5 OCTOBER 2016
JUDGMENT
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING NEGOTIATIONS RELATING TO CESSATION
OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE AND TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMANT
(MARSHALL ISLANDS v. INDIA)
JURISDICTION OF THE COURT AND ADMISSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION
___________
OBLIGATIONS RELATIVES À DES NÉGOCIATIONS CONCERNANT LA CESSATION
DE LA COURSE AUX ARMES NUCLÉAIRES ET LE DÉSARMEMENT NUCLÉAIRE
(ÎLES MARSHALL c. INDE)
COMPÉTENCE DE LA COUR ET RECEVABILITÉ DE LA REQUÊTE
5 OCTOBRE 2016
ARRÊT T ABLE OFCONTENTS
Paragraphs
C HRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-13
I. NTRODUCTION 14-24
A. Historical background 14-20
B. Proceedings brought before the Court 21-24
II. THE OBJECTION BASED ON THE ABSENCE OF A DISPUTE 25-55
O PERATIVE CLAUSE 56
___________ INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
2016
5 October
General List
No. 158
5 October 2016
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING NEGOTIATIONS RELATING TO CESSATION OF THE
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE AND TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
(MARSHALL ISLANDS v. INDIA)
JURISDICTION OF THE COURT
AND ADMISSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION
Historical background — Disarmament activities of the United Nations — Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968 — Court’s 8 July 1996 Advisory Opinion on
nuclear weapons.
Proceedings brought before the Court.
*
Objection based on absence of a dispute.
Meaning of “dispute” in case law of the Court — Parties must “hold clearly opposite
views” — Existence of a dispute is a matter of substance, not form or procedure — Prior
negotiations not required where Court seised on basis of declarations under Article 36 (2) of
Statute unless one of these declarations so provides — Formal diplomatic protest not required —
Notice of intention to file claim not required — Existence of dispute is matter for objective - 2 -
determination by the Court — Court may take into account statements or documents exchanged in
bilateral or multilateral settings — Conduct of parties may also be relevant — Evidence must
demonstrate that respondent was aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were
“positively opposed” by applicant — Existence of dispute to be determined in principle as of date
application is submitted — Limited relevance of subsequent conduct.
Contention that dispute exists based on two statements made in multilateral fora —
Statement made at United Nations High-level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament on
26 September 2013 — Statement made at conference in Nayarit, Mexico, on 13 February 2014 —
Neither statement sufficient to establish existence of dispute.
Contention that the very filing of Application and position of Parties in proceedings show
existence of dispute — Case law relied on by Marshall Islands does not support this contention —
Application and statements made during judicial proceedings cannot create dispute that does not
already exist.
Contention that dispute exists based on India’s conduct — Applicant’s statements did not
offer any particulars regarding India’s conduct — Cannot be said that India was aware, or could
not have been unaware, that the Marshall Islands was making an allegation that India was in
breach of its obligations — Conduct of India cannot show opposition of views.
Objection of India upheld — Not necessary for the Court to deal with other objections —
Case cannot proceed to the merits phase.
JUDGMENT
Present: President ABRAHAM ; Vice-President YUSUF ; Judges O WADA , TOMKA , BENNOUNA ,
C ANÇADO TRINDADE , REENWOOD , XUE, DONOGHUE , GAJA, EBUTINDE , HANDARI ,
R OBINSON , RAWFORD , GEVORGIAN ; Judge ad hocBEDJAOUI ; Registrar OUVREUR .
In the case regarding obligations concerning negotiations relating to cessation of the nuclear
arms race and to nuclear disarmament,
between
the Republic of the Marshall Islands, - 3 -
represented by
H.E. Mr. Tony A. deBrum, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the
Marshall Islands,
Mr. Phon van den Biesen, Attorney at Law, van den Biesen Kloostra Advocaten,
Amsterdam,
as Co-Agents;
Ms Deborah Barker-Manase, Chargé d’affaires a.i. and Deputy Permanent Representative of
the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United Nations, New York,
as Member of the Delegation;
Ms Laurie B. Ashton, Attorney, Seattle,
Mr. Nicholas Grief, Professor of Law, University of Kent, member of the English Bar,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli, Professor of International Law, University of Florence, Honorary
Professor of International Law, University of Geneva,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti, Professor of International Law, University of Macerata,
Mr. John Burroughs, New York,
Ms Christine Chinkin, Emerita Professor of International Law, London School of
Economics, member of the English Bar,
Mr. Roger S. Clark, Board of Governors Professor, Rutgers Law School, New Jersey,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. David Krieger, Santa Barbara,
Mr. Peter Weiss, New York,
Mr. Lynn Sarko, Attorney, Seattle,
as Counsel;
Ms Amanda Richter, member of the English Bar,
Ms Sophie Elizabeth Bones, LL.B., LL.M.,
Mr. J. Dylan van Houcke, LL.B., LL.M., Ph.D. Candidate, Birkbeck, University of London, - 4 -
Mr. Loris Marotti, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Macerata,
Mr. Lucas Lima, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Macerata,
Mr. Rob van Riet, London,
Ms Alison E. Chase, Attorney, Santa Barbara,
as Assistants;
Mr. Nick Ritchie, Lecturer in International Security, University of York,
as Technical Adviser,
and
the Republic of India,
represented by
Ms Neeru Chadha, Former Additional Secretary and Legal Adviser, Ministry of External
Affairs of the Republic of India,
as Agent;
Mr. Amandeep Singh Gill, Joint Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs of the Republic of
India,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Harish Salve, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India, Barrister, Blackstone
Chambers, London,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor, University Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense, Former
Chairman, International Law Commission, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates;
H.E. Mr. J. S. Mukul, Ambassador of the Republic of India to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
Mr. Vishnu Dutt Sharma, Director and Head (Legal and Treaties), Ministry of External
Affairs of the Republic of India,
Ms Kajal Bhat, First Secretary (Legal), Embassy of the Republic of India (Netherlands),
as Advisers; - 5 -
Ms Chetna Nayantara Rai,
Mr. Benjamin Samson,
as Junior Counsel,
T HE C OURT ,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 24 April 2014, the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (hereinafter the
“Marshall Islands” or the “Applicant”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting
proceedings against the Republic of India (hereinafter “India” or the “Respondent”), in which it
claimed that:
“13. India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international law to
pursue in good faith negotiations to cease the nuclear arms race at an early date, and
instead is taking actions to improve and expand its nuclear forces and to maintain
them for the indefinite future.
14. Similarly, India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international
law to pursue in good faith negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its
aspects under strict and effective international control, in particular by engaging a
course of conduct, the quantitative build-up and qualitative improvement of its nuclear
forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament.”
In its Application, the Marshall Islands seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the
declarations made, pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, by India on
15 September 1974 (deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations on
18 September 1974), and by the Marshall Islands on 15 March 2013 (deposited with the
Secretary-General on 24 April 2013).
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar immediately
communicated the Application to the Government of India; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article,
he notified all other States entitled to appear before the Court of the Application.
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of the
Marshall Islands, the latter exercised its right under Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute to
choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case: it chose Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui. - 6 -
4. By a letter dated 6 June 2014, the Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of the Netherlands
indicated, inter alia, that “India . . . considers that the International Court of Justice does not have
jurisdiction in the alleged dispute”. By a letter of 10 June 2014, referring to a meeting due to take
place on 11 June 2014 between the President of the Court and the Agents of the Parties to discuss
questions of procedure in the case, pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules of Court, the Ambassador
stated that India “w[ould] not be able to participate in the [said] meeting”. Consequently, on
11 June 2014, the President met only the representatives of the Marshall Islands.
5. By an Order of 16 June 2014, the Court held, pursuant to Article 79, paragraph 2, of its
Rules, that, in the circumstances of the case, it was necessary first of all to resolve the question of
its jurisdiction, and that this question should accordingly be separately determined before any
proceedings on the merits; to that end, it decided that the written pleadings should first be
addressed to the said question, and fixed 16 December 2014 and 16 June 2015 as the respective
time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by the Marshall Islands and a Counter-Memorial by India.
The Memorial of the Marshall Islands was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 1 April 2015, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, asked to be
furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed in the case. Having ascertained the
views of the Parties pursuant to that same provision, the Court decided to grant this request. By
letters dated 28 April 2015, the Registrar duly communicated that decision to the Government of
the United Kingdom and to the Parties.
7. By an Order dated 19 May 2015, the Court, at India’s request and in the absence of any
objection from the Marshall Islands, extended to 16 September 2015 the time-limit for the filing of
the Counter-Memorial. That pleading was filed within the time-limit thus extended.
8. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court, after ascertaining the
views of the Parties, decided that copies of the pleadings and documents annexed would be made
accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings.
9. Public hearings on the questions of the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of
the Application were held from Monday 7 to Wednesday 16 March 2016, at which the Court heard
the oral arguments and replies of:
For the Marshall Islands: H.E. Mr. Tony deBrum,
Mr. Phon van den Biesen,
Mr. Nicholas Grief,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli,
Ms Laurie B. Ashton, - 7 -
Mr. John Burroughs,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti,
Mr. Roger S. Clark,
Ms Christine Chinkin.
For India: Ms Neeru Chadha,
Mr. Amandeep Singh Gill,
Mr. Harish Salve,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
10. At the hearings, a Member of the Court put questions to the Parties, to which replies
were given in writing, in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. Pursuant
to Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each of the Parties submitted comments on the replies received
from the other.
*
11. In the Application, the following claims were made by the Marshall Islands:
“On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, the Republic of the
Marshall Islands requests the Court
to adjudge and declare
(a) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations under
customary international law, by failing to pursue in good faith and bring to a
conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under
strict and effective international control, in particular by engaging a course of
conduct, the quantitative buildup and qualitative improvement of its nuclear
forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament;
(b) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations under
customary international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an
early date, by taking actions to quantitatively build up its nuclear forces, to
qualitatively improve them, and to maintain them for the indefinite future;
(c) that India has failed and continues to fail to perform in good faith its obligations
under customary international law by taking actions to quantitatively build up its
nuclear forces, to qualitatively improve them, and to maintain them for the
indefinite future; and - 8 -
(d) that India has failed and continues to fail to perform in good faith its obligations
under customary international law by effectively preventing the great majority of
non-nuclear-weapon States from fulfilling their part of the obligations under
customary international law and Article VI of the NPT with respect to nuclear
disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date.
In addition, the Republic of the Marshall Islands requests the Court
to order
India to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under customary
international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and
nuclear disarmament within one year of the Judgment, including the pursuit, by
initiation if necessary, of negotiations in good faith aimed at the conclusion of a
convention on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective
international control.”
12. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of the Marshall Islands,
in the Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court:
“In accordance with the Order of the Court of 16 June 2014, this Memorial is
restricted to questions of jurisdiction raised by India. As for the merits of the case, the
Applicant maintains its Submissions, including the Remedies requested, as set out in
the Application of 24 April 2014. For further stages of the procedure the Applicant
reserves its right to clarify, modify and/or amend these Submissions.
On the basis of the foregoing statements of facts and law, the Republic of the
Marshall Islands requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction with
respect to the present case.”
On behalf of the Government of India,
in the Counter-Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court:
“In view of the above and all the arguments it would develop or supplement
during the Hearings, the Republic of India requests the Court to adjudge and declare
that it has no jurisdiction with respect to the present case.” - 9 -
13. In the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of the Marshall Islands,
at the hearing of 14 March 2016:
“The Marshall Islands respectfully requests the Court:
(a) to reject the objections to its jurisdiction of the Marshall Islands’ claims, as
submitted by the Republic of India in its Counter-Memorial of
16 September 2015;
(b) to adjudge and declare that the Court has jurisdiction over the claims of the
Marshall Islands submitted in its Application of 24 April 2014.”
On behalf of the Government of India,
at the hearing of 16 March 2016:
“The Republic of India respectfully urges the Court to adjudge and declare that:
(a) it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against India by the Marshall Islands
in its Application dated 24 April 2014;
(b) the claims brought against India by the Marshall Islands are inadmissible.”
*
* *
I. NTRODUCTION
A. Historical background
14. Since the creation of the United Nations, and in line with its Purposes under Article 1 of
the Charter, the issue of disarmament has been central to the Organization’s concerns. In this
regard, the Charter gives three separate bodies a role in international disarmament efforts: the
General Assembly (Article 11, paragraph 1), the Security Council (Article 26) and the Military
Staff Committee (Article 47, paragraph 1). The General Assembly has been active in the field of
international disarmament generally and nuclear disarmament in particular. With respect to
international disarmament generally, the General Assembly created the first United Nations
Disarmament Commission under the Security Council in 1952 (resolution 502 (VI) of
11 January 1952). In 1978, it held a Special Session on disarmament, at which it established the - 10 -
current United Nations disarmament mechanisms consisting of: the First Committee of the General
Assembly, the mandate of which was redefined to deal exclusively with questions of disarmament
and related international security questions; a new Disarmament Commission as a subsidiary organ
of the General Assembly, composed of all Member States of the United Nations (replacing the
United Nations Disarmament Commission created in 1952); and a Committee on Disarmament
devoted to negotiations (resolution S-10/2 of 30 June 1978, paras. 117, 118 and 120). The latter
was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament with effect from 1984 (General Assembly
resolution 37/99 K, Part II, of 13 December 1982; Report of the Committee on Disarmament to the
United Nations General Assembly, 1 September 1983, doc. CD/421, para. 21) and now consists of
65 members.
With respect to nuclear disarmament efforts in particular, it may be recalled that, in its very
first resolution, unanimously adopted on 24 January 1946, the General Assembly established a
Commission to deal with “the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy” (resolution 1 (I)
of 24 January 1946; this Commission was dissolved in 1952 when the first United Nations
Disarmament Commission, mentioned above, was established). As early as 1954, the General
Assembly also called for a convention on nuclear disarmament (resolution 808 (IX) A of
4 November 1954) and has repeated this call in many subsequent resolutions. In addition, the
mechanisms set out above, created by the General Assembly in view of general international
disarmament efforts, have also dealt specifically with questions of nuclear disarmament.
15. By resolution 21 of 2 April 1947, the United Nations Security Council placed a group of
Pacific Islands, including those making up the present-day Marshall Islands, under the trusteeship
system established by the United Nations Charter, and designated the United States of America as
the Administering Authority. From 1946 to 1958, while under this trusteeship, the Marshall
Islands was the location of repeated nuclear weapons testing. By resolution 683 of
22 December 1990, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement concerning the
Marshall Islands. By General Assembly resolution 46/3 of 17 September 1991, the
Marshall Islands was admitted to membership in the United Nations.
16. The Respondent gained independence on 15 August 1947. At that time, it was already a
Member of the United Nations (India was one of the few founding Members of the United Nations
which were not yet sovereign when they joined the Organization; it became a Member on
30 October 1945). India conducted a first nuclear test in 1974 and possesses nuclear weapons.
17. Following extensive negotiations in the 1960s, in which both nuclear-weapon States and
non-nuclear-weapon States participated, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
(hereinafter “NPT”) was opened for signature on 1 July 1968. It entered into force on
5 March 1970 and was extended indefinitely in 1995. Review conferences have been held every
five years since its entry into force, pursuant to Article VIII, paragraph 3, of the NPT. One hundred
and ninety-one States have become parties to the NPT; on 10 January 2003, the Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea announced its withdrawal. The Marshall Islands acceded to the NPT
on 30 January 1995; India has not become a party to it. - 11 -
18. The NPT seeks to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons and provides certain rights
and obligations for parties designated as “nuclear-weapon State Part[ies]” and
“non-nuclear-weapon State Part[ies]” (including, inter alia, the right of all States to develop and
use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the obligation of nuclear-weapon States parties not to
transfer nuclear weapons to any recipient, and the obligation of non-nuclear-weapon States parties
not to receive such a transfer). The Preamble to the NPT also declares the intention of the parties
“to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake
effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament”. In this connection, Article VI of the
NPT provides:
“Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good
faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early
date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control.”
For the purposes of the NPT, a “nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded
a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967” (Article IX.3). There
are five nuclear-weapon States under the NPT: China, France, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom and the United States of America. In addition to India — which, as noted above (see
paragraph 17), is not party to the NPT — certain other States possess, or are believed to possess,
nuclear weapons.
19. By resolution 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, the General Assembly requested the
International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on whether the threat or use of nuclear
weapons is permitted in any circumstance under international law. In the reasoning of its Advisory
Opinion of 8 July 1996, the Court appreciated “the full importance of the recognition by Article VI
of the [NPT] of an obligation to negotiate in good faith a nuclear disarmament” (Legality of the
Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 263, para. 99). It
added that this obligation went “beyond . . . a mere obligation of conduct” and was an “obligation
to achieve a precise result nuclear disarmament in all its aspects by adopting a particular
course of conduct, namely, the pursuit of negotiations on the matter in good faith” (ibid., p. 264,
para. 99). The Court stated that “[t]his twofold obligation to pursue and to conclude negotiations
formally concerns [all] States parties to the [NPT], or, in other words, the vast majority of the
international community”, adding that “any realistic search for general and complete disarmament,
especially nuclear disarmament, necessitates the co-operation of all States” (ibid., para. 100). In
the conclusions of the Advisory Opinion, the Court unanimously declared that “[t]here exists an
obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control” (ibid., p. 267,
para. 105 (2) F).
20. In its resolution 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, the General Assembly “[u]nderline[d]
the unanimous conclusion of the Court that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and
bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and
effective international control” and - 12 -
“[c]all[ed] upon all States to fulfil that obligation immediately by commencing
multilateral negotiations in 1997 leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear-weapons
convention prohibiting the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling,
transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination”.
The General Assembly has passed a similar resolution on the follow-up to the Court’s Advisory
Opinion every year since then. It has also passed numerous other resolutions encouraging nuclear
disarmament.
