaques à grande échelle contre des civils ou à des tirs aveugles contre
des zones peuplées de civils. Non seulement ces actes de terrorisme ont été commis
avec le soutien de la Fédération de Russie, mais encore celle‑ci s’est abstenue de
mettre un terme aux opérations de financement qui en ont facilité la perpétration
et d’enquêter sur ces opérations.
2. L’attaque contre le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines
49. Au début de l’été 2014, la Fédération de Russie savait pertinemment que ses
intermédiaires opérant en territoire ukrainien avaient pour pratique systématique
de terroriser les civils. Or, au lieu d’intervenir pour les réfréner, elle a décidé
d’accroître
substantiellement la puissance de feu de ces groupes en leur fournissant
des armements encore plus puissants. La destruction de l’appareil assurant le
vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines a été l’une des premières conséquences de cette
décision.
50. En juillet 2014, alors que ses livraisons d’armes et autres activités de soutien
allaient croissant, la Fédération de Russie a procuré à des forces associées à la
RPD une batterie de missiles sol‑air Bouk. Les groupes armés illégaux concernés
se sont servis de cette batterie pour commettre un attentat meurtrier, tirant un
missile sol‑air sur un avion de ligne civil qui traversait l’espace aérien ukrainien et
tuant les 298 personnes qui se trouvaient à bord. La destruction en vol de l’appareil
de la Malaysia Airlines a été immédiatement condamnée par la communauté
internationale, et le Conseil de sécurité a exigé que les responsables soient contraints
de répondre de leurs actes 25.
24 Shaun Walker, « Ukraine Rebel Says He Has 1,200 Fighters « Trained in
Russia » under His Command » [Un chef rebelle ukrainien déclare qu’il a sous ses ordres
1200 combattants « qui ont suivi un entraînement en Russie »], The Guardian (16 août
2014).
25 Résolution 2166 (2014) du 21 juillet 2014 du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, publiée
sous la cote S/RES/2166.
36
Figures C and D
Wreckage of Flight MH17 26 and body bags containing
remains of the victims 27
51. Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was a Boeing 777‑200 in transit from
Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur on 17 July 2014. The civilian airliner was following
its standard flight plan, cruising at 33,000 feet, an altitude reserved for civilian air
traffic in a corridor frequently used for such traffic. The Dutch Safety Board, after
an extensive investigation, determined that at 16:20:03 local time (15:20:03 CET),
while transiting Ukrainian airspace in the eastern part of the country, Flight MH17
was destroyed by a 9M38 series missile launched by a Buk system 28. The Dutch
Safety Board found that the Buk missile was launched from an area in the vicinity
of Snizhne, Ukraine 29. A joint investigation team comprised of Australian, Belgian,
Malaysian, Dutch, and Ukrainian officials reached the same conclusion and
identified the missile, the type of Buk system used, and the exact location of the
launch site 30. The DPR and its affiliates, buttressed by Russian support, had complete
control over the launch area at the time of the attack.
52. Investigators considered an array of alternative explanations for the destruction
of Flight MH17 — human error, technical malfunction, sabotage from within
the aircraft, an attack by an alternative weapons system or from a different location.
All of these possibilities were ruled out 31. The evidence points in one direction
only: the attack on Flight MH17 was carried out by elements of the DPR, who
fired at an aircraft exhibiting ordinary civilian characteristics.
26 Deutsche Welle News, “MH17 Photographer Recalls Grim Crash Day” (16 July 2015).
27 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Scenes of Tragedy at the MH17 Crash Site”
(16 July 2015).
28 DSB Report, p. 136. This investigation into the crash of Flight MH17 was conducted
by the Dutch Safety Board in accordance with the international regulations that apply to
independent accident investigation, laid down in Annex 13 to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation. See also Joint Investigation Team, Presentation Preliminary Results
Criminal Investigation MH17 (hereinafter “JIT Presentation”), Openbaar Ministerie [Public
Prosecution Service] (28 September 2016). The Joint Investigation Team comprises law
enforcement officials of the grieving nations most affected by the shoot‑down of MH17.
29 DSB Report, p. 144.
30 JIT Presentation.
31 DSB Report, pp. 116-31; JIT Presentation.
37
Figures C et D
Epave de l’appareil de la Malaysia Airlines 26
et sacs mortuaires contenant les dépouilles des victimes 27
51. Le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines était assuré par un appareil
Boeing 777‑200 se rendant d’Amsterdam à Kuala Lumpur le 17 juillet 2014. Cet
avion de ligne suivait son plan de vol normal et volait à une altitude de 33 000 pieds,
réservée au trafic aérien civil dans un couloir fréquemment utilisé à cette fin. A
l’issue d’une enquête approfondie, le bureau néerlandais de la sécurité a établi qu’à
16 h 20 min 03 heure locale (15 h 20 min 03 heure normale d’Europe centrale),
alors qu’il traversait l’espace aérien de l’est de l’Ukraine, l’appareil assurant le
vol MH17 a été détruit en vol par un missile de la série 9M38 tiré par une batterie de
missiles Bouk 28. Le bureau néerlandais de la sécurité a également établi que ce missile
Bouk avait été tiré depuis les environs de Snijne, en Ukraine 29. Une équipe
d’enquête conjointe composée d’experts désignés par l’Australie, la Belgique, la
Malaisie, les Pays‑Bas et l’Ukraine est parvenue à la même conclusion et a identifié
le missile, le type de batterie Bouk utilisé et l’emplacement exact de la plate-forme de
lancement 30. L’endroit d’où a été tiré le missile se trouvait, au moment de l’attaque,
sous le contrôle total de la RPD et de ses affiliés, qui bénéficiaient du soutien russe.
52. Les enquêteurs ont envisagé un large éventail d’explications possibles de la
destruction du vol MH17 : erreur humaine, incident technique, sabotage depuis
l’intérieur de l’avion, attaque par un autre type de système d’arme ou depuis un
autre endroit. Aucune de ces explications n’a été validée 31. Le faisceau de preuves
converge vers une seule possibilité : l’attaque contre l’appareil qui assurait le
vol MH17 a été exécutée par des éléments de la RPD, qui ont tiré contre un aéronef
présentant toutes les caractéristiques d’un appareil civil.
26 Deutsche Welle News, « MH17 Photographer Recalls Grim Crash Day » [Un photographe
se rappelle la sinistre journée du crash du vol MH17] (16 juillet 2015).
27 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, « Scenes of Tragedy at the MH17 Crash Site »
[Scènes de tragédie sur le site du crash du vol MH17] (16 juillet 2015).
28 Rapport du bureau néerlandais de la sécurité, p. 136. Dans son enquête sur le crash de
l’appareil qui assurait le vol MH17, le bureau néerlandais de la sécurité s’est conformé aux
règles internationales applicables aux enquêtes indépendantes sur les accidents d’aviation
telles qu’elles figurent dans l’annexe 13 de la convention relative à l’aviation civile internationale.
Voir aussi Joint Investigation Team, Presentation Preliminary Results Criminal Investigation
MH17 [équipe d’enquête conjointe, exposé des conclusions préliminaires de l’enquête
pénale sur le vol MH17] (ci‑après « exposé de l’équipe d’enquête conjointe »), Openbaar
Ministerie (ministère public) (28 septembre 2016). L’équipe d’enquête conjointe est composée
d’experts représentant les pays ayant compté le plus grand nombre de victimes lors de la
catastrophe.
29 Rapport du bureau néerlandais de la sécurité, p. 144.
30 Exposé de l’équipe d’enquête conjointe.
31 Rapport du bureau néerlandais de la sécurité, p. 116‑31 ; exposé de l’équipe d’enquête
conjointe.
38
53. These perpetrators committed this terrorist attack with the direct support of
the Russian Government. The DPR specifically requested such a Buk system from
its Russian sponsors 32. During the night of 16-17 July 2014, Russian agents clandestinely
transported the Buk system and its crew from the territory of the Russian
Federation into Ukraine in Luhansk oblast, approximately 117 kilometres
from the Millerovo military airbase in the Russian Federation. Russian operatives
ultimately delivered the system to DPR‑associated personnel in DPR‑controlled
territory near Snizhne. Eyewitnesses saw and photographed the weapon several
times on its journey from the Russian Federation to Snizhne, where it was used to
destroy Flight MH17 33.
Figure E
Image from a video in the possession of the Joint Investigation Team,
showing Buk missile near Donetsk in transit to launch site 34
54. After the attack, the DPR returned the Buk system to the Russian Federation.
When the Buk system was seen returning to the Russian border, having performed
its function, it was missing at least one missile 35. There is no evidence that
Russian authorities investigated, arrested, or punished those who supported this
act of terrorism.
32 JIT Presentation.
33 Ibid.
34 Lizzie Dearden, “MH17: How Investigators Were Able to Prove Rebels Shot Down
Plane with Missile from Russia”, The Independent (28 September 2016).
35 JIT Presentation.
39
53. Les auteurs de cet attentat terroriste ont agi avec l’appui direct du Gouvernement
russe. La RPD a expressément demandé à ses appuis russes de lui fournir
une batterie de missiles Bouk 32. Pendant la nuit du 16 au 17 juillet 2014, des agents
russes ont acheminé clandestinement la batterie Bouk et ses servants depuis le territoire
de la Fédération de Russie jusque dans l’oblast de Louhansk en Ukraine, à
environ 117 kilomètres de la base aérienne militaire de Millerovo en Fédération de
Russie. Cette batterie a été livrée à des individus associés à la RPD en territoire
contrôlé par celle‑ci près de Snijne. Des témoins oculaires ont vu et photographié
plusieurs fois cet engin pendant son transport depuis la Fédération de Russie
jusqu’à Snijne, où il a été utilisé pour détruire l’appareil de la Malaysia Airlines 33.
Figure E
Image extraite d’une vidéo en possession de l’équipe d’enquête
conjointe, montrant une batterie de missiles Bouk près de Donetsk
pendant son déplacement jusqu’à son site de lancement 34
54. Après l’attaque, la RPD a rendu la batterie de missiles Bouk à la Fédération
de Russie. Quand cette batterie Bouk a été vue sur le chemin du retour vers la
frontière avec la Russie, après avoir accompli sa mission, il lui manquait au moins
un missile 35. Il n’existe aucun élément qui permette de penser que les autorités
russes aient mené des enquêtes sur ceux qui ont apporté leur concours à cet acte de
terrorisme, ou qu’elle les aient arrêtés ou punis.
32 Exposé de l’équipe d’enquête conjointe.
33 Ibid.
34 Lizzie Dearden, « MH17 : How Investigators Were Able to Prove Rebels Shot Down
Plane with Missile from Russia » [Comment les enquêteurs ont établi la preuve que les
rebelles avaient abattu l’avion avec un missile venu de Russie], The Independent
(28 septembre 2016).
35 Exposé de l’équipe d’enquête conjointe.
40
Figure F
Route of the Buk system used in the attack on Flight MH17 36
55. DPR leaders initially claimed responsibility for the attack. For example, top
DPR leader Igor Girkin posted a statement and video footage claiming credit for
the DPR 37. Only after the full scope of international condemnation became clear
did the DPR seek to cover up its role in committing this Russian‑sponsored attack.
56. When the Russian Federation delivered this deadly surface‑to‑air missile
system to the DPR, it knew precisely the type of organization it was aiding.
Self‑proclaimed DPR leaders such as Girkin and Bezler were already presiding
over a reign of terror in eastern Ukraine, including the murder of civilians who
supported Ukrainian unity. The Russian Government knew or should have known
that their proxies would use these powerful anti‑aircraft weapons in a manner consistent
with their previous pattern of disregard for civilian life.
57. Indeed, on 21 July 2014, days after the attack, Russian President Vladimir
Putin declared: “All those who are responsible for the situation in the region must
take greater responsibility before their own peoples and before the peoples of the
countries whose citizens were killed in this disaster.” 38 But there is no evidence that
36 BBC News, “MH17 Missile ‘Came From Russia’, Dutch‑Led Investigators Say”
(28 September 2016).
37 Сводки от Стрелкова Игоря Ивановича [Reports from Igor Ivanoich Strelkov],
ВКонтакте [VKontakte] (17 July 2014), archived at https://web.archive.org/
web/20140717155720/ https://vk.com/wall-57424472_7256; see also The New Zealand
Herald, “MH17: Pro‑Russian Separatist Boasts Online about Shooting Down Plane”
(18 July 2014).
38 President of Russia Official Website, Statement by President of Russia Vladimir Putin
(21 July 2014), http://en.special.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/46262.
41
Figure F
Itinéraire suivi par la batterie de missiles Bouk utilisée pour abattre l’avion
assurant le vol MH17 36
55. Dans un premier temps, les dirigeants de la RPD ont revendiqué la responsabilité
de cette attaque. Igor Guirkine, par exemple, a publié une déclaration et
une vidéo dans laquelle il en attribuait le « mérite » à la RPD 37. Ce n’est qu’après
avoir mesuré l’ampleur de la condamnation internationale que la RPD a cherché à
dissimuler le rôle qu’elle avait joué dans cette attaque perpétrée avec le soutien de
la Russie.
56. Quand la Fédération de Russie a livré à la RPD cette batterie de missiles
sol‑air meurtrière, elle savait pertinemment à quel genre d’organisation elle apportait
son concours. En effet, des dirigeants autoproclamés de la RPD tels que Guirkine
et Bezler faisaient déjà régner la terreur sur l’Ukraine orientale, en multipliant
notamment les assassinats de civils favorables à l’unité de l’Ukraine. Le Gouvernement
russe savait, ou aurait dû savoir, que ses intermédiaires utiliseraient ces
redoutables armes antiariennes avec leur habituel mépris pour la vie des civils.
57. Certes, le 21 juillet 2014, soit quelques jours à peine après l’attaque, le président
russe Vladimir Poutine déclarait : « Tous ceux qui sont responsables de la
situation dans la région doivent assumer davantage leurs responsabilités devant
leur peuple et devant les peuples des pays qui ont perdu des citoyens dans cette
catastrophe. » 38 Mais rien ne montre que la Fédération de Russie ait assumé
36 BBC News, « MH17 Missile « Came from Russia », Dutch-Led Investigators Say » [Le
missile qui a abattu le vol MH17 « venait de la Russie », affirment les enquêteurs conduits
par les Pays‑Bas] (28 septembre 2016).
37 Сводки от Стрелкова Игоря Ивановича ВКонтакте [Messages d’Igor Ivanovitch
Strelkov] sur le réseau social russophone Vkontakte] (17 juillet 2014), archivé à l’adresse
https://web.archive.org/web/20140717155720/ https://vk.com/wall-57424472_7256 ; voir
aussi le quotidien The New Zealand Herald, « MH17 : Pro-Russian
Separatist Boasts Online
about Shooting Down Plane » [MH17 : Un séparatiste prorusse se vante en ligne d’avoir
abattu l’appareil] (18 juillet 2014).
38 Site web officiel du président de la Russie, Statement by President of Russia Vladimir
Putin [Déclaration du président de la Russie, Vladimir Poutine] (21 July 2014), http://en.
special.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/46262.
42
the Russian Federation has taken any responsibility before the peoples of the
world for supporting this horrific terrorist act.
3. The shelling of Ukrainian civilian populations
58. The MH17 tragedy underscored that the DPR and associated groups would
use Russian‑supplied weapons for attacks on civilians. Yet despite the deadly consequences
of this support, the Russian Federation not only failed to investigate or
punish the financing of terrorism in Ukraine, but continued to deliver heavy weaponry
to its proxies, including the DPR, surely aware that more civilians would die
in terrorist attacks as a result.
59. On 13 January 2015, illegal armed groups associated with the DPR launched
an artillery bombardment against the Ukrainian civilian population, using
weapons
and training provided by the Russian Federation. The DPR targeted
a civilian‑vehicle checkpoint (the “Buhas checkpoint”) located approximately
two kilometres north of the Ukrainian town of Volnovakha. The Buhas
checkpoint
regulated civilian traffic between Government‑ and DPR‑controlled
territory. At any given time, it was common for hundreds of civilian vehicles to be
present in the area 39.
60. When the DPR launched its attack on Volnovakha, more than 50 separate
explosions detonated within seconds of each other, spanning hundreds of metres.
One explosion ejected rocket shrapnel into a civilian passenger bus following its
ordinary route 40. The ordnance pierced the broad side of the bus and killed ten passengers
instantly. Two more passed away at the hospital from injuries sustained
during the attack, and 17 were injured.
Figure G
Civilian bus hit in Volnovakha attack 41
39 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 28 August
2015” (28 August 2015).
40 Ibid. (17 January 2015).
41 Ukraine Today, “12 Bus Passengers Killed by Insurgent Artillery Strike in Donetsk
Region” (14 January 2014).
43
devant les peuples du monde quelque responsabilité que ce soit pour le soutien
qu’elle a apporté à la perpétration de cet odieux acte de terrorisme.
3. Tirs d’artillerie contre des populations civiles ukrainiennes
58. La tragédie du vol MH17 a montré que la RPD et les groupes associés utilisaient
des armements fournis par la Russie pour mener des attaques contre des
civils. Cependant, en dépit des conséquences meurtrières de son soutien, la Fédération
de Russie non seulement n’a pas mené d’enquête en vue de réprimer le financement
du terrorisme en Ukraine, mais a en outre poursuivi ses livraisons d’armes
lourdes à ses intermédiaires, notamment à la RPD, sans pouvoir ignorer que que
ces armes seraient utilisées pour commettre des attentats terroristes funestes pour
les civils.
59. Le 13 janvier 2015, des groupes armés illégaux associés à la RPD ont procédé
à des tirs d’artillerie contre des populations civiles en Ukraine en utilisant des
armes fournies par la Fédération de Russie et grâce à un entraînement dispensé par
celle‑ci. La RPD visait un poste de contrôle de véhicules civils (le « poste de contrôle
de Buhas ») situé à environ 2 kilomètres au nord de la ville ukrainienne de Volnovakha.
Le poste de Buhas permettait de contrôler la circulation des civils entre le
territoire tenu par le gouvernement et celui tenu par la RPD. Plusieurs centaines de
véhicules civils pouvaient à tout moment se trouver dans cette zone 39.
60. Lorsque la RPD a lancé son attaque contre Volnovakha, plus de cinquante
explosions distinctes ont éclaté à quelques secondes d’intervalle sur plusieurs centaines
de mètres. L’une de ces explosions a projeté des éclats de roquette à l’intérieur
d’un autobus transportant des civils sur son itinéraire habituel 40. Les projectiles
ont transpercé le flanc de l’autobus, tuant dix passagers sur le coup. Deux
autres passagers ont succombé à l’hôpital aux blessures subies lors de l’attaque et
dix-sept autres ont été blessés.
Figure G
Autobus civil touché lors de l’attaque de Volnovakha 41
39 OSCE, « Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on
Information Received as of 28 August 2015 » [Bulletin de la mission spéciale d’observation
de l’OSCE en Ukraine pour le 28 août 2015] (28 août 2015).
40 Ibid. (17 janvier 2015).
41 Ukraine Today, « 12 Bus Passengers Killed by Insurgent Artillery Strike in Donetsk
Region » [Douze passagers d’un autobus tués par un tir d’artillerie des rebelles dans la région
de Donetsk] (14 janvier 2014).
44
61. The OSCE determined that the explosions were caused by rockets fired from
a Russian‑made, truck‑mounted, 122 mm BM‑21 “Grad” Multiple Launch Rocket
System (“MLRS”). Through a crater analysis, the OSCE concluded that the rockets
had been fired from a north‑north‑easterly direction 42. That area was controlled
by the DPR, and members of the DPR and illegal armed groups associated
with it initially claimed credit for the attack on social media 43.
62. The DPR carried out this attack on a civilian bus in Volnovakha using
heavy weaponry supplied by the Russian Federation. In the months preceding the
attack, the Russian Federation provided the DPR and other Russian‑backed illegal
armed groups with the precise type of weapon system — the BM‑21 Grad
MLRS — used in the Volnovakha attack. A Russian service member of the
Ninth Independent Motor Rifle Brigade confirmed on video that his unit was
instructed to smuggle heavy weaponry, including the BM‑21 Grad MLRS, disguising
factory symbols and other marks that would indicate their true Russian origin
44. Russian military units then transferred the “sanitized” weapons to Chechens
for further delivery to Russian‑backed groups in eastern Ukraine 45. One version of
the BM‑21 system, the KamAZ 5350 Grad‑K, is used only by the Russian (and not
Ukrainian) military, and yet has been found in the possession of individuals associated
with the DPR 46.
63. On 24 January 2015, less than two weeks after the Volnovakha bus attack,
illegal armed groups associated with the DPR used similar Russian‑supplied weapons
to attack a residential area in the Ukrainian coastal city of Mariupol. Mariupol
is a strategic port city lying on the north coast of the Sea of Azov, and an
obstacle to the Russian proxies’ objective of linking the territory under their control
to Russian‑occupied Crimea. In January 2015, the DPR launched a massive
bombardment of the city.
64. At least 19 individual rocket volleys detonated across a 1.6‑by‑1.1 kilometre
area of Mariupol — a neighbourhood containing an open market, civilian buildings,
retail shops, private homes, and a school 47. The terrorist attack killed 30
civilians and wounded 120 others, among them women, children, and the elderly.
The United Nations Under‑Secretary‑General for Political Affairs determined that
42 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 16 January 2015” (17 January 2015).
43 See, e.g., Aric Toler, Unpicking the Donetsk People’s Republic’s Tangled Volnovakha
Bus Massacre Narrative, Bellingcat (18 January 2015).
