6 April 1999
NAMIBIA'S ANSWERS TO THE illDGES' QUESTIONS EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA
TeL: + 3214 101 454 AVENUE DE TERVUREN
Fax: + 32.2.771 96 89 B-1150 BRUSSELS
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING KA.SIKIU/SEDUDU ISLAND
(BOTSWANA/NAMIBIA)
NAMIBIA'S ANSWERS TO THE JUDGES' QUESTIONS
6APRIL 1999 Judge Schwebel
President of the Court------·---
JUDGE SCHWEBEL, PRESIDENT OF THE COURT
First: How many vessels and of what tonnage navigated the north channel
in 1998;annuaDy, since 1947;in which months? __
1
Nabibia has conducted a diligent sea:rch for information in relation to this
1
qucbstion. The histo:rical documents obtained from the following archives:
1
National Archives of Zimbabwe (Harare), National Archives of Zambia (Lusaka),
National Archives of South Af:rica (Pretoria), National Archives of .Namibia
(Windhoek) and the Public Record Office (London, Kew Ga:rdens) all discuss the
po~sib oïfnîatiyation on the Zambezi River. The Chobe River is only :referred
1
to occasionally, but even then in relation to navigation on the Zambezi River.
According to these documents, a private entrepreneur, W.C. Ker, in the 1940s
proposed a project to bypass severa! rapids along the Zambezi River with canals.
The project also proposed to bypass by canal and locks the Mamb6va Ripids .on
the Chobe River nea:rKasane in Bechuanaland Protectorate. The proposed canal
was intended to p:rovide the transportation of t:imber from Serondela which is
about 12 kilometres downstream from Kasikili Island. 1
The proposed canals we:re 'to have minimum depth of 3 ft; width at base of 15 ft;
2
Type of craft to use the canal: Draught l /2 ft.' Ker was hoping to be awa:rded a
contract to transport timbe:r from Bechuanaland Protectorate to Southem
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). The canal proposai was later conside:red by the Central
African Council based in Southem Rhodesia. 3 Both, No:rthem Rhodesia and
Bechuanaland Protecto:rate became involved in the proposed canals. The
proposais to construct the canals did not get off the ground. The proposed project
1 CR99n, p.14.
2ReportonNavigationiJfoiheUpperZambeziProfessoDebenham, Aprill94p.6.(Annex 1)
3 CR99/11,para23. 2
was rejected by the Bechuanaland Protectorate on 23 April 1946 in the following
terms:
2. The High Commîssioner has now consulted the Resident
Commissioner of the Bechuanaland Protectorate who reports
that the Chobe Timber Concession are no longer interested in
this project since they now propose to construct a light railway
through the concession to Jufuta, on the Rhodesia Railways,to
transport timber and such other traffic as offers.
3. It will be appreciated that Mr Ker's proposais were originally
made in order that he might undertake a conttact from this
company to transport timber for them. In the changed
circumstances, the Bechuanaland Protectorate authorities feel
that need for the locks and canals no longer exists at present.
The High Commissioner therefore regrets that he is unable to
recommend to the Secretary of State a contnbution by the
Protectorate Govemment towards the capital cost of their
construction. 4
The Central African Council, too, rejected the proposed project 'The Chairman
told the Committee that the Upper Zambezi Canals Committee had recommended
to the Central African Council that the expense of building canals to bypass the
5
Kasane and Katombora rapids was not justified ... '
4Letterby H.E.Priest:man,AdministraSecretarytotheHighCommissioner,CapeTownto the Secretarof
the CentraAfricanCouncilNational Archives of Zambia, Ref.:SEC 3/614 (1945-48). (Annex 2)
5CentralAfricanCouncilMeetingof23 January1948: NationaArchives oZambia,FileRet: SEC 11121
(1946 • 48). (Annex 3) 3
Apart from the Central African Council and Bechuanaland, the other significant
player conceming the proposed canals project was the Witwatersrand Native
Labour Association (WNLA) which recruited native labour for South African
mines and industries from such countries as Narthem Rhodesia (Zambia),
So~the Rhmodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, Mozambique, the Caprivi, Bechuanaland
i
and South Africa itself. According to the Central African Council,
[A] canal constructed to by-pass the Katombora rapids wowd be of
no advantage to the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association.
The proposed canal to by-pass the Kasane rapids t1llght be
occasionally used by the Association for river transport between its
Kazungula and K.asane camps which are seven miles apart, but their
ordinary transport between these points wowd continue to be by
lorry. The canal wowd not alter the present arrangements under
which the K.asane camp, just above the rapids, is the terminus of the
lorry and barge service to Katima Mulùo. During any twelve months
most of the traffic goes by road across the Caprivi Strip from Kasane
to K.atima Mulilo.
We have pointed out above in this answer that after a diligent search Namibia has
not been able to find any evidence suggesting that any vessels, other than tourist
boats, navigated the northem channel in 1998, or annually since 1947. We have
also not been able to find any evidence that W.C. Ker ever actuallytransported
timber through the northem channel. The Chobe Concession seems to have been
a timber concession operating near Serondela. As we pointed out earlier in this
answer, the only documentary evidence that Namibia has been able to find shows
6Noteby Secretariatofthe CentralAfricanCouncil,UpperZambeCommitteePotentiTraffiand
Other Economie Factors, Reference No. 227 (9 December 1947): National Archives ofZambia, File Ref: SEC
11121(1946-48). (Annex 4) 4
that timber was transported from Sorendela by road within Bechuanaland
Protectorate to a railhead atJufuta:
The High Conunissioner has now constÙted the Resident
Commissioner of the Bechuanaland Protectorate who reports that the
Chobe Tirnber Concession are no longer interested in this project
since they now propose to construct a light railway through the
concession to Jufuta, on the Rhodesia Railways, to transport timber
7
and such other traffïc as offers.
Namibia has beenunable to find any evidence tending to show that W.C. Ker was
ever awarded a concession to transport timber. lndeed, according to a letter dated
27, February 1948 by the Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Industrial
Development to W.A.W. Oark of the Central African Council, 'He [Ker] has not
yet managed to secure any Chobe Timber traffic.' 8
The only document Namibia has been able to fmd conceming navigation in the
northem channel is the letter from Trollope to Dickinson dated 4 August 1951, in
which he said that .Ker used the northem channel 'the whole time he ran a service
9
to Serondela ... '
7Id.fn. 4.
8Ref.No. 50/41/48 (Annex 6 to Namibia's Submission to the Joint Team oExperts(ITIE)).
9MN, Vol. N, Annex 71. .Second: How many vessels and of what tonnage navigated the south
channel in 1998;annually, since 1947;in which months?
The answer Namibia has given to theftrsquestion applies to this questiAsto
to~s toat ttaffic, see the answer tfourtquestion,supra. ---------- ---- ------
Third, did barges that carried timber navigate the northern channel
throughout the year, or only in certain months and if the latter, which?
Where did the shipments originate and termin:iie? Did timber shipments
cease because of navigational problems, or for other reasons?
'
Unfortunately, the available records do not permit a fullanswer to Judge
Sd;twebel's question. The following facts can be gleaned from the sources
Nbbia has been able to discover.
It appears that sorne time toward the end of 1947, William C. Ker of the
Zambezi Transport and Trading Company, applied to Resident Magistrate and
Native Commissioner Trollope of the Eastern Caprivi for permission to transport
timber by barge through the northem channel around Kasikili Island and other
waterways in the Caprivi Strip, probably the Kassaia anabranched channelleading
from just above the Mambova Rapids at Kasane to the Zambezi River, a few
1
kilometers above its confluence with the Chobe River.
Ker was conducting a river transport semee on the Zambezi between
Katima Mulilo and Livingstone, transporting passengers and freight, particularly
lumber, serving primarily traffic in Northem and Southem Rhodesia. He was
"hoping eventually to get a large conttact from the Chobe Concession in
Bechuanaland, but thisdepends on whether it proves possible to by-pass the rapids
with canals." The Central African Council suggests that the headquarters of his
1Letter of 18 December 1947 froRedman taTrollope,BCM vol.illAnnex 18.
2
Letter from Central African Councta Colonial Office dated 14 November 1947, Judges' File,
Number 6.6a. 2
timber operations on the Zambezi was at Sesheke. The Council had written earlier
3
to Trollope in support ofKer's application.
Dickinson, writing on 18 December 1947, informs Trollope that Ker has
written that Ker "wish[ed] to recommence the transport of timber by river from
Serondela but that [he] ha[sJ been informed by you that the channel between
4
Kasane and Serondela which they intend to use, is in the Caprivi Strip." There is
no indication as to whether or when the earlier transportation activity referred to
took place or whether or not it was conducted by Ker or his company.
Trollope replied on 3 January 1948, stating that he had gtven Ker
"permission (subject to certain entirely formai conditions) for six months to use
the channel in question. I am quite prepared, on application by him, to renew that
permission indefinitely subject to cancellation for good reason." 5
There is no further information about Ker's activities except that Trollope,
in a letter to Dickinson on 4 August 1951, four yeats latet, writing in the past tense,
said that Ker had used the northem channel ''the whole rime he ran a service to
Serondela." 6
Ker's equipment for his Zambezi service was "dwnb barges" pulled by
surplus World War II landing craft. 7 Apparently he planned to use the same
equipment from Serondela. The draught was less than three feet, since he and the
Central African Councù were contemplating a canal around the Mambova Rapids
3
Letterfrom CentralAfricanCouncilto Trollopedated20 May 1947,Judges'File, No. 6.6b.
4
Letterof 18December1947fromRedman toTrollope,BCMvol. ill, Annex18.
5LetterfromTrollopeto Dickinsondated3January 1948, NM, Annex 59.
6Letterfrom Trollopeto Dickinsondated4 August 1951,NMAnnex71.
1
Lettefrom Central AfricanCouncilto ColonialOffice dated 14 November 1947, Judges' Folder,
Number6.6a. 3
8
with a minimum depth of three feetAs stated in answer to the first question,
Bechuanaland Protectorate was.t interested in the proposed canal to bypass
raJ,idsin the Chobe River. On the Zambezi routewas running a weekly trip
in ~9 bu4thre i,no information about whether and how frequently he ran the
seLndela route.
AcLrd toiLogrd Hailey, the Chobe Timber Concession Co., received a
concess10n m 1935 covering "120 square milein the Zambezi riverain near
Kazangula." Its principal product was ''Rhodesian teak." The exact location of
the company's concession is not known, but it seems to be the company to which
reference was made in the letter quoted above. Namibia has shown in answer to
the first question that the transport route of timber by the Chobe Timber
Concession was by road from Sorendela within Bechuanaland Protectorate to a
railheadt Jafuta. 0perations were apparently interrupted during the World War II
years.According to Hailey,the Concession seems to have been still doing business
in 1950.It is believed that the Chobe Concession ceased operations in the early
1950s,but whether because the timber ran out or because of financial difficulties is
not known. As Namibia has explained in its answer to the fust question, it has
been unable to obtainy evidence tending to show W.C. Ker was awarded a
contract to transport timber through the Chobe River for the Chobe Timber
Concession.
8Letterfrom Central AfrictoTrollodate20 May 1947,Judges' Folder Number 6.6b.
9Theinformation in this paragraph is frNative administration in the British African
territo(HMStationery Office 1950-1953),vol. V, pp. 229-230.
10
Suprafu.4.Fourth, how many tourist boats were in use in the waters of Kasikili/Sedudu
Island in 1998 and in which months? What is their home port? What routes
d t~urist boats follow? ·-
i
!
'
(a): There are tluee tourist lodges situate m Namibia, near Kasikili Island.
1
According to information obtained from the World Wildlife Fnnd (\VWF),
these three lodges operate: 20 tourist boats, namely Impalila Lodge: 8;
Inchingo Lodge: 6; and Kings Den (Cabins):6. Ail these privately
Namibian-owned tourist boats have been registered in Botswana. The
principal reason for this arrangement is that since Botswana militarily
occupied Kasikili Island, it does not allow tourist boats which are not
registered in Botswana to operate in the southem channel around Kasikili
Island. This situation was confirmed by Botswana during the oral
2
proceedings. As was stated by Namibia during the oral proceedings, almost
ali the tourist traffic on the Chobe River in the vicinity of Kasikili Island
3
uses thesouthem channel from which game can easily be viewed. This fact
is corroboratcd by the video presentation by Namibia during the oral
procecdings on 16 February 1999. Thus the Namibia tourist boat operators
have no choice but to register their boats in Botswana. Any tourist operator
who does not ply on the southem Channel can suffer heavy fmancial loss.
From information available to Namibia, in 1998 there were 62 tourist boats
4
plying the waters of Kasikili/Sedudu Island. As mentioned above in this
answer, the privately Namibian-owned tourist boats are 20. Botswana
owned tourist boats are: Chobe Game Lodge: 9; Africa Expeditions: 15;
Moana Lodge: 4; Chobe Safari River Safaris: 2; Chadwick: 1; Chobe
1World Wild Fund, Tourism Information: Chobe River. (Annex 5)
2CR 99/6,p.21,second para.
3
CR 9911,para. 33.
4Supra,fh.l4. 2
Chilweve: 2; Pombaserv: 1. Thus the percentage of Namibian-owned
tourist boats is 32°/oas against Botswana's of 68o/o.
(b) In the dry-season months of August, September, October, November and
December tourist boats use mainly the southem channeL During the flood
season months of January, February, March, April, May. June and July,
Kasikili Island is inundated. Therefore tourist boats use waters of Kasikili
Island that are at the base of the Chobe Ridge so as to view game in the
Chobe National Park which is to the south of Kasikili Island.
(c) The home port of the 42 tourist boats belonging to Botswana operators is at
the lodges located in Botswana, and that of the 20 boats belonging to
Namibian operators is at lodges located in Namibia. 5
(d) Namibia has stated in answer to this question and in its written and oral
pleadings that an overwhelming number of tourist beats use the southem
channeL The boats travel as far as the vicinity of Sorondela which is about
12 kilometres upstream of Kasikili Island. Only a few of these boats ply the
northem. channel on their retum trip.
5
supra, fn.ll.Fifth: What were the navi'gational routes followed by the Zambezi' Queen
since it went into service in Kasikili/Sedudu waters?
1
ln ~swerti hinquestion, Namibia wishes to draw the Court's attention to Annex
22 in Namibia's Reply, the affidavit of Mr G.J. Visagie, the owner of the King's
Den Lodge and the Zambe?} Queen. Page 2 of the affidavit states:
The ZambeiJQ· ueen was built in Katima Mulilo (Caprivi Region) in
1990. It draws about 2.3 feet of water. Because theZambeifQueen is
too large to navigate the northern channel, it could orùy be brought
to the King's Den (via the Kassaia channel, an anabranched channel
of the Zambezi River) by first travelling clown the Zambezi River
from Katima Mulilo, during the height of the flood season.During
the early 1990s, theZambeiJQ· uem navigated from Katima MUlilo to
King's Den only on three occassions but because of the difficulties in
navigating the Kassai channel, I abandoned the venture.
Since then, it has becn moored at its present location adjacent to the
King's Den lodge. This location was chosen for the convenience of
using the ship for additional guest accommodation in connection
with the businessof the land-based hotel. The mooring is in the spur
channel and not in the northern channel.
The ZambeifQueen sailed through the Kassaia channel into the Chobe just above
the Mambova Rapids, opposite Kasane, thence it proceeded upstream to the
confluence with the northem channel, thence through the eastern limb of the
northem channel and then to its berth at Kabuta. It never passed through the
northem channel even on- the three occassions when it came clown from Katima 2
Mulilo. The berth of the ZambeifQueen is in the spur channel, not in the northem
channel. : Sixth, Namibiacontends that the depth of the nortcharmel at
o~ poetis so shaHow that it signiBcandy limits navigation in the northern
c~ar Whmreeisth.point and what is the depth of the northern channel
at that point? When and by what means was this depth established? How
does the depth at that point compawith the shallowest poiof the
so~th ehrnnel?
1
1
THe position of the shallowest observed point along the thalweg of the northern
channel is located near the centre of the red line across theinorthem channel
Fig. 12 after page 34 of Professor Alexander's Second Suppl(NR,tary Report
vol. II). The channel at this point was less than one and a half metres deep. This
was determined as follows:
The·average shoulder height of adtÙtinthe Chobe National Park is 3.20
metres. Fig. 13 after page 39 of Professer Alexander's Second Supplementary
Report (NR, vol II) shows a series of photographs of a herd of elephants crossing
the two channels at the position of the red line in Fig. 12. The photographs were
takenon 19July 1996. The elephant on the left of photograph E3 in Fig. 13 is an
adwt. PhotographE4 to E6 show the same pair of elephants crossing the
northernchannel. The deepest point is at the point occupied by the pair of
elephants in Photograph E4. When this is compared with photograph E3 it is clear
that the depth of the water is about the same as the height of the belly of the adult
elephant. This is somewhat less than half the showder height of the elephant, i.e.
1.5 metres most This is the maximum possible draft of any vessel that may ply
the northern channel. 2
Applying the same method to photograph E2 it is dear that the shallowest point in
the southem channel is more than half the shollider height of the last elephant, i.e.
at least 1.7 metres.
The minimum depths of the among the cross-sections measured by the 1985 Joint
Survey were 2.6 metres in the northern channel and 1.5 metres in the southern
channel. As Namibia stated in its written pleadings, the points at which the
measurements were taken were randomly selected by the survey team. The team
did not take depth measurements throughout the course of the northern channel
and the southern channel which would have shown the shallowest points in both
channel s.Botlw.ma's counsel today reiterated its position that the Joint Survey Report of
1
1981 and the intergovernmental transaction of 1984 and 1985 relating to it
constitute an international agreement. Was that international agreement
registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations under Artide 102 of the
Charter? If not, may that agreement be invoked before any organ of the United
Nations induding this Court, the principal judicial organ of the United
Na ~jons?
No agreement or purported agreement resulting from the political discussions between
Botswana and South Africa was registered with the Secretariat of the United Narions
under Article 102(1) of the UN Charter. This is confirmed by a note from the United
1
Nations Office of Legal Affairs dated 19 March 1999. Further, in a diplomatie note
dated 31 March 1999, South Africa informed the Govemment of Namibia that 'there
is NO RECORD [sic] of an alleged "intergovemmental Agreement" between the
Govemment of South Africa and Botswana regarding the Kasikili/Sedudu island in
2
the Çhobe River.' According to Article 102(2) of the United Nations Charter, no
party!to an international agreement 'which has not been registered in accordance with
the p,rovisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement
befole any organ of the United Nations.'
In any event, as Namibia has shawn in its Counter-Memorial, Reply and at the Oral
Hearings, at the cime of the Pretoria meeting, neither Botswana nor South Africa had
the legal capacity to enter into any form of treaty relation in respect of Namibia or
Namibia's boundaries. The lack of competence on the part of South Africa and
1
Note ofthe Office of Legal Affairs ofthe United Nations, 19March 1999. (Annefacthat there
was no agreement between Botswana andouth Africa is confirmby a letter from Honourable "Pik"
Botha, Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Africa (NM, vol. IV, Annex 88).(See Annex 7)
2Diplomatie Note No. 017/99 (Pol.), 31 March 1999. (See Annex 8) 2
Botswana to enter i:nto agreement with respect to Namibia is confinned by
Resolutions of two principal organs of the United- Nations, namely the General
Assembly (G.A. Resolution 2145 (XXI), 27 October 1966) and the Security Council
3
(Resolution 276, 30 January 1970) as well as the 1971 Opinion of this Court, the
principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It must be pointed out that Resolutions
of the Security Council bind not only member states of the United Nations but also
non-members, and aliorgans of the United Narions. The binding character of the UN
Security Council Resolution was confirmed by the aforementioned legal Opinion of
this Court in 1971. Botswana should therefore not be allowed to invoke the so-called
intergovemmental agreement before this Court. Thus Namibia respectfully submits
that even if South Africa had purported to enter into an international agreement in
respect of Namibia's boundaries, such agreement would have been void abinitio.
3 Legal Consequences for States of the Conlinued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West
Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971,
p.58ANNEXESl-8~--- ---
ANNEX1
GovERNMENT • HousE.
NoRTHERN RHooESIA. 23rd April 1946
To !His Excellency
The Governor Of N.Rhodesia
1
!
Your Excellency
I beg to submit herewith my Report on the
Navl::;ation proble;ns of the Uppt!r Zambesi.
I should lL:.n to thu.n:.-you. .:1n:1 you:r·ef:ficers·:-t·ar::the!'.Very
pleas~nt four daye up the River.
I am now hnvin.:; the O[Jf)ortuntty ta re~1d files from the
3ecretar1.-.t on the formf'r project13 but I thlnk it better not
to delG~s .eyn(L~n:~ ln my .Keport.
I rwve t:l .honour to be Blr
Your obedlent servant,
_t·..,.
REPORT
on
NAVIGATION OF THE UFP~R ZAMBESI
by Frofessor Cebennam
Aprll 1~46 Report on the N~vigat1o Poss1b1lit1es on tne Zambei1
·----~~~~~~~~~~~-~----. r';
My Yisit from April l6th ta the 2lst was made in conpany
tc a::i~ tV .':i)
wi r.h Mr. T. Longridge, i'iter englne and~as rar ~ 8 the
engineering proble~ sre concerned this is a joint report
with hlm~
We had ~f. guide M~ W. Ker, the original proposer of this
pa~ticula rcheme, from whom we had gr~at assistance over
loc; ar'ngements ancl\he 'N:=:.:·.ble to state his scheme on
the s1tes whi ch Y.r(lvery use ful. Mr.. Giblin of ~tombera 1
i
was very useful with hi~ local knowledge. j
1
Mr.Longrldge and I h01.ve only @lt.~r Ked's origl.n lD.l
l'
out in details and we think that M~ Ker ehould have full
credit for h1.s very etrenuous prelimlnary work ln inves-
ti ga tag and rough levellin3 the different sites, as~ well
aw his plans in themGelves.
~
This report is dtvided as follows:
l •'fhe t!fne ro.l En5lneerlng }'r..+~~
Jolnt Report
(::•The Canal ;:che mes; Ka~ane 1atambo r~ •(
3. Recommendation; ~__.~
4. The Economie Problem
5. Politic~l Aspects
6. Possibilities tiol'Irrigation.
·' The ~ngineerinQ_Problem
Pass~n upwards from the Victoria Falls the first navigable water
is the stretci:lbetween the PULJ.pin;; Stati2!!.ta somewhat above the
.. Boat \çlub House, nbout 5 miles o
Froi:n that point tho;,reis fast water, wlth occasiona.J.short navig-
1
~ble stretches as far as Kamujomas, on a signiflcant bend tbwards
the ~orth a,distance of 6 miles. Thence there ls a moderately
a::noo wtaht~rroute for 5 t!lilesto u.point aboveelon~!!~nt!,L.·
Above thl s t!lr is\:ir~ lcul t or fa at water~ the Kacha liB.a.E_lds
wh1.ch P.reclose to the Tris·Station C l58,above whlch there ls
smooth water ~o the b~se of the Katombora Rapids, a dl~tanc ofe
~-/,J
64:sil!l ml li!! s river.
Ft"omhere there ls eaa1.ly n1.vigo.blewat!~r~ base of the
Kn~ .H.apids on thevh~~ or the M.~~a_o~ 1 the Zambe.JJ., 2bout
20 mil e7-~ ~. ~~ ~:... tJVl.2:( t-t'l~- (ir?-r~.
From theBe tv:in rapide there is IJOmiV~o sf navigable V!ater on the
Znmbejtl to Katii!}OMbl1lo, and sorae 12 to 20 miles on the Chobe,
according to the sta te of the VIate·r in that slow runnine; stream,
most of it be1ng a backw•ter fvom the Zambe~ ltself.
