Written response of Nicaragua to the questions put to the Parties by Judges Koroma, Keith and Bennouna at the end of the public sitting held on 12 March 2009

Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights

(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)

NICARAGUA'S

ANSWERS TO JUDGES' QUESTIONS

(Put to the Parties at the close of the public sitting of this case on 12 March 2009
by Judges Koroma, Keith and Bennouna)

ANSWER TO QUESTION FROM JUDGE KOROMA

The question:

Can either Party provide evidence as to whether Costa Rican locals and immigrants used

the San Juan River in the period around 1858, when the Treaty ofLimits was concluded,
and can either Party provide evidence as to the nature and scope of the subsequent
practice in the usef the river by Costa Rican locals and immigrants?

As this question has two parts, Nicaragua will answer each part separately.

The first partf the question inquires about use of the San Juan River by "Costa Rican locals and

immigrants" in the period around 1858, when the Treaty of Limits was concluded. Nicaragua's
response is that, in the period around 1858 and for decades thereafter, the right bankhe river
was largely uninhabited with no permanent settlements of any significance. This had also been
the situation prior to 1858. Put simply, there were no Costa Rican locals or immigrants; hence
there was no use ofthe river by such persons. The absence of Costa Rican locals and immigrants

means not only that there was no navigation on the river by them, but also that there was no
fishing by them either, which by itself defeats Costa Rica's claimf a customary right of local
inhabitants to engage in subsistence fishing. There was no customf fishing, because there were
no people living in the area to engage in this practice.

The only settlements along the River during this period were on the Nicaraguan side at San
Carlos, located at the origin of the River in Lake Nicaragua, and San Juan del Norte, located at

the mouth of the River. This is shown, for example, in the map accompanying the article on the

0113303.1San Juan River written by the famous explorer, Admirai R.E. Peary (who sorne historians credit
with the discovery ofthe North Pole), which was published in National Geographie in 1889. At 1
the time, the populations of these two Nicaraguan towns numbered in the hundreds. The

population centers of the Miskito Kingdom were located to the north of San Juan del Norte,
along Nicaragua's Caribbean coast, commencing at the city of Bluefields and extending
northward from there toward and across what is today Nicaragua's northern boundary with
2
Honduras. West of San Juan del Norte, and upriver along the San Juan, everything on both sides
of the river was unpopulatedjungle.

Costa Rica failed to introduce any evidence, either in the written pleadings or at the oral

hearings, to show that the right bank of the area was ever inhabited by anyone before, at the time
of, or for the first severa!decades after, the conclusion of the Treaty ofLimits. In fact, it was not,
as the following authoritative historical and geographical sources demonstrate: According to an

1862 study of the area by Dr. Alexander Von Frantzius, entitled The Right Bank of the San Juan
River - A Nearly Unknown Part of Costa Rica: "On the right bank of the San Juan River,
between the mouth of the Sarapiqui and the place where the Colorado River separates, there is
3
still no human settlement." Dr. Von Frantzius expressly refers to this area as "tierra incognita"
(unknown land): "The northern part of the Republic of Costa Rica, situated along the San Juan
River andbounded by the volcanic mountain range, is ali tierra incognita". 4

The lack ofhuman habitation along the San Juan River, and the inhospitable nature of the terrain,
was recorded in the memoir of the American adventurer, William Walker, who usurped the

presidency of Nicaragua in the 1850s and fought battles along the river against Costa Rican and
other Central American armies. Published in 1860, Walker's memoir, The War in Nicaragua,
records that:

1R.E. Peary, "Across Nicaragua with Transit and Machete", National Geographie Magazine, Oct. 1989,p. 336.

2 After independence from Spain in 1821, the British Empire saw a chance to take over this area that was then under
the weaker control of the recently independent nations. In 1841was occupied by the Miskitos with British assistance
and, in 1848, the town was occupied directly by the British. lt was renamed Greytown after the then Jamaican
Govemor Charles Edward Grey and nominally ceded to the Miskito Kingdom, a British protectorate to the north.
See generally: "Nicaragua." Encyclopredia Britannica. Encyclopredia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite.
Chicago: Encyclopredia Britannica, 2009.

3 Alexander Von Frantzius, The Right Bank of the San Juan River: A Nearly Unknown Part of Costa Rica (1862)
(Trans. & Ed. Pablo Biolley, 1999), p. 54 [Spanish translation of original: "En la ribera derecha del rio San Juan,
entre la desembocadura del Sarapiqui y la separaci6n del Rio Colorado, no se encuentra tampoco todavia ninguna
colonia.]

4 Alexander Von Frantzius, The Right Bank of the San Juan River: A Nearly Unknown Part of Costa Rica (1862)

(Trans. & Ed. Pablo Biolley, 1999), p. 1. [Spanish translation of original German: "La parte septentrional de la
Republica de Costa Rica, situada a lo largo del rio San Juan y limitada por la cordillera volcânica , es todo terra
incognita ... "]

D113303.1 - 2- "In addition to the force which attacked Thompson on the 23rd [of December,

1856], a large body of soldiers had been marched to the [mouth of the] San Carlos
[River, where it flows into the San Juan], under the orders of [Costa Rican]
General José Joaquin Mora, brother of the President, Juan Rafael Mora, and
commander-in-chief of the Costa Rican army. The march was very difticult from

the nature ofthe country through which itwas made. the region between San José
and the San Carlos being entirely uninhabited, and wholly destitute of
subsistence. The road over which Mora marched was a mere trail, and his soldiers
6
had at times to eut their way with machetes through the thick undergrowth."

Admirai Peary's description of the same area three decades later was no different.

"On the eastern side of Nicaragua, all these surveys (except the last) were
confmed almost entirely to the San Juan River, and its immediate banks; and the
country on either side beyond these narrow limits was, up to 1885, almost entirely
unknown.''

Comparing the populated western side of Nicaragua (west of Lake Nicaragua) and the
unpopulated region along the banks of the San Juan, Admirai Peary continued:

"His eyes instead of being confined by the impenetrable veil of the tropical

thicket, feast upon views of the distant mountains, the crisp waves of the Lake,
and the blue expanse of the Pacifie. During the day he meets black-eyed senoritas,
instead of wild hogs and turkeys, and at night as he tums in, he hears, not the

scream of tigers, but the songs of the lavandera's daughters floating across the
stream which supplies their wash-tubs and his camps." 7

Finally, in 1891, the Physical Geographical Institute and the Museum of Costa Rica reported that

the part of Costa Rica bordering the San Juan River was still unpopulated: "Costa Rica has to be
interested above all in populating that part of her territory that still today is almost without
inhabitants."8

The second part of the question inquires·asto the subsequent practice in the use of the river by
"Costa Rican locals and immigrants". Here again, Costa Rica failed to produce evidence, in her
written or oral pleadings, of the existence of any local population on the right bank of the river
prior to the 1960s. Authoritative historical sources establish that it was not until the 1960s and

1970s that there was any significant settlement on the Costa Rican bank ofthe river. During the
1960s, the Costa Rican Govemment sent prisoners, who had not yet completed their sentences,

6William Walker, The Warin Nicaragua (1860), p. 344 (emphasis added).

7 R.E. Peary, "Across Nicaragua with Transit and Machete", National Geographie Magazine, Oct. 1989, pp. 319-
320 and pp. 330-331.

8 H. Pittier, Annals of the Physical Geographical Institute and the Museum of Costa Rica, Vol. III (1890), p. 118.
[Original Spanish: "Costa Rica tiene ante todo que interesarse por poblar aquella parte de su territorio que todavia
esta hoy casi sin habitantes."]

0113303.1 - 3 -to reside freely on the right bank of the San Juan, subject to the condition that they populate the

area. The local population was augmented by immigrants from Nicaragua during the armed
conflicts of 1977-1979 and 1981-1990. However: "The river had been a war zone in the 1970s,
during the armed confrontation that led to the overthrow of the dictatorship of General Anastasio

Somoza Debayle in July 1979. As a result, during the second half of the 1970s especially, the
river was unsafe for normal civilian traffic, and navigation on the river, whether for commercial
or other purposes, was extremely uncommon." 10 The same conditions prevailed during the

1980s: "Counter-revolutionary forces ("contras") had organized in Northem Costa Rica, along
the right bank of the San Juan River, and they made frequent attacks and forays across it. The
river was unsafe for navigation for the rest of the 1980s, until the fighting ended in 1990 and the
counterrevolutionary forces were fully demobilized in 1991." 11 Costa Rica did not dispute these

facts in either her writtenor oral pleadings.

To be sure, there was sorne use of the river by Costa Rican locals and immigrants between the
1960s, when the evidence first shows the existence of any permanent human habitation along the

Costa Rican side of the San Juan, and the end of the 1980s: ''therewere a few Costa Ricans and
Nicaraguans who navigated the river like myself to transport good from one community to
another. None of these boatmen ever used the river for shipments outside the local river

communities. The materials being transported on the river were mostly fuel, bananas, coconut
oil, and wood, all from the same areas." 12 After peace was restored, in the 1990s: "The only
trade that was carried out on that part of the river [where Costa Rica enjoys rights under the

Treaty ofLimits] was on the portion between the Sarapiqui River and the Colorado River, which
was used infrequently by Costa Rican boatmen in small boats transporting supplies from Puerto
Viejo de Sarapiqui [at the headwaters of the Sarapiqui River] in Costa Rica, down the Sarapiqui
River to the San Juan, and then east along the San Juan River as far as the Colorado River (a

distance of approximately 24 km.), where they reentered and navigated Costa Rican waters until
their destination at Barra del Colorado on Costa Rica's Atlantic Coast." 13 Costa Rica did not
dispute these facts in her written or oral pleadings.

With regard to use of the river by local inhabitants since the 1990s: "the river was also navigated
by local Costa Ricans who lived in the communities in the Costa Rican territory near the river.
These were very small hamlets with a total Costa Rican population of no more than a thousand

people. Most were dedicated to cattle raising, which was the biggest industry and main source of
employment on the Costa Rican side. They used the river to travel to work, or to a store to
purchase supplies, for example. They traveled freely on the river."14 "Because the local

population was very small, all of the residents and their boats were or soon became familiar to

10RN, Vol. II, Ann. 69, pp. 429-430.

11
RN, Vol. II, Ann. 69, p. 430.

12RN, Vol. Il, Ann. 65, p. 403.

13RN, Vol. Il, Ann. 73, p. 454.

14RN, Vol. II, Ann. 72, p. 449.

0113303.1 -4-the Nicaraguan soldiers manning the posts along the San Juan River. Local residents were given
courtesy departure clearance certificates, for which they were not charged, and they were exempt
from Nicaragua's immigration requirements." 15 At the oral hearings, Costa Rica relying on

certain affidavits, argued that local residents were subjected to Nicaragua's departure clearance
inspections and immigration processing requirements. 16However, Nicaragua showed that Costa

Rica's argument was groundless, because, inter alia, the witnesses who supplied the affidavits on
which Costa Rica relied, and who claimed to have been subjected to Nicaragua's regulations,
17
were not, in fact, local riparian residents.

15RN, Vol. II, Ann. 72, p. 449.

16See CR, 2009/6, p. 44, para. 27; p. 48, para. 38.

17See CR. 200917, p. 41, para. 13; p. 45, para. 20.

0113303.1 - 5-ANSWER TO QUESTION FROM JUDGE KEITH

The question:

On the assumption that Costa Rica' s right of navigation under Article VI of the 1858
Treaty does extend to the carriage of passengers, must the passengers or someone on their

behalf make a payment for the carriage to the operator of the vessel for the carriage to fall
within that right? I appreciate,f course, that Nicaragua rejects the assumption on which
the question is based.

As is recognized in the question, Nicaragua has consistently maintained since the Treaty of
Limits was concludedthat it does not give Costa Rica the right to transport passengers as the sole
object of the navigation on the San Juan River, regardless of whether a payment is made for the

carriage to the operator of the vessel. This has always been Nicaragua's position under either of
the two interpretations that have been proposed for the Spanish phrase "con objetos de
comercio". Whether the words are properly translated as ''witharticles of trade" or "for purposes
of commerce", they do not provide a right for Costa Rica to transport passengers for hire, or

otherwise, on the river. Moreover, in addition to the textual language, the circumstances
surrounding the conclusion of the Treaty of Limits and the subsequent practice of the Parties
between 1858 and the early 1990s demonstrate that both Parties always understood that the right
to authorize or engage in the commercial transport of passengers on the San Juan was reserved

exclusively for Nicaragua.

In the period when the Treaty was signed in 1858, the most lucrative activity involving the San
Juan River was the transit of passengers from the east coast of the United States to the west
coast, where gold had been found in 1849. This transit of passengers was an enormous business

that centered interest on the route across Nicaragua. The well known American tycoon ofthe 19th
Century, Cornelius Vanderbilt, was behind this "Nicaragua gold route" to Califomia. In the
words of the Encyclopaedia Britannica:

"...he formed a company to transport passengers and goods from New York City
and New Orleans to San Francisco via Nicaragua. With the enormous demand for
passage to the West Coast brought about by the 1849 gold rush, Vanderbilt's
Accessory Transit Company proved a huge success. He quit the business only

after his competitors-whom he had nearly ruined-agreed to pay him $40,000
(later it rose to $56,000) a month to abandon his operation."18

This notorious and lucrative business was not unknown to the Parties, and could not have been
ignored by them when the 1858 Treaty was signed. The words chosen to describe the navigation

18
"Vanderbilt, Cornelius", EncyclopŒdia Britannica 2009, Ultimate Reference Suite, Chicago: Encyclopredia
Britannica,009.

0113303.1 - 6-allowed to Costa Rica, "con objetos de comercio", were not intended to cover this type of
activity. If this had been the intention, it would have been expressly stated in the Treaty that
Costa Rica's rights included the right to navigate with or transport passengers. Because the

Treaty of Limits makes no express reference to any such right, it is necessarily excluded. It has
been weil documented by Nicaragua, and Costa Rica has not argued to the contrary, that Costa
Rica's main interest in obtaining navigation rights on the San Juan River in 1858 was to secure a
route to the Atlantic for the exportofher coffee -- her principal source ofincome -- to Europe. 19

To be sure, navigation with coffee or other goods on board necessarily involves the transport of
people, as weil, particularly the captain and crew of the vessel; goods cannot navigate by
themselves. But navigation with such "passengers" on a vessel whose principal mission is the
transport of article of trade is a far cry from the commercial transport of paying passengers as the

sole orprimary purpose of the navigation. The consistent, uniform and uninterrupted practice of
the Parties for more than 130years shows that this right was reserved exclusively for Nicaragua.

The conclusion that the Treaty of Limits did not provide Costa Rica with a right to transport

passengers for hire on the San Juan River is confirmed by the fact that, historically, it was
Nicaragua -- and only Nicaragua -- that ever authorized passenger traffic on the San Juan River.

As stated in Nicaragua's Rejoinder, at paragraphs 3.90-3.91:

"3.90. (...) If the parties had intended to give the term "comercio" the broad
sweep that Costa Rica now contends -- i.e. if they had meant also to include
services such as the transport of passengers or tourists -- one would expect to see
evidence in the record that Costa Rica had authorized such transportation

sometime after the Treaty of 1858 and before the current dispute over tourism
erupted in the 1990s. There is, however, no such evidence, which further
highlights the limited natureof Costa Rica's right under Article VI.

3.91. The facts on this score are not in dispute. As stated in the Counter­
Memorial at paragraphs 1.3.9 through 1.3.22 (conceming the pre-1858 period)
and 4.1.37 to 4.1.45 (conceming the period thereafter), the transport ofpassengers
through the San Juan-- the most lucrative business at the time the Treaty of 1858

was executed -- was authorized by Nicaragua alone. Nicaragua identified no
fewer than eight conventions, treaties or contracts relating to that subject,
including:
• the 1849 contract with the American Atlantic and Pacifie Ship Canal

Company;
• the 1851 White-Chamorro-Mayorga Canal Convention;
• the 1857 Irisarri-Stebbins Contract;
• the 1857 Cass-Irisarri Treaty;
• the 1860 Zeled6n-Rosa PérezConvention;

• the 1863 Molina -Morris contract;
• the 1877 Pellas Contract; and

1See RN, pp. 102-128; CMN, para. 4.1.35.

D113303.1 - 7- • the 1887 Cardenas-Menocal Contract."