44 ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ
ЦЕНТР [The Ukraine Information and
Analysis Centre], Російський військовослужбовець Петро Хохлов: ЗС РФ ввозить важке
озброєння в Україну [Russian soldier Petr Khokhlov, Armed Forces Importing Heavy
Weapons in Ukraine], YouTube (published 28 August 2014), https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=vwllmlGuMz0&feature=youtu.be.
45 Ibid.
46 See Atlantic Council, “Hiding in Plain Sight: Putin’s War in Ukraine” and “Boris
Nemtsov’s Putin. War.” (2015), p. 21 and note 91.
47 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Spot Report by the OSCE
SMM to Ukraine, 24 January 2015: Shelling Incident on Olimpiiska Street in Mariupol”
(24 January 2015).
45
61. L’OSCE a établi que ces explosions avaient été causées par des tirs de
roquettes provenant d’un lance‑roquettes multiples de 122 millimètres monté sur
camion, de type « Grad » BM‑21, qui avait été fabriqué en Russie. Une analyse
balistique aux points d’impact lui a permis de conclure que les roquettes avaient été
tirées depuis un point situé au nord‑nord‑est de la cible 42. Ce secteur était contrôlé
par la RPD et, dans un premier temps, des membres de la RPD, ainsi que de
groupes illégaux qui y sont associés, ont revendiqué sur les réseaux sociaux la
paternité de cette attaque 43.
62. Dans l’attaque de l’autobus civil de Volnovakha, la RPD a utilisé des armes
lourdes fournies par la Fédération de Russie. Au cours des mois précédant l’attaque,
la Fédération de Russie avait fourni à la RPD, ainsi qu’à d’autres groupes
armés illégaux jouissant de son soutien, le même système d’artillerie — le lance-roquettes
multiples BM‑21 Grad — que celui utilisé lors de l’attaque de Volnovakha.
Dans une vidéo, un soldat de la 9e brigade autonome d’infanterie motorisée
russe a confirmé que son unité avait reçu l’ordre de faire passer en contrebande des
pièces d’artillerie lourde, notamment un lance-roquettes
multiples de type Grad,
après avoir effacé tout symbole et marque d’usine trahissant l’origine russe de ces
armes 44. Des unités militaires russes transféraient ces armes « anonymisées » à des
Tchétchènes qui les livraient ensuite à des groupes sévissant en Ukraine orientale
avec l’appui de la Russie 45. Une des versions du système BM-21, la version
KamAZ 5350 Grad‑K, est utilisée exclusivement par l’armée russe (et non par
l’armée ukrainienne) ; or elle a été trouvée en la possession d’individus associés à la
RPD 46.
63. Le 24 janvier 2015, moins de deux semaines après l’attaque de l’autobus à
Volnovakha, des groupes armés illégaux associés à la RPD ont utilisé des armements
russes similaires pour attaquer un quartier résidentiel de la ville côtière
ukrainienne de Marioupol. Marioupol est une ville portuaire stratégiquement
située sur la côte nord de la mer d’Azov qui, pour les intermédiaires de la Russie,
constituait un obstacle à leur dessein de joindre le territoire qu’ils contrôlaient à la
Crimée sous occupation russe. En janvier 2015, la RPD a soumis cette ville à un
bombardement massif.
64. Au moins dix‑neuf salves de roquettes distinctes se sont abattues sur un secteur
de Marioupol de 1,6 sur 1,1 kilomètre, dans un quartier où se trouvaient
notamment un marché en plein air, des bâtiments civils, des petits commerces, des
habitations individuelles et une école 47. Parmi les trente tués et les cent vingt blessés
civils se trouvaient des femmes, des enfants et des personnes âgées. Le secrétaire
42 OSCE, « Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on
Information Received as of 18 :00 (Kyiv time), 16 January 2015 » [Bulletin de la mission
spéciale d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine pour le 16 janvier 2015] (17 janvier 2015).
43 Voir par exemple Aric Toler, Unpicking the Donetsk People’s Republic’s Tangled
Volnovakha Bus Massacre Narrative [Démêler l’écheveau des descriptions par la République
populaire de Donetsk de l’attaque contre l’autobus de Volnovakha], Bellingcat (18 janvier
2015).
44 ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО‑АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ЦЕНТР [Centre ukrainien d’information et
d’analyse], Російський військовослужбовець Петро Хохлов : ЗС РФ ввозить важке
озброєння в Україну [Le soldat russe Petr Khokhlov sur l’importation d’armes lourdes en
Ukraine par les forces armées], YouTube (publié le 28 août 2014), https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=vwllmlGuMz0&feature=youtu.be.
45 Ibid.
46 Voir Atlantic Council, « Caché en plein jour » (2015), p. 21 et note 91.
47 OSCE, « Spot Report by the OSCE SMM to Ukraine, 24 January 2015 : Shelling Incident
on Olimpiiska Street in Mariupol » [Rapport ponctuel de la mission spéciale d’observation
de l’OSCE en Ukraine, 24 janvier 2015 : tirs de roquettes sur la rue Olimpiiska à
Marioupol] (24 janvier 2015).
46
the perpetrators “knowingly targeted a civilian population”, and Secretary‑General
Ban Ki‑moon condemned the atrocity as “indiscriminate” 48.
Figures H, I and J
Civilians observing the death and destruction caused
by the shelling of a residential area of Mariupol 49
65. The same day as the attack, Aleksandr Zakharchenko, the self‑styled
“Prime Minister” of the DPR, claimed credit for an “offensive” on Mariupol 50. A
subsequent OSCE investigation confirmed that the attacks originated from
DPR‑controlled territory 51. The investigation further established that the attack
used the same Grad rockets fired at Volnovakha, as well as the more advanced
BM‑27 Uragan MLRS, a system capable of launching 16 rockets simultaneously 52.
Ukrainian authorities had previously observed and confiscated units of the BM‑21
Grad MLRS and the BM‑27 Uragan system that were smuggled across the border
from the Russian Federation.
48 Spokesman for the United Nations Secretary‑General Ban Ki‑moon, Statement
Attributable to the United Nations Secretary‑General Ban Ki‑moon on Ukraine
(24 January 2015); United Nations Security Council Official Record, 7368th meeting., p. 2,
UN doc. S/PV.7368 (26 January 2015) (statement of Jeffrey Feltman, United Nations
Under‑Secretary‑General for Political Affairs).
49 Christopher Miller, “Rockets Rain on Eastern Ukrainian Port City, Killing at
Least 30”, Mashable (24 January 2015); Oliver Carroll, “Ukraine Crisis: Rocket Attack in
Mariupol Kills and Injures Dozens”, The Independent (24 January 2015).
50 Alessandra Prentice and Pavel Polityuk, Pro‑Russian Rebels Attack Key Port; Ukraine
Says at Least 30 Dead, Reuters (24 January 2015).
51 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Spot Report by the OSCE
SMM to Ukraine, 24 January 2015: Shelling Incident on Olimpiiska Street in Mariupol”
(24 January 2015).
52 Ibid.
47
général adjoint aux affaires politiques des Nations Unies a conclu que les auteurs
de cette attaque avaient « sciemment pris pour cible une population civile », et le
Secrétaire général Ban Ki‑moon a condamné cette atrocité commise de manière
« aveugle » 48.
Figures H, I et J
Des civils observent les morts et les destructions causées par des tirs
de roquettes contre un quartier résidentiel de Marioupol 49
65. Le jour de l’attaque, Aleksandr Zakhartchenko, « premier ministre » autoproclamé
de la RPD, s’est glorifié d’une « offensive » contre Marioupol 50. Une
enquête de l’OSCE a confirmé par la suite que l’attaque avait été lancée depuis un
territoire contrôlé par la RPD 51. Cette enquête a en outre établi que des roquettes
du même type Grad que celles employées lors de l’attaque de Volnovakha avaient
été utilisées pour cette attaque, ainsi qu’un lance-roquettes
multiples plus récent,
de type BM‑27 Ouragan, permettant de tirer simultanément seize roquettes 52. Les
autorités ukrainiennes avaient précédemment repéré et saisi plusieurs lance‑roquettes
multiples BM‑21 Grad et BM‑27 Ouragan qui avaient été clandestinement introduits
depuis le territoire de la Fédération de Russie.
48 Déclaration sur l’Ukraine attribuable au porte‑parole du Secrétaire général des
Nations Unies Ban Ki‑moon (24 janvier 2015) ; Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies,
7368e séance, procès‑verbal publié sous la cote S/PV.7368 (26 janvier 2015), p. 2 (déclaration
de Jeffrey Feltman, secrétaire général adjoint aux affaires politiques des Nations Unies).
49 Christopher Miller, « Rockets Rain on Eastern Ukrainian Port City, Killing at Least
30 » [Une pluie de roquettes s’abat sur un port d’Ukraine orientale, faisant au moins trente
morts], Mashable (24 janvier 2015) ; Oliver Carroll, « Ukraine Crisis : Rocket Attack in
Mariupol Kills and Injures Dozens » [Crise en Ukraine : une attaque à la roquette fait
plusieurs dizaines de morts et de blessés à Marioupol], The Independent (24 janvier 2015).
50 Alessandra Prentice et Pavel Polityuk, Pro-Russian
Rebels Attack Key Port ; Ukraine
Says at Least 30 Dead [Des rebelles prorusses attaquent un port important, faisant au moins
trente morts selon l’Ukraine], Reuters (24 janvier 2015).
51 OSCE, « Spot Report by the OSCE SMM to Ukraine, 24 January 2015 : Shelling Incident
on Olimpiiska Street in Mariupol » [Rapport ponctuel de la mission spéciale d’observation
de l’OSCE en Ukraine, 24 janvier 2015 : tirs de roquettes sur la rue Olimpiiska à
Marioupol] (24 janvier 2015).
52 Ibid.
48
66. Notwithstanding the international condemnation of the Mariupol attack,
the DPR and associated illegal armed groups continued their Russian‑fuelled campaign
of terror. On 10 February 2015, these groups launched an aerial rocket
attack against another group of civilians in the town of Kramatorsk. The DPR
bombarded a densely‑populated area, including beauty salons, retail banks, and
cafes. The attack killed seven civilians and seriously injured 26 more — including
five children 53. The OSCE Chief Monitor in Ukraine determined that the shelling
of this civilian area was “indiscriminate” 54.
Figures K and L
Civilians observing the death and destruction caused
by the shelling of a residential area of Kramatorsk 55
67. The OSCE investigation determined that the multiple rocket attacks on
Kramatorsk originated from a south‑south‑easterly direction, an area that was
under DPR control 56. The OSCE further determined that the attack was likely
perpetrated using a BM‑30 Smerch MLRS system 57. Video shows a column of
Smerch systems in the area of DPR‑controlled Makiivka, near the likely launch
site. As the independent Armament Research Services (a technical weapons consultancy
on which the International Committee of the Red Cross relies) indicated,
the DPR and its associates could only have received this system from the Russian
military 58.
53 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 10 February 2015” (11 February 2015).
54 Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe, “Statement by OSCE Chief
Monitor in Ukraine on Situation in Kramatorsk” (10 February 2015).
55 Sam Matthew, “Killed without Warning and Left Abandoned in the Snow: Chilling
Picture of Woman’s Body after Rocket Attack Kills Six Civilians in Ukraine ahead of Peace
Talks”, Daily Mail (11 February 2015).
56 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 10 February 2015” (11 February 2015).
57 Ibid.
58 See Armament Research Services, “Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms and
Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine” (Research Report No. 3) (2014), p. 73.
49
66. En dépit de la condamnation par la communauté internationale de l’attaque
contre Marioupol, la RPD et les groupes armés illégaux associés ont poursuivi leur
campagne de terreur avec l’appui de la Russie. Le 10 février 2015, ces groupes ont
ainsi lancé une attaque à la roquette contre une autre concentration de civils dans
la ville de Kramatorsk. La RPD a bombardé un quartier densément peuplé de la
ville où se trouvaient notamment des salons de beauté, des banques de détail et des
cafés. Cette attaque s’est soldée par sept civils tués et vingt-six blessés graves — dont
cinq enfants 53. Le chef de la mission d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine a qualifié
d’« aveugles » les tirs d’artillerie contre ce secteur peuplé de civils 54.
Figures K et L
Des civils observent les morts et les destructions causées par des tirs
de roquettes contre un quartier résidentiel de Kramatorsk 55
67. L’enquête de l’OSCE a permis d’établir que les multiples roquettes tirées
contre Kramatorsk provenaient d’un secteur situé au sud‑sud‑est de la ville et
contrôlé par la RPD 56. Elle a également établi que les auteurs de cette attaque
avaient probablement fait usage d’un lance‑roquettes multiples BM‑30 Smerch 57.
Une vidéo atteste la présence d’une colonne équipée de lance-roquettes
multiples
Smerch dans le secteur de Makïvka, contrôlé par la RPD, à proximité du site de tir
présumé des roquettes. Selon Armament Research Services, une société de conseil
indépendante spécialisée dans la recherche sur les armements dont les services sont
utilisés par le Comité international de la Croix‑Rouge, seule la Russie peut avoir
fourni ce lance-roquettes
multiples à la RPD et aux personnes qui lui sont associées
58.
53 OSCE, « Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on
Information Received as of 18 :00 (Kyiv time), 10 February 2015 » [Bulletin de la mission
spéciale d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine pour le 10 février 2015] (11 février 2015).
54 OSCE, « Statement by OSCE Chief Monitor in Ukraine on Situation in Kramatorsk »
[Déclaration du chef de la mission spéciale d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine]
(10 février 2015).
55 Sam Matthew, « Killed without Warning and Left Abandoned in the Snow : Chilling
Picture of Woman’s Body after Rocket Attack Kills Six Civilians in Ukraine ahead of Peace
Talks » [Tuée sans avertissement et abandonnée dans la neige : une image terrifiante du corps
d’une femme après une attaque à la roquette qui a tué six civils en Ukraine à la veille de
pourparlers de paix], Daily Mail (11 février 2015).
56 OSCE, « Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on
Information Received as of 18 :00 (Kyiv time), 10 February 2015 » [Bulletin de la mission
spéciale d’observation en Ukraine pour le 10 février 2015] (11 février 2015).
57 Ibid.
58 Voir Armament Research Services, « Raising Red Flags : An Examination of Arms
and Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine » [Attention danger : analyse des armes et
munitions employés dans le conflit actuel en Ukraine] (Research Report, no 3) (2014), p. 73.
50
68. The tragic terrorist attacks on civilians in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and
Kramatorsk by Russian‑backed armed groups were far from isolated or disconnected
incidents. For example, DPR‑associated groups also shelled civilian areas
in the town of Debaltseve — including targeted assaults on convoys of civilians
seeking to evacuate to safety 59. The Russian Federation, through its financing of
illegal armed groups like the DPR and the LPR, is responsible for sponsoring this
campaign of terrorist attacks.
4. The bombing of civilians in Ukrainian cities
69. Russian‑funded terrorists have also struck at peaceful Ukrainian cities, far
from the fighting in eastern Ukraine. Between July 2014 and April 2015, Ukraine’s
second‑largest city, Kharkiv, was struck by a series of bomb attacks instigated by
the Russian Federation and executed with Russian assistance. Kharkiv lies about
40 kilometres from the Russian border, and approximately 145 kilometres away
from the Donetsk and Luhansk regions where combat operations were occurring.
The United Nations has reported more than 45 explosions in Kharkiv 60. The perpetrator
of at least some of these attacks, including the deadliest, was a terror
organization called the Kharkiv Partisans, a group with close ties to both the Russian
Federation and the DPR. The city of Odessa on the coast of the Black Sea has
also experienced a wave of bombings.
70. On 9 November 2014, members of the Kharkiv Partisans planted an explosive
device at the Stena Rock Club, a nightclub in the city centre. The club was
popular with local volunteers and activists who supported national unity. Late in
the evening, the bomb detonated and injured 13 civilians, leaving two in serious
condition 61. The members of the Kharkiv Partisans who carried out the attack
were trained to do so in the Russian Federation. When the perpetrators were
arrested, Ukrainian law enforcement authorities discovered Russian‑made landmines
in their possession.
71. A further bombing campaign followed, including an explosion on a freight
car and at an electrical substation 62. On 9 February 2015, a bomb was detonated
at a notary’s office.
72. The deadliest terrorist bombing occurred on 22 February 2015 at a peaceful
march. Following a rally to mark the one‑year anniversary of Ukraine’s Revolution
of Dignity and the deaths of protesters who had been murdered in the Maidan
demonstrations, 500 people carried the Ukrainian flag to Liberty Square. Kharkiv
Partisans operatives detonated a bomb containing TNT and shrapnel, concealed
59 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (1 December 2014-15 February 2015), para. 29;
Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring
Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time),
6 February 2015”.
60 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February-15 May 2015), para. 24.
61 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special
Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine, Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv
time), 13 November 2014” (14 November 2014); ibid. (11 November 2014).
62 Ibid. (24 November 2014); ibid. (21 November 2014).
51
68. Les tragiques attentats terroristes contre des civils perpétrés à Volnovakha,
Marioupol et Kramatorsk par des groupes armés soutenus par la Russie n’ont pas
été, loin de là, des actes isolés ou indépendants les uns des autres. Ainsi, des groupes
associés à la RPD ont eux aussi procédé à des tirs d’artillerie contre des secteurs
civils de la ville de Debaltseve, notamment dans le cadre d’attaques ciblées contre
des convois de civils cherchant à se mettre en sûreté 59. La Fédération de Russie
voit sa responsabilité engagée à raison du soutien qu’elle a prêté à cette campagne
d’attentats terroristes, du fait de son financement de groupes armés illégaux tels
que la RPD et la RPL.
4. Attentats à la bombe contre des civils dans des villes ukrainiennes
69. Les terroristes financés par la Russie ont également frappé des villes ukrainiennes
pacifiques situées loin des zones de combat de l’Ukraine orientale. Entre
juillet 2014 et avril 2015, Kharkiv, la deuxième plus grande ville d’Ukraine, a
essuyé une série d’attentats à la bombe dont la Fédération de Russie était l’instigatrice
et qu’elle a aidé à commettre. Kharkiv est située à une quarantaine de kilomètres
de la frontière russe et à approximativement 145 kilomètres des régions de
Donetsk et Louhansk, où les combats avaient lieu. Les Nations Unies ont fait état
de plus de quarante-cinq explosions à Kharkiv 60. Une organisation terroriste qui
se fait appeler « Partisans de Kharkiv », en lien étroit avec la Fédération de Russie
et la RPD, a été désignée comme étant l’auteur de plusieurs de ces attaques, y compris
la plus meurtrière d’entre elles. Située au bord de la mer Noire, la ville d’Odessa
a elle aussi connu une vague d’attentats à la bombe.
70. Le 9 novembre 2014, des membres des Partisans de Kharkiv ont placé un
engin explosif au Stena Rock Club, une boîte de nuit du centre-ville. Ce lieu était
fréquenté par des bénévoles et des militants locaux favorables à l’unité nationale.
La bombe a explosé tard dans la soirée, blessant treize civils, dont deux grièvement
61. Les membres des Partisans de Kharkiv qui ont commis cet attentat avaient
été entraînés en Russie. Au moment de leur arrestation par les forces de police
ukrainiennes, les auteurs de l’attentat étaient en possession de mines antipersonnel
de fabrication russe.
71. Une nouvelle vague d’attentats à la bombe a suivi, avec notamment l’explosion
d’un wagon de marchandises et d’une sous‑station électrique 62. Le
9 février 2015, une bombe a explosé dans une étude de notaire.
72. Le plus meurtrier de ces attentats terroristes à la bombe a été commis le
22 février 2015 lors d’une marche pacifique. Après s’être rassemblé pour marquer
le premier anniversaire de la Révolution de la dignité et honorer la mémoire des
manifestants assassinés lors des manifestations de la place Maïdan, un cortège de
cinq cents personnes avait entrepris de porter un immense drapeau ukrainien
59 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (1er décembre 2014-15 février 2015), par. 29 ;
OSCE, « Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information
Received as of 18 :00 (Kyiv time), 6 February 2015 » [Bulletin de la mission spéciale
d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine pour le 6 février 2015].
60 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2015), par. 24.
61 OSCE, « Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine, Based on
Information Received as of 18 :00 (Kyiv time), 13 November 2014 » [Bulletin de la mission
spéciale d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine pour le 13 novembre 2014] ; ibid. (11 novembre
2014).
62 Ibid. (24 novembre 2014) ; ibid. (21 novembre 2014).
52
in a plastic bag, at the front of the march. Three people, including a 15‑year‑old
boy and a police officer, were killed, and 15 were wounded 63.
Figure M
Investigation of unity march bombing in Kharkiv 64
73. This terrorist attack was supported by the Russian Federation. The perpetrators
were trained in sabotage by Russian officials at a military base in Belgorod,
just across the border from Kharkiv. An agent of the Russian security services
planted a Russian‑made MON‑100 anti‑personnel mine at a “dead drop” location
in Kharkiv, which the Kharkiv Partisans collected and used in their attack.
5. The Russian Federation’s refusal to co‑operate in preventing and investigating
the financing of terrorism
74. The Russian Federation has not just ignored its commitment to prevent and
investigate the financing of terrorism; it has turned that commitment on its head,
embracing a State policy to directly finance repeated acts of terrorism in Ukraine.
63 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February‑15 May 2015), para. 24; Organization
for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission
(SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 23 February
2015” (24 February 2015); Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Spot
Report by Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, 22 February 2015: Explosion in Kharkiv
at March Commemorating February 2014 Pro‑Maidan Events” (22 February 2015).
64 Andrew E. Kramer, “New Violence Belies Talk of Peace in Ukraine”, New York Times
(22 February 2015).