In the whole distance of eome 55 milea from the Pumpin5 Station to
ll.n-
the head of the Kasane Rapid a the reo.re four stretches of qui te,(nav-
. !gable w~ter of very fast water as follows ~as~ne Rapids
·.· l m.le,1 22 river miles navigable
Katombora Rapids 2 alles '
) 16 miles navigable
Kacholi Rapids & race 9 m1les
Kamtqoms.s ta Long Island 6 miles
The aignificance of these two short stretches of rapids as com.par
ed to the greater lengths of bad water in the lower section is
'very apparent • Vle therefore concentrated our attention on means
of by-pass1~ the Kas~ne and K~tombor Raapids,
Th~se we fpun-:1 ta be fa.irly ensy from the engln~e~ing point of 1
1.
view, and there were but few lil.lternatlves to Mr, Ker's routes, ,,
r
·and choice of look-sites. These sites are described and costa ,..
.,
estimated ln the two following s~ctiona. i•
'1
As tc the n:.,v1gable atretches we went by boat from Katombd>Ea~o •1
the base of the KasS~. nepids. The only part of the channela thnt
really nee~sm~rkln3 13 the last mlle or sc below the Kaaane.
'.Vewere unable ta ge t a. b0.t1to eee the nt~. viiogaof the 1.3.
miles 1mm~diatel below the Katombora and must rely on the
gtatements 0f ether;. It 1s often p~ssed by paddled canees and we
~ccept it Rs navigable for powered barges even with towa,
The construction of these two canals would therefore permit barge
navigation from point C158,which is about 24m41.lea from Livingstone
up to Kat* Mho'lio,.a total d1st~ of acbeout ~lls,O and up
the Chabe ta beyond Serondell!ôl. s, a tot;;Ll di a ta, of~sornee45 mtles o
j A ruling consideration in t~e extent of the navigable stretch
be provided 1a the nature of the break of bulk or tranâbli.:Alpte.nt t
at the lower end. If it can be put on \ra a- hat1 point the econ
omie possibllities of theae two canals firat auggested may be
said to be ~ssured .f all goods have to be carrled to Livingstone
by raad then the double brealt of bulk would 11mit the prospects,
not aeriously but quite definltely.
We therefore strongly reco~~end t~~t n project for building a
branch ltne to the sta rting point of nàviga ti on, about 2Jlmile a
from Livin~stone s,ould be regarded as an almost integral part
of the whole schome.
Wtthout a [!1Uchrnore prolong~ examdina ti on of the river below the
starting point now recommendod we could not comp~re -the coat of
constructin1::; the canals requtred, at least 9 m1.lea in length &
the laylng of a rail lino. iince there hns been a timber rail
wny ln the }ast lt 1s likely th~t the railway w9uld be consid
~rably cheaper ;1
/ !."'or tapproxima te estimates in the next two s<:-ctionthe
following s·?n~r sellfiaatious were ta%en r.s a b2sisfor
t"e--~lcul~tlona~
....-cks ta.ü!~60 ft lon; by 15 !t broC\d.
/ Canals to h~·- ,vne.mumdepth of 3 ft.
'1/th at ba seof 15 ft •
\ J.'ypof crCJ.ft: DrG~~.-1 l2 ft.
\
.. Length up to 50 ft
.
~--_/1 jjre!;ldLlPto le ft
'.!"
-~·-·~--\
f"fck; ~_ M_ J_(~~ These are situated about 5 m~les up river tram the w.N.z.A.
Kazunsula st~tion. about d2 miles downstream from Kasane.
From smooth 'r'ter above to smooth water below the rapids the
fall i!i9 fe,~t 4 inches and the distance along a auitable line
for a canal is a little under ~400 yards.
,-'
Wlth the alignment sug3eeted by Mr. ~er and approved by us
use would be made of a basalt bluff at the upper en~ , which with
a small amount of retnforcement would make liln excellent foun-
dation for the upper look or flood-gatea.
'tl larned at 3erondellas about 15 miles up stream( by river)
\
the range of flood may b~ as ~uch as 13 f~et. at the ~&pids
the river is very wide ~nd there could not be such a range there.
N~vertheles we would recommend lU foot flood·gat~s t.e.alll be-
~~.····'·'·
ing ~ feet below low-water level.
The course of th,: canal would follow the lint~ of the abrupt
aide of the valley which 12 nn amygdaloidal basalt, much de-
compoaed ln places &nd wlth muny cleavage lines.
FO'tl'the first 400 yards the basalt would have to be exct;~.vj.
ated to a depth from 10 feit to zero,for whlch we ffi"lYallow, cofl
servatlvely 3100 cubic yards of excavation. The canal would then
make partial use of a former flood channel which has eut 1nto,
and to a small extent hR s rotted the b;:-s.alt.The amount of ex-
cava ti on woLtld therefore be planned to be only aufficient to tojbuild the cuber bank of the canal on th.,en rap1d~; 11aide,
,...
which at the lower end woulà have ta be ~ feet h1gho It 1s not
1
ea~y to eiti~ate the excavation without ~2oss-sections but we
i
juige it would not be more than 3;00 aubie yards.
The dimensions and structure. of the retaining bank would depend
1
on: the su1tab111ty of the m•terial. We are 1ncl1ned to think
that the lower 200 yards wo~ld have to be lined with masonry
work unle~; sny clay pockets are found in the near v1c1n1ty.
The work would cons! st of straight forward eut and fill. with
sorne blasting and we think that 1t~m.y b. ê~ti~~t~ t~ cast
5/• per aubie ~rard.
Our rough assessment:~ oaft therefore cames out as follows.
c
2 locka at E~OOO 2000
Total excavatton ~000 yds @ 5/ 1500
Reta1n1ng bank or wall; say _jQQ__
4000
To this must be added item; which are,
(less.. ëa-~ 1e -ftfot~~.IUH
l
Ch ~ge a for transport to si te1 say 300
Due proportion of coat of equipment 1000
~ compre asors, drills 'etc) !L--. say __IQQ_
Contingencies 2000
Total asae ssment 600üf The Katombora Rapids --- J
) These nre sltuated about 36 miles ( by raad) from Livingstone
Qnd about\22 miles ( by river) fran the Kasane Rapids.
The fall from smooth water to smooth water is about 30 fto
and the approximate line for a canal is from 3?09f to 4poo ydso
There ia at present an irrig~tl forow about~ ft. wide
which takes off at th~ right angle b~ni of the northern shore
near the houae. n1is glves an indication of the direction a
navigation canal would follow but otherwise would not be of
much value; the excavation being of small amount and the grad
ient bein,3 tao eteep. Ellcept for the first 400 yda which la
through friable basalt, this furrow runa, for some 1300 yds
through a light alluvlumlwith blQck-soil patchea. The aim
would bw to use this nlluvium as much n spo Bsible for the carial.
bame propo~t ofithenbasaltic sround\could also be dealt with
ho.rrowl:·ngfollowed by bulldozwrs.
The pl;.n euggested by us would be to have a double lift (of
approximately 10 feet in e....h loc~) at the lower ehd 1 &it-
uated near the 20 ft contour above the lower smooth water level.
The canal VTouldthen ~e excavated through the alluvium approx
ima tely à.'lotigthe~:cèntb faui ae (te all e lPol1 ah Regugee
~,.mp when it would enter baàaltic ~ëround in which there would be
approximat~l y00 yards of excavation to the next lift which
would be sl!ghtly above the present 1rr1gatlonefurrow 1ntake, ~ - ------------
near the ri·g.'flt angleturn of the northern bank.
'1h1s 11ft 'would a~in be of approxima tely 10 feet br1ng1ng
1
the canal w~ter up to the level of a land1ng basin which would
have to be made about 150 yards beyond the present landlng
stage • From the se mid vay ~ocks the emba rùtment and cu t would
have to be rna1e ln basaltic ground but helped to some extent by
t'he existence of an old flood water channel. ·fhis poJStion 1s
djeneely wooded and sm ;leaing. costl would have to be in-
1
c;luded.
1Estim of thet aiount nof eut and embankment is d1ff1cult
i'n the absence of any levellint5 as a guide. 'l'he distance for
this section of the canal would be a little over 17'0 yard~,
and we are aasuming that the total excavation in this portion
would be in the nelghbourhood. of 5000 cubiv yards. having re
gard to the assistance of the old chann~l.
On this portion there o.ro~t :J,e;.stwo storm channels comlhg
fr-omthe hl,_:;hcground vrhich woLilù req1,.1irtr~a tment, poseibly
by silt trapa above the cannl.
It ts difficult to make anyth1ng like a close asaessment of
the amount or cast of excavation that will be requ1red, but
nllowing for the extreme ease w1th which the alluvial portion
can be dealt ~ we th1.nk tb.at on all-in-coet for!excavation
is conservative at ~1 per yard run for the outside lengbh of
4000 yards.The extreme range of flood level at the lntake appeare
' be not more tha.n 7 fe et 1 never-the-le ss an 18 foot
flood gate would be advlsable.
The rough est1mate of oost therefore runs as follows-:
:f·
4 looks .@ ~}000 4000
Excavation @ Cl per yard run 4000
Uantral works for storm channelS
500
8500
To wh1ch ahould be added some such '
-~~-~----·---· --........
·amounte as ..
Clearint costa say
lOO
Transport charges to sine say
cf .1 500
Due proportion{coat of equipment
3000
( bulldozers;\ tractera. compre ssorsetc).
Add for contineencies 900
4500
13000
We have consldered the question or mtü.:1teh.Jiu and ·arcosts
of opinton that the follow1ng is B reasonable estim~t~.
Gare and repair of looks
lOO
Clearance and ropair of canal lOO
~ncidentals lOO_
300 ;u.. a...~~ ....•../ As far as the engin~erin ogerations are concerneo Mr.
Longridge and I agree that the !~r~ttthtngtto~beJ dsont~
have seme surveying done on th~ two sitea.
This would consist of a longitudinal section of levelling
.wlth less ~ccurate cross sections at every hundred yards or
iwhere otl:<-'rwlse<idVi~abl ..nese cross-sections should be
from 10 to 30 y~rds on el tl:lerside of th~ line accorcHng to
whether elightly alternative routes are ~val.labl oe not.
Ln~kdditl. ~ot~.waul bde.advisabt ~oe..ha~e~tri~l~h oules
·whenever th~ materi~l is not obvious on the surf~ce.
such a survey would enable ~ contr~cti englneer ta take
out his qu:;~ntit Ji:~asônd ln a tender without ~ny pralong-
ed inspection of the sl~es.
In absence of any auch survey by us or inde ed u.ny pegging
of the approxim2te line by ua we think it advis~bl tat the
survey pnrty Hhoul~ b~ in clo~e touch with Mr Ker whose gen-
eral route ls rully ~pproved by us.
We do not think it neces:1Rry to s~") hk ndvice of nn In-
land Wa:ber_.,Wranaport Engineer fr-o:!l Ene;landAfter the above
survey 1s avail~ble the general spec1figat1ons could be drawn
1
up by the Terr1tory s own cngineers and sent out for tenders
..!,------
1,
contr;~.ct.
are of opinion that the look gates could be made largely
of local timber and that the steel and Iron work for sluice
;nech~ln sm, hinges, etc_ 1ould pro ba bly be made 1n tou the rn
Rhodesia except when they are obt~inable from stock in Eng-
land.
The rate of construction would nSl.turally depend on the amount
of l~bour employed, but it should not ~xcee~ the period of
one dry eeason, the most favourmble time for auch excav~tion,
and a clausP. mig!".t be lnclurled in the co~tr:;~c tct that effect.
The metho~1 of financin:5 the scè\eme is h2.?"dly in our terms of
reference, but it- la suggested that public ownership, whether
by rneans of a public utdl.lity cornpt~. ony vi3 c·Jmmissioners or
.9.wa terway ·nhlcè1 ahould be a permanent as set to the countrlea
concerned. Th ii boe)y would then own a n-d opera te the cam~ l.
paying off lta capttal charges in an agreed number of yeara
begiàes mRking s'Jme profit tc the exchequer of those coqtrie&~.
I think tha t the opera tian of transport up and dovm. the
river mi&~t properly be left to one or more companies who
would be subject to auch cha}'!gea as might from time to time
be fixed '.
In th1a connedtion I feel bound to put forward the claim of
... .er for p!··tor•ity of eo:ne lt:ind', As fnr as I a:n U~v:e he.re
waB the firet promoter of this act~al~cheme~nd I know he
hrs spent G sood deal of his ca;ital in his own surveya snd
1nv<.-cstl3ati o~Hl. He WEs, be fore the v1o.ra rof\d tra.nsport con
1
trnctor in so~ttherR nho.:~es iad r:~eem t~·h~ve a e;ood .grnsp
of tr~lnepor i.:roblems. Ee woul-::1 r:E'rtainly be z,n ener~e"Lic The Ecgnomic Froblem
Wlthout going lnto detail about the; freight ch:ii.rges ta be
lev led, which will ultimo :l~. depend on the market pri ce for
foods carrled, we may consiŒer the possible and probable ton-
nages ta pass the canals ln the near futureo
It must be !"ealised from the outset thst the commodi~y which
vr:illpay for the canals and in fact prompts most of the recent
proposals ls tlmber.
The pre eent world shor tage, and the long haulage from the Si1a..
portslto parts of th ~nion and South R~~ ronde h&vla creat-
ed a demand whlch cannet st the moment be supplied, Moreover
the priees permit the heavy costs of raad haulage ta r~llhead
to be econom19. Tho duration of th@t demand is not ~asy ta es
timate depen~ing a~ortgst ether thinss on the shipping position
for competet lve ti:nbers a.nd t'ne hous&:ng~·:ahor ..~·gSoutharn
llifrica. But lt is quite certain th4lt the demand will be ~ro
longed if the haulage coste cnn he reduced.
Wlth regard ta the quant1ty I c~n only mentlon one figure.
ar1a1nB from n convers~tlon with people concerned w1th the
Chobe T1mber C:oncession, namely tha t they would ·11ke ta ship
2p00 tons a month from Serondellas instead of the 200-500
tons they send by lorry ta Jafuta at present.
_;.x-;ne figures for t1mber ny;ailable wtthin easy reach of the
.........-xs)
//Qhobe and Upper Zambeei can be as•essed in round figures
as a fuDther guide to t~le timber tr~f fic which would be likely
to ava1l its~lf of water tranàport.
The return traffic up river would be small ln comparison
being of the arder of 200 tons a month, w1th an 1ncrease like
ly con~equent upon an increase of timber-getting and genera~
.:-levelopment.
From the quantity avail~ble the tlmber -industry appears to
ha.ve a li fe of from 10 tc 30 ye01rs accord ing ta the de mand and
rat• of cuttlng, though the 1ncre~se of haulage to r1ver-s1de
as cutting proceeds may serlously affect- the priee and there
fore the O~ ).)Lt.
'l'his;,ssured traffic ln the early P·~riod is a matter for
co.naiderable satisfaction to any promotera and ls posslblj' the
b~str~aaon t'or early declsions 1~œJ action since while demiilnd
is hle;h the frèight rntes can br: htgh.
The future long term traff 1c for th~: W.?terwf.ly ~l,.,ar lypend a
on the development of Barotsel~ ~ h e ,~pr1v St1ip and Eech
uanala nd .Prote ctorn te, but 1t 1 s ce rta1 n th~ t th("Jprad uc ta
'1!111 be mn1 nly ag ri cultural a:td thc:r·ffore bulky, dem.o1.n1ng
cheap trn nsport. •ro a large extènt the re fore 1t mfi.y be s-.id that
the natural development of tfiese areas depends upon the provis
ion of ~~ter:brinsport. ·There would be a. Sl:n4il.llbut ste ady use of the wa te rway for
passenger traffic, bath by labour rec~~ltlns organisations
and posstbly by tourlst agencies tn due course. The effect
of auch personal traffic on the rate of development of the
.bank area s must not be undere stima ted,
The economie ~nd social effect on the nativ~s would no doubt
1
ibe slow but ijUre; Fer tribes already inclined ta trade ta seme
~xtent,aue~~s the Barotse the effect might be immediate. For
the Ba tawana 1t is bou nd ta b~ :nuch slo·Ner. Neverthele ss it
is,I take lt, the declared policy of these territortes ta devel-
op by and f~r the natlve2, and tr~nsport of this kind 1s a sure
way. ·.
.,~.~r·
Navtga tian .:F~ te ês.oni he Upper Zambej.l affect at lea st
four terr1~~ries:)
.-····- -.·-···:-
.Northern Rhode si a '·
/
sou th~·r:n ~·s-·.:...ad
.......··~-·-...· _)
Béchuanaland Protectorate, &nd ..)
~ Caprivi· 8t-~1p. .......--····
~a far as riparlan ownership i~concern~ and, the threeff1rbt
mentior.ed might be sa id to be the most a.ctv ely conc!'!rned.
The Zambes1 is by convention an ir.ternatLonal w:aterw but .y
this p~rt of it does not touen terrltory outslde the British
Commonwealth.
I t may be ac cept~ tda t the three coLtntrL.::a bave ment loned
would all support ~ny projects for th~ improvement of nav-
.'la. on and wou:!::-' llkcly tc be participantlil ir ~ny public
u tillty campa ny, ownlng shores fccordln3 to the ir con tribut
ion of capit&!.l.
In thl~ partlculnr project, one cnnnl, the K~san ~er upper
one will b~ eut through Bechua. nd~ lro>e tora te la. na whlle
the ether will pass th:rou.ghNorthern Rho:..'lesl~.
I h~ar from Mr. Ker th~ then he orl3ina.lly proposed ta seek
powers to eut the C3!~l simself he obtained a provlsional or
conù 1 tlonal ch:a.rter from the Hlgh Co[mnia.sloner to do soo I
am um.ble to f::ay how far the dl scuasl on went. 1
a public utmlity company, ln
1 ., ' '
which all-· _·_ err1torle2 partlclpate, break down, I would
1 . - .' : '
rrcommend .:;t.hat''Northern Rhodew Lo-s~der procec:dlng wl th
1
h~r own resource~
.,....-----.----------
'She will, unc1e:r ordinary develot:~ btnnft nt m,ost from the
scheme.:
.~..... ·.
of rapids on a river is an invitation
irrigation provided there is land available and
sui table.
My vi•it w2s much tao brief to enable me to pay close ~ttent~n
to the engineering aspects of such works nor am I quallfied ta
pronounce upon the value of the land which would be irrigable.
On the oth~r hand I waa able to walk over a great part of the
land or/igin~ .elvldy by the ir-rigatl..-:furrow at Katornbora,
:r
an~have collected a ~mall amount of local lnfor~atlo Qnbout lt.
The furrow la dug for ubout a mlle from its lntake, but at
preaent lt only serves~ small p~rt of the lan~planted with
600 hundred citrus treea, of b~::~r ~-lg.eThP:.:u;ther end of
the fur·f'o·:, ·:.-ould requirclc:,u·lng, :at so..::ülcoat, to rnake it
again aervlc~able.
The area of land irrigable would then be from 300 Qcrea to
O.plvards of' 500 .-Lcres accord in~ to how f<u· the furrow were
taken. Except for one or two a~all patches wlth bŒd dr~lnage
the soll ls a free workins one of silt wlth a proportion of
black sail. The gradient ta the lower river ls very convenient
and seme lOO a"tZres or sa ~re cleareù witn S!nall .e;rowth on the
reillainder till the neighbaurhoo of the river ltself is reach-
ed. There ls & rep~rable barbed wire renee cutting the large
triangle off from ordlnary game inl~nd.
/J
>r•r~ Thi. ~~-.~.ry of th1.s venture by Mr. Sutherland 1s not fully
known._-but apparently ite anly pt~.rti -uaaess was due mainly
ta traESpart difficulties tQ Livingstone.
The c~pital sunk in the irrigation scheme cauld not have
be en mu8h less thBn .$, 2000 anJ wn s probably more. I ga ther
tha t the vrhol e of the ho ld ns was pur cha sed by t!:r,eGave rP.mtm t
for the Polish Refugee Camp.
The future development of the ZambeJJ. ~alle &ee:ns to be
~ainly aGricultural, t1.mber being u 3radually vanishing asset.
This asriculture will fin1 tts b~3t market ln out of season
crepe srown by irriBDtion, prob~bly supported ln tlme by dairy
products. Seme ~f this irrigation cultivation will be dane by
EuropeanR, and in time sorne will be done by natives.
Bath, but especially th~ nntlve~will require a~vice os to
:netho~l la,-out, crops etc a:.ndtt'l· ~riel be experimentg,l
work requtred for the l~tt~r.
It appears tome th~t this half- completed irrigation scherne,
already in the po sse saion of Goverrunent, woulr:l be an idea'l ai te
in many ways for such ~n experimental and demonstration farm.
Apart from agricultural machlnery there would be very little
initial outlay over buildings, ftncing etc, and a small 1mmed-
iate ~ffset ta thRt in the citrus orchQrd, which is ln fair
arder at present. ·~-'··
\
off1cers. .-·-
... Govèrnment House
1
22nd April .L946 Lusaka
i
Dear Lord Trenchard
Following our conversation the ether n1ght
about 1mprove~ent of navigation on the Upper Zambesi and the
important part the RhodE sian Rail'.':ays might play in the scheJle,
I enclose a ~ap to 1llustrRte the points we diacussed.
1
It1 is a tracing from the 1/250,000 map and ls as corre6t as
any bther map available.
Ii shows the point at which Barge navigation would start,
the river below thnt point being intractable, or at least
difficult to canalise.
1'he Zambesi Sa.wmills Light railwllly r~1n f'orlllerly wi thin a
mile of thi.s starting polnt, to th~ pontoon ren·y. "l'h,:,tns
lifted in about 1933 an1 transt'erred toits north western
c;(tension but ofcourse the grcitll(:nts o.nd e:11bankments rema.in.
tl-w bridges :Jl'e probably un~ervlcea ble.
·:~·h lat rewüred tQ "r::ninJ off" tne nuvi:;atlon i:lchernete tr~<!t
this l1ne should be rel:a 1.:1 ta the :-; tt~~n- point of r.nviga tl an.
Th1e would ap.t"Jear ta DJ~~n about !J.•.:ovmiles of rele.id l1ne and
on~ or two mll~s of new construction. '1
..~ would be chiefly tlmber in the ,,
,. The fre ight
earlier year ,-its destination being to Northern •nd Southern
8
Rhadesl.Q, and the Union sa that the ll.ne should be laid for
the timber carry1ng class of rolling st~e Ink due course the
freight would incluàe food praducts from Barotseland, which in
my view 1s the ultimate raison detre for the whole scheme. At
the same time I believe that there is no reason why the branch
11ne shoulà not very saon begin ta pey its ~ay c,nsidering
the small capital cast involved.
I am sarry tlu·,tthe l~t.e of ;nysRhodesiun. ?.ailw:ay train
on Qun:h'Y nie;ht prevented me rrom h-v1.ng a. }longer talk with
yeu on the development of Southern Afrl.ca but I trust that if
you are not too frantically busy we mayrresume at some time,
in England, wh~r I expect. to arrive early 1.n September.
'f.ourlis1.nc~rely
7(,]/)'
.' {
v ' - _._.....,
---·--
uzemau;Dia~WJIU7li:&:Ji.*!»cu;:_,:;::::;= 1'~P""!""'"""I 1
~-- ••
_,:.
··-- ....
58 . :~~.!~
-'
·.:-·'
C E l\'i'n A L A F FeÎ C A !-• C 0 t1 N .C I L - 'r"•-'
Fete by Secret arlat.
At th~ f1.rs.:1 na:.ctof,the Com.mtttee held ln
Se.lt.'!lbllr)then~·~thDee~,i!bo ir,wl\s areed that the Chief
Se:cret ary:~h~: :a!r,~:nquir1 efsthe }Tort hern:"lhodas1 a Gov
et·!!r.è!'•~:;::{ te.rexlnt':"'f,:.overnment a.""ldtraders
trll.!'fiçlt."of t~•.Southern fihode s 1a Governr..ahd W .I~. A.
r(;,..'l.rdth~ c:~ten tt th.:rirpot~·ntj. tr..lic alcng the
Z~·Bboa 1!.lte. 'L"~r.:.:::u!JithN.H:enc..u.1r1eand other
cr,.o·."lotnfot·:r.c.t!'"'c·~ 1lv:e~u;~;:r. btow.!:lse(!