B. Proceedings brought before the Court
21. On 24 April 2014, the Marshall Islands filed, in addition to the present Application (see
paragraph 1 above), separate applications against the eight other States which, according to the
Marshall Islands, possess nuclear weapons (China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
France, Israel, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and the United States of America), also alleging a failure to fulfil obligations concerning
negotiations relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear
disarmament. The cases against India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland were entered in the Court’s General List, as the Applicant had invoked these
States’ declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (pursuant to Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court) as a basis for jurisdiction. In the applications against
China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, France, Israel, the Russian Federation and the
United States of America, the Marshall Islands invited these States to accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, as contemplated in Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, for the purposes of the
case. None of these States has done so. Accordingly, these applications were not entered in the
Court’s General List.
22. In its letter dated 6 June 2014 (see paragraph 4 above), its Counter-Memorial and at the
hearings, India raised several objections to the jurisdiction of the Court or the admissibility of the
Application in the present case.
First, it argued that the Applicant has failed to show that there was, at the time of the filing of
the Application, a legal dispute between the Parties with respect to an alleged failure to pursue
negotiations in good faith towards the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and
nuclear disarmament.
Secondly, India maintained that the Court should declare that it lacks jurisdiction in this
case, on account of the absence from the proceedings of “indispensable parties”, in particular the
other States possessing nuclear weapons.
Thirdly, India submitted that the Court’s jurisdiction is precluded by a number of
reservations in its declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.
Finally, India asserted that, even if the Court were to find that it had jurisdiction, it should
decline to exercise this jurisdiction on the basis that a Judgment on the merits in the present case
would serve no legitimate purpose and have no practical consequence. - 13 -
23. In its Memorial and its final submissions presented during the oral proceedings, the
Marshall Islands requested the Court to reject the objections of India in their entirety and to find
that it has jurisdiction in the present case (see paragraphs 12 and 13 above).
24. The Court will first consider the objection based on the absence of a dispute.
*
* *
II. THE OBJECTION BASED ON THE ABSENCE OF A DISPUTE
25. The Marshall Islands contends that there exists a legal dispute between itself and India
regarding the latter’s compliance with what the Applicant maintains is a customary law obligation
to pursue in good faith, and to bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in
all its aspects under strict and effective international control, as well as a customary law obligation
concerning the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date.
26. The Marshall Islands argues that the statements and conduct of the Parties before and
after the filing of the Application demonstrate the existence of such a dispute. It recalls that, prior
to seising the Court on 24 April 2014, it had called on nuclear-weapon States to abide by their
obligation to negotiate towards nuclear disarmament. The Marshall Islands refers in particular to
two statements. The first one was made on 26 September 2013 at the High-level Meeting of the
General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, when its Minister for Foreign Affairs “urge[d] all
nuclear weapons states to intensify efforts to address their responsibilities in moving towards an
effective and secure disarmament”. The second one was made by its representative at Nayarit,
Mexico, on 13 February 2014, in the context of the Second Conference on the Humanitarian
Impact of Nuclear Weapons. This second statement, which the Marshall Islands regards as clearly
demonstrating the content of its claim against all States possessing nuclear arsenals, reads as
follows:
“[T]he Marshall Islands is convinced that multilateral negotiations on achieving
and sustaining a world free of nuclear weapons are long overdue. Indeed we believe
that States possessing nuclear arsenals are failing to fulfil their legal obligations in this
regard. Immediate commencement and conclusion of such negotiations is required by
legal obligation of nuclear disarmament resting upon each and every State under
Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and customary international law.”
The Applicant maintains that, by this public statement, made in the context of an international
conference in which India participated, the latter “was made aware that the [Marshall Islands]
believed that its failure to seriously engage in multilateral negotiations amounted to a breach of its - 14 -
international obligations under customary international law”. In its view, this statement, as well as
the overall position it has taken over recent years on the issue of nuclear disarmament, is clear
evidence that the Marshall Islands had raised a dispute “with each and every one of the States
possessing nuclear weapons, including with India”.
27. The Marshall Islands adds that India explicitly denies that it is bound by the obligations
cited by the Marshall Islands in the current proceedings. In this connection, the Marshall Islands
submits that, according to the Court’s established case law, while the “dispute must in principle
exist at the time the Application is submitted”, it may also be evidenced by the positions of the
parties before the Court (e.g., Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19, para. 25; Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1998, p. 317, para. 93; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 614-615, para. 29). The Marshall Islands considers that, by expressing
such disagreement with the Applicant before the Court, India has confirmed the existence of a legal
dispute between the two States.
28. The Marshall Islands further contends that India, by its conduct, has opposed the claims
made against it. In particular, the Applicant maintains that, while the Respondent has “frequently”
reaffirmed in public statements its commitment to nuclear disarmament, it has in fact engaged in a
course of conduct consisting of the “quantitative build-up” and the “qualitative improvement” of its
nuclear arsenal.
29. The Marshall Islands rejects the existence of any rule or principle of international law
that requires an attempt to initiate negotiations or their exhaustion before seising the Court. It
argues that Article 43, paragraph 1, of the International Law Commission’s Articles on the
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (hereinafter “ILC Articles on State
Responsibility”), according to which “[a]n injured State which invokes the responsibility of another
State shall give notice of its claim to that State”, does not establish a condition for admissibility or
jurisdiction with respect to cases brought before an international court or tribunal. In support of
that argument, the Marshall Islands invokes the ILC’s Commentary to Article 44, which indicates
that the ILC Articles on State Responsibility “are not concerned with questions of the jurisdiction
of international courts and tribunals, or in general with the conditions for the admissibility of
cases”. It further adds that “there is nothing to prevent the notice of claim by the injured State
being given not prior to seising the Court, but precisely by seising it”.
*
30. India, for its part, contends that the Applicant has failed to show that, at the time of the
filing of the Application, there was a legal dispute between the Parties with respect to an alleged
failure to pursue negotiations in good faith towards nuclear disarmament. In fact, according to the
Respondent, such a dispute does not exist at present. India asserts that it has been a “strong - 15 -
supporter” of nuclear disarmament and that the Applicant never sought to engage in bilateral
exchanges with a view to settling the alleged dispute before seising the Court. India argues that,
since its accession to independence, it has always actively championed global nuclear disarmament.
It recalls that the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly on India’s own initiative, or with its
support, give expression to its desire to work with other Member States of the United Nations to
achieve the goal of nuclear disarmament. Furthermore, it claims to be the only State possessing
nuclear weapons to have consistently voted in favour of the series of General Assembly resolutions
entitled “Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of
the threat or use of nuclear weapons”, which call upon all States to commence multilateral
negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament. India notes in this regard that “[i]t is revealing that
for ten years (2003-2012) prior to the [Marshall Islands] contemplating this recourse to the ICJ . . .
the [Marshall Islands] voted against the resolution or abstained nine times and voted in favour only
once”. India observes that only more recently have both States voted in favour of relevant General
Assembly resolutions. This was the case, for example, with resolution 68/32 of 5 December 2013,
entitled “Follow-up to the 2013 High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear
Disarmament”.
31. India further avers that the statement made on behalf of the Marshall Islands at the
Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons held in Nayarit on
13 February 2014 (see paragraph 26 above) does not provide a sufficient basis for establishing that
there was an opposition of views between the Parties prior to the filing of the Application. In this
respect, India notes that the statements made by the two Parties at that conference show that their
positions on the issue of nuclear disarmament converged. In particular, India expressed its support
for nuclear disarmament and reiterated its commitment to the complete elimination of nuclear
weapons in a “time-bound, universal, non-discriminatory, phased and verifiable manner”. In
India’s view, this statement is consistent with the line of conduct it has followed since it became
independent.
32. In addition, India asserts that the Marshall Islands never brought its claim to the attention
of the Respondent, or invoked India’s responsibility, before it filed its Application, and that it did
not seek to enter into prior bilateral negotiations with any of the nine States against which it sought
to bring proceedings before the Court. While India acknowledges that the exhaustion of prior
negotiations is not a prerequisite for seising the Court, it argues that before filing its Application,
the Marshall Islands should at least have initiated negotiations or consultations in order to define
the subject-matter of the dispute, and that its failure to do so is evidence of the absence of any
dispute. India relies on the Judgment in the case of Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions in this
regard (Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A., No. 2, p. 15), as well as on Article 43 of the ILC
Articles on State Responsibility. In addition, India does not accept that a State can give notice of
its claim through the institution of proceedings before the Court.
* * - 16 -
33. Under Article 38 of the Statute, the function of the Court is to decide in accordance with
international law disputes that States submit to it. Under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the
Court has jurisdiction in all “legal disputes” that may arise between States parties to the Statute
having made a declaration in accordance with that provision. The existence of a dispute between
the Parties is thus a condition of the Court’s jurisdiction.
34. According to the established case law of the Court, a dispute is “a disagreement on a
point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties (Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11). In order for a
dispute to exist, “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other”
(South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The two sides must “‘hold clearly opposite views
concerning the question of the performance or non-performance of certain’ international
obligations” (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 50, citing
Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).
35. The Court’s determination of the existence of a dispute is a matter of substance, and not a
question of form or procedure (cf. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30; Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8
(Factory at Chorzów) (Germany v. Poland), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13,
pp. 10-11). Prior negotiations are not required where the Court has been seised on the basis of
declarations made pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, unless one of the relevant
declarations so provides (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 322, para. 109).
Moreover, “although a formal diplomatic protest may be an important step to bring a claim of one
party to the attention of the other, such a formal protest is not a necessary condition” for the
existence of a dispute (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the
Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016,
para. 72). Similarly, notice of an intention to file a case is not required as a condition for the seisin
of the Court (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 297, para. 39).
36. Whether a dispute exists is a matter for objective determination by the Court which must
turn on an examination of the facts (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in
the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016,
para. 50). For that purpose, the Court takes into account in particular any statements or documents
exchanged between the parties (Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 443-445, paras. 50-55), as well as any - 17 -
exchanges made in multilateral settings (Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 94, para. 51, p. 95, para. 53). In so doing, it pays
special attention to “the author of the statement or document, their intended or actual addressee,
and their content” (ibid., p. 100, para. 63).
37. The conduct of the parties may also be relevant, especially when there have been no
diplomatic exchanges (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the
Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016,
paras. 71 and 73). As the Court has affirmed,
“a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests, or the
positive opposition of the claim of one party by the other need not necessarily be
stated expressis verbis . . . [T]he position or the attitude of a party can be established
by inference, whatever the professed view of that party.” (Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89.)
In particular, the Court has previously held that “the existence of a dispute may be inferred from
the failure of a State to respond to a claim in circumstances where a response is called for”
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30, citing Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315,
para. 89).
38. The evidence must show that the parties “hold clearly opposite views” with respect to the
issue brought before the Court (see paragraph 34 above). As reflected in previous decisions of the
Court in which the existence of a dispute was under consideration, a dispute exists when it is
demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the respondent was aware, or could not have been
unaware, that its views were “positively opposed” by the applicant (Alleged Violations of Sovereign
Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 73; Application of the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 99, para. 61, pp. 109-110, para. 87,
p. 117, para. 104).
39. In principle, the date for determining the existence of a dispute is the date on which the
application is submitted to the Court (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces
in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of
17 March 2016, para. 52; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30). Indeed, when it is stated in Article 38,
paragraph 1, of the Court’s Statute that the Court’s function is “to decide in accordance with
international law such disputes as are submitted to it”, this relates to disputes existing at the time of
their submission. - 18 -
40. Conduct subsequent to the application (or the application itself) may be relevant for
various purposes, in particular to confirm the existence of a dispute (East Timor (Portugal v.
Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 100, para. 22 and p. 104, para. 32), to clarify its
subject-matter (Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 26) or to determine whether the dispute
has disappeared as of the time when the Court makes its decision (Nuclear Tests (Australia v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 270-271, para. 55; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58).
However, neither the application nor the parties’ subsequent conduct and statements made
during the judicial proceedings can enable the Court to find that the condition of the existence of a
dispute has been fulfilled in the same proceedings (Questions relating to the Obligation to
Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 444-445,
paras. 53-55). If the Court had jurisdiction with regard to disputes resulting from exchanges in the
proceedings before it, a respondent would be deprived of the opportunity to react before the
institution of proceedings to the claim made against its own conduct. Furthermore, the rule that the
dispute must in principle exist prior to the filing of the application would be subverted.
* *
41. The Court notes that the Marshall Islands, by virtue of the suffering which its people
endured as a result of it being used as a site for extensive nuclear testing programs, has special
reasons for concern about nuclear disarmament (see paragraph 15 above). But that fact does not
remove the need to establish that the conditions for the Court’s jurisdiction are met. While it is a
legal matter for the Court to determine whether it has jurisdiction, it remains for the Applicant to
demonstrate the facts underlying its case that a dispute exists (Border and Transborder Armed
Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988,
p. 75, para. 16).
42. As noted above at paragraph 32, India relies on the fact that the Marshall Islands did not
commence negotiations or give notice to it of the claim that is the subject of the Application to
support its contention that there is no dispute between the Parties. India refers to Article 43 of the
ILC Articles on State Responsibility, which requires an injured State to “give notice of its claim” to
the allegedly responsible State. Article 48, paragraph 3, applies that requirement mutatis mutandis
to a State other than an injured State which invokes responsibility. However, the Court notes that
the ILC’s commentary specifies that the Articles “are not concerned with questions of the
jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, or in general with the conditions for the
admissibility of cases brought before such courts or tribunals” (see ILC Commentary on the Draft
Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Report of the
International Law Commission, United Nations, doc. A/56/10, 2001, paragraph 1 of the
Commentary on Article 44, pp. 120-121). Moreover, the Court has rejected the view that notice or - 19 -
prior negotiations are required where it has been seised on the basis of declarations made pursuant
to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, unless one of those declarations so provides. The Court’s
jurisprudence treats the question of the existence of a dispute as a jurisdictional one that turns on
whether there is, in substance, a dispute, not on what form that dispute takes or whether the
respondent has been notified (see paragraph 35 above).
43. The Marshall Islands seeks to demonstrate that it had a dispute with India in essentially
three ways. First, it refers to its own statements, as formulated in multilateral fora. Secondly, it
argues that the very filing of the Application, as well as the positions expressed by the Parties in the
current proceedings, show the existence of a dispute between the Parties. Thirdly, it relies on
India’s conduct both before and after the filing of the Application. In reply to the Respondent’s
argument that it abstained or voted against a number of General Assembly resolutions on nuclear
disarmament supported by India, the Marshall Islands submits that it has voted in favour of such
resolutions since 2013 and that it is fully committed to using its voice in the General Assembly to
achieve nuclear disarmament.
44. The Marshall Islands does not refer to any bilateral diplomatic exchanges or official
communications between it and India, or to any bilateral consultations or negotiations that have
taken place, concerning the breach of India’s obligations alleged in the Application. This is so
despite the fact that there have been bilateral meetings and exchanges on other matters between the
two States in recent years.
45. The Marshall Islands refers to two statements made in multilateral fora before the date of
the filing of its Application which, in its view, suffice to establish the existence of a dispute. As the
Court has already explained, the opposition of the Parties’ views could also be demonstrated by
exchanges made in multilateral settings (see paragraph 36 above). In such a setting, however, the
Court must give particular attention, inter alia, to the content of a party’s statement and to the
identity of the intended addressees, in order to determine whether that statement, together with any
reaction thereto, show that the parties before it held “clearly opposite views” (see paragraphs 34
and 36 above). The question in this case is therefore whether the statements invoked by the
Marshall Islands are sufficient to demonstrate the existence of such opposition.
46. The Marshall Islands relies on the statement made at the High-level Meeting of the
General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, on 26 September 2013 by its Minister for Foreign
Affairs, “urg[ing] all nuclear weapons states to intensify efforts to address their responsibilities in
moving towards an effective and secure disarmament”. However, this statement is formulated in
hortatory terms and cannot be understood as an allegation that India (or any other nuclear power)
was in breach of any of its legal obligations. It does not mention the obligation to negotiate, nor
does it say that the nuclear-weapon States are failing to meet their obligations in this regard. It
suggests that they are making “efforts” to address their responsibilities, and calls for an
intensification of those efforts, rather than deploring a failure to act. Moreover, a statement can - 20 -
give rise to a dispute only if it refers to the subject-matter of a claim “with sufficient clarity to
enable the State against which [that] claim is made to identify that there is, or may be, a dispute
with regard to that subject-matter” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30). While the Court reached that conclusion in the
context of a compromissory clause, the same reasoning applies to a dispute over a customary
international law obligation regardless of the underlying jurisdictional basis alleged, since the
Court made clear that it was dealing with the requirements of a dispute in general (ibid., p. 84,
para. 29). The 2013 statement relied upon by the Marshall Islands does not meet these
requirements.
47. The statement made by the Marshall Islands at the Nayarit conference on
13 February 2014 (see paragraph 26 above) goes further than the 2013 statement, in that it contains
a sentence asserting that “States possessing nuclear arsenals are failing to fulfil their legal
obligations” under Article VI of the NPT and customary international law. India was present at the
Nayarit conference. However, the subject of the conference was not specifically the question of
negotiations with a view to nuclear disarmament, but the broader question of the humanitarian
impact of nuclear weapons, and while this statement contains a general criticism of the conduct of
all nuclear-weapon States, it does not specify the conduct of India that gave rise to the alleged
breach. Such a specification would have been particularly necessary if, as the Marshall Islands
contends, the Nayarit statement was aimed at invoking the international responsibility of the
Respondent on the grounds of a course of conduct which had remained unchanged for many years.