To this list of concessions awarded by Nicaragua for passenger transport on the San Juan River

prior to the 1888Cleveland Award can be added another, granting the exclusive right to transport
passengers on the river for 30 years to a British company, Atlas Steamship Company, in 1897.
The concession agreement, dated 13 June 1897, was published in Nicaragua's Diario Oficial,
0
and was reported in the New York Times? In fact, passenger service along the San Juan,
between the town of San Carlos at the source of the river on Lake Nicaragua, and the town of
San Juan del Norte at the river's mouth, and points along the route, throughout the 20th century

and into the 21 sthas always and only been authorized by Nicaragua, never by Costa Rica. Even
at the oral hearings, the passenger transport service whose timetables were supplied by Costa
Rica's counsel was a Nicaraguan service? It is striking that all ofthe passenger service on the
San Juan, between 1858 and the present, has always and only been conducted under Nicaraguan

auspices, a fact that was not disputed by Costa Rica in her written or oral pleadings. Nicaragua
submits that there can be but one explanation for this: both Parties always understood that the
right to transport passengers on the San Juan River belong exclusively to Nicaragua, and was not

grantedto Costa Rica by the Treaty ofLimits.

Since Costa Rica in these proceedings claims a right to transport tourists along the San Juan, as
part of a claimed general right to navigate with commercial passengers, it is necessary to recall,
as Nicaragua explained in her written pleadings, that the disputed word "comercio" as

understood by the Parties in 1858, could not have included the concept of tourism as a
commercial activity or purpose -- since this was not a concept that was known to them at that
time, but one that emerged in the following century ?2

It is against this undisputed factual background that, quod non, Nicaragua submits her direct
response to the question posed. Assuming for that purpose that Costa Rica's right of navigation
under the Treaty of Limits extends to the carriage of passengers, then this right is necessarily

limited to carriage that is purchased, either by the passenger or by someone else on the
passenger's behalf. Costa Rica's right offree navigation is exclusively a right ofnavigation con
objetos de comercio. Even if Costa Rica's interpretation of the phrase as "for purposes of
commerce" were correct (which Nicaragua does not accept), Costa Rica would only enjoy the

right to engage in the transport of passengers if such navigation were "for purposes of
commerce". This requires a commercial transaction, i.e., a payment for the service provided.
Thus, navigation on the San Juan by a Costa Rican family resident in the capital of San Joséin

their own vessel for persona} or recreational purposes would not be covered by Costa Rica's
Treaty right. Also not covered by the putative Treaty right would be other forms of non-

20See "Nicaragua's British Grant: The Atlas Steamship Company's New Rights of Navigation to be Investigated,"
New York Times, 1 Oct. 1897; Nicaraguan Ministry ofDevelopment, Contract to Expedite Steamship Navigation on
Lake Nicaragua and on the San Juan River, 13 June 1897. Published in The Official Registry (3rded.), No. 256.

2See CR, 2009/6, p. 47, para. 33, n. 150.

2See RN, pp. 139-150.

D113303.1 - 8 -commercial navigation, such as navigation by Costa Rican public vessels carrying public
officiaisor employeeson the San Juan.

In conclusion, the question illustrates the problem of expanding the meaning of the agreed type

of navigation to which Costa Rica was given rights in the 1858 Treaty. Ifwe follow through to
its end the Costa Rican hypothesis that navigation "con objetos de comercio" includes transport
of passengers, then where does this right end? Costa Rica does not invoke this alleged right for
the benefit of the local riparians, who have always been free to navigate on the river for their
own purposes, but to use it as a wedge to create a broad right to navigate on the river for any

purpose whatsoever. That this is Costa Rica's intention is apparent from her pleadings at the oral
hearings, in which she claimed that navigation "con objetos de comercio" means, inter alia,
navigation "for purposes of communication", and defined this as navigation between any two
points in Costa Rica, regardless of the reason for the navigation. By this interpretation, Costa

Rica attempted to open the door to all navigation on the San Juan River, for any purpose -­
effectively reading out of the Treaty the limitation contained in Article VI, that her right of
navigation is a limited one that does not extend beyond navigation "con objetos de comercio". If
"comercio" means communication, and communication means anything that connects two points
in Costa Rica, then there are no limits on Costa Rica's rights of navigation on the San Juan, in

plain contradictionof Article VI.

0113303.1 - 9-ANSWER TO QUESTION FROM JUDGE BENNOUNA

The question:

Lorsqu'ila adoptédes mesures pour la régulation de la navigation sur le fleuve San Juan,
le Nicaragua a-t-il chaque fois informéet/ou consulté,au préalable,le Costa Rica?

When it adopted measures for the regulation of navigation on the San Juan River, did

Nicaragua, each time, inform and/or consult Costa Rica in advance?

Under the Treaty of Limits, the waters of the San Juan River lie exclusively in Nicaragua, and
Nicaragua alone is sovereign over the river. Also under the Treaty of Limits, as weil as long
established principles of international law, Nicaragua has the right to regulate navigation on the

San Juan River, including navigation by Costa Rica, provided that Nicaragua exercises her
regulatory power in a reasonable, non-arbitrary and non-discriminatory manner. Ali of these
points were expressly accepted by Costa Rica at the oral hearings. 23

Accordingly, as the exclusive holder of sovereign authority and title over the river, Nicaragua is
under no legal obligation, under the Treaty of Limits or otherwise, to consult with Costa Rica
prior to adopting measures for the regulation of navigation on the San Juan River, or to inform

Costa Rica in advance of said measures. Nicaragua's only obligation is to adopt and enforce
regulations that are reasonable, non-arbitrary and non-discriminatory. Nicaragua demonstrated in
both her written and oral pleadings that she has complied with this obligation? 4

The Treaty of Limits is a lex specialis that establishes Nicaragua's sovereignty over the river
with only limited rights of navigation provided to Costa Rica. Under the Treaty Nicaragua has
exclusive sovereign authority over the River. Thus the River is not an international River in the
sense ofbeing subject to different sovereignties. Nicaragua's exclusive sovereignty over the San

Juan means that this is not an "international river/watercourse/waterway" for P:ufl'osesof Costa
Rica's right oflimited navigation, as Nicaragua showed during the oral hearings? Furthermore,

23
See CR, 2009/6, p. 42, para. 21.

24See RN, Chapt. IV, Section 3; CR, 2009/5, pp. 15-27; CR, 200917,pp. 37-46.

25See CR 2009/04, pp. 19, et seq.

0113303.1 - 10-Nicaragua's sovereign authority under the Treaty of Limits to regulate navigation on the San

Juan River is not subject to the kinds of obligations that are described, for example, in the 1997
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International
Watercourses, among other reasons, because only navigational uses are involved here, not non­

navigational uses. It is important to note that Costa Rica herself has never claimed any non­
navigationalrights over the River and Nicaragua has not conceded any such rights.

Nevertheless, and although she is under no legal obligation to do so arising from the Treaty of

Limits or otherwise,Nicaragua, in the interests of good neighborliness and as a courtesy to Costa
Rica, has regularly consulted, informed and engaged in dialogue with Costa Rica about the
measures Nicaragua has adopted and implemented to regulate navigation on the river. There is
contemporaneous official documentation that establishes this. The consultative process had its

origin in a Joint Declaration by Presidents Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of Nicaragua and Rafael
Angel Calderon Fournier of Costa Rica, which was made on 31 January 1991. 26 In the Joint
Declaration, the two Presidents agreed to the creation of a Binational Commission "with the

objective of energizing and deepening the links of cooperation between their respective Peoples
and Govemments." 27 They also agreed to instruct their respective border authorities ''to
systematize and strengthen the mechanisms of communication and exchange of information
between their border control posts...in order to prevent and combat arms trafficking, the

production and illicit trafficking of stupefying drugs and psychotropic substances, and the
perpetration of other crimes."28

The Binational Commission called for by the two Presidents in their 1991 Joint Declaration was,

in fact, established, and met regularly thereafter. In further implementation of the goals
established inthe 1991 Joint Declaration, the two States reached an Agreement ofUnderstanding
Between the Ministries ofTourism of the Republics ofNicaragua and Costa Rica on the Tourist
Activity in the Border Zone of the San Juan River. This Agreement was signed by the two

Ministers ofTourism on 5 June 1994. Itcan be found at Annex 26 of Costa Rica's Memorial. As
the title indicates, itis an agreement on practices relating to tourist activity on the San Juan
River. In relevant part, it approves the immigration requirements applied by Nicaragua to tourists

traveling on Costa Rican tour boats, as weil as other vessels. Regarding tourist cards, which
Nicaragua requires ali foreign nationals entering Nicaragua via the San Juan (or otherwise) to
purchase,the Ministers ofTourism agreed to:

"Develop the necessary mechanisms, within the next thirty days, in order to be
able to provide pre-registered [tourism] companies with tourism cards, which the
latter must purchase, till in correctly and hand over to the relevant authorities...."

26 See Joint Declaration between President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of Nicaragua and President Rafael Angel
Calderon Fournierf Costa Rica, 31 Jan. 1991 (hereinafter "1991 Joint Declaration").

27 1991 Joint Declaration, p. 3, para. VIII.

281991 Joint Declaration, p. 3, para. VIII(1).

0113303.1 - 11- Regarding immigration processing, which Nicaragua requires of ail tourists upon entering

and exitingNicaragua via the San Juan (or otherwise), the Ministers ofTourism agreed to:

"Undertak:ethe necessary construction and improvements, within a period of six
months, in order that the ships and tourists may comply with the required

migrationprocedures efficiently, promptly and safely."

Thus, as early as June 1994, when Costa Rica's tourism vessels were just beginning to navigate
on the San Juan with sorne degree of regularity, the two Parties, through their Ministers of

Tourism, reached an agreement that, inter alia, accepted and endorsed Nicaragua's regulations
goveming tourists to the San Juan River, including the requirements that ail tourists purchase a
tourist card and undergo immigration processing. It seems strange, in light of this agreement, that
Costa Rica's pleadings at the oral hearings included challenges to the reasonableness of the very

regulations that her Minister of Tourism endorsed fourteen and a half years earlier? The 9
Agreement of 5 June 1994 was not an isolated event. It formed the basis for ongoing dialogue
and cooperation between Nicaragua and Costa Rica on ail matters pertaining to tourism on the

San Juan River in future years. This is reflected, inter alia, in the Final Minutes of the Third
Binational Costa Rica-Nicaragua Meeting, signed by the Foreign Ministers ofboth States on 21
November 1995. The Final Minutes state: ''Nicaraguapresented a report on compliance with the
Agreement ofUnderstanding between the Ministers ofTourism ofNicaragua and Costa Rica and

the Agreement of Understanding regarding tourist activity in the zone of the San Juan River,
signedby both Ministers on 5 June 1994, in Barra del Colorado, Costa Rica." 30

The same Final Minutes further provide, on another matter related to navigation on the San Juan,

that: "The Govemment of Costa Rica tak:esnote of the efforts carried out by the Govemment of
Nicaragua,regarding the installation of control posts en the Province of Rio San Juan (Papaturro,
El Castillo, Sarapiqui, El Delta y San Juan del Norte)..." 31 Thus, as early as 1995, Nicaragua

informed Costa Rica of her establishment of "control posts" along the San Juan, including at
three points along the portion of the river upon which Costa Rica enjoys Treaty rights -­
Sarapiqui, El Delta and San Juan del Norte-- and Costa Rica took note, without registering any
objection. This, therefore, extends back in time to 1995, Costa Rica's acceptance of these

Nicaraguan control posts, whose later acceptance by Costa Rica -- for the purpose of stopping
and registering ail vessels, inspecting them, and issuing departure clearances -- is reflected in the
FinalMinutes of the Binational Commission Meeting held in 1997.

29
In her Reply, Costa Rica sought to downplay the significance of the 5 June 1994 Agreement by making the
improbable argument that the words ''tourismcards, which the latter must purchase, till in correctly and band over to
the relevant authorities..." meant that Costa Rican tourism companies "must purchase" from Costa Rica the required
tourism cards to enter Nicaragua via the San Juan! (RCR, pp. 184-185, paras. 4.67-4.68) Costa Rica does not explain
how it can possibly issue Nicaraguan tourist cards; nor does she offer an explanation ofhow it would be possible to
construe the language that ''tourists [to the San Juan] may comply with the required immigration procedures
efficiently, promptly andfe1y"to refer to immigration procedures other than Nicaragua's. (Ibid.)

3°Final Minutes from the III Costa Rica-Nicaragua Binational Meeting, 21 Nov. 1995, p. 9.

31Final Minutes from the III Costa Rica-Nicaragua Binational Meeting, 21 Nov. 1995, p. 11.

Dll3303.1 - 12-As Nicaragua pointed out at the oral hearings, the Final Minutes of the 1997 meeting of the
Binational Commission state that Costa Rica urged Nicaragua to use at least three control posts
along the San Juan River-- at San Juan del Norte, Boca San Carlos and Sarapiqui -- to stop and

register ali vessels navigating on the river, inspect them, and issue departure clearance
certificates for them. 32 This is also reflected in the oral pleadings of Costa Rica's counsel who

expressly acknowledged that Costa Rica approved of these measures by Nicaragua in order to
more effectively combat drug trafficking along the river. 33The contemporaneous official records
also demonstrate that in 2001 Costa Rica formally requested through diplomatie channels that
Nicaragua lower the fee for departure clearance inspections, which was then $25, and that

Nicaragua responded by lowering it to $5, which is where it has remained since then. 34

What these contemporaneous official records -- ali signed by senior officiais of both Parties -­

show, taken together, is that Nicaragua informed and consulted with Costa Rica about her
adoption of regulations pertaining to navigation on the San Juan River, and Costa Rica approved
them. The regulations that were consulted and approved include: (i) the requirement to stop and

register: (ii) the requirement to undergo inspection and obtain departure clearance; and (iii) the
requirement that foreign nationals purchase tourist cards and undergo immigration processing.
These are the principal regulations challenged by Costa Rica in these proceedings, and ali were

consultedwith and approved by Costa Rica during the 1990s.

The affidavits of Nicaragua's senior military officers, who were responsible for maintaining
security and implementing the regulations goveming navigation on the San Juan River, confirm

that there was frequent dialogue, sharing of information, collaboration and cooperation with the
Costa Rican security officiais responsible for public order on the right bank of the river -- at least
until the middle of 1998. 35 To respond more directly to the question posed by Judge Bennouna

about consultation and information sharing with regard to Nicaragua's adoption of specifie
measures regulating navigation of the river, Nicaragua is submitting herewith a second affidavit
from Brigadier General Denis Membrefio,describing in greater detail the time and circumstances

in which Nicaragua first adopted her departure clearance inspection and immigration control
regulations (both of which received considerable attention at the oral hearings). As General
Membrefiorelates, between February 1992 and December 1995 he had frequent meetings with

his Costa Rican counterparts to discuss ali issues of mutual concem regarding the river,
including the regulations on navigation adopted by Nicaragua. 36 He explained each of these
regulations to the Costa Ricans, as weil as the justification for them. 37 The Costa Rican

32
See RN, Vol. II, Ann. 4.

33See CR 2009/3, p. 29, para. 22.

34MCR, Vol. III, Ann. 71; RN, Vol. II, Ann. 48.

35See RN, Vol. II, Ann. 72, p. 448; Ann. 73, p. 456; Ann. 77, p. 485; Ann. 78, pp. 491-492.

36
See Affidavit of Brigadier General Denis Membrefio Rivas, 25 Mar. 2009, para. 3 (hereinafter "Second
Membrefio Affidavit").

37See Second Membrefio Affidavit, para. 4.

Dll3303.1 - 13-authorities did not challenge Nicaragua's right, as sovereign over the river, to adopt these
regulations. 38 Nor did they object to any of the regulations themselves. 39 Regarding the

requirement that vessels obtain a departure clearance inspection and certificate, the Costa Rican
authorities transmitted to General Membrefto the concem expressed by Costa Rican tour boat
40
operators about the fee charged by Nicaragua for this service. They did not challenge the
inspection or certification requirement, only the amount charged for this service. 41 General
Membreiio'saffidavit is consistent with the Agreement of5 June 1994, and the Final Minutes of

the Binational Commission Meetings of 1995 and 1997 cited above. So are the affidavits of
three Nicaraguan military commanders, in addition to General Membrefto, which are annexed to
Nicaragua's Rejoinder. Each ofthese military officers, like General Membreiio, served a term as

commander of the zone that includes the San Juan River. In each case, the commander states that
relations with their Costa Rican counterparts across the river were always positive and
42
cooperative; but this changed in the middle of 1998 a:fterColonel Walter Navarro assumed
commandof the Costa Rican security forces in the area. 43 lt was only then that Costa Rica began
to complain about Nicaragua's exercise ofher sovereign authority on the river. In her Memorial,

Costa Rica corroborates this, by stating that Nicaragua first began to "systematically" violate her
rights under the Treaty of Limits in July 1998, 44 which was two months a:fterColonel Navarro
arrived on the scene as Costa Rica's commander and relations changed. Nicaragua has denied

that she ever violated Costa Rica's rights, "systematically" or otherwise. However, what is
significant about the July 1998 reference in Costa Rica's Memorial, which she did not disown at
the oral hearings, is that by then ali of the regulations that Nicaragua adopted for navigation on

the San Juan River were long in place. The Memorial, therefore admits that these regulations,
which were applied systematically throughout the period between 1994 and 1998, did not violate

her rights. Even without Costa Rica's admission, the conclusion that Nicaragua's regulations did
not violate Costa Rica's rights is confirmed by the Agreement of 5 June 1994 between the two
Ministers ofTourism, and the Final Minutes ofthe Binational Commission Meetings in 1995 and

1997, among other documents cited by Nicaragua, and which form part of the written pleadings
in this case.45

38See Second Membrefto Affidavit, para. 4.