~. :. co:al~c0!1structc1 to hy-pans the i~o.torr..bora
rH·Hti!~.~l~l~è. of r.o.D.dVL"l.t;to.the \atwater.sro.ndUative
Lcbc·J.:- .-\..;roc:•'""f.'\ei:-. rs.iisenot Ltvlne,stone but~
.!n.f'u.t,\.i'J}ü ponl the:' hc.ve ·astublisheda camp.- ThG..whol·~
or the ir tr31' l~f,1• tht:Zo.:r.boQre~ t:Jeent by road !'rom Jatuta
to 1\!l:r. :n.qt ~sor.e,hru.v ;,'Odll'orKatba !.iul1lnortnv1aro~
\'th~ .ro:car.1•i~c!rtr.e S:1wtülls iiülway !'t"oL1v1n;3s~ oo.e·.
~·s~,sc, 'IheAs~~cio.tioni'l.•..ndE~ road t>otwctm Jatuto-and.···.·_ i"'
1~t1z.un \'u,'h:s.e.Elc;,ua.tc fits ov:n traffic·. '.! protosad ~ · ·!"._
cn. !'to. bz:-p:t.the3i\~sa. r'tis rrd.t:ht ba o-:casionc.lused ·.
b~ t'u, ..l;;socia';fornriv,;,rtrllns:1ortbetT: is ~K:az.né:;ula and:.! .
i<o.. s~L~.'1~~~~.arc .h~:vn .;:·.na.0!rt, t>t.tt thcordtnary -,·.
trans-,;o!•betwt.>en thlô'.'le ;+·ointaeontlr..uoto ba 'b:rloiry. 'r
·~· ch!~. .l>'..rtlCtJ.n•~ t:·v- ·•N•3'·,nt urr3!'l'<'t)l<mtwh:tch thelt
Xu:uno c"; •.·w9~ta':o•,l(. tr~-\pi 'id:tc.,t~r:r. lrnuoa•lorr~ lS
l\nC:.'rJr,:~uvlc tc>l';,llt1:.~ult lot,n8 e.nytwelvo rnonths
n;c~tc·f tiv~trn.!. rC~P-_3.t .ytv-o.oro: h~ Caprivi Str1p from
l~aH'~ t1\:•.•t1m~·utLlo :dwc·vcr th•• construction C'~a e.nna.l tt
at ;:.:.::'hl~·1t.eau::>cr!·"'tl:li"Choho TtConcessions to use wa.ter 1
inst~:; .\;.~<~.t:.S?Ort, \'IOilÙE-oC arlvo:.ntain E~lim1nating
tns :"~.. 1;v1::;-orls:·~ ,trm the. 1-:e.zuni!.Ula/Jarond. 'I'h6 . la
J\.'lsocla co.nsio~r.. r.s<:.ras ~En~,r. te'lio up tho Zarnbesi
1~ c~.'no:~: to.cèai.cnal b~~IHlssl nar\:.!oznbovn.l'aptwould '
be of r.lostung for rlv.;;rtral'.c to. o.."''dfrI~tv1nt;st oThe.
A!lSOclatlon13 G.tt:.itudr.l!dttr r~d.tcl! lncy CtU'l&ls Eo.re :,
~~~)tructe nr.;l thoq,J.~s tftcanital cost hall. bsendisp~s~~-.
The Assooio.tion is a.t presentusinG 20 passènge
trucks 1 2 lo.r;;:e motcl.tu.;:h&ct.rrylng .SOnative .o..ehl_S:~.·
9ari<!le. l olrnn~:t.\~o!lOntoons. · :J?.. ~·::·:;:•..;~.::;.~,.,.-,.c:o:;
.3. The CO!:lin!11onor rr.rl'!1t~ La.bC'IUrinSÔu.L.Ut:J.L"U
::r:-:nèosstat. t~r:s ·~ci.l fihc..lno. doe:s noobto.ln ·a
t.:r.oùnt ci' lë.bctlloneth~ ·har rcutc rron:acrotsoland and,
prcs~n t:-:pan:lituri3 out of ,oll r>rbport1onto the b~nef~
recc.i n~\. ·~h.n.\bor of rr.lc;r tl!'•h carrby the South.::.rn .
Rhod<,s i'u tr::..•: ~çvocrt !'roreP.~otsale. ind1946,
l 1:31~''.'the\nurr.b crriod on th~ rtttùrnjc-urnoy about
1. t:üs n.p.t.re.
1
·-··--·- --~·-··------ .~--
/ . 2.
?rom Ko.titna }~ulth heom.lgrcnts are· ce..rrie·to .''
i'i.w.;!Jbyt berce !.>.ndlaunc1 eho.n.:insbon.ts nt the r.:c.onbovu ra.:Jids.
Pro::'~;-np1ni t;-,& jour ney tothe ~·'al s sby lorry. A e r.nal
b~.-·pusin t~-:i.·~=-.~l t.o;•fli.lJs.è1::of as,izt nnce.
', ":!1.1~orthsr Ri>ode.sia Government is belteved
tc be in not.otl;-.tioy;ith.two concc.rns interest~ dn cutting
Rh~d~ eF.lltc::'1.n tho :.'.ukusfor-ests in the Sesheke district
~-.:;l:.·wocCle;;: i.~th::; X&tir:~:ulil or3ca. The two conccrns IU'e :·
(.z...::~·J ."'~:;.~.,·o-tre:, Ltd .•,w!"lhave a plywood
~~1""' r•1Lt~v1n~stonG ,nd
( b) i':cr:·r.fo.zvt'!:..t·l •
V;,;;:lt<l"~t::·:uH:por_,,1/;.'\Llc.blr.;u~onabl l.tC:S it l..thoUI,:ht
th:t :~o~ E(O to ?~C ton~ ~f timb~r a Œonth wo~ld be. sünt to · ··
LLvtr..;:.: c:~thi:c route.
:S. '!'~ ::'(-trrn R~or:t~ç Govt..:rnmant runsA .r1vf.Jtran~-
,,o,t.3<>T'v1.t,· :.·c~ 1'uorr.Lldncston<.·. l'he tirst sta,e.of the
jcu=-r-.· t;:.l,~Sr-.~•t. ':1!hr.v to il.asa3c th&n bv lorry l59
L'li1.to !·i~:-. nr:~·:orr.t:'-:E.t=;~:t.~o bynbo..e, ·The trip
fro,•Ll•;in-:!:tor:to rcr.;:ut.::. boll:.l~~de."s. Ir. t~lre :no.nths
Octnb,·1·to·t'"e ' 17'r6.i!rpvr,tl;t,·lY 250 sho:ot tons woro
cO.l1€è.•
€ • TC'\3ttr.::1 t'" o.brtooinformation, i.tappeat-s
l~k!''th(l.ttl".rtollr-~: rn.fio mteht be ex?oote.d to U3n thf.l .:
c.; i_rout,_ :~ ·· : ··
i.,~~.•.A. !Hl o.t proscnt · ·
r-.,, l'ir!Jb~r 50C/7QO tonn p~r ~anth .:.:..::.
ùooè!.st.o ;:;n.t-e'l':.!lo
80/00 ton. po~ month
S, a, L.ibo:.tr 160 p~s3~ncçr psr ~o~th.
":'~ :-b.n~f(!.~l. :t~n:t.stc.~ .t:6 l).ccountthe po.:l.slbltransport or
ti!r.b fl"l'i:c:~c:·,-::H:nbçr Con::assions, which m1ë,ht àmou.nt to
hlt\'::.o JCCC1~:.: ;., :!0tons :.\ l;t"'tiO'.': !:1MtroO. further 200
ton'l·.nst~··.; Hc.uGno tht;jtak~. into a.ec:cuntthe davelopm~nt
ot'~~.p rt::èt:,,,rt.::n t;i:!.'from ëe.rot:ll. o.:~sns :from t;he
~1::'Cl' rF ch·.·.:t:·l".ns:;ot•tIt.ts not pc.sslblE: to give evon·a·
~·ou;c _;~L.t-:: o::.·h.lth1.3 traf!'ic nti(;htGnlount to, oxcept to ·
sc.:trwt u:1d·.r,wo·..lrc'ol<: circwnstan<Hit woul-1be considtlNI.bl.•
7. ' 'l'nt:• t:.t.Provlncc h::n a population of ovtr a··· .
quart.:.!r:fc.n11J.l.to1-. o.:·1n::.turnlrc.gources n.ro alnlost·whol1y ··-.~:.
ur.d<.v.::lo:.HA~)·. fo:'r,!-.cpoa~ibl use~ or ~ll rnnsp'J:-t, on Ylhich
t,!;s .:·s~·· .o:t·c::·l:to :r1,~· ll•.t!' op.nn3 up of tho · ·. . .'·./·
~' 2.::.~f ,•::v-r~we.7.,:.l;.ic.i.s u;J:lcon.'llMro.tlon by the.Corr.mittC::~.'~
tr.c.!·:.!'en~.· !.1·o';h;,:ft••:.:.s:lbl·: -:-oThu3~. arr.the Nongu: ~..:, ·,
to L·.t! .I:::_J,~'aÜtOhVI.):o· ~o··''~ oad;.:ltThe. Mone;u/Lu ·a~~~
'.-·- roo.rw.2-;E.h~.nè ino1n:~:4o(! o.ccou....,tof t:.xcos91Ve coat or..:-::::';·,:,:.:-fi'·i~'l
r:-.o.tnttnmc•}7h: .rlist&."'lV/0.:44('1m.ilo:,of whtch OVQt'lOO './l>'"'''-":-.,_;;~.id:
mil.o::s .,\;'•!sc;~trc~t c:ltllJ' sandy soil on which it.waa.-·. ··..,=-.
imposol!::~ to .t'orr~tfirm S\trfae~ V:ery lcrgo :nuns of money
"ic.ulè. br.o:quir-:0::ov•;t•c:omotht:d:'..ftiou.ltiof t&rra1.n •·:·~7
~.'c h~i:m.!;t bct\'> c~~nll.o aè•.ühc Copperbelt 1s just·.~un~~.r
4CO rr.ilMl,with ;-.o!'l;:u a tv.rt120 r::llosS.'fte.Tho l6ngth.-.Ç!fH>:~;,~
thi3 rea:!prcclw~t it~ use e.3a mci.n link betwecn the Pro.
e.nèthe Ltn::. of fiL>.ilShould. th~ d(>VClopm6nt of the riv~ .nuL..,
provo posstblç, theN in little doubt that 1t woulè. cnrry_ ~~BI!
bulk of tho prod•..lc& e.nd po.:ucnr.;tos and !.rom tho Borota_e .·
'fh'Jè.t~tU• btVI.cn f::ongu ::-.L!.vin~st bjothG3 routfl.":is
it1l- <.î:. ~-~..\·?::.tir::n Muliltmd.):one.uth~rc s only ono.;·!·.'!'~t?.i'4l
::t.retcnet tGtv:;:tn'70-8('n:Ucs w-h1eh ia not at ;>rose-nt nav
A solu.~ •.· ori/
.-~.~: ------· ····----.·· ·-·-·--~~~----···-@1-
.. -; i 5-9
.-
3.
A sclutlon to the navi~ntlo~ nroblems of the first 135 miles
!'r"rr. L!.\•!n.-:-stonï·~.-o ;·:uili ·:o'l. hus ~o far tovrards the
est ,,blisMlënt cf t~. r.lv~r ro~te t.sthe; main line of commun- ·
ic<lticn to :md from :cu-otseland.
e. Grlnaker's ~~nort on.the by-passing of the rapids
at i::\TA~ a:d:ntc!<A.SJUiEglvf:s th.reo &.lternatives in cach ·
c.::...o1'h·)S<~r~ :-
1
. ·1>-
,
(1) Cane.!Construction !.3?,000
(2) Road construction, 36 miles ~11 wonther !.100,000
(3) Raib:ay pc-rt.:rc.~(; 4:.19,000.
KASAIŒ.!
..
( l) C&\nt'.r.onstruction. Sohe1ne J\, !.44,700
...
(2) c!l.."lC.lcon!ltruction.Scher.\t:. !.31",500
ri
(~) Ra.llay'',pcrteraLEl !.12,000, ....
.. .
':.. . l·'rom v:h:11.olcl')owo~ t'r,!.; ':lrcso<:ntpot~ntic.1
l'ivr,.tr·af!"tc,it vo•.tl I~.!Tth:.t the hit;:co:Jt of cWHLlisnt1on
could nqt l:a";ustifie.d in cithc:1r case.
10, ':'hrcst1r.to.tfer th. ~onstruction of an oll
\'.':>ar t:-.:,~:o::Li.vinzstont: to ~·· .T.t.ora ill prcbc.blon the ·
ht:~ ;!.de, :~1CU!' o•t~linod !'ror.tb~ Southcrn Ithode:~ Riands
o~,n~tc~~t s!v~)r~:c~tda~ costs ris follows ,_
..
F'ou:;:lat1.o:lr•Jr.ll~; t. 300
:?.urf:.o-:Mr mile t. 650 '-:·
---- Jt'
TOTAL r~2&!2. lt-
oB
El( ~en foot t:1!c ;:,!'u!',t.
··-·---·---~-··-···· ·:'-·-da··-o.n"()!I:r.ilG !. 300
(~.r.1v :;oa·fc", not S~.f3.c p..:. ile f~ t
~0r lCt0d)
TOTAL S:l~S.Q
1
:.!;!.J.nt ~fntml'.t.:r csrp::.troa~ i:l considcrably less thnn. or
til<;J··st:droad !1.."aci:or:Hnt, to Southllrn Fthod~:o exlEïitnce
tully juJt1f1os the txtra cost. On tha bàs1s ~r !.1050 per
1r..1le, th.cc~t of construction or ;36 miles of tar c:ll'petroo.cl
fro~L"i.vinë~t o n.i<c.tombor:i v;o•.bf.only· !.371000, not allowing
fo!' ti·. cs~ of :-.~ br!.3c:.s n3 r:;i~ hvtnac~ssary, An e st1mate
or. :.E.C',OC'Oshou.!h~.r.:on th.?..o.d~t:,ua tsc.?.miles of this road
:·ro'.tld ;1.'=l 'btr~aè n tan:! event, the cost or this alternative
~u~t~e :on~idcr~ od~ the bRsis of 14 milos sa~ t.ls,ooo.
:·'nint•;l131'co~ t'old b~ about .t40 p~ mriÎe. pcr jcnr, but th. . i~
~ot·, ~ot allow for rc.!:urfa:i c.~v.::r:•tishto ten yoars.. . · ·,-.._..:.
:.:aJ.ntr.nE'.wo\.: th:aforc co3t about t6CO per mile/yoar on .tho ·
1{ ·r.:il;:a of roe.d c;uostion.
11. On tb!.st.fir;uros thcrc would ~.:: om be no
tc choo36 ~et\ '!(t;' cost Md m.lintcnm oc of an 1111 weat
roo.1 t..'ld thrailwo.y ·;.ortera.sesch~r i.t o lfar as the .Kat
ro.o1ès tl!'o coneerr.F.odThe rond v;ould hl)'flev6r be a permone.
ass6t to the a.reu. . .·: ;~ ..;,:::·=·· .
,
·.;...:..·;: .~•~."'··"·"•'
.1
.···--·...-..... .-·----:r-··-.~-- -·:
-~~ --
..... ------------
'~~~-- ..-
,.· l':'i ...
(.
l2o ~~ re~ardst~~ E.esa~ ~nplds, th~ eost of th~
rllilv.r<:p=rt ..-::.:;h<:.;;would app ~a!"t.obe just iflod o ThG
::cn-r.ra,i::.."l:;_c!t''lr:d<:sia R!'llw<lys::.bleto su.n>ly scrnp
r,:,ile~t 1/61 o p~r foot o At this fiE: urth6 eost of the: rails,
~;:"~timr 11:thr.!N.?ort nt .i:1 200, v:ould be ~300, say !:.500
d~li v;r ~,.·.:..th.:t~~ :.1cos t of th.;; sch.;rr.c woulth~rc.for .:>
r~d~~~d to ~;,300.
13o A 1in:.1 point to 'b::con!liderc:(eonccrns tha ·
(•'1crat1n·co:Jt::or th<: river er.:tft oIn this conncction thEl ·
l'ollvlflin!'·::.cts r,:b•:•:Eivt.:.by ~.~ Kr<.r. The trip from
th.:~·:tiH !toè .. r,.·,EKe:.::a.ro.:Katim~ Mulilo 1s ovcr lOO
mil.::.s.ihth à. lr.ndln,:crc·.fttowing four bllr~ cp.tcam t>mpty
•J..rcturni.n1 dcwnstrc.n."':l lo:>.dcdbetw; 48;~~,nn50dtons, the
---· oost incl:..!jinpt;trol, le.bo~J mr:t.int:..ne.nc-:: c-.r.d ov.::c-..r.~ount.s
to ~37.lC. O. T~ls~~v~s n ton elle ecst of two p~nea fnrthiqgo
If >:rurt:;:.rtlu·::.!'~.rthln igs !'.·:·d.:.caver c!·:.prc:.cia.titho
total ton cil( ea~t 1s thr.:.c~Gne Ehis figur~ would be
:-cc!;Jc"if 11:1:1.lo:.d 'l!.:r:.. cD.!'upstreem Mc! if l'lrgcr bl!rgcs
'N(.rU:J•.cL rn~-1-.n\!tn:crr.ft ~c c.t. pr.:!lcpow.:.r..;d by petrel
rn.::.rlc-n·_!.!'l·.;'I!'è.lc~· :n..n..o w.::r.~lttcd, eo3tS could
b.-. s tilr:-.or;:~~uc.-. Aè,ft;;ur·:o! ~d. 1 ton mlle shoud c.d.::quc.t
~ly r.ovu· r.0!;t:( L:'lclu~~ \Jngrtcrr ..sl).·nnd profit on tho
.:.:.J3'.l:::ptlnn:;~::.r:.~uetl~ of th .prc~.::e ;n!tlteould be
m:~-<1::.,
l4o ln or1~ ro c.vo1d w~Jttfe uolm~~tltt 1h6~n
Cc,r:u:-t:ti.:::. con.üè~rilr.:r.e.:>!T th.tzr in: h.;rc;v.nt~of the
r.tv..:ron~:: .:.::co~ c.t~bll:;h-.:d,,, oy:;tcrn of 11ecnc1ne on the
Hn··. ~f th~ Publlc s~rvtc· .l::.nsc, r-..gulc.t1on!or motor
v~hielts ~h~uldb~ introduc~d. At ~r~ucnt the Korthcrn
!'~h~cL Gcvt..Oll.f:.tC'.nJport ~Jï;r trtècsl_ .loc:.d.:.d Mongu
....,•::rn dct.-str'.·Wl :<:.:r trr.v.:.:..rr._;)tyupstr:md loa.dc.d
dow:"lstrt•;: r~.,th'J South:ïrn rlhod·.I ::.~.blc.rnsport 'SGrvieo
tr<>.vclsr·~:!lil \'.tt•hrlf lo~ds U,?strorJr:md full lo:~.ds
dM:nstr.::c.m. ':'h:tWl.\~t· :c-fp<l.titi.ois not 1n. thf. 1.nt-::resofl
th.:.ru-.:. O~e.t':":m!: cnc.::n:rrt..-minG nll the. trc.n3port on tho
.river1 lr:clu:'!lngth:\tof W,!f,L,fl.1 \'IOUld be C'.bl'- to 6ffoet
O!Jpr•:.clc·.hlv vconot:llC!l o
H. NI CEL PA~RY.
for : CHIF.F SECP.ET~RYo
Cr;ntrd I•J'l'.:.1ounci.l S~.crctOJ.1~t,
SALISf.!iJRY. =Jth I:cer.mb,.;;r, 134.7 •
.,.
1
!
1
: -~
·:,l•-... ·\
~:
~ '·
•.A'•~~
...
'· s:Œrc:!:I:APTSl:a P~LA;~gN:J'EDINREPORT.
(0
-.
!·:O: ?2CDTSih# ;!1:~
1 TO
t :~ÀTii:~A RIVER.
J!ULILO.
\.
,t
~i
~ L!VINGSTOJ_IE.
Rapids.
\
Z.&M3ESRI IVER•
EECHU/J1.JJJUI"D. SO~?~qK R~ODSSI~.
Scalo. ''ppror.s ~avt~onll1~.soone inch. CJt
~~
..
1 '_:::.:_: ·.
.. ~, .,r···
-. .,
! ANNExs
TOURISM INFORM:ATION: CHOBE RIVER
The following information was provided by Steve Griesel of the Chobe Conservation Trust in
relatidn to tourist operators, boat numbers and touristSusing the Chobe River for game viewing
expeditions:
1
!OPERATORS NO. BOATS/CAPACITY CAPACITY!YEAR/ TOT AL OPERA TOR
1 BOAT CAPA CITY
BOTSWANA
OPERA TORS
Chob~ Game Lodge 2 16 seaters 11680 31755
! 1 25 seater 9125
6 5 seaters 10950
Africa Expeditions 3 16 seaters 17520 41245
1 10 seacer 3650
Il 5 seaters 20075
Moana Lodge 1 35 seaŒr 12775 25915
1 1 16 seater 5840
1 2 10 seaters 7300
ChobJ Safari Lodge 2 25 seaters 18250 31390
1 1 12 seacer 4380
1 3 8 seaters 8760
Safari: Excellence 2 16 seaters 11680 11680
Chobe River Safaris 1 25 seater 9125 13505
1 12 seater 4380
Chadwick 1 25 seater 9125 9125
Chobe Ch.ilwere 1 10 seater 3650 5840
l 6 seater 2190
Pombaserv 1 10 seater 3650 3650
BOTSWANA BOATING 174105
TOURIST CAPACITY:
NAMIBIA
OPERA TORS:
lmpalila Island Lodge CH o5s• 6 seater 10950 4380•
CH 212• 6 seater
1 Ch 347 6 seater
\ CH 137 4 seater
1 CH 138 4 seater
1
CH 139 4 seater
' CH 141** 4 seater
CH 357** 3 seater
6 lnchingo Lodge CH 316 6 seater 4380 10220
CH317 6 seater
CH 353 4 seater 5840
CH 358 4 seater
CH 173 4 seater
CH 145 4 seater
Kings Cabins CH271 8 seater 11680 20805
CH 272 8 seater
CH 273 8 seater .
CH 305 8 seater
CH 370 25 seater 9125
CH 010 (supply boat)
NAl\UBIA BOATING 35405
TOURIST CAPACITY
209,510
TOTAL CHOBE BOAT
CAPACITY
* Beats used by Impalila Island Lodge for game viewing on Chobe River.
** Beats used only to transport tourists from airstrip to Impalilia Island Lodge.
7------ - -~---
@]002
031~6199 20:08FAX 212 685 1561
PERMANENT M!SS OF TH·E:·~J '~
REPU!3L!C )N~MI T ~ D NAT I0 N S ~ NATIONS ur-;IES
P.ECEIVED ...iY'
ANNEX6
1 The Office oLegal Affairs of tUt_üteNations~r iescomplimnts tnthets_
Pe-rmanent M1ssron of tRepubhc ofNamibia to the Umted Natwns and has the honour
torefertothe note verbale ofthl! Mission dated 9 March 1999.