53
jusqu’à la place de la Liberté. Des membres des Partisans de Kharkiv ont fait
exploser à distance, au passage du groupe de tête du cortège, une bombe contenant
du TNT et des shrapnels qui était dissimulée dans un sac en plastique. Trois personnes,
dont un garçon âgé de quinze ans et un agent de police, ont été tuées, et
quinze autres blessées 63.
Figure M
Enquête sur l’attentat à la bombe perpétré lors de la marche
pour l’unité à Kharkiv 64
73. Cet attentat terroriste a été mené avec l’appui de la Fédération de Russie.
Ses auteurs avaient suivi un entraînement au sabotage dispensé par des agents
russes sur une base militaire de Belgorod, du côté russe de la frontière, non loin de
Kharkiv. Une mine antipersonnel MON‑100 de fabrication russe avait été déposée
dans une « boîte morte » de Kharkiv par un agent des services de sécurité russes
pour y être récupérée par des Partisans de Kharkiv, qui l’ont utilisée pour commettre
leur attentat.
5. Refus de la Fédération de Russie de coopérer à la prévention du financement
du terrorisme et aux enquêtes en la matière
74. La Fédération de Russie ne s’est pas contentée de manquer à son obligation
de prévenir le financement du terrorisme et de mener les enquêtes voulues en la
matière ; elle a pris le contrepied de cette obligation en adoptant une politique de
63 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2015), par. 24 ; OSCE,
« Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine Based on Information
Received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 23 February 2015 » [Bulletin de la mission spéciale d’observation
de l’OSCE en Ukraine pour le 23 février 2015] (24 février 2015) ; OSCE, « Spot Report
by Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, 22 February 2015 : Explosion in Kharkiv at
March Commemorating February 2014 Pro-Maidan
Events » [Rapport ponctuel de la
mission spéciale d’observation de l’OSCE en Ukraine, 22 février 2015 : Explosion à Kharkiv
lors d’une marche commémorant les événements pro‑Maïdan de février 2014] (22 février
2015).
64 Andrew E. Kramer, « New Violence Belies Talk of Peace in Ukraine » [De nouvelles
violences démentent les rumeurs de paix en Ukraine], New York Times (22 février 2015).
54
The Russian Federation has also failed to co‑operate with Ukraine to prevent such
financing by public officials and private citizens of the Russian Federation, and to
investigate any violations of the Convention being committed on its own territory.
Despite repeated requests for assistance and co‑operation by Ukraine within the
framework of the Terrorism Financing Convention, the Russian Federation has
refused to honour its commitments to combat the financing of terrorism.
75. In October 2014, Ukraine sought the co‑operation of the Russian Federation
in its investigation of four officials suspected of financing terrorism:
Sergei
Kuzhegetovich Shoigu, Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation;
Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky, Vice‑Chairman of the State Duma; Sergei
Mikhailovich Mironov, member of the State Duma; and Gennadiy Andreyevich
Zyuganov, member of the State Duma. The Russian Federation failed to promptly
respond to these requests, and eventually replied only in cursory fashion, issuing
an unexplained denial of the allegations. However, Mr. Zhirinovsky has admitted
to supplying military equipment to illegal armed groups associated with the LPR 65,
and Mr. Mironov has been publicly thanked by the self‑proclaimed leader of the
LPR for his support 66. Moreover, in light of the significant evidence of the Russian
military’s role in transferring weapons to terrorists in Ukraine for use in attacks
such as the shoot‑down of Flight MH17, there is ample basis to investigate the
Defence Minister. Quite simply, the Russian Federation failed to investigate or
co‑operate with these requests in good faith.
76. The Russian Federation’s refusal to co‑operate as required under the Terrorism
Financing Convention has been widespread. In addition to requesting
assistance concerning these high‑ranking officials implicated in the financing of
terrorism, Ukraine has specifically identified a large number of military personnel
and other Russian officials who are complicit. Consistent with its pattern of
non‑co‑operation, the Russian Federation has refused to provide assistance, without
any indication that it has conducted an independent investigation.
77. Ukraine has also requested assistance relating to numerous Russian nationals
suspected of smuggling weapons and ammunition into Ukraine for use in terrorism.
For example, Ukraine requested assistance relating to the prosecution of
Ms O. Kulygina and Mr. N. Kozitsyn, Russian citizens who had illegally smuggled
weapons to groups engaged in terrorism in Ukraine. The Russian Federation
refused to co‑operate, citing only perfunctory and baseless objections to the adequacy
of Ukraine’s requests. Similarly, more than a dozen legal assistance requests
have been pending with Russian authorities for more than a year, without any
action or response at all. The Russian Federation is simply ignoring its obligation
65 See, e.g., 161.ru, Подарок Жириновского ополченцам [“Zhirinovsky’s Gift to the
Militias”], YouTube (published 6 May 2014), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Yx3h9
dZhEU; Либерально-демократическая
партия России [The Liberal Democratic Party of
Russia], ЛДПР отправляет в дар патриотам Луганска автомобиль « ТИГР » и
лекарства [“Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Sends a ‘Tiger’ Vehicle and Medicine as
Gifts to the Patriots in Luhansk”] (6 May 2014), http://ldpr.ru/events/videos/liberal_democratic_
party_sends_gifts_patriots_lugansk_car_tiger_and_drugs/.
66 See, e.g., Официальный сайт Политической партии СПРАВЕДЛИВАЯ РОССИЯ
[Official website of the political party A JUST RUSSIA], Сергей Миронов получил
благодарственное письмо от главы ЛНР Валерия Болотова [“Sergei Mironov Received
a Thank You Letter from the Head of the LPR Valery Bolotov”] (11 July 2014), http://www.
spravedlivo.ru/5_61825.html.
55
financement direct d’actes répétés de terrorisme en Ukraine. En outre, elle s’est
abstenue de coopérer avec l’Ukraine pour empêcher des personnes publiques ou
privées russes de financer le terrorisme, de même qu’elle s’est abstenue de mener
des enquêtes sur les violations de la convention internationale pour la répression
du financement du terrorisme commises sur son propre territoire. En dépit des
demandes répétées d’entraide et de coopération formulées par l’Ukraine dans le
cadre de la convention, la Fédération de Russie a refusé de s’acquitter de son obligation
de lutter contre le financement du terrorisme.
75. En octobre 2014, l’Ukraine a sollicité l’aide de la Fédération de Russie dans
une enquête qu’elle avait ouverte sur quatre responsables soupçonnés de financement
du terrorisme : Sergueï Koujouguétovitch Choïgou, ministre de la défense de
la Fédération de Russie ; Vladimir Volfovitch Jirinovski, vice‑président de la
Douma d’Etat ; Sergueï Mikhailovitch Mironov, membre de la Douma d’Etat ; et
Guennadi Andreïevitch Ziouganov, membre de la Douma d’Etat. La Fédération
de Russie s’est abstenue de répondre rapidement à ces demandes et, lorsqu’elle y a
finalement répondu, ce n’a été que de manière sommaire par le biais d’un démenti
non motivé des allégations formulées à son encontre. Or, M. Jirinovski a admis
avoir fourni des équipements militaires aux groupes armés illégaux associés à la
RPL 65 et M. Mironov a été remercié publiquement de son soutien par le dirigeant
autoproclamé de la RPL 66. De plus, vu le poids des preuves du rôle joué par l’armée
russe dans la fourniture aux terroristes présents en Ukraine d’armes destinées
à des attaques comme celle perpétrée contre le vol MH17, il y a amplement matière
à enquêter sur le ministre de la défense. En résumé, la Fédération de Russie n’a ni
enquêté ni coopéré, malgré des demandes qui lui ont été adressées de bonne foi.
76. La Fédération de Russie refuse systématiquement d’accorder la coopération
prescrite par la convention contre le financement du terrorisme. Outre la demande
d’entraide concernant les responsables de haut rang impliqués dans le financement
du terrorisme, l’Ukraine a précisément identifié un nombre important de membres
de l’armée, ainsi que d’autres responsables russes, comme étant complices de ces
actes. Fidèle à sa politique de non‑coopération, la Fédération de Russie s’est refusée
à apporter son aide, et rien n’indique qu’elle ait mené une quelconque enquête
indépendante.
77. L’Ukraine a également cherché à obtenir l’aide de la Fédération de Russie en
ce qui concerne les nombreux ressortissants russes soupçonnés de contrebande
d’armes et de munitions à destination de l’Ukraine à des fins de terrorisme. Elle a
notamment sollicité son aide pour poursuivre Mme O. Kulygina et M. Kozitsyn,
deux ressortissants russes qui avaient fait passer en contrebande des armes destinées
à des groupes terroristes en Ukraine. La Fédération de Russie a refusé de coopérer,
se contentant de mettre en doute de manière superficielle et infondée la pertinence
des demandes formulées par l’Ukraine. De même, plus d’une dizaine de demandes
d’entraide judiciaire attendent depuis plus d’un an une réponse des autorités russes.
65 Voir par exemple 161.ru, Подарок Жириновского ополченцам [Le cadeau de Jirinovski
aux milices], YouTube (publié le 6 mai 2014), https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=4Yx3h9dZhEU ; Либерально‑демократическая партия России [parti libéral-démocrate
de Russie], ЛДПР отправляет в дар патриотам Луганска автомобиль
« ТИГР » и лекарства [Le parti libéral-démocrate
de Russie offre un véhicule « Tigre » et des
médicaments aux patriotes de Louhansk] (6 mai 2014), http://ldpr.ru/events/videos/liberal_
democratic_party_sends_gifts_patriots_lugansk_car_tiger_and_drugs/.
66 Voir par exemple Официальный сайт Политической партии СПРАВЕДЛИВАЯ
РОССИЯ [site internet officiel du parti politique RUSSIE JUSTE], Сергей Миронов
получил благодарственное письмо от главы ЛНР Валерия Болотова [Sergueï Mironov a
reçu une lettre de remerciement du dirigeant de la RPL, Valery Bolotov] (11 juillet 2014),
http://www.spravedlivo.ru/5_61825.html.
56
to co‑operate in good faith in the prevention and prosecution of the financing of
terrorism.
78. The Russian Federation has also ignored numerous requests to halt a massive
fundraising operation, conducted in its territory, in support of terrorism in
Ukraine. Several groups are raising funds for armed groups that commit terrorism,
using State‑owned Russian banks, including Sberbank, the largest in the country
67. Russian regulators are well‑equipped to block terror‑related fundraising; in
2015, the head of the Federal Service for Financing Monitoring reported that the
agency had frozen 3,500 bank accounts suspected of terrorist connections in other
countries. Ukraine has urged the Russian Federation to take similar action to
block the financing of terrorism in Ukraine, making specific requests concerning
several financial institutions, including Sberbank, Yandex, WebMoney, Kolibri,
Zolota Korona, Bank Kredyt Dnipro, and Terra Bank. Not only has the Russian
Federation taken no action, it has not even responded to Ukraine’s requests
for assistance under the Terrorism Financing Convention.
79. Ukraine has also identified specific individuals present on the territory of
the Russian Federation responsible for raising funds for terrorists in Ukraine. For
example, Ukraine requested assistance with respect to Olexandr Zhukovskyi, providing
identifying information and a link to a social media page containing photographic
evidence of his efforts in support of DPR‑associated illegal armed groups.
The Russian Federation took no action on this request for nearly a year, during
which time Mr. Zhukovskyi posted photographs showing himself at a meeting
where he raised 120,000 roubles for the DPR. The Russian Federation not only
failed to provide any assistance, but remarkably also denied that there was any
information showing that anyone by Mr. Zhukovskyi’s name even existed on Russian
territory.
80. The Russian Federation’s wilful refusal to co-operate
in good faith is
emblematic of its overall strategy: to denounce terrorism and deny involvement in
Ukraine, while at the same time directly and indirectly financing terrorism in
Ukraine as a barely‑disguised State policy. Even while its treaty obligations mandate
co‑operation in the prevention of terrorist financing, the Russian Federation
has done the opposite, sponsoring terrorism itself, rejecting co‑operation, and
countenancing terrorist financing activities on its territory.
C. The Russian Federation’s Campaign of Cultural Erasure
through Discrimination in Crimea
81. While supporting terrorism in eastern Ukraine, the Russian Federation and
its agents, including the de facto authorities of Crimea, have simultaneously conducted
a campaign of discrimination against the non‑Russian ethnic communities
of the Crimean peninsula. In occupying and purporting to annex Crimea, Russian
authorities determined that the peninsula’s non‑Russian communities should be
67 Jo Beckler and Steven Lee Myers, “Russian Groups Crowdfund the War in Ukraine”,
New York Times (11 June 2015).
57
La Fédération de Russie fait tout simplement fi de son obligation de coopérer de
bonne foi à la prévention et à la répression du financement du terrorisme.
78. La Fédération de Russie a également ignoré les nombreuses demandes qui
lui avaient été adressées de mettre un terme à la collecte massive de fonds menée
sur son territoire pour soutenir le terrorisme en Ukraine. Plusieurs groupes ont
levé des fonds au bénéfice de groupes armés impliqués dans des actes de terrorisme
par le truchement de banques d’Etat russes, notamment la Sberbank, plus grande
banque du pays 67. Les organismes de contrôle russes sont parfaitement équipés
pour interdire les collectes de fonds liées aux actes de terrorisme ; ainsi, en 2015, le
chef du service fédéral de contrôle du secteur financier a déclaré que son service
avait bloqué 3500 comptes bancaires soupçonnés d’être liés à des réseaux terroristes
dans d’autres pays. L’Ukraine a demandé instamment à la Fédération de
Russie de prendre des mesures similaires pour mettre fin au financement du terrorisme
sur le sol ukrainien, formulant à cette fin des demandes précises concernant
plusieurs institutions financières (Sberbank, Yandex, WebMoney, Kolibri, Zolota
Korona, Bank Kredyt Dnipro et Terra Bank, notamment). Non seulement la
Fédération de Russie n’a pris aucune mesure, mais elle n’a même pas répondu aux
demandes d’entraide formulées par l’Ukraine au titre de la convention contre le
financement du terrorisme.
79. L’Ukraine a également identifié plusieurs individus présents sur le territoire
de la Fédération de Russie et responsables de lever des fonds à destination de terroristes
en Ukraine. Elle a ainsi demandé l’aide de la Fédération de Russie au sujet
d’Oleksandr Zhukovskyi, en lui fournissant à cette fin des renseignements signalétiques,
ainsi qu’un lien vers une page d’un réseau social qui affichait des preuves
photographiques de son action au service de groupes armés illégaux associés à la
RPD. Pendant près d’une année, au cours de laquelle M. Zhukovskyi a notamment
publié des photographies qui le montrent à une réunion où il a levé
120 000 roubles pour la RPD, la Fédération de Russie n’a pris aucune mesure pour
donner suite à la demande de l’Ukraine. Non seulement elle s’est refusée à fournir
une quelconque aide à l’Ukraine mais, de façon extraordinaire, elle a nié l’existence
de quelque information que ce soit attestant la présence d’un individu portant le
nom de Zhukovskyi sur le territoire russe.
80. Le refus délibéré de la Fédération de Russie de coopérer de bonne foi est
caractéristique d’une stratégie consistant à dénoncer le terrorisme et à nier toute
implication en Ukraine, tout en y finançant directement et indirectement le terrorisme
dans le cadre d’une politique d’Etat à peine voilée. Alors même que ses obligations
conventionnelles lui imposent de collaborer à la prévention du financement
du terrorisme, la Fédération de Russie agit à l’opposé en encourageant des
activités terroristes, en se refusant à toute coopération et en approuvant sur son
territoire le financement d’activités terroristes.
C. La campagne d’annihilation culturelle par la discrimination
menée par la Fédération de Russie en Crimée
81. En même temps qu’ils soutenaient le terrorisme en Ukraine orientale, la
Fédération de Russie et ses agents, notamment les autorités de facto de la Crimée,
menaient une campagne de discrimination à l’encontre des communautés ethniques
non russes de la péninsule de Crimée. Lorsque les autorités russes ont
occupé et prétendu annexer la Crimée, elles ont décidé que les communautés non
67 Jo Beckler et Steven Lee Myers, « Russian Groups Crowdfund the War in Ukraine »
[Le financement participatif de la guerre en Ukraine par des groupes russes], New York
Times (11 juin 2015).
58
considered enemies of the Russian régime. The Russian Federation has meted out
collective punishment aimed at suppressing and erasing the cultural heritage of
these communities, and imposing a régime of ethnic Russian dominance.
82. The Crimean peninsula has historically had a diverse, multi‑ethnic population,
including large communities of ethnic Russians, ethnic Ukrainians, and
Crimean Tatars. In the last census taken before the purported annexation, out of a
population of approximately 2.3 million people, 58 per cent were ethnic Russians,
24 per cent were ethnic Ukrainians, and 12 per cent were Crimean Tatars 68.
83. Ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea associate strongly with the Ukrainian State
and culture, identifying with Ukraine’s struggle for independence. They preserve
and promote awareness of Ukrainian culture, history, literature, music, and language
on the Crimean peninsula, where the ethnic Russian community outnumbers
the ethnic Ukrainian community.
84. The Crimean Tatars are a Turkic people with a long history on the Crimean
peninsula since the days of the Golden Horde in the thirteenth century. Before 1783
they controlled their own state, the Crimean Khanate, but that state was conquered
and annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, which began forcing many
Tatars out of the territory. In 1944, this cultural trauma was repeated and extended,
as Joseph Stalin invoked false claims of collaboration with the Nazis as a
justification
to ethnically cleanse the peninsula of the Tatar community. That
mass deportation of the Crimean Tatars (the “Sürgün”) remains a potent and
traumatic
cultural memory.
85. In 1989, after nearly half a century in exile, the Soviet Union permitted the
Tatars to return to their homeland. Mustafa Dzhemilev, a famous human rights
activist and Soviet dissident who had been deported from Crimea in 1944, led the
community in its return. The Crimean Tatar community subsequently witnessed a
cultural rebirth in an autonomous Crimea under Ukrainian sovereignty. Central
to the community’s revival was the establishment of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar
People, a representative and executive body dedicated to “eliminat[ing] the consequences
of the genocide, committed by the Soviet state against Crimean Tatars”,
and implementing the community’s “right to free national self‑determination in its
national territory” 69. Mr. Dzhemilev led the Mejlis from 1991 until 2013, when he
was replaced by Refat Chubarov.
1. The illegal referendum amidst a climate of discrimination
86. As a critical initial step in implementing its policy of establishing Russian
dominance on the Crimean peninsula, the Russian Federation engineered a “referendum”
to create a façade of legality for its subsequent annexation of Crimea. This
so‑called referendum was, as the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission concluded,
inconsistent with the constitutions of both Ukraine and the Autonomous
68 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, About Number and Composition Population of
Autonomous Republic of Crimea by Data, All-Ukrainian
Population Census, http://2001.
ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea.
69 Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, General Information about Mejlis, http://qtmm.
org/en/general-information-
about-mejlis.
59
russes de la péninsule devaient être considérées comme des ennemis du régime
russe. La Fédération de Russie a donc multiplié les sanctions collectives en vue de
réduire progressivement à néant le patrimoine culturel de ces communautés et de
leur imposer la suprématie des Russes de souche.
82. D’un point de vue historique, la population de la péninsule de Crimée a
toujours été diverse et multiethnique, avec d’importantes communautés de Russes
de souche, d’Ukrainiens de souche et de Tatars de Crimée. Selon les chiffres du
dernier recensement effectué avant la prétendue annexion, sur une population de
2,3 millions d’habitants, 58 % étaient de souche russe, 24 % de souche ukrainienne
et 12 % étaient des Tatars de Crimée 68.
83. En Crimée, les Ukrainiens de souche s’identifient fortement à l’Etat et à la
culture ukrainiens et se reconnaissent dans la lutte pour l’indépendance de
l’Ukraine. Ils s’attachent à préserver et promouvoir la culture, l’histoire, la littérature,
la musique et la langue ukrainiennes dans la péninsule de Crimée, où la communauté
russe est plus importante que la communauté ukrainienne de souche.
84. Les Tatars de Crimée sont un peuple turc dont l’histoire dans la péninsule de
Crimée remonte, avec la Horde d’or, au XIIIe siècle. En 1783, l’Etat qu’ils avaient
constitué, le Khanat de Crimée, fut conquis et annexé par l’empire russe, qui commença
dès lors à en expulser de nombreux Tatars. En 1944, ce traumatisme culturel
se répéta, et s’aggrava même quand Joseph Staline invoqua de fausses allégations
de collaboration avec les Nazis pour justifier le nettoyage ethnique de la
communauté tatare, qui fut chassée de la péninsule. Cette déportation de masse
des Tatars de Crimée (le « Sürgün ») marque toujours d’un profond traumatisme la
mémoire culturelle de cette communauté.
85. En 1989, après plus d’un demi‑siècle d’exil, les Tatars furent autorisés par
l’Union soviétique à regagner leur patrie. Célèbre militant des droits de l’homme et
dissident soviétique qui avait été déporté de Crimée en 1944, Moustafa Djemilev
joua un rôle de premier plan dans le retour de sa communauté. La communauté
tatare de Crimée connut ensuite une véritable renaissance culturelle dans une Crimée
autonome sous souveraineté ukrainienne. L’un des éléments fondamentaux de
la renaissance de cette communauté fut l’installation d’un Majlis du peuple tatar
de Crimée, un organe représentatif et exécutif chargé d’« éliminer les conséquences
du génocide commis par l’Etat soviétique contre les Tatars de Crimée » et de réaliser
« le droit [de la communauté] à une libre autodétermination nationale sur son
territoire national 69 ». M. Djemilev a présidé le Majlis de 1991 à 2013, date à
laquelle il fut remplacé par Refat Tchoubarov.