39See Second Membrefto Affidavit, para. 4.

40See Second Membrefto Affidavit, para. 4.

41See Second Membrefi.oAffidavit, para. 4.

42See RN, Vol. II, Ann. 72, p. 448; Ann. 73, p. 456; Ann. 77, p. 485; Ann. 78, pp. 491-492.

43See RN, Vol. Il, Ann. 78, p. 492.

44See e.g., MCR, para. 3.02.

45 See e.g., Final Minutes from the III Costa Rica-Nicaragua Binational Meeting, 21 Nov. 1995, p. 11. [Original

Spanish: "El Gobierno de Costa Rica toma nota de los esfuerzos realizados por el Gobierno de Nicaragua, en cuanto
a la instalacion de puestos de control en el Departamento del Rio San Juan (Papaturro, El Castillo, Sarapiqui, El
Delta, y San Juan del Norte) ..."]

- 14-
D113303.1This completes Nicaragua's answer to the questions put by Judges Koroma, Keith and Bennouna

at the closef the public sitting on 12 March 2009. ·

The Hague, 19 March 2009.

Carlos J. ARGÜELLO G6MEZ

Agent
Republic ofNicaragua

0113303.1 - 15-LIST OF ANNEXES LIST OF ANNEXES

1. R.E. Peary, "Across Nicaragua with Transit and Machete", National Geographie
Magazine, Oct. 1989

2. Alexander Von Frantzius, The Right Bank of the San Juan River: A Nearly Unknown
Part of Costa Rica (1862) (Trans. & Ed. Pablo Biolley, 1999)

3. William Walker, The Warin Nicaragua (1860)

4. H. Pittier, Annals ofthe Physical Geographical Institute and the Museum of Costa
Rica, Vol. III (1890)

5. Joint Declaration between President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro ofNicaragua and
President Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier of Costa Rica, 31 Jan. 1991

6. Final Minutes from the III Costa Rica-Nicaragua Binational Meeting, 21 Nov. 1995

7. Affidavit ofBrigadier General Denis Membre:fioRivas, 25 Mar. 2009Annex 1 ACB.O~. .\;,\H,\Iir .\ \ 1l'l'HTRA~SlT AS!)

.',f' H~=-rr.:.

BY H. E. i"'t.Ull'.

Tnt: ;ldl•.>n{ thi .~:\tio·"u '~'t'!fwith itl":uny Hf .tiTm­

i>JII ucttbH•,rllltli!'Ullli" ;Htct!tlΕ11'-lfWUf tu \fl·~j,q~
1dti ..·î. lm· iuto:r.·.-1•··1llhw rt,l1\•ruwr~ lt.:wrhr· ·,.·­

turi~._: •.!tv pn :Jli p!-...,f•'aJt,} -;ati,.fat'lÎ..:•u.
f f.•I·! 1~:1•:·UÎt}.t: 1l1J1l1 lit:: .HI d~J·1::'lpon th.­

tii•L l,;tn~·:;·.~~''<Lt; t~~'•h' ~.. r•!:• fu~rt.,•lr.t-1·

t•,rwml'l i~~f~!litz.L•-.h:rni ''~' h"··•!••tr,u:.th•· :::r•.·~·l!.
·A th~gn:a• !'r.•j••with whu•E1 h··lHi!1t~~m•~<··l• irk ..;d•l)

~·~·ho. .'H:'>nmt:lmr m •h·<'-'d~o1lf•··w.•·k,::md:-nrr···•m•iilig.,.
,,fu.u ù!l.t.;i\ndlJU·Lt•T h'lrtl ,wl tnai;_I'~,;h•w !''H!h~·

r\:~ h'tul~t.o•·r•,;rtint~·•'U•;er\ \tr.,.r_ku·";1!·.~~.r·,tfin;;
fl,r* !li f,:tt.\illo•v'".

Th;H !t"l'1''•'' t·•.'IHI.\uwri ";'~in,·lr ~l·iH•-d·1

IJ,.,J!ltbr,( ··ur ·.i,,.,.~· X·d;•lH•tt'1!;1LJm.,;t!"'tudt•·
ltJ••lll•dut. t,ttr<>-.1.l'VI '..ld'lf'11"-'H1 ~~UI"il u•'h••.l

·l~tun tw ...\tt.-~ ,f ,.,:Ot.J• l!îTit•ÎT•. h'T~ ;nt.J<."hl
•ldH".;tllIH•'Ii.•;Hf!H'Ε."''1far f•.':H ·nhtdill~:\~L

F'lutu·~·:·l rt··Hlt·:::Jt•,t •lii!JtullUll!lJl\!tit'hhà\'1.'

iud,ii tlh·:fJ:'• • lfJ:'\ tcar:l.r•·;Wil>owi"u llt•fiH!iUum­
h~dül S:,,.,,;,.ni.J_\ltHll•'L.:!l, i\kn»• al atl<i 'faytnr.

Th·· "h""'"1n:n•1n"'1 ,..l•v E1ll'"l''''\lL"r<iw.l•:,·C••hnn­
hu• 111f,j,t<-u,-•l·•,r:-t1'·'\ll•·h·.i tl1• whi.•h i··rm• lit,.

llurtlw.l+a11.:l•· ,,( t·.t,\l•,>tl•n.1H,•.~ •·•;rlàl'lr.}J:.,~;·

whÎd1 t•aa11 ·•lit·.u'·•-:iaLt.-t•hm !J·.L~'•..·1à·~r~lthw;.1ni
:t!ilgtin <·a.•r~ ~L•r..

l11 1;;.A1il.1~H'Hr?,r f,,mtt1t· l'!kiri•.·u ~,\thtt':.•>if<·
u·y t•·tho.· ia1u·..,nwl üw dtiè<:ut ~tw It~JL~ :lLhtl.anr., ..

Pn•,,;,.w'" llll t.....••untrv1\.1. .,-,~up î,.:.JiHH!kTnn,.

P"I'IIÎ!H]o,flAzt('• "'· •Ht·~r..l lif';Î. Jrtüpla!t tlu:·:pHlll
I.Jll'•tTRp>;('lrfH·•.•j•üftt:•Ig,rJ,l!ii.l lli ~,td. Ha!ètJK

fn:HHiUJ>~ T.i•l'lwj .:.w.1:lli"tÜw f•flurl!nf'tlm l!lk1't•rove
•:t-ud .1~.i'

:opyright (c) 1999 by National Geographie Society, All Rights Reserved 11:tho.;1,•1 lU•.'tilt"Îlld 'll''.Ît .}IF•I!!'.!irlittuj~(o IJ(' ~k
tun uat Î11 1·1rn,ll.,tH>•l tlt'i""lr~: thlt ~>~H ,r,ad ~tr<~ l~llli­

IIH'I.•ttt\\'ilîilh:\ rrlt~ •1. LHe'J',wh.:·u.M.;L('Itllt\i.dr~io\'­

•'l'I1h,.;_:n111•! n>••'-tl•u( rlw lai..F;~w 'f,. n:><d1:"~·:·•,H·-hl"t::_·

•)fnthe:rr•\)•l·•r•in"•·Y••rl•ny tHnl ml-~ ul•1llL;h••T,q.J od ~rh,•
:\mt-rr•::thfltn.lll·h1•! o·\~il•:ii :•!•II'ΕIl•i•H'!Tltt'"IIJ"

'"'""• ._f .n1.~Jr·~u •;•nu'", l'"Îith·•thi-< ..nr ,,,,r;,.. 1h,•

lt<<tl;l\'•l 'uf.Jll•!'f_,":11,IPUr•·nll''"llllh't.1,1j"Î!,(Wb Il
ti11·"\.qrrll .Lrd1,:,:"'t•-;1,..

lt 1\':.111•wti! i'"""•iH..-11•-;t'11.11 .~o·•• 'l;i:~l!':l,·liUii•:

·-w·\·:·_f•t:--l••.·at1a.,,_.r~.t ~1L'1.-·.~4.'•on. \\' 1 ;1;:,~,..-

Tlli- ~!lr\ w'hi··\~l~ .1o,l 1h·· cd- ,,,tç,,.n.L( ,,~:·~,,,, 1\.
"n•·Z!tJtirtï~u~-,-1·\ 1f,,..:lit· ~t·.d~':and r1.~IL-\:\t11:.1-·~t·

Y.J.1flht•r.\\f'T~ll 'Lk~(1~1:Tf. J·•u.·:tMi'~I ,c'. ftlrl.d~J"tt't·l

•-f-ln;,.,1ll•11-\':lli•\ •f-ll7~ !•rr "''-·lo·,;r·Jt'ttr; "·li tr;

li:I;J~t"ir\ u.l',1•r•!ltLh.h·~·l.i":q·~i .t~!,~ .ui.~·E~1~"""" J,,i:l·i~·
~~lltf·j"'

ln !.'·•',,,.,l,.t·.t.lntllll<'-·~•••1'"·fli•t·,;r--H ,fll,il.tr!.:.···I\'

1r~t .·h·!n•i·hL1"'tL-1!1"rl' .*,,'_'\·~~:· \~r·t1:n·~·~I1·,':-,:.~~··Î
~l;~ ..tu~..t!.l ...t_:;td_."'\::...1~.hlî,.:V~• .~,_. ,,..•;.
..r dl 1.. f'
~ht
1"•' 1o·' "··....!
,11h \1: !•Î:lll-ll•l

,.. 111::-:1l "h~":· "''l'"~~ ~o~·tr.~~~-~1•·r~,·J!J Hi't·*~'--~lf<~'·•:l

'"·H•····li·I•J!i."!'i·1 ........ Lt.:;:Lt 'l'...~,\rrzn: n...-l.l.
( .<dil!':J!rt'"!'''•!•··iïJioi·J,d• ,·r 1"i"•;~111";'~ '',-H':lr·r!

A•hiiLraJ [hn1•· .\.th!!I•·( '!rtd•d Hllr•';llHT :"•n i;;.":~1·ro11,

~.l\': !!:t'·j•,\';·cdt.Îhlili-,r .,-li•.1\-..: ..l"lt· \rJ.~B
Tht• ln1o'!''•: 1I, ηI,..:.!tl· !H l'an·. il!:..;:!tu•t :·Ji··'·,

,.,, '' 111.:·!·'nr :itl ..J·' .·1oJ,..J,..,.rh.ll 11 :.;·.~·r ,.,,J'•

•t•il"! ,~j.;~'-'JI l. .•i'P•'Ît·.1'1•j,,;;,lo.•, ;•• r~•·tÈ··•:1

;,. ,J~'1IIJbl:jttÎ111. 11ilj,,k •'ll. it.'~tÏt,;'l} .f1":11!•1\:' .."
~n!•H"t~ " :it'r•··tL•'"· .,.•,,,~\tlll. '"t:i,•L·.'Lr•

lt•.~11: 1.t;:•~!;J 11 to:1• 1.n·ilf•>H?ÎfW•.''I'ii.)tt•::ni·:1•

~ 'S'"f.h•,·Jt11·•·l•.•.""!•·l•i."l1••11-t:..•·,~· 'f·, ·\•' t.'I•.Ld

•llr'i.w•_.LWÎd1'1l•·'"~ll·ri .iJ!Iw:;[ql:~ ;:0!,:11'-)"11;,.oi,ll'lll'
..-trt:lll:Jk•-f•-if•:\rn;:-··.·Ill ,-,.;~. •frll'!Y ':.''lmr••·11 Ill•'

l':u·:IJI,-a;,j.-;lo•,Tr'•t(!l (;_~t:''n-IIalH\!U:Jl •iV>I',JH•HT!h.·

rnnnti..rr!,•.S:tn ttrJ.,,

1 ~~Îlf.• •:n.H•,..j11! 'S~;H,\1!,\l;tit.h~~ .!:'H-t\{•t:).'itlc•:jtt
lll,l.,..,,t•r•tùill:.ùm.~o lt:ll1 " d·t1~San .hum rin'l'.an.l it_..

irunw<h hrt\k+{;·MHl l]J•··•·unc.ry'-·~H. !ui:1r1:-yvndthE-lift

Copyright (c) 1999 by National Geographie Society, All Rights Reserved !llH" luFH~I>v-:a,ljT•:::- dlV•>I 1?:1IUI',o•Jyllllk1tHo·t.w~-.~u

l.akt~Ïc•lf r:n'tH·PP•n:•t~htL•\\:•·.tt•, ~·pa!"lmm·lh\ HaY
.~ :-;;,llttn.; tl~u!h.•!.1-'··n_,.:s.d L•t·r:.~.:unrn.-.1.

l.n1,...:rh··(•:Ll".,f'~hi 1,\L-\," Hlr'lt•itIIH,.bl.:1 flt·~1dy

.!ir•·•'l ii.wr'•H·•f,,. ·····•tl!P·:; fr1·"'l '" ~l'it~.; .tut,l

;\),.,,r),r,_.,. t1l,d.,.,.. dllll·•t1"' :[;,,Hi·• ~au (';,: ;,.,, '"
4~n: .;dIo;loÎÎ~f l',,fle!'. oollJllJiol•.•d,.:,1·<l.l•ioi.t.;p;Hl'll

wit!t ttt~ .-~ wi>~ 1.·, L.·n .., r.LtA t·•1'-'11 'n.u,.- !.•1Ïlt·

f,,,t·l~tl'lltPH ;ILiÎi~ti,

l11 V,•,t•flJl•l~"1 ' .",~· •If 111··hH.~ .·"·n:..i "'11'\'•'Yll•~
1'\Jf..•·tblt'.u-1. ···ry-i~~~.tt,r·t~•;-;.!H JlttL:horl"'rLnl'':;<111d

••rn· hnnoln••L nnd rfn· lti,•f··r~.~~:~nr· :în·.·:.··,·'"~ rlw

!ith,,f th,i'!i~ "·~.'L~fU'~~d·l;r··:~r,t-,.~·~d~"' T!I>':~Ji,-L
Tl<,,.t!;;.,,,,,at!,l ,,.,.u;d "'i·•·i'wrw,:.;:.un·111 !•~ <'·~

:"ur·tL...~...J,t. lh..,1,ll ·~-~~h;t~ ,....d~ ltnt· .. ,L.;•~t '~tf.~

:; 1;, 111 1.~......t .t~l·r;.:·_n..i,~..~~..:i

;.;•:.~" J'<~l li•l1\ '·'., , r1ill!!i'..·1t"'l't.,·,.~, ".'.;~l'"··~•:

•~~: •·•1•
rÜi :JH.J'!I'j!;,\':'~fl )t•~!:"" ~ri! 1V"."'t~1tt.'1~.i ..=~•-:""t;

JIIL•<~ l,,n ;'tf•!L ,.·1:. r, ...,tl·.it.m.1•n -!..,.i"1L 1'r•··

hm·:rm<,l t:l~ !1·r••·T,, rb ,, tt r.rlla<l•:, ~dt:d; .,:,H,•11
tlw.•.-•;r,·.• rf·~1•11tl~'f••l"r'.,.h111odr•·t11••llÎ.ltl!1itTi'I:T

;q•.tr•,..u..r;!hllt•".'•dld •; ,.. ,1•~1',.,î r~, , .;r•·!n'l'Ill,~·-

,,l'l.:. ' ,lt~l11~~

1
Ti'•i1~1..-..~·~~,·11 j". .\;".lt 1:d~- ,_:-~ .... ~u~.lr~i•t' .n-,J;;
ditli·.·q.,\··•t\•Il :11l•·:11 lfl•·-._.:·H,,lt:l;.:IT!i•iltIl••·11

•t.~.~.n ...-·~~ïl1··~·
1
4"_;'t'l.t•.. 1111~H· 1•:1. lti.fi
.tl' '1•

1.·. ''

...~·•'. 1i~1~1ll'1~;. l Il•

itllfd•·li•·,~~ llidIJaI~:l·I t r:tl. tq f •··•~l·)'!! . "i•t·t.~'•IIH.~·li

H.,'lffi"IU.!,_,,h.-·;j\~,, 'l,'i·<~. ,J,f\\' l't~,.•,· 1iH·ut~·Lr"'

Copyright (c) 1999 by National Geographie Society, All Rights Reserved Ill llilil' o.'~'"~'"
'"il···• ~· 'I'~PII dJr•.nr\,l h•· .It.',r {••~·"t..
•titilll'oiliJr\,, il,.,,•<~di r;..·.i•!'f a., •11Lif• fJ,.~un~it~.•i·~l·,·~

w,.rl,l)wl" ~">'~~.J.•rL,,, :lirli·,.q,. 1 L.L\..lh ~;..,i:~rw' iI•l.•rl

llt ··LLl!,.,. T; • !' ;-,.,,.."\• d,, ,Il ·lll'>:.lr!\d•·••!.:t~f .t,d,

11111•·.witt dl,:.

u( rln:w.~: r~, ri <>lt.''illkt 1h:11 Î>< aT

:~. ~u.trtf<t. tt11~~r~~~.1,1~~., ~anr. d~~'l'"k.,

Ill •P•'h•'""'•l• n~i· ·.ntl•co!•t·:lirw·,;l.J\:1<!•n1!i•lt tlt·
Î11t•••Î•·r ""ill, ,,,,.