By thatnote Lhc:'Aission informcd Office ofLegaAffairs that at the oral
hearings of thlnternat!t·Court üfJustice in the case conccmKasikili/Scdudu
Island (Botswana/Namibia)the Ccun took note of Oot:i\vana 's position that the Joint
Survey Reportof 19X5 andthe intc;govcmmentaltransaction of 1984 and 1985 relaling
ta Îconstitutc an international agrc..:ment, anconnc~.is ddriscn the following
questionstothe both Parties:
''\VasthaLintanatîonagn.·;;ment rcgistercù with the SecofttheUnited
Natic}nsunderJ\rticki02 vfthe C!Inrtcr?not,may thatat,rreemcntbinvokedbeforc
any organ of tUnikd Nations induding thiCourt,theprincipal judicial oof the
UnitedNations?"
With re-ference to the Jirst qth:stion aùvisedthat artcr n can::ful search the
Trcaty Sec1ion Lhis0 !lice hcondudcd that the JoSurvey Report of985 and the
intt.:rgovernrnctrans:.1ctof l(:84 an19RS has nohL"cnregi.stercù with the United
NatiotiSecn.:tariat und er Artick W2 of the NationsCharter.
J\s to the sccoquestionw'.arenot in a posittonaùvise you on it bccausc it
woulù requirus to pass judgcmenon thequc~t ioi1 isdcbatedby the Parties bcfore
the Court and lhat may i· .-intcrpreh:ù as intin the proccedings of the C!trt.
will bultimat-elyfoth(; Courinthe lighofthe arguments prescntcd theParties and
the past practicc of the Coun, to determine whcther the ùocumenls in question could be
cvoked bcfore the Court in this cas:.;.
1
1
iThe Office of Legali\Œliorthe United Nations avails itself of this opportunity
torenpw to th': Permanent Mission of the Republic ofNathe assuranceofits
highcst consideration.
:: ~
19 March 1999
-.~: , 2
-'':- ANNEX7
.\.11:'\:lSTER.VABUtTELANDSE SAKE
,\tl •STER. 0 F F0 RE1G N AFfA I RS .,
.~!·.~·~~
-~ •\"
26 April 1992
Honourable Minister
I refer to your letter of 19 March 1992 and must !nform
you that t~e Republ!c of South Afr!ca has at no time
''çiven enc:::>·.:=age or.and "~tcqu.iesced ln Botswana's"
c~aim to s~=ucu island.
The joint s~=vey you refer to ln your letter, a copy of
whic~ I at~ach, did come to certain conclusions, but
eccordi~g to lesal opinion in South Africa at that time,
did ~ot ~r:~e conclusively that Sidudu island belongs to
So:~wana. :he Sccth Afr!can authorit!es have therefore
s·.::;..;est.":..';Eo:s·,,analn a telex dated 17 November 1986
:~a: the ~è::er bP. taxen up with the Government of an
ince?ende~: Na~ibia. This was not· acceptable tc Botswana
as they co~sidered the joint survey's report tc be
cor.clusive ar.d in !act expressed the opinion th~t "no
!w.:the: discussion of the matter is necessa.ry".
The matte.: ~as therefore not been resolved as South
A!=!ca has ~ever officially recognized Botswana's clalm
~a Sicudu island.
! t:ust that the aforementloned will put matters into
perspective and would assist you ln your negociations
with the Bo:swana Government.
?lease accept, ~r ~lnister, the assurance of my highest
consiperation.
R f BOTHA
~= Theo-Ber. Gurirab
Minister of Foreign A!!airs
Private Bag 13347
H!.ndhoek
R~PU8LIC Of NAMiëiA 336 MI~.o~ FOREIGN ~F~AI~S~RMIEI~ P.2
ANNEXS
•
r URGEt.JT
Note No 017/99 (POL)
·-------
·The High Cowm1s91onof thç Rçpublic of South Africa presents iti
compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RepUblie of
1
: NGmibia and with reference to the Ministry's Note 1/l/19/? dated
•
! 9 March 1999 regarding the ~asikili/Sed cadeu has the honour to
· inform ·the Ministxy that thera is NO RECORD of an alleged
"Intergovernmen.tal· Agreement" betwei!m the Gove.rnments of South
.Africa and Botswana regarding the Kasikili/SQdudu island 1n the
ChobG Rivor.
Nothing has been signed or rQgiatered at tha onitQd Nations, wieh
reference to the 1985 Joint Survey Report and the intergovernm.ental
transaction of 1984-1985,
The High Comm!es~ of nthe Repuhlic of South Af~ic avails itself
of this .pportunity to renew to the·MJ.nistry-of.For~.:.i.gn" At:fairs o:!
:the Republic of· Namibia1 the assurance of its hioheet
consi.derati.on •
~:~,.. . .
.+~-·:·"~:·~·.J,.·..-4:·~
.····~. =·- ~:::R-~-: ·..9~9·::1<
1••~ "t."' - •·-~• ~
...,__
.· . '. ...
·~;·.-;;.
. i .'~~.
·- ..•.Judge OdaJp.dge Oda:
1
1
Although 1 have closely followed the explanation by both Parties
regarding the factual situation of the region in the vicinity of
Kaisikili/Sedudu Island on both sides of the Chobe River, 1 still find it
d~ffic tuvliualize the social conditions that prevailed in the region late
1
irl. the last century. 1 would like to put to both Parties the following
questions which conce·m the social conditions and the natural situation
at the t:hne when the 1890 Treaty was negotiated. 1 would be most
grateful if the parties could answer the questions as far as they can.
1. Wbat was the population count in the region both north and south of
the Chobe River late in the Jast centucy?
N;amibia has found no official or unofficial estimate of the population of the
Eastern Caprivi in 1890. The earliest available official estimates of the
population of the Eastern Caprivi is fonnd in the Report of the Resident
Commissioner (Bechuanaland Protectorate) on the Administration of the 2
Caprivi for the period 1914-1922. According to this Report, m 1921 the
population of the Caprivi was 4,249 people. 1
This figure must be taken with sorne caution. Indeed, according to the Reports
fùed by South Africa with the League of Nations between 1925 and 1927 the
2
population in the Caprivi remained static at 4,249. South Africa naturally had
an interest in underestimating the population of the Caprivi and of the whole
of South-West Africain order to escape the League of Nations' criticism of its
social policies, particularly regarding the provision of schools, hospitals and
other amenities. According to information Namibia has been able to find, the
3
population of the Masubia of Eastern Caprivi was given in 1946 as 5,548, and
4
that of the Masubia of the Bechunaland Protectorate as 2,500.
ln any event, what is beyond doubt is that, in 1890 the Masubia were already
established in the Eastern Caprivi and that the area south of Kasikili Island was
uninhabited. This is confirmed by the accounts of travellers and explorers cited
1
2 NM Annex 52, p. 205.
Union of SouthAfrica,Report of the Government ofSouth Africa on South-WestAfricafthe Year
1925, Cape Town, Govenunent Printers, 1926, p. 115 (Armex 9); Union of South Africa, Report of the
Government of South Africa on South-West Africafor the Year 1926, Cape Town, Govemment Printers.
1927, p.101; (Annex 10) Union of South Africa, Report of the Government ofSouth Africa on South-West
Africafor the Year 1927Cape Town, Govemment Printers, 1928,p.123. (Annex 11) ·
3
Pupulation Census, Eastern Caprivi Zipfr!,May 1946, iBAO 16-2In253, National Archives,
4retoria (SoutAfrica).(Annex 12)
A. Sillery, The Bechuanaland Protectorate (1952) London, p. 218. (Annex 13) \ 3
1
hl Namibia's Memorial. 5 An additional source that confirms this fact is found
·-
in an article by Percy C. Reid published in 1901. According to Reid,
'
[T]he country from Kazungula westwards, along the north
side of the river, is inhabited by Basubia as far as a point
slightly west of Mameli's [village].6
Oescribing the situation to the south of the river, Reid states:
1
[R]oughly speaking, the whole of the right bank of the
river from Maheni's to Kazungula may be said to be
uninhabited. 7
l
1
T,hat the land to the south of Kasikili Island was uninhabited is further
cÇ~nfir bymthed fact that in 1948, whcn Trollope and Redman investigated the
boundary around Kasikili Island, they also reported that the area to the south
8
of Kasikili Island was uninhabited:
Wc record, however, the fact that the country on the
Bechuanaland side of the boundary is for ail practical
purposes not tribally occupied by Africans.
2(a) Did the people both north and south of the river belong to the sa.rne
Jibe or race of people?
5
6 NM, paras209-217.
PercyC.Reid, "Joumeys in theLinyantiRegioThe Geographical JournVol. XVII, No. 6, p. 580.
(Annex 14)
7 Id., 581.(Armex 15)
8NM Annex 60. 4
Before the 1890 Treaty the traditional land of the Masubia stradled over the
Chobe River (CR 99/4, para. 3). But the heartland of the Masubia people is in
Eastern Caprivi where, since at least the mid-18thCentury, the Royal House of
the Masubia chiefs (Munitengei)s situate.
The people living to the north of Kasikili Island belonged to the Masubia
community. In the area to the south of the Island, there were no tribes since
that part of the Bechuanaland Protectorate was not tribally occupîed. This is
the area which was established by the Bechuanaland authorit:ies first as the
9 10
Chobe Crown Lands in May 1904, then as the Chobe Game Reserve in 1960
and thereafter as the Chobe National Park.
2(b). Were the Masubia people spread over a somewhat wider area north
of the Chobe River, namely Eastern Caprivi, or were they setded on both
sides of the n·ver in the last century?
Upstream of Kasikili Island, south of the Chobe River, there were a few
Masubia communities living alongside people belonging to other conununities
of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, mainly the Batawana. The Masubia living
9 W.M.Hailey, Native Administration in the British African TerriH.M.StationeryOffice, 1950-53,
vol.V.p. 206.
!0BM, Vol. III, p. 302. 5
south of the river are found mainly in the upper Chobe in the area of Munga
!
1
~dKachikau. 11 There are also Masubia people ifvmg in Botswana, but not
close to the Chobe River. They are found sorne 300 kilometres south west of
Kasane. Their presence in Botswana dates back to the 1830s when the Lozi
from Barotseland invaded and occupied the land of the Masubia in the Eastern
Ca1rivi. In the 1870s, after a section of the Masubia rebelled against the Lozi,
Jere followed a succession squabble within the Masubia. As a consequence
.lme Masubia fled to Botswana, sorne 300 kilometres south of Kasane. 12
In any event, the Masubia living in the Bechuanaland Protectorate were not
Jcognized by their colonial masters as an autonomous community.
Alcordingly, in the early 1900s when tribal reserves were cŒated in the
13
Pttectorate, the Masubia weΠnot allocated a reserve.
In his discussion of 'subordinate tribes' of Botswana, Sillery stated thar during
je whole colonial period the Masubia lived as part of "subordinate tnbes", that
is ethnie groups 'relegated to a minor role in the conduct of affairs in the
11
p. M. Shamukuni, 'The baSubiya' Botswana Records, pp. 178-180. (Botswana Supplementary
Documents)
12A. Sillery, The Bechuanaland Protectorate, UniversitPress, 1952, pp. 190-1(Annex 16)
n Lord Hailey, Native Administra/ion of the British African Territories, Part V, London, Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, 1953, pp. 229-230. 6
[Native Administration]' 14 m terms of the Native Administration
Proclamarion. 15
Attempts were made by the Masubia communities of Botswana to encroach on
the Chobe Crown Lands west of Ngoma Bridge in 1949 but was met with a
decisive response by the Bechuanaland Authorities:
Since 1949 Basubia and Batawana have steadily encroached on
Crownland along the Chobe River north-east beyond Kavimba
which has always been regarded as the easterly limit of land by
these small African populations. It is proposed that between
August and October of this year an Administrative Officer,
assisted by agriculture, police and veterinary representatives
should move the 28 odd families back west of Kavimba 16 [that is,
far south west of Ngoma Bridge].
3: What kind of Ufestyle w.as enjoyed by the native peoples living both
north and south of the River Chobe or how was their society structured?
14Sillerey, ibid, p.212. (Annex 17)
15NM,Vol.V, p.ll8.
16GovemmentSecretary'scommunicationofJune 1955tthePoliceCommissionertheDirectorof
Agriculturandthe Director ofVeterinaryServicesquotedin D.M.ShamuThe baSubiyaBotswana
Society(1972)Botswana Notes and RecordVol.4, 1972,p.,180(Botswana'sSupplimentaryDocuments
totheInternationalCourtofJustice). 7
1bere were no people living south of the River Chobe at Kasikili Island.
i
The people living north of the Chobe River at Kasik1IiIsland, the Masubia,
!
lived in the Kasika District. Their economy was based on subsistence
1
a~cu Thet fushd, ere. maize and millet, and had cattle. The use of the
1
islands on the Chobe River by the people from the Eastern Caprivi was
r1corded thus by Richard Rothe, a German explorer who visited the area in
17
1904:
On the islands coming after Mpalera, [sicJalthough much
smaller than Mpalera, there was lively activity;each
island therewere approximately 100... [Africans] with
women and children. These islands are extremely fertile,
and each is approximately 4 kilometres long and 700
meters wide, in contrast to Mpalera, which is 14
kilometres long and 2 kilometres wide.
1
i
K4sikil Island, the first island to the west of Impalila Island on the Chobe
1
Riycr, was cultivatcd by the Masubia from the Kasika District.
1
TJe traditiorial structures of authority of the Masubia community comprised
th ollowing: a hereditary chief; a principal tovthe chief, calngambe!a;
1
and districtheadmen and village headmen, called indtmas. The chief
administered his territory through theunas.The chief and district headmen
formed the kh11t. he kh11twas the main legislative and judicial organ.
17
NM Annex33 pp. 20M2\. 8
4(a) Did severa/ families constitute a community or were communities
much bigger?
The Masubia of the Caprivi lived in small villages, each consisting of about 30
units.18 People in each village were usually members of the same extended
family. Groups of villages formed districts and each district was represented
within the traditional structures of authority.
4(b) Was there any inter-relation between the communities to the north
and south of the river?
Since the land to the south of Kasikili Island was uninhabited, the only people
in the area around Kasikili Island were the Masubia from the Kasika District. In
other stretches of the river, however, there was trade between the communities
livingon either side of the river bank Initially, people from the Kasika District
conducted sorne trade in Kazungula to the east of Kasikili Island. Later on,
after 1915, people from Kasika went to the fish market at Kasane.
18NM para. 231; NM, Annex 132, pp. 27-28. 9
i
!
4(c) Did the chiefs of the tribes have really effective control over the
1
iarger co.mmunity? ·
The Masubia chiefs had effective control over their people. For example, when
~au KuptSttitwm, tafirnGerman Imperial Resident, established
Js administration in the Caprivi he made use of the structures of the Masubia
Ltional authorityMoreover, South Africa's Annual Reports to the League
drNations contain several references to the fact that colonial administrators
1
r~l onite authorities of the Masupia for important administrative functions,
!
soch as administration of justice, allocation of communal land and veterinary
controis.
5. lthe period beforejusafter the Anglo-GermTreaty 1890 did
the Chobe River physically prevent the noand southern people
t{omcrossinand didthe Chobe Rivform a naturbarrier?
!
No, the River Chobe did not forman insurmountable barrier. It was crossed by
the Masubia using mokorosor dug-out canoes in those areas where both banks
19NMpar235; NM Annexp8; andpIll. .
20Union of SouReport ofthe Government of South Africa on South-West Africafar the Yeor
192CapeTown, GovernmentPrinters, supra). 115.(fn. 2, 10
of the Chobe River were tribally occupied. The people could walk across the
river where it was dry or shallow.
6(a) Was transportaéion by boat along the Chobe River the main n1ethod
of connecting the villages and conunumûes at the dn1e? 6(b) If so,
between which points of the river did the boats travel?
In the area around Kasikili Island the Masubia from the Kasika District used
mokoros or dug-out canees to go across to Kasane in the Bechuanaland
Protectorate. Upstream from Kasikili Island, where the River Chobe dries up
completely during part of the year, people could cross the river bedon foot.
6(c) Were the German setders in South West Africain the fast century
interested- potentially or actuaUy- in using the river for transportation to
the Zan1bezi River?
There is no evidence of the German colonial authorities ever having used the
Chobe River during the nineteenth century. With the exception of Streitwolf
who used a dug-out canoe to travel from Ngoma to the Marnbova Rapids
when he entered the Caprivi in1909, the German colonial authorities showed
no interestin using the River Chobe either for transportation or for any ether 1 Il
l
Jurpose. 21 The British realized that even the Zambezi River was not navigable
1 the sense of the concept of navigability as underSiood in Europe at the time.
1
1
I~ the result, in 1907 the British considered the exchange of the Caprivi Strip
1
1
for a corresponding territory in the Bechunaland Protectorate. In a
c~mfiden letira o the Secretary of State in London, the British High
1
Çommisioner in]ohannesburg stated:
1
I have always understood that the reason why His Imperial
Majesty the German Emperor laid on the possession of this strip,
was his desire not to be excluded from the navigation of the
Zambesi, about which, at that time, very little was known. But
what are the facts of the case now that they are known? From the
point of view of access to the Zambesi as a road to the sea, the
German strip is wholly valueless. The Zambesi becomes wholly
unnavigable, even to small cannoes, dose to Kazingula, which is
over 50 miles from the Victoria! Falls. Between it and the Falls,
therefore, there isno possibility, and never can be any possibility
of navigation. Nor, again, can there ever be any possibility of
navigation in that deep and intricate gorge, through which the
river so fiercely forces its way for may miles below the Victoria]
Falls. So far as the Govemments for which I am responsible are
21NM, para.223 and NM Annex, 141. 12
concemed, the German strip could be exchanged for a
corresponding portion of British terntory taken from
Bechuanaland Protectorate. I will revert to this subject when 1
answer y our confidential despatch of May 4th,1907. The Resident
Commissioner of the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Sir
Hamilton Goold-Adams both eamestly advocate the proposai 1
have adumbrated, and 1 am only waiting for certain information
from the Magistrate in the Batawana Reserve to reply to your
despatch. The British South Africa Company wowd have to be
consulted in respect of any surrender of territory from the
Bechuanaland Protectorate, but if as I should recornmend the
Barotsc portion of the German strip was added to North-Western
Rhodesia, there is no likelihood of the directors being otherwise
than entirely favourable to the scheme. 22
Then in 1908, Britain proposed to Germany to exchange the Caprivi Strip for
land in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, near the Nosop River. As explained by
the British Foreign Secretary in a letter to the British Ambassador in Germany
23
in 1908,
22
23Public Record Office,361n9.(Annex 18)
Draft Letter of June, 1908,from SirE. Grey, British Foreign Secretary, to Sir F. Lascellles, British
Ambassadorto Gennany,PubliRecord Office, CO 879/98. (Annex 19) 13
[f]he strip inquestion appears to be ~f no value either
intrinsicallyr as a highway to the navigable waters of the
Zambesi, which is closed by the Katima Rapids at the west
while the Victoria Falls prevent vessels from descending
to the portion of the river running through Rhodesian
territory.'
7.(a) Howdid the commum"ties sustain themselvesP
As explained in response to question No. 3, the economy of the Masubia was a
1
1
s~bsiste eccnemy based mainly on farming, fishing, hunting and animal
hus bandry.
1
7(b) Did they cultivate crops (and if so what ldnd), or clid the people
depend on hunting/fishing for their subsistence?
1
1
1
1fhe Masubia of the Kasika District fished, grew maize and millet and had
clttle.During the dry season they cultivated onKasikiliIsland.
1
8~ In the society that then existed, was there any concept of privately-
owned land or did the land belong to the community or some other,
larger,group? 14
In the Eastern Caprivi land was communally owned by the Masubia. For the
Masubia people both in the past as weil as today;-land belongs to the whole
community and was and is entrusted to the chief. Since land is conununally
owned, there cannat be any individual title to land as it is the case with
privately-owned land. Its use, restticted to dwellers of Masubia villages, was
allocated by Masubia authorities through an elaborate procedure. C.E. Kruger,
a former Magistrate for the Eastern Caprivi provides the following description
of the process of land allocation:
New villages and fields are established with the
permission of the chief after the village head and his
men have sought out a place and approached the local
headman, who in tum introduces the matter to the
Kuta. The member having jurisdiction makes an
inspection and demarcates if other people already
established are in close proximity. Once the area set
apart for fields has been ftxed all the village inmates go
with the head for each to get what he wants. There is
no ftxed limit and no payment. A newcomer to the
village would also have his field allocated by the village
head without reference to higher authority, once
permission has been given for entry to the headman's
area.
24
NM, Annex 126. 15
In the area of the Bechuanaland Protectorate there was no privately or
1 ·-
communally owned land. Land there was owned by the Crown. The area was
1 25
dFclared a Crown (or State) Land in 1904.
9("'a)Were there white-setders in the area around 1890?
There were no white settlers in the area around Kasîkili Island in the 1890s.
9(b) Ifso, did there exist any control or administration over the land and
1
the native peoples by these white setders?
1
i
!
!
ln the Eastern Caprivi there were a handful of colonial officiais and later on, in
trye 1920s, two or three European traders. These traders were not allowed to
1
o-hrnland because the Caprivi region was declared a native resorve. They had
J iobtain a special licence and their names and activities were closely monitored
'
and reported to the League of Nations. 26
25
26A. Sillery, The Bechuanaland ProtectorOxfordUniversityPress,1952, pp. 84(Annex 20)
Union of South AfricReport of the Government of South Africa on South-West Afric afor the Year
1925, CapeTown,GovemmentPrinters, 1926, p114;Union of South AfricaReport of the Governmentof
South A/rica on South-West Africafor the Year 1CapeTown,GovemmentPrinters, 1927, p. 100;
Unionof South Africa.Report of the Government ofSouthAfrica on South-WestAfricathe Year 1927,
CapeTown, GovernmentPrinters,1928, p.122.(fn.2,supra) 16
10. Did the towns which are now known as Kasika on the northem hank
of the Chobe River and Kasane on the sou them bank of the river already
exist at that time, namely, in 1890?
Kasika: Records of European explorers show that in the 1850's Impalila Island
that was then the seat of the Masubia royal fam.ilyhad a big and flourishing
community 27•It is, thus only likely that Kasika with its fertile and highlands in
the Zambezi floodplain and which is only sorne four kilometres from Impalila
Island was inhabited. It is, however an established fact that by 1900 Kasika had
a big community and members of the Masubia nobility such as Chikamatondo
and Liswaninyana, who later became chiefs, lived there.
Kasane: At the cime of the conclusion of the 1890 Anglo-German Treaty the
whole area south of the River in the Lower Chobe was a "thick forest" that
28
"was the rcsort of elephants and buffaloes" • In 1915 a police station was
29
established at Kasane as part of preemptive measures on the part of British
Authorities in World War I against German interests in the area. Even long
after the establishment of the police station, no rural communities emerged
there. The few families that might have been at Kasane were close relatives of
civil servants such as police and immigration officiais.
21
See report on Livingstone's activities conceming 11 November 1853 in D. Livingstone: Missionary
28ave/s and Research in South Africa, London Chapter7.
29NM, Vol. V,p.120: B.F. Bradshaw: Notes on Chobe River (1881).
Letter (17/15/2-5) by Major Trollope, Magistrate and Native Commissioner of Eastern Caprivi, dated 21
January1948. (Annex 21) 17
1~(a) If the use of Kasiki.H/Sedudu Island had started already before
1
!
1890, what incentive did the people, whether those h"ving north or south
1 the river, have to come to this small island for such a short period in
the dry season each year in arder to cultiva te crops?
Since the area to the south of Kasikili Island was uninhabited this and the
flllowing answer on! y applies to the Masubia from the Kasika District. Kasikili
r1and is inundated during at !east five months of the yeac. When the floods
1 '
1
recede, the land on the Island is very fertile. Thus, during the dry season, it was
natural for people living in the Kasika District to cultivate on Kasikili Island
which was their winter garden. As a consequence of the annual floods, winter
and summer gardens arc a characteristic feature of the subsistence economy of
the Masubia of the Eastern Caprivi.
11(b) If they did cultivate crops on Kasikili/Sedudu Island in the
growing season, did they Jeave their ownland unattended?