Given its very general content and the context in which it was made, that statement did not call for
a specific reaction by India. Accordingly, no opposition of views can be inferred from the absence
of any such reaction. The Nayarit statement is insufficient to bring into existence, between the
Marshall Islands and India, a specific dispute as to the existence or scope of the asserted customary
international law obligations to pursue in good faith, and to bring to a conclusion, negotiations
leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control, as
well as to cease the nuclear arms race at an early date, or as to India’s compliance with any such
obligations.
48. In all the circumstances, on the basis of those statements whether taken individually
or together it cannot be said that India was aware, or could not have been unaware, that the
Marshall Islands was making an allegation that India was in breach of its obligations.
49. Secondly, the Marshall Islands argues that the very filing of the Application could suffice
to establish the existence of a dispute: “there is nothing to prevent the notice of claim by the
injured State being given not prior to seising the Court, but precisely by seising it”. It also points to
other statements made in the course of the proceedings by both Parties as evidence of their
opposition of views.
50. The Marshall Islands relies on three cases in support of its contention that the statements
made by the Parties during the proceedings may serve to evidence the existence of a dispute (see
paragraph 27 above). However, these cases do not support this contention. In the case concerning - 21 -
Certain Property, the existence of a dispute was clearly referenced by bilateral exchanges between
the parties prior to the date of the application (Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19, para. 25). The reference to
subsequent materials in the Cameroon v. Nigeria case related to the scope of the dispute, not to its
existence (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 317, para. 93). Moreover, while it is
true that the Court did not explicitly reference any evidence before the filing of the application
demonstrating the existence of a dispute in its Judgment in the case concerning the Application of
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), in the particular context of that case, which involved an ongoing
armed conflict, the prior conduct of the parties was sufficient to establish the existence of a dispute
(Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 614, paras. 27-29). Instead, the
issues the Court focused on were not the date when the dispute arose but the proper subject-matter
of that dispute, whether it fell within the scope of the relevant compromissory clause, and whether
it “persist[ed]” at the date of the Court’s decision. As stated above, although statements made or
claims advanced in or even subsequently to the Application may be relevant for various
purposes notably in clarifying the scope of the dispute submitted they cannot create a dispute
de novo, one that does not already exist (see paragraph 40 above).
51. Thirdly, the Marshall Islands argues that, irrespective of verbal support for negotiations
on nuclear disarmament on the part of India, its actual conduct in maintaining and upgrading its
nuclear arsenal, and in failing to co-operate with certain diplomatic initiatives, allows the Court to
infer the existence of a dispute as to the scope of and compliance with its obligations, even if such a
dispute had not, prior to the Application, been articulated in legal terms by the Marshall Islands.
52. The Court recalls that the question whether there is a dispute in a particular contentious
case turns on the evidence of opposition of views (see paragraphs 34, 36 and 37 above). In this
regard, the conduct of a respondent can contribute to a finding by the Court that the views of the
parties are in opposition (see paragraph 37 above). However, as the Court has previously
concluded (see paragraphs 46-48 above), in the present case neither of the statements that were
made in a multilateral context by the Marshall Islands offered any particulars regarding India’s
conduct. On the basis of such statements, it cannot be said that India was aware, or could not have
been unaware, that the Marshall Islands was making an allegation that India was in breach of its
obligations. In this context, the conduct of India does not provide a basis for finding a dispute
between the two States before the Court.
53. Finally, regarding India’s argument based on the Parties’ voting records on General
Assembly resolutions on nuclear disarmament (see paragraph 30 above), the Court notes that
considerable care is required before inferring from votes cast on resolutions before political organs
such as the General Assembly conclusions as to the existence or not of a legal dispute on some - 22 -
issue covered by a resolution. The wording of a resolution, and votes or patterns of voting on
resolutions of the same subject-matter, may constitute relevant evidence of the existence of a
dispute in some circumstances, particularly where statements were made by way of explanation of
vote. However, some resolutions contain a large number of different propositions; a State’s vote
on such resolutions cannot by itself be taken as indicative of the position of that State on each and
every proposition within that resolution, let alone of the existence of a legal dispute between that
State and another State regarding one of those propositions.
* *
54. The Court therefore concludes that the first objection made by India must be upheld. It
follows that the Court does not have jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute.
55. Consequently, it is not necessary for the Court to deal with the other objections raised by
India. The questions of the existence of and extent of customary international law obligations in
the field of nuclear disarmament, and India’s compliance with such obligations, pertain to the
merits. But the Court has found that no dispute existed between the Parties prior to the filing of the
Application, and consequently it lacks jurisdiction to consider these questions.
*
* *
56. For these reasons,
THE COURT ,
(1) By nine votes to seven,
Upholds the objection to jurisdiction raised by India, based on the absence of a dispute
between the Parties;
IN FAVOUR : President Abraham; Vice-President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Greenwood, Xue,
Donoghue, Gaja, Bhandari, Gevorgian;
AGAINST : Judges Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Sebutinde, Robinson, Crawford;
Judge ad hoc Bedjaoui; - 23 -
(2) By ten votes to six,
Finds that it cannot proceed to the merits of the case.
IN FAVOUR : President Abraham; Vice-President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Bhandari, Gevorgian;
AGAINST : Judges Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Sebutinde, Robinson, Crawford;
Judge ad hoc Bedjaoui.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace,
The Hague, this fifth day of October, two thousand and sixteen, in three copies, one of which will
be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic
of the Marshall Islands and the Government of the Republic of India, respectively.
(Signed) RonnyA BRAHAM ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR ,
Registrar.
President BRAHAM and Vice-President USUF append declarations to the Judgment of the
Court; Judges O WADA and T OMKA append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court;
Judges BENNOUNA and C ANÇADO T RINDADE append dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the
Court; Judges X UE, DONOGHUE and G AJA append declarations to the Judgment of the Court;
Judges SEBUTINDE and B HANDARI append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court;
Judges ROBINSON and C RAWFORD append dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge ad hoc BEDJAOUI appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R. A.
(Initialled) Ph. C.
___________
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING NEGOTIATIONS
RELATING TO CESSATION
OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
AND TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
(MARSHALL ISLANDS v. INDIA)
JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY
JUDGMENT OF 5 OCTOBER 2016
2016
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
OBLIGATIONS RELATIVES À DES NÉGOCIATIONS
CONCERNANT LA CESSATION
DE LA COURSE AUX ARMES NUCLÉAIRES
ET LE DÉSARMEMENT NUCLÉAIRE
(ÎLES MARSHALL c. INDE)
COMPÉTENCE ET RECEVABILITÉ
ARRÊT DU 5 OCTOBRE 2016
Official citation :
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation
of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament
(Marshall Islands v. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 255
Mode officiel de citation :
Obligations relatives à des négociations concernant la cessation
de la course aux armes nucléaires et le désarmement nucléaire
(Iles Marshall c. Inde), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2016, p. 255
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-157300-8
Sales number
No de vente: 1105
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING NEGOTIATIONS
RELATING TO CESSATION
OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
AND TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
(MARSHALL ISLANDS v. INDIA)
JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY
OBLIGATIONS RELATIVES À DES NÉGOCIATIONS
CONCERNANT LA CESSATION
DE LA COURSE AUX ARMES NUCLÉAIRES
ET LE DÉSARMEMENT NUCLÉAIRE
(ÎLES MARSHALL c. INDE)
COMPÉTENCE ET RECEVABILITÉ
5 OCTOBER 2016
JUDGMENT
5 OCTOBRE 2016
ARRÊT
255
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-13
I. Introduction 14-24
A. Historical background 14-20
B. Proceedings brought before the Court 21-24
II. The Objection Based on the Absence of a Dispute 25-55
Operative Clause 56
255
4
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-13
I. Introduction 14-24
A. Contexte historique 14-20
B. Instances introduites devant la Cour 21-24
II. L’exception fondée sur l’absence de différend 25-55
Dispositif 56
256
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2016
5 October 2016
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING NEGOTIATIONS
RELATING TO CESSATION
OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
AND TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
(MARSHALL ISLANDS v. INDIA)
JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY
Historical background — Disarmament activities of the United Nations —
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968 — Court’s
8 July 1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons.
Proceedings brought before the Court.
*
Objection based on absence of a dispute.
Meaning of “dispute” in case law of the Court — Parties must “hold clearly
opposite views” — Existence of a dispute is a matter of substance, not form or
procedure — Prior negotiations not required where Court seised on basis of declarations
under Article 36 (2) of Statute unless one of these declarations so provides
— Formal diplomatic protest not required — Notice of intention to file claim
not required — Existence of dispute is matter for objective determination by the
Court — Court may take into account statements or documents exchanged in
bilateral or multilateral settings — Conduct of parties may also be relevant — Evidence
must demonstrate that respondent was aware, or could not have been
unaware, that its views were “positively opposed” by Applicant — Existence of
dispute to be determined in principle as of date application is submitted — Limited
relevance of subsequent conduct.
2016
5 October
General List
No. 158
256
5
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2016
5 octobre 2016
OBLIGATIONS RELATIVES À DES NÉGOCIATIONS
CONCERNANT LA CESSATION
DE LA COURSE AUX ARMES NUCLÉAIRES
ET LE DÉSARMEMENT NUCLÉAIRE
(ÎLES MARSHALL c. INDE)
COMPÉTENCE ET RECEVABILITÉ
Contexte historique — Activités de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en matière
de désarmement — Traité sur la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires du 1er juillet
1968 — Avis consultatif rendu par la Cour le 8 juillet 1996 sur la question des
armes nucléaires.
Instances introduites devant la Cour.
*
Exception fondée sur l’absence de différend.
Sens du terme « différend » dans la jurisprudence de la Cour — « [P]oints de
vue des deux parties » devant être « nettement opposés » — Existence d’un différend
étant une question de fond, et non de forme ou de procédure — Négociations
préalables n’étant pas requises lorsque la Cour est saisie sur la base de déclarations
faites en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut, à moins que
l’une de ces déclarations n’en dispose autrement — Protestation diplomatique officielle
n’étant pas requise — Notification de l’intention d’introduire une instance
n’étant pas requise — Existence d’un différend devant être établie objectivement
par la Cour — Cour pouvant tenir compte de déclarations ou de documents échangés
dans un cadre bilatéral ou multilatéral — Comportement des parties pouvant
également entrer en ligne de compte — Eléments de preuve devant démontrer que
le défendeur avait connaissance, ou ne pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce
que ses vues se heurtaient à l’« opposition manifeste » du demandeur — Existence
d’un différend devant en principe être appréciée à la date du dépôt de la requête —
Pertinence limitée du comportement ultérieur des parties.
2016
5 octobre
Rôle général
no 158
257 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
6
Contention that dispute exists based on two statements made in multilateral
fora — Statement made at United Nations High-Level Meeting on Nuclear
Disarmament
on 26 September 2013 — Statement made at conference in Nayarit,
Mexico, on 13 February 2014 — Neither statement sufficient to establish existence
of dispute.
Contention that the very filing of Application and position of Parties in proceedings
show existence of dispute — Case law relied on by Marshall Islands does not
support this contention — Application and statements made during judicial proceedings
cannot create dispute that does not already exist.
Contention that dispute exists based on India’s conduct — Applicant’s statements
did not offer any particulars regarding India’s conduct — Cannot be said
that India was aware, or could not have been unaware, that the Marshall Islands
was making an allegation that India was in breach of its obligations — Conduct of
India cannot show opposition of views.
Objection of India upheld — Not necessary for the Court to deal with other
objections — Case cannot proceed to the merits phase.
JUDGMENT
Present: President Abraham; Vice‑President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Crawford, Gevorgian;
Judge ad hoc Bedjaoui; Registrar Couvreur.
In the case regarding obligations concerning negotiations relating to cessation
of the nuclear arms race and to nuclear disarmament,
between
the Republic of the Marshall Islands,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Tony A. deBrum, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of
the Marshall Islands,
Mr. Phon van den Biesen, Attorney at Law, van den Biesen Kloostra Advocaten,
Amsterdam,
as Co‑Agents;
Ms Deborah Barker‑Manase, Chargé d’affaires a.i. and Deputy Permanent
Representative of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the
United Nations, New York,
as Member of the delegation;
Ms Laurie B. Ashton, Attorney, Seattle,
Mr. Nicholas Grief, Professor of Law, University of Kent, member of the
English Bar,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli, Professor of International Law, University of Florence,
Honorary Professor of International Law, University of Geneva,
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 257
6
Argument selon lequel l’existence d’un différend est établie par deux déclarations
faites dans des enceintes multilatérales — Déclaration faite le 26 septembre 2013,
lors d’une réunion de haut niveau des Nations Unies sur le désarmement nucléaire —
Déclaration faite le 13 février 2014, lors de la conférence de Nayarit, au Mexique —
Aucune des deux déclarations ne suffisant à établir l’existence d’un différend.
Argument selon lequel le dépôt même de la requête et les positions exposées par les
Parties en cours d’instance permettent d’établir l’existence d’un différend — Jurisprudence
invoquée par les Iles Marshall n’étayant pas cette thèse — Requête et déclarations
faites en cours d’instance ne pouvant créer un différend qui n’existe pas déjà.
Argument selon lequel l’existence d’un différend est établie par le comportement
de l’Inde — Déclarations du demandeur ne concernant pas spécifiquement le comportement
de l’Inde — Impossibilité de conclure que l’Inde avait connaissance, ou
ne pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que les Iles Marshall soutenaient
qu’elle manquait à ses obligations — Comportement de l’Inde ne permettant pas
d’établir l’existence d’une divergence de vues.
Exception de l’Inde retenue — Nul besoin pour la Cour de se pencher sur les
autres exceptions — Cour ne pouvant procéder à l’examen de l’affaire au fond.
ARRÊT
Présents : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice‑président ; MM. Owada,
Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood, Mmes Xue,
Donoghue, M. Gaja, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson,
Crawford, Gevorgian, juges ; M. Bedjaoui, juge ad hoc ;
M. Couvreur, greffier.
En l’affaire des obligations relatives à des négociations concernant la cessation
de la course aux armes nucléaires et le désarmement nucléaire,
entre
la République des Iles Marshall,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Tony A. deBrum, ministre des affaires étrangères de la République
des Iles Marshall,
M. Phon van den Biesen, avocat, van den Biesen Kloostra Advocaten, Amsterdam,
comme coagents ;
Mme Deborah Barker‑Manase, chargé d’affaires a.i. et représentant permanent
adjoint de la République des Iles Marshall auprès de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies à New York,
comme membre de la délégation ;
Mme Laurie B. Ashton, avocat, Seattle,
M. Nicholas Grief, professeur de droit à l’Université du Kent, membre du
barreau d’Angleterre,
M. Luigi Condorelli, professeur de droit international à l’Université de Florence,
professeur honoraire de droit international à l’Université de Genève,
258 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
7
Mr. Paolo Palchetti, Professor of International Law, University of Macerata,
Mr. John Burroughs, New York,
Ms Christine Chinkin, Emerita Professor of International Law, London
School of Economics, member of the English Bar,
Mr. Roger S. Clark, Board of Governors Professor, Rutgers Law School,
New Jersey,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. David Krieger, Santa Barbara,
Mr. Peter Weiss, New York,
Mr. Lynn Sarko, Attorney, Seattle,
as Counsel;
Ms Amanda Richter, member of the English Bar,
Ms Sophie Elizabeth Bones, LL.B., LL.M.,
Mr. J. Dylan van Houcke, LL.B., LL.M., Ph.D. Candidate, Birkbeck, University
of London,
Mr. Loris Marotti, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Macerata,
Mr. Lucas Lima, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Macerata,
Mr. Rob van Riet, London,
Ms Alison E. Chase, Attorney, Santa Barbara,
as Assistants;
Mr. Nick Ritchie, Lecturer in International Security, University of York,
as Technical Adviser,
and
the Republic of India,
represented by
Ms Neeru Chadha, Former Additional Secretary and Legal Adviser, Ministry
of External Affairs of the Republic of India,
as Agent;
Mr. Amandeep Singh Gill, Joint Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs of
the Republic of India,
as Co‑Agent;
Mr. Harish Salve, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India, Barrister,
Blackstone Chambers, London,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Emeritus Professor, University Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑
La Défense, Former Chairman, International Law Commission, member
of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates;
H.E. Mr. J. S. Mukul, Ambassador of the Republic of India to the Kingdom
of the Netherlands,
Mr. Vishnu Dutt Sharma, Director and Head (Legal and Treaties), Ministry
of External Affairs of the Republic of India,
Ms Kajal Bhat, First Secretary (Legal), Embassy of the Republic of India
(Netherlands),
as Advisers;
Ms Chetna Nayantara Rai,
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 258
7
M. Paolo Palchetti, professeur de droit international à l’Université de Macerata,
M. John Burroughs, New York,
Mme Christine Chinkin, professeur émérite de droit international à la London
School of Economics, membre du barreau d’Angleterre,
M. Roger S. Clark, Board of Governors Professor à la faculté de droit de
l’Université Rutgers, New Jersey,
comme conseils et avocats ;
M. David Krieger, Santa Barbara,
M. Peter Weiss, New York,
M. Lynn Sarko, avocat, Seattle,
comme conseils ;
Mme Amanda Richter, membre du barreau d’Angleterre,
Mme Sophie Elizabeth Bones, LL.B., LL.M.,
M. J. Dylan van Houcke, LL.B., LL.M., doctorant au Birkbeck College, Université
de Londres,
M. Loris Marotti, doctorant à l’Université de Macerata,
M. Lucas Lima, doctorant à l’Université de Macerata,
M. Rob van Riet, Londres,
Mme Alison E. Chase, avocat, Santa Barbara,
comme assistants ;
M. Nick Ritchie, chargé de cours en sécurité internationale à l’Université
d’York,
comme conseiller technique,
et
la République de l’Inde,
représentée par
Mme Neeru Chadha, ancien Additional Secretary et conseiller juridique du
ministère des affaires étrangères de la République de l’Inde,
comme agent ;
M. Amandeep Singh Gill, Joint Secretary au ministère des affaires étrangères
de la République de l’Inde,
comme coagent ;
M. Harish Salve, avocat principal à la Cour suprême de l’Inde, avocat,
Blackstone Chambers, Londres,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur émérite à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre‑
La Défense, ancien président de la Commission du droit international,
membre de l’Institut de droit international,
comme conseils et avocats ;
S. Exc. M. J. S. Mukul, ambassadeur de la République de l’Inde auprès du
Royaume des Pays‑Bas,
M. Vishnu Dutt Sharma, directeur du service juridique et des traités, ministère
des affaires étrangères de la République de l’Inde,
Mme Kajal Bhat, premier secrétaire (affaires juridiques), ambassade de la
République de l’Inde (Pays‑Bas),
comme conseillers ;
Mme Chetna Nayantara Rai,
259 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
8
Mr. Benjamin Samson,
as Junior Counsel,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 24 April 2014, the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
(hereinafter the “Marshall Islands” or the “Applicant”) filed in the Registry of
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of India
(hereinafter “India” or the “Respondent”), in which it claimed that:
“13. India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international
law to pursue in good faith negotiations to cease the nuclear arms race at
an early date, and instead is taking actions to improve and expand its
nuclear forces and to maintain them for the indefinite future.