1. Un référendum illicite sur fond de discrimination
86. Dans le cadre de son ambition d’établir la domination russe sur la péninsule
de Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a franchi une première étape décisive en organisant
un « référendum » en vue de donner un vernis de légalité à son annexion
subséquente de la Crimée. La Commission de Venise du Conseil de l’Europe a
cependant conclu que ce prétendu référendum n’était compatible ni avec les
68 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, About Number and Composition Population
of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by Data All-Ukrainian
Population Census [Commission
statistique nationale de l’Ukraine, Nombre d’habitants et composition de la population
de la République autonome de Crimée selon les données de recensement de la population
générale de l’Ukraine], http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/
Crimea.
69 Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, General Information about Mejlis [Majlis du
peuple tatar de Crimée, informations générales sur le Majlis], http://qtmm.org/en/
general‑information‑about‑mejlis.
60
Republic of Crimea, as well as general constitutional principles 70. The referendum
was also invalid under international law, as the United Nations General Assembly
has recognized 71.
87. These fundamental defects in the Russian Federation’s purported referendum
were compounded by the acts of discrimination associated with it. In order to
avoid disruptions to its plan to seize and annex Crimea, the Russian Federation
fostered an atmosphere of intense political intimidation. Leading up to the referendum,
Crimea was overrun with soldiers without insignia mobilized by the
Russian
Federation. As United Nations observers reported, the presence of these
Russian forces was “not conducive to an environment in which the will of the
voters
could be exercised freely” 72.
88. This intimidation was focused on the non‑Russian communities of the peninsula.
As the OSCE reported, during preparations for the referendum, “ethnic
Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars on the peninsula were in a particularly vulnerable
position” 73. Many ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars were abducted, beaten,
or detained by soldiers or so‑called “self-defence”
groups 74. One prominent case
was the disappearance of Reshat Ametov, a well‑known Tatar activist and father
of three. On 3 March 2014, Mr. Ametov was standing in silent protest in front of
the Cabinet of Ministers building in Simferopol, when uniformed “self‑defence”
forces affiliated with the Russian occupation kidnapped him. Two weeks later,
Mr. Ametov was found dead, with signs of torture on his body 75.
89. This threatening conduct by Russian forces and their agents prior to the
referendum targeted ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars, while sparing the
Russian‑speaking population of Crimea. As United Nations observers assessed,
“Russian‑speakers have not been subject to threats in Crimea”, while ethnic
Ukrainians and Tatars experienced “discrimination and violence” 76. During this
tense period before the referendum, for example, Crimean Tatars found the walls
and gates of their homes marked with crosses, heightening the anxious mood.
Temporary checkpoints were installed in Crimean Tatar settlements three or
70 See Council of Europe, European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice
Commission), Opinion on Whether the Decision Taken by the Supreme Council of the Autonomous
Republic of Crimea in Ukraine to Organize a Referendum on Becoming a Constituent
Territory of the Russian Federation or Restoring Crimea’s 1992 Constitution Is Compatible
with Constitutional Principles (hereinafter “Venice Commission Opinion”),
CDL‑AD(2014)002 (21‑22 March 2014).
71 See United Nations General Assembly resolution 68/262, UN doc. A/RES/68/262,
“Territorial Integrity of Ukraine” (27 March 2014).
72 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 April 2014), para. 86.
73 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment
Mission in Ukraine”, Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014), p. 85.
74 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 April 2014), para. 86; see also Organization for
Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment Mission in Ukraine”,
Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014), paras. 87‑88.
75 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Accountability
for Killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016”, para. 121; Human Rights Watch,
Crimea: Disappeared Man Found Killed (18 March 2014).
76 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 April 2014), para. 89.
61
Constitutions de l’Ukraine et de la République autonome de Crimée ni avec les
principes constitutionnels généraux 70. Ce référendum est également dépourvu de
validité au regard du droit international, comme l’a affirmé l’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies 71.
87. Ces vices rédhibitoires ayant entaché le « référendum » organisé par la Fédération
de Russie sont d’autant plus graves qu’ils sont allés de pair avec des actes de
discrimination. Afin de lever tout obstacle à son plan visant à s’emparer de la Crimée,
puis à l’annexer, la Fédération de Russie a créé une atmosphère d’intense
intimidation politique. Durant la période qui a précédé le référendum, la Crimée
s’est ainsi trouvée envahie de soldats sans insignes qui avaient été mobilisés par la
Fédération de Russie. Comme l’ont déclaré des observateurs de l’ONU, la présence
des forces russes « n’était pas de nature à contribuer à une atmosphère propice
à la libre expression de la volonté des votants » 72.
88. Cette campagne d’intimidation visait les communautés non russes de la
péninsule. L’OSCE a déclaré dans un rapport que, pendant la préparation du référendum,
« les Ukrainiens de souche et les Tatars de Crimée se trouvaient dans une
situation particulièrement vulnérable » 73. De nombreux Ukrainiens de souche et
Tatars de Crimée ont été enlevés, roués de coups ou détenus par des soldats ou des
groupes « d’autodéfense » 74. La disparition de Reschat Ametov, militant tatar
connu et père de trois enfants, a eu un retentissement particulièrement important.
Le 3 mars 2014, M. Ametov prenait part à un rassemblement silencieux devant le
siège du conseil des ministres, à Simferopol, quand des forces d’« autodéfense » en
uniforme, affiliées à l’occupant russe, l’ont enlevé. Deux semaines plus tard,
M. Ametov était retrouvé mort ; son corps portait des marques de torture 75.
89. Ce comportement menaçant des forces russes et de leurs agents pendant la
période qui a précédé le référendum visait les Ukrainiens de souche et les Tatars de
Crimée, mais épargnait la population russophone de la péninsule. Les observateurs
de l’ONU ont noté que « les russophones de Crimée n’ont pas été soumis à
des menaces », tandis que les Ukrainiens de souche et les Tatars étaient la cible de
« discriminations et de violences » 76. Ainsi, pendant cette période de tensions, des
Tatars de Crimée ont trouvé des croix peintes sur les murs ou le portail de leurs
habitations, ce qui ne faisait que renforcer leur angoisse. Des postes de contrôle
70 Conseil de l’Europe, Commission européenne pour la démocratie par le droit (Commission
de Venise), Avis sur la compatibilité avec les principes constitutionnels de la décision du
Conseil suprême de la République autonome de Crimée en Ukraine de tenir un référendum sur
la question de devenir un territoire constitutif de la Fédération de Russie ou de restaurer la
Constitution de la Crimée de 1992 (« Avis de la Commission de Venise »), CDL‑AD(2014)002
(21-22 mars 2014).
71 Résolution 68/262 du 27 mars 2014 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies intitulée
« Intégrité territoriale de l’Ukraine » et publiée sous la cote A/RES/68/262.
72 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » (15 April 2014)
[Rapport sur la situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (15 avril 2014), par. 86.
73 OSCE, « Human Rights Assessment Mission in Ukraine » [Mission d’évaluation des
droits de l’homme en Ukraine], Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation [Situation des
droits de l’homme et des droits des minorités] (12 mai 2014), p. 85.
74 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (15 avril 2014), par. 86 ; voir aussi, OSCE,
« Human Rights Assessment Mission in Ukraine » [Mission d’évaluation des droits de
l’homme en Ukraine], Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation [Situation des droits de
l’homme et des droits des minorités] (12 mai 2014), par. 87-88.
75 HCNUDH, « Accountability for Killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016 »
[Responsabilité des meurtres commis en Ukraine de janvier 2014 à mai 2016], par. 121 ;
Human Rights Watch, Crimée : Un homme porté disparu a été retrouvé mort (18 mars 2014).
76 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (15 avril 2014), par. 89.
62
four days before the referendum. Ukrainian journalists were beaten and abducted,
including outside of polling stations 77.
90. The referendum itself was designed to discriminate against non‑Russians.
The question was not neutrally framed, providing no clear option for voters to
preserve the status quo. This unbalanced process necessarily and disproportionately
harmed the political rights of the non‑Russian ethnic communities of the
Crimean peninsula, which had strong reason to fear Russian dominance and
wished to retain the protection of Ukrainian law. Indeed, as the Venice Commission
recognized, “[d]ue to the multi‑ethnic composition of the population of
Crimea”, it “would have been particularly important” to respect each community
and seek a consensual solution 78. Instead, amid a climate of fear and intimidation
they had fostered, Russian authorities rushed through a biased referendum, running
roughshod over the rights of non‑Russian ethnic communities.
91. In the aftermath of the referendum, the Russian Federation targeted ethnic
Ukrainians and Tatars for their protests during that period. Russian authorities
carried out one‑sided arrests and prosecutions of participants in protests and street
turmoil pre‑dating the purported annexation. One of these individuals was the
Deputy Chairman of the Mejlis, Akhtem Chiygoz, who remains in custody 79.
Authorities also arrested and prosecuted ethnic Ukrainian activists on trumped‑up
charges 80. The Russian Federation subjected ethnic Ukrainians and Tatars to
these prosecutions for pre‑referendum conduct — even though the Russian Federation
officially claims it did not control Crimea at that time.
92. Based on the alleged results of the illegal referendum, carried out in an
atmosphere of ethnic intimidation and violence fostered by the Russian Federation
and its agents, the Russian Federation purported to annex Crimea. That
unlawful act opened the door to what has become a sustained campaign of discrimination
against non‑Russian communities, which were considered opponents
of the occupation régime and targeted for cultural erasure.
2. Discrimination against the Crimean Tatar community
93. After the Tatars refused to support the illegal annexation of Crimea, the
Russian Federation imposed a collective punishment on the Crimean Tatar People.
With attacks on the Tatar People, their leaders, and their institutions, the Rus-
77 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment
Mission in Ukraine”, Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014),
paras. 116, 125‑131, 156; United Nations Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special
Rapporteur on Minority Issues on Her Mission to Ukraine (7‑14 April 2014)”, UN doc. A/
HRC/28/64/Add.1 (26 August 2014), para. 51.
78 See Venice Commission Opinion.
79 Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 236.
80 See Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Ukrainian Jailed in Crimea over Euromaidan
‘Murder’ Charge” (10 June 2016); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights, “Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February‑
15 May 2016), para. 189.
63
temporaires sont apparus trois ou quatre jours avant le référendum dans les secteurs
où résidaient des Tatars de Crimée. Des journalistes ukrainiens ont été roués
de coups et enlevés, parfois même juste devant les bureaux de vote 77.
90. Le référendum lui‑même avait été conçu de façon à exercer une discrimination
contre les non‑Russes. La question posée n’était pas neutre et ne proposait
clairement aucune option qui eût permis aux votants de préserver le statu quo. Un
processus aussi entaché de partialité constituait manifestement une atteinte disproportionnée
aux droits politiques des communautés non russes de la péninsule de
Crimée, qui avaient de solides raisons de redouter la domination russe et souhaitaient
demeurer sous la protection du droit ukrainien. De fait, comme l’a déclaré
la Commission de Venise, « étant donné la composition multiethnique de la population
de la Crimée », il aurait été « particulièrement important » de respecter
chaque communauté et de rechercher une solution consensuelle 78. Au lieu de cela,
dans le climat de peur et d’intimidation qu’elles avaient suscité, les autorités russes
ont précipité la convocation d’un référendum empreint de partialité, au mépris des
droits des communautés ethniques non russes.
91. Après le référendum, la Fédération de Russie s’en est prise aux Ukrainiens
de souche et aux Tatars à cause des manifestations qu’ils avaient organisées pendant
cette période. Les autorités russes ont arbitrairement arrêté et poursuivi en
justice des participants aux protestations et mouvements de rue qui avaient précédé
la prétendue annexion. Akhtiom Tchigoz, vice‑président du Majlis arrêté
dans ce contexte, est toujours en détention 79. Les autorités ont également arrêté et
poursuivi en justice des militants ukrainiens de souche sur la base de fausses accusations
80. Et c’est à raison de leur conduite avant le référendum que la Fédération
de Russie a engagé ces poursuites contre des Ukrainiens de souche et des Tatars,
alors même qu’elle affirme officiellement qu’elle n’exerçait aucun contrôle sur la
Crimée durant cette période.
92. S’appuyant sur les résultats allégués d’un référendum illicite organisé dans
un climat d’intimidation et de violences ethniques suscité par ses agents et ellemême,
la Fédération de Russie a entendu annexer la Crimée. Cet acte illicite a
ouvert la voie à une campagne soutenue de discrimination contre les communautés
non russes, considérées comme des opposants au régime d’occupation et devenues
la cible d’une stratégie d’annihilation culturelle.
2. Discrimination à l’égard de la communauté tatare de Crimée
93. Le peuple tatar de Crimée ayant refusé d’approuver l’annexion illicite de la
Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a décidé de lui infliger une punition collective.
Multipliant les attaques contre les Tatars, leurs dirigeants et leurs institutions, elle
77 OSCE, « Human Rights Assessment Mission in Ukraine » [Mission d’évaluation des
droits de l’homme en Ukraine], Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation [Situation des
droits de l’homme et des droits des minorités] (12 mai 2014), par. 116, 125-131, 156 ; Conseil
des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, « Rapport de la rapporteuse spéciale sur les questions
relatives aux minorités. Additif. Mission en Ukraine (7-14 avril 2014) », document daté
du 26 août 2014 et publié sous la cote A/HRC/28/64/Add.1 (26 août 2014), par. 51.
78 Avis de la Commission de Venise.
79 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation de la situation des droits de l’homme en Crimée
(6-18 juillet 2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 236.
80 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, « Ukrainian Jailed in Crimea over Euromaidan
« Murder » Charge » [Un Ukrainien est détenu en Crimée et accusé de « meurtre » sur la place
Maïdan] (10 juin 2016) ; HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine »
[Rapport sur la situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2016),
par. 189.
64
sian Federation launched a systematic campaign of discrimination aimed at the
cultural erasure of a perceived opponent of the régime.
94. In a haunting echo of the Sürgün, the Russian assault on the Tatar community
has caused a huge portion of the community to flee. In the 2001 census, there
were 243,400 Crimean Tatars living on the peninsula, comprising 12 per cent of the
population 81. A census taken by the Russian Federation in 2015 counted
only 42,254 Tatars — just 2 per cent of the population 82. The United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees has reported that most displaced persons from Crimea
have been Tatars, and has cited the pressure on their community under Russian
rule as the reason for the exodus 83.
(a) Political and cultural suppression
95. In the immediate aftermath of the purported annexation, the Russian Federation
began to attack the leaders of the Crimean Tatar community. After the
Tatar community refused to recognize the illegal occupation, the Russian Federation
promptly retaliated against Mr. Dzhemilev by banning him from Crimea for
five years, as well as pursuing criminal charges against his son 84. The Russian Federation
likewise exiled Mr. Dzhemilev’s successor and chairman of the Mejlis,
Refat Chubarov 85. Occupation authorities have excluded numerous other Tatar
leaders from the territory, and have otherwise placed restrictions on their freedom
of movement.
96. In August 2016, the Russian Federation shocked the international community
by employing a brutal Soviet technique for suppressing dissent. Occupation
authorities involuntarily committed Ilmi Umerov, the Deputy Chairman of
the Mejlis, to a psychiatric hospital for three weeks. The Chair of the OSCE
Parliamentary
Assembly’s human rights committee described Mr. Umerov’s
81 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, About number and composition population of
Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data all-Ukrainian
population census, http://2001.
ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea.
82 Russia Census in the Republic of Crimea, National Composition of the Population
(18 August 2015), http://crimea.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/crimea/ru/census_and_
researching/census/crimea_census_2014/score_2010/.
83 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Profiling and Needs Assessment of
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) (17 October 2014), p. 57; see also Office of the Prosecutor
of the International Crimina Court, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities
(14 November 2016), para. 172.
84 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (15 May 2014), para. 152; Organization for Security
and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on
Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 229; Amnesty International Public
Statement, Harassment and Violence against Crimean Tatars by State and Non‑State Actors
(23 May 2014).
85 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Thematic Report:
Freedom of Movement across the Administrative Boundary Line with Crimea” (19 June
2015), p. 9; Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 152.
65
a lancé une campagne de discrimination systématique visant à l’annihilation culturelle
d’un peuple perçu comme hostile au régime.
94. Evoquant le spectre du Sürgün, cette offensive russe contre la communauté
tatare a poussé une très grande partie de celle‑ci à fuir la péninsule. Selon le recensement
de 2001, 243 400 Tatars de Crimée vivaient sur la péninsule, comptant pour
12 % de la population 81. Un recensement effectué par la Fédération de Russie en
2015 dénombrait 42 254 Tatars — ce qui représente 2 % seulement de la population
82. Soulignant que la plupart des personnes déplacées de Crimée étaient des
Tatars, le Haut‑Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés a considéré que
la pression exercée sur leur communauté sous le régime russe était la cause de leur
exode 83.
a) Répression politique et culturelle
95. Immédiatement après l’« annexion », la Fédération de Russie s’en est prise
aux dirigeants de la communauté tatare de Crimée. Dès que la communauté tatare
a manifesté son refus de reconnaître l’occupation illicite, la Fédération de Russie a
exercé des représailles contre M. Djemilev en prononçant contre lui une interdiction
de séjour en Crimée de cinq ans et en engageant des poursuites pénales contre
son fils 84. De la même manière, elle a contraint à l’exil le successeur de M. Djemilev
et président du Majlis, Refat Tchoubarov 85. Les autorités d’occupation ont interdit
l’entrée sur le territoire de la Crimée à de nombreux autres dirigeants tatars ou
imposé des restrictions à leur liberté de circulation.
96. En août 2016, la Fédération de Russie a scandalisé la communauté internationale
en ressuscitant une technique soviétique particulièrement brutale de répression
des dissidents. En effet, les autorités d’occupation ont interné de force le
vice‑président du Majlis, Ilmi Oumerov, dans un hôpital psychiatrique pendant
trois semaines. Le président de la Commission des droits de l’homme de l’Assem-
81State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, About Number and Composition Population of
Autonomous Republic of Crimea by Data All‑Ukrainian Population Census [Commission
statistique nationale de l’Ukraine, Nombre d’habitants et composition de la population de
la République autonome de Crimée selon les données du recensement de la population générale
de l’Ukraine], http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea.
82 Recensement russe en République de Crimée, National Composition of the Population
[Composition de la population] (18 août 2015), http://crimea.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/
rosstat_ts/crimea/ru/census_and_researching/census/crimea_census_2014/score_2010/.
83 Haut‑Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCNUR), Profiling and
Needs Assessment of Internally Displaced Persons [Etablissement du profil et évaluation des
besoins des personnes déplacées] (17 octobre 2014), p. 57 ; voir également Bureau du procureur
de la Cour pénale internationale, Rapport sur les activités menées en 2016 en matière
d’examen préliminaire (14 novembre 2016), par. 172.
84 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (15 mai 2014), par. 152 ; OSCE, « Report of the
Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015) » [Rapport de la mission
d’évaluation de la situation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet 2015)] (17 septembre
2015), par. 229 ; Déclaration d’Amnesty International, Harassment and Violence against
Crimean Tatars by State and Non-State Actors [Actes de harcèlement et violences contre les
Tatars de Crimée commis par des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques] (23 mai 2014).
85 OSCE, « Thematic Report : Freedom of Movement across the Administrative Boundary
Line with Crimea » [Rapport thématique : Liberté de circulation à travers la frontière
administrative de la Crimée] (19 juin 2015), p. 9 ; OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des
droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet 2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 152.
66
detention as “a worrying new low in Russia’s stigmatization of the Crimean
Tatar community” 86.
97. As part of its campaign against the recognized leadership of the
Crimean Tatar community, the Russian Federation has also subjected prominent
individuals to arbitrary harassment. In September 2014, the Russian Federal Security
Service (“FSB”) carried out a wave of unjustified searches of the homes of
Mejlis members and the offices of Tatar institutions 87. Russian authorities have
continued to search the houses of Mejlis members and regional chairmen in a pattern
of harassment. On 11 October 2016, Suleyman Kadyrov, a member of the
regional Mejlis in Feodosia, was arrested and charged with publicly calling for
actions aimed at violating the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation. His
apparent crime was a simple, true statement: “Crimea is Ukraine.” 88
98. The Russian Federation’s efforts to stifle the political and cultural rights of
the Crimean Tatar community culminated in the outright ban of the Mejlis. The
Mejlis is a traditional organ of the Crimean Tatar people, and — along with the
Kuraltai, which elects the Mejlis members — is considered by the community to be
its legitimate representative institution 89. On 15 February 2016, the so‑called prosecutor
of Crimea filed a petition accusing the Mejlis of disrupting the territorial
integrity of the Russian Federation (i.e., refusing to accept the illegal annexation) 90.
On 26 April, the so‑called Supreme Court of Crimea declared the Mejlis an
“extremist organization” and banned its activities 91. Despite international condemnation,
the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation upheld the ban
on 29 September 2016. In addition to prohibiting the Mejlis’ public activity and
use of bank accounts, the decision exposed approximately 2,500 members of the
national and local Mejlis bodies to criminal liability, facing up to eight years in
prison, simply for belonging to an “extremist” organization 92. This ban has been
enforced against eight members of the Mejlis, who face fines for holding an “illegal
meeting” at the home of Mr. Umerov 93. Ironically, at the same time the Russian
Federation has cynically invoked “extremism” to justify its policy of ethnic
Russian dominance in Crimea, it has itself been financing acts of terrorism in eastern
Ukraine.