At Kasikili Island th e Masubia had their winter gardens which they cultivated
during the dry season. When the rainy season began, they moved to higher
grounds where they had their summer gardens. They retumed to Kasikili Island
during the dry season. The Masubia's annual migration between their winter 18
and sununer gardens is a characteristic feature of life in the Caprivi. It was
noted by the early explorers, by the colonial administrators and by the
eyewitness testimony at the JTIE. 30It was also vividly described, in relation to
Impalila Island, by Dr. Emil Holub, a German explorer who visited the area in
1881. Holub wrote as follows::u
Before leaving lmpalera [sic] I took several walks about
the village,and found thar itwas divided into three groups
ofhomesteads; the nearest to the river contained 135 huts;
another, where the natives took refuge during the floods,
contained twenty-five huts; the third, made up of thirty
tw'Dhuts, lay farther to the west.
The structure of the villageat Impalila Island, as described by Holub, is typical
of Masubia villages in the Eastern Caprivi. Kasikilî Island, the winter garden of
the Masubia, was thus an integral part of Kasika. It was the conununalland of
the people from the Kasika District.
12(a) Did the people culdvate crops on Kasikih/Sedudu Island mainly to
protect those crops from wild animais?
The Masubia people did not cultivate crops on Kasikili Island with the aim of
30 NM Annex2, p. 55(festimony oA.K. Javanika).OntheuseofKaskili bytheMasubiaofthe Kasika
District,.see,NM, paras. 209-217.
31Emil Holub,Seven Years in South AfrVolume2, (Boston,Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1881)
(reprinted byJohnson Reprint Corporation, New York, London, 1971)p. 124.(Annex:22) i 19
lrotecting them from wild animais of the area (e.g. elephants, buffaloes, zebras,
i
baboons, etc.) that are in general also good swimmers. The Masubia used the
Island because it is their ancestalland and because the annual inundation leaves
fertile soil on it.
1
(b) If so, during the dry season, could the animais also not easily cross
1e dry river bed?
Although the Chobe River is dry in most of its course upstream of Kasikili
Island during the dry season, there is no record that the area around the Island
Jras ever completely dry in any season of the year.
1
1
12(c) lfthere were wild anilnals, what kind were they?
The animais found in the area include elephants, hippopotarni, baboons,
1
~uffal buckessand zebras.
1
1
1
i
1
13. Did people remain on Kasikili/Sedudu Island during the growing
season or did they travel every day to and from their homes located on
the banks of each side of the Chobe River? 20
As already explained, the people cultivating on Kasikili Island were the Masubia
from the Kasika District in Eastern Caprivi. The southem bank opposite
Kasikili Island was not inhabited. Kasikili Island is only a few meters away
from Kasika. Thus, during the dry season, when people from Kasika cultivated
on the Island it was natural for them to set up their winter homes on the
Island. This aspect of the life of the Masubia of Eastern Caprivi was described
graphically by Trollope in a letter to Secretary for Native Affairs, Pretoria:32
(3) ... Wben the Island is cultivated the Caprivi tribesmen who
cultivate it rnake temporary huts there and stay there until the
crops are reaped. Herdboys in charge of the cattle of Caprivi
tribesmen depasturing on the land have similarly built temporary
huts. There were no taxes in German times but Caprivi tribesmen
cultivating land on Kasikili, and depasturing cattle there have paid
rates in respect of trust funds established under Proclamation 27
of 1930.
... No Caprivi tribesmen, making use of Kasikili, have ever been
called on to pay Bechuanaland Protectorate taxes - nor is there
any record of Protectorate objection to the use of Kasikili by
Caprivi tribesmen.
32Supra, fn. 29. 1 21
l
These facts are corroborated by the oral evidence presented by members
lf the Masubia community of Eastern C·mr1994 before the
]'TIE.33
14.If the local populaat that time had no need for any dorision
1 -
border at the Chobe River, was the barrier to freecreateint
L administratimanner by the 1890 TreatwbichW2S intendedto
1ride the respective spberes of inDuence of Gennany and Britain?
The Anglo-GermanTreaty of 1890 was a major episode in the so-called
slcramble for Africa. As such, it created many artificial divisions between the
Jeople directly affected by the Treaty. At Kasikili Island, however, the Treaty
1
defined a boundathe centre of the main channel of the Chobe River- that
11 he Masubia people of the Kasika District (including Kasikili Island) of the
1
Eastern Caprivi intactfi.possession of their traditional homeland. As
there were no inhabitants on the southem bank of the Chobe River, within the
~c ofiasili Ind, te Taty did not divide the Masubia community in
1
that particular area. In other sectors of the Caprivi boundary, the 1890 Treaty
~NM, Vol.pp173-174; 2passim. 22
did, however, create a barrier that divided communities into different colonial
territo ries.
15. Could the administrative bar on free movement created by the 1890
Treaty reaUy have been effective in such a region during the decades
foUowing the condusion of the Treaty?
The colonial administrations on both sides of the Chobe River had an interest
and did in fact ensure that the boundary was respected, as it was clone in other
parts of Africa where colonial boundaries divided tribal and ethnie groups into
different colonial territories. Even in central Africa where the British
administered the three territories of Nyasaland (Malawi), Southem Rhodesia
(Zimbabwe) and Northem Rhodesia (Zambia), the natives were restricted to
their respective colonial territories. In the early 1900s British officiais in the
Bechuanaland Protectorate were concemed about occasional poaching and
other illegal activities carried out by Europeans in the Caprivi. They were
therefore pleased when in 1909 Germany established its colonial administration
35
in the Caprivi. After perfecting their spheres of influence created by the 1890
34This was thecase oftheBatawanaof north-westernBotswana.See,NMannex30.
JSSeegenerally,PublicRecordOffice,CO 417/454,especiallyletterof 16November,1908,fromtheHigh
Commissionerto theColonialOfficeannouncingtheforthcomingestablishmentof Gennanadministration
inthe Caprivi.The HighConunissionermentions,approvingly,Gennany'sintentionto·excludefromthe
Caprivi 'undesirablecharacters'.(Annex23) 23
Anglo-German Treaty through effective occupation/ 6 the colonial authorities
ln bath sides of the Chobe River had very stric~ eimed sat restricting the
m genous popwatlon to thetr respective areas m co ontl terntones
Lrered by the colonial authorities. Natives could not use land and other
1 al . th l "al . "th b -. . . f
natur resources mano er co ont terntory w1 out o tammg a pernut rom
1 .
that colonial territoryDuring the years immediately after the occupation of
1
the Caprivi Strip by Germany, the two colonial administrations became
iltensely involved in negotiations over the land portion of the southem
,oundary of the Caprivi: The issue there concemed the impact that the
implementation of the provisions of the 1890 Treaty wowd have on the
,oundary of the tribal reserve of the Batawana. The available evidence shows
tlilatthe colonial authorities on both sides of the boundary made every effort to
eLure that the people living in that area became aware of and respected the
Jcently established colonial boundaries."
British colonial authorities in the area had a special interest in enforcing the
colonial boundary since the people in the Bechuanaland Protectorate were
taxed, while the people in the Caprivi were not. The efforts to prevent the
36
1884/5.tiveoccupationin tennsof ChapterVIof the GeneralActofthe Berlin (Africa)Conferenceof
37Nrvl,Anne30.
38ln1913, forexample, theredevelopeda diplomatieincidentcausedby the huntingby people from the
BechuanalandProtectorateeCapriviStrip.See,PublicrecordOffice,CO 417/524.(Annex 24) 24
spread of cattle disease provided one more incentive to ensure respect for the
boundary established by the Treaty. The north-western boundary of the
Caprivi along the Zambezi was also strictly controlled. Thus, after Germany
withdrew its administration from the Caprivi and Britain administered both the
Caprivi and North-western Rhodesia, Britain nonetheless continued to observe
the boundary established by the 1890 Treaty. When Britain administered the
Caprivi between 1914 and 1922, it issued temporary pennits to the people from
North-western Rhodesia who wished to cultivate on certain Caprivi Islands. 39
These permits were extended through a formai Exchange of Notes when
Britain and South Africa settled the north-western boundary of the Caprivi. 40
Moreover, in 1944, Trollope, the Magistrate and Native Commissioner for the
Eastern Caprivi, ordered the arrest of Masubia natives from the Bechuanaland
Protectorate who were cultivating on Muntungobusa Island, an Island on the
41
River Chobe which is more than 70 kilometers west of Kasikili Island. The
Bechuanaland Masubia natives were prosecuted in 1944 after they were wamed
in 1930, 1940, and 1943 not to plough on the island because îtwas part of the
Caprivi (Namibia).
39NM Annex 52, p.205-6.
40British Foreign and State Papers, Volpp.3520-523.
41See letter ofOctober, 1950,(17115/2- 11)fromTroUopJ\..fa,istrictCommissionerfor Kasane.
(Annex 25) 25
1
T'he foregoing shows that the colonial authorities had an interein and were
1
1
ckpable of ensuring that the boundary established by the 1890 Treaty were
lspected by ali parties concemed, including the natives.
16. Did the 1890 Treaty bring about any changes in the lifestyle of the
1
~at peovpls in the region in the foUowing several decades after its
1
1
C,ondusion?
At one level, the 1890 Treaty did not significandy change the lifestyle of the
1 .
p~opl oe the Eastern Caprivi. They continued to depend on subsistence
agriculture for their livelihood and the annual floods continued to dominate
their lives. The 1890 Treaty did not change the Masubia system of communal
property and their control over the land. At another level there were severa!.
changes: the traditional authorities of the Masubia were incorpotated into the
system of colonial administration under the system of indirect rule; chiefs and
othee Masubia officiais were paid a salary by the colonial administration;
controls on the movement of cattle across colonial bonndaries were
introduced; a hut tax was established in the 1940s; hunting was stricdy
controlled and, after the Eastern Caprivi was declared a Native Reserve, entry
into the area by Europeans and othee Africans required a special permit.hee
significant charges are reflected not onin areas such as the identification of 26
people with their new territories and nation states (e.g. Botswana and Namibia),
but also the provtston of such services as school education, health,
employment, monetary currency, modern means of cormnunication,
conservancy and tourism.
17.In theperiod immediate/y after the conclusion of the 1890 Treaty, was
there any real control by the colonial States - Gennany and Great Bn"tain
- enfordng a strict separation of the northern and southem people in the
region of the Chohe River.
As already stated in answer to question 15, colonial States, Germany (after it
established administration under an Imperial Resident in 1909) and Great
Britain, were able to fully enforce a strict separation of the northern and
southem people inthe region of the Chobe River. This separation became
even more strict during the period when the Caprivi came to be administered
by the South African Govemment.
18. Did the division of the territory or separation of the peoples, in spi te
of the 1890 Treaty, in fact only start as late as the middle of this century?,-
27
ls explained in our answer to quesuon No. 15, the enforcement of the
!
1
boundary established by the 1890 Treaty began shortly after Germany
kstablished an administrative presence in the Caprivi in 1909. It continued in
le 1910s when Britain issued special permits to the people from North
testem Rhodesia who wished to cultivate certain Caprivi Islands on the
2ambezi River.
It must also be noted that one of the maJor concems of the Permanent
1
Mandates Commission of the League of Nations was to preserve the territorial
1
~tegri otythe territories under Mandate. It thus encouraged Mandatory
11
·powers to settle and demarcate the boundaries of these territories. 42 The
1
t=;xistenceof the Mandate was undoubtedly one of the reasons that explains why
South Africa and Britain were so actively involvedindeftning the boundaries of
~e Caprivi Strip in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During this period South
.Africa and Britain settled the land sector of the southem boundary of the
Caprivi and the north-western boundary of the Caprivi along the Zambezi
1
River.
47 QWright. Mandates Under the League of Nations, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1930, pp.
4~7-9.
'ANNEXES 9 - 25 :'Chzx· -·=< ·
ANNEX9
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA.
_.,._._··-=·-··:_-":.!......:·-~-
REPORT
Of TIIF.
Govenuneno tf the UnionofSouthA.Jrica
ox
AFRICA
Ft.tRTIIE
'rEAR. lq·)-
J. (.. ..,;) •
------·--·-~ ~····--
Prescnteclto both Houses of l'arliam.eby Command of/lis E.zcellency
the Gm:eT11or-Gcneral.
-- ..... -.·-====
'
i
~-
CAPE TOW~:
CAPE TDIES LDllTED, GOYETii\~U: P~INTEHS.
19~6.
[t.c:.~li- ~'11.] ;111 tlll'rC wcre a good many dt•at fo~ thi di:;ca,-e. :\lalariaand dy~entcw r~y:rthe othcr
principal di:;:eases notined,the last named heing the most prc,·alcnt in the month;: immediatcly
pr<'ccding the rainy sca;;on when the reed;: and vegetation in the lagoon;; and waterways
hl'gin to rot a nd the waters becomc foul.
During the year. the C'hiefs were requcsted to in;;truct their people to kcep their hut~
: d clothing frec from fteas in view of the outbrcak of plague in the l"nion of South .-\frica.
111
The fact that the native habitations in that district are con;:tructecl.of reed;; with thatched
rnof:;. and that thev are often renewed from vear to vear ma kes. to a certain extent for
ckanline:;s, but the -people-living as they do f~ tre mÔ;;t part with acces:;: to an abundance
of watl'r--can onl~ ·e ck;;cribed as dirty.
The native;; are able to get medical trcatment of an clr·mf?ntary nature from the )Ji,:;-
' ,-ionarie;;at the mission stations, and may al~ oon:;;ult the :'.lt.'dical Officer in XgamilancL
§ 10. Salit·e People.-There arc two sections of nati,·cs living to the East 1)[the :\laschi
l{in·r under the rnlership of Chiefs )lamili anrl Chika-11atondo. re~pectin \lm il's
people compri,:;e Bafwi, Bayeyi and a iiCction of the :\Iampukush whil;;t those of Chika-:\latondo
con,:i:;:t oBn~uhia. \\"est of the )laschi River the land is peopled hy :\l.1mpuknsh, who li\·e
mainly on the i~land insthe Okavango River, ancl are aclept;; at navigating dug-out C'anoes
in the rapids of that river.
The Darot::;c of Scshcke, Xorthern Rhoclt•;;ia, agnina\'ailetlthemseln•;; of the pcrmi;;sion
grantec\ to them hy the High Commi%ioncr in Jnl~ ·92:\ (and renewcd undt•r ,.:taterl condi
tions in l!l2-l for thrt>e years) to cultivate land:-: on tlw >'outh hnnk of the Zambe=-i River, ancl
tlwn han• h<>t>nno complaints lodgl•d hy the local native'>' in thi>' comwction.
Tlw Puri,.; ~li .;innry Society, S(·,.:lwke. an· al>'o Jll'rmitt~~~lHi>' F:xct·llency tc.•culti\"<lte
~arden appr:ximat<'ly -lacn·,.; in extent,ncar to Sdlltl'ktnan,.:hl'rgancl to kc•Pp k oxcn and
4 t·ow,; in the Caprivi Zipfd for the hl'ncfit of tlw st ll<knls hoa rcling att ht·ir ,.:ehool. .
§Il. Trihal Larc.---Eaeh village ha:;it ~nduna or He<Hlman who has authority to adjudi
r.atc acconling to nati,·e law aJHl cn,.:tom arnongst. his followC'r::-\. Ht.•getwrn. al~l"i·stbyed
the olcler nwn. If they tlo not agree or if the plaintifl or llcft•nclanti:::not >'ati,.:fiNLthcn the
l'a::e i" takcn to the Chief',.: Kgotla.
The Chief',.: Kgotla or Court. j,t.}wprincipal otH' ancl it,.: juclgnwnt:-: are final.exccthat
pro\'i:<ion ismad~> un<kr Prodamation Xo. 1 of l!ll!l for :-tpp<'nl.-:again.-:t th<' jnclgmcntof
nativl'ehit+ i~ tlw lkchuanalawl Proll'l'toratc'in the tlr:<t in,.:tan!to a court eompo:o:e<l
of the As:<i,.:tant Commi,.:,.:ionor )lagi,-tratcof lhl' di:<trid anclof till' l'hi<'f. ancl in the ('vent
of tht•ir di><agn·eing.t hc·n t.IH• He:-:icl<'nt('l•llllllÏ><,.:ionc·rrlc·eidc·=-tin di,.:putc.'. \\ltt'll
rnemh<'rs of a trihe arl' puni>'h<•<1, h·ir own eourt,-, thl' pC'nalty i.-u..:u :nel lr~more heacl
of caUle. Thl" fint•,.: het:onw the ><oleproperty of till' ('hidalthough lw lll! gl\~C,.:ome of the
catt le to hi;; eouncillors.
§ 1:!.Populatio11.-Th<' natiw popul:ltion of tlw C'apri,·i :-\tria,: Pllllllt•·ratP<l in till'
\'t•ar lfl:?l,n,.: :--
;\llt•,.:, l·'emale,:;. Tot a 1.
:?.003 ~.:!4fJ L:?4!1
anrl a part from officia1>',he only Europca ns in the Terri tory are a f,.,,11i~:-: rii~>·ll:trarln:-.
A ,,~t.n.t . D."f!
StatemE'nt of Revenue and Expenditure in tht· C'npriYi Zipfc>l for the \"t•ar l'tHlcrl
3l,:t )htrc:h.l!l:?.-,,
Ex t•t::<DtTI..'F.t:.
r ~. d. r s. d.
I..iel'n .. ct'~ ·-, ï 6i Persona! J::molumf'nt(Distrid Adrnini·
R('\'Cnue Stamps ï o; !;tratioand Polir·r) .. ï3ï 3 3
Pol) Tax . . . . 1:.! o: Stores.Equipment, Grain.ccr·. Si 13 5
R~nln aldsTrnusft>rDuty 66 (1 (); TravellingJ::xpensc~ 4 0 0
~~srellaneous 1 1 10i C:attle Dise ases 393 0 0
1 ----
Total Revenue .. f:IS1 164 Total Exp•:nditurc: .. rt,l91 16 8
1ANNEX10-..
lOI
and sanitation of the villages,was far above th~t of a~·era ygas. The natives of these
pa.rts lh·ing athey do for the mol'lt partwith an abundance of water, can, ho'Ç\·ever, onlbe
described as dirty.
In the western portion of the Strip there bas been the usual prevalence of fever, but,
apart from this, the health of both Europeans and Nath·es has been fairlygood. The natives
are able to getmedical trf'atment of an elementary nature from the ,_lissionarieat the Mission
Sta.tions; they may alw consult the Medical Officer in Ngamiland.
Satite Peoples.-There arc two sections of natives living to the East of the .\Iashi River
under the rulership of Chief:'!Mamili and Chika-.\fatondo,rcspectively. Mamili's people com
pri;;e Bafwi, Bayeyi and a sec-tion of the Mampukush whilst those ofChika-~Iat consiso of
Basubia. \\'est of the .\Ltshi Rivf'r the land is pcopled by l\I;tmpuku:;h,under Chief Disbo,
who live mainly on the island:'! of the Okowange River, and nrc adcpt;; at navigating dug-oût
canoes in the rapids of that river.
The Barotse ofSt•:>heke,Northern Rhod€'sia, again anti! ~h:mselve.s of the permission
granted to them by the High Commissioner in .Tuly,l9:?:J (andrenewed under stated con
ditions in 19:!-l for three veurs), to cultivatlands on the South bank of the Zambesi River,
and there have becn no ~ompla lidnets by the local native;:; in thiconnection.
The Paris l\IissionarySociety, Sc.'lhcke, ia.Lsopermitted by the High Commissiouer to
l'ultivate g1trdens, a1)proxi ma tely 4 ac:res in e:dentnear to Sch uekmansbcrg, and to keep
t'ight oxen and four eows in the Stripf•H'thebenelit of thestuden bo.r:i~g at their sehool.
Tlwn· 11rcnl:;o a gnod many uatiVl'S living ou tht• river, whn;;e Chief i;; Nyangaresiding
in Snuth \\'est Afr·ica and uear th(' bonkr. The lattN tri}ware uow tl!ldcr Chid Di~ho hut
('onstnntintercoru·st.und visiting g<lt'on bdll't't'thcse people nrHI those und,~ Nryangana
ami the recentou tbreak of Ln ng-siekru•.os, no dtlu bt, tn•: l~of this. The d i~H' n..pccred
at i\'_pmgana 1\considemb tlt· bcfon• the outbreak wa.'lrcpnrtcd in the Strip.
Tri!ml 1.-w.-Each \"ÎIIagha,; ils lnd una or Ile m:w w h•1 ha,; a ut horiln adj udicatc
;wennling tu Native Law nnd C'u:>ttHnamongst hi.fo[[()wcn;. He i.'trcnera.lly as.•üstby the
older men. Ifthcy do not agree ur if thP plaintilf or ddl·ndat i>not satislied,th~n the case
i.t~kt•n to the Chid',; Kgot!a.
'J'lwChid' tgnt!a or Court is t.illprin cipaOllt1lnd it .udgment,; arc n nalt·xcept thu.t
prtJ\'i io ~:\k nund,•r l'rodaruati!)n No. 1 of 1!J!l f•Jr appealsag;~În tset jwlgmcntli of
:-..·atî('hid.'l tl11• Bedtllawtland l'rot(•ctorat(iu th<lirstin:~t. tmcatC·ourt composcd of
tlw .-\: a't."orm-~it.~si nrne'1gisll;alof tlw lJi i~t aml of the Chid, and in the event
<If1ht~i dri.~agre lw·intgh•H~e:: d~t·C'orll!tti t:lc:t-:iheem>Hterr in dispttte. \\'heu
uu·mhl·rs of a tri he ·ap11nished hy their own Court" tht• p•:naltyi. tua!\y one or more head
"f cattle. The fine:;lwt:<Hlltthl'>~• prnp·rty of the ('hid:dt lvJilglv m~ay gin.' :-:mueof the
<·atk• to his Comwi l!nr:s.
/'opulalion.-Tlw :::\il·•pupH]a.t-i•ln t!w C'apri1·i :Strip a:-:•·n11rnentterl in thel!J:ll
.Il{/h--~. Fem11f•·s. Tolo 1.
:!,!JO:! :!.:?-Hi .j,:!l·~
and. apart from Official;;,he only Enr"pean., in thl't<'tTitoryare a fe1\.:.\Iis:;i Rndn:~des
Tra(\er~.
S-r.-\n;_ltE:-.-RE\ï:::.n \.D'~::xl'I·::- r-.Tt; TC,ï'Œrn STHtl' FOH 'nn; YY.AH
t;:1)E I:1~T)L\ ltCI 1,1!J;?Ii.
AlltO:UU(. E'"l":rt<litur•·· .-\momt,
Li•·~t'rh·•.·~ J:Uii·• 6 1\·•·~o Emohunen t~<(lli-•t ri<'ini ..;-
lkn·nl!tSt.u"l"' Ir) 0 trn tion "Jal ic.:-) .. tl,3:15 8
l'nll T>u .. !J t) 0 ~tore ~ .uipmen t, G rnt<.·.,. 85 15 4
({,at~and Tmn~f,- iut\' !H 0 IJ Trn\'dlinExpcn•<'S 47 4 3
)...;,n·II~\U._'f HI!i 17 Il Cattk Di..en~<'~ 40:? 0 0
l'ubliWorks it<~'-'\HTcnt 1:! 1 6
l'ubli\\"orkExt rur:mlin<u-_, 150 0 0
E~ltl !JIU.I 20 0 0
----------------------------------ANNEX11 ~--·~-&------- .--·••--·-
•
l'.'••
ra infaIwa;-;t-; <3-lin<:h"e;:. and exccpt f,lr the higlocali tei c ~nk• of thi.po~rtion of the
.';trip wa.-;!-toodcd from April to .June by normal t1oocL.f;r;oRuot.~eLl!ld.
ln the \\'e;;ternportion of the ~tri te he<llth of th('n•lti\-e pop11lati0nw~t f.l"ry good
but thcre wa;; the \Htid prr-nlicncc of )[ttl:<ri;fen•r. )[cdicnl treattn i~rcndt>rer\ hythe
..l.nd•tra )[ i,;;;ion_
Xr1/i1:ePwple.,·.-There are twu ,;t.•c ot iatn,.~ li\·ing to theEa.~ nftthe ~[a. •ihir
und c-r therukr~ phif Chief )bmili and Ch ib -)fatondoJ. re.;;peeti \"el.\la iii ·(ople com ·
pr·i R~al\i. fhyt',\'Î and:lsection of the )fümpuku,;h. whil~ thoi'l' o!'hikit-)fato>od"eon~i:'=-t
of Ih~ubîa \\"t•,;of th~ )·tshi Rin:·r th~ hnd i..peoplt•dbr the )[a!lq>ll m daL~CIhi.f
ni.~h who• li\'C·main!.\· on the i,;lctnd:-: in tht' Okon·.mgn Hin•r, and nd•:p at.t~l:n·i.~:lting
du g~< t l\1\()l'in the rapiolsof th:t ti\"et'.