14. Similarly, India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international
law to pursue in good faith negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament
in all its aspects under strict and effective international control, in
particular by engaging a course of conduct, the quantitative build‑up and
qualitative improvement of its nuclear forces, contrary to the objective of
nuclear disarmament.”
In its Application, the Marshall Islands seeks to found the jurisdiction of the
Court on the declarations made, pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court, by India on 15 September 1974 (deposited with the Secretary‑General
of the United Nations on 18 September 1974), and by the Marshall Islands on
15 March 2013 (deposited with the Secretary‑General on 24 April 2013).
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar
immediately communicated the Application to the Government of India; and,
under paragraph 3 of that Article, he notified all other States entitled to appear
before the Court of the Application.
3. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of the
Marshall Islands, the latter exercised its right under Article 31, paragraph 2, of
the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case: it chose Mr. Mohammed
Bedjaoui.
4. By a letter dated 6 June 2014, the Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of
the Netherlands indicated, inter alia, that “India . . . considers that the International
Court of Justice does not have jurisdiction in the alleged dispute”. By a
letter of 10 June 2014, referring to a meeting due to take place on 11 June 2014
between the President of the Court and the Agents of the Parties to discuss questions
of procedure in the case, pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules of Court, the
Ambassador stated that India “w[ould] not be able to participate in the [said]
meeting”. Consequently, on 11 June 2014, the President met only the representatives
of the Marshall Islands.
5. By an Order of 16 June 2014, the Court held, pursuant to Article 79, paragraph
2, of its Rules, that, in the circumstances of the case, it was necessary first
of all to resolve the question of its jurisdiction, and that this question should
accordingly be separately determined before any proceedings on the merits; to
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 259
8
M. Benjamin Samson,
comme conseils auxiliaires,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 24 avril 2014, le Gouvernement de la République des Iles Marshall
(ci‑après dénommée les « Iles Marshall » ou le « demandeur ») a déposé au Greffe de
la Cour une requête introductive d’instance contre la République de l’Inde (ci-
après
dénommée l’« Inde » ou le « défendeur »), dans laquelle il soutient ce qui suit :
« 13. L’Inde ne s’est pas acquittée de l’obligation que lui impose le droit
international coutumier de poursuivre de bonne foi des négociations pour
mettre fin à la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée et,
au lieu de cela, cherche à améliorer et à accroître ses forces nucléaires et à
les conserver pour une durée illimitée.
14. De même, l’Inde a manqué de s’acquitter de l’obligation que lui
impose le droit international coutumier de poursuivre de bonne foi des
négociations conduisant à un désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects
effectué sous un contrôle international strict et efficace, et ce, en particulier,
en adoptant une ligne de conduite qui, en visant à accroître et à améliorer
ses forces nucléaires, est contraire à l’objectif du désarmement nucléaire. »
Dans leur requête, les Iles Marshall entendent fonder la compétence de la Cour
sur les déclarations faites, en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour, par l’Inde le 15 septembre 1974 (déclaration déposée auprès du Secrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies le 18 septembre 1974) et par elles‑mêmes
le 15 mars 2013 (déclaration déposée auprès du Secrétaire général le 24 avril 2013).
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier a
immédiatement communiqué la requête au Gouvernement de l’Inde ; conformément
au paragraphe 3 du même article, il en a également informé tous les autres
Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité marshallaise,
les Iles Marshall se sont prévalues du droit que leur confère le paragraphe 2 de
l’article 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger
en l’affaire : elles ont désigné M. Mohammed Bedjaoui.
4. Par lettre en date du 6 juin 2014, l’ambassadeur de l’Inde auprès du
Royaume des Pays‑Bas a notamment indiqué que « l’Inde consid[érait] … que la
Cour internationale de Justice n’a[vait] pas compétence pour connaître du différend
allégué ». Par courrier daté du 10 juin 2014, l’ambassadeur, se référant à
une réunion devant avoir lieu le 11 juin 2014 entre le président de la Cour et les
agents des Parties, conformément à l’article 31 du Règlement, pour discuter des
questions de procédure en l’affaire, a fait savoir que l’Inde « ne sera[it] pas en
mesure de participer à [ladite] réunion ». Le 11 juin 2014, le président a donc
rencontré les seuls représentants des Iles Marshall.
5. Par ordonnance en date du 16 juin 2014, la Cour a estimé, se référant au
paragraphe 2 de l’article 79 de son Règlement, que, dans les circonstances de
l’espèce, il était en premier lieu nécessaire de régler la question de sa compétence,
et que, en conséquence, elle devrait statuer séparément, avant toute pro-
260 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
9
that end, it decided that the written pleadings should first be addressed to the
said question, and fixed 16 December 2014 and 16 June 2015 as the respective
time‑limits for the filing of a Memorial by the Marshall Islands and a
Counter‑Memorial
by India. The Memorial of the Marshall Islands was filed
within the time‑limit thus prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 1 April 2015, the Government of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court, asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the Parties pursuant
to that same provision, the Court decided to grant this request. By letters dated
28 April 2015, the Registrar duly communicated that decision to the Government
of the United Kingdom and to the Parties.
7. By an Order dated 19 May 2015, the Court, at India’s request and in the
absence of any objection from the Marshall Islands, extended to 16 September
2015 the time‑limit for the filing of the Counter‑Memorial. That pleading was
filed within the time‑limit thus extended.
8. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on the opening
of the oral proceedings.
9. Public hearings on the questions of the jurisdiction of the Court and the
admissibility of the Application were held from Monday 7 to Wednesday
16 March 2016, at which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For the Marshall Islands: H.E. Mr. Tony deBrum,
Mr. Phon van den Biesen,
Mr. Nicholas Grief,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli,
Ms Laurie B. Ashton,
Mr. John Burroughs,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti,
Mr. Roger S. Clark,
Ms Christine Chinkin.
For India: Ms Neeru Chadha,
Mr. Amandeep Singh Gill,
Mr. Harish Salve,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
10. At the hearings, a Member of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
which replies were given in writing, in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4,
of the Rules of Court. Pursuant to Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each of the
Parties submitted comments on the replies received from the other.
*
11. In the Application, the following claims were made by the Marshall
Islands:
“On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, the Republic
of the Marshall Islands requests the Court
to adjudge and declare
(a) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obli-
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 260
9
cédure sur le fond, sur cette question ; à cette fin, elle a décidé que les pièces de
procédure écrite porteraient d’abord sur ladite question et a fixé au
16 décembre 2014 et au 16 juin 2015, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des
délais pour le dépôt du mémoire des Iles Marshall et du contre‑mémoire de
l’Inde. Le mémoire des Iles Marshall a été déposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
6. Par lettre en date du 1er avril 2015, le Gouvernement du Royaume‑Uni de
Grande‑Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord, invoquant le paragraphe 1 de l’article 53
du Règlement, a demandé à recevoir copie des pièces de procédure et documents
annexés produits en l’espèce. La Cour, après avoir consulté les Parties conformément
à cette même disposition, a décidé de faire droit à cette demande. Par
lettres en date du 28 avril 2015, le greffier a dûment communiqué cette décision
au Gouvernement du Royaume‑Uni et aux Parties.
7. Par ordonnance en date du 19 mai 2015, la Cour, à la demande de l’Inde
et en l’absence d’objection des Iles Marshall, a reporté au 16 septembre 2015 la
date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire.
Cette pièce a été
déposée dans le délai ainsi prorogé.
8. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour
a décidé, après avoir consulté les Parties, que des exemplaires des pièces de procédure
et des documents annexés seraient rendus accessibles au public à l’ouverture
de la procédure orale.
9. Des audiences publiques sur les questions de la compétence de la Cour et
de la recevabilité de la requête ont été tenues du lundi 7 au mercredi 16 mars 2016,
au cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses :
Pour les Iles Marshall : S. Exc. M. Tony deBrum,
M. Phon van den Biesen,
M. Nicholas Grief,
M. Luigi Condorelli,
Mme Laurie B. Ashton,
M. John Burroughs,
M. Paolo Palchetti,
M. Roger S. Clark,
Mme Christine Chinkin.
Pour l’Inde : Mme Neeru Chadha,
M. Amandeep Singh Gill,
M. Harish Salve,
M. Alain Pellet.
10. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées aux Parties par un membre de
la Cour, auxquelles il a été répondu par écrit conformément au paragraphe 4 de
l’article 61 du Règlement. Chacune des Parties a présenté des observations sur
les réponses de l’autre Partie, conformément à l’article 72 du Règlement.
*
11. Dans la requête, les demandes ci-
après ont été formulées par les
Iles Marshall :
« Sur la base de l’exposé des faits et des moyens juridiques qui précède,
la République des Iles Marshall prie la Cour
de dire et juger
a) que l’Inde a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations interna-
261 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
10
gations under customary international law, by failing to pursue in good
faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament
in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,
in particular by engaging a course of conduct, the quantitative build-up
and qualitative improvement of its nuclear forces, contrary to the objective
of nuclear disarmament;
(b) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations
under customary international law with respect to cessation of
the nuclear arms race at an early date, by taking actions to quantitatively
build up its nuclear forces, to qualitatively improve them, and to
maintain them for the indefinite future;
(c) that India has failed and continues to fail to perform in good faith its
obligations under customary international law by taking actions to
quantitatively build up its nuclear forces, to qualitatively improve them,
and to maintain them for the indefinite future; and
(d) that India has failed and continues to fail to perform in good faith its
obligations under customary international law by effectively preventing
the great majority of non‑nuclear‑weapon States from fulfilling their
part of the obligations under customary international law and Article
VI of the NPT with respect to nuclear disarmament and cessation
of the nuclear arms race at an early date.
In addition, the Republic of the Marshall Islands requests the Court
to order
India to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under customary
international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race
at an early date and nuclear disarmament within one year of the Judgment,
including the pursuit, by initiation if necessary, of negotiations in good faith
aimed at the conclusion of a convention on nuclear disarmament in all its
aspects under strict and effective international control.”
12. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of the Marshall Islands,
in the Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court:
“In accordance with the Order of the Court of 16 June 2014, this Memorial
is restricted to questions of jurisdiction raised by India. As for the merits
of the case, the Applicant maintains its Submissions, including the
Remedies requested, as set out in the Application of 24 April 2014. For
further stages of the procedure the Applicant reserves its right to clarify,
modify and/or amend these Submissions.
On the basis of the foregoing statements of facts and law, the Republic
of the Marshall Islands requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it
has jurisdiction with respect to the present case.”
On behalf of the Government of India,
in the Counter‑Memorial on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court:
“In view of the above and all the arguments it would develop or supple-
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 261
10
tionales qui lui incombent au regard du droit international coutumier
en s’abstenant de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations
conduisant à un désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects
effectué sous un contrôle international strict et efficace, en particulier en
adoptant une ligne de conduite qui, en visant à accroître et à améliorer
ses forces nucléaires, est contraire à l’objectif du désarmement nucléaire ;
b) que l’Inde a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations internationales
relatives à la cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires à
une date rapprochée qui lui incombent au regard du droit international
coutumier, et ce, en prenant des mesures visant à accroître, améliorer et
conserver pour une durée illimitée ses forces nucléaires ;
c) que l’Inde a manqué de s’acquitter et continue de ne pas s’acquitter de
bonne foi des obligations qui lui incombent au regard du droit international
coutumier en prenant des mesures visant à accroître, améliorer et
conserver pour une durée illimitée ses forces nucléaires ; et
d) que l’Inde a manqué de s’acquitter et continue de ne pas s’acquitter de
bonne foi des obligations qui lui incombent au regard du droit international
coutumier en empêchant de fait la grande majorité des Etats non
dotés d’armes nucléaires de respecter leur part des obligations qu’imposent
le droit international coutumier et l’article VI du TNP en ce qui
concerne le désarmement nucléaire et la cessation de la course aux armements
nucléaires à une date rapprochée.
En outre, la République des Iles Marshall prie la Cour
d’ordonner
à l’Inde de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour se conformer, dans
un délai d’un an à compter du prononcé de l’arrêt, aux obligations que lui
impose le droit international coutumier en ce qui concerne la cessation de
la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée et le désarmement
nucléaire, parmi lesquelles celle de mener des négociations de bonne
foi, si nécessaire en engageant celles‑ci, en vue de conclure une convention
relative à un désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects effectué sous un
contrôle international strict et efficace. »
12. Dans les pièces de procédure, les conclusions ci‑après ont été présentées
par les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement des Iles Marshall,
dans le mémoire portant sur la question de la compétence de la Cour :
« Conformément à l’ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 16 juin 2014, le
présent mémoire est limité aux questions de compétence soulevées par
l’Inde. En ce qui concerne le fond de l’affaire, le demandeur maintient ses
conclusions, y compris la décision sollicitée, telles qu’exposées dans la
requête en date du 24 avril 2014. Il se réserve le droit de préciser ou modifier
ces conclusions à un stade ultérieur de la procédure.
Sur la base de l’exposé des faits et des moyens juridiques qui précède, la
République des Iles Marshall prie la Cour de dire et juger qu’elle a compétence
pour connaître de la présente affaire. »
Au nom du Gouvernement de l’Inde,
dans le contre-mémoire
portant sur la question de la compétence de la Cour :
« Au vu de ce qui précède et de tout moyen qu’elle pourrait développer
262 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
11
ment during the Hearings, the Republic of India requests the Court to
adjudge and declare that it has no jurisdiction with respect to the present
case.”
13. In the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:
On behalf of the Government of the Marshall Islands,
at the hearing of 14 March 2016:
“The Marshall Islands respectfully requests the Court:
(a) to reject the objections to its jurisdiction of the Marshall Islands’ claims,
as submitted by the Republic of India in its Counter‑Memorial of
16 September 2015;
(b) to adjudge and declare that the Court has jurisdiction over the claims
of the Marshall Islands submitted in its Application of 24 April 2014.”
On behalf of the Government of India,
at the hearing of 16 March 2016:
“The Republic of India respectfully urges the Court to adjudge and
declare that:
(a) it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against India by the Marshall
Islands in its Application dated 24 April 2014;
(b) the claims brought against India by the Marshall Islands are inadmissible.”
* * *
I. Introduction
A. Historical Background
14. Since the creation of the United Nations, and in line with its purposes
under Article 1 of the Charter, the issue of disarmament has been
central to the Organization’s concerns. In this regard, the Charter gives
three separate bodies a role in international disarmament efforts: the
General Assembly (Art. 11, para. 1), the Security Council (Art. 26) and
the Military Staff Committee (Art. 47, para. 1). The General Assembly
has been active in the field of international disarmament generally and
nuclear disarmament in particular. With respect to international disarmament
generally, the General Assembly created the first United Nations
Disarmament Commission under the Security Council in 1952 (resolution
502 (VI) of 11 January 1952). In 1978, it held a Special Session on
disarmament, at which it established the current United Nations disarmament
mechanisms consisting of: the First Committee of the General
Assembly, the mandate of which was redefined to deal exclusively with
questions of disarmament and related international security questions; a
new Disarmament Commission as a subsidiary organ of the General
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 262
11
ou ajouter à l’audience, la République de l’Inde prie la Cour de dire et
juger qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître de la présente affaire. »
13. Dans la procédure orale, les conclusions ci‑après ont été présentées par
les Parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement des Iles Marshall,
à l’audience du 14 mars 2016 :
« Les Iles Marshall prient la Cour :
a) de rejeter les exceptions à sa compétence pour connaître des demandes
des Iles Marshall qui ont été soulevées par la République de l’Inde dans
son contre‑mémoire du 16 septembre 2015 ;
b) de dire et juger qu’elle a compétence pour connaître des demandes présentées
par les Iles Marshall dans leur requête du 24 avril 2014. »
Au nom du Gouvernement de l’Inde,
à l’audience du 16 mars 2016 :
« La République de l’Inde prie la Cour de dire et de juger :
a) qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître des demandes que les
Iles Marshall ont présentées contre l’Inde dans leur requête du 24 avril 2014 ;
b) que les demandes que les Iles Marshall ont présentées contre l’Inde sont
irrecevables. »
* * *
I. Introduction
A. Contexte historique
14. Depuis sa création, et conformément à ses buts énoncés à l’article 1
de la Charte, l’Organisation des Nations Unies a toujours placé la question
du désarmement au coeur de ses préoccupations. A cet égard, la
Charte assigne à trois organes distincts un rôle en matière de désarmement
à l’échelle internationale : l’Assemblée générale (paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11), le Conseil de sécurité (art. 26) et le Comité d’état‑major
(paragraphe 1 de l’article 47). L’Assemblée générale a été active dans les
domaines du désarmement international en général et du désarmement
nucléaire en particulier. S’agissant du désarmement international en général,
elle a créé en 1952 la première commission du désarmement de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, placée sous l’autorité du Conseil de sécurité
(résolution 502 VI) du 11 janvier 1952). En 1978, elle a tenu une session
extraordinaire consacrée au désarmement, au cours de laquelle elle a mis
en place les mécanismes de désarmement actuels de l’ONU, qui
regroupent : la Première Commission de l’Assemblée générale, dont le
mandat a été redéfini pour porter exclusivement sur les questions relatives
263 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
12
Assembly, composed of all Member States of the United Nations (replacing
the United Nations Disarmament Commission created in 1952); and
a Committee on Disarmament devoted to negotiations (resolution S-10/2
of 30 June 1978, paras. 117, 118 and 120). The latter was redesignated the
Conference on Disarmament with effect from 1984 (General Assembly
resolution 37/99 K, Part II, of 13 December 1982; Report of the Committee
on Disarmament to the United Nations General Assembly, 1 September
1983, doc. CD/421, para. 21) and now consists of 65 members.