Ht li ••udt·t,,l!uJf.lH'l".'v.dl !:p:,;.1 intr"'ïli1~·.•

Th,: tlur:d >.'\.hil,it~j' ·•,t••;,·..iJ~q•l '" 1..:f.''l!1,;1!1 !~'tiJ

(fflt'r\'l.iJllLl• h;il'llu:(<f;[n['[l 1·<d:~ j•-'1'.tl'.r ;,,·~·· \,,

~·~·r• rlJ'1'1-'fi''.h·~.tn.rt•1 ~f,~ ;:t•~tr1r~ llh·~',"~a.~ 'f1.t:· ttl'l

,t(tlll/1•·1'·1'f,., •.,·l (, Illh.'ll•t:.11!tlt111L.:'h 'l·;l!o,';'lHl>t;:\\o

;,lit•,,),:111•1'1 11111d•~;•ill '':\~h< ,.''f'•.'.Jinp;n,.J,,,.•·wiid
;•:\llll">Hl':·du nt;~) tiH'! lrt'.c•j·,,•,• •' ·j,,.lif'ff,r.,.,, ·aW·tJ•

~t~·H rir-lr!l.~i·~l~•~.~rl~~.r

r~~!r' "·,.tiILt~ ~t·tllt* !·"fJ,,..·!.l1t'liL~t 1~,..L q~. ~,~~ !!;~~.l'l'

1'l.1.-' .,~-lh, il~1 1~t~1 "

..:L11.Hnlu.,r

tltr1ft-.1!·f1"•Lr ii·11 111~l·lt.l fllr~r~,;.~ ·l,.,t~n.tlllL""t:~t.<~d':'>

.\I:w,l' ,.f tlIr·, 1."~l•· "'~""' 1~,,P..,.:, :l" : ... :ur''"'~:
til'!:.Îl\1:c1f '•1 \t,,Ît'1i ..,,..1 }. ,,

}.!r' 1\•jL.tf~;)f;''!•,:l !l'tq l/i'~· j>',i;!'!'f t'fli.flfJ :•.'t•l,n'(•,",

f•lll'j''f'l!lhIll1 "dili

rtJ..fl'\ ,i•a1'k,.tf"'i'~fÎnl,!!ffl•·!'lJtl "r rJt;,tL,~ ,·.j_N.l:lnt.....,

;,q; r~l'•1'tiî, _.t"iotî_:,,,,1'~ 1- ~<,\li~ 1thJ1î "h·- l'"'...1"1

tt~-~t ,~J,-~r'!t·It' ,~..t.•it~\~,. .pi. rt1! '·\,~r. T'"ll•t.~:....-

'dl·"' !''Il 1.

tJ>tl•'· .f .• ,.• ,: ,1loi·.
, '• •~..r, !JIif ·~
'1. .\f:d!iiil
'·'" t:,,,.,·,.•l·l··.,.·11 ,.,,,..1. <~· ·liPl ill•I'..•t!· ., ,. ,··d.;

'j'j, • Ill)

1 ':"t 1 1•Il' ,,i11:,-!ï \i I;li 1 1i,, ,"'l11t1 '"•li ·:•1.1:' •

.k~·T1;1·! hlJ•.111 L '· ·"11r•,_ "1·, :n~ tH t'~,l1 1 ~1":·

j ..."~·:.: ,l L; ',L1. ~ ,,q l.'~.
I..•.llLi•ttJIH ;.,..J-~!.~",~{ill .r,.

Hi. •.•.:111·•··1 i,, •;•:.: .Jilid. 1 ·.

Copyright (c) 1999 by National Geographie Society, All Rights Reserved tilHintp>'rtrtl'::··•·.r T\,,r,.,.,,J,~l11l,.,t··.1'"ll]·"1 11 ..>f1

1Ïit• ·,lî,'.t;le;•~t..tll~'i-<~i1',., ·-·11111;L:tl.t"''"ttl~ lit·•

.. :.,·p'''al· P,p·lir• lli!l,;···:.,1,1,lt•c H!•·ol.l:o·•·','•lli•l
. .
la~t~~\:- f «~~-1·tffaÏf1fd·''tfLî'j:"t1~,~a.:::1"H·.•.: Jy;. 'U.;,.,

tt1c.:dt1:- l1·,Jrul!l],~ IJ,,. l.•~t,~_"''..:. ,~~ !.!!tt ·.f ~,...t~
1
ilï!~ ~d''l.,f,~u~;.lo .,'t··dK",l'~~~f~!•t1f.:ft 'f,..f~l.",;.:,.'!"'t~:HH
Wll!t'h'"U!•I th'l'·'·•~4' ~i·-'"ÎHLI~ tlllf•

T'tw tir-.• !..1rrr]l·Jf:lt•· ;l~l-<'~<'1"!""1 •rt·1'lf" 1111br

1
u!Ï]t"111JJ •.1.d.li!-: ·t '-iht•~!~'l;LrftJ:"'.,t :""~qil ;rin;r•"' ...,,
JL, La.;.l't"dftlï.itl.iit u~\' ,;1'.r.~h; .l,litfl\"'lit""''f-
•1!1i·l'l•i·u
,,,,•.f \

1Ît"j;tl ~~'J•.,1 IÎ11't'!

l.\·..f 1"11hl, •. , r •1,

'iJ.··liJf~· ~r~,,.·1,tl· l.··.t·tt ·;!tl.1~ ·"" :rit-t• t'·l·~~~~~H

:.d•11•n·1n.Ir·•• ,.,·• 11td 11- 1.·1'·'·'··""·. .~·"'· ''"i"'f•JLLlh
*At q .'\}:~.•'"'t'!jj!!II~~ ~•·f''·?-·1Hi til!

~,.~Î \i:1llfu11\'!~t.i

~~L i!t.1ill, 1,.ff:t· 1!·!~\rn;~: ht(\t-;·111~,'lr'l..,.:_11r~l1~·:rll --.

~L··: ".· L11~ll'•l...; ,1•*~1 {• ~11l1•d ~1Hlr1•c~P.Ürnt,~< .e"·l~:.d
frp,l·rï~ t~p·~~n\ 1/•'t ..,~l"Ji{;j'L.tlt':1.d-~'Lt7 ~l1L: .p1tr•

Tlll'"..t· •1n ta• ,.11 ,.,,.,,_l'ttad·,..,..q.rl;tPIII!••.•1nqdy

ii..- l,,.,,.'l.l•kl•,,,-lt:1111 .. •1..'."''

!'ii1~::rl1'''~ltt 1·~·u ~11111ttidl!'Ut tt.l,l, Jii·, q~,.'r~·.n

tlv L.d,. ·'cl, ' ;1,1,, '' 1.. L1t.J:1..~t:d 1l'r."·•!·•Lur.dr•·•l

l~lf ~n,'tl~, l')·'ll'·EÎ"'..! J·J:II••fJI·Ï-Ï11".:;

,.•lt,n:t•·ll•l'o•·'l•

Fr"-''.L:t•.\;1 UA :..:•t .1ill· '11l• "' 1,,,Hi•· .;;IIt ,,.,;.1

•li·•ruw•"' •·t.>l',-•~ml·· I· wni.. .,..n ,,.·,,-rar11;;ol•rh•.
1
l••lool ,f,-~, • ·ito:f·tr.~~:l ;r,-.,t,·llaofi•iirt t•·t•'!~f·.l
·rJ.•~!lfL "f•'·o,( 'tl>!'IV••\,',1'1'">1b lllt.•·1~•.::~ it•l:··­

po•rJt:thl•·ll '.lwrlli.~il.. <..c~·,~ • r,;..l, ..ni ..,1 it;d,

ltt'r mjf,lhi.u~i •.:..\!,!il\Ltr l'lo:l•· i, ,,]·~·it l•h•1; th•

'l:tl'iaH ,.,.'I,,JI.,

Tlu· :n·,.r-,,!.!:,. •·1lit•····•:''"''''t:itlr; ''I'P•'1' ···.•L·:t••t~

•• Yi'[: t•llfl lrt•1tli•II>IHillllf<lith11111ind ,\ 11fW,;1•1}'.[!1
••rrm•· !'::.,f h• .\·~\ nft!!• ho•",,lt'h~\ Lrl!·"ÎJ',;fc"o t!\1

Copyright (c) 1999 by National Geographie Society, All Rights Reserved r'1'~ L,...,.){
--~'#--·~""'" ~ • ..'I.;,•)t_•
".~ .' '"··.~'•'-~·....•t..
9 .~-- ~---~.~..·.'d~.'-.,J.IIP~_
-"", -.=..'·'·..·.'y.r.··".J
- ~..,;,, ._''-;. ..'1
--.. -,....-.·"''-..'-...\.,...
ft ,~ _...,f--=.,
.-J'· -
.. ~ ~ . -\,.J..---..0"·. :!-.J
~ ·l·, ..~~...·,.........
~ ~·~ f··}f - '­
~, ~ .t~ ~ ..1(, '·
... r/. ~(4;.: "':'
/,.,
0
!, (" :_v
'''/
•/.

..;,l.

Till:'\lC:\HA.\XAL

Copyrig(c199by NatioGeograpSocietAllRighReservedAnnex2LA RIBERA DERECHA

DEL Rio SANJuAN
(unaparte casidesconocidade CostaRica).

por
DrAlexander von Frantzius
(1862)

----*--

TRADUŒl:éNDELALEMANY ANOTADO POR
PabloBiolley

MUSEO

·SANTAMARIA PARTE!

.LA RIBERA DERECHA

1
DEL Rio SAN JUAN

. (1862)

HISTORIA DE LOS VIA]ESDE DESCUBRIMIENTO

entrelacordilleravolcanica deCostaRicay el rioSanJuan.

A PAR·TE SEPTENTRIONAL DE LA REPÛBLICA DE COSTA RICA, situada a

L lolargo del r1oSanJuan y limitada al~ por la cordillera vold.nica, es

del todo terra incognita, lo mis.nio que la parte meridional, mas extensa

todavfa E• efecto, solo l:tpequeîia faja de terreno que comprende el valle del

1 Traducidodelos"Mitteilungen"dePetermant. VIIi 1862.

2 Desdehace30anosqueelartiadodelDr. Frantziusvi&laluzpUblical,apartesepteleCostad
RicahasidoexploraprincipalmenteprlsefiorObispoCostRiica,Mgr.B.A. Thiel,acompaiiado
por tkJnLeOFernandez,en lapac~iente a lascuencasde losriosFrtoy San Carlos(Vtd.
CrileccideDocumentos para la·Historia de Rica,jmbiicatsordon.Le6nFernarid.omo
DI notapag3.09-325.osestudiospreliminaresparala constrproyectadae un ferrocarrilal
nortehanarrojatktJambbastantluzsobrciertregirmea,cuencaderiSarapiquty susajluentes
principalmen,erestostrabasri'lJicohansidogeneralmenteuestalalcancdelgran!JUblico.
·Existun informedelDr. W.M GabbsobreeltenitoriodeTal.artueVisiten 187y 74perose
publichaydiasolamenestobraimportantylosfliejosatospUblisueposefamoantessobresta
regiOsedebfantambiéna Mgr.B. A. Thiequeha publicatkJo mandadohacerrelaciode sus

LARlBERADERECHAriELRÎO SANJUANl espesàShubes de tempestad y, por la tarde, de la una a.la.Sdos,"coi?-ienzaun

fuerte aguacero con violentos truenos. A las 5 6 6 casi siempre ha dejadode

llover_Ysiguen una bonita tarde y una hermosa noche. Los aguaceros tienen

generalmente, en los mesesde julio y agosto,peque.fiasinterrupciones de dos

o tres semanas quesellaman veranillos.

Los aguaceros com.1enzan generalmente con los vientos del noroeste,

m.ientrasel viento del noreste trae el buen tiempo.

Hacia el oeste, cerca del lago de Nicaragua, Uueve ma fuerte y mas

continuamente; _losCerros de los Guatusos y los alrededores del volcan de

Orosi, que se·encuentran raras veces sm nubes, son particularmente mal

vi,stosbajo este concepto.

Hay poco q1,1d eecir de los habitantede .lz~n ae tetreno que acabamos

de describir. En el capÜno de Sarapiquf hay actualmente media docena de

colonias. En las.lianur~ de Santa Clara han vivido de tiempo en tiempo

algtinos individuos, pero ningful colono se . ha establecido alli

definitivamente. Lo m.ismoha sucedido desgraciadamente en el valle de San
Carlos. Las colonias emprendidas desde el afio de 1850 esd.n abandonadas

otra vez, excepto dos o tres. En la ribera derecha del rio San Juan, entre la

desembocadura del Sarapiquf y la separaci6n del Rfo Colorado, no se

·eiicuentra tampoco todavfa ninguna coloriia.

28 Lascolo sinsenumerosas todavk, ·hanaumentado sin embargo baselcamino del
Sarap lsalues de SaxiMiguei, la VyChilamate cuentan cada una con un nUmero de
ranchos que va siempre aumentynen otros ·puntos del camino se hacen des.montes y se
conStrUyen casas.Las llanuras de Santà Clara, tanelcultivo de los bananos, estan
·h~d1acubiertas por numerosas haciendas y solo la insalubridad del elima se opone al aumento
delapoblaci6n. El delSan Carlos esta todav1apor poblarse, pero ha Ilamado ya varias veces
laatenciDn de los capitalistas .deseosos de emprender grandes explotaciones a.grlcolas,por su
feracidadlas ventajas que oeldo para la exportaci6n de los productos. En la propia

. 54 Alexander von FrantziusAnnex 3 THE

ARINNICARAGUA.

WB.ITTEN BY

GEN'L WILLIAM W.A.LKER.

MOBILE:

S. H. GOETZEI, & CO.
NEW-YORK: 82 WARREN-ST.

1860

l>yniainc Ethridge-Books, DNroit, 1971344 TBE WAR IN NICARAGUA.

Thompson was made prisoner; his oo11duotand courage
were praised by the Costa Rioans, and he himself was

liberated soon after being taken to SanJuan del Norte.
W ell might the Costa Rioans a.ffordto laud Thompson,
for it was his oriminal neglect of duty whioh enabled

them to get possession of the point at the mouth of tho
Serapaqui, and thereby seoured the suooessof their suh.
sequent operations.
Spencer had marohed with his Costa Rioans from San

Joséto a point on theSan Carlos river, sornemiles abovtl
its mouth, and had thence floated his men on rafts down
to the mouth of the Serapaqui. In addition to the foroo

whioh attaoked Thompson on the 23d, a large body of
soldiers bad 'beenmarohed to the San Carlos, under thl!l
orders of General José Joaquin Mora, brother of th.,
President, J nan Rafael Mora, and oommander-in-cbi~Jf

of the Costa Rican army. The march was very d.iffiouJt
from the nature of the country through whioh it Wllll·
made, the region between San Joséand the San CarlO$
being entirely uninhabited, and wholly destitute of ·

sistence. The road over whioh Mora marohed wu
mere trail, and his soldiers had at times to out their
with machetes through the thiok undergrowth. The

sults of the maroh depended wholly on the suooeea
Spenoer'sefforts to get possession of the river San ·
and of the boats plying on it, and Spencer, as we
seen, owed his fu-st and most important suooe."J o

grol'lsand oriminal negligenoéof Thompson at the
paqui.
Afterthe surprise of Thompson, Spencer again toolt
his rafts and fioated to the harbor of San Juan N .Annex4 RI'NIIX 't ,

,.., )Y1vs.f,s;~ JtS "6,-tflllo
·'

ANALES . i
\
DEL'

.)(.
INBTITUT FO/8100-BEOGRAF Y/00L MUBEN OAO!ONO ALE

COSTR A!OA-

-o-
...

---
'l'omo X%%.-1890.

H. Pittier,
Dlmtwd#llruHtuttJ folt~~~ei4,al,tD

A.ALPARO, GEo.K, eHERRIE,
Secrctario del Muuo Natio1111l ZoJ/ogoMimoNaei4t~al

P.REITZ, Ao.ToNouz,
Jefel"stituttJ fls.eo-geocrafieo Jl"stitulo fllieo-geogrrJfiço.