86 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Press Release: Parliamentary
Assembly Human Rights Chair Calls for Release of Crimean Tatar Leader Umerov”
(27 August 2016); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,
“Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May‑15 August 2016), para. 178;
Human Rights Watch, Crimean Tatar Activist Confined in Psychiatric Hospital
(26 August 2016).
87 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 September 2014), para. 156; ibid. (15 November
2014), para. 218; Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the
Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015),
para. 232.
88 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August‑15 November 2016), para. 159.
89 Ibid., para. 169.
90 Ibid. (16 February‑15 May 2016), para. 186.
91 Ibid.
92 Ibid.
93 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August‑15 November 2016), para. 168.
67
blée parlementaire de l’OSCE a déclaré que, avec la détention de M. Oumerov, « la
stigmatisation de la communauté tatare de Crimée par la Russie a[vait] atteint un
niveau particulièrement inquiétant » 86.
97. Dans le cadre de sa campagne contre les dirigeants reconnus de la communauté
tatare de Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a également soumis de nombreuses
personnalités à des actes de harcèlement. En septembre 2014, le service fédéral de
sécurité russe a procédé à une série de perquisitions non motivées de domiciles de
membres du Majlis et de locaux des institutions tatares 87. Les autorités russes ont
continué de procéder à ces perquisitions de domiciles de membres du Majlis et de
présidents des Majlis régionaux dans le cadre d’un harcèlement systématique. Le
11 octobre 2016, Suleyman Kadyrov, membre du Majlis régional de Théodosie, a
été arrêté et accusé d’avoir appelé publiquement à violer l’intégrité territoriale de
la Fédération de Russie. L’infraction qui lui est reprochée est d’avoir dit cette
vérité toute simple : « La Crimée, c’est l’Ukraine. » 88
98. L’action menée par la Fédération de Russie pour restreindre les droits culturels
et politiques de la communauté tatare de Crimée a atteint son apogée avec
l’interdiction des activités du Majlis. Le Majlis est un organe traditionnel du peuple
tatar de Crimée qui — avec le Kuraltaï chargé d’élire les membres du Majlis —
constitue pour cette communauté son instance représentative légitime 89. Le
15 février 2016, le prétendu procureur de Crimée a accusé le Majlis d’avoir porté
atteinte à l’intégrité territoriale de la Fédération de Russie (en refusant d’accepter
l’annexion illicite) 90. Le 26 avril, la prétendue Cour suprême de Crimée a qualifié
le Majlis d’« organisation extrémiste » et interdit ses activités 91. Bien que la communauté
internationale ait condamné cette décision, la Cour suprême de la Fédération
de Russie a confirmé l’interdiction le 29 septembre 2016. Outre l’interdiction
faite au Majlis d’avoir des activités publiques et le blocage de ses comptes bancaires,
cette décision a exposé environ 2500 membres de ses organes locaux et
nationaux à des poursuites pénales et au risque d’être condamnés à huit années
d’emprisonnement, au seul motif de leur appartenance à une « organisation extrémiste
» 92. L’interdiction a été invoquée contre huit membres du Majlis, passibles
d’une amende pour avoir tenu une « réunion illégale » au domicile de M. Oumerov
93. Fait non dépourvu d’ironie, au moment même où elle criait avec cynisme à
« l’extrémisme » pour justifier sa politique de domination ethnique en Crimée, la
Fédération de Russie finançait des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine orientale.
86 OSCE, « Press Release : Parliamentary Assembly Human Rights Chair Calls for
Release of Crimean Tatar Leader Umerov » [Communiqué de presse : Le président de la
Commission des droits de l’homme de l’Assemblée parlementaire demande la libération
d’un dirigeant des Tatars de Crimée, M. Oumerov] (27 août 2016) ; HCNUDH, « Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la situation des droits de l’homme en
Ukraine] (16 mai-15 août 2016), par. 178 ; Human Rights Watch, Crimean Tatar Activist
Confined in Psychiatric Hospital [Un militant tatar de Crimée est interné de force dans un
hôpital psychiatrique] (26 août 2016).
87 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 septembre 2014), par. 156 ; ibid.
(15 novembre 2014)], par. 218 ; OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission
on Crimea (6-18 July 2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en
Crimée (6-18 juillet 2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 232.
88 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 août-15 novembre 2016), par. 159.
89 Ibid., par. 169.
90 Ibid. (16 février-15 mai 2016)], par. 186.
91 Ibid.
92 Ibid.
93 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 août-15 novembre 2016), par. 168.
68
Figure M
Masked Russian security forces raiding the Mejlis in 2014 94
99. The international community has strongly condemned the Russian Federation’s
attack on the Crimean Tatars’ leading political and cultural institution.
United Nations human rights monitors observed that the treatment of the Mejlis
could be considered “a collective punishment against the Crimean Tatar
community” 95. The United Nations General Assembly has likewise expressed
“serious concern” at the decision to ban the Mejlis, and called upon the Russian
Federation to immediately revoke and repeal this decision 96. By suppressing
and then dissolving the Tatar institution that has led the community in its return
from exile, the Russian Federation has reopened the deep historic wounds caused
by previous discrimination against and maltreatment of the Tatars under the
Soviet Union.
(b) Suppression of culturally‑significant gatherings
100. Together with its assault on Tatar institutions and leaders, the Russian
occupation régime has sought to stamp out celebrations and commemorations
central to Crimean Tatar culture. Remembrance of the Sürgün remains central to
Crimean Tatar identity. Yet within three months of the purported annexation,
occupation authorities thwarted attempts to mark the 70th anniversary of the
Soviet deportation. On 16 May 2014, just two days before the anniversary, the
so‑called Prime Minister of Crimea abruptly prohibited mass activities for the next
94 BBC News, “Russia Must Boost Crimea Forces, Says Defence Minister” (16 September
2014).
95 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February‑15 May 2016), para. 188.
96 United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/RES/71/205, “Situation
of Human Rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol”
(Ukraine) (19 December 2016).
69
Figure M
Membres masqués des forces de sécurité russes effectuant
une descente au Majlis en 2014 94
99. La communauté internationale a fermement condamné cette attaque de la
Fédération de Russie contre la principale institution politique et culturelle des
Tatars de Crimée. Des observateurs des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies ont
déclaré que le traitement du Majlis pouvait être considéré comme « une sanction
contre l’ensemble de la communauté tatare de Crimée » 95. L’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies a exprimé de la même manière sa « grave préoccupation » face à
la décision d’interdire le Majlis et demandé instamment à la Fédération de Russie
de rapporter et abroger sans délai cette décision 96. En décidant d’entraver le fonctionnement
de l’institution qui représentait la communauté tatare depuis son
retour d’exil puis de la supprimer, la Fédération de Russie a rouvert les plaies
profondes qu’avaient causées les actes de discrimination et les mauvais traitements
infligés aux Tatars du temps de l’Union soviétique.
b) Interdiction de rassemblements culturels importants
100. En même temps qu’il attaquait les institutions et dirigeant tatars, le régime
d’occupation russe s’est employé à éradiquer des célébrations et des commémorations
qui occupaient une place centrale dans la culture des Tatars de Crimée. La
mémoire du Sürgün se trouve au coeur de l’identité tatare. Or, moins de trois mois
après l’« annexion », les autorités d’occupation se sont opposées à toute tentative
de célébrer le 70e anniversaire de la déportation des Tatars par les Soviétiques. Le
16 mai 2014, soit deux jours seulement avant cet anniversaire, le prétendu premier
94 BBC News, « Russia Must Boost Crimea Forces, Says Defence Minister » [Le ministre
de la défense déclare que la Russie doit augmenter l’effectif de ses forces en Crimée]
(16 septembre 2014).
95 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2016), par. 188.
96 Résolution 71/205 du 19 décembre 2016 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
intitulée « Situation des droits de l’homme dans la République autonome de Crimée et la
ville de Sébastopol » (Ukraine) et publiée sous la cote A/RES/71/205.
70
three weeks. Russian authorities then used riot police, military vehicles, and helicopters
to intimidate gatherings of Crimean Tatars 97.
101. A few months later, Russian occupation authorities took similar steps to
restrict the Crimean Tatar community’s usual commemoration of International
Human Rights Day, on 10 December. Before the occupation, the Crimean Tatar
community had marked Human Rights Day with rallies in Lenin Square in Simferopol.
Russian authorities, however, blocked the community from carrying on this
tradition. Permits were denied, prosecutors sent letters to Crimean Tatar activists
warning against unsanctioned gatherings, and Russian security forces surrounded
the city centre 98.
102. The Russian Federation continued this practice in 2015, and barred commemoration
of other culturally significant events as well. On 18 February 2015, for
example, Bakhchisaray authorities prohibited the local Mejlis from carrying out a
rally commemorating the 97th anniversary of the death of Noman Çelebichan, an
important figure in Crimean Tatar history 99. In June 2015, the Mejlis’ application
to celebrate Crimean Tatar flag day was also rejected 100. This ongoing and widespread
action to bar Crimean Tatars from holding such gatherings reflects a pattern
of oppression and punishment against this ethnic minority community and its
culture.
(c) Disappearance and murder
103. The Russian occupation régime has further persecuted the Crimean Tatar
community by instigating, or at least tolerating and encouraging, a pattern of disappearances
and murders. Numerous international observers have reported this
pattern 101.
97 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), paras. 132,
252; Amnesty International Public Statement, Harassment and Violence against
Crimean Tatars by State and Non‑State Actors (23 May 2014).
98 See Sergey Zayets et al., “The Fear Peninsula: Chronicle of Occupation and Violation
of Human Rights in Crimea (2015)”, p. 69.
99 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 251.
100 See ibid., para. 253.
101 See, e.g., Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,
“Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February‑15 May 2016); United
Nations Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues on
Her Mission to Ukraine (7‑14 April 2014)”, UN doc. A/HRC/28/64/Add.1 (26 August 2014);
Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Human Rights Assessment Mission
in Ukraine”, Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation (12 May 2014); United Nations
General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/RES/71/205, “Situation of Human Rights
in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol” (Ukraine)
(19 December 2016).
71
ministre de la Crimée a brusquement interdit toute manifestation publique pendant
les trois semaines suivantes. Les autorités russes ont ensuite déployé leur
police antiémeute, des véhicules militaires et des hélicoptères pour dissuader les
Tatars de Crimée de se réunir 97.
101. Quelques mois plus tard, les autorités d’occupation russes ont pris des
mesures de nature similaire pour restreindre la célébration par la communauté
tatare de Crimée de la Journée internationale des droits de l’homme, qui se tient
traditionnellement le 10 décembre. Avant l’occupation, cette communauté célébrait
la Journée des droits de l’homme par un rassemblement sur la place Lénine
de Simferopol. Les autorités russes l’ont cependant empêchée de perpétuer cette
tradition : les permis nécessaires ont été refusés, les procureurs ont adressé des
courriers aux militants tatars de Crimée pour les mettre en garde contre toute réunion
non autorisée, et les forces de sécurité russes ont bouclé le centre-ville 98.
102. La Fédération de Russie a poursuivi ces pratiques en 2015, interdisant la
tenue d’autres manifestations culturelles importantes. Le 18 février 2015, par
exemple, les autorités de Bakhtchissaraï ont interdit au Majlis local d’organiser un
rassemblement pour célébrer le 97e anniversaire de la mort de Noman C¸ elebichan,
figure importante de l’histoire des Tatars de Crimée 99. En juin 2015, la demande
d’autorisation déposée par le Majlis pour célébrer la Journée du drapeau des
Tatars de Crimée a également été rejetée 100. Les interdictions continuelles et systématiques
imposées aux Tatars de Crimée de tenir ce type de réunions illustrent
l’oppression et la répression dont cette minorité ethnique et sa culture ne cessent de
faire l’objet.
c) Disparitions et meurtres
103. Le régime d’occupation russe a également persécuté la communauté tatare
de Crimée en fomentant, ou au moins en tolérant et en encourageant, une campagne
de disparitions et de meurtres. De nombreux observateurs internationaux
ont dénoncé le caractère systématique de ces faits 101.
97 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet
2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 132, 252 ; déclaration d’Amnesty International, Harassment
and Violence against Crimean Tatars by State and Non-State Actors [Actes de harcèlement et
violences commis contre les Tatars de Crimée par les acteurs étatiques et non étatiques]
(23 mai 2014).
98 Sergey Zayets et al., « The Fear Peninsula : Chronicle of Occupation and Violation of
Human Rights in Crimea » [La péninsule de la peur : Chronique de l’occupation et violation
des droits de l’homme en Crimée] (2015), p. 69.
99 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July 2015) »
[Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet 2015)]
(17 septembre 2015), par. 251.
100 Ibid., par. 253.
101 HCNUDR, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2016) ; Conseil des droits de
l’homme des Nations Unies, « Rapport de la rapporteuse spéciale sur les questions relatives
aux minorités (7-14 avril 2014) », publié sous la cote A/HRC/28/64/Add.1 (26 août 2014) ;
OSCE, « Mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine », Human Rights and Minority
Rights Situation [Situation des droits de l’homme et des droits des minorités]
(12 mai 2014) ; résolution 71/205 du 19 décembre 2016 de l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies, intitulée « Situation des droits de l’homme dans la République autonome de
Crimée et la ville de Sébastopol » (Ukraine).
72
104. The case of Mr. Ametov, noted above, is an important example. Despite
the fact that Mr. Ametov’s abduction was videotaped, the Russian Federation has
made no progress investigating it after more than two years 102.
105. A number of other Crimean Tatar individuals also disappeared around
this time, including Timur Shaimardanov. Mr. Shaimardanov was a leader of a
local activist group, and disappeared on 25 May 2014 — one day after speaking
out about another disappearance. Russian occupation authorities failed to even
open an investigation into Mr. Shaimardanov’s disappearance until July 2014, and
he has not been found 103.
106. This pattern has continued. On 24 May 2016, Ervin Ibragimov, a member
of the Coordination Council of the World Congress of Crimean Tatars and the
Bakhchisaray regional Mejlis, disappeared. Video footage from a nearby shop
shows a group of men stopping Mr. Ibragimov’s car, apprehending him, forcing
him into a van, and driving away 104. Mr. Ibragimov has not been found, but one
week later, his employment record book and passport were found near a bar.
When Mr. Ibragimov’s father attempted to file a complaint, complete with video
of the abduction, the FSB office in Simferopol turned him away. As the European
Union has stated, the disappearance of Mr. Ibragimov is “regrettably only
one of the most recent examples”, and part of a “brutal” “persecution of
Crimean Tatars” 105.
(d) Arbitrary searches and detention
107. Russian authorities have also targeted Crimean Tatars for detentions and
searches, in both public spaces and their own homes. For example, on 28 August
2014, Russian police searched the home of a family in Bakhchisaray; they purportedly
were searching for drugs and weapons, but instead confiscated books. Russian
authorities have rounded up large groups of Tatars at public markets and
cafes, targeting people with non‑Slavic appearance. On 12 October 2016, the Russian
FSB forcefully broke into six Crimean Tatar houses, conducting searches in
the presence of children, and confiscating religious literature 106.
102 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February‑15 May 2016), para. 180; Amnesty
International Public Statement, Harassment and Violence against Crimean Tatars by State
and Non‑State Actors (23 May 2014).
103 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May‑15 August 2015), para. 171; Human Rights
Watch, Crimea: Enforced Disappearances (7 October 2014).
104 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May‑15 August 2016), para. 154; Amnesty
International, URGENT ACTION: Crimean Tatar Activist Forcibly Disappeared
(26 May 2016).
105 OSCE Permanent Council, “EU Statement on ‘Russia’s Ongoing Aggression against
Ukraine and Illegal Occupation of Crimea’”, No. 1106, PC.DEL/945/16 (24 June 2016).
106 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August‑15 November 2016), para. 165; ibid.
(16 May‑15 August 2016), para. 179; ibid. (16 September 2014), para. 153.
73
104. Le cas de M. Ametov, dont il a été fait mention plus haut, en constitue un
exemple significatif. Plus de deux ans après l’enlèvement de M. Ametov, qui avait
pourtant été filmé, la Fédération de Russie n’avait toujours pas avancé dans son
enquête 102.
105. Un certain nombre d’autres Tatars de Crimée ont eux aussi disparu aux
alentours de cette période, notamment Timur Shaimardanov. Ce dernier, qui dirigeait
un groupe local de militants, a disparu le 25 mai 2014 — soit un jour seulement
après avoir dénoncé une autre disparition. Les autorités d’occupation russes
ont attendu jusqu’au mois de juillet 2014 pour ouvrir une enquête sur la disparition
de M. Shaimardanov, qui est toujours porté disparu à ce jour 103.
106. Ce type de pratiques s’est poursuivi. Le 24 mai 2016, Ervin Ibragimov,
membre du conseil de coordination du Congrès mondial des Tatars de Crimée et
du Majlis régional de Bakhtchissaraï, a disparu à son tour. Des images vidéo prises
dans un magasin voisin montrent un groupe d’hommes en train d’arrêter la voiture
de M. Ibragimov, de se saisir de lui, de le forcer à monter dans une camionnette,
puis de partir 104. M. Ibragimov est toujours porté disparu à ce jour, mais une
semaine après son enlèvement, son livret de travail et son passeport étaient retrouvés
près d’un bar. Lorsque le père de M. Ibragimov a tenté de déposer plainte, en
joignant à sa déclaration la vidéo de l’enlèvement, le service fédéral de sécurité
russe de Simferopol a rejeté sa demande. L’Union européenne a déclaré à ce sujet
que la disparition de M. Ibragimov n’était « malheureusement qu’un exemple
parmi les cas les plus récents » et s’inscrivait dans le cadre d’une « campagne brutale
de persécution des Tatars de Crimée » 105.
d) Perquisitions et détentions arbitraires
107. Les autorités russes ont également multiplié les arrestations et les perquisitions
visant les Tatars de Crimée, tant dans les espaces publics qu’à leur domicile.
Le 28 août 2014 par exemple, la police russe a perquisitionné le domicile d’une
famille de Bakhtchissaraï sous prétexte d’y chercher de la drogue et des armes,
mais pour finir n’a saisi que des livres. Les autorités russes ont effectué des rafles
d’importants groupes de Tatars sur les marchés et dans les cafés, en visant en particulier
les personnes qui n’avaient pas le type slave. Le 12 octobre 2016, des agents
du service fédéral de sécurité russe sont entrés de force dans six maisons de Tatars
de Crimée où ils ont effectué des perquisitions en présence d’enfants et saisi des
ouvrages à caractère religieux 106.
102 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2016), par. 180 ; déclaration
d’Amnesty International, Harassment and Violence against Crimean Tatars by State and
Non‑State Actors [Actes de harcèlement et violences commis contre les Tatars de Crimée par
des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques] (23 mai 2014).
103 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 mai-15 août 2015), par. 171 ; Human Rights
Watch, Crimea : Enforced Disappearances [Crimée : Disparitions forcées] (7 octobre 2014).
104 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 mai-15 août 2016), par. 154 ; Amnesty International,
URGENT ACTION : Crimean Tatar Activist Forcibly Disappeared [ACTION
URGENTE : Disparition forcée d’un militant tatar de Crimée] (26 mai 2016).
105 Conseil permanent de l’OSCE, « EU Statement on « Russia’s Ongoing Aggression
against Ukraine and Illegal Occupation of Crimea » » [Déclaration de l’Union européenne
sur « l’agression de l’Ukraine par la Russie et l’occupation illicite de la Crimée »], no 1106,
PC.DEL/945/16 (24 juin 2016).
106 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 août-15 novembre 2016), par. 165 ; ibid.
(16 mai-15 août 2016)], par. 179 ; ibid. (16 septembre 2014)], par. 153.
74
108. United Nations human rights monitors noted in 2016 that they were
“increasingly worried about the growing number of large‑scale ‘police’ actions
conducted with the apparent intention to harass and intimidate Crimean Tatars
and other Muslim believers” 107. The United Nations further reported that the
“series of police actions conducted since the beginning of 2016 seem to disproportionately
target members of the Crimean Tatar community” 108.
(e) Media restrictions and harassment
109. As part of its general crackdown on the Crimean Tatar community, the
Russian Federation has restricted the activities of Tatar media, including by rejecting
registrations and raiding and otherwise harassing media outlets.
110. The Russian Federation has required all media outlets to re‑register with
occupation authorities, but then blocked specific ones — numerous Tatar outlets
in particular — from re‑registering, pursuant to a policy of blacklisting disfavoured
media 109. By 2015, ATR was the last independent television station serving
the Crimean Tatar population. On 26 January 2015, masked members of the
FSB raided the ATR facility in Simferopol 110. ATR was then denied registration
in April 2015. Continuing into 2016, Crimean Tatar journalists have been threatened
with prosecution for “extremist” views — as United Nations human rights
monitors reported, the Deputy Director of ATR was warned about “her criticism
of the arrests of Crimean Tatars on social media” 111.
(f) Suppression of Tatar‑language education
111. Finally, the Russian Federation has attacked the Crimean Tatar community’s
right to educate their children in their own language. Russian authorities
have stopped the training of teachers of the Crimean Tatar language and literature,
and have also blocked the hiring of such teachers from Turkey, making it
increasingly difficult to meet the educational needs of the Crimean Tatar People 112.
107 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 February‑15 May 2016), para. 183.
108 Ibid., (16 May‑15 August 2016), para. 179.
109 See Council of Europe Media Freedom Alert, Forced Closure of Crimean Tatar-Language
Media Outlets (1 April 2015); BBC News, Vitaly Shevchenko “Crimean Tatar
Media ‘Silenced by Russia’” (1 April 2015).