With respect to nuclear disarmament efforts in particular, it may be
recalled that, in its very first resolution, unanimously adopted on 24 January
1946, the General Assembly established a Commission to deal with
“the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy” (resolution 1 (I)
of 24 January 1946; this Commission was dissolved in 1952 when the first
United Nations Disarmament Commission, mentioned above, was established).
As early as 1954, the General Assembly also called for a convention
on nuclear disarmament (resolution 808 (IX) A of 4 November 1954)
and has repeated this call in many subsequent resolutions. In addition,
the mechanisms set out above, created by the General Assembly in view
of general international disarmament efforts, have also dealt specifically
with questions of nuclear disarmament.
15. By resolution 21 of 2 April 1947, the United Nations Security
Council placed a group of Pacific Islands, including those making up
the present‑day Marshall Islands, under the trusteeship system established
by the United Nations Charter, and designated the United States of
America as the Administering Authority. From 1946 to 1958, while under
this trusteeship, the Marshall Islands was the location of repeated nuclear
weapons testing. By resolution 683 of 22 December 1990, the Security
Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement concerning the Marshall
Islands. By General Assembly resolution 46/3 of 17 September 1991,
the Marshall Islands was admitted to membership in the United Nations.
16. The Respondent gained independence on 15 August 1947. At that
time, it was already a Member of the United Nations (India was one of
the few founding Members of the United Nations which were not yet
sovereign when they joined the Organization; it became a Member on
30 October 1945). India conducted a first nuclear test in 1974 and possesses
nuclear weapons.
17. Following extensive negotiations in the 1960s, in which both
nuclear‑weapon States and non‑nuclear‑weapon States participated, the
Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (hereinafter “NPT”)
was opened for signature on 1 July 1968. It entered into force on 5 March
1970 and was extended indefinitely in 1995. Review conferences have
been held every five years since its entry into force, pursuant to Arti-
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 263
12
au désarmement et les questions de sécurité internationale y afférentes ;
une nouvelle commission du désarmement (remplaçant la commission du
désarmement de l’Organisation des Nations Unies créée en 1952), établie
en tant qu’organe subsidiaire de l’Assemblée générale et composée de
l’ensemble des Etats Membres de l’Organisation ; et un comité du désarmement,
organe de négociation (résolution S‑10/2 du 30 juin 1978,
par. 117, 118 et 120) qui allait devenir, à partir de 1984 (résolution 37/99 K
de l’Assemblée générale du 13 décembre 1982, partie II ; rapport du
comité du désarmement à l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
1er septembre 1983, doc. CD/421, par. 21), la conférence sur le désarmement
et qui compte à présent soixante-cinq membres.
En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement le désarmement nucléaire, il y
a lieu de rappeler que, dans sa toute première résolution, adoptée à l’unanimité
le 24 janvier 1946, l’Assemblée générale a instauré une commission
chargée d’étudier « les problèmes soulevés par la découverte de l’énergie
atomique » (résolution 1 I) du 24 janvier 1946 ; cette commission a été dissoute
en 1952, lorsque la première commission du désarmement mentionnée
ci‑dessus a été établie). Dès 1954, l’Assemblée générale a par ailleurs
lancé un appel en faveur d’une convention sur le désarmement nucléaire
(résolution 808 IX) A du 4 novembre 1954), appel qu’elle a réitéré dans
nombre de résolutions ultérieures. En outre, les entités mentionnées
ci‑dessus, créées par l’Assemblée générale pour oeuvrer en faveur du
désarmement international en général, ont aussi traité plus spécifiquement
de la question du désarmement nucléaire.
15. Par sa résolution 21 du 2 avril 1947, le Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies a placé un groupe d’îles de l’océan Pacifique,
dont celles qui constituent aujourd’hui les Iles Marshall, sous le
régime de tutelle instauré dans la Charte des Nations Unies, et désigné les
Etats‑Unis d’Amérique comme autorité chargée de l’administration.
Entre 1946 et 1958, alors qu’elles relevaient de ce régime, les Iles Marshall
ont été à maintes reprises le théâtre d’essais nucléaires. Par sa résolution
683 du 22 décembre 1990, le Conseil de sécurité a mis fin à l’accord
de tutelle sur les Iles Marshall. Par la résolution 46/3 de l’Assemblée générale
en date du 17 septembre 1991, celles‑ci ont été admises en tant que
Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
16. Le défendeur a accédé à l’indépendance le 15 août 1947. A cette
date, il était déjà Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (l’Inde
était l’un des rares Membres fondateurs qui n’étaient pas encore souverains
lorsqu’ils sont devenus membres de l’Organisation — soit, dans son
cas, le 30 octobre 1945). L’Inde a effectué son premier essai nucléaire en
1974 et elle détient des armes nucléaires.
17. A la suite de longues négociations menées dans les années 1960,
auxquelles ont participé aussi bien des puissances nucléaires que des Etats
non dotés d’armes nucléaires, le traité sur la non‑prolifération des armes
nucléaires (ci‑après le « TNP ») a été ouvert à la signature le 1er juillet
1968. Il est entré en vigueur le 5 mars 1970 et a été prorogé pour une
durée indéfinie en 1995. Depuis son entrée en vigueur, des conférences
264 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
13
cle VIII, paragraph 3, of the NPT. One hundred and ninety‑one States
have become parties to the NPT; on 10 January 2003, the Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea announced its withdrawal. The Marshall
Islands acceded to the NPT on 30 January 1995; India has not
become a party to it.
18. The NPT seeks to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons and
provides certain rights and obligations for parties designated as
“nuclear‑weapon State Part[ies]” and “non‑nuclear‑weapon State
Part[ies]” (including, inter alia, the right of all States to develop and use
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the obligation of nuclear‑weapon
States parties not to transfer nuclear weapons to any recipient, and the
obligation of non‑nuclear‑weapon States parties not to receive such a
transfer). The Preamble to the NPT also declares the intention of the parties
“to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear
arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear
disarmament”. In this connection, Article VI of the NPT provides:
“Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations
in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the
nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and
on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and
effective international control.”
For the purposes of the NPT, a “nuclear‑weapon State is one which has
manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive
device prior to 1 January 1967” (Art. IX.3). There are five nuclear‑weapon
States under the NPT: China, France, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom and the United States of America. In addition to India —
which, as noted above (see para. 17), is not party to the NPT — certain
other States possess, or are believed to possess, nuclear weapons.
19. By resolution 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, the General Assembly
requested the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion
on whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons is permitted in any circumstance
under international law. In the reasoning of its Advisory
Opinion of 8 July 1996, the Court appreciated “the full importance of the
recognition by Article VI of the [NPT] of an obligation to negotiate in
good faith a nuclear disarmament” (Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 263,
para. 99). It added that this obligation went “beyond . . . a mere obligation
of conduct” and was an “obligation to achieve a precise result —
nuclear disarmament in all its aspects — by adopting a particular course
of conduct, namely, the pursuit of negotiations on the matter in good
faith” (ibid., p. 264, para. 99). The Court stated that “[t]his twofold obligation
to pursue and to conclude negotiations formally concerns [all]
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 264
13
d’examen se sont tenues tous les cinq ans, en application du paragraphe 3
de son article VIII. Cent quatre‑vingt‑onze Etats sont devenus parties au
TNP ; le 10 janvier 2003, la République populaire démocratique de Corée
a annoncé qu’elle s’en retirait. Les Iles Marshall ont adhéré au TNP le
30 janvier 1995 ; l’Inde, quant à elle, n’y est pas devenue partie.
18. Le TNP vise à limiter la prolifération des armes nucléaires et prévoit
certains droits et obligations pour les parties, qui y sont désignées
comme « Etat[s] doté[s] d’armes nucléaires qui [sont] Partie[s] au Traité »
ou « Etat[s] non doté[s] d’armes nucléaires qui [sont] Partie[s] au Traité »
(notamment le droit qu’ont tous les Etats de produire et d’utiliser de
l’énergie nucléaire à des fins pacifiques, l’obligation qui incombe aux
Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires qui sont parties au traité de s’abstenir de
transférer des armes nucléaires à qui que ce soit, et l’obligation imposée
aux Etats non dotés d’armes nucléaires qui sont parties au traité de ne pas
accepter pareil transfert). Son préambule fait en outre état de l’intention
des parties « de parvenir au plus tôt à la cessation de la course aux
armements nucléaires et de prendre des mesures efficaces dans la voie
du désarmement nucléaire ». A cet égard, l’article VI du TNP prévoit ce
qui suit :
« Chacune des Parties au Traité s’engage à poursuivre de bonne foi
des négociations sur des mesures efficaces relatives à la cessation de
la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée et au
désarmement nucléaire, et sur un traité de désarmement général et
complet sous un contrôle international strict et efficace. »
Aux fins du TNP, un « Etat doté d’armes nucléaires est un Etat qui a
fabriqué et a fait exploser une arme nucléaire ou un autre dispositif
nucléaire explosif avant le 1er janvier 1967 » (paragraphe 3 de l’article IX).
Les Etats ainsi visés sont au nombre de cinq : la Chine, les Etats‑Unis
d’Amérique, la Fédération de Russie, la France et le Royaume‑Uni. Outre
l’Inde — qui, ainsi qu’indiqué plus haut (voir le paragraphe 17), n’est pas
partie au TNP —, certains autres Etats détiennent ou détiendraient des
armes nucléaires.
19. Par sa résolution 49/75 K du 15 décembre 1994, l’Assemblée générale
a demandé à la Cour internationale de Justice de donner un avis
consultatif sur la question de savoir s’il est permis en droit international
de recourir à la menace ou à l’emploi d’armes nucléaires en toute circonstance.
Dans l’exposé des motifs de son avis en date du 8 juillet 1996, la
Cour a mesuré « toute l’importance de la consécration par l’article VI du
[TNP] d’une obligation de négocier de bonne foi un désarmement
nucléaire » (Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires,
avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 263, par. 99). Elle a ajouté que
cette obligation « dépass[ait] … une simple obligation de comportement »
et consistait à « parvenir à un résultat précis — le désarmement nucléaire
dans tous ses aspects — par l’adoption d’un comportement déterminé, à
savoir la poursuite de bonne foi de négociations en la matière » (ibid.,
p. 264, par. 99). La Cour a par ailleurs précisé que « [c]ette double obliga-
265 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
14
States parties to the [NPT], or, in other words, the vast majority of the
international community”, adding that “any realistic search for general
and complete disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, necessitates
the co‑operation of all States” (I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 264, para. 100).
In the conclusions of the Advisory Opinion, the Court unanimously
declared that “[t]here exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and
bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all
its aspects under strict and effective international control” (ibid., p. 267,
para. 105 (2) F).
20. In its resolution 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, the General Assembly
“[u]nderline[d] the unanimous conclusion of the Court that there
exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion
negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict
and effective international control” and
“[c]all[ed] upon all States to fulfil that obligation immediately by commencing
multilateral negotiations in 1997 leading to an early conclusion
of a nuclear‑weapons convention prohibiting the development,
production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use
of nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination”.
The General Assembly has passed a similar resolution on the follow‑up to
the Court’s Advisory Opinion every year since then. It has also passed
numerous other resolutions encouraging nuclear disarmament.
B. Proceedings Brought before the Court
21. On 24 April 2014, the Marshall Islands filed, in addition to the
present Application (see paragraph 1 above), separate applications
against the eight other States which, according to the Marshall Islands,
possess nuclear weapons (China, the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, France, Israel, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of
America), also alleging a failure to fulfil obligations concerning negotiations
relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date
and to nuclear disarmament. The cases against India, Pakistan and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were entered in
the Court’s General List, as the Applicant had invoked these States’ declarations
recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (pursuant
to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court) as a basis for
jurisdiction. In the applications against China, the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea, France, Israel, the Russian Federation and the United
States of America, the Marshall Islands invited these States to accept the
jurisdiction of the Court, as contemplated in Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of Court, for the purposes of the case. None of these States has
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 265
14
tion de négocier et de conclure concern[ait] formellement [tous] les …
Etats parties au [TNP], c’est‑à‑dire la très grande majorité de la communauté
internationale », et que « toute recherche réaliste d’un désarmement
général et complet, en particulier nucléaire, nécessit[ait] la coopération de
tous les Etats » (C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 264, par. 100). Dans la partie
finale de son avis consultatif, la Cour a déclaré à l’unanimité qu’« [i]l
exist[ait] une obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme
des négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses
aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace » (ibid., p. 267,
par. 105, point 2) F).
20. Dans sa résolution 51/45 M du 10 décembre 1996, l’Assemblée
générale a « [s]oulign[é] la conclusion unanime de la Cour, selon laquelle
il existe une obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des
négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects,
sous un contrôle international strict et efficace », et
« [d]emand[é] instamment à tous les Etats d’exécuter immédiatement
cette obligation en engageant des négociations multilatérales en 1997
en vue de parvenir à la conclusion rapide d’une convention sur les
armes nucléaires interdisant la mise au point, la fabrication, l’essai, le
déploiement, le stockage, le transfert, la menace ou l’emploi de ces
armes et prévoyant leur élimination ».
Depuis, l’Assemblée générale adopte chaque année une résolution analogue
sur la suite donnée à l’avis consultatif de la Cour. Elle a également
adopté nombre d’autres résolutions encourageant le désarmement
nucléaire.
B. Instances introduites devant la Cour
21. Le 24 avril 2014, les Iles Marshall ont déposé, outre la requête
introductive de la présente instance (voir le paragraphe 1 ci‑dessus), des
requêtes distinctes contre les huit autres Etats qui, selon elles, possèdent
des armes nucléaires (la Chine, les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique, la Fédération
de Russie, la France, Israël, le Pakistan, la République populaire démocratique
de Corée et le Royaume‑Uni de Grande-Bretagne
et d’Irlande du
Nord), et auxquels elles reprochent également d’avoir manqué à leurs
obligations relatives aux négociations concernant la cessation de la course
aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée et le désarmement
nucléaire. Les affaires contre l’Inde, le Pakistan et le Royaume‑Uni de
Grande‑Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord ont été inscrites au rôle général de
la Cour, le demandeur ayant invoqué, comme base de compétence, les
déclarations par lesquelles ces Etats ont reconnu la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour (en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut). Dans les
requêtes qu’elles ont présentées contre la Chine, les Etats‑Unis d’Amérique,
la Fédération de Russie, la France, Israël et la République populaire
démocratique de Corée, les Iles Marshall ont invité ces Etats à
accepter la compétence de la Cour aux fins de l’affaire, ainsi qu’il est envi-
266 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
15
done so. Accordingly, these applications were not entered in the Court’s
General List.
22. In its letter dated 6 June 2014 (see paragraph 4 above), its
Counter‑Memorial
and at the hearings, India raised several objections
to the jurisdiction of the Court or the admissibility of the Application
in the present case.
First, it argued that the Applicant has failed to show that there was, at
the time of the filing of the Application, a legal dispute between the Parties
with respect to an alleged failure to pursue negotiations in good faith
towards the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and nuclear
disarmament.
Secondly, India maintained that the Court should declare that it lacks
jurisdiction in this case, on account of the absence from the proceedings
of “indispensable parties”, in particular the other States possessing
nuclear weapons.
Thirdly, India submitted that the Court’s jurisdiction is precluded by a
number of reservations in its declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the Court.
Finally, India asserted that, even if the Court were to find that it had
jurisdiction, it should decline to exercise this jurisdiction on the basis that
a Judgment on the merits in the present case would serve no legitimate
purpose and have no practical consequence.
23. In its Memorial and its final submissions presented during the oral
proceedings, the Marshall Islands requested the Court to reject the objections
of India in their entirety and to find that it has jurisdiction in the
present case (see paragraphs 12 and 13 above).
24. The Court will first consider the objection based on the absence of
a dispute.
* * *
II. The Objection Based on the Absence of a Dispute
25. The Marshall Islands contends that there exists a legal dispute
between itself and India regarding the latter’s compliance with what the
Applicant maintains is a customary law obligation to pursue in good
faith, and to bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament
in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,
as well as a customary law obligation concerning the cessation of the
nuclear arms race at an early date.
26. The Marshall Islands argues that the statements and conduct of
the Parties before and after the filing of the Application demonstrate the
existence of such a dispute. It recalls that, prior to seising the Court on
24 April 2014, it had called on nuclear‑weapon States to abide by their
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 266
15
sagé au paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement. Aucun ne l’ayant fait,
lesdites requêtes n’ont pas été inscrites au rôle général de la Cour.