•••

.,.
••~aMdtCoataloa,aO,A,

Digi.t1.oôglc
........ -r18-

aguardiente. Etito a~~ ~ez lm tcnido por consccucncia <jliC por ellutlo sur cie la cordillcra ''olcânica, pues es·noregi6n
los inmigrantes extranjeros no han tcnido ninguna indinactôpue<le compctir con las otrns situa<las en el océano AtliLntico
hacia un pais cuyo acccso implicaba d riesgo de la ,·iclJ. y no por r-nusn<Icicostoso ftetc por el Cabo de Homos Pa­or
era JWsiblesino con grandes gMtos, y dondc, en fin, el ohrern nam•iEl inh:rior dt: Costa Rica tendra asl •tue rcnunciar â
extranjero, sirccur~ dobi, rh·alizar rem d jnrnalcru indi·csportar suspro!lu ropcaleK mientras no se haya cons·

gena, en condicioncs muy dc•fa,·orablcs, pue> no le cra pcrmi. trtti<':~md inroe~ :iAotlantieo.
lido cultivar los productoss remuneration:& y lucrath·os de 0Quédebc hnccr nhora Costa Rica para cxplotar las ven­
los tr6picos, c:ltabaco y la cana de azucar.Costa Ri<"ano tajas de <jUehcm<'shablado en pro de los intereses de toda el
puede, pues, pensar nunca, para a<l<tuirir hr:tzos-ntrcsi< hui pai•?
muy apremiante- en ,·alersc de la inmigrarion, micntr:1s no Es da.ro •tue un pals, fuera el tn:l.,; hermosa de la tierra,
se haya abierto un:t entrada por la construcci6n de un <":lminu nn ticnc ningun ,·alor mientras no estéypno se pue-
al océano Atlanticoy micntra.• no sas~gu laot:istenda ma­
teriale los inmigrantcs con la suprcsi<în tic los monopnlioj>icnsc-.i:o .:n la CnliforC.:..·lUca*-_.u·u·· .rtoidclqwc. se
Ahora, cuando Costa Rica h:1ga un tli:1un nuc\"o csfucr1v0
.........,,...~=.. ..- .. ...-. -..- .....
empren od: \ezln construcd<iu del t·amino hn<"iacl ,\. l'f•li hO)oeiÎiiMitti:& No puede h:~c e~tr con
tl:l.nti<:o,entonces, podr:l. uno prtguntal"llc si nec~"astos propi:ls fucrzas, sino unicamenteatrayendo inmigrantes
rios para csto no superan :i.r~'Cur delosais y si no hay cxtranjcro.. Ln <·scagapoblaci6n del pais no solamente ha
otro medio de darle una nue,·a fuerz."\de es istcncia. sido tliczmad« por la !.'llerrat'ontra los tilibusteros y la epide­
Después de estas consitleracioncs preliminarc<, l"nh·ammia del rcilcrne ln siguiô. sino que los reglamentos dema­
ahora nuestras mirndas haci:. la ril.lcm inhal.litciel S.m •indo scwrosy el hc<·hode Cjuese ha querido intitil, y desp6-
Juan. Encontramos inmctliatamente <tUc la naturale1.ar~u· ticamcntc ohligar :i totlos los hombres al servicio militar, han
ni6 allâ en conjuntll toclas las \'cntajas pnsibles y que pucde dado cumo rcsultado que muchas familias, en los ûltimos, aiios
extraflamos el hc:cho de que un scgundo Costa Rica no se hahan clctcrminaclu rctirars:1.la~ partes montailosas mas

ya fom1ado en este punto de!Klemucho ticmpo. apnrtatlns del pais pacsr:~p airsse yugo. I>e este mo·
La gran importancin para el comercio del mundu <)Ueha do ~' <'OnlOsc han funaadn, ck-sdcla Ültima guerra, una cantΕ
alcanzado el ferrocarril 6.través del istmu de l':mam:i, pro,•o. <ladtic nue\·os de poblaci6n, principalmente en las
r.arieguramente empresas an:l.logas en otrus puntos adecua­montai\ns etc Cantlclaria, ccntros CJUC<'Staban como perdidos
dos, y por cierto la apertura del paso por Tehuantepec no seri para d pnis entero por su situacion lejana. • Costa Rica pue­
la IÎittma tentativa de este géncPero, tntrc todos los de·tic,pu<·s,pcn.:ttambi ~n mandar algunas f:~mil timasd,s
mAs puntos, el rfa &n Juan tiene los mayorcs dcrechos, por·e en mccliu de su propia poblaei6nIlos terrenos situados del
que par élse ha establecido ya, en otros tic:mpos, una !inca delatlde la <"Ordillo:ravolc:inica, cu:mdo esta poblaci6n se
tnînsito y, mientras subsisti6, tuvo brillante éxito. J\hora pue­ofonmlo c:-onln introducciôde inmigmntes extranje.
ros. ••. ~~turalme hatcque hnŒr, por otro lado, todos los
de ser un canal para buques, un fcrrocarril u otru mcclio cie
trâfico, elllamad:1establcc:cr la comuni.:aci<în entre lus dos c,;fucrt.osposihlcs par:l impctlir que la po'>laci6n disminnya
oceanos-y esperamos que no sc dejari cspcrar mucho tiem­ tocl:wia,:umo ha sur.cdido nntcriormentc. Este ~.,p.ra el
po- siempre queda. la llnco. de tr:i.nsith:.de abrirsc pnrGohicrno un punta que no ha t'>mado b:~sta an tecbo y que
el San Juan, la primera eondici6n yla m:is <-sencial para ln:is bien hn ahandonndo dcmasiado, pues si suced1era que nu.
prosperidad yensanche del tcrritoridt: Cost.l Rica situa<lumcrosus inmigrantcs cxtranjcros formaran coh>nias en el Rio
en este rlo.Jo;nprimer lugar Greytown cs un puerto frccuen­ !::iudo,cl Sarnpiqul y elC:~rl no p,dria el Gobiemo con·
ta.do; despuésson ciertamentcpocns las rcb'Ïonesque ofrc<·encn·ar su influcnci~obr ce!r.s sino con cl establecimiento de
tantas ventajas para los procluctores co!;1,ribcras cielS."\njos del pais en su mc:dioI>eb1mpues, ante todo, estar a­
Juan. Encontmmos aiH un elima sano dondc el colono puedc biertos log pasos de ln cordillpara el trafico y no setrata

elegie la temperatura que mcjor le convienya en la misma m:l.s :~.h oora,lo creena menudo todavfa personas de corta
llanura,ya en las diferentes alturas de la vertientc de las mon­, de tcncr s6lo un camino al norte, es precisa podcr Uegar
tafias. • El pals esta recorriaopcquef\as distancias por rios S:IDJosé ni Rio Sucio por el camino m:l.s corto, esto es por
navegables que, por medio de pequcflos botes, permitcn una La l'alma, Jo mismo tle Herediaa Santa Clara, de Alajuela al
comunicaci6n f:icil y râpida con el &Juan, y, lo <tue mas Sarapiqui, deCirec aiTo~o Amarillo y del Poas y de &n
importancia tient:, los emigrantes pucdcn llegar alli de un mo.n al valle de San Carlos, y seriatalvézconveniente que
do tan facil y barato como a todos los dcm:l.spuntos situados la conexi6n j>ropucsta por Dügo Paltrdosentre cl Guanacaste
en la costa del océano Atl!nticoEl suelo se prcsta p:ua cl y cl ,·alle de Rio Frlo estuviese lle1•ada a caEstos cami­

cultiva de todos los productos de los tr6picprincit,almentenos deben sc:restablecidos y conservados porlas localidades
del tabaco, de la caiia, del Indigo y tlel cJo:lalgod6n se limltrofes que tit·nen interés en ellos, sin gastos espparales
produce t:unbiéne calidad excelcnte y algunos pedazos ais· p:1rtc del I<:stado,como es el caso con todas las dem:l.svfas de
lados parecen creados especialmente para la cria ùel ganado.omunicaciôn del interior. •Cartago también no estar:i se­
Igualmente pueden cultivarse con buen éxito los productos guramente mâs impedida por los celos de Jas otras ciudades
tropicales que vienen en segunda Ifnea, como el arrow ·root, el
tapioca, el orlein, la vainilla, la zarzaparetc.a l'cro cs • Si rueC'!l\·crdadero y J)Udiera figarar como factor importante pa.
precisa que todos estos productopuedan Rer cultivados en r:explicar 13.c<ocn.'icdze poh<:~tn aica, vendrfa preci!!ïamentc
grande y exportados f:icilmente. En efccto cl culti\"O de en conlra detc: ~e,sostiene cl DFranttius.FondAndose centroa
tle poblaei6n en lugare!; apartados,nnata.ralmeel n6deo de
los articulascitados qucda imposible para la exportacién la colonizad6n completa c[t:Ja regiOn en que est&in colocados, y como tie·
puutos habitados anterioryde donde prov.ieneu,el paf• no pierde
• El monopoUodel tahatJo menos deberf<JUittlrsolculth•oa.bsolutamente naP. B.
de este vslioao pfodacto permitine en toclo el territorao, pucli.la renta que
suDLinistrala venta por el Gobierno no es muy cons1~penn1!SO
de libre cu.C1laerw zonu, otorgado en estos ûhiaftoJcs yun "'" La cuestit\n de inmigracl6n exCintroducci6n de naevos e.
bles para el cultiva ae la P.an.a. escogido lu partes mAs(alementos en la.poblaci6n cost:Lrrmur compleiay. por interesan ..
te que sea. ~lemos trntarla nqoRecordaremos simplemente tP­
do< los cnsayos de coloniZilciony traida de extranjeros hon fracasadO hast&
portAncique~entan dlos terrenos de la regiün :;ctel~fi'Tenl,hora, no porque no se pre:;tara. el pa(s para ello~111/'n•zorque
cu111tt là salubrldad de los mi:\o hay que en.;anar al colono: ol'tulyJlf'K«iot fJrit't~a/,•rtlÙJ»II"gnztùls J"n Id 1111111
elima oo es, ni puede ser saDOen las regio~u~mp:.ratnuusaa,lslrr,.rrliininlh•a )/'TC~It «d~Jnd)·dainltnntl4titi GDIJI'tmo
y los eetablecimientos en la vertiente delas montafias prcttentan ln gr:an pnJfluth lw ruullaâos Nnlltos 911tlt ts~l­m tlt tlltt, tn
desvent&j&de cncoatranc 4 mucha distancio de navcr.blc: de lo!Jlcmft/l~ /Jro:(ltplat.J.'jJ/Pd,. lrÎfiU:tnal1tralt1, P. h.
t(os que han deser pur mucbo tiempo el n1ejor camjno r.ra. la exporta.·
ci6n.Apunternos tambiéo &quique Costa. Rica n11fa.vnrec]>Or ,. El Ur. Jo'rar,t&iusuo ba pensado en el in1portede loa gastos neeesa ..
ute comercio de exportaci6n sino Greytown, mientr&.lnuefitraaoApo.m1n.conservaci6n siqutestOc:aaunos, dejando a,arte la c:ae,...
eonstruklo el ferroc:arrilal norté~hsildn.r1111 \':inmc.-nsnnca.lid:l,de!imuy distRnles anaycn.1itoc.lu muy pohres. cuando
i lullanurade lAorid~r.' CehaanJuan. 1'. Il. :itra.tlr:\ de cnminlargayocost~:i l.n.Annex 5 DECLARACION CON.JLJNTA

El Pres1.oente .::teii3 Repüt:Jlica de Costa Ric.a, Don Fli3fael Angel
Calderon Fourn.ier v la Pre>sidente i:/e }ri/ Repùblica dE' N.icarar;u.a,
Dofta Violeta BürriCis de Ch.:~morrD .eunidos en lt!l ciud.ad de

/''!an.agu .a,1 os d 1as 30 y 31 de enero de 1 Q91 :

.f?e>.;Jfirmt!lndoel e!Eoirltu de .11ermanaad y amistaa que> trt!ldic.ional­

mente hl!l unii:/o a ambos paises y que ahord abc:ma el cam.ino de una
nue•'d .v fructifer-lfii r"elr!!lc.ion:

Tt!>niendo en Cuenta que la vecinaad tewritoriaf y la permanente

vocaci6n de> libert.:~d ae sus pue~los les settal. :n~ destina compar­
tido, sustë>ntado en una vision comùn quE' par-te de vdlores perma­
nentë?s como la la Democ::'aCiâ, li!iDt:>sm.ilitari::ac.ion y J.:J
Justic:.a Social;

Destacando su conviccion de que el fartalecimiento de sus
vinc:u.Jos biléiterales constituye un f.actor d& sinç;t..tlar J'mportanci.a
t:n el proc!ii!'ifO de oesarroJlo de sus oueblofii v en el avance del

orocesa de Q.acificaci6n y democrdtizaci6n en C;:ntromér•ic.a, .a cuya
l&bor d&dican un primer lugar en sus e'fiiifuerzos,

J.- Sel'ralaron la importancid hist6r.ù::a de este encuentro, que
.narca el iniClO dE> un nuevo cd!lpitulo en las relacione!f'
t:lllat.e.-ales ent>~f! sus puet:;Jos v gobie,~'"r.o &sn, .·noment:os en Qu'ii'la

~avor Qarte de los pais.ii's del ~undo han ~Or•=ado la cau~a de la
Democr~cia v. en Jo regional~ el oroceso de oacifzcaci6n en
Cen troamer 1ca na en trado en una Illie .a ; y er:;oeranzadora e taoa
polltica v economica, en la que urge aflanzar los logro$ v

e·<tEr"''der <2 todo'E los pëises el fin de ld guerra y lt3
~econc1liac16n n<Jcional, en el convencfmiento de que la paz
regional &s indivisible.

I !. - f:,prC?saron, sin emt:J<Jrgo. su i1'1d:profunda preocupacion por e-1
dfi!!'sar.~o dllo los acontec:im.ientos en el Golfo Pé>rsic:o, origlnados
por lâ il&ç;al ocupacion de f<:."~uv peu- tp,;~rt eec Jrak, y manit'es.tcu­

su m~~ vehemente instancia fi!!'n favor de una aronta soluci6n de
dicho c~n~l~cto scbr~ una oase de respeto al Derecho
/nternacionai y. de manera esaecial, a las principios de la Carta
cle t.Jac.:.·::Jr:eï../nidas QUE nor-n.an ]ra con·~ .ië·nc.i.:s pa.c1ficâ ent.r;: los

E5tados, desar~~llados en la resoluclcn 2625fXXV• d& lâ ~samt:;lea
Ge.nP?r-3] ~1e ltii!ilV:::.ic.::ones Unidas,

aecJSl6~ de su~ Gobiernos de impulsar

~.aaes,.n.l.:~.itar..: d:.a Ce~·-.:.ét~>-oal7' .1iE.?t~e.tE?~...;::.a.iri:t~·.
nan acordado concertar esfuer:as a r~~ de c~e las negocJaciones
en materJa de 'eçurlOad, verificacJcn, ~ontrçl y limit~ci6n de

armamento$ v ~fectJvos mil1tares concl0v~n ~ la orevedad con la suscripciém de un Acuerdo en esta import.ante materia. En este
sentido y camo un.a medida tendente a fortalecer un elima de

confianza. ambos Gooif!'rnos harân pûolicos lii'n Hanagua. en la
proxima reunion de la Comision de Seguridad de los Acuerdos de
Esquipulas, sus Jnvf!'ntarios de Armament:os y los Censos de

ëfectivos /"!i1itares y a·e Segur·id.ad.

én el marco de las accionlii's acordadas por la Comision de

Seguridacl, acoraaron instar a aqueJJos Gobiernos que dispcmen de
recursos y meclios especializados para el leYantamient:o de minas
para que coope, ...en con Ios Gobiernos de Costa Rica y Nicaragu.a er.

l.;s acciones corresoond1entes en la zcmiil fronteriza parii el logro
de esos prop6sitos. Igual instancia realizaron a fin de loçrar el
desarme de civiles en Nicar.aqua.

ResoJvieron, asimismo, sef"raidr la im.oortantria de que la
Org.;;nJ.zacibn de los Estados 4mericanos fOEA.l dest3rrolle
un papel
dcti-.·o tendiente à liJ reaucciôn cif!i'.armamentos y efif!!ctivos
milJ.tares en Amf!:rica Latl•'ï.;i y realizélr esfuerzos y ges t.icmes
conjr_mtiiis ;;:on c!icho for-e oa.r"a. e>stos oroposi tos.