110 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, Raid on ATR Television
Channel in Crimea Unacceptable, a Clear Intrusion of the Media’s Independence, Says
Mijatović (26 January 2015).
111 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 May‑15 August 2016), para. 169.
112 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), paras. 192,
291; European Parliament Policy Department, The Situation of National Minorities in
Crimea following Its Annexation by Russia (April 2016), pp. 22‑23, 26.
75
108. Les observateurs des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies ont fait part, en
2016, de leur « inquiétude croissante face au nombre en constante augmentation
des actions de « police » de grande ampleur visant manifestement à harceler et à
intimider les Tatars de Crimée et les autres musulmans. » 107 Les Nations Unies ont
également rapporté que la « série d’interventions menées par la police depuis le
début de l’année 2016 sembl[ait] viser d’une façon disproportionnée les membres
de la communauté tatare de Crimée. » 108
e) Restrictions imposées aux médias et harcèlement de journalistes
109. Dans le cadre de la répression générale exercée contre la communauté
tatare de Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a imposé des restrictions aux activités
des médias tatars, en refusant notamment de délivrer les autorisations requises, en
effectuant des descentes dans leurs locaux et en les harcelant de diverses autres
façons.
110. La Fédération de Russie a imposé à tous les médias de se réenregistrer
auprès des autorités d’occupation, ce qui lui a permis d’en interdire certains — en
particulier de nombreux organes tatars — dans le cadre d’une politique consistant
à dresser une liste noire des médias indésirables 109. En 2015, ATR était devenue la
dernière chaîne de télévision indépendante des Tatars de Crimée. Le 26 janvier
2015, des membres masqués du service fédéral de sécurité russe ont effectué
une descente dans les locaux de la chaîne à Simferopol 110. ATR s’est ensuite vu
refuser son réenregistrement en avril 2015. En 2016, des journalistes tatars de Crimée
étaient encore menacés de poursuites pour opinions « extrémistes » — et,
comme l’ont rapporté des observateurs des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies,
la directrice adjointe d’ATR a reçu un avertissement parce qu’elle avait « critiqué
les arrestations de Tatars de Crimée dans les réseaux sociaux » 111.
f) Mesures tendant à priver les Tatars de Crimée de la possibilité de suivre
un enseignement dans leur langue
111. Pour finir, la Fédération de Russie s’en est prise au droit des Tatars de
Crimée d’éduquer leurs enfants dans leur propre langue. Les autorités russes ont
décidé de cesser de former des enseignants de langue et littérature tatares de Crimée
et gelé le recrutement d’enseignants de ces matières venant de Turquie, si bien
qu’il devient en matière d’éducation 112 de plus en plus difficile de répondre aux
107 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 février-15 mai 2016)], par. 183.
108 Ibid. (16 mai-15 août 2016)], par. 179.
109 Alerte du Conseil de l’Europe relative à la liberté des médias, Forced Closure of
Crimean Tatar‑Language Media Outlets [Fermeture forcée des organes de presse en langue
tatare de Crimée] (1er avril 2015) ; Vitaly Shevchenko, « Crimean Tatar Media « silenced by
Russia » » [« La Fédération de Russie réduit au silence » les médias tatars de Crimée], BBC
News (1er avril 2015).
110 OSCE, Raid on ATR Television Channel in Crimea Unacceptable, a Clear Intrusion of
the Media’s Independence, Says Mijatović [La descente de police dans les locaux de la chaîne
de télévision ATR en Crimée est inadmissible et constitue une violation flagrante de l’indépendance
des médias, déclare Mijatović] (26 janvier 2015).
111 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine (16 mai-15 août 2016)], par. 169.
112 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet
2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 192, 291 ; Département des politiques externes, Parlement
européen, The Situation of National Minorities in Crimea following its Annexation by Russia
[Situation des minorités nationales en Crimée après son annexion par la Russie] (avril 2016),
p. 22-23, 26.
76
The shortage of teachers has been exacerbated by a shortage of textbooks. The
occupation authorities banned textbooks that followed the Ukrainian curriculum,
yet did not provide Crimean Tatar schools with approved textbooks 113. Moreover,
since the occupation began, the number of hours dedicated to Crimean Tatar language
has decreased significantly, with the language no longer taught as a subject
in the senior classes of secondary schools.
112. The Russian Federation has also interfered with Crimean Tatar education
more directly, conducting repeated raids of the community’s educational institutions.
Between June and September 2014, three Tatar religious schools in Simferopol
were searched by Russian authorities 114. By mid‑September 2014, Russian
authorities had searched eight out of ten Tatar religious schools belonging to the
Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Crimea. Searches of educational institutions
(and other locations) for so‑called “extremist” literature have been carried
out “mainly among the Crimean Tatar population” 115.
113. In sum, the Russian Federation has engaged in multiple acts of racial discrimination
in Crimea, squarely targeted against the ethnic Tatar population.
3. Discrimination against the ethnic Ukrainian community in Crimea
114. The Russian Federation has applied its policy of ethnic Russian dominance
in Crimea — and persecution of non‑Russian cultures — to assault the ethnic
Ukrainian community 116. The Russian occupation authorities have sought to
restrict education in the Ukrainian language, criminalized expressions of connection
to Ukraine, and harassed ethnic Ukrainian media.
(a) Suppression of Ukrainian‑language education
115. The Russian Federation is causing Ukrainian‑language education in
Crimea to “disappear”, through a campaign of “pressure on school administrators,
teachers, parents and children” 117. Prior to the occupation, both ethnic Russians
and ethnic Ukrainians had opportunities to learn and study in their native
languages. The Russian language, along with the languages of other national
minorities in Ukraine, enjoys guarantees of free development, use, and protection
under Ukraine’s Constitution, both within Crimea and elsewhere in Ukraine.
Since 2014, by contrast, the Russian occupation authorities have systematically
undermined the linguistic and educational rights of the ethnic Ukrainian commu-
113 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human
Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 290.
114 Ibid., paras. 242-243.
115 See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on
the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 September 2014), para. 153; Human Rights
Watch, Rights in Retreat (November 2014), p. 16.
116 See, e.g., United Nations General Assembly resolution 71/205, UN doc. A/
RES/71/205, “Situation of Human Rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the
City of Sevastopol” (Ukraine) (19 December 2016).
117 See Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Tbilisi Declaration and
Resolutions Adopted by the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the Twenty‑Fifth Annual
Session” (1‑5 July 2016).
77
besoins des Tatars de Crimée . Une pénurie de manuels scolaires est venue s’ajouter
à la pénurie d’enseignants. Les autorités d’occupation ont en effet interdit les
manuels qui suivaient le programme scolaire ukrainien, sans fournir pour autant
aux établissements scolaires des Tatars de Crimée des manuels autorisés 113. En
outre, depuis le début de l’occupation, le nombre d’heures consacrées à l’enseignement
de la langue des Tatars de Crimée a fortement diminué, cette langue n’étant
plus enseignée en tant que matière à part entière dans les classes supérieures des
établissements d’enseignement secondaire.
112. La Fédération de Russie s’est ingérée de manière encore plus directe dans
l’éducation des Tatars de Crimée en effectuant des descentes répétées dans les établissements
d’enseignement de cette communauté. Entre juin et septembre 2014,
trois écoles religieuses tatares de Simferopol ont été perquisitionnées par les autorités
russes 114. A la mi‑septembre 2014, huit des dix écoles religieuses tatares relevant
de la direction spirituelle des musulmans de Crimée avaient été perquisitionnées.
Les perquisitions d’établissements d’enseignement et autres locaux censés
abriter des documents « extrémistes » ont visé « principalement la population tatare
de Crimée » 115.
113. Pour résumer, la Fédération de Russie a commis de multiples actes de discrimination
raciale en Crimée, qui visaient directement la population tatare.
3. Discrimination à l’égard de la communauté ukrainienne de souche en Crimée
114. La Fédération de Russie a appliqué sa politique de domination ethnique
russe — et de persécution des cultures non russes — en Crimée pour lancer des
attaques contre la communauté ukrainienne de souche 116. Les autorités d’occupation
russes ont cherché à restreindre l’enseignement en langue ukrainienne, elles
ont incriminé pénalement toute expression d’un lien avec l’Ukraine et elles ont
harcelé les médias des Ukrainiens de souche.
a) Mesures tendant à priver les Ukrainiens de souche de la possibilité de suivre
un enseignement dans leur langue
115. La Fédération de Russie est en train d’orchestrer la « disparition » de l’enseignement
en langue ukrainienne en Crimée au moyen d’une campagne de « pressions
sur les directeurs des établissements scolaires, les enseignants, les parents et
les enfants » 117. Avant l’occupation, les Russes de souche aussi bien que les Ukrainiens
de souche avaient la possibilité d’apprendre et d’étudier dans leur langue
maternelle. La Constitution ukrainienne garantit en effet les libres développement
et usage, ainsi que la protection, de la langue russe et des langues des autres minorités
nationales de l’Ukraine, aussi bien en Crimée que dans les autres régions de
l’Ukraine. A l’inverse, depuis 2014, les autorités d’occupation russes ont systéma-
113 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet
2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 290.
114 Ibid., par. 242‑243.
115 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 septembre 2014), par. 153 ; Human Rights
Watch, Rights in Retreat [Recul des droits] (novembre 2014), p. 16.
116 Voir par exemple la résolution 71/205 du 19 décembre 2016 de l’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies, intitulée « Situation des droits de l’homme dans la République autonome
de Crimée et la ville de Sébastopol » (Ukraine) et publiée sous la cote A/RES/71/205.
117 OSCE, « Déclaration de Tbilisi et résolutions adoptées par l’Assemblée parlementaire
de l’OSCE à sa vingt‑cinquième session annuelle » (1er-5 juillet 2016).
78
nity in Crimea. For example, the Russian Federation has deliberately reduced the
supply of Ukrainian‑language teachers. In August 2014, the Ministry of Education
directed 276 Ukrainian language and literature teachers to be re‑trained to teach
Russian language and literature 118. In September 2014, the Russian authorities
closed a Ukrainian language department at Tauride National University which
had previously graduated around 50 Ukrainian‑language teachers per year. The
Russian authorities have also limited the availability of Ukrainian‑language education
by removing all textbooks and educational materials issued by Ukraine’s
Ministry of Education, and purging Ukrainian‑language books from schools and
public libraries. Reports have even emerged of the burning of books in the Ukrainian
language or about Ukraine.
116. Russian officials have resorted to even more heavy‑handed tactics to prevent
Ukrainian‑language education. In Yalta, for example, the Russian Federation
eliminated such education in all but one school. In at least one school, authorities
dispersed a Ukrainian‑speaking group of children across many classes to
prevent them from remaining in contact as a Ukrainian‑language group 119.
117. The resulting decline in Ukrainian‑language education has been precipitous.
In the 2013‑2014 school year, general education in the Ukrainian language
was provided to 12,694 children 120. But in the 2014-2015 school year, the first of
the occupation, the number of children receiving Ukrainian‑language education
plummeted to 2,154 121. In the 2015‑2016 school year, that number was cut in half,
reduced to less than 1,000 students 122. As the United Nations reported in December
2016, of the seven Ukrainian‑language educational institutions that existed in
Crimea until 2014, only one remains in operation, and even this school ceased
instruction in Ukrainian in the first and second grades this year 123.
118. These repeated acts of racial discrimination serve an overarching goal of
cultural erasure. As the OSCE has reported, the Russian Federation’s attempts at
“eradication of education in and of the Ukrainian language” is part of a broader
campaign to suppress the “cultural, religious and other manifestations of the
118 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 191
119 Ibid., para. 194.
120 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August‑15 November 2015), para. 157; see also
Permanent Delegation of the Russian Federation to UNESCO, “Information on the Situation
in the Republic of Crimea (the Russian Federation) within the Scope of UNESCO
Competence as of April 8, 2015” (14 April 2015).
121 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August‑15 November 2015), para. 157. The
Russian Federation has admitted this decrease, and in fact reported a lower number (1,990)
for the 2014‑2015 school year. See Permanent Delegation of the Russian Federation to
UNESCO, “Information on the Situation in the Republic of Crimea (the Russian Federation)
within the Scope of UNESCO Competence as of April 8, 2015” (14 April 2015).
122 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the
Human Rights Situation in Ukraine” (16 August‑15 November 2015), para. 157.
123 Ibid., para. 180.
79
tiquement bafoué les droits de la communauté ukrainienne de souche en Crimée en
matière de langue et d’éducation. La Fédération de Russie a par exemple délibérément
réduit le nombre d’enseignants de langue ukrainienne. En août 2014, le
ministère de l’éducation a ordonné à 276 enseignants de langue et littérature ukrainiennes
de reprendre une formation pour enseigner la langue et la littérature
russes 118. En septembre 2014, les autorités russes ont fermé un département de
langue ukrainienne de l’Université nationale de Tauride dont sortaient environ
cinquante professeurs d’ukrainien par an. Elles ont également limité l’enseignement
en langue ukrainienne en retirant tous les manuels et outils pédagogiques ou
didactiques publiés par le ministère ukrainien de l’éducation et en purgeant les
établissements d’enseignement et les bibliothèques publiques de leurs livres imprimés
en ukrainien. On rapporte même que des livres en ukrainien ou sur l’Ukraine
ont été brûlés.
116. Les responsables russes ont eu recours à des tactiques encore plus brutales
pour faire obstacle à l’enseignement en ukrainien. A Yalta par exemple, la Fédération
de Russie a supprimé ce type d’enseignement dans tous les établissements sauf
un. Dans au moins une école, les autorités ont réparti un groupe d’enfants parlant
ukrainien dans différentes classes afin de les empêcher de rester en contact les uns
avec les autres au sein d’un groupe de langue ukrainienne 119.
117. Il s’en est ensuivi une chute vertigineuse de l’enseignement en langue ukrainienne.
Alors que pendant l’année scolaire 2013-2014 l’enseignement général en
langue ukrainienne était dispensé à 12 694 enfants 120, pendant l’année scolaire
2014-2015, soit la première année de l’occupation, il n’était plus dispensé
qu’à 2154 enfants 121. Ce nombre a encore été réduit de moitié pendant l’année
scolaire 2015-2016, puisqu’il est passé à moins de 1000 élèves 122. Selon un rapport
de l’ONU datant de décembre 2016, sur les sept établissements d’enseignement en
langue ukrainienne existant en Crimée jusqu’en 2014, seul un reste ouvert à ce jour,
et même celui‑ci a cessé cette année l’enseignement en ukrainien dans les classes de
première et seconde année 123.
118. Ces multiples actes de discrimination raciale visent un objectif plus général
d’annihilation culturelle. Selon l’OSCE, l’action menée par la Fédération de Russie
pour « supprimer l’enseignement en langue ukrainienne et l’enseignement de la
langue ukrainienne » fait partie d’une campagne plus large de répression des
118 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet
2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 191.
119 Ibid., par. 194.
120 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 août-15 novembre 2015), par. 157 ; Délégation
permanente de la Fédération de Russie auprès de l’UNESCO, « Information on the
Situation in the Republic of Crimea (the Russian Federation) within the Scope of UNESCO
Competence as of April 8, 2015 » [Informations sur la situation en République de Crimée
(Fédération de Russie) dans les domaines de compétence de l’UNESCO au 8 avril 2015]
(14 avril 2015).
121 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 août-15 novembre 2015), par. 157. La Fédération
de Russie a reconnu cette baisse, et a même déclaré un nombre moins important
d’élèves (1990) pour l’année scolaire 2014-2015. Délégation permanente de la Fédération de
Russie auprès de l’UNESCO, « Information on the Situation in the Republic of Crimea (the
Russian Federation) within the Scope of UNESCO Competence as of April 8, 2015 » [Informations
sur la situation en République de Crimée (Fédération de Russie) dans les domaines
de compétence de l’UNESCO au 8 avril 2015] (14 avril 2015).
122 HCNUDH, « Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine » [Rapport sur la
situation des droits de l’homme en Ukraine] (16 août-15 novembre 2015), par. 157.
123 Ibid., par. 180.
80
Ukrainian identity”, in pursuit of “the policy of russification in occupied
Crimea” 124. Russian authorities are attempting not just to dominate Crimea, but
to permanently erase the distinct ethnic Ukrainian identity of many inhabitants of
Crimea, beginning with an attack on the language they speak, and their ability to
impart that language to their children.
(b) Suppression of culturally‑significant gatherings
119. As with its treatment of the Crimean Tatars, the Russian Federation has
furthered its policy of cultural erasure by restricting gatherings in celebration of
ethnic Ukrainians’ cultural heritage. For example, in March 2015, authorities
refused the application of the Ukrainian Cultural Centre to hold a gathering in a
central location in Simferopol to commemorate the 201st birthday of the renowned
Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko 125.
120. The event was relegated to a peripheral park, and Russian officials thereafter
retaliated against ethnic Ukrainians who participated. Specifically, three participants
were arrested for carrying a Ukrainian flag inscribed with the (accurate)
statement that Crimea remains a part of Ukraine, which the Russian Federation
considers criminal “extremist” activity. The alleged organizer of the event was fired
from his job as a school teacher in Simferopol 126.
(c) Media restrictions and harassment
121. The Russian Federation has also engaged in a pattern of discriminatory
restrictions on ethnic Ukrainian media entities in Crimea. For example, Russian
occupation authorities have repeatedly harassed and detained writers and editors
of the Centre for Journalist Investigations, a media organization associated with
ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea. In March 2015, Centre writer Natalia Kokorina was
ordered out of her house, which was searched, and she was detained and interrogated
by the FSB for six hours 127. The same day, authorities raided the home of the
parents of another Centre editor, Anna Andriyevskaya, and charged her with the
crime of “anti‑state activities” for an article she had written. The Russian authorities
have continued to harass Ms Andriyevskaya and others in 2016, by, inter alia,
including her on a list of approximately 6,000 “terrorists and extremists” 128.
122. Again, these are not isolated examples. For example, the Russian authorities
have attempted to exert pressure on a journalist with the Ukrainian news portal
Sobitiya Kryma by harassing his mother, and they searched the apartment of a
124 Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe, “Tbilisi Declaration and
Resolutions Adopted by the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the Twenty‑Fifth Annual
Session” (1‑5 July 2016), p. 42.
125 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 140.
126 Ibid.
127 Council of Europe Media Freedom Alert, Harassment of Journalists Natalya Kokorina
and Anna Andrievska in Crimea, Ukraine by Russian Officials (2 April 2015).
128 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Russia’s Labeling of Journalists
as Terrorists a Threat to Media Freedom” (12 July 2016).
81
« manifestations culturelles, religieuses et autres de l’identité ukrainienne », au service
d’une « politique de russification de la Crimée occupée » 124. Les autorités
russes cherchent non seulement à dominer la Crimée, mais aussi à annihiler définitivement
l’identité ukrainienne de nombreux habitants de la péninsule, en commençant
par attaquer la langue qu’ils parlent et leur capacité de transmettre cette
langue à leurs enfants.
b) Interdiction de rassemblements culturels importants
119. Comme pour les Tatars de Crimée, la Fédération de Russie a poursuivi sa
politique d’annihilation culturelle en imposant des restrictions aux rassemblements
visant à célébrer le patrimoine culturel des Ukrainiens de souche. Par exemple, en
mars 2015, les autorités ont rejeté la demande du centre culturel ukrainien d’organiser
un rassemblement au centre de Simferopol pour célébrer le 201e anniversaire
du célèbre poète ukrainien Taras Chevtchenko 125.
120. Cette manifestation a été reléguée dans un parc de la périphérie, ce qui n’a
pas empêché les responsables russes de prendre des mesures contre les Ukrainiens
de souche qui y ont participé. Trois participants ont ainsi été arrêtés pour avoir
brandi un drapeau ukrainien sur lequel une inscription affirmait (ce qui est vrai)
que la Crimée faisait toujours partie de l’Ukraine, ce que la Fédération de Russie
considère comme une activité criminelle « extrémiste ». L’organisateur supposé de
la manifestation a été licencié de son poste d’instituteur à Simferopol 126.
c) Restrictions imposées aux médias et harcèlement de journalistes
121. La Fédération de Russie a également imposé une série de restrictions discriminatoires
aux médias ukrainiens de Crimée. Par exemple, les autorités d’occupation
russes ont harcelé et placé en détention de façon répétée des journalistes et
des rédacteurs du centre pour un journalisme d’investigation, qui est en Crimée un
organisme associé aux Ukrainiens de souche. En mars 2015, Natalia Kokorina,
journaliste au centre, a reçu l’ordre de sortir de son domicile, qui a été perquisitionné,
et a été placée en garde à vue et interrogée pendant six heures par le service
fédéral de sécurité russe 127. Le même jour, les autorités ont effectué une perquisition
au domicile des parents d’une autre journaliste du centre, Anna Andriyevskaya,
et l’ont accusée de se livrer à des « activités contre l’Etat » en raison d’un
article qu’elle avait écrit. En 2016, les autorités russes ont continué de harceler
Mme Andriyevskaya comme d’autres journalistes, notamment en inscrivant son
nom sur une liste d’environ 6000 « terroristes et extrémistes » 128.
122. Une fois encore, il ne s’agit pas de cas isolés. Les autorités russes ont par
exemple tenté de faire pression sur un journaliste du portail d’information ukrainien
Sobytiya Kryma en harcelant sa mère. Elles ont également perquisitionné
124 OSCE, « Déclaration de Tbilisi et résolutions adoptées par l’Assemblée parlementaire
de l’OSCE à sa vingt-cinquième
session annuelle » (1er-5 juillet 2016), p. 42.