22. Dans sa lettre en date du 6 juin 2014 (voir le paragraphe 4 ci‑dessus),
dans son contre‑mémoire et à l’audience, l’Inde a soulevé plusieurs
exceptions à la compétence de la Cour ou à la recevabilité de la
requête en la présente espèce.
Premièrement, elle a soutenu que le demandeur n’avait pas établi qu’il
existait, au moment du dépôt de la requête, un différend d’ordre juridique
entre les Parties concernant le fait qu’elle n’aurait pas poursuivi de bonne
foi des négociations en vue d’aboutir à la cessation de la course aux armements
nucléaires à une date rapprochée et au désarmement nucléaire.
Deuxièmement, l’Inde a fait valoir que la Cour devrait se déclarer
incompétente en l’espèce en raison de l’absence à l’instance de « parties
indispensables », en particulier les autres Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires.
Troisièmement, elle a affirmé qu’un certain nombre de réserves dont
elle a assorti la déclaration qu’elle a faite en vertu du paragraphe 2 de
l’article 36 du Statut faisaient obstacle à la compétence de la Cour.
Enfin, l’Inde a avancé que, même si elle devait conclure qu’elle a compétence,
la Cour devrait refuser d’exercer cette compétence car un arrêt
au fond en la présente affaire ne servirait aucun objectif légitime et n’aurait
aucune conséquence pratique.
23. Dans leur mémoire et les conclusions finales qu’elles ont présentées
à l’audience, les Iles Marshall ont prié la Cour de rejeter l’ensemble des
exceptions soulevées par l’Inde et de se déclarer compétente pour connaître
de la présente affaire (voir les paragraphes 12 et 13 ci‑dessus).
24. La Cour examinera tout d’abord l’exception fondée sur l’absence
de différend.
* * *
II. L’exception fondée sur l’absence de différend
25. Les Iles Marshall allèguent qu’il existe un différend d’ordre juridique
entre elles et l’Inde quant au respect par celle‑ci de ce qu’elles affirment
être une obligation de droit coutumier de poursuivre de bonne foi et
de mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire
dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace, ainsi
que d’une obligation concernant la cessation de la course aux armements
nucléaires à une date rapprochée qui lui incomberait de même en vertu du
droit coutumier.
26. Les Iles Marshall font valoir que les déclarations et le comportement
des Parties avant et après le dépôt de la requête démontrent l’existence
de ce différend. Elles soulignent ainsi que, avant de saisir la Cour le
24 avril 2014, elles avaient exhorté les Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires
267 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
16
obligation to negotiate towards nuclear disarmament. The Marshall
Islands refers in particular to two statements. The first one was made on
26 September at the High‑Level Meeting of the General Assembly on
Nuclear Disarmament, when its Minister for Foreign Affairs “urge[d] all
nuclear weapons states to intensify efforts to address their responsibilities
in moving towards an effective and secure disarmament”. The second one
was made by its representative at Nayarit, Mexico, on 13 February 2014,
in the context of the Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of
Nuclear Weapons. This second statement, which the Marshall Islands
regards as clearly demonstrating the content of its claim against all States
possessing nuclear arsenals, reads as follows:
“[T]he Marshall Islands is convinced that multilateral negotiations
on achieving and sustaining a world free of nuclear weapons are long
overdue. Indeed we believe that States possessing nuclear arsenals are
failing to fulfil their legal obligations in this regard. Immediate commencement
and conclusion of such negotiations is required by legal
obligation of nuclear disarmament resting upon each and every State
under Article VI of the Non‑Proliferation Treaty and customary
international law.”
The Applicant maintains that, by this public statement, made in the context
of an international conference in which India participated, the latter
“was made aware that the [Marshall Islands] believed that its failure to
seriously engage in multilateral negotiations amounted to a breach of its
international obligations under customary international law”. In its view,
this statement, as well as the overall position it has taken over recent
years on the issue of nuclear disarmament, is clear evidence that the Marshall
Islands had raised a dispute “with each and every one of the States
possessing nuclear weapons, including with India”.
27. The Marshall Islands adds that India explicitly denies that it is
bound by the obligations cited by the Marshall Islands in the current proceedings.
In this connection, the Marshall Islands submits that, according
to the Court’s established case law, while the “dispute must in principle
exist at the time the Application is submitted”, it may also be evidenced by
the positions of the parties before the Court (e.g., Certain Property (Liechtenstein
v. Germany), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2005, p. 19, para. 25; Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 317, para. 93; Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (II), pp. 614‑615, para. 29). The Marshall Islands considers that, by
expressing such disagreement with the Applicant before the Court, India
has confirmed the existence of a legal dispute between the two States.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 267
16
à respecter leur obligation de négocier en vue du désarmement nucléaire.
A cet égard, elles se réfèrent notamment à deux déclarations. La première
a été faite le 26 septembre 2013 lors de la réunion de haut niveau de
l’
Assemblée
générale sur le désarmement nucléaire par leur ministre
des affaires étrangères, qui a « appel[é] instamment tous les Etats dotés
d’armes nucléaires à intensifier leurs efforts pour assumer leurs responsabilités
en vue d’un désarmement effectif réalisé en toute sécurité ». La
seconde a été faite par leur représentant, le 13 février 2014, dans le cadre
de la deuxième conférence sur l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires,
tenue à Nayarit, au Mexique. Cette dernière déclaration, qui, selon le
demandeur, indique clairement la teneur de sa réclamation contre l’ensemble
des Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires, se lit comme suit :
« [L]es Iles Marshall sont convaincues que des négociations multilatérales
visant à créer et à maintenir un monde dépourvu d’armes
nucléaires auraient dû être engagées depuis longtemps. Nous estimons
en effet que les Etats possédant un arsenal nucléaire ne respectent
pas leurs obligations à cet égard. L’obligation d’oeuvrer au
désarmement nucléaire qui incombe à chaque Etat en vertu de l’article
VI du traité de non‑prolifération nucléaire et du droit international
coutumier impose l’ouverture immédiate de telles négociations
et leur aboutissement. »
Le demandeur affirme que, par cette déclaration publique, faite dans le
cadre d’une conférence internationale à laquelle l’Inde participait, cette
dernière « a eu connaissance de ce que les Iles Marshall estimaient que, en
ne s’engageant pas sérieusement dans des négociations multilatérales, elle
violait ses obligations internationales découlant du droit international
coutumier ». Selon les Iles Marshall, cette déclaration, ainsi que la position
générale qui a été la leur sur la question du désarmement nucléaire
au cours de ces dernières années, établit clairement qu’elles avaient soulevé
un différend avec « chacun des Etats possédant des armes nucléaires,
dont l’Inde ».
27. Les Iles Marshall ajoutent que l’Inde a, en la présente instance,
explicitement nié être liée par les obligations qu’elles invoquent. A cet
égard, elles font valoir que, d’après la jurisprudence bien établie de la
Cour, si, « [e]n principe, le différend doit exister au moment où la requête
est soumise », son existence peut aussi être démontrée par les positions
que les parties ont exposées devant la Cour (par exemple, Certains biens
(Liechtenstein c. Allemagne), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2005, p. 19, par. 25 ; Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun
et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 317, par. 93 ; Application de la convention pour la
prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine
c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II),
p. 614‑615, par. 29). Les Iles Marshall estiment que, en exposant ainsi
devant la Cour son désaccord avec le demandeur, l’Inde a confirmé qu’il
existait, entre les deux Etats, un différend d’ordre juridique.
268 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
17
28. The Marshall Islands further contends that India, by its conduct,
has opposed the claims made against it. In particular, the Applicant
maintains that, while the Respondent has “frequently” reaffirmed in public
statements its commitment to nuclear disarmament, it has in fact
engaged in a course of conduct consisting of the “quantitative build‑up”
and the “qualitative improvement” of its nuclear arsenal.
29. The Marshall Islands rejects the existence of any rule or principle
of international law that requires an attempt to initiate negotiations or
their exhaustion before seising the Court. It argues that Article 43, paragraph
1, of the International Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility
of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (hereinafter “ILC
Articles on State Responsibility”), according to which “[a]n injured State
which invokes the responsibility of another State shall give notice of its
claim to that State”, does not establish a condition for admissibility or
jurisdiction with respect to cases brought before an international court or
tribunal. In support of that argument, the Marshall Islands invokes the
ILC’s Commentary to Article 44, which indicates that the ILC Articles on
State Responsibility “are not concerned with questions of the jurisdiction
of international courts and tribunals, or in general with the conditions for
the admissibility of cases”. It further adds that “there is nothing to prevent
the notice of claim by the injured State being given not prior to seising
the Court, but precisely by seising it”.
*
30. India, for its part, contends that the Applicant has failed to show
that, at the time of the filing of the Application, there was a legal dispute
between the Parties with respect to an alleged failure to pursue negotiations
in good faith towards nuclear disarmament. In fact, according to
the Respondent, such a dispute does not exist at present. India asserts
that it has been a “strong supporter” of nuclear disarmament and that the
Applicant never sought to engage in bilateral exchanges with a view to
settling the alleged dispute before seising the Court. India argues that,
since its accession to independence, it has always actively championed
global nuclear disarmament. It recalls that the resolutions adopted by the
General Assembly on India’s own initiative, or with its support, give
expression to its desire to work with other Member States of the United
Nations to achieve the goal of nuclear disarmament. Furthermore, it
claims to be the only State possessing nuclear weapons to have consistently
voted in favour of the series of General Assembly resolutions entitled
“Follow‑up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of
Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons”, which call
upon all States to commence multilateral negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament. India notes in this regard that “[i]t is revealing that for ten
years (2003‑2012) prior to the [Marshall Islands] contemplating this
recourse to the ICJ . . . the [Marshall Islands] voted against the resolution
or abstained nine times and voted in favour only once”. India
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 268
17
28. Les Iles Marshall font valoir en outre que l’Inde s’est opposée, par
son comportement, aux réclamations formulées à son encontre. Elles
affirment en particulier que, s’il a « fréquemment » renouvelé, dans des
déclarations publiques, son engagement en faveur du désarmement
nucléaire, le défendeur a de fait suivi une ligne de conduite consistant à
« accroître » et à « améliorer » son arsenal nucléaire.
29. Les Iles Marshall contestent l’existence de tout principe ou règle de
droit international exigeant qu’il y ait eu une tentative d’engager des négociations
ou que cette voie ait été épuisée avant la saisine de la Cour. Elles
arguent que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 43 des Articles de la Commission du
droit international sur la responsabilité de l’Etat pour fait internationalement
illicite (ci-
après les « Articles de la CDI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat »),
aux termes duquel « [l]’Etat lésé qui invoque la responsabilité d’un autre Etat
notifie sa demande à cet Etat », n’impose pas de condition à la recevabilité
ou à la compétence en ce qui concerne les affaires portées devant une juridiction
internationale. A l’appui de cet argument, les Iles Marshall invoquent le
commentaire relatif à l’article 44, qui indique que les Articles de la CDI sur
la responsabilité de l’Etat « ne traitent pas des problèmes de compétence des
cours et tribunaux internationaux, ni en général des conditions de recevabilité
des instances ». Elles ajoutent par ailleurs que « rien n’exclut que la notification
par l’Etat lésé se fasse non pas préalablement à la saisine de la Cour,
mais justement au moyen de cette saisine ».
*
30. L’Inde soutient pour sa part que le demandeur n’a pas démontré
qu’il existait, au moment du dépôt de la requête, un différend d’ordre juridique
entre les Parties au sujet d’un prétendu manquement à l’obligation
de poursuivre de bonne foi des négociations conduisant au désarmement
nucléaire, et que pareil différend n’existe d’ailleurs pas davantage
aujourd’hui. Elle affirme avoir toujours « fermement soutenu » le désarmement
nucléaire, et avance que le demandeur n’a jamais cherché à engager
des échanges bilatéraux en vue de régler le différend allégué avant de saisir
la Cour. L’Inde fait valoir que, depuis son accession à l’indépendance, elle
a toujours activement milité en faveur d’un désarmement nucléaire à
l’échelle mondiale. Selon elle, les résolutions adoptées par l’Assemblée
générale à son initiative, ou avec son appui, témoignent de sa volonté
d’oeuvrer avec les autres Etats Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
à la réalisation de l’objectif du désarmement nucléaire. Le défendeur
affirme en outre être le seul Etat doté de l’arme nucléaire à avoir constamment
voté en faveur des résolutions de l’Assemblée générale intitulées
« Suite donnée à l’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice sur
la licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires », qui appellent
tous les Etats à engager des négociations multilatérales en vue du désarmement
nucléaire ; à cet égard, il juge « révélateur que, pendant les dix années
(de 2003 à 2012) qui ont précédé le moment où la République des
Iles Marshall a commencé à envisager d’introduire la présente instance, …
269 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
18
observes
that only more recently have both States voted in favour of relevant
General Assembly resolutions. This was the case, for example, with
resolution 68/32 of 5 December 2013, entitled “Follow-up to the 2013
High‑Level Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament”.
31. India further avers that the statement made on behalf of the Marshall
Islands at the Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of
Nuclear Weapons held in Nayarit on 13 February 2014 (see paragraph 26
above) does not provide a sufficient basis for establishing that there was
an opposition of views between the Parties prior to the filing of the Application.
In this respect, India notes that the statements made by the two
Parties at that conference show that their positions on the issue of nuclear
disarmament converged. In particular, India expressed its support for
nuclear disarmament and reiterated its commitment to the complete elimination
of nuclear weapons in a “time‑bound, universal, non‑discriminatory,
phased and verifiable manner”. In India’s view, this statement is
consistent with the line of conduct it has followed since it became independent.
32. In addition, India asserts that the Marshall Islands never brought
its claim to the attention of the Respondent, or invoked India’s responsibility,
before it filed its Application, and that it did not seek to enter into
prior bilateral negotiations with any of the nine States against which it
sought to bring proceedings before the Court. While India acknowledges
that the exhaustion of prior negotiations is not a prerequisite for seising
the Court, it argues that before filing its Application, the Marshall Islands
should at least have initiated negotiations or consultations in order to
define the subject‑matter of the dispute, and that its failure to do so is
evidence of the absence of any dispute. India relies on the Judgment in
the case of Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions in this regard (Judgment
No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 15), as well as on Article
43 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility. In addition, India
does not accept that a State can give notice of its claim through the institution
of proceedings before the Court.
* *
33. Under Article 38 of the Statute, the function of the Court is to
decide in accordance with international law disputes that States submit to
it. Under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Court has jurisdiction
in all “legal disputes” that may arise between States parties to the
Statute having made a declaration in accordance with that provision. The
existence of a dispute between the Parties is thus a condition of the
Court’s jurisdiction.
34. According to the established case law of the Court, a dispute is “a
disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of
interests” between parties (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 269
18
[celle‑ci] … a voté contre [cette résolution] ou s’est abstenu[e] à neuf
reprises et n’a voté pour qu’une seule fois ». L’Inde observe que ce n’est
que plus récemment que les deux Etats ont voté en faveur des résolutions
pertinentes de l’Assemblée générale. Tel a été par exemple le cas de la résolution
68/32 du 5 décembre 2013, intitulée « Suivi de la réunion de haut
niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire de 2013 ».
31. L’Inde considère par ailleurs que la déclaration faite au nom des
Iles Marshall à la deuxième conférence sur l’impact humanitaire des
armes nucléaires, à Nayarit, le 13 février 2014 (voir le paragraphe 26
ci-
dessus),
ne suffit pas à établir l’existence d’une divergence de vues entre
les Parties avant le dépôt de la requête. A cet égard, il appert selon elle
des déclarations faites par les deux Etats lors de cette conférence que leurs
positions sur la question du désarmement nucléaire étaient convergentes.
En particulier, l’Inde a exprimé son soutien au désarmement nucléaire et
réitéré son engagement en faveur de l’élimination totale des armes
nucléaires « de manière universelle, non discriminatoire, progressive et
vérifiable, selon un calendrier précis ». Elle affirme que cette déclaration
est conforme à la ligne de conduite qu’elle a suivie depuis son accession à
l’indépendance.
32. De plus, le défendeur soutient que les Iles Marshall n’ont jamais
porté leur réclamation à son attention ou invoqué sa responsabilité avant
le dépôt de la requête, et qu’elles n’ont pas tenté d’engager des négociations
bilatérales préalables avec l’un quelconque des neuf Etats qu’elles
entendaient attraire devant la Cour. S’il reconnaît que l’épuisement des
négociations préalables ne constitue pas une condition à la saisine de la
Cour, le défendeur soutient que les Iles Marshall auraient au moins dû,
avant le dépôt de leur requête, engager des négociations ou des consultations
afin de définir l’objet du différend, et que le fait qu’elles aient négligé
de le faire prouve l’absence de tout différend. A cet égard, il invoque
l’arrêt
rendu en l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine
(arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 15), ainsi que l’article 43 des
Articles de la CDI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat. L’Inde conteste par
ailleurs
qu’un Etat puisse notifier sa réclamation en introduisant une
instance
devant la Cour.
* *
33. Selon l’article 38 du Statut, la mission de la Cour est de régler
conformément au droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis par
les Etats. Aux termes du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, la Cour a
compétence à l’égard de tous les « différends d’ordre juridique » qui
peuvent se faire jour entre des Etats parties au Statut ayant fait une déclaration
en vertu de cette même disposition. L’existence d’un différend entre
les Parties est donc une condition à la compétence de la Cour.
34. Conformément à la jurisprudence bien établie de la Cour, un différend
est « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, une contradiction,
une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts » entre des parties
270 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
19
No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11). In order for a dispute to
exist, “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed
by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v.
South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 328). The two sides must “‘hold clearly opposite views concerning the
question of the performance or non‑performance of certain’ international
obligations” (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces
in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 26, para. 50, citing Interpretation of
Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).