The B:uot ~fe~v;..h :\othcmt'. Hhodt•:.:ia. again ;n-aikdthL"tn~ ·f~te•np::•.n:ni.-<.~ion
granted to them by the High (',)tnmi. i- -J-i. i!nle~(:ridt wa;; thi ·"'''Hrènc\\'èd uncler
,;ta tell conditionfol't!r('en~•tr ts)c-ult\":\t[;ll îndt-h(~.J utbank ,-,f thoz,,ndJ(· !i~~ir.
nnd tht•re ha\·e b('en on con;plaint;; lodgt:d h.\·the lol'al wtti\"t'" iC(Jtlnf·cti•)ll.
The r.ui,.:\Ii;;.~ :'xit',l.i:;(,\h':k.i~;t(.;IWnttittt•d!'."tlw H i!!h ('ulltll!i t.<.•il)tlt~l'
L·ultntk gan ku:;. ;tpproxiu\;tt·]y+ <lre,;inl'Xtl'!\ ll':uSchIllktnann.~h· ·n•ltl k1•op eight
<>~t a'dtlf<Jlc·oll':in tht'~tri fnr thL'IJ,_-ndof tht• stuclt-nt:-; h,.larditht•ir,-clwoll.
Th L'reare abo <\g•lod m:-tny nat vc. l,.; ng ou th•· rin·r. ~."h~'c-d i:~yan~<t l'':Îli-(
in Snuth-\\"e,;tAfrica and 1\l''ttl\1' h•Hdt'tTht· l.ttter trilw an·tlo!\11ndvr ('hid Di.~J b u,
con:.:tantillt(·re<Htl':'l' \'Î:.:itg'<lt'nu bd\l'<'o·ntlt<·:l"''•pie:111•th• ,_lilkr :"\y;tJ\gana.
and th(' n:c·,•ut outl.n·a,.fl.utl~-<i i;,tnJd.."d·t"t!w n·~" 1f1tllll Tho· ,[j_, ,p"''rtd •·
at :\.1·:\n.!!a:•·•JIL<Εh·r:ttitllolu>fnn·till' •i!trl>n\la.-<n·p•wto·d in tlt•· .-.:trip.
Tri/JI,{/.1111'_-l·:a.-!J \·iha~.ib<'lo<lt111a••11<-adtnan.\1!J.,fa. ~!th<orityt. ;ulj~tdi,•ate
an:ordin).\tu :\";Jti\Law and ( ·u~to amtnoUI ·i<fl<>ll<> Wkl'ir..••.t·rall1--•tvd l1_ytht'
nldt>l' 11\l'lIfth•·.\rl01 11agrn• or iftlw plaintitlor d..fcnd;tnti<tH•( -ati.-tittill'!tlw t'ihl'
i< tak,·nt" tho_·'hi,· Kf~'•ltl:l.
Tlw t'hid' ..; Kgotlaor ( 'ourt i:.:t!w J•n["Il"llo.·a\td it• jl_:!ll a"•·'ial t·Xo:<·ptth at.
J<P>\· i.~la•h•n mnkr l'r•orl:tm:ttio<t\ ::\••-t!J\!1f,,,"l'l"a '_:.:i1•ttlw .l'''l.:!tlH•>fh
:\:ttin('fti..f.-<in tftL" I:,.,.IJital'r<>h'd••r:tl!in tlt,• !irin.-'f;tl\to.a ('u<ll',.,,tnpn.-<cd 1.!
•,ftlw .\.<•Î<tatl1'ottliiiÎ>IH"t<,,.\la:.:r:11.,ftlw li."'tri:tni oftlw ('hi•·L tillin ft,<'\'<'Ill
,f 1ho·irdi.-=:l.!.!l'<ll<'ttlw 1:...-:ido·l'lllllti dioÎ"i~dtl"t-l:l1l<t'Î11oli"!'llt•\\Iwo
m•·tnl,·r:-- .tri!,.ar•·l"''li 1>_!t'•· "''Ill 'nttl'l!w 1'•·nalt1j,ll-'IJ:dl_\- "r'llt<>ho•;td r •.
•Ifo·;t!tl··Tlw lill<lwnl[l\t'th··_,,,[!'~'"l ••'tr··:'-i· ;dth<'l 1: l~]'_,":!\"<1!11qf t!w
•:•1ttl!<1 hi~ ('ooiiii'Îl!nr~.
/''IJ""'Ifion.-T!w ::\ati\·1"-'[llll:itqf til<('al'ri1.~ti d" l'llll<'r"atoIllth•·y•·:tl' !!1:!1
\1;1:~
\l.d···. I"··H!~. T,~•.ti.
:,!,IIIU :!:!-!+i
' 1
"'1'.\TJ·::'IIE:'\T UF1:1~\·E~T _--\::\]) EXI'E:\"IJITL'HE 1\' THE !'.\l'l:l\"1<Jï:ll' !·'Olt j
THE \"E ..l.lt EXIlE!):lls-r~f..\l: \l"!-1. !
t ;-i.,. '- d.
it ~.''l'·"' ti7l!!" P,·r."•HErwd~n•wn li-ln~·~ \·!;rL1 •
l'!.t~ -:u·u..hL ,, ;, ~trat~•lHl lPolt~·t~' !~~-1l!l !)
PnU Tu:.... ~~ ,, ~toi..!l· l-:1iUu•r1l ~~~ :, ;j
J>u~..tdH•IT•·.lln...;~,·rlhn -;,; Tr:n·elii1::\:fl.;·n~t· :~nh "
~~~•·1:11~lw_L~~~~-"" 11"~ " Ct\ttlL11..~t:·;l..:.,\..:: :! 1.", .. l'
j·.~H,H, .; " l'ubitf· \\.H+.'•~LHT~~n~ :h ti -
:.:" " E·l•li•'i..l~ ~r;
..--- " "
-~~-II-i 4
'·ANNEX12, ~-Co)'
'"'~· ') "'.;» lli_
,,'~')\-..<>- ,Il
:,,')~ri/:. '1l. --- ..l
,.)•d'\,).. ·i :1 \
\ .'~<>- Il '<.
. ù'" 11
tPo. 1=
. ,'\,-<> ,1
";\" ~'-\'~
-..<:P0 .-~4 .'ô-\o..-.\'· i
,.:;oa .i~"'- 'o1A.•.--.· !
.J ,.~'\."~ ~!~O.: ....~ ~-~·fi -.----~ar:~,.~l-." .
O...;yl'J'",c."()J'.9: ,.tÇ-c.;.. · >-.~·· (·:14 ~~'~tnt:tlt~
• ."'~~ .1:"\:-(~ \ ·,Ill . . · 1 .::~E.~A.S c""rE-~~~,~1M , -Hi;;t!
.\·.''!.· '\.'t'o·'Vp,y , __._!...:.. -' If:·:~·-?-1\:b ·J-~"'-.. . .
-\,l- / 1 : . -~• 1: '~• ·- . .! -1· .. - ~.j
,4-P' .cr uNv ~~f N-~ UNI.N~it . d u~L~.-I'r=~:.;- , ~ <~~
s1Œ-R1A. · SQlIJ,fCA. . •.ifl1~liUID~.~-'\Wt~~
-. li VlL~lH_O..OOnl HI-.-•,;E~.S-I~r-:i,il'
·r ..•• n09f~dJU..~:·.•'"' -~1·(~
_ i·_- 0 /Crhe__l!!41-!t··:c~~f.
:· . , ~~ ~ . ~~ :-- ~ PP:PVA_N.ATU ; ·J;~~Lj:~F-S·
The~_uol;"- . tHayir•.ll:ffaire, · . ··:.·.VE•'-· · ··( ~:j,.;_:;::.r.
~.P :Ro;tO6.T O_ - -: -:.25 ·.·: ··;}1r' 4~-\
&"':"-'·'., · ' . -.1 1-êNo · +3 6·....;;·-,:1
.f· _· .. Fi Nl........:~}.;_,,t:; !';:~
~. -~,9ilG ~th~.t1;tqn,_l. Jê~mr~.rk IIi ·.'.!•·'J'
Caui'i·z1 fel:-.:;3let Uo~r ...-....,....;;;;f-i;
.. ..V Vr, .•1t..';F·.' • ••~-·1,--:, .,:, ·•. .~~ ~, .·~l' ,,
.,.,JJ~~/ I-~e,,~~,1::\,~ llf;war,fll@f ;:Il~~~~ttll9fit~:'"'~~•:.:·:·:(
ht ~onthil3lt:liy,l9i.6, /.
-:>'~~~
(' /1,j . --'7
Dt/,/"
.:•ccV" ~~·
·wt~."~
. Sb
fi ;• l:~:'ll''"A.:A'~ ·,J
·' ..·. -·;.\.--- /'':
:_.\ \'~ :: ~{ ::~ .;~~;~:~:~~
=~:~r..~+;.=r · . ~~- !· 1
. . r. ~ ·o/" ·~~'
;fi-"Q_.. ...'...,.... .•r"' l~Z\l \
--- Notee o.nobservati ons.
r.tethod.O~_.Jort tunia.:tekento exp.lo.the metbodat fulJ.tribo.l ;;;'
/' meetingsh.:ldat Linyanti on the2'lt!my, and a.t~bbe on the 27th ,._
/(.. J.iay.Theexp lans. ti ocinwgreF. detaile.ndthe tck.inof a o ena us :~
J~J ,~ +~~~~~j~ ;i~l~~ ~~: Y._E:! '~?~;;ter_b~_ et.n~e-~tiehpl...:--.. ;
r~~"i-f.. .-Hf-•.~.-.·.-•:~ ~i·•,.,• ,.., •-:;~ ~·,~~~.,~~\-t·:.,_4~.~•~,.~•.l~
·h{:ioi,:!..: ..-:,Bach,v~llage~ead was re qured"to'he.ve :fet1.cl-~o_ff:-·-~~~~;~:·;~j~
--~.f..~~. 7le n;g;•~-s,:,~~e..:or:m_nr-.~~t --_"orwo~ ,~-~ n}e:~!g~,~.J~
-,Îfi:';f_.~ ~h-orHt~~,~:t~.~e-·A:s~~~~~e.is~o ~r_o:oa~_e;na.~,~$-~.:=h~:~~~~~-~~
-:-;$-;--,·._.::rJ.ngwa.e -.epa.obe"lowvm.l.'"fi:for .:.Peo_p:~:~.~r .of_p·,.o
.·'";'-:'·f~.:.;.~-·-. •o:~.'--~h]~;ixd{·f'rt:ee·c-un~, i~.3lat:••(-.-..1::-t1:::0:::~'ë"t-:"'·~'.·~:.;:iJ
~!:'~~,:- ts.--·ny:a~-'i-&!:~B·r·.to_ele.peebet·cre-'t.e::::.pla.~d:,;1 ilcout~·f
iâli~1~lii:~~~~iit::~t:~r~~~~~~~ii;GZ1i~·
~:.:;-.;~ : ~!:~;_~g:e-s:~:.:c-}:eJ::.._e:,~,.::~m,a~n_!.,.;e~"n~:~~f~j-i~:.
~i'T) ;>:.:_s-:_:.,how·é_v._er~~· l.ewee :w-ail)oeote.(~:eing :-.--71n~t~lii;'É.
$~Tit~;;;f~ii~~Ji:t;:~;.:~:!l~!~;!)n:~"::-!b:!··~~t:v·~;,n~:~~It~~~j
/':'.-, ·· The not chinhe.vi nbt;:en. o ted'viÏJ heds&w~èr ~.~~·éi ' ·'S.
·< the arrivalof. aoonste.bleorcnttle gua.ra.nd oimplhand overthe ati~ks.
'l'hoonEltE<bland c&.ttlegua.rda11 a.ttendeone orether -of
the meetingsund wore specis.llinotructedprior tothoir eettingout on
enumeration,·They were.givenBheete oîpaper wittheadings writtenin
their ownlc..ngu.age. \
Reports of COD:ata.bls.nd oattlguard.indios.tedth.e.t _the.d
,...-----haa·'=Te t:tlè·y"'"=dil."f~a~~~~~~-r~.~- ·':(bat few·mi{!takehs.d.
' . .--~.~---..~..
ahewn upas a rosult·of thoir~uostioning.
__........ltie.oonoiderod th.ethe Censueis rea.son.<laoourfl.te.It
will be obGe.rveiliàT''!iëre"of16 yeareand -oveA.re -els.s.a.s.ma.or:
wo.men e.nthoe·under·tha.tagea"' bayor girls as thecao e l!l8-Y The
olasai fost iorau.·-o·necesety be a ppro x.i,aa.lone oould dov~aa ··to
.selectpersonaof about the ageof 16 andindioatethem to the p~oples.e
bé-ingof the-dividingage. ·.
•:.~~·r··• -•'-• •-~- ~,·•~•-:.,:;.•!..'...,;._J:.'·.:.. • ~ •
.~·~~--~-.~:-.---:-~Frain:the':i"ePo0rtthe.:Beehue.nalho.t&e ~rte.A:d.miJ3trat.10:C.
;!..·- . ·~nthe Wbo~·e-.of~the--; -csel·frTi.:the _yee.r the2~oPC?~g ~-~~~~
· ·- · · iE>taken . -. -· - -.--.
"Thenative popula-tioof theCaprivi Stripns enttmeratedin
'·r; the ye~r 1921,__~a:-....... · - ·
~•-'-
1.,•:.... -ll.e.Fema.leo TotaL
-'20();5:2246 .. 4249
_.,;'
And e.pe.r·fromoffioials,tho onlyEuropea.nin ~e -t~r_"?':Y
are a ~ew Uiasionarie·and ~rader...
1..·' ~-\'-..l.::-~ • -' 7~-. .
...:.- ~' The~igure ·sat_ :follo.are:fro~rta _-è.ur.i.u,_per.i.of
..7.·..~·:~.administratiori:_b:, A.:ièa:TiJ..~·92.J13_~-ndt·are:for ..til&
1.......--- EasternCaprivi.Zipf'el:..,:··'·.:·:.._;..-·.-,._;..._..--.=~..--~
-.~'..· ' -·~·-·'.~....... .1
:-.~
1"-.~'. v-,.,~1,~..
ll::SO 14b4 .,...._r,.--'--t
~ .;..:()1 1506 ...:.~t- 4016 8~2L ~.-
_i'.932 11:;1 l!.J10 2570
820 1556 2432 Ll126
1932 1168 1539 2638 9;s9 1soa 24 ·.-s- 4241 8716 .
1934 1213 1601 2677 959 16.28 2058 2560
4305 892;, .,
1935 124? 16.;..1 272Zl 881 982 l656 2128 2623
4Zi79
The inaren.oa ie due not onl;y ta ·nntura.linc:-ceno but also to
influ.x frou, othe:-territories. The Baetern Ce.privi Zipfel (4,500
square mileo) is _sti11'-~, poPu.sre~e lny c~pab lfeholding many
more people. \
The European population .has not Taried muoh i'ro.m 1S2l.
-~-:~;,~;·:.~·~·.:.~-:~-_~.!"~'".-·:,"~·:...~".',_..:,-~:·---,......_,~~.:.._""':----__ ___.~..,,. ----?...
A atudy of the dete.iled :figures ahewo that io the ~eubi. aras in
~ .-·'
the eseterl).ho.lf (muoh lese thno ho.lf aotually) of the Caprivi Zipfel,
nn aren subjoct to annual inundation and where ~any villages are situa-
--t on~tho ·higher groun.d (mound.e) in the flood ph.ins, the villages are
.·-.;...muoh emaller than in the Mafue (western) area and ~tthe same time·more
numerous. The biggeet .Masubia .village holds 166 pereone ae against ·-409
- Us.f'ueie.verage village figuree _.are 33 lia.ou7b 4 Maa'ue.. T:here are·
156 Masubia villages to 1.30 kf'ue.
••: ~. ;<-··:~r'-.r.:th; ·U.aeubi ·rea ...:the ils.gee ar~- tt~rscà al. :o the. - .~ ~r l s. ..i.ns.;
_:.. :t;~_? JI-J \~iy1..rSe·to .he~" .ndo -l-og.ithi ~an.Œ --of' or- "Yithi"'l"'&aOhf-.t:'hé·k-·:·:;:
..--·· -··-wa.od.~(o-' Mssb i or Linyant i or Cha be)- --Ei·veal thou .n the inter ior -~·
. . th'er€.ie a line of villa.gee dependant on MLterholes or pane oarry:i..ngs.
population of eome 2,230 •eoule.
The .Aia.f'ue(.Ma.yeytribe is.-:madeup of' .peopl-e of the .Maf'ue., .:llay:eyi
"~.,~;·."·.-
and li'BmbUkushu tri bee.-or olan.a -.rth. :.Ma.k:'IIiuah.men in .s.ddtio~ J.'he
·latter,· ~o ~ow eee:m to haye .taken .to :lllore .or .l~pena&n leig t
·plaoee, nwnber 81.
•-t'•" ...
'...·
r~-o.r'.··.'!i...~-~..- ,.
·::-..1._-:.... '. ·. .~..
...,:+...: .•••
"""....."
..
··~··~--:-~~--=--~~::-.::..:~::-_-:::-.-:.-::~~~.-:=·~:--~--~--...,...---~--~-·.·.·~- '..
SU;d611ART.
16 yee.r&.
ken. ~ome·n·: (rirle, 'l.UT.t.L.
185? ~? 2341 2152 9197
-316 \1.8 29 -Z 366.
21'"/.3 .2865 2155 9563
-~'.. .
1148 :'"·:1.-487 '1300 1.148
264 ·-62 78 41 '465
.'-:1''7·.~:..·~..'
.~--_..:;,._,.:·!·-. '
.-.....
~ .....
. 1,·~~~ ·::_ ~-~~~.•~~-----
..•.;.•·~.·;.-
~··-~·-~·· liA..FUE: -21-?3 2865 ·-2S70 2155 -9563
.MAS~BI \A 1432 1549 1:378 1189 5548
'IOTAL. 3605 44.14 3?4'::" 334-4 15111
----
h"UWPEAN: 1 1 ?
GHAND NUL. 3610 44.l5 •,3749 15118
.. .~.~~··-":- ~ ~'.""'"··.~.~..-~_..'tl".-.·
........_.,,-~...._.---...- ~-:;
~ ·.::i4i_id-!sTRAT ·AElrn--1lATl_VE· :ifll·SSIONER. ··_·
...·-- -------. -EA.STERN ·CAP -·-ZlP.FEL.
:--..·...-
-··.~...:~:~·,:~:: .":~.;.·- ...;........
• ........ _.....
-----. ~-' • •:••,•.r
·-···-~-!,-
.... .~-~-.. ANNEX13
...
THE
._;
BECHUANALAND )/
:•.
10 ,.J ~' C ,'(o
1') .-ci<: ·." {7
PROTECTORATE
' ----;:~•2:: !!..._;. ....:: 1 .-...
~co~:;:..s.1.-' . '.
1"' :1: --
; "" 1a.... w..•1
) <> by
1~ dlo. l!
A. SILLERY
il t : ..\ "'
~'.. J i ~
.~· '' - ~·~0 . _/' '·\ ~
:~ ·-,
F.li-------PC 1 .... 'l··1 '•'('
•."4
,, :;>... \-
' z /(\\\ ~:: '
,_/ \
IL._ -·~ v-J
~ 1 1 t --·------··
...- .....
0..' ..~
(j i :O-u
-< )-...,_!.
0:>...._
;,
,'
1
\
Geoffrey Cum berlege
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cape Town London New York
1952 APPENDIX II
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Numbers to the nearest hundred of the prine ipaJ indigenous 1rbe~, Agar-Hamilton, J.A.l. The Road to the North (Longm:1ns. Green &
bascd on the prcliminary figuresof the 1946 census, and in sornecase~ Co., 1937)
on cstimatcs.
Kabka 33.::::00 !binL"STll<•ll\;h Th,- Guld J\,·gions uf ,':;ull/;..r\NfAjn("u
Ngwakctsc (Ed 1\"rd Sl<lford. LonJ(Hl J. \\"C. .\f:tda v,
.:s.ooo Port Elizabeth, 1S77) ·
Kgatla 27,600 Barrow Sir John Trarcü intothefntcriorofSour hern .·!/ricnd .:
Kwcna .:5,400 ' Edition (T. Cadcll & \v. O;tvics, London,
Ngwato 18,100 Hi06)
Kuba ... 17,600
Kgal;1gadi 15,700 (u) Brown, J. T. Among the Bm11uNomads (Scclcy, S..:rvicc&
Sarwa... 1-+,400(b) Co. L!d., London, 1926)
Lctc· ... 13,000 Burchc!l, W. J. Tmrcls in the lnterior of Southcrn A/rica
Tswapong (Longman, Hurst, Rccs, Orme & Brown,
11,.:00 London, 1822)
Birwa 9.600
Tawana 7,500 CAmbridge /Jistory of !he British Empire, Volume VIl/,'South Arrica,
Rolong 7,400 Rhodcsia and the Protcctoratcs ' (Cambridge University Pre.'>>,
Khurutshc 6,400 1936) t
Mpukush 6.000 Campbell, Rc\·crcnd Jouma/ of Tra vels in So:ah A/rica: among
Herero 5,500
Kaa ... 4,100 John the Hottentot and othcr tribcs: in 181.:, SIJ
Hurutshe anJ 1814 (The Rcligious Tract Society,
3,600 London, 1840)
Talaotc 3,500 Chapm.:tn, James Trards in the Jnurior of South A/rica (Bell&.
T!okwa 3,100 Daidy, London; Edward Stanford, London,
Pcdi ... 2,600 1868)
Tlharo 2,500 Cloctc, Stuart
Subia ... 2.500 Crcswickc, Louis African Pomairs (Collins, Londvn. 1946)
Phalcng .:..:oo Sourh Africa and the Transraal IVar (T. C.
Najwa 1,600 and E. C. Jack, Edinburgh. 1903)
Rotsc ... Cumming, Gordon The Lion Hunier (John :-1rr;n·, London.
Scieka... 1.000 (c) 1909) -
900 Ellenbt.TECT, \F.
Tcti .;oo ' Histon' of the B;H:a-\lalc-tc oî Ramoutsa
(Bcchua"na!and Prot~c tTmon.rc:ios le)'
(a) Docs not include the Phalcng and Pcdi (q.r.). of rhc Royal Society of South A/rica. Volume
(b) Docs not include estimatcd 10,000 nomadic Bushmcn. XXV, Part J)
do. 'History of the Batlokwa of Gaberones
(c) Dacs not includc a floating population in the Chobc DiHri<:t. (Bcchuanaland Protcctoratc) · (Ban ru Srwli,•J,
Scptcmbcr 1939)
Hofmcyr, hn. H.
Kgari, Chief South Africa (Ernest Benn, London, 1931)
Press cuttings in Chief Kg: i's~ros scssion
about the visit to England of chicfs Kgama.
Sebelc and Bathocn.