125 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet
2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 140.
126 Ibid.
127 Alerte du Conseil de l’Europe relative à la liberté des médias, Harcèlement en Crimée
(Ukraine) des journalistes Natalya Kokorina et Anna Andrievska par des fonctionnaires russes
(2 avril 2015).
128 OSCE, « Russia’s Labeling of Journalists as Terrorists a Threat to Media Freedom »
[Le fait que la Russie qualifie des journalistes de terroristes constitue une menace contre la
liberté de la presse] (12 juillet 2016).
82
Ukrainian independent blogger for criticizing the Russian authorities 129. Since the
start of the occupation, the Krymska Svitlytsya, the only Ukrainian‑language
newspaper in Crimea and an institution that has existed since Ukrainian independence,
has been banned 130.
123. Through all of these efforts, the Russian Federation has pursued a campaign
of systematic racial discrimination designed to promote and perpetuate Russian
dominance by erasing the cultural identity of non‑Russian ethnic communities.
IV. Legal Grounds for Ukraine’s Claims
124. Ukraine claims that the Russian Federation, through its State organs,
State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority,
including the de facto authorities administering the illegal Russian occupation of
Crimea, and through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction
and control, is responsible for serious violations of the Terrorism Financing Convention
and the CERD.
A. Violations of the Terrorism Financing Convention
125. Article 18 of the Terrorism Financing Convention requires States to
co‑operate in the prevention of the financing of terrorism. Yet in defiance of its
international obligations, the Russian Federation actively finances terrorist acts on
the territory of Ukraine.
126. Acts of terrorism within the meaning of the Terrorism Financing Convention
are defined in Article 2 (1). Numerous attacks perpetrated by illegal armed
groups supported by the Russian Federation, including the DPR, the LPR, and
the Kharkiv Partisans, constitute acts of terrorism within the meaning of that provision.
(a) Article 2 (1) (a) of the Terrorism Financing Convention defines acts of terrorism
to include any violation of the Montreal Convention for the Suppression
of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (“Montreal Convention”).
The devastating attack on Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, a civilian
airliner, violated Article 1 of the Montreal Convention, which prohibits
“unlawfully and intentionally . . . destroy[ing] an aircraft in service”. The
attack was therefore an act of terrorism under Article 2 (1) (a) of the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
(b) Article 2 (1) (b) of the Terrorism Financing Convention further defines acts of
terrorism to include any “act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury
to a civilian, or to any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities
in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or
context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a government or an international
organization to do or to abstain from doing any act”. Under the Con-
129 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “OSCE Representative
Mourns Death of Russian Journalist; Denounces New Cases of Media Freedom Violations
in Ukraine” (17 June 2014).
130 Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe, “Report of the Human Rights
Assessment Mission on Crimea (6‑18 July 2015)” (17 September 2015), para. 257.
83
l’appartement d’un blogueur ukrainien indépendant au motif qu’il aurait critiqué
les autorités russes 129. La Krymska Svitlytsya, seul journal de langue ukrainienne
de Crimée et institution qui existe depuis que l’Ukraine est indépendante, est interdite
130 depuis le début de l’occupation.
123. L’ensemble de ces actions constitue, de la part de la Fédération de Russie,
une campagne de discrimination raciale systématique visant à promouvoir et perpétuer
la domination russe en annihilant l’identité culturelle des communautés
ethniques
non russes.
IV. Fondements juridiques des demandes de l’Ukraine
124. L’Ukraine affirme que la Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses
organes et agents d’Etat, d’autres personnes et entités exerçant des prérogatives de
puissance publique, dont les autorités de facto qui administrent l’occupation russe
illicite de la Crimée, ainsi que d’agents opérant sur ses instructions ou sous sa
direction et son contrôle, est responsable de graves violations de la convention
contre le financement du terrorisme et de la CIEDR.
A. Violations de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme
125. L’article 18 de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme impose
aux Etats de coopérer pour assurer la prévention de pareil financement. Or, au
mépris de ses obligations internationales, la Fédération de Russie finance activement
des actes de terrorisme sur le territoire de l’Ukraine.
126. Les actes de terrorisme au sens de la convention sont définis au paragraphe
1 de l’article 2 de cet instrument. Nombre d’attaques perpétrées par des
groupes armés illégaux soutenus par la Fédération de Russie, notamment la RPD,
la RPL et les Partisans de Kharkiv, constituent des actes relevant de cette disposition.
a) Conformément à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention, les
actes de terrorisme incluent toute violation de la convention de Montréal pour
la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile (ci‑après
la « convention de Montréal »). Or, la terrible attaque contre l’appareil assurant
le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines, un avion de ligne civil, a été commise en
violation de l’article premier de la convention de Montréal, aux termes duquel
il est interdit de « détrui[re] un aéronef en service » « illicitement et intentionnellement
». Cette attaque constituait donc un acte de terrorisme au sens de l’alinéa
a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention contre le financement du
terrorisme.
b) Aux termes de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention, les
actes de terrorisme incluent également tout « acte destiné à tuer ou blesser grièvement
un civil, ou toute autre personne qui ne participe pas directement aux
hostilités dans une situation de conflit armé, lorsque, par sa nature ou son
contexte, cet acte vise à intimider une population ou à contraindre un gouvernement
ou une organisation internationale à accomplir ou à s’abstenir d’ac-
129 OSCE, « OSCE Representative Mourns Death of Russian Journalist ; Denounces
New Cases of Media Freedom Violations in Ukraine » [La représentante de l’OSCE pour la
liberté de la presse déplore la mort d’un journaliste russe et dénonce de nouveaux cas de
violations de la liberté de la presse en Ukraine] (17 juin 2014).
130 OSCE, « Report of the Human Rights Assessment Mission on Crimea (6-18 July
2015) » [Rapport de la mission d’évaluation des droits de l’homme en Crimée (6-18 juillet
2015)] (17 septembre 2015), par. 257.
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vention and related principles of international law, attacks that directly target
civilians, or are aimed indiscriminately at civilian areas, constitute acts
intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to civilians. The attack on
Flight MH17, an aircraft exhibiting all ordinary indicia of civilian traffic, is an
act of terrorism under Article 2 (1) (b), in addition to Article 2 (1) (a). The
targeted or indiscriminate shelling attacks on civilians in Volnovakha, Mariupol,
and Kramatorsk, the bombings throughout the city of Kharkiv, and
similar attacks perpetrated by Russian‑backed illegal armed groups in Ukraine
are also acts of terrorism under Article 2 (1) (b) of the Terrorism Financing
Convention.
127. Article 2 of the Terrorism Financing Convention further defines a prohibited
act of terrorist financing as “directly or indirectly, unlawfully and wilfully,
provid[ing] or collect[ing] funds with the intention that they should be used or in
the knowledge that they are to be used, in full or in part, in order to carry out” acts
of terrorism. Numerous acts of the Russian Federation, its State organs, agents,
and persons and entities exercising governmental authority, in providing material
support to illegal armed groups committing terrorism in eastern Ukraine, constitute
the financing of terrorism within the meaning of the Convention.
(a) Article 1 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention defines “funds” broadly
to include “assets of every kind”. The Russian Federation provides entities
and individuals responsible for terrorist acts in Ukraine with direct financial
assistance, as well as in‑kind contributions including heavy weaponry and
training.
(b) The Russian Federation supplies these weapons and other forms of assistance
to its proxies in eastern Ukraine with the intention or knowledge that they will
be used, in full or in part, to conduct acts of terrorism. From the beginning of
the hostilities in eastern Ukraine, it was apparent that these groups acted with
utter contempt for civilian life, resulting in numerous atrocities. Under the
Terrorism Financing Convention, the Russian Federation is obliged to block
and pursue these organizations. Instead, the Russian Federation’s decision to
continue funding these organizations makes clear that it intentionally and
knowingly supports terrorism, in service of the Russian Government’s objective
of intimidating the Ukrainian population and coercing the decisions of
Ukraine’s Government.
128. Under Article 18, the Russian Federation is required to “co‑operate in the
prevention” of terrorism financing offenses as defined by Article 2. That obligation
includes “taking all practical measures . . . to prevent and counter preparations in
[its] territories for the commission of those offenses”. Far from preventing the
financing of terrorism, the Russian Federation has financed terrorism as a matter
of State policy. These actions are blatant violations of Article 18 of the Terrorism
Financing Convention.
129. The Russian Federation is also responsible for failing to co-operate
with
Ukraine to investigate, identify, and prevent terrorism financing offenses as defined
by Article 2, committed by numerous Russian officials, organizations, and citizens.
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complir un acte quelconque ». Or, conformément à la convention et aux principes
de droit international connexes, les attaques visant directement et sans
discrimination des civils ou des zones peuplées de civils constituent des actes
destinés à tuer ou blesser grièvement des civils. L’attaque perpétrée contre l’appareil
assurant le vol MH17, aéronef arborant tous les signes ordinaires du
trafic civil, constitue donc un acte de terrorisme, non seulement au sens de l’alinéa
a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention, mais également au sens
de l’alinéa b) de ce même paragraphe. Les tirs d’artillerie contre des civils à
Volnovakha, Marioupol et Kramatorsk, effectués de façon ciblée ou sans discrimination,
les attentats à la bombe commis en différents lieux de la ville de
Kharkiv, ainsi que les attaques similaires perpétrées en Ukraine par des groupes
armés illégaux soutenus par la Russie, constituent également des actes de terrorisme
au sens de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention.
127. L’article 2 de la convention définit en outre les actes prohibés par celle‑ci,
à savoir les actes consistant, « directement ou indirectement, illicitement et délibérément,
[à] fourni[r] ou réuni[r] des fonds dans l’intention de les voir utilisés ou en
sachant qu’ils seront utilisés, en tout ou partie, en vue de commettre » des actes de
terrorisme. Nombre d’actes par lesquels la Fédération de Russie, ses organes ou
agents, ou des personnes ou entités exerçant des prérogatives de puissance
publique, ont fourni un appui matériel à des groupes armés illégaux se livrant à des
activités terroristes en Ukraine orientale relèvent du financement du terrorisme au
sens de la convention.
a) Le paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la convention définit de façon large le
terme « fonds » comme incluant « des biens de toute nature ». Or, la Fédération
de Russie fournit à des entités et des personnes responsables d’actes de terrorisme
en Ukraine une aide financière directe, ainsi que des contributions en
nature, notamment sous la forme d’armes lourdes et de moyens d’entraînement.
b) La Fédération de Russie fournit ces armes et autres formes d’assistance à ses
intermédiaires en Ukraine orientale dans l’intention de les voir utilisées ou en
sachant qu’elles seront utilisées, en tout ou partie, en vue de commettre des
actes de terrorisme. Dès le début des hostilités dans cette région, il était patent
que ces groupes agissaient avec un profond mépris pour la vie des civils, ce qui
a entraîné de nombreuses atrocités. En application de la convention contre le
financement du terrorisme, la Fédération de Russie est tenue d’empêcher ces
organisations d’agir et d’engager contre elles des poursuites. La décision qu’elle
a au contraire prise de continuer de les financer indique clairement qu’elle soutient
intentionnellement et sciemment le terrorisme, dans le dessein d’intimider
la population ukrainienne et d’influer par la contrainte sur les décisions du
Gouvernement ukrainien.
128. L’article 18 de la convention impose à la Fédération de Russie de
« coop[érer] pour prévenir » les infractions touchant au financement du terrorisme
visées à l’article 2. Cette obligation implique notamment de « pren[dre] toutes les
mesures possibles … afin d’empêcher et de contrecarrer la préparation sur [son]
territoire … [de telles] infractions ». Or, loin de chercher à le prévenir, la Fédération
de Russie a érigé le financement du terrorisme en politique d’Etat, contrevenant
ainsi de manière flagrante à l’article 18 susmentionné.
129. La Fédération de Russie est également responsable de n’avoir pas coopéré
avec l’Ukraine aux fins d’enquêter sur les infractions touchant au financement du
terrorisme telles que visées à l’article 2 commises par de nombreux représentants,
organisations ou citoyens russes, et d’identifier et prévenir de telles infractions.
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(a) Article 8 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “[e]ach
State Party shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with its domestic
legal principles, for the identification, detection and freezing or seizure of any
funds used or allocated for the purpose of committing the offences set forth in
article 2”. Illegal fundraising on the territory of the Russian Federation for
entities and individuals responsible for terrorist acts in Ukraine, often conducted
through State‑owned financial institutions, is rampant. Despite widespread
reporting and repeated protests by Ukraine, the Russian Federation
has failed to honour its obligations to identify, detect, freeze, and seize such
funds.
(b) Article 9 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “[u]pon
receiving information that a person who has committed or who is alleged to
have committed an offence set forth in article 2 may be present in its territory,
the State Party concerned shall take such measures as may be necessary under
its domestic law to investigate the facts contained in the information”. Articles
10 and 11 require a State party to extradite or prosecute offenders. The
Russian Federation has repeatedly refused to investigate, prosecute, or extradite
offenders within its territory brought to its attention by Ukraine.
(c) Article 12 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “States
Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection
with criminal investigations or criminal or extradition proceedings in
respect of the offences set forth in article 2, including assistance in obtaining
evidence in their possession necessary for the proceedings”. Ukraine has
brought to the Russian Federation’s attention numerous criminal investigations
for which it requested assistance, and the Russian Federation has failed
to investigate or adequately respond.
(d) Article 18 (1) of the Terrorism Financing Convention provides that “States
Parties shall co-operate
in the prevention of the offences set forth in article 2
by taking all practicable measures . . . to prevent and counter preparations in
their respective territories for the commission of those offences within or outside
their territories.” In addition to being responsible for direct acts of terrorist
financing in violation of this article, the Russian Federation has indirectly
contributed to the cause of terrorism by failing to take all practicable measures
to prevent the financing of terrorism by public and private actors on the territory
of the Russian Federation.
130. By acceding to the Terrorism Financing Convention, the Russian Federation
undertook to co‑operate in the prevention of terrorist financing, and to assist
in the investigation and prosecution of terrorist financing. Instead, the Russian
Federation has turned the Convention on its head, committing acts of terrorist
financing, refusing to halt the financing of terrorism from its territory, obstructing
investigations, and failing to co‑operate and assist Ukraine in good faith as
required by international law.
B. Violations of the CERD
131. Russian authorities are pursuing on the Crimean peninsula a policy of cultural
erasure through a pattern of discriminatory actions, treating groups that are
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a) Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 8 de la convention, « [c]haque Etat
partie adopte, conformément aux principes de son droit interne, les mesures
nécessaires à l’identification, à la détection et au gel ou à la saisie de tous fonds
utilisés ou destinés à être utilisés pour commettre les infractions visées à l’article
2 ». Or, la collecte illicite sur le territoire de la Fédération de Russie de
fonds destinés à des entités ou personnes responsables d’actes de terrorisme en
Ukraine, souvent réalisée par l’intermédiaire d’institutions financières
publiques, est une pratique généralisée en Russie. Bien que cette situation ait été
largement constatée et maintes fois dénoncée par l’Ukraine, la Fédération de
Russie a manqué à ses obligations d’identifier, de détecter, de geler et de saisir
ces fonds.
b) Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 9 de la convention, « [l]orsqu’il est
informé que l’auteur ou l’auteur présumé d’une infraction visée à l’article 2
pourrait se trouver sur son territoire, l’Etat partie concerné prend les mesures
qui peuvent être nécessaires conformément à sa législation interne pour enquêter
sur les faits portés à sa connaissance ». Les articles 10 et 11 de cet instrument
imposent en outre à l’Etat partie d’extrader l’auteur d’une infraction ou d’engager
contre lui des poursuites. Or, la Fédération de Russie a à maintes reprises
refusé d’enquêter sur des auteurs d’infractions se trouvant sur son territoire et
sur lesquels l’Ukraine avait appelé son attention, ainsi que d’engager contre eux
des poursuites ou de les extrader.
c) Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 12 de la convention, « [l]es Etats parties
s’accordent l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible pour toute enquête ou
procédure pénale ou procédure d’extradition relative aux infractions visées à
l’article 2, y compris pour l’obtention des éléments de preuve en leur possession
qui sont nécessaires aux fins de la procédure ». Bien que l’Ukraine ait porté à
son attention l’ouverture de nombreuses enquêtes pénales pour lesquelles elle
avait besoin de son assistance, la Fédération de Russie n’a ni enquêté ni réagi de
façon appropriée.
d) Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 18 de la convention, « [l]es Etats parties
coopèrent pour prévenir les infractions visées à l’article 2 en prenant toutes les
mesures possibles … afin d’empêcher et de contrecarrer la préparation sur leurs
territoires respectifs d’infractions devant être commises à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur
de ceux‑ci ». Outre qu’elle est directement responsable d’actes de financement
du terrorisme en violation de ce même article, la Fédération de Russie a
indirectement contribué à la cause du terrorisme en ne prenant pas toutes les
mesures possibles afin d’empêcher pareil financement par des personnes
publiques ou privées sur son territoire.
130. En adhérant à la convention contre le financement du terrorisme, la Fédération
de Russie s’est engagée à coopérer pour prévenir une telle activité et à prêter
son assistance en matière d’enquêtes et de poursuites dans ce domaine. Dans les
faits, cependant, elle a fait tout le contraire de ce que lui imposait cet instrument,
en se livrant au financement du terrorisme, en refusant de faire cesser cette activité
sur son territoire, en faisant obstruction aux enquêtes, en ne coopérant pas avec
l’Ukraine et en ne l’aidant pas de bonne foi, comme le droit international l’y oblige
pourtant.
B. Violations de la CIEDR
131. Les autorités russes mènent dans la péninsule de Crimée une politique
d’annihilation culturelle en se livrant à des actes de discrimination systématiques,
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not ethnic Russian as threats to the régime whose identity and culture must be
suppressed.
132. Article 2 of the CERD commits States Parties to pursue “a policy of eliminating
racial discrimination in all its forms”, and to “engage in no act or practice
of racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or institutions and to
ensure that all public authorities and public institutions, national and local, shall
act in conformity with this obligation”. In addition to this overarching obligation,
the CERD provides, inter alia, that:
(a) States Parties must “prevent, prohibit and eradicate” “racial segregation and
apartheid” (Article 3);
(b) States Parties “[s]hall not permit public authorities or public institutions,
national or local, to promote or incite racial discrimination” (Article 4);
(c) States Parties must “guarantee the right to everyone, without distinction as to
race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in
the enjoyment of the following rights” (Article 5):
(i) “The right to equal treatment before tribunals and all other organs
administering justice” (Article 5 (a));
(ii) “The right to security of person and protection by the State against violence
or bodily harm, whether inflicted by government officials or by any
individual group or institution” (Article 5 (b));
(iii) “Political rights, in particular the right to participate in elections — to
vote and to stand for election — on the basis of universal and equal suffrage,
to take part in the Government as well as in the conduct of public
affairs at any level and to have equal access to public service” (Article
5 (c));
(iv) “The right to freedom of movement and residence within the border of
the State” (Article 5 (d) (i));
(v) “The right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to
one’s country” (Article 5 (d) (ii));
(vi) “The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion” (Article
5 (d) (vii));
(vii) “The right to freedom of opinion and expression” (Article 5 (d) (viii));
(viii) “The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association” (Article
5 (d) (ix));
(ix) “The right to education and training” (Article 5 (e) (v)); and
(x) “The right to equal participation cultural activities” (Article 5 (e) (vi));
(d) States Parties must “assure to everyone within their jurisdiction effective protection
and remedies, through the competent national tribunals and other
State institutions, against any acts of racial discrimination which violate his
human rights and fundamental freedoms contrary to this Convention” (Article
6).
The Russian Federation has done none of the above.
133. The Russian Federation’s policy of cultural erasure in Crimea, targeting in
particular the Crimean Tatar and ethnic Ukrainian communities, violates Articles
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the CERD. In furtherance of this policy, and beginning with
its illegal invasion and referendum, the Russian Federation has engaged in a wide-
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traitant les groupes ethniques non russes comme des menaces pour le régime dont
l’identité et la culture doivent être réduites à néant.
132. L’article 2 de la CIEDR fait obligation aux Etats parties de poursuivre
« une politique tendant à éliminer toute forme de discrimination raciale », de « ne se
livrer à aucun acte ou pratique de discrimination raciale contre des personnes,
groupes de personnes ou institutions et [de] faire en sorte que toutes les autorités
publiques et institutions publiques, nationales et locales, se conforment à cette
obligation ». Outre cette obligation générale, la CIEDR dispose, notamment, que :
a) les Etats parties doivent « prévenir, … interdire et … éliminer » « la ségrégation
raciale et l’apartheid » (art. 3) ;
b) les Etats parties ne doivent « pas permettre aux autorités publiques ni aux institutions
publiques, nationales ou locales, d’inciter à la discrimination raciale ou
de l’encourager » (art. 4) ;
c) les Etats parties doivent « garantir le droit de chacun à l’égalité devant la loi
sans distinction de race, de couleur ou d’origine nationale ou ethnique, notamment
dans la jouissance des droits suivants » (art. 5) :
i) « droit à un traitement égal devant les tribunaux et tout autre organe
administrant la justice » (alinéa a) de l’article 5) ;
ii) « droit à la sûreté de la personne et à la protection de l’Etat contre les
voies de fait ou les sévices de la part soit de fonctionnaires du gouvernement,
soit de tout individu, groupe ou institution » (alinéa b) de l’article
5) ;
iii) « droits politiques, notamment droit de participer aux élections — de
voter et d’être candidat — selon le système de suffrage universel et égal,
droit de prendre part au gouvernement ainsi qu’à la direction des affaires
publiques, à tous les échelons, et droit d’accéder, dans des conditions
d’égalité, aux fonctions publiques » (alinéa. c) de l’article 5) ;
iv) « droit de circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence à l’intérieur de
l’Etat » (point i) de l’alinéa d) de l’article 5) ;
v) « droit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien, et de revenir dans son pays »
(point ii) de l’alinéa d) de l’article 5) ;
vi) « droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience et de religion » (point vii) de
l’alinéa d) de l’article 5) ;
vii) « droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression » (point viii) de l’alinéa d) de
l’article 5) ;
viii) « droit à la liberté de réunion et d’association pacifiques » (point ix) de
l’alinéa d) de l’article 5) ;
ix) « droit à l’éducation et à la formation professionnelle » (point v) de l’alinéa
e) de l’article 5) ; et
x) « droit de prendre part, dans des conditions d’égalité, aux activités culturelles
» (point vi) de l’alinéa e) de l’article 5) ;
d) les Etats parties doivent « assurer à toute personne soumise à leur juridiction
une protection et une voie de recours effectives, devant les tribunaux nationaux
et autres organismes d’Etat compétents, contre tous actes de discrimination
raciale, qui, contrairement à la présente convention, violeraient ses droits individuels
et ses libertés fondamentales » (art. 6).