35. The Court’s determination of the existence of a dispute is a matter
of substance, and not a question of form or procedure (cf. Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30; Interpretation of Judgments
Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów) [Germany v. Poland], Judgment
No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, pp. 10‑11). Prior negotiations are
not required where the Court has been seised on the basis of declarations
made pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, unless one of the
relevant declarations so provides (Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 322, para. 109). Moreover, “although a
formal diplomatic protest may be an important step to bring a claim of
one party to the attention of the other, such a formal protest is not a
necessary condition” for the existence of a dispute (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I),
p. 32, para. 72). Similarly, notice of an intention to file a case is not
required as a condition for the seisin of the Court (Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 297, para. 39).
36. Whether a dispute exists is a matter for objective determination by
the Court which must turn on an examination of the facts (Alleged Violations
of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua
v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2016 (I), p. 26, para. 50). For that purpose, the Court takes into account
in particular any statements or documents exchanged between the parties
(Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 443‑445, paras. 50‑55),
as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings (Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 94, para. 51, p. 95, para. 53). In
so doing, it pays special attention to “the author of the statement or
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 270
19
(Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A
no 2, p. 11). Pour qu’un différend existe, « [i]l faut démontrer que la réclamation
de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre »
(Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du
Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328). « « [L]es
points de vue des deux parties, quant à l’exécution ou à la non-exécution
»
de certaines obligations internationales, « [doivent être] nettement opposés
». » (Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes
dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26, par. 50, citant Interprétation
des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie,
première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74.)
35. La détermination par la Cour de l’existence d’un différend est une
question de fond, et non de forme ou de procédure (cf. Application de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30 ; Interprétation des arrêts nos 7
et 8 (usine de Chorzów) [Allemagne c. Pologne], arrêt no 11, 1927, C.P.J.I.
série A no 13, p. 10‑11). Lorsque la Cour est saisie sur la base de déclarations
faites en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut, la tenue
de négociations préalables n’est pas requise, à moins que l’une des déclarations
pertinentes n’en dispose autrement (Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 322, par. 109). Par ailleurs, « si la
protestation diplomatique officielle peut constituer un moyen important
pour une partie de porter à l’attention de l’autre une prétention, pareille
protestation … n’est pas une condition nécessaire » à l’existence d’un différend
(Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes
dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 32, par. 72). De la même manière,
la notification de l’intention d’introduire une instance n’est pas requise
aux fins de pouvoir saisir la Cour (Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 297, par. 39).
36. L’existence d’un différend doit être établie objectivement par la Cour
sur la base d’un examen des faits (Violations alléguées de droits souverains et
d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26, par. 50). A
cette fin, celle‑ci tient notamment compte de l’ensemble des déclarations ou
documents échangés entre les parties (Questions concernant l’obligation de
poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2012 (II), p. 443‑445, par. 50‑55), ainsi que des échanges qui ont eu lieu
dans des enceintes multilatérales (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie
c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2011 (I), p. 94, par. 51, p. 95, par. 53). Ce faisant, elle accorde une attention
particulière « aux auteurs des déclarations ou documents, aux per-
271 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
20
document,
their intended or actual addressee, and their content” (I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (I), p. 100, para. 63).
37. The conduct of the parties may also be relevant, especially when
there have been no diplomatic exchanges (Alleged Violations of Sovereign
Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 32‑33,
paras. 71 and 73). As the Court has affirmed,
“a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or
interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the
other need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis . . . [T]he position
or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever
the professed view of that party.” (Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89.)
In particular, the Court has previously held that “the existence of a dispute
may be inferred from the failure of a State to respond to a claim in
circumstances where a response is called for” (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30, citing Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89).
38. The evidence must show that the parties “hold clearly opposite
views” with respect to the issue brought before the Court (see paragraph
34 above). As reflected in previous decisions of the Court in which
the existence of a dispute was under consideration, a dispute exists when
it is demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the respondent was
aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were “positively
opposed” by the applicant (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and
Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 32, para. 73; Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 99, para. 61, pp. 109‑110,
para. 87, p. 117, para. 104).
39. In principle, the date for determining the existence of a dispute is
the date on which the application is submitted to the Court (Alleged Violations
of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2016 (I), p. 27 para. 52; Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I),
p. 85, para. 30). Indeed, when it is stated in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the
Court’s Statute that the Court’s function is “to decide in accordance with
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 271
20
sonnes auxquelles ils étaient destinés ou qui en ont effectivement eu
connaissance et à leur contenu » (C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 100, par. 63).
37. Le comportement des parties peut aussi entrer en ligne de compte,
notamment en l’absence d’échanges diplomatiques (Violations alléguées
de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua
c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I),
p. 32‑33, par. 71 et 73). Ainsi que l’a écrit la Cour,
« un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, un conflit, une opposition
de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts ou le fait que la réclamation
de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre ne
doivent pas nécessairement être énoncés expressis verbis… [I]l est possible,
comme en d’autres domaines, d’établir par inférence quelle est
en réalité la position ou l’attitude d’une partie. » (Frontière terrestre et
maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 315, par. 89.)
En particulier, la Cour a jugé que « l’existence d’un différend p[ouvait]
être déduite de l’absence de réaction d’un Etat à une accusation dans des
circonstances où une telle réaction s’imposait » (Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30, citant Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 315, par. 89).
38. Les éléments de preuve doivent montrer que les « points de vue
des … parties [sont] nettement opposés » en ce qui concerne la question
portée devant la Cour (voir le paragraphe 34 ci‑dessus). Ainsi que cela
ressort de décisions antérieures de la Cour dans lesquelles la question de
l’existence d’un différend était à l’examen, un différend existe lorsqu’il est
démontré, sur la base des éléments de preuve, que le défendeur avait
connaissance, ou ne pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que ses
vues se heurtaient à l’« opposition manifeste » du demandeur (Violations
alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 32, par. 73 ; Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 99, par. 61, p. 109‑110, par. 87, p. 117, par. 104).
39. En principe, la date à laquelle doit être appréciée l’existence d’un
différend est celle du dépôt de la requête (Violations alléguées de droits
souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua
c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I),
p. 27, par. 52 ; Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de
Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 85,
par. 30). Lorsqu’il est dit, au paragraphe 1 de l’article 38 du Statut de la
Cour, que la mission de celle‑ci est de « régler conformément au droit
272 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
21
international law such disputes as are submitted to it”, this relates to disputes
existing at the time of their submission.
40. Conduct subsequent to the application (or the application itself) may
be relevant for various purposes, in particular to confirm the existence of a
dispute (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995,
p. 100, para. 22 and p. 104, para. 32), to clarify its subject‑matter (Obligation
to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 26) or to determine
whether the dispute has disappeared as of the time when the Court
makes its decision (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 270‑271, para. 55; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58).
However, neither the application nor the parties’ subsequent conduct
and statements made during the judicial proceedings can enable the Court
to find that the condition of the existence of a dispute has been fulfilled in
the same proceedings (Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
pp. 444‑445, paras. 53‑55). If the Court had jurisdiction with regard to
disputes resulting from exchanges in the proceedings before it, a respondent
would be deprived of the opportunity to react before the institution
of proceedings to the claim made against its own conduct. Furthermore,
the rule that the dispute must in principle exist prior to the filing of the
application would be subverted.
* *
41. The Court notes that the Marshall Islands, by virtue of the suffering
which its people endured as a result of it being used as a site for extensive
nuclear testing programs, has special reasons for concern about
nuclear disarmament (see paragraph 15 above). But that fact does not
remove the need to establish that the conditions for the Court’s jurisdiction
are met. While it is a legal matter for the Court to determine whether
it has jurisdiction, it remains for the Applicant to demonstrate the facts
underlying its case that a dispute exists (Border and Transborder Armed
Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 75, para. 16).
42. As noted above at paragraph 32, India relies on the fact that the
Marshall Islands did not commence negotiations or give notice to it of
the claim that is the subject of the Application to support its contention
that there is no dispute between the Parties. India refers to Article 43 of
the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, which requires an injured State
to “give notice of its claim” to the allegedly responsible State. Article 48,
paragraph 3, applies that requirement mutatis mutandis to a State other
than an injured State which invokes responsibility. However, the Court
notes that the ILC’s commentary specifies that the Articles “are not
concerned
with questions of the jurisdiction of international courts and
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 272
21
international les différends qui lui sont soumis », ce sont en effet bien des
différends existant à la date de leur soumission qui sont visés.
40. Le comportement des parties postérieur à la requête (ou la requête
proprement dite) peut être pertinent à divers égards et, en particulier, aux
fins de confirmer l’existence d’un différend (Timor oriental (Portugal
c. Australie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 100, par. 22, et p. 104, par. 32),
d’en clarifier l’objet (Obligation de négocier un accès à l’océan Pacifique
(Bolivie c. Chili), exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II),
p. 602, par. 26), ou de déterminer s’il a disparu au moment où la Cour
statue (Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974,
p. 270‑271, par. 55 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 476, par. 58).
Cependant, ni la requête ni le comportement ultérieur des parties ou les
déclarations faites par elles en cours d’instance ne sauraient permettre à la
Cour de conclure qu’il a été satisfait à la condition de l’existence d’un
différend dans cette même instance (Questions concernant l’obligation de
poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2012 (II), p. 444‑445, par. 53‑55). Si la Cour était compétente à l’égard de
différends résultant d’échanges qui ont eu lieu au cours de la procédure
devant elle, le défendeur se trouverait privé de la possibilité de réagir,
avant l’introduction de l’instance, à la réclamation visant son comportement.
De surcroît, la règle selon laquelle le différend doit en principe déjà
exister à la date du dépôt de la requête serait vidée de sa substance.
* *
41. La Cour note que les Iles Marshall, de par les souffrances qu’a
endurées leur population par suite des importants programmes d’essais
nucléaires dont elles ont été le théâtre, ont des raisons particulières de se
préoccuper du désarmement nucléaire (voir le paragraphe 15 ci‑dessus).
Toutefois, cet état de fait ne change rien à la nécessité d’établir que les
conditions régissant la compétence de la Cour sont remplies. Bien que la
question de savoir si celle-
ci a compétence soit une question juridique qui
demande à être tranchée par elle, il appartient au demandeur de démontrer
les faits étayant sa thèse relative à l’existence d’un différend (Actions
armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 76, par. 16).
42. Comme cela a été relevé au paragraphe 32 ci‑dessus, l’Inde, à l’appui
de sa position selon laquelle il n’existe pas de différend entre les Parties,
invoque le fait que les Iles Marshall n’ont pas engagé de négociations
et ne lui ont pas notifié la réclamation formulée dans la requête. Elle se
fonde sur l’article 43 des Articles de la CDI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat,
qui prescrit à un Etat lésé de « notifie[r] sa demande » à l’Etat dont il
invoque la responsabilité. Aux termes du paragraphe 3 de l’article 48,
cette exigence s’applique, mutatis mutandis, à l’invocation de la responsabilité
par un Etat autre qu’un Etat lésé. La Cour observe toutefois que,
dans son commentaire, la CDI précise que ses articles « ne traitent pas des
273 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
22
tribunals, or in general with the conditions for the admissibility of cases
brought before such courts or tribunals” (see ILC Commentary on the
Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful
Acts, Report of the International Law Commission, United Nations
doc. A/56/10, 2001, paragraph 1 of the Commentary on Article 44,
pp. 120‑121). Moreover, the Court has rejected the view that notice or
prior negotiations are required where it has been seised on the basis of
declarations made pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
unless one of those declarations so provides. The Court’s jurisprudence
treats the question of the existence of a dispute as a jurisdictional one that
turns on whether there is, in substance, a dispute, not on what form that
dispute takes or whether the respondent has been notified (see paragraph
35 above).
43. The Marshall Islands seeks to demonstrate that it had a dispute
with India in essentially three ways. First, it refers to its own statements,
as formulated in multilateral fora. Secondly, it argues that the very filing
of the Application, as well as the positions expressed by the Parties in the
current proceedings, show the existence of a dispute between the Parties.
Thirdly, it relies on India’s conduct both before and after the filing of the
Application. In reply to the Respondent’s argument that it abstained
or voted against a number of General Assembly resolutions on nuclear
disarmament
supported by India, the Marshall Islands submits that it
has voted in favour of such resolutions since 2013 and that it is fully
committed
to using its voice in the General Assembly to achieve nuclear
disarmament.
44. The Marshall Islands does not refer to any bilateral diplomatic
exchanges or official communications between it and India, or to any
bilateral consultations or negotiations that have taken place, concerning
the breach of India’s obligations alleged in the Application. This is so
despite the fact that there have been bilateral meetings and exchanges on
other matters between the two States in recent years.
45. The Marshall Islands refers to two statements made in multilateral
fora before the date of the filing of its Application which, in its view, suffice
to establish the existence of a dispute. As the Court has already
explained, the opposition of the Parties’ views could also be demonstrated
by exchanges made in multilateral settings (see paragraph 36 above). In
such a setting, however, the Court must give particular attention, inter
alia, to the content of a party’s statement and to the identity of the
intended addressees, in order to determine whether that statement,
together with any reaction thereto, show that the parties before it held
“clearly opposite views” (see paragraphs 34 and 36 above). The question
in this case is therefore whether the statements invoked by the Marshall
Islands are sufficient to demonstrate the existence of such opposition.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 273
22
questions de compétence des cours et tribunaux internationaux, ni en
général des conditions de recevabilité des instances introduites devant
eux » (voir le commentaire de la CDI sur le projet d’articles sur la responsabilité
de l’Etat pour fait internationalement illicite, Rapport de la Commission
du droit international de 2001, Nations Unies, doc. A/56/10,
paragraphe 1 du commentaire relatif à l’article 44, p. 120‑121). De plus,
la Cour a rejeté l’idée selon laquelle une notification ou des négociations
préalables seraient requises lorsqu’elle a été saisie sur la base de déclarations
faites en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, à moins que
cela ne soit prévu dans l’une de ces déclarations. La jurisprudence de la
Cour traite la question de l’existence d’un différend comme une question
afférente à la compétence qui impose de rechercher s’il existe un différend
au fond, et non quelle est la forme que prend ce différend ou s’il a été
notifié au défendeur (voir le paragraphe 35 ci‑dessus).
43. Pour l’essentiel, les Iles Marshall cherchent à démontrer de trois
manières qu’un différend les oppose à l’Inde. Premièrement, elles
renvoient
à certaines déclarations qu’elles ont faites elles‑mêmes dans des
enceintes multilatérales. Deuxièmement, elles avancent que le dépôt
même de la requête ainsi que les positions qu’ont exprimées les Parties au
cours de la présente instance attestent l’existence d’un différend entre
ces dernières. Troisièmement, elles se fondent sur le comportement qui a
été celui du défendeur tant avant qu’après le dépôt de la requête. En
réponse à l’argument de l’Inde selon lequel elles se sont abstenues ou ont
voté contre un certain nombre de résolutions de l’Assemblée générale sur
le désarmement nucléaire alors qu’elle-même les soutenait, les Iles Marshall
font valoir qu’elles votent en faveur de ces résolutions depuis 2013 et
qu’elles sont tout à fait déterminées à utiliser la voix dont elles disposent
dans cette enceinte pour parvenir au désarmement nucléaire.
44. Les Iles Marshall ne se réfèrent à aucun échange diplomatique bilatéral
ou communication officielle avec l’Inde, ni à aucune consultation
bilatérale ou négociation entre les deux Etats au sujet du manquement du
défendeur aux obligations invoquées dans la requête, et ce, en dépit du
fait qu’il y a eu des réunions et des échanges bilatéraux entre les deux
Etats sur d’autres sujets au cours de ces dernières années.
45. Le demandeur invoque deux déclarations faites dans des enceintes
multilatérales avant la date du dépôt de sa requête, qui, selon lui, suffisent
à établir l’existence d’un différend. Ainsi que la Cour l’a déjà précisé, la
divergence de vues entre les Parties pourrait aussi être attestée par des
échanges ayant eu lieu dans un tel cadre (voir le paragraphe 36 ci‑dessus).
Toutefois, lorsque la Cour se livre à leur examen, elle doit accorder une
attention particulière au contenu de la déclaration d’une partie et à l’identité
des personnes auxquelles elle était destinée, afin de déterminer si cette
déclaration ainsi que toute réaction à celle-
ci montrent que les points de
vue des parties en cause étaient « nettement opposés » (voir les paragraphes
34 et 36 ci‑dessus). La question qui se pose en la présente espèce
est donc de savoir si les déclarations invoquées par les Iles Marshall suffisent
à démontrer l’existence d’une telle opposition.
274 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
23
46. The Marshall Islands relies on the statement made at the High‑Level
Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, on 26 September
2013 by its Minister for Foreign Affairs, “urg[ing] all nuclear
weapons states to intensify efforts to address their responsibilities in moving
towards an effective and secure disarmament”. However, this statement
is formulated in hortatory terms and cannot be understood as an
allegation that India (or any other nuclear power) was in breach of any of
its legal obligations. It does not mention the obligation to negotiate, nor
does it say that the nuclear‑weapon States are failing to meet their obligations
in this regard. It suggests that they are making “efforts” to address
their responsibilities, and calls for an intensification of those efforts,
rather than deploring a failure to act. Moreover, a statement can give rise
to a dispute only if it refers to the subject‑matter of a claim “with sufficient
clarity to enable the State against which [that] claim is made to identify
that there is, or may be, a dispute with regard to that subject‑matter”
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30). While
the Court reached that conclusion in the context of a compromissory
clause, the same reasoning applies to a dispute over a customary international
law obligation regardless of the underlying jurisdictional basis
alleged, since the Court made clear that it was dealing with the requirements
of a dispute in general (ibid., p. 84, para. 29). The 2013 statement
relied upon by the Marshall Islands does not meet these requirements.