~ 1
1219] ANNEX14
The
Geo_graphical J ournalg
No. G. JUNE, 1901. Var.. XVII.
JOURNEYS IN THE LINYANTI REGION.*
By PERCY C. R'EID.
0:-Juuo 15, 1809, wo loft E:nzungula., o.nd, kecpalong tho right
bank of tho I~inyo rier,ihoaùod oco.rly duo west.At tho cod'of
about 7 miloa wc camo ta tho Sou11b(l. rapids, which wo!'c tho only
OU~ta o le:wigationWC IlCtWÎtb On OUr t!'Ïp.lt is, howOVOf,onJy
l<t SM~ou sf low wo.tor tha.t thosoro.più:J coostituo.oy serious
dif!iculty, o.nd even thou native co.oocs o.ro able to pass Our .om.
l'O<lho.d lod most of tho way t1.long tho foot of somo low stooy bills,
which, o.t thora.pi co~e. rigbtdawn to tho rivor's bank. From
Sobuba wo continncd to mu.rch alongtho right bank of the river for
about 25 Tuiles.Tho sn.mc low hills, coveretl with denee jungle, were
on our lcft ho.od all tho way, n.nrl indt:cd continuo for about 55 miles
from Ko.znngula. 'l'ho rivemcauders through o. law flat plain at
thoir Laso, whichstrotchcs a.way northwards us faras tho eyc cao
rco.ch. \Yhilo, of course, tho bills hom in tho river on the south o.nd
prevent its ovedlow, tho plain to tho north is for many montbs of tho
year floodod fro1 to3 or even m.ore feet deep.
On Juuo 19 wo arrived a.t a spot whcra tho riverincludiogit:s
inundation,narrawcd considcrablyowing ta some ri~in ggound o:n
the north side. Ilero som.o nativeinformcd Ulltbough without a.n,Y
ren.l truthtbnt tho cotmtry o.hoad of us was hnpassable for oùl"'
donkoys, owing to tho thicknoss of the bush, and we therefore, with
tho help of o.couple of canoos, ferried our goods and swo.m our donkeys
over. Tbenccfortbwe proceeded along the loft bank. A march of
about 3 miles through flooded countrybrougbt us to the village of
* Rend at tho R,;yul GeogrllphicoMnr~oll1~01.
No.VI.-Ju~ 1911.:, 2 Q580 JOURNEYS l~ THE L!~Y•.I..NTIREGION.
of ~ario nsces were a 6-inch sedant, an astronomical telescope, and
two half-chronometer watcbes with Greenwich time. Before leaving
Buluwayo I was enabled to get the errer of my watches on Greenwich
time by signal from Cape Town; but, unfortunately,on my return to
Duluwayo the wires bad been destroyed by the Boers, and 1 bad thore
fore to wait until I arrived in London before I could again get Green
wich time. I was, howe'Ç"er,successful in observing stellar occultations
on July 21, August 16, and Septeruber 17, and thereby to compute with
very fair aec11racy the rntes of my watches. As a reenlt, I fix:ed the
fotlowing positions:-
:!lro.heni'svilln;;e ••. lnt. 175~'G"S., long~3° 192~" E.
So.lishand'sllnge , 18° 30' 0" S.,, 23° 30'45" E.
Ma.meli's villo.ge ... ,. 18° 5' S" S., , 24° 0' 9"F..
Kgnmo. .... , 17° ;5tJO" S.,,, 2·P40'1;5"E.
Knzungulo. 17° 4G'40"s., '!5" li15"E.
'l'ho country from Kn.mngula wc!:ltwarùs, along tho north side of tho
river, i.q inhahited by Dnsubia as fat' ll.ln. point slightly west of
l\Inmoli's.'r cstwarùs agn.iu from this, o.nù atill on the uorth sido of the
ri~e ra,o tho Bahoyi. Mamoli is tho head chief of tho Basubio. of
thil>district, and Mo.honi of tho Bahoyi;but most of tho moro important
villages bave Barotso hco.dmon appointed by Lowaniko. himsclf. Tho
..,.il pn~gtihrsR to thc:r Lca.dmon, and tho latter, after presumo.bly
dcaucting a pcrcontn.gc, band them ovor to indunas sont dawn by
I,ownnika to colloct thom. .T!leso ti thes or taxes consist cbic!ly of akins,
Anch os pookoo and lechwco and aitutunga nruoug tho antolopes,
.ir~e rk,ov.rloss,spccic's of horpostcs or mungooso nmong the smo.llcr
mu.mmnl8. JHost of tho hcadmon own a fow cows, although thcso, I
holiovc, nro rco.lly tho proporty of Lowanilm, who o.llQwS tho headmon
to rota in tho milk nnd butter and n small porcocto.go of tho cal vos,IIR
rontunorntion. No fowls aro kopt by oithor tribo, and oggs or chie}>:ena
are thercforo unobt.'l.Înll.,x:cept at ManiOli'a village, whcic we ,llnW
pigeons and hcard coeks crow, though 'WC worc unnble to purchaso eilher.
'l'ho principal diot of both tribea is corn and fisl1,eked out by no. occa
sional buck. Tho women and childrcn, of course, do nll tho culti'Ç"ation,
llnd thoreforothe man v.ho C:l.nlmy most wives and hll.most children is
the ono who cao till most land, nod eo soon bocotncs tho most wealtby
and important. The people are quiet o.nd inoffensive, but ahy. Tho
majority live under sbeltors of grass which they cali buts, but in tbc
principal villages the l10uscs nro moro substantinl.
Periodical!y, wbat one may ll.lmost torm slave-raids arc made by
tho Dnrots!:lchiofs from Lialui, wbcn young men _nod girls are catried
off to become their serfs 11ndwives. In Batoknland, to the north-east
of linzungulo.,this bas beon ca.rried to such an extent tbat you cao
sec no one in the villages but worn·out o1d people and infants. The
nasubifl. Jlnd Baheyi are wilder by habit, and sbyer, and ccnscquently ANNEX15
The
Geo_graphical J ournalg
·--------------------·----~-----------
No. !i, J ?>il H I,!. VoL. XVII.
JOURNEYS IN THE LINYANTI REGION.*
By PERCY C. REID.
0:-o.nue l:ï, IS:Jfl, wc loft 1\azungHland, kecping along th a right
loank or tho Linyanti ri vor, he;ulo•l ncaduc wc:;t. At tho end' of
al,mt 7 mile w.~ camu to tho Sc\H!lJa rapi,lswhich wore tho ouiy
<>h~ta d•u:VÎ;.!<ÜÎ<w·~mot with on our trip. It is, howevcr, only
at Hea,;!)wvf low watcr th at thc:;0rapilb constitu toany scriom;
ùiniculty,aml even thon 11ativo canoot; arc ahlo pa.~upRthem. Onr
roa•l hu,l lc1l mo:of.tho way ah.mg the foot of tiOUHlow H!t)ny hills,
w],ich. :ü tho n~pi•C h<)lllTi;_;ht dowu t•) tho rivcr'bank. :r~rom
Sulm L• ~c continne•ltu Ul;nch along the right bank of the river for
11.but :!5milr: :l~e.samc low hi Ils, co\'crccl with dense junwere
on 011r ld't hamlail tho way, an•l iwlce•l continufor aùont 55 miles
from Ku.~nngul 'ah. ri vermcu.1alcr:; througha low flat plain at
thcit·lm.~ we,ich strctch aw:;y rt0rthwan uXlfr~as the eyc can
rcach. -Whilc, oft:Ollrstho hill:; hem in the riv.on the sonth and
J>roventits ovcrflow, the plaito the 110rth îs for maiJy mon tbs of the
yoar flooded from 1 to :; or even more !"cet Jeep.
Ou .Juuo lD wc .-rrived at a :>putwh~.: treeriver,incluùing it:
in 11!lllatuarrowcd considcmLly owi ng to somc ri:~i gognJ on
the north ûJo. I-Icro sorne ti~·c iforwcù us. though withou t any
real trnth:th:lt thG country u.bGu.d of u:; wasiwpasi!ablo for our
th•tl okig .to the thicknos:;of the bush, and we therofore,with
tlu.Jhelp of a couple of canees, fcrriecl our gooJs and swudonkey~
ovcr. 'l'henceforthwe proceeded aJon,; the left bank. à march of
:~.b ~ouiles throngh flovdeJ couutry brought u:> to tho villagof
• Heel.liat the I:c>:·-.lOeo::;,J6cty. 2~5.lcli!L
No. VI.-Jt,;N<:IDOL.] 2 'ï JOURNEYS l)l THE LINYA~T! REG!OX. 581
these sla'l'"e-rnidsare not so successfulForce, tor :s~ot infreqt1ently
used on bath sides, and this the Barotse do not like. I am glad to say
that this question is recei'l'"ingthe deep attentiof the officiais of the
Hritish South Africa.n Company. Although hoth the na~ubi and Baheyi
1mderstand and speak Scrotsc, they each bave nlso tlwir owu language.
They, h,)wever, not infrequentlyintcrmarry.
Houghly speaking, the whole of the right bank cf the river from
Ma.heni's to Ko.znngula may bo said to be lminhabited. It is trne that
from :'obhenî's to tho south-west coruer of tho swamp. just beyon,l
Salisbàoù's, there are a fow villages. 'l'he inhabitants of these are
emigrants from the north bank-not, as a rule, originally from pleas11re
but bccause of the slavo-rai•h 1 b:lvc mcutÎOlJCÙ. 'l'hey arc calcd
l\akuba by tho Hechuann., Babcyi by tho B:uotse. They owc a
\liviùcda.l!cgianccor r,'lthethey ha.vo tc pn.yta:-;cbeth to Lewanika
anù to Sekhomi, the chief of J,nke Ngnmi. T.iving in this district, but
away hack from tho river, arc the Bampukush, who own allcgiance to
·r.clJel>oof Andana. They tra•lo with tb•J Bakulm, aml ure often to
l>o fmmd near thcir villages, Lut they fly into tho bush at the first
whi:;per of tho ani val of a BarotscTho R\mpnknsh e<regood huoters,
:md very p1neky ; seme eigb tor tcn of tl10m will even spoor up to a
rhinoceros while aslecp, and spcar him, aftcr which they follow him for
miles, Htabbing l1im as opportuni ty ocCTH5, uu til ut long th they kill
him. Among tho Bampukush arc a few nomnd Ln~hmc the ,lowest of,_,J
:~
THE
BECHUANALAND ;;
r ::.0 1 p·--z:C.o~l
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Geoffrey Cumberlege
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cape Town London New York
1952 ___, !::::"
Tl lE UECJIUA:-:AL\:-:D PROTECTOIL\ TE
T!E::iUIJORDINATE l'RIDES
Sankotse's posterity from father to son is as follows: Sankotsc
Sam;lJ~jaMosadi- Mokgwathi- BJ.ruti-~lbwc .ccordin_g to dcfeated o!hcr !ribes in this arca he thcn rcturncd and attacked the
Subia at Nyungu on the Chobe RThe Subia, surpriscd in thcir
one informant,e present hcrcdi tary hc;Jd o( ~1bwe. is, slccr. llcd and thcwho wasfnow Lcswan1,son or Suncbno's
not rc!!ardcd with favotu. as th~HJ t<.e.:·ot-hcan::dh si;.ta. 11·en1to finJ refu!.!cwith f'.fzilikazi, chief of the ;-...htebck. lt
with tl1e intheir Jcmand for greater in2cr•:ndcnce (com !he ru
of the Tawanai!ost Yci arc in the "Lt\\·;m;trcs<:'n·c:.tt there arc:tiJ th;t! tl1e.-~~lteLcseJnetd:ias> ies;d rcumed
ll:walong the UorktRin~inr!he rcgi0n of .\!Jkalamin the \l"ith him 10 I\'yungu, buthaSebetwanc h;td goback to
Ngwato rc~crw~. B:lr,,hd:t.Sebc tcl rcchcruLl~ invitcd lcs1r;lllc !o \"i:-.it
him, promisi ng peacc, and whc:n Leswancthciination he
Subia was murdered in U;trotsc:bnd on Sebetwanc's ordcrs. After Leswane's
dc:uh, whichccurred at Naliclc on the Zambezi River, Sebctwanc
The Subia say that long ago they lived in and around J. cave imade Konkwcna, Leswane's sistcr's son, chief of the Subi:t.
theGoha Hills.\Vith them Jivcd Yc1.The chief of the Subi:~
was Lipclc ndgch,Yci chief was MosabsabThey wcrc good The empire of the Kowas veryshorrlivcSchctw:tne dind
fricnds until they quarrcllcd ovcr a m.1tter of pronedcnco.:-thc1851 and fer the \"Crybrief rcign of his1m:t-\[nti~anc
rcfusi ng tu recognizc theyaof thclh.:r \\"hen they or thcir wns~ucccednby his son Sd.:ckt u. 11Jin] of kpro.,lS6·1,
followers killcd a ln the rcsultim: stru!.!r:lc \lo,;;!lasala and his·anmf;1n1sonanuaheadman calkd /\1bolnhapp,,ntLIP
peoplc 1\"defc:lted anJ the y ci be..:à1":to.te:SubiJ.. act :ts fL'.n 1S(,7.L'lolo1·isiled the Rotsmuardacd by
them. \\ "hercup,,n ali !he RScpopa, thini son of ,\b ramb;1,
Lipclc:nged his people subs.:qucntlyGoh;'1tiJ:;and s.:::ttlcd h~ rild ehic·fbefore the coming of Scbetwanc, look up arms. march..:d
at Luchindnc:N~coma on the Linvanti or Chobe Ri1·cr,where, thev south, attackL·dthe Kololo and virtual!y cthem.SL'Jh'~';l
say, Lipclcngc beca'ine chief of the' Subia, Yci, Fwi and :--..t,,·as thcn conlirmcd as chief of tThe Subia sav that thcv
His dominions werc •·crv extcnsire.
The Jirst chief of wl;ûm the Subia::avistoiai record i; join..-d in tl:~gisiheiKnlso!but that the Rohe SL;Ihct!LJI!nlly
Mafwila, ahca~ liclnge, which s.:::cmsto hav::dynastie r'ought !he Subia and the TThe latter hri~ agint the
namc. He was followcd bv Machila, who had a vcrv :ihort rcil!n andlolo at the sameastheRot andchd repbceJhcir ,1ld..:hicf
hein tum by Sundano.· · - 01his LlHc1ne.The To.1b and RIJ\:ic thcn füught foHsurrcm;tcy and
the Rtllhll:tnd r..-duiTo katosuhmi: .\;te i:,utne..:
Thcrc is, howevcr, a differorthe origm; Llfthe Subia WhKh th.:Rtlhinl'i!h(lllk\\"Cthe Subiduc(ltls~·. n>~h< . ';knL,';,ibly
duns as followThe ~·lpuw kho hl"d at K~111\hn10u\IWC to m:1kc p(·acc.\lost of the Subia who >Lt:ùllllp;Lnicdhun wt:rc
re fcatedatribe of Rotsc oanu wer.: scattcSome wcntto rna5sancJ, hutt1wena and a fcw followcrs wcrc spareJ and sent
Luchindo on the Linyanti, othcrs were tàken as sbvcs by the Rot>e,
othcrs fled to the To ka, \l'hile others wcm J.cro;:ndo the Oka 1·ango0lmp;dcbl>bnd. Not content, Sepopa mapLL tnk!ll
settled at prcscn\-l..i:Ly:\kinaw~ith them thc sacreJ r:LJ:l Konkwe1u,11· hlwhw. rcccircd timll". ald1lclwthnh~i~
m:Jking app:natAt the time of the tirst kth:n,·n r.\iJ' l•f the R,n -~>1'he:H,ltkik/{il\'r whhe·d1 ~\c:o:tnnn1·Suhia
there \laCpeople 1ngin the Capri l"i S1rtllth.nt'hern llHblu\L'b,·,·1w:Illll.n,,·d ;ntd f<.L.,ltlJ,(driIlthe
11p;;1Lllllp;n;!-l dd •,\d;·~,k-.,patch of 2·1:\1~l·1,
hank of the Zambo:zi. prtybT<ltcl;l, \c·tihthe\!pu).; L~>h dc•<-riihh·,-t,h• li1{t_.1h,· Subi;!~~~re"s",çupyIl!a
intcn3arricJTILL' fLo.rhisr!u~i wan!he lfibc know:\!he -.h-;ni;:1Tl!hrh<•f1he Zamho.i, appr, y oppm1tc Se.-;hckc.
Subia. Tht.sIrv~<l oesto svtlu t wh..:nrL';Lbwas chioi" lionld-:\(bJe~cr tisbrodk as scrvanh of thc Rohe.
the Rotsc he auac'kcddel~d aitlng, c!"iiciof the Subia, abo
known asSundano, and made subjects of Sundano"swhoostiJl After the dcath of Konk\\"cJcadee ofr~ehSiht nn the
c::~ tlmscles Mpukush. Lipclcnge, alias SundJ.no,wc111 Botlctlc fcll upon HLeswane, gcncra!ly known as Lc:;w;tne Il.
withhispeople to rmpale!a Isl:!.n~.\tCtr3Stcrytipofthe This groupminued[0lil·eaR::~ buk~oürrsInlta1 the r.wd,;
Caprivi StripThis happenedbcfor.: Taw~entrc1 Ngamibnd to1\hicthl.'l"11·er\\"lnot :1\·ailabk, olülack of w;ttcr
about 1795. :~ lnJdl~ tr:t~:ddmmdwl tothe :---Lth;tbthlfi,od·ril
19 01L·ntlw ;-,b lxtbelüdry up.They th.:n rcturno..'Jt<>the
After the invasion of the Rotse came that of the Kololo. ScbctClwbc 11·1h.e.~c. ofsm;:lpetinsco)the tribe whieh went
bccame very friendly with Sundano who was still chief of the Subto Tlh:.Licn.::u Gomarc in Ngamila nd. /\notrrcmaincJ grou
nt tht lime, thisfriendship did not last for \"Crylogg, for havin
on the ,\1:Jbabc. The old site of Lcswanc's viii:Jgc on the r-.l:!babc
p.146Maf~kilReistrfik79, 3869, 6403.!'g:Asr:ê(South) S5~. couldsiIl be seen, at any rate up:~o\l'ddisti lebyui~ha
'Also writlcn Lcmpelcngc,cie.lcngc, castor oil pbnts that grcit.n
le~ ;JcJJ,look his Subia to Munga, near Kachib u, whcre he
>Sec also history of Mpukush. p. 19).
ica{Sout~5~ .1~6.
1J [ 19J THE BECIIUAS.-\LA:-I'KuTI:Cl"tdC\lE TIIE SUBORDI:"<ATE TRIBIJS
died in 1927. On his dc:uh theque t~n ùf ;u,:Œ>:>long:m:: mc to 1
much recrimination. .\fpukush
The 1'--lpukushli1·e moslly on and betwccthe Obvango :~ntl
1t ;eem; that while the group 11·ason the B011:.'tKg:\m~:1Ill
of the :Ngwato, under whom they haJ rLtccJ thc'llh::llc;,~Oii\C· K w:ntl0ri1·crs\\re hose rl'(:rscross the Caprivi Strir,ill1he
what arbi!r:tri lv alt..::rw.L'lsuccc,;~': Thl.'cl)cu,l<llil '' .h \ lc•htmlhare:1 \?-.!:tmil:tn.-\.::c,n!to 1rih:il lc<:1!lerib~·
th:ll th<"succc> houId p:u.; 10 th:;,111,it..::dde,,;te,)r1ho.· tlll"J,_-.dll~b1kc rnthe IWftlo f :c!:l.;~ tl:\~' f~l'lf..::.tl
f:nninc. :thülll the l'<"!urthe llllil:\eentlt century, :tltcr the -lrib<."
tk:td chil.'f. Kg:tma now orJercJ that it ,;il<HilJpackk~v "ll h:tJ e:tkn :dl it,; r;hunting p:~rt tiv.lJs~out ih:i<":n.l t"
üf thl.' >cnivr 11·ifc,in a..:.eith l,<ratu cu,tom. The Subi:1
app:trently a,;,;ented 10 thi,; imp..:h:t imgh~ ·Il'and ;Jw:1! ~:un Oe'<.")lir:•rt.unJ.:r a hc.ld m:ln n:\Lv;h:tmhtlrulhl\\ cd
~''m ccj'h:t1'lilil tl1cy rc:1ch<"Jthq.ngutRira. Othcr_clr'h·_·
wa,1h:ll T;hi ka Lesll':tntlfthe Le:;w:ull'lhh:1J bc<"nmttrJtred !rib.::t-.,,]n<,m_t:~l.d'l-1th·.h\\:llhhdll\frrnlh- '>c'''Ithe·
by lheKclklklh;IÙhù'ùJIIhc•:tJm:ln clh-:;r~"-~i'· LinY:n11..\1:1,)):tmd,·,·id1<'r,·nr:u'ilhe Ok:11·:n:•:1:hdr'l';.:
Tnwanb the end "f hi ii'c he h<"L·i"c.l)'.lhk <lf:ltic:nd111,-:1·•
dut iL·sand hS<llSund:t nu ll'::1pp<lllci<':td (,'r htm.<.l1h,: ••ut.thIT-lI!;J_,Jun<dt"''·..1Ili<'rrupyi11th'Lin,( .\!.hlt.tnJiJ,,
11':f,,ll,,,,.,;\ll'llllDihd'l'1' and Dimh•• J,11'/l'1':;•'Wil
as~u piu n that he woulJ succei!J tv thl! hc·adm:tcmh!ho.d,;th1 lü th<T;<l<all;J.-\nJ;t.ltL<q:;he:who g;tv l1 i:nc tu tl1.:pbcc
of hi; rather. But this1\';Jnot LC'ill':llfliC;-J!anJ Sund;!I\LI on the Ok:w:lllgo Ril'er in the Cnpri1·i Strip, whcre therc 1s now a
himsdf, a wry unsatisfactorycharacter,w:~ n;t J1<1pulawith th.:
people. Sv hc feiout of the runnmg. Th:::r\I'J5nt<1rco1·crsomc flouri,Jlint: R,Jm;tn Cnlrnis~i,,n.
Thcrc i'_,,hcnrc1·c~111 ~0l1 h cTri) ':,)Sth:\! the ,\lpuku:;h
doubt as to whether SunJano was :tctu:dlv Lcs·.un:::'s son at ali, i1 orie.in:ncfrc ~olll<\lcr ~<-':ttrhe Vicwria Falls, ''''IH li1·c
bcings:tid t1hc was born clfanothcr fathcr.bdLcswa 1[nnrricJ
his mottKr. in tl1enci~h!w oi' .:hti:tluill dn the Zambo.:J.i. lkr..: the\'
Th cre11ce no11wo c:tnd iJa tc; f,J':tJn,1·tu;cd b1L:; ·.\.,:\:;:·, \l'Cr;111:1:1b,1·tllc' R.:,tsdJ.ijk'hCdon.: group uukinc_:ih w.1y
10 the pl:tlltlc:dkJ :\ nJara11·h ths:H:rcJrai:1111:1:j)p.t1u;.
dcath; his SCC.JndSun Tshik:t~md Sim\'l!l.rli'L11or "~-:: :nonk-.1-~ l! sccnh howe1·cr n10st probable that. whatheir h11errici,;.;i!Ud..:,;,
l\·!orevl'cr, Leswancnyana, chief of th<"Sucl;th::: CapriSt~i;:o. the lribe clrit:inincr\n~ola.
thcn lliiU\lhc administratic)n or Prùll:dùf.I!Ij_;hcJlù ]U\'ali
The tribc did not long e-njoyan indcpendcnt existence in il> home
the Subia undcr him. But the hanJing o1·cr oth;:Striptù Sc1u1h on the Ob1·ango, for the ovcr!ordshipwas disputcd bctwccn the
West :\l'rica in 1929 prcsumJ.bly da..;h.:J th.:sc hope:;. Rotse and the T:nl'ana. Andara dicd :1bout 1890, allcgcdly poi,;oncd
Both Ehika and Sunvul:1 each had his own li11lcbodv of ;1Jhcrcnts.