1V. - f:?ei terdror: su f 1rme comprom.i so
con el .~esi:)eto, tu tel <2 v
promocion irrestrictas a todos los aerechos y libE'rt.ades
fundamentales de la persona, como un elemento esencial pt3ra Ja.

e.~ is tenc i a de vf!!'rdaderos procesos de democrt3tizt3cion y
,-econciliiiici6n nt3ciont3les en Cent:roélméricd.

Recorclaron aue e>stfi' compromisa es parte esencit3l. de l.a
Declarélcio.'1 de Cent..··oamE!rica camo Region de PaE, Oemocracia.
Libertéld y Dest3rrollo, ....cifi'nt:emente proc:lam.adél en la CL,·mbre de

Puntarenas. Jo que inaugur.r1 wn,a --enovadt3 concepcion del fu·t:.;ro
del dl"f!!>:3 ,. su adhesion a Jo;;;; '/iJlore>s c--eac:los en el m.:;rc:CJ Oii?l
P~ace>~o de EsQuipul~s.

v.- El Pro:si.dente ,;Je léi !:fepubli.ca dt?? Costa R.::ca ti?st.;.·monl6 su
n:c:.:;~nocimi.o<: 2nt a P~esidente OE' Nic:.ilrt3ql.la por lofi lot;ro:::

.:A]can;:r3dos en el proceso aemocrt!Jt.:.c:o y de reconcJ}i~ci6n nacions2
~si camo los dvances en ]i!ii redu.c:ci6n gradu.:Jl de efectivo;;;
· militares.

vr - Luego de ~nallz•r 1~ situélci6n imperdnte en €1 Sd}V~dor.
cleciaieran destacar id neces1dao de que el proceso de clidlogo se

intenslfJ.que. con f!'l prop6sJto ~· loqrar un éJCuerdo que ponga fzn
al conflict:o ar-mi!ldo, creaf"!dC' asi un meJor- t3mbù:nte p,:;ra la
celeoracJor de la~ çr~~imos comicics elec:orales y generardc làs

cof"!diciones m~s prooJcias pt3r~ unél autent1ca reconciiiacJOn
nac .:.:on.;;l. ::3pa.rtir de! .-e'iioeto irn;pstr.icto a los Dereci1os l·-lt:m.; .".'C'!ii
E~--es:tE" 5erjt.ido, resal-..<J.et-":'n .instat- -:al Sec.,.-etario Genet ... l d~ l.:iz:.

Nt3cJones C/n.idàS .; qui!' rE:'dob.le sus: <?sfuf!'r::os pélrél una ;:y.,.....c.-.ta
sc:lucJOn dl .::onflicto ~n ~1 S~lvüctor.

Vl!.- NanJ.ff!'staron su profundiS satisfacc:;.:f.on oor los res;;;~.;Jt, ::f;do;:
l.:; ··t:cjt:'n te con el Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y los dem.ls
Handatarios Centroamericanos, qut:.- ha èibierto un nuevo y
esperanzador horizonte èi las relaciones de cooperaciôn y amistad
entre Mé>U:co y Centroamérica y destac,;;u·on su reconocimiento al
Presidente Carlos Salinas de Gortari par esta iniciativa que
constituye un invaluable ejemplo de colaboracion y concertaciôn
para el desar.-ollo. en la m<is amplia ê!xpresièm del
latinoamericanismo.

VIII.- Al analizar y evaluar el estado de las relaciones
bilaterales entre sus paises. acordaron la creaciôn de una
Comision Binacional con el ob}eto de dinamizar y profundi::.;r los
vlnculos de cooperaciôn entre sus rf/L>spectivos Pueblos y
Gobiernas.

1.- l:U abord.ar el tem.a de liii seguridiiid y con el proposito de
tr·abâ)ar estrechamente en favor del progreso y ,d tr-anquilid.ad en
la region fronteriza, dcorddr-on instruir d las autoridades
correspcmdientes parà sistematizar y for-talecer los mecanismos de
comunicacion e intercambio de informacion entre los puestos de

màndo fronterizo. dSi como de. p.;rtrullaJe y vigilancia conJuntas.
con miras a prevenir y combatir el trâfico de armas, la
produccion y tràfù:o ilicito de fii'~tuoefaciente ys sustancids
sicotrôpicas y 1.,;realiztac.i6n de otr-os /"!echos delictivos.

én el marco de la lucl"la conJunta contra el narcotrafico,
resoJvieron aundr recursos y medios para una mejor vigilancia de
la region tronteriza.

11simismo, destacaron lcJs potencialidade>s y el v,alor de la
colaboracion con México y Colombid en esta miiteria, a oartir de

su p<3rticipacion en los tr,abaJos de 115J Comisiôn Cent,-oameric:aJnd
del ~cuer·do de Coop&rac.r"6n Regional para 1,;~ Erradicaci.éi"? :1&1
Tr~fico Ilicito dE! Drogas.

:::.- E..., r:>làciôr: él los asuntos: m;.gratcn-ios -:.r-rtre los dos o.ais:e:;,
decidi!E'r:::v; fortôlece-~ la coo!:!eràcf.6n en mati!i'ria de cont.-ole!E
miçratorios sobre la bàse de sistemas modernos de into~matica.
asi como facilitar &1 trdnsito de nacionales de ambos Estados.
P~ra este ~ltimo propôsitc. acordaron la suprE!si6n de visas en
pasaportes diplom•ticos, oficiales y de servicio v el
E!stablecimi&nto de una v.1sa multiole OëJr:. comerci.ante!f- y
emoresa.- i os.

E:•:pres.aron su sdtisfdccion por el an-ance en el or-oceso d~:
r•piiitridci~n voluntaria e integr~ci6n de refugiados nicaraguenses
v, con es& propof!'i to, dfi?cidi&ron J.nsta,· d là Comuniaad
lnt~?r-ndcionœl pardi que .1·.r:c:remente su dpoyo 3 los proç;ramàs de
cooperacion en esta area.

3.- Tomando &n cu&ntd là!5 e.xcelentE?s reiac.lones de amistad v
cooJ;:Jerac;ôn &xistentes t?nt,..e },;;><;Gc;bierno:;. de Cost.a .Ricd ·v·
Nicarëigud y el elime; fa-.··orable que ejJo crea. acordJron aue,
durBnte t?l plazo dE' ejercicio d& sus re$oectivos mandatas presidenciales, se trabaje en la büsqueda de acuerdos en materia

de delimitaci.on maritima.

4.- En el marco de una estrec:ha cooperaci6n en materia de media
t!lmb.ient:e, dcordt!lron continudr impulst!lndo el desarrollo del

tJroyecto "Sistemël Inter-ndcl.onal de Areas Protegidas pard la Paz"
(SJPIP4Z) e instar-on a la Comunidad Internëlcional d apoyt!lr este
va Ji osa es fuer-zo.

5.- Las Presidentes, al examinar detenidamente los temas de

Comercio, Jnvers.iones, Cooperacion y Deuda, e>n el marco de Ja
excepciont!llidad que vive Nicdragut!l y las decisiones adoptadds en
los puntos 14 y 15 de la Declaraciôn de Puntarenas, acordaron
instruir d sus ~'"t:Spectiv o'1inistros de Economia y Desarro!Jo a
que continûen e.>riJtrdnàna·a unël agendà .amplia que incluy.a temàs como
el de liiA .::cmr:llement.ar-ied.ad economica .• ]d creacion ete mec.anismos

'finëlncieros v l.a activa part.lcipdci6n de emprelarios privados de
amoos pdises en los esfuerzos para el desarrollo nacional.

6.- Al dnal.izar la cooperacion en ld campo de la salud, La
Presidente de N.icaragud ë~ÇJrë~de~i pr6ofunddmente la donacion de un

s.igni ficdt.ivo lote cie medic:.inas por p.arte dl!? Costa R:icà~ Jo que
constituyf!? un renovaclo gf!?sto de la trdd.ic.ional solid.aridat:J
c:ostarrJ.cense. El Pl'"f!?S.idente de Costd Rica rat:ificô el v.l·vo
interés dl!? su Gobierno de pro'fundizar- esta cooperaci6n en
materias tales como la 'formdciôn cie personal técni.co y en la

amp1J.aci6n dt: los pror;;rdmas de <~sistenc:ia sanit.arid.

Oestdcdron el aumento l'lOtable de> las relaciones de cooperac.iân e
.interrelaciân de J.as acciones en m.atf!?ria de salud entre Cost.a
Rica y Nicaragu.a y, en estf!? senticlo, I:Jrinctaron su mils dec:idido

respaldo al desarrollo de la II fdse del Plàn de Prioriddr:ies oe
Sal•.;d de Centroamtt>r:zca v PanamJJ .• ejecutado con la col<iboracion dE
l.:J OPS/0/'15, que sera prEsentada a léi ConfEre.ncia lntert1dciondl
sobr<P salua qu<P se celfi!>bra.rJJ f:?n Nadri.d en mayo prâ.vimo.

7.- Los Presiaentes aestacë~ron l<i importancia quf!?, pal'"a El
proceso de cJf!?sarrollo, tiene el intercambio educativo. El
Presidente dt: Costa Rica expresô i<>l interes de su Gobierno d<P
f.ac;.·lit<Jr l.a cooperacJ.on en est# mi'i/terJ.a, medi<Jnte la apertura d<P
cupos y bec:as para estud1antes n;.caraguenses en las Universidë~des
Nacional y de Costa Ricël y el orrecimiento de instalar, E'n

Nict3r.agua, Cen tros Universi tdr-ias dl? Educdc :iém a Dis tancJ.·a, en el
mdrco de Jos progrdméls de la UNED.

B.- Los P~esJdentes coinc:;dieron en df!?st•c~r la gr~n importd~cia
rie la ceieo,~aci.6 """ 1'1a~agu aE' la Ret..tnion f1ini'.iiteriéil sol::we el

C/i.àloga politico v la Cooperac:.:.'ôn economic:a entre la Comunidaa
Europea y sus Estados miembros, los paises de ~.mèricd Centrë~l y
Panr3md :,.. el Grupo de los Tl'"es, c.::~mo ei punta de in.ic.io C/e !.Ina
renovada etapa de cooperacion entre!' t1mb<i!!/s""egione>s.

En tai sent.zdo, cfest.:iilcaron la imt:.ol'"tancia de que., como ,-esul tado
.:te est# reunion se logren acue ...:.:fos concretos en OJreas GE' tanta impartancia coma:

i) El fortalecim.i.ento de Jas Poders>s Judir::iales.

li) El impulsa a programas de divulgar::iém y educar::iém para la paz
y el resps>to a los ds>rechos humanas.

iii) Lêl moderniz•ciôn y sistematizacion de programas de
infarmàtica centroamericana para el control migratoria.

iv) lntercone>xian ferrov.iaria

v) P<sistencia técnica para la reestructurac.ion y fortalecimis>nto
de los orgdni.smos rs>gionales de integraciôn .

.,..;·) Equipêlramie>nto al trato preferencial otorgado a Bolivia,
$1
C:lombia, Ecuador y Peru.

; Apo~o a proyectos en materia de combate al narcotrafico. En
,;::·":e sentido, han acordado instruir il los 1'1inisterios competentes
a fin de que, il la breveddd, elaboren con sus homôlogas
centroamericanos un proyf!'cto regian•l. En tal sentido, eJ
'fortalecimiento de los traoajos de la Comision Centroamerican.:J
del Acuerdo de Cooperacion regional p.:~r. 1:.: ~rradicaciôn del
Triifica llicito de Drogas es de v1tal importancia.

vii) Apoyo al desarrallo energlfi>tico de Centroamli!rica .• incluyendo
là geatermit!J.

viii) Apoyo a programas s>n materia de m~Pdio dmbiente. de manera
espe>cial en aquellos âmbitas que fuE>ron precis.:~dos por los
0.-esidentes en la pàsàda Cumore de Puntarenas.

\'.- Los Pres.iden tes, en el marco de Ja:Proclt!Jma del PrE-sidente
e Costa .~?ica "Hacia un Nuevo Or den Ecologico de Cooperacion
internacional", acord.:Jron desdrroll<iiir esfuerzos conjuntos a fin
de impulsar los principios contenidos en aquella trascendental
iniciat.ivd.

él Presidente Rafael Angel Ct31deron Fournier, al lflgradecer las
cr3lidt3s atenciones br.indadiiS por el Booierno y Puebla

t"licdrar;;uense durante su estadl.a. invir:o a Ja Presidente de
Nicarlflgu.s p.sra que e>fectue und visitt!i oficial a Costa Rica
prén<ùrtamen te>.

Las Presidentes suscrib.ieron la presente Declaracian Conjunta &n
la ciudt3d de 11.:mdgud, Reptibliciil de Nicarac;ua, a los treinta y un
dlds del mes de l!?nero de mil novecientos :;avent.;; y 1.mo.

Rafael Angel Calcieron FournierAnnex 6 (

.\CT.\ FI~AL DEL-\ III R.Et:~I BOI~.-\CIONAL
COSTA RIC-\-:\iiCAR.\GFA

La III Reunion de Ministres de la Comision Binacional Costa Rica- Nicaragua

tuvo lu-ar en la ciudad de Liberia. provincia de Guanacas.e. los dias -0 v 21 de
novtembre de 1995. Las delegaciones de ambos paises. encabeza.daspor los
respccti\·os Ministrode Relacioncs Extcrioresy conformadas por representantes
de lasmstituciones gubemamentales comprometidas con eldesarrollo de la rcgton

tronteriza comun. llevaron a cabo un amplio intercambio de opiniones sobre los
ternas queconfonnan la agenda bilateraly llegaron a una serie de acuerdos que
integran 13presente Acta FinaL En el desarrollo de estos trabajos participaron.
también. delegaciones de los Poderes Leg.islativos de ambos paises. asi camo
representantes de los Municipios fronterizos. quienes brindaron una valiosa

contribucion para el éxitode esta reunion.

Los Ministres de Relaciones Ex:teriores de las Republicas de Costa Rica v
Nicaragua manitèstaron su entera satisfaccion por la consoLidacion de las

trudicionales relaciones paz y amistad entre ambos pueblos y gobiernos que se
traduce en una vision comuny en la decision de colaborar mutuamente en tàvor de
la consolidaciôn de la py lademocracia.,y en ellogro deJ desarrollo sosteniblc.

Para el desarrollo de esta reunion. ambos gobiemos por medio de sus respectivas
cancillerias acordaron unagenda y un métodode trabajo agilque tàcilitO el logro
de los acuerdosque conforman esta Acta Final. El plenario se dividi6 en cuatro
subcomisiones de trabajo:

1.- Aauotos de Seguridad yMigracion.
II - Asuntosde Limites,
III- Asuntos de Cooperaci6n y Desarrollo, y

IV - Asuntos Economicos yComerciales

Los acuerdos tomados en las cuatro âreas mencionadas son los siguientes: Sl"BCOMISION DE ASV~TOS DE SEGURIDAD Y :\1IGR-\CION

I..MIGRACION

al En lo reterente a la presentacion de doscientos dolares E.U.A. para el
inureso a C0sta Rica o Nicaragua por parte de sus nacionales. scacordô solicitar a
!as autoridades superiores en la materia. la reforma de este requisito para asi
tacilitael trânsito migratorio entre nuestros paises.

· b) Se decidi6 garantizar laatenci6n en los puestos fronterizos de Penas Blancas
y Sapoa de 8:00a.m. a 8 p.m. de manera ininterrrumpida ..

~) Se destac6 la importancia de la aplicacion etèctiva de los acuerdns de los

respectivosCancilleres. suscritos el30 de enero del afio en curso, especialmente en
loreterido a la figura del rechazy la deportaciôn.

d) ElGobiemo de Costa Rica otorgani visas mûltiples, conforme a los acuerdos

establecidos. en sus oficinas regionales previo visto bueno del Director General de
Migrac1on.

e) Con respecto al otorgamiento de visas mûltiples, ambos gobiernos acordaron

ampliar este mecanismo a los funcionarios regionales de ambos paises de las
institucionesque convergen en los puntos fronterizos.

t) Se destac6 la necesidad de fortalecer los mecanismos de detecci6n conjunta

e intercambio de infonnacion sobre el trafico de personas en los puestos
fronterizos.

Il) Se decidio reactivar en el mes de enero de 1996 la realizaci6n de reuniones

de los ComitésTécnicosInterfronterizos y utilizar como uno de los mecanismos
para asegurar ese propc:)sitoen el ambito migratorio. la vinculacion con el proyecto
"lnstrumentos Migratorios para la lntegracion de América Central" (PROCAM).
que actualmente ejecutan los Directores de Migracion de Centroamérica. h) En cuanto a los Regimenes de Excepcion se acordô que:

1.- La Direccion de Migraciôn de Costa Rica remitirâ al Consulado de
Nicaragua el listado de nicaragüenses a quienes se les ha concedido la

residencia y no han retirado la cédula correspondiente, asi como aquellos
casos en que aun esta pendiente completar requisitos.