47. The statement made by the Marshall Islands at the Nayarit conference
on 13 February 2014 (see paragraph 26 above) goes further than the
2013 statement, in that it contains a sentence asserting that “States possessing
nuclear arsenals are failing to fulfil their legal obligations” under
Article VI of the NPT and customary international law. India was present
at the Nayarit conference. However, the subject of the conference was not
specifically the question of negotiations with a view to nuclear disarmament,
but the broader question of the humanitarian impact of nuclear
weapons, and while this statement contains a general criticism of the conduct
of all nuclear‑weapon States, it does not specify the conduct of India
that gave rise to the alleged breach. Such a specification would have been
particularly necessary if, as the Marshall Islands contends, the Nayarit
statement was aimed at invoking the international responsibility of the
Respondent on the grounds of a course of conduct which had remained
unchanged for many years. Given its very general content and the context
in which it was made, that statement did not call for a specific reaction by
India. Accordingly, no opposition of views can be inferred from the
absence of any such reaction. The Nayarit statement is insufficient to
bring into existence, between the Marshall Islands and India, a specific
dispute as to the existence or scope of the asserted customary interna-
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 274
23
46. Les Iles Marshall se fondent sur la déclaration faite le 26 septembre
2013 à la réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le
désarmement nucléaire par leur ministre des affaires étrangères, qui a
« appel[é] instamment toutes les puissances nucléaires [à] intensifier leurs
efforts pour assumer leurs responsabilités en vue d’un désarmement effectif
réalisé en toute sécurité ». Cette déclaration, qui revêt un caractère
d’exhortation, ne saurait toutefois être considérée comme une allégation
selon laquelle l’Inde (ou toute autre puissance nucléaire) manquait à l’une
quelconque de ses obligations juridiques. Il n’y est pas fait mention de
l’obligation de négocier, pas plus qu’il n’y est indiqué que les Etats dotés
d’armes nucléaires manquent aux obligations qui leur incombent à cet
égard. Cette déclaration donne à penser que ces derniers font des « efforts »
pour assumer leurs responsabilités et plaide en faveur d’une intensification
de ces efforts ; elle ne dénonce pas une inaction. En outre, une déclaration
ne peut donner naissance à un différend que s’il y est fait référence
« assez clairement à l’objet [d’une réclamation] pour que l’Etat contre
lequel [celle-
ci est] formul[ée] … puisse savoir qu’un différend existe ou
peut exister à cet égard » (Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I),
p. 85, par. 30). Bien que cette conclusion ait été énoncée dans le contexte
d’une clause compromissoire, le même raisonnement s’applique à un différend
relatif à une obligation de droit international coutumier indépendamment
de la base de compétence invoquée, la Cour ayant précisé
qu’elle examinait les exigences relatives à l’existence d’un différend au
sens général (ibid., p. 84, par. 29). La déclaration de 2013 sur laquelle se
fondent les Iles Marshall ne satisfait pas à ces exigences.
47. La déclaration que les Iles Marshall ont faite lors de la conférence
de Nayarit le 13 février 2014 (voir le paragraphe 26 ci‑dessus) va plus loin
que celle de 2013, en ce qu’elle contient une phrase dans laquelle il est
affirmé que « les Etats possédant un arsenal nucléaire ne respectent pas
leurs obligations » au regard de l’article VI du TNP et du droit international
coutumier. L’Inde était présente à la conférence de Nayarit. Toutefois,
cette conférence ne portait pas spécifiquement sur la question de
négociations en vue du désarmement nucléaire, mais sur celle, plus large,
de l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires ; par ailleurs, si elle dénonce,
d’une manière générale, le comportement de l’ensemble des Etats possédant
un arsenal nucléaire, cette déclaration ne précise pas le comportement
de l’Inde qui serait à l’origine du manquement allégué. Une telle
précision aurait été particulièrement nécessaire si, comme l’affirment les
Iles Marshall, la déclaration de Nayarit visait à mettre en cause la responsabilité
internationale du défendeur à raison d’une ligne de conduite qui
était restée constante depuis de nombreuses années. Ladite déclaration,
étant donné son contenu très général et le contexte dans lequel elle a été
faite, n’appelait pas de réaction particulière de la part de l’Inde. Aucune
divergence de vues ne peut donc être déduite de cette absence de réaction.
La déclaration de Nayarit ne suffit pas à faire naître, entre les Iles Marshall
275 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
24
tional law obligations to pursue in good faith, and to bring to a conclusion,
negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under
strict and effective international control, as well as to cease the nuclear
arms race at an early date, or as to India’s compliance with any such
obligations.
48. In all the circumstances, on the basis of those statements — whether
taken individually or together — it cannot be said that India was aware,
or could not have been unaware, that the Marshall Islands was making
an allegation that India was in breach of its obligations.
49. Secondly, the Marshall Islands argues that the very filing of the
Application could suffice to establish the existence of a dispute: “there is
nothing to prevent the notice of claim by the injured State being given not
prior to seising the Court, but precisely by seising it”. It also points to
other statements made in the course of the proceedings by both Parties as
evidence of their opposition of views.
50. The Marshall Islands relies on three cases in support of its contention
that the statements made by the Parties during the proceedings may
serve to evidence the existence of a dispute (see paragraph 27 above).
However, these cases do not support this contention. In the case concerning
Certain Property, the existence of a dispute was clearly referenced by
bilateral exchanges between the parties prior to the date of the application
(Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19, para. 25). The reference to
subsequent materials in the Cameroon v. Nigeria case related to the scope
of the dispute, not to its existence (Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 317, para. 93). Moreover, while it is
true that the Court did not explicitly reference any evidence before the
filing of the application demonstrating the existence of a dispute in its
Judgment in the case concerning the Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina
v. Yugoslavia), in the particular context of that case, which
involved an ongoing armed conflict, the prior conduct of the parties was
sufficient to establish the existence of a dispute (Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), p. 614, paras. 27-29). Instead, the
issues the Court focused on were not the date when the dispute arose but
the proper subject‑matter of that dispute, whether it fell within the scope
of the relevant compromissory clause, and whether it “persist[ed]” at the
date of the Court’s decision. As stated above, although statements made
or claims advanced in or even subsequently to the application may be
relevant for various purposes — notably in clarifying the scope of the
dispute submitted — they cannot create a dispute de novo, one that does
not already exist (see paragraph 40 above).
51. Thirdly, the Marshall Islands argues that, irrespective of verbal
support for negotiations on nuclear disarmament on the part of India, its
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 275
24
et l’Inde, un différend spécifique ayant trait à l’existence ou à la portée des
obligations alléguées de droit international coutumier consistant à poursuivre
de bonne foi et mener à terme des négociations conduisant au
désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace, et à mettre fin à une date rapprochée à la course aux
armements nucléaires, ou au respect par l’Inde de telles obligations.
48. Dans ces circonstances, l’on ne saurait affirmer, sur la base de ces
déclarations — prises individuellement ou ensemble —, que l’Inde avait
connaissance, ou ne pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que les
Iles Marshall alléguaient qu’elle manquait à ses obligations.
49. Deuxièmement, le demandeur soutient que le dépôt de la requête
pourrait, en tant que tel, suffire à établir l’existence d’un différend : « rien
n’exclut que la notification par l’Etat lésé se fasse non pas préalablement
à la saisine de la Cour, mais justement au moyen d’une telle saisine ». Il
invoque également d’autres déclarations faites en cours d’instance par les
deux Parties pour démontrer la divergence de vues entre ces dernières.
50. Les Iles Marshall se réfèrent à trois affaires à l’appui de leur affirmation
selon laquelle les déclarations que les Parties ont faites en cours d’instance
peuvent permettre de démontrer l’existence d’un différend (voir le
paragraphe 27 ci-
dessus).
Ces affaires n’étayent cependant pas cette assertion.
Dans l’affaire relative à Certains biens, les échanges bilatéraux qui
avaient eu lieu entre les parties avant la date du dépôt de la requête attestaient
clairement l’existence d’un différend (Certains biens (Liechtenstein
c. Allemagne), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 19,
par. 25). Dans l’affaire Cameroun c. Nigéria, la prise en compte d’éléments
postérieurs à cette date avait trait à la portée du différend, et non à l’existence
de celui‑ci (Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1998, p. 317, par. 93). En outre, s’il est vrai que, dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu
en l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), la
Cour ne s’est pas expressément référée à quelque élément de preuve antérieur
au dépôt de la requête pour démontrer l’existence d’un différend, dans
le contexte particulier de l’espèce — qui avait trait à un conflit armé en
cours —, le comportement des parties avant cette date était suffisant à cet
égard (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 614,
par. 27‑29) ; la réflexion de la Cour était centrée non pas sur la date à
laquelle le différend s’était fait jour, mais sur les points de savoir quel était
le véritable objet du différend, si celui-
ci relevait de la clause compromissoire
pertinente et s’il « persist[ait] » à la date de la décision de la Cour.
Ainsi que cela a déjà été indiqué, si des déclarations ou réclamations formulées
dans la requête, voire après le dépôt de celle‑ci, peuvent être pertinentes
à diverses fins — et, en particulier, pour préciser la portée du différend soumis
à la Cour —, elles ne sauraient créer un différend de novo, c’est‑à‑dire
un différend qui n’existe pas déjà (voir le paragraphe 40 ci‑dessus).
51. Troisièmement, les Iles Marshall affirment que, indépendamment
du soutien aux négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire affiché par
276 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
25
actual conduct in maintaining and upgrading its nuclear arsenal, and in
failing to co‑operate with certain diplomatic initiatives, allows the Court
to infer the existence of a dispute as to the scope of and compliance with
its obligations, even if such a dispute had not, prior to the Application,
been articulated in legal terms by the Marshall Islands.
52. The Court recalls that the question whether there is a dispute in a
particular contentious case turns on the evidence of opposition of views
(see paragraphs 34, 36 and 37 above). In this regard, the conduct of a
respondent can contribute to a finding by the Court that the views of the
parties are in opposition (see paragraph 37 above). However, as the Court
has previously concluded (see paragraphs 46-48 above), in the present
case neither of the statements that were made in a multilateral context by
the Marshall Islands offered any particulars regarding India’s conduct.
On the basis of such statements, it cannot be said that India was aware,
or could not have been unaware, that the Marshall Islands was making
an allegation that India was in breach of its obligations. In this context,
the conduct of India does not provide a basis for finding a dispute between
the two States before the Court.
53. Finally, regarding India’s argument based on the Parties’ voting
records on General Assembly resolutions on nuclear disarmament (see
paragraph 30 above), the Court notes that considerable care is required
before inferring from votes cast on resolutions before political organs
such as the General Assembly conclusions as to the existence or not of a
legal dispute on some issue covered by a resolution. The wording of a
resolution, and votes or patterns of voting on resolutions of the same
subject‑matter, may constitute relevant evidence of the existence of a dispute
in some circumstances, particularly where statements were made by
way of explanation of vote. However, some resolutions contain a large
number of different propositions; a State’s vote on such resolutions cannot
by itself be taken as indicative of the position of that State on each
and every proposition within that resolution, let alone of the existence of
a legal dispute between that State and another State regarding one of
those propositions.
* *
54. The Court therefore concludes that the first objection made by
India must be upheld. It follows that the Court does not have jurisdiction
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute.
55. Consequently, it is not necessary for the Court to deal with the
other objections raised by India. The questions of the existence of and
extent of customary international law obligations in the field of nuclear
disarmament, and India’s compliance with such obligations, pertain to
the merits. But the Court has found that no dispute existed between the
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 276
25
l’Inde, le comportement réel de cet Etat, qui a conservé et modernisé son
arsenal nucléaire, et n’a pas participé à certaines initiatives diplomatiques,
permet à la Cour de déduire l’existence d’un différend relatif à la portée et
à l’exécution des obligations qui lui incombent, et ce, même si le demandeur
n’avait pas exprimé ce différend en termes juridiques avant le dépôt
de sa requête.
52. La Cour rappelle que la question de l’existence d’un différend dans
une affaire contentieuse dépend des éléments de preuve relatifs à une
divergence de vues (voir les paragraphes 34, 36 et 37 ci‑dessus). A cet
égard, le comportement d’un Etat défendeur peut aider la Cour à conclure
que les parties ont des points de vue opposés (voir le paragraphe 37
ci‑dessus). En la présente espèce, toutefois, ainsi que la Cour l’a conclu
précédemment (voir les paragraphes 46-48 ci‑dessus), aucune des deux
déclarations faites par les Iles Marshall dans un cadre multilatéral ne
concernait spécifiquement le comportement de l’Inde. Sur la base de telles
déclarations, l’on ne saurait affirmer que l’Inde avait connaissance, ou ne
pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que les Iles Marshall alléguaient
qu’elle manquait à ses obligations. Dans ce contexte, le comportement
de l’Inde ne permet pas de conclure à l’existence d’un différend
entre les deux Etats devant la Cour.
53. Enfin, en ce qui concerne l’argument de l’Inde fondé sur les votes
des Parties sur les résolutions de l’Assemblée générale relatives au désarmement
nucléaire (voir le paragraphe 30 ci‑dessus), la Cour estime qu’il
faut faire preuve d’une grande prudence avant de conclure, au vu de votes
exprimés sur des résolutions d’organes politiques tels que l’Assemblée
générale, à l’existence ou à la non‑existence d’un différend juridique portant
sur une question visée par pareil texte. Le libellé d’une résolution et
les votes ou habitudes de vote sur des résolutions ayant le même objet
peuvent, dans certaines circonstances, constituer des éléments de preuve
pertinents concernant l’existence d’un différend, notamment en présence
de déclarations d’Etats visant à expliquer leur vote. Cependant, certaines
résolutions contiennent nombre de propositions différentes ; le vote d’un
Etat sur une résolution de ce type ne saurait en soi être considéré comme
indiquant la position de cet Etat sur chacune des propositions qui y
figurent, et moins encore l’existence, entre lui-
même et un autre Etat, d’un
différend d’ordre juridique relatif à l’une de ces propositions.
* *
54. Au vu de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que la première exception
soulevée par l’Inde doit être retenue. Il s’ensuit qu’elle n’a pas compétence
en la présente espèce au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut.
55. En conséquence, il n’est pas nécessaire pour la Cour de se pencher
sur les autres exceptions soulevées par l’Inde. La question de l’existence et
de la portée des obligations de droit international coutumier dans le
domaine du désarmement nucléaire, ainsi que du respect par l’Inde de
celles‑ci, relève du fond de l’affaire. Ayant conclu qu’il n’existait pas de
277 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
26
Parties prior to the filing of the Application, and consequently it lacks
jurisdiction to consider these questions.
* * *
56. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) By nine votes to seven,
Upholds the objection to jurisdiction raised by India, based on the
absence of a dispute between the Parties;
in favour: President Abraham; Vice‑President Yusuf; Judges Owada,
Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Bhandari, Gevorgian;
against: Judges Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Sebutinde, Robinson,
Crawford; Judge ad hoc Bedjaoui;
(2) By ten votes to six,
Finds that it cannot proceed to the merits of the case.
in favour: President Abraham; Vice‑President Yusuf; Judges Owada, Tomka,
Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Bhandari, Gevorgian;
against: Judges Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Sebutinde, Robinson,
Crawford; Judge ad hoc Bedjaoui.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifth day of October, two thousand and
sixteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
the Marshall Islands and the Government of the Republic of India,
respectively.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
President Abraham and Vice-President
Yusuf append declarations to
the Judgment of the Court; Judges Owada and Tomka append separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Bennouna and Cançado
Trindade append dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the Court;
Judges Xue, Donoghue and Gaja append declarations to the Judgment
of the Court; Judges Sebutinde and Bhandari append separate opinions
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 277
26
différend entre les Parties avant le dépôt de la requête, la Cour n’a cependant
pas compétence pour examiner ces questions.
* * *
56. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) Par neuf voix contre sept,
Retient l’exception d’incompétence soulevée par l’Inde et fondée sur
l’absence de différend entre les Parties ;
pour : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice‑président ; MM. Owada,
Greenwood, Mmes Xue, Donoghue, MM. Gaja, Bhandari, Gevorgian, juges ;
contre : MM. Tomka, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Mme Sebutinde,
MM. Robinson, Crawford, juges ; M. Bedjaoui, juge ad hoc ;
2) Par dix voix contre six,
Dit qu’elle ne peut procéder à l’examen de l’affaire au fond.
pour : M. Abraham, président ; M. Yusuf, vice‑président ; MM. Owada, Tomka,
Greenwood, Mmes Xue, Donoghue, MM. Gaja, Bhandari, Gevorgian, juges ;
contre : MM. Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Robinson,
Crawford, juges ; M. Bedjaoui, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le cinq octobre deux mille seize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République des Iles Marshall
et au Gouvernement de la République de l’Inde.
Le président,
(Signé) Ronny Abraham.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.
M. le juge Abraham, président, et M. le juge Yusuf, vice-président,
joignent des déclarations à l’arrêt ; MM. les juges Owada et Tomka
joignent à l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion individuelle ; MM. les juges
Bennouna et Cançado Trindade joignent à l’arrêt les exposés de leur
opinion dissidente ; Mmes les juges Xue et Donoghue, ainsi que M. le juge
Gaja joignent des déclarations à l’arrêt ; Mme la juge Sebutinde et M. le
278 nuclear arms and disarmament (judgment)
27
to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Robinson and Crawford append
dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Bedjaoui
appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) R.A.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (arrêt) 278
27
juge Bhandari joignent à l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion individuelle ;
MM. les juges Robinson et Crawford joignent à l’arrêt les exposés de
leur opinion dissidente ; M. le juge ad hoc Bedjaoui joint à l’arrêt l’exposé
de son opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) R.A.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
Jurisdiction and admissibility
Judgment of 5 October 2016