Sin!l'u!a was at Munga whilc TShiwas at Schong<l':l.n.cs,orne twch·e by his succcs;;or Dibcbc Il.laweof succession among the }.lpukush
i;; that the chief is succbydthe cldc;;t sof hi;clùc sstr. If
11iles away.twas !lnally decided to aŒept tp~):i1ia> itwa:; anJ thi:; pcrsc•nll<consiJ..::reJ ;;uit:tb:noth cr n..:jlh,thofat::
to rcco;:nizc cach man as heJm~l of hi,; own :th;:r::nami, t!~:, L·hicfm:tl' bi.'nomin;Jlc•J. :'\o one un rcm..::mbera br<und~r ur an
arrang hcs~cmntnuedt rwt 11ithout..:~•n f.iCk•n.ce,~r:tbk
Sin CC. h;t1·i:;lJL",ù'tkhl tl1e L"hi..:f>hip btlll;tw pru1ido.t·,Htlt.:
l'\ Cu:liityOn .·\nt.LI'_Jc:llh1Wc)or hi' ncphcw,; di.;put..::J the
The situatioW:lSeomplicatcd by th.:bdl~\· o,rsul.Lwo•,wrb.' dliet p'~,"oin~o. tha,son of :Ill eider sister by a man CJ.!Icd
con~ta n:tscy trouble bctwcen headmcn :wd people, cl:uming to Liwananda, and Dibcbc, the son of youngcr sîsl<by a man namcd
be the ril!!Hfulhead man instcad of his vounŒr brcthcr nF:tilir.~
10 uht arwisat1faction fr<)lthe· :1uthÛrit1<.'d0SS IL·t~hJ~ Dimbadi. Th~ tl1icfly Jine of~fpukush isnotcd ror its r:tiking
Capri\'i Strip.in 193-L :hility and h~koya, whc1haù m:1mgcd to obtain po,;,;L".>of the
>:tcr..::JrJ.inm:d;ing mcd1cincs and 1us,twl1it:svmc cairn a.-;
lhc liu group 1\':rcn1 not only by r~iictl Ji ;/luQ:(~,,, by :-ufli,·icn<.:•' uJcmctifship,\r:1-dwsen l>-their chicfhy the
religious Ji lfercnŒs1n !93! a Eurc1pcan cl-ng~ il;o l~J -'l.!re.
from a :;cet. cal!eù ·ThLuter Rain A;,;cmbli.:oJtS,,uth .-\i'ric:1· p~\~ rnk the e:1stern sidc, whtlwscon the wc~tc rinJ(n: the
Obl'ant:o)adhcred 10 Dibeb.:. The trihc was thus divido.:dinto Ill'•'
arrivcd in the Kachikau arca, hal·iw~ll lrm:rerd.!:; n.·Hi.-;tLV,I nJr> ;n)J Lcwanika, thicf of the Rut sc, Sckgü clie~ol ,h
made a uumbcr of convcns among the Subù :nJ th~ a:t1t;;1 :0nrt~J
rctu rn to Fran..::n, also on fo1,but W:l:m~nJ r;:;by Jlu'h:n·~n 'S<:>: :rnhn.~;·.,wrv ofth "l:amilanTrib ·~:\fri I,!tl ~n<
/llutcmiLt Lukulo, the cvangdin charge~t K•tci1iLw.w~n e)~cc>~: r-t46:1\l:.t Rqidl·nl: -,criçs 640.f
'Scm~ :tll\!l 5l:1;i1d,(.·~rDibd> sild1·na,1ic n;n-:1ra>~ur,,·;,
II'Drkin Kimberley in !936 and !cft one ltJiLllu in charg<".0:1 t>ail <hid,\!inforin;utl> 1hky ·
Lukulo\ return Muni kasu refuscd10 st:tnddO\\'Jlnd l!t::::r.::-" 3
split in the chur.:h. This split Cl)tllinucJ f:;;:trth:rn,~jL'n::. ~·t.~l[ p·.n~~;1~:n~~~~·.hJ- fi\hi~\nk~~l"ie\~r-tlh'.J }.:. Ij\1
t>f the COJI\<."rbsiding with Lukulo but it i< .-c::-,,n;mo;/:,_, ~i·• icnf<ic"S,>nl1~5~ ]''Sh::.-clar" "lh'~unola 1-vrmc'lùc·.<ikd
l'ir,•mbctw..::cnthe two panics \l'as rlIl19-:::;. Sik:ljTh,· .\lj'>uku>h rn"h,n:.,imi:j~btil uu not ~Ih·l llit""~
hi> '"n·c~><uu.m~nli ~dnid <.:;likJ l-::athimana bu1 th'orckr(>f
1 .~.)
ll~.j i~:·~
ANNEX17
THE
,. JI
BECHUANALAND
~1
C1 .....
1 PROTECTORA TE c
..:j"'
,.,....----.~~,
1 ~--
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., .~ ~ hy
.;···· ~ A. SILLERY
··1 7.
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Geoffrey Cumberlege
OXFORD UNlVERSITY PRESS
Cape Town London New York
1952 THE BECJIUANALAND PlHJTLCf(.IRA TP.
The Resident Commissioncr is adviscdhisconduct of the affairs
of the Protectoratehy a European Advisory Counci! and by an
African Adl'isory CounciThe Resident Commissioncr presides Ol'cr
both. The European Advisory Counci! mcct$ in 1\.l:lfcking taiŒ
yeu and consists of cight mcmbers, ck-etcd by th.: enroikd \'lHcrs in
the elector:il divisions of the ProtcctoThe Arrican Athüorv
Council consists or thirty-six mcmbcrs aniscomposcd or chieti.
hcadmcn ;md other notablesThis council mcets oncavcar, al5o in [!'ILOGUE 1
1\lafdingand is invariably an occasion for frank dcbatc> in whi.:h
Gm-anmcnt oftcn cumes in for much criticism. gcncrally h<:lpfu!. R0~ 1e b:-~in ofnhosilties i1939,the Tswana dlicfscon
The t)prwnunityis tkenat the Afric:AJvbory Council al\o whc,IJ F s!:tntlotfc'fl'Ûths~:n· icth~ismen, :tnd thcir own, if
a nlllf<.'rcnccof District Com rnissioncrs, at which thJ1-;.:u~;cr> rcqlred, m :1tlc:Jp:Jt·.,.\ 1 fihe~ ~·tlid noht .~i1..:d,
tcirç,>lllllhdilli<.:ulÎttlr<.:Jll"ll e11l1th..Rl'~ J,ck•m but a~1h·: 1Jdk L.1'l lmp:JJ;!llde•,p..:md drewn..r its <ih:e,l
lllissi<'ller. i'..::rhapsnot the lpanaofuthe~um..cin;:1; th..: Javs, tk n;:.:c>l:1 rdi:tbf,lrl'CLlf militan· bbt.1Ur in the 1-.liddJc
llJlP<lrtunity for DistcùlllJ11JS1rs :lndChh.'rs Ill r-.:c>unlry E:t-51 b~:.; :':r:m~~»:ndlLl1)t .\fri.:::tJl :wd 1-t!gh Cnrnm i~'iiPn
to mCl:t mcmb..:rs of the ho.a:dqu~t1r infurm:tlly and a1 ~c.i:,; T crritNi;h,h,_,uré'C>pi:lt'51cdkd lvr.
and to ui~cu 1\'th lhcm thcir inJiùduprbLkm~. :\ tr.tim:,:; i.1n~~<.>lu: ttLob~1 t tie end of JunC' J'J-I!
To sum up, thç Native AJ ministra tions of the Pr,lk•.:re\ :-!\ unùer the c,,mm:mù of Lt.-Cl'l. R. C. Boothbv, 1-.I.C. OnicL·rs of
thcir bcsl, satisf:ictory instrof local gon:rnmL'!lt, rc,;L'Urc..:Jul the Roy:!] Piüne.C• rp ~cre sc•nt from England and wcre jobycd
:1nd gcncrally in linc with the condition und ideas of the people. Their
six Admini,tr:i!il';: O!l!ccrs rd.:::ts.:d bv the ;-.extended
strongcst point is their cnthusiasm for social scrviŒs, ced~Jcially tr:tinin1\':gi\'lt0lthe comp:nie< \l'hO began IO arri1·c fwm aJI
c:!ltnn:nJl~ Hhe general ad\'anccmcJll of th..:ir pcvplc.ke~t.:ir wca trihe:;in Jt:iy :!nd wlw.;c pch,liHlL'Iwcrinthe AfricaPipn,~;.·r
anJ th<'L•neon which they nccd lll<JS!guidance. :unosom..:ti:n~; CNp;. L'(;h~ !lriti,lJ :\ rThey ll'c uught rud11nent:try p:wtd<:
to cc•ntroi. is that of fina1Ke. Hcry.lind dilli.:ulty i~h~ir;; t:rvnd:1•.Hi:<•\;•k rnh dril~tn Ji,;ciIl<:md m cach c:t'di"tc·r
their \'o,:rypra iscworthy nspirations to th<'ri >.i~wc:tkne:;:; :;bout tw:~wn ht· tr;u:1:11-crcsent lo the Mid[:~s lt,.· h·.~·r..:
is hn\\'cn:r by no mcans generaL ThAdmini~tr. :1rtHiobn~1~ed wae IO..::mb o~:mrrc :tdl·:mced tr:1ining in mtcn·:lls whii<::hcing
on tl1e pas! and thcir mnchincry still dcri,rünglt f,.m trib:d restcd from tll:' Il\lw:t1·v l:dll•ur CLlnlmitmenb for ll'hidl thcir
tradition.Somc, at !cast, may soon haw l•broad..:n th.b;~o w;e.; r-:-c \~.cLn:c~: !rc~n...l.~.~·o.ltiir~
mc<::th~ dwn~in gccds of the time.Für instance. in ~.unibrl'l The iir;~~0Ll c•l-sicc•rnp:1 6-1i c~p. of the Roy:d Pi,•neer
1
th~ isa decma~nd th-subordinate trib..::i, hith..:rtL'l~a ~t~:d Ct rp;;. k:i;Sc·r':ember 1<J-11'und.:r the Cc>mmorJLt.-C,J.j.
minllr ré1lcin th<!conduct of :.fi'airs, for a rnrch:lHntril'>:!l H. .\1[,1- D.S.O, O.B.L, .\1.C,:tnd \l'eni t,l Swi.t, ll'hcre dcl'c'JJ'\JI'l'
gnwmmcnt. ln othcr arcas the younga gcner:l~~•1cl:limt,1 h:n·..: llnl'' :tht-:, ll<:r.: hc:mg CLllhtrul'l..:;ilnl~~ts110.:\'nt
its\'\IÎlward, and wiIl slww itsdf, asothL·r t:<lll nlr.nad.:~. 11hid1 :,-:h,· •'J':'J>:1Cicrrn:tn thrtbl lhl\>u:;h :l\lWarJ~
more rc ~vtof p:ttriar..:h:d dir..:ctivn and r<:\traim. ·'the1..:vi.:1t. the.\!JJk L:>L nd lran :tnu lr;tq.inJc~ l:d:t. Othcr comp:mic)
writcr,the Native Administrationnot perhaps always witlwut dilii i'L>II,)L'lth: .\l1dJk E:t;;t :ts they C(lnlplctcd thcir initial training
culty,11-ibe able in the end to adapt thcm\'O.tochangi ngc~>n and bY 1he 0.::,~;"c.::cmha 19-11t/l('r,;:w..::rcthirtec•n b bour <.:ùm
ditions.ln the mcantimc a certain conscrvatisprovid..:d i;n0~ ranicsof:..;1:1·.1:JCh,;t t\)1:ùiTr4.-tOTswana, in the:viddlc
prejuJiccd and unreasonablc, is no b3d thing. East.
Al! e.x.:cjr~:üfethe com;nni6 w~ 11w Syria andl"Crecent r..::J
on Ba~llb idthe Lcbanon. They undcrtook ail types of military
labour,includingthe constructionor dcfcnccs, road making,the
establishmentof cnginccr dumps, the handling of supplies and inci
dental guards. De,;pite the cüld ::ltldsnow of the Lcbanon, they main
t:lincd astoni~ hr.nom !rom sidness and carncd an excellent
reputation for.lhcir èncrgy anJ discipline. The othcr thrcc companics
became garri.-on guard companics and rcmaincd in Egypt on guard
dulies. Earl y iJ9-t.::!t1m funhcr comp::tnics arrivcd and joined the
ethers inSyri an~ Ha ifa.
'Thi;~c'<:\o'>heT~iw;tna;qr is ù>nlribuby Mr1~ . R. llcnL
[~12] ~:1~1 ANNEX18
•
2&966--188 2()
·PROOF.:
..
,_..). 91.:
• ~.-. .~:.i
'~~-. .,·-,.:~.•..·:'
THE HIGH CŒ\L\USSIONER-·tJ)rn SECRËT-ARY.·OF STATE:·
'. · . (R~cN e~i~v~~~d-,~71Œj',_!·.:·9·.' .
(Confident(-!,).)
I:ligb. Commissioner's OffiŒ,-Jobannesburg,
Mr LoRD, - "' · · .:November-11 I9C·7.
InAVEthe honour to enalcopy oalettewbich:u-iavé reœifred
. Lewanika, the Paramouno(the· Bar'otse riatiori; dated lhe-7th .Oetober, !W7,
in wbich -he batth':o1Jndary t:ctween Barotscland and· Port uguese terri tory
ruaybeii:Œuand·demarcated··. ·. --. ·..:-- · ·: -- -· · ·'
'!.1 haa second- interview with Lew:wika at the Conference of the Njoko
and the Z:i.Rivers on: the llth Oc·AtthatümfereneI"told Lewanilta
. tha.t llîs Majesty t~adobservcd_ with, great sathow· loyally the
·Clue( ha:d -acŒptOO the ·award· of-.the· King· of..It.aly; aJthough he knew that the
terms of t/iat award had in C.Crtain respects ca'u:;ed:ntment.ief much disa pr-oi
; I laid emphasis on- th at His·. M.ijesl.Y.the·:King ·çf. Jtn1y was_-thc:fGng's
·J)"No fia., inwho~ absolutiTilpa_rtM i~jl.ihdyc:1m~.icoe:i~.
cnce.Lewanrka to!d mc that"he had bccn dis."lppomtcd;-l.>ut he begged me to·as,;ure
the Kinr; that he hnd acŒptcd:thfin:tliy~ahtl·>u nircsservedly:·:anü
<>a.mestwish·'' tntasCOriun Ho!ldlr•pP.oititè\J:to·_fii(
lieU::Lë:ïébtn
·bll~nt ~l:tesyot. [. toLewanib,t1h 10tilonil. ·bc!Su'pp'hiô~t
pctilton. as mdu~dcmarc :omterdisalW"ayspossi!JIP."Sifâng<lr,
· nnd not !east so in··this c<I.SCb.ut l warnetl<.wcre not quîekly
J settled. ;;nd that he must b. patient.
:l.On my rettirn to LivinIdiscu~ tsematter with the Administra
t· tor~rrR.Cooringtonwho cxpresshi:great Stl.tis!action that hadanika
askcd for acmar<:ation, and stateù that he should wannly support the proposai, as
;1 he kncw the Direetors of t~u~hA(ri.~_Com paudalso·do.
~- 4. I believe that the reason ;w_hytpis ~(jvbeerraised by His
::,M([.j eovrym't hns to:en the objthàt youf'Ilirdspredccessor and
tbc Scqct.nry .of St,ate lor :Foreign A!Tairs fclt as to the e:q---iency of moving ill.Jhe
-.mat~ \•·liile·Lewa.nika .was stiU.sore about the tums <Jf:the·.Kicg of _Xt.-.lj'_nsw:t.rd.
I . Now thy,~uLrrùshipand .tEec~ta.ty.o :f.Forion -Aifuirs ·.enn feèl
_·contpl<ltdrrcn.ssun::ù on \his J)(.,înt,and.nà_w.th3l.'ï~wkh~:ror_(rn!;elf.h:\
-:.domaro;t!·!OI\_o:fthe -boub-p('J"Itlittcl.sltr?ngly_.-aj.[~!S!l--t..tbe·
~-:bility of.ns .prom-ptnetion to'this end ci~c:mnscal-Mft::es"the
.j- ,5_ In.oonncctionth~JUC.St1oh!fJ.deinllrc~obo_l.mdan,l:;eJw~n
-~:tlbcuana!and.Ptotédotntc .nn,d·SQuthnaStAf.dc.JshqlJ;.t!inting
-~ou tat· wh"nt-is.rcally .f'a,uip~t•î~tttt.:f mepn'U snMa.j~~ty's
. ·ter~i ,ermay,terri tory':~'ç~i- _teltoc:s)e-Mia:~,~~ttr::~_dtqry
'crmccrns se~ rate r~utstra~wn~ ~Be(chtut. P&~~l~ntqfldlt:ll"~fi)l
. Western •Rhodes!a, and tn the of tot h ahkc, .a gesettlemcn t of
: boundaisu_rgcntly rel")AFier sceing Lewnnikn and the_condition of niT:tirs
(lnthe spot. I would nsk to bepcrmitlcd ta formulate and emphas,se·.m,Y.J.Ci!t'J!l1(!icnqa
( linn to His Majcsty's -Governmcnt toto_.!-).i'[et q!jriIr.ll·,~Ke~.tp)gc
t:with the_F.'!;pcro_ror_pcr.ll!o!~\,ic~o~y~Pc~~~ \~,~s ~.a t>el,led
~<'~chrmanara crrsçond1ngport1on of tl>e-ITco;:harotecwra'U· fhc>lJ~..s~~;
' rcason:; in favour of this te;tdjustrnent are very strong.
r,_The people living on tl1e southcrn ·Zambcsi arc Barotsc, and
' in the eiMc-st touch with LeAlthough Lewanika knows that the territory
is now German, his relwith his subjcets have heen uniand it will
!-rert.ainlv cause addtrouble with hirn when German auis cxerci>ed
Î:over thesc peoI may observe that the adminisof German Soutl:t-Wcst
~-Africa hns latterly been so oecupied with nativé wars that the re has been n_oattempt
...yet wli"atever op.-nto extcnd its autto the German Str1p on the
Zainbcsi.'This '5lrip is nol\· a "no man's land,H and is becomînr; a refuf{e for
criminnlsom ail the surroterri torOf eourse, when the Gennan Govern·
ment ehnses to do so, it can asscrt its authoritv thcre; but the fronticr .nnd adminis·
tptive difficulties on the one h:wd and the oUter, which will be caused by thi3 strip
'(.-;-7_ -----'d -- -····-··------·BLIC r=ECORD---.,-----------'----:----';--' 71
iRefcrencc: F 0 3b-:;'/ ]lq ~..
Il-; ·~~--~--,;5·~:-r~-·-·-R-_e_p-ro _n__u,c___1'-, ~_,Y,__•_n_f_r>_n 1_20_c_c_o_p_)_-,-g-h-,---,s'l-1-,6...,1,..-l-,717171~
•
of Gcrm;tn tcrritory corning liv.cùgc hotwccn the Becuanalunù 1'r<>tctte ~
.1ud N~rt} h--~:> Rhcodnc~i:Jn,<:xtcndin:at Îb p.llnrig-hUJ>t•) Southcro :;
WalUP."~ tl.Ilcar,tend to Jncrcasc raththanto dliin>h
1. I have alwa uylcrstooùthatthe rca,;on why Hi5 lm(iCrial !>[ajc;;tythe :
Germnn E 11pcr•Jr l<1.idsueh slrcs5 possc~ oîiton stri p, was his dc:;ire not •,
1" •C"-~dud frcdmthe navigation of the ZamLcsi, about w·hich,at that~-~ry,
1itilwas know·n. Dut wlmt arc the faets of thca~ cow that th~y;J.rknuwn1
F''''1he pnintof vicwof ;tccc;;.the Zambcsi ~'a1-od to the,;c,the Gcnnan
_,trib "h(Jily•·alucl ehesZMnl;coibccomt,; whollunna•·i: c.:natü~m.ail
~an x;;,clo,tnK.uingu!a, which is ovcrmile fom the \'ict.,ria Falllct\\WD
it aml the Fall,;, thcrcfore. thcrc is no possibilitycannbe;llo:· po~>iLilit.:·.
nt'n;"o.•·igatNor, again,can therec\'Cbe any pos.sibility of navigation in that
·dec•and intricate :;ur;;c. thwhich therh-cr fcrcclyforc ie~way lorman}'
mile,la~l "ewVictoria Fall:;_ So fartheGo\·crnmcnts for which I am responsi·
l,b arcconŒrned,the German stricould beexchangcd for a corresponding portion
uf llritish terri tory taken frorn the Bcchuaoal.:lnd PrI will rcl'crt to this
~ubjc wctcn J answcr your eonfldcntial ùcspatch of May olth,The0Rc:;îd~nt
C:ommissioucr nf the BcchuanalandProtcctoratand Sir Hamilton Coolr!-Ad~:n;
lonth·~nr.;l.a:••ocatthe propoaal l have adunobrated, and Ionly waitinfo_r
····rnainfnrmationft\! the ·Magi5tratc in the 13at.awana Res.cnplyto your
,!,•,pal d1TilB \~iti ~outh t\ ica Cumpany w..ulth.we l<he con>l!ltcdin
"'"!""'"f any ~urrew l<krrtory from thell<~cltua ln'rloatcdl'l•<tfrat<:,
as l~l"w l<t·nmutctul tltt: Barul;t: JMtf1G<:r<uanstriw;rs add.,d t" 2\'orth
\\'t•. <hllci«,ntlwrei,;rm likclil<uud of the dircct•m; bcing otlwrtli;l<~
entirely favn11ralncthe scherne.
l han:&e.,
S!·:Lt:OH:\1-:.
lligh CounnÎ>~i<>n•'r.
End0Sitrcin N'o.
Cun:r LEw ,\1;;!.Il11:;uCoM}1JSSIO); FJl.
Sm, Scshcke. Oct<>bn i. 1!!07.
Tu Elis sl.innethingl'cryirnportant which l hforgoltcntn br11I>Cf<li'C
Ymir Excdlt:ut:yit is ;1Luut!Juund:u-ywc ha•·<'5-eCnLhboumbrj'o11tl"m~p.
as it !mlM~ "io·dby the Kin:; oftai ybut I f'Ivery much that. tfl>tim.1ys
arL;c, for nol,ody know cxact.ly whcrboundary is-whcre îtîs l'ortuguc~nu
whac it. is llriti:;h terri tory or sphcrc of Things foruiddcn, such a gun
J'Owd<:r,may beintrodu fo~d thcrc. lt is now many years sincc wc lmmnc
promi~ a Commission wfl11ldbesent tfL;thathoundary to the south and west of
my c<'tt.rJy; ish it.wmrld come hcfore troubles h:n·carI thcrdorcbcg-ou~
!·:»:celleney t•' leColonialOfii<:c know mam: icty abouth~t hounJary,.1nu
cutreal th!ILoscml " Cmnmîssion Lefore il is too la\o.
LF.\\'A:<IKA.
I bcg&c.,
To IfisExccl!cncy
The High Commissinncr.
l'.S.-Iintend to lean\1>-lliOrrlo go l.J.·tcL::alui. my c.apil.1irn;t
Your Excclkncy ~tl Lady Selborneh«vca nicetimc. and enjoy a t;"0d hcalth.
''
'.,
~!
.... ANNEX19
U5
and the provision limitingthe number of adultsto a given arca would appear tobe.
a!l thal i,; necessary to obtthe abjectin \'iew.
I have, &c.,
C. DD1::ct.As·Jo:-;r.s,
Private ~ecreto.ry.
T be 1mperia1Secretary,
Johannesburg.
21674
No. 88.
FOREIGN OFFICE. to