2.- El Gohiemo de Nicaragua a través de sus consulados en Costa Rica

bani elcorrespondiente llamado para que los nicaragüenses que se acogieran
a estos Regimenes acudan a concluir con sus trâ.mites migratorios.

3- Asimismo. el Gobierno de Costa Rica establece un plazo de seis

meses (hasta d 1ode junio de 1996), para reactivar los expedientes. en su
detècto, la Direccion de Migraci6n procedera al archivo y cancelaci6n del
expediente de aquellos nicaragüenses que presentaron solicitud de residencia
y no continuaron con los trâmites respectivos, teniéndose por desistida la

petitoria.

II. MANODEOBRAMIGRANTE

a) Se acordo hacer conciencia en los empleadores costarricenses y prevenirles
de los efectos legales de utilizar intennediarios en la contratacion de mano de obra
extranjera, y lasconsecuencias legales que se deriven de lacontrataci6n de mano

de obra ilegal.instindolos a utilizar unicamente los procedimientos establecidos en
el Convenio de Mano de Obra y el Decreto que autoriza la tatjeta estacional.
Asimismo, las autoridades nicaragüenses aplicarân las sanciones que la ley le
permita a estos intermediarios, cuando se les detecte realizando gestiones de

intermediaci6n dentro del territorio nicaragüense.

b) En cuanto al disefto de la taljeta de trabajo estacional, se harân las
modi ticaciones para que, de confonnidad con el Decreto que la autoriza, se

contemple la posibilidad de prorrogas cuando exista contrato de trabajo que la
justifique. III. SEGUR1DAD FRONTERJZA

a) Se acordo que las autoridades den seguirniento a los acuerdos suscritos el 8
de setiembre del afio en curso. por el Ministro de Seguridad Publica de Costa Rica
v el Jete del Eiércitode Nicaragua.
. . .

b) Asimisrno. se decidio ampliar el acuerdo a efecto de incluir la aplicacion de
un controlmils estricto en la vigilancia aérea a tin de evitar violaciones delos

territorios nacionales.

lV. CONTROL DE DROGAS Y ARMAS

a) Se acordo continuar con la efectiva coordinacion entre los cuerpos policiales
de ambos paises en el intercambio de intorrnaci6n sobre actividades de
narcotnifico. de igual tonna, capacitar al persona) militar y policial que cumplen

misîoncs de vigilancia fronteriza en materia de narcotnifico.

b) Se convino en la necesidadde dar continuidad a los acuerdos finnados por el

Ministro de Seguridad Publica de Costa Rica y el Comandante en Jefè del Ejército
de Nicaragua. en lo concemiente al intercambio de infonnaci6n sobre el control de
armas y drogas entre el Ejércitode Nicaragua y la Fuerza Publica de Costa Rica.
firrnados el 8 de setiernbre de 1995 en el Centro de Entrenamiento El Murciélago.

c) Se destaro la importancia que ambos gobiemos agilicen a nivel legislativo la
ratificacion del Convenio Constitutivo de la Comisiôn Centroamericana

Permanente para la Producc Ei6ani~acion del Tnifico, Consuma y Uso Ilicito
de Estupetàcientesy Sustancias Psicotr6picas (CCP), finnado el 29 de octubre de
1993.

V. DESMINADO DE FRONTERAS

a) Se acord6 preparar el Proyecto de Desminado en la Frontera Nicaragua­

Costa Rica a fin de ser presentado ante el Fondo Voluntario de Asistencia de las
Naciones Unidas para Desminado. Considerar el apoyo a la basificaci6n de Unidad
de Desminado asi como la logistica de acuerdo a la tegislaci6n vigente de ambos
palses. VI. VIGILANCIA MARITIMA

a) En la primera semana del mes de diciembre del ai1o en curso, la Fuerza
Naval del Gobierno nicaragüense remitini a la Cancilleria costarricense los
procedimientos en lo retèrente a cobro de multysdevolucion de embarcaciones.

b) Se acordo establecer los mecanismos que faciliten la discusion de un

Procedimiento Conjunto de Devoluciôn Inmediata de Embarcaciones que
mcursinnen en aguas del otro pais.

c) El Gobierno nicaragüense se compromete a agilizar la creacion de Punto de

Control de Embarcaci6n (PCE) en San Juan del Norte y en Punta Gorda. en un
plazode seis meses a etèctode combatir la pirateria naval y el trasiego de drogas.

d) ElGobierno de Costa Rica incrementant la seguridad en Barra del Colorado,

para Iocual se compromete a reactivar una Base Naval en ese lugar.

e) Se ratific6 la importancia de los acuerdos contenidos en el Convenio de
Presidentes de San Juan del Sur. en lo referentalintercarnbio de infonnacion de
embarcaciones que operan en la zona limitrotè. Dicha infonnacion deberâ remitirse

en los meses de enero y julio cada aiio.

t) Se acordo iniciar estudios sobre un acuerdo provisional en tanto se detlae
delimitacion maritima para los asuntos relativospesca.

VII.TRAT ADODE EJECUCION DESENTENCIAS PENALES

a) La Cancilleria de Nicaragua continuara gestionando laobtenci6n de un
dictamen de parte de las autoridades competentes, en relaci6n al proyecto de
tratadopara la ejecucion de sentencias penales presentado por Costa Rica, el que
se conocera en un plazo maximo de seis meses por los Ministerios competentes. St:BC0\118 D10 ~ I\tiTES

I. DENSIFICACION DE MOJONES

a) Se prioriz6 en las areas de densificaci6n segun el siguiente plan para el ano
1996.

1) segmento entre hitos XVIII - XIX
2) seg.mentoentre hitos XV - XVI
3) segmento entre hitos XIII - XIV

b) El Ejércitode Nicaragua presentarâ el 11 de diciembre de 1995. un informe
para la seiializaci6n de las areas minadas en los segmentos a ser densificados con
mojones segun el punto numero uno. Este informe es indispensable para el trabajo

de senalizaci6n en campo,ara lo cual se requiere el financiamiento necesario. De
esta manera. se garantizarânlas condicîones de seguridad para el trabajo de
densificaci6n de mojones quelara inicio a finales del mes de enero de 1996.

c) Se acord6 efectuar una reunion entre el Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios
TerritorialesINETER) y el Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN), a efectos de
elaborar elroyecto TécnicoConjunto en materia de densificaci6n de mojones para
el aiio 1996.

Esta reunion se llevara a cabo el dia 12 de diciembre 5ea las 10:00 horas. en
Penas Blancas. En larnism participaran el Ejércitode Nicaraguy la Policîa de
Fronteras de Costa Rica.

d) El Instituto Geografico Nacional presentara el dia 12 de diciembre de 1995.
el diseny plan de trabajo para la recons!rucciôn del hito XX.

e) El dia 12 de diciembre de 1995 el Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios
Territoriales (INETER) el Instituto Geogrâtico Nacional (ION), buscarân el hito
XIX Yfijarân prioridades para su reconstrucci6n. II. DELIMITACION MARITIMA

a) Seacordo conlormar una Subcomision Especial Permanente intdgrada por

Ins1 tuto '\licaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (fNETER), el Jnstituto Geognitico
~a cona1iGN l.el Ejércitode Nicaragua y su contraparte en Costa Rica y tas
Can~,;i rll!:rspae~;tradaase.realizar trabajos provisionGabinet~

sobre los posibles trazados de delimitacion maritielOcéano Pacifico
como en el Mar Caribe. Fstos ensayos o ejercicios de delimitacion tendran un
canicter técnicoy preliminar y no prejuzgan la posicion de los respectivos Estados.

Se rt.-comiendaque la primera reuniùn de esta Subèomision Especial se elèctue el
dia 13 de diciembre de 1995. en Penas Blancas y durante las mismas se abordarian

lossiguientes temas:

1. Cartografibase para la delimitaciônv estudiode medidas
provisionales.

2. Determinar el marco juridico vigente. como fundamento para los
trabajos de delimitaciôn

3. Metodologias de delimitaci6n

4. Establecimiento de los principbasicos. técnicos. juridecos
historicos que sirvan de marco de retèrencia para el proceso de delimitacion.

Sl:"BCO~II S IO NUNTOS DE COOPERACION Y DESARROLLO

I.CULTURA Y DEPORTES

a) Se insta a la firma de un acuerdo interinstitucional de coop.eracion entre el

lnstituto de Cuttura de Nicaragua y el Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes
de CostRicacuyas negociaciones darân inicio durante el primer trimestre del a.iio
1996. Dicho Acuerdo deberâ contemplar los siguîentes aspectos: 1. Establecimiento de un plan de desarrollo sociocultural a nive!
nacional. con énfasis en desarrollo cultural interfronterizo:

.., Fomentar intercambios culturales y deportivos;

3. A.si:stencitécnica~

4. Esfuerzos comunes para la obtencion de tinanciamiento e>..-ternoen
proyeçtos de interés mutuo.

Il. SALUD

a) La Parte Costarricense present6 un detallado informe sobre la problematica
en elcordon tronterizo. en el quese da a conocer aspectas prioritarios a los cuales
las autoridades de salud del pais estân atendiendo en coordinaci6n con sus
homélogas nicaragüenses, asi como de aquellas necesidades que han sido

atendidas unilateralmente por Costa Rica.

b) En ténninos generales se coincidi6 en la importancia de fomentar y
fortalecer la colaboraci6n entre las autoridades de salud de los dospaises -tanto a

nivelnacional como a nivel de lascomunidades fronterizas- con miras a:

l. Ratificar a los Silos interfronterizos como los entes técnico
administrativo para la cooperaci6n y coordinacion en el campo de la salud
entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua (ver documento "Los SILOS Interfronterizos

Costa Rica-Nicaragua Puente para laPaz").

2. Mantener y mejorar las condiciones de salud de los habitantes de las
comunidades fronterizas.

3. Ratificar el ambito geogratico de atenci6n priorizada del control
fronterizo.a fin de homogenizar criterios que permitan una atencion integra)
que coadyuve al mejoramiento de los niveles de vida de la poblaciôn
fronteriza. 4. Darle seguimiento y potenciar los esfuerzos conjuntos de cooperaciôn
horizontal de los SILOS interfronterizos y fomentar la coordinaci6n
interinstitucional. con el objetivo de darle sostenibilidad a los procesos de

cooperaciôn en salud priorizando la coordinacion bilateral sobre la
~~.:>op xtemac iomo hasta ahora.

5. Recomendar que se analice lasposibilidades de cornpartir los costos

de la atencion en .los servicios médicos basicos que se brinda a los
nicaragüenses en territorio costarricense.

6. Recomendar el establecimiento de un convenio de cooperaciôn en d

cordon fronterizo para compartir recursos en areas determinada.c;. tales
como. letrinizaci6n. alimentaciôn complementaria. examenes de laboratorio,
\'3cunacién.control de vectores, entre otros.

7. Respaldar la reunion binacional de los SILOS Interfronterizos.
programada para los dias 5 al 7 de diciembre de 1995 en la Ciudad de
Rivas. Nicaragua. con el propôsito de revisar los programas anuales de
prevenci6n y atenci6n basica de salud y elaboraci6n un diagnostico

situacionaconjun yto~

8. Establecer los mecanismos para dar a con<>eerel funcionamieylos

avances de losILOS Interfronterizos.

III. TIJRISMO

a) La parte nicaragüense present6 un informe sobre el cumplimiento del
.\cuerdo de Entendimiento entre los Ministerios de Turismo de Nicaragua y Costa
Ricay del Acuerdo de Entendimiento sobre la actividad turistica en la zona del Rio
San Juan. suscritos por ambos Ministros de5 de junio de 1994. en Barra de

Colorado,CostaRica.

b) La parte nicaragüensehizo particu]ar énfasis en la cooperacion turistica y
mercadeo turistico: conversion y desarrollo, asi como en el intercambio de los

registros de las operadoras turisticas en la zona fronteriza. sobre esto ultimo,
'iOIÎCque la parte costarricense envie el listado correspondiente. Asimismo. inst6
a mejorar la infraestructura existente en los puestos fronterizos a fin de facilitar el
trânsitode turistas. \iicar ent~tz6a en la necesidad de fomentar un desarrollo sostenible de las
~on arsnterizas prornoviendod consumo de bienes y servicios propios de las

comunidades nicaragüenses.

Ante la ausencia de representantesdel Mimsterio de Turismo de Costa Rica. la
Reunion tomo nuta del infom1e presentado por Nicaragua para devarla a las

autoridades costarricenses.

c> Se acordo la realizacion de una reunion bilateral. en enero de 1996. que
::maliceel potcncial turistico conjunto de una perspcctiva intcrdisciplien la,

cualse conoceran los resultados del diagnostico del Proyecto Manejo Ambicntal dt>
JaCuenca del Rio San Juan.A esta reunion. serân invitados grupos de potenciales
in'-·ersionistas.

IV. RECURSOS NATURALES Y MEDIOAMBIENTE

Considerando que ambos gobiemos estan preocupados por los problemas

ambientales que se presentan enaCuenca del Rio San Juan y en el area delSI-A­
pAZ y que han firmado acuerdos para la ejecuci6n de proyectos de desarrollo
sostenible en ambos margenes del Rio San Juan. se acord6:

a) Elevar al rango de Convenio lnternacional los acuerdos existentes reteridos
al Proyecto "Cuenca del Rio San JuanySI-A-PAZ.

h) Realizar un estudio cientifico para analizar los proyectos de contaminacion y
sedimentacion que se presentan en el Rio San Juay sus afluentes. Dicho estudio
debeni ser realizado por un equipo de investigaciones intemacionales.

cl Que a lamayor brevedad se reactive la Comisiôn Binacional del SI-A-PAZy
analizarla posibilidade integrarla en una sola Comisi6n junto con la Comisi6n
delProyectoCuenca delRio San Juan.

d) Ambos Gobiemos aunanin esfuerzos para evitar el trâfico ilegal de flora v
tà.unaenlazona fronteriza.

e) Arnbos gobiemos velaran por la protecci6n v conservaci6n de la vida
silvestrea ambos lados de las fronteras.n Ante el convencimiento de que la superacion de la problemâtica que se
a.tronta en la zona fronteriza amerita soluciones integralla subcomision
recomienda la creacion dun equipo binacional fronterizo que de seguimieyto
proponga soluciones adecuadas a la misma.

srBCO.\IIS IEOA~SV~TOS ECONO~HCOS Y COMERCL\LES

I. INVERSIONEMPRESARIALFRONTERIZA

:l) Se acordo promover el contacty comunicacion estrecha entre empresarios
Je ambos paises a fin de desarrollar la zona fronteriza, dentro del marco de la
legislaciûn vigente en cada pais.

IL CREACIONDEPOLOS DE DESARROLLO EN LA FRONTERA

a) Se decidio recomendar la formaci6n de una "Subcomisiôn Agropecuaria"
técnicacon de1egados permanentes de ambos paises, constituida en Nicaragua por

la ··comision Nacional Agropecuaria". CONAGRO (que incluyel INRA, MAG.
TNTA y MARENA) y en Costa Rica en el "Sector Agropecuario de la Region
HuétarNorte yChorotega" (que incluye MAG, IDA,CNP, yMIRENEN). Esta
Comtsion identificara el potencial agropecuario fronterizo, elaborara propuestas de

pruyectoconjuntos, conocera probJemas del sector en ambos pyipresentara a
sus respectivas instituciones debiemo altemativas y recomendaciones de
solucion.

m. FACILIDADESADUANERAS

a1 Se acordosolicitarlaComisi6n de Asuntos de Seguridad y Migratorios que
ronozcadolproblema del contrabando de ganado, afinde que se establezca un
mecanismo uniforme y sencillo parladevoluci6n del ganado decomisado a su

paisde origen.

b) Se acord6solicitaa las autoridades de policia y milide ambos paises
que intonnen a la aduana respectiva cuando se capture un contrabando de

cualquier tipo de mercancia. para los efectos consiguientes.c1 Se dec1di6 fonnar una comts1on integrada por las Asesorias Legales de
Aduanas y Organisrnos Policiales de ambos paises para que presenten una
prvpuesta rclativa los mecanismos de devolucion.

dl se acord6 ejecutar por parte de arnbas aduanas una veriticaci6n t1sica y
Jl;cutm:nta.lde los datos de los vehiculos. a fin de dar mayor seguridad y agilidad
en lostrimitcs. e\itando el tnitico de vehiculas robados.