La Fédération de Russie ne s’est conformée à aucune de ces prescriptions.
133. La politique d’annihilation culturelle menée en Crimée par la Fédération
de Russie, en particulier à l’encontre des Tatars et des Ukrainiens de souche,
contrevient aux articles 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 de la CIEDR. Pour mettre en oeuvre cette
politique, qui a débuté avec l’invasion et le référendum illicites, la Fédération de
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spread pattern of discriminatory acts, each of which is an independent violation of
the CERD, including:
(a) holding an illegal referendum in an atmosphere of violence and intimidation
against non‑Russian ethnic groups, without any effort to seek a consensual
and inclusive solution protecting those groups, and as an initial step toward
depriving these communities of the protection of Ukrainian law and subjecting
them to a régime of Russian dominance;
(b) brutally suppressing the political and cultural expression of Crimean Tatar
identity, by persecuting the community’s leaders and banning its central institution,
the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People;
(c) preventing Crimean Tatars from gathering in celebration and commemoration
of their culture, including to mark the anniversary of Stalin’s ethnic
cleansing of Tatars from the peninsula;
(d) perpetrating and tolerating a campaign of disappearances and murder targeting
Crimean Tatars;
(e) harassing the Crimean Tatar community by disproportionately subjecting it to
a régime of arbitrary searches and detention;
(f) silencing Crimean Tatar voices in the media;
(g) suppressing Crimean Tatar language education and educational institutions;
(h) suppressing ethnic Ukrainians’ rights to education in the Ukrainian language;
(i) preventing ethnic Ukrainians from gathering in celebration and commemoration
of their culture; and
(j) silencing ethnic Ukrainian voices in the media.
V. Relief Sought
A. Relief Sought under
the Terrorism Financing Convention
134. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and
entities exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting on its
instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under
the Terrorism Financing Convention by:
(a) supplying funds, including in‑kind contributions of weapons and training, to
illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the
DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals,
in violation of Article 18;
(b) failing to take appropriate measures to detect, freeze, and seize funds used to
assist illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including
the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals,
in violation of Articles 8 and 18;
(c) failing to investigate, prosecute, or extradite perpetrators of the financing of
terrorism found within its territory, in violation of Articles 9, 10, 11, and 18;
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Russie s’est livrée à des actes de discrimination généralisés, dont chacun constitue
en soi une violation de la CIEDR, notamment en :
a) organisant un référendum illégal dans un contexte de violences et de manoeuvres
d’intimidation contre les groupes ethniques non russes, sans faire le moindre
effort afin de trouver une solution consensuelle et inclusive pour protéger ces
groupes, cette démarche étant une première mesure en vue de priver ces communautés
de la protection du droit ukrainien et de les assujettir à un régime de
domination russe ;
b) privant brutalement les Tatars de Crimée des moyens d’exprimer leur identité
politique et culturelle, notamment par la persécution de leurs dirigeants et l’interdiction
de leur principale institution, à savoir le Majlis ;
c) empêchant les Tatars de Crimée de se rassembler pour célébrer et commémorer
des événements culturels, notamment l’anniversaire du nettoyage ethnique perpétré
par Staline à l’encontre de cette communauté ;
d) orchestrant et tolérant une campagne de disparitions et de meurtres visant les
Tatars de Crimée ;
e) harcelant la communauté des Tatars de Crimée en soumettant ces derniers à un
régime arbitraire et disproportionné de perquisitions et de détentions ;
f) réduisant au silence les Tatars de Crimée dans les médias ;
g) privant les Tatars de Crimée de la possibilité de suivre un enseignement dans
leur langue et de leurs établissements d’enseignement ;
h) privant les Ukrainiens de souche de droits s’agissant de bénéficier d’un enseignement
dans leur langue ;
i) empêchant les Ukrainiens de souche de se rassembler pour célébrer et commémorer
des événements culturels ; et en
j) réduisant au silence les Ukrainiens de souche dans les médias.
V. Remèdes sollicités
A. Remèdes sollicités au titre de la convention
contre le financement du terrorisme
134. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la Fédération
de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents d’Etat, d’autres personnes et
entités exerçant des prérogatives de puissance publique, ainsi que d’agents opérant
sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction et son contrôle, a manqué aux obligations
qui lui incombent au regard de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme :
a) en fournissant des fonds, y compris par des contributions en nature sous la
forme d’armes et de moyens d’entraînement, à des groupes armés illégaux qui
se livrent à des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans
de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes ou personnes qui y sont associés, en violation
de l’article 18 ;
b) en ne prenant pas les mesures appropriées pour détecter, geler et saisir les fonds
utilisés pour assister les groupes armés illégaux qui se livrent à des actes de terrorisme
en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv et d’autres
groupes ou personnes qui y sont associés, en violation des articles 8 et 18 ;
c) en n’enquêtant pas sur les auteurs du financement du terrorisme découverts sur
son territoire, en n’engageant pas contre eux des poursuites ou en ne les extradant
pas, en violation des articles 9, 10, 11 et 18 ;
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(d) failing to provide Ukraine with the greatest measure of assistance in connection
with criminal investigations of the financing of terrorism, in violation of
Articles 12 and 18; and
(e) failing to take all practicable measures to prevent and counter acts of financing
of terrorism committed by Russian public and private actors, in violation of
Article 18.
135. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
Russian Federation bears international responsibility, by virtue of its sponsorship
of terrorism and failure to prevent the financing of terrorism under the Convention,
for the acts of terrorism committed by its proxies in Ukraine, including:
(a) the shoot‑down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(b) the shelling of civilians, including in Volnovakha, Mariupol, and Kramatorsk;
and
(c) the bombing of civilians, including in Kharkiv.
136. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation to
comply with its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention, including
that the Russian Federation:
(a) immediately and unconditionally cease and desist from all support, including
the provision of money, weapons, and training, to illegal armed groups that
engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the
Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals;
(b) immediately make all efforts to ensure that all weaponry provided to such
armed groups is withdrawn from Ukraine;
(c) immediately exercise appropriate control over its border to prevent further
acts of financing of terrorism, including the supply of weapons, from the territory
of the Russian Federation to the territory of Ukraine;
(d) immediately stop the movement of money, weapons, and all other assets from
the territory of the Russian Federation and occupied Crimea to illegal armed
groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the
LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals, including
by freezing all bank accounts used to support such groups;
(e) immediately prevent all Russian officials from financing terrorism in Ukraine,
including Sergei Shoigu, Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation;
Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Vice‑Chairman of the State Duma; Sergei Mironov,
member of the State Duma; and Gennadiy Zyuganov, member of the State
Duma, and initiate prosecution against these and other actors responsible for
financing terrorism;
(f) immediately provide full co‑operation to Ukraine in all pending and future
requests for assistance in the investigation and interdiction of the financing of
terrorism relating to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in
Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated
groups and individuals;
(g) make full reparation for the shoot‑down of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17;
(h) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Volnovakha;
(i) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Mariupol;
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d) en n’accordant pas à l’Ukraine l’aide judiciaire la plus large possible pour toute
enquête pénale relative au financement du terrorisme, en violation des articles 12
et 18 ; et
e) en ne prenant pas toutes les mesures possibles afin d’empêcher et de contrecarrer
les actes de financement du terrorisme commis par des personnes privées
ou publiques russes, en violation de l’article 18.
135. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la Fédération
de Russie a engagé sa responsabilité internationale en soutenant le terrorisme et en
n’en empêchant pas le financement au sens de la convention, à raison des actes de
terrorisme commis par ses intermédiaires en Ukraine, parmi lesquels :
a) la destruction de l’appareil assurant le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines ;
b) les tirs d’artillerie contre des civils, y compris à Volnovakha, Marioupol et Kramatorsk
; et
c) les attentats à la bombe contre des civils, y compris à Kharkiv.
136. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de prescrire à la Fédération de
Russie de s’acquitter des obligations qui lui incombent au regard de la convention
contre le financement du terrorisme et, en particulier, de :
a) mettre fin et renoncer, immédiatement et sans condition, à tout appui — notamment
la fourniture d’argent, d’armes et de moyens d’entraînement — aux
groupes armés illégaux qui se livrent à des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont
la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes et personnes qui
y sont associés ;
b) faire immédiatement tout ce qui est en son pouvoir pour s’assurer que l’ensemble
des armements fournis à ces groupes armés soient retirés d’Ukraine ;
c) exercer immédiatement un contrôle approprié sur sa frontière afin d’empêcher
tout nouvel acte de financement du terrorisme, y compris la fourniture d’armes,
depuis le territoire russe vers le territoire ukrainien ;
d) mettre immédiatement fin aux mouvements d’argent, d’armes et de toutes
autres ressources provenant du territoire de la Fédération de Russie et de la
Crimée occupée à destination des groupes armés illégaux qui se livrent à des
actes de terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv
et d’autres groupes et personnes qui y sont associés, y compris en bloquant
l’ensemble des comptes bancaires utilisés pour financer ces groupes ;
e) empêcher immédiatement le financement du terrorisme en Ukraine par des
représentants russes, notamment M. Sergueï Choïgu, ministre de la défense de
la Fédération de Russie ; M. Vladimir Jirinovski, vice‑président de la Douma
d’Etat ; MM. Sergueï Mironov et Guennadi Ziouganov, députés de la Douma
d’Etat ; et engager des poursuites contre les intéressés et toute autre personne
liée au financement du terrorisme ;
f) coopérer pleinement et immédiatement avec l’Ukraine pour toutes les demandes
d’assistance, existantes et à venir, concernant les enquêtes relatives au financement
du terrorisme lié aux groupes armés illégaux qui se livrent à des actes de
terrorisme en Ukraine, dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv et
d’autres groupes et personnes qui y sont associés, ainsi que l’interdiction de ce
financement ;
g) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par la destruction de l’appareil assurant
le vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines ;
h) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les tirs d’artillerie contre des civils
à Volnovakha ;
i) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les tirs d’artillerie contre des civils
à Marioupol ;
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(j) make full reparation for the shelling of civilians in Kramatorsk;
(k) make full reparation for the bombing of civilians in Kharkiv; and
(l) make full reparation for all other acts of terrorism the Russian Federation has
caused, facilitated, or supported through its financing of terrorism, and failure
to prevent and investigate the financing of terrorism.
B. Relief Sought under the CERD
137. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and
entities exercising governmental authority, including the de facto authorities
administering the illegal Russian occupation of Crimea, and through other agents
acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations
under the CERD by:
(a) systematically discriminating against and mistreating the Crimean Tatar and
ethnic Ukrainian communities in Crimea, in furtherance of a State policy of
cultural erasure of disfavoured groups perceived to be opponents of the occupation
régime;
(b) holding an illegal referendum in an atmosphere of violence and intimidation
against non‑Russian ethnic groups, without any effort to seek a consensual
and inclusive solution protecting those groups, and as an initial step toward
depriving these communities of the protection of Ukrainian law and subjecting
them to a régime of Russian dominance;
(c) suppressing the political and cultural expression of Crimean Tatar identity,
including through the persecution of Crimean Tatar leaders and the ban on
the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People;
(d) preventing Crimean Tatars from gathering to celebrate and commemorate
important cultural events;
(e) perpetrating and tolerating a campaign of disappearances and murders of
Crimean Tatars;
(f) harassing the Crimean Tatar community with an arbitrary régime of searches
and detention;
(g) silencing Crimean Tatar media;
(h) suppressing Crimean Tatar language education and the community’s educational
institutions;
(i) suppressing Ukrainian language education relied on by ethnic Ukrainians;
(j) preventing ethnic Ukrainians from gathering to celebrate and commemorate
important cultural events; and
(k) silencing ethnic Ukrainian media.
138. Ukraine respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federation to
comply with its obligations under the CERD, including:
(a) immediately cease and desist from the policy of cultural erasure and take all
necessary and appropriate measures to guarantee the full and equal protection
of the law to all groups in Russian‑occupied Crimea, including Crimean Tatars
and ethnic Ukrainians;
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j) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les tirs d’artillerie contre des civils
à Kramatorsk ;
k) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par les attentats à la bombe contre des
civils à Kharkiv ; et
l) réparer intégralement le préjudice causé par tous autres actes de terrorisme
dont la Fédération de Russie a provoqué, facilité ou soutenu la réalisation en
finançant le terrorisme et en s’abstenant d’empêcher ce financement ou d’enquêter
à cet égard.
B. Remèdes sollicités au titre de la CIEDR
137. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que la Fédération
de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents d’Etat, d’autres personnes et
entités exerçant des prérogatives de puissance publique, dont les autorités de facto
qui administrent l’occupation russe illicite de la Crimée, ainsi que d’agents opérant
sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction et son contrôle, a manqué aux obligations
qui lui incombent au regard de la CIEDR :
a) en soumettant systématiquement à une discrimination et à des mauvais traitements
les communautés des Tatars de Crimée et des Ukrainiens de souche en
Crimée, dans le cadre d’une politique étatique d’annihilation culturelle de
groupes défavorisés perçus comme des opposants au régime d’occupation ;
b) en organisant un référendum illégal dans un contexte de violences et de
manoeuvres d’intimidation contre les groupes ethniques non russes, sans faire le
moindre effort afin de trouver une solution consensuelle et inclusive pour protéger
ces groupes, cette démarche étant une première mesure en vue de priver
ces communautés de la protection du droit ukrainien et de les assujettir à un
régime de domination russe ;
c) en privant les Tatars de Crimée des moyens d’exprimer leur identité politique et
culturelle, notamment par la persécution de leurs dirigeants et l’interdiction du
Majlis ;
d) en empêchant les Tatars de Crimée de se rassembler pour célébrer et commémorer
d’importants événements culturels ;
e) en orchestrant et tolérant une campagne de disparitions et de meurtres visant
les Tatars de Crimée ;
f) en harcelant la communauté des Tatars de Crimée en soumettant ces derniers à
un régime arbitraire de perquisitions et de détentions ;
g) en réduisant au silence les médias des Tatars de Crimée ;
h) en privant les Tatars de Crimée de la possibilité de suivre un enseignement dans
leur langue et de leurs établissements d’enseignement ;
i) en privant les Ukrainiens de souche de la possibilité de suivre un enseignement
dans leur langue ;
j) en empêchant les Ukrainiens de souche de se rassembler pour célébrer et commémorer
des événements culturels importants ; et
k) en réduisant au silence les médias des Ukrainiens de souche.
138. L’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de prescrire à la Fédération de
Russie de s’acquitter des obligations qui lui incombent au regard de la CIEDR, et,
en particulier, de :
a) mettre fin et renoncer immédiatement à sa politique d’annihilation culturelle, et
prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour que l’ensemble des
groupes présents en Crimée sous occupation russe, dont les Tatars de Crimée et
les Ukrainiens de souche, jouissent de la protection pleine et égale du droit ;
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(b) immediately restore the rights of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People and
of Crimean Tatar leaders in Russian‑occupied Crimea;
(c) immediately restore the rights of the Crimean Tatar People in Russian‑occupied
Crimea to engage in cultural gatherings, including the annual commemoration
of the Sürgün;
(d) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end the disappearance
and murder of Crimean Tatars in Russian‑occupied Crimea, and to fully
and adequately investigate the disappearances of Reshat Ametov,
Timur Shaimardanov, Ervin Ibragimov, and all other victims;
(e) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to end unjustified
and disproportionate searches and detentions of Crimean Tatars in Russian-occupied
Crimea;
(f) immediately restore licenses and take all other necessary and appropriate
measures to permit Crimean Tatar media outlets to resume operations in Russian‑occupied
Crimea;
(g) immediately cease interference with Crimean Tatar education and take all necessary
and appropriate measures to restore education in the Crimean Tatar
language in Russian‑occupied Crimea;
(h) immediately cease interference with ethnic Ukrainian education and take all
necessary and appropriate measures to restore education in the Ukrainian language
in Russian‑occupied Crimea;
(i) immediately restore the rights of ethnic Ukrainians to engage in cultural gatherings
in Russian‑occupied Crimea;
(j) immediately take all necessary and appropriate measures to permit the free
operation of ethnic Ukrainian media in Russian‑occupied Crimea; and
(k) make full reparation for all victims of the Russian Federation’s policy and pattern
of cultural erasure through discrimination in Russian‑occupied Crimea.
VI. Judge Ad Hoc
139. In accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (2) of the Statute of the
Court, and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of the Court, Ukraine declares its intention
to exercise its right to choose a judge ad hoc.
VII. Reservation of Rights
140. Ukraine reserves the right to supplement and/or amend this Application,
as well as the legal grounds invoked and the relief requested, as may be necessary
to preserve and vindicate its rights under the Terrorism Financing Convention and
the CERD.
VIII. Appointment of Agent and Co-Agent
141. Ukraine hereby designates as its Agent Ms Olena Zerkal, Deputy Foreign
Minister of Ukraine.
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b) rétablir immédiatement les droits du Majlis des Tatars de Crimée et de leurs
dirigeants en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
c) rétablir immédiatement le droit des Tatars de Crimée, en Crimée sous occupation
russe, de prendre part à des rassemblements culturels, notamment la commémoration
annuelle du Sürgün ;
d) prendre immédiatement toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour
mettre fin aux disparitions et meurtres de Tatars de Crimée en Crimée sous
occupation russe, et mener une enquête complète et adéquate sur les disparitions
de MM. Reshat Ametov, Timur Shaimardanov, Ervin Ibragimov et de
toutes les autres victimes ;
e) prendre immédiatement toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour
mettre fin aux perquisitions et détentions injustifiées et disproportionnées dont
font l’objet les Tatars de Crimée en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
f) rétablir immédiatement les autorisations des médias des Tatars de Crimée et
prendre toutes les autres mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour leur permettre
de reprendre leurs activités en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
g) mettre immédiatement fin à son ingérence dans l’éducation des Tatars de Crimée
et prendre toutes les autres mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour rétablir
l’enseignement dans leur langue en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
h) mettre immédiatement fin à son ingérence dans l’éducation des Ukrainiens de
souche et prendre toutes les autres mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour rétablir
l’enseignement dans leur langue en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
i) rétablir immédiatement le droit des Ukrainiens de souche de prendre part à des
rassemblements culturels en Crimée sous occupation russe ;
j) prendre immédiatement toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour permettre
aux médias des Ukrainiens de souche d’exercer librement leurs activités
en Crimée sous occupation russe ; et
k) réparer intégralement les préjudices causés à l’ensemble des victimes de la politique
et du système d’annihilation culturelle par la discrimination que la Fédération
de Russie a mis en oeuvre en Crimée sous occupation russe.
VI. Juge ad hoc
139. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 31 du Statut de la Cour et au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 de son Règlement, l’Ukraine précise qu’elle entend
exercer son droit de désigner un juge ad hoc.
VII. Réserve de droits
140. L’Ukraine se réserve, en tant que de besoin, la faculté de compléter ou de
modifier la présente requête, ainsi que les fondements juridiques invoqués et les
remèdes sollicités, pour préserver et faire valoir les droits qui sont les siens en vertu
de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme et de la CIEDR.
VIII. Désignation d’un agent et d’un coagent
141. L’Ukraine désigne par la présente Mme Olena Zerkal, vice-ministre
des
affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine, en tant qu’agent.
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142. Ukraine hereby designates as its Co‑Agent Mr. Vsevolod Chentsov, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Director‑General for the European Union.
143. Pursuant to Article 40 (1) of the Rules of the Court, communications relating
to this case should be sent to:
Ms Olena Zerkal
Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine
c/o Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Zeestraat 78
2518 AD The Hague
Kingdom of the Netherlands
(Signed) Pavlo Klimkin,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
(Signed) Olena Zerkal,
Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine
Agent of Ukraine.
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142. L’Ukraine désigne par la présente M. Vsevolod Chentsov, directeur général
pour l’Union européenne au ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine, en
tant que coagent.
143. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour,
l’Ukraine indique que les communications relatives à la présente affaire doivent
être adressées à :
Mme Olena Zerkal
Vice‑ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine
c/o ambassade d’Ukraine au Royaume des Pays-Bas
Zeestraat 78
2518 AD La Haye
Pays-Bas
Le ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
(Signé) Pavlo Klimkin.
La vice-ministre
des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
agent de l’Ukraine,
(Signé) Olena Zerkal.
Application instituting proceedings