11 Se incorporani en agenda de futuras reuniones el analisis de los puestos
-:arcntenarios (fityzoos.anitarios).

fl Se insistira ante las autoridades correspondientes la urgencia de resolvela
rr0bkmatica del estado de las carreteras. caminosy zonas prîmarias aduaneras d~
ambos paises.

ll.J Se decidi6 retomar el acuerdo firmado con FETRACANIC Y CANATRAC
;dati\o a la facilitaci6n del sistema de comunicaci6n entre ambas aduanas.

h) El Gobierno de Costa Rica toma nota de los esfuerzos rea.lizados por el
Gobierno de Nicaragua, en cuanto a la instalacion de puestos de control en el
Departamentodel Rio San Juan (Papaturro, El Castillo, Sarapiqui. El Delta y San
Juan del Norte).asi como la conclusion de los planos del nuevo edificio de la

aduana de Perlas Blancas. La delegacion de Nicaragua velara por la pronta
l!jcçucionde este proyecto, con el consiguiente traslado lasautoridades civilesy
mllitaresal borde fronterizo.

1) El Gûbiemo de Nicaragua toma nota de la reciente aprobaci6n de la Ley
G~ner de Aduanas por el Gobierno de Cüsta Rica, que al entrar en vigencia
permitira modernizar los procedimientos aduaneros y el ejercicio de controlesmas

dictentes.La delegacion de Costa Rica velara por la pronta aprobacion del
Reglamento correspondiente y la puesta en pcictica de este nuevo régimen
nonnativo.

j) Se acordo continuar efectuando reumones bilaterales de las diferentes
:1utondadesde ambos paises.\:icar eatt:6Ienala necesidad de tomentar un desarrollo sostenible de las
~on ronterizas promoviendo~1consumo de bienes y servicios propios de las

comunidades nicaragüenses.

Ante ta ausencia de representantdel Mimsterio de Turismo de Costa Rica. la
Rt;uniôn tomô nota del in!ûmte presentado por Nicaragua para elevarla a las

autoridades costarricenses.

cJ Se acordo la realizacion de una reunion bilateral. en enero de 1996. que
:malice el potcncial turistico conjunto de una perspcctiva intcrdiscen laaria,

cualse conocerân los resultados del diagnostico del Proyecto Manejo Amd~ental
la Cuenca del Rio San Juan. A esta reunion. serân invgrupos de potenciales

inversionistas.

IV. R.ECURSOSNATURALES Y MEDIO AMBIENTE

Considerando que ambos gobiemos estan preocupados por los problemas

ambientales que se presentan en laca del Rio San Juan y en el area del SI-A­
PAZ y que han tirmado acuerdos para la ejecucion de proyectos de desarrol1o
:)llstenibleen ambos margenes del Rio San Juan. se acord6:

a) Elevar al rangoe Convenio lnternacional los acuerdos exîstentes reteridos
al Proyeçto ''Cuencadel Rio San JuySI-A-PAZ.

h) Realizar un estudio cientifico para analizar los proyectos de contaminacion y
sedimentacionque se presentan en el Rio San Juan y sus a.fluentes. Dicho estudio
Jeberil.ser realiza.do por un equipo de investigaciones intemacionales.

c) Que a la mayor brevedad se reactive la Comisi6n Binacional del SI-y-PAZ
analizala posibilidad de integrarla en una sola Comisi6n junto con la Comisi6n
del Proyecto Cuenca del Rio San Juan.

d) Ambos Gobiemos aunaran esfuerzos para evitar el trafico ilegal de flora v
tà.unaen la.zona fronteriza.

e) Ambos gobiemos velaran por la protecci6n y conservaci6n de la vida
silvestrea ambos lados de las fronteras. Vl. DEUDA EXTERNA

J, se J\.PrJ,) rc•m:lrnora Je bs siguientes manitestJe los delt:gados de

11 F:1ncoL~nrr aeCnsta Rica Niaragua:

! U Jdë2aJo del Danco Centralde Nicaraguascnalo que d tema de la
,·kuda e\1em; de 'Jicaragua con los Bancos Centrales de Centroamérica. hn
s Jo uborJado eelseno del Consejo Monetario Centroamericanhabiendo
1
Jid1 Cuns~ aprobado las rcsoluciones R-2 y R-3 en tas que se establecen
\'smccmts p~rwdsarreglo Je la deuda e\.1erna de Nicaragda rest<_,

Jt: lns rmses centroamencanos.

Basado çn loanterioel delegado del Banco Cr.mtral de Nicaragua, solicitù

.;ed1ara cnnstgnado en el Acta dIReunion Binacional Nicaragua-Costa
K1ca."que la solucion del problema de la deuda de Nicaragua con Costa Rica
poraprox.imadamente cuatrocientos veinticinco millones de dE.U.A..

Jdx seguirse abordandobajo el marco de las resolucionedel Cnnsejo
\1nncrario Centroamericano del 22 de noviembre de 1994. arriba senaladas

:):.1r3 implementclichas resolucionesùnicamente estA pendiente la
mttticacwn de las mismas. por parte de la Junta Directiva del Banco Central

jeCosra Rica.

., Pnr '5parte. el delegado del Banco Central de Costa Rica manifestô
que bsautoridades de su Banco estiman que las condiciones contenidas en
las r~soluci R-ne s R-3 adoptadas por el Consejo Monetario

C~:ntrwmer icbn noe, analizadasmas detenidamente, tomando ~n
t.:u a ntèaa que Nicaragua tonnul6 a la Banca Comercial Intemaciynal
alClub Je Paris.

P:uatai fin el delegado de Costa Rica solicita se le proporcione intormacion

nçcesariaue contenga los ténninos v condiciones de la otèrta a la Banca
C\Jmercial Intcmacionay del Club de Paris. asi como sobre cl tipo de

REFCORP que se entregarian como pago a que se refieren las resoluciones
R-2 YR-3 antes citadas que le permitan etectuar el amilisis correspondiente. El delegado del Banco Central de Nicaragua manifestô que se haran los esfuerzos
necesarios para proporcionar la informacion que solicita el delegado del Banco
Central de Costa Rica.

En el contexto de la presente Reunion participaron Diputados de los Poderes
Legislativos de Costa Rica y Nicaragua, asi como representantes de las
Municipalidades de la region fronteriza, quienes llevaron a cabo un importante y
valioso intercambio de ideasett relaci6n con los diversos ternas de la agenda de

esta Reunion. Las conclusiones de dichos trabajos se reflejan en los documentas
finales emitidos por los Diputados de ambos paises y los representantes de las
MunicipaJidades de la region fronterizy que son anexos a esta Acta Final.

Finalmente el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Nicaragua agradeci6 a las
autoridades del Gobiemo de Costa Rica, asi como a lasautoridades y habitantes
de laciudad de Liberia por las atenciones recibidas que contribuyeron al éxito de

estaReunion.

Liberia, Guanacaste,21 de noviembre de 1995.

::-~
ç--~·.~

esto Sanchez Fernando E. Naranjo .

Ministrode Relaciones Exteriores Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores
de Nicaragua y Culto de Costa RicaAnnex 7 4

10

11

13

14 novecientossetenta

15 promovido a esta

· DirecciOnde
16

17 hastaeltreinta

tiene
18

19 'RiSanJuan. ElCuartel General del

20 laBoNicaragudonde naΠelRio

21 'E~ent noventavdos siendmi

22 ~~~h abia sido zodeguerracaracterizada

23 ~lconflktoa~adoquet~~~~~~r-~en~~ir.~~~~·!~~~-~~~~~!m~~~~~~~~tlnwx~œn~W4H

novecientosnovent(1990) y minovecientosnoventa
24

26

29

30 !,.'l

2 garalaizcoénfenis

3 protedemedioambTente.

5alcanzaresos

6 trde l'icdN' • Destaca ·

7estn!chacolafuede.~d·"'"lC eao ~s Gt ~ a u~ a ~ ~R r! d. i! a !

8ledelllestacamdSu<,que f(lde- ddemD --
9yme reunicontraparte ecomanddelaen·e·

o del-~nuane.asd~ioneseLosÇhCosRica_,_Jlpa!mraLliinniak;'iilarU~unn_pmc:es~:uhu:xllaJ)!Qijaâ~ILH
11~- ent~! ~ 1uerde___ elas.......,-··io<l

12 .~ntendilnto la prevdcrim_la miJ.ï!lolafl9 ~ cQmo :ai

13fmani.stl-~ (Ul) de dedlnd-lo !W s..W.y,..demi.ldlllgty-1
14~lleedel ~mento Suyom_reufrecue~conÇomanclde .laJw.~illfll!.liU.Jllll+

15r- pardlscutasulmejorarla~~ ..............

16sol~.cualq.P!~ que se presentara.deforJllub:-:JLU.!-J~a.tivau·-._.
17 i!=O.rrihlY~seSan Carla_s_t!8Büen~eCar~~a!!L!!oloun!.!lo!!HL!.&f--J

18jn~ dcusi,_lreu nno~~~ aispe~l seuradmiJtamr,

19idependiaage~!trauto~ deNica_yaCo_f!:!fica~.Lde~~las~i~~tMIU~iniU!e-41--l

20r-...,. a,u..b.>..ydel..<!aTde •....., ""'·-.'
21-laDirecci6deTransAcuâtiNicara~:a. ~ manifestée!'..!'l"'ainterior:

22~- fue duesIJeretran5desitude ..a uréoldnpa~.1;1.
23~avegeneRio,_nosoaopmo_cimplementa~~-~.!!faiivan6de·

24r· . la - de un_Œrtdezar.....dn.....yel lla -;

25icaragEnnue~trasion-:COfordinlG~dCivcostara~fleisos.J.·.
26~6~qufueron cf~sculeinformabavedelfefU_Iadonesqueo:stâbam

27t modifidba•lestas medldas.•.urazo...e<to Y resalas:endo

28,---~qeas_autoridadescostan~utoridadesœnssase ue ron ur
29tbje.....es--~los no.._..laauto"!.N;c.ra

30llosaŒpquNicarasberacRioellnoobjelregulac:oinspecci6no 1

2

3

4

6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7 deNïcara11:ua

8 transmitiendo esa

9 costarricenses

10 Nosotros sostwimos

11 lsedelaGuardilnivie

12 Costa enminovedentos noventa

15 en ala

16 comlos

17 nosotros

18 instruido

19queaseguransu las

20implfcitamdll_!!!~~~de~~~~~m!i!kt-'Oimaml ...UmJIeP.esia.t-4losJklleS-

21~oo~n ~~incœl.a~q~~e~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mnaru~

22Ja~,rati~·~rv~fl~rm~a~~~~~~~~~!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JD-~~~~~
1
23~-----~~~~-------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tBM~œu~~~~

24

27t--··-··--····--···
28 .~···--------··--····--------·----

29j---------------
30L_ __________ _Annex 7TESTIMONY OF PUBLIC DOCUMENT NUMBER TEN- NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE.

In the city of Managua, at eleven in the morning on the eighteenth of March, 2009. Before me,

WALNER ABRAHAM MOLINA PEREZ, Attorney at Law and Notary Public of the

Republic of Nicaragua, domiciled in the city of Managua, duly authorized by the Honorable

Supreme Court of Justice to act as notary during the five year period that expires on fifteenth of

April, 2013. Mister DENIS MEMBRENO RIVAS, stands before me and in his own name,

with identity card number 281-160756-0007V, of age, married, in military service, and

domiciled in the city of Managua, Municipality of Managua, Nicaragua. Who I swear to know

personally and who in my judgment has sufficient civil and legal capacity necessary to bind

himself and contract, especially for the execution the present act. Manifests the following:

First: I am a citizen of the Republic ofNicaragua. I was born in the city of Leon, on the

sixteenthof July, 1956. I have been a member ofthe Army of the Republic ofNicaragua since

1979. I currently hold the rank of Brigadier General, having been promoted to this position on

the second of September, 2007. I am currently the Chief of the Defense Information Directorate.

Second: From 10 February 1992 unti131 December 1995, I served as Chiefofthe South

Military Detachment, which had jurisdiction over the San Juan River Province, including the

entire San Juan River. Headquarters for the Detachment was in San Carlos, in the southeast

corner of Lake Nicaragua, at the source of the San Juan River. The South Military Detachment

came into existence under my charge, in February 1992. Prior to my arrivai, theSan Juan River

region had been a war zone, plagued by constant insecurity and frequent combat during the

armed conflicts that engulfed Nicaragua during the 1970s and 1980s, and which fmally ended in

1990-1991. During the nearly two decades offighting near, on and around the river, primarily in

its lower part, armed forces opposed to the Nicaraguan govemment established bases on the right

0107917.3bank of the river and launched attacks from there. To secure the area, government forces closely

monitored all activities on or near the river, including navigation, and fired on vessels thought to

be hostile. In these circumstances, civilians wisely avoided navigation on the river, and use of the

river by civilian vessels was extremely rare. As the first governmental authority responsible for

maintaining security on the river during peacetime, it was my role to help establish a regime for

policing the river suitable to a time of peace, with an emphasis on assuring the safety of

navigation,crimeprevention and environmental protection.

Third: 1 have previously submitted an affidavit, dated 10 March 2008, in which 1

described the measures that 1authorized for regulating navigation on the river in order to achieve

these objectives. 1hereby reaffirm ail of the statements in my prior affidavit, included as Annex

73 in Nicaragua's Rejoinder. The Nicaraguan military maintained ongoing discussions and

collaborationwith the Costa Rican Guardia Civil forces in the area along the San Juan River. On

the day of my arrivai as Chief of the South Military Detachment which was on 10 February

1992, 1met with my Costa Rican counterpart, the commander of the Guardia Civil in the region

directly south of the San Juan, at his headquarters in Los Chiles, Costa Rica, to begin a process

of collaboration and cooperation between our respective security forces on our many areas of

mutual concern, including the maintenance of security and the prevention of crime and illegal

immigration along the river. As 1 stated in paragraph 10 of my previous affidavit, during my

three and a half years as Chief of the South Military Detachment, 1 met frequently with the

Guardia Civil commander to discuss these matters, improve cooperation between our two

security forces, and address any problems that arose. We met alternatively on the Costa Rican

side (at Los Chiles and Boca San Carlos) and on the Nicaraguan side at my headquarters at San

Carlos. Due to the broad scope of the discussions, the meetings were not only attended by

0107917.3 - 2-security or military personnel, but also included, depending on the agenda, other Nicaraguan and

Costa Rican authorities from the respective immigration agencies, police forces, judicial

authorities, and transportation ministries, including representatives of Nicaragua's Office of

Aquatic Transport (Direcci6n General de Transporte Acuatico).

Fourth: As I described in my prior affidavit, it was during this period that, in

transitioning from a wartime to a peacetime regime for navigation on the river, we adopted and

implemented measures concerning the inspection of vessels, issuance of departure clearance

certificates, immigration regulation and hoisting of the Nicaraguan flag. At our regular meetings

with Costa Rican Guardia Civil officers, in addition to the other topics that were discussed, we

informed them each time we adopted or modified one of these measures, explained our reasons

for doing this, and answered any questions the Costa Rican authorities asked. The Costa Rican

authorities never complained about or objected to any ofthese measures. They did not challenge

Nicaragua's authority to adopt them because they accepted that Nicaragua was sovereign over

the river. And they did not object to measures like inspections or departure clearance that were

adopted to increase security on the river and prevent criminal activities, since these were

interests that they shared. The only time during my tenure as Chief of the South Military

Detachment that we received a complaint from the Costa Rican security forces about any of the

measures we adopted regarding navigation on the river was when they objected to the amount of

the fee for the departure clearance inspection. Even then, the Costa Rican authorities did not

challenge Nicaragua's right to charge this fee. They only questioned the ammmt, and they said

they were transmitting this complaint to us not on their own behalves, but on behalf of the

private Costa Rican boatmen who had complained to them about the amount of the inspection

fee Nicaragua was charging. We held several meetings with our Costa Rican colleagues to

0107917.3 - 3 -discuss this matter, both at the Guardia Civil headquarters at Los Chiles, and on one occasion

with officiais ofboth governments in San José,in 1992. These meetings were characterized by

mutual respect and cooperation, as were all our meetings with the Costa Rican authorities

between February 1992 and December 1995. Eventually, in response to the complaint about the

inspection fee, we decided to lower it, although not as much as the Costa Rican boatmen would

have liked. There were no other complaints about any of the measures we adopted during this

period pertainingto navigation on the river.

As expressed by the person appearing before me, and well instructed by me, the notary,

about the purpose, value and legal transcendence of this act, of the general clauses that assure its

validity,ofthe specifications involved, and of the stipulations, both explicit and implicit, and of

the necessity to present the corresponding testimony for the legal objectives deemed applicable.

This writing was read in its totality to the person appearing before me, who finds it accurate, and

approves, ratifies and signs it with me, the notary public, who gives faith to all the above stated.

(t) Illegible (t) Molina.

This occurred before me from the front of folio number twelve to the back of folio

number thirteen, from my present Protocol number twenty-two that I have in the present year.

This fust testimony, from which the Declaration is made, was carried out, on two pages of

legally sealed paper, which was signed, sealed, and dated, in the city of Managua, at two in the

afternoonon the eighteenth of March, 2009.

0107917.3 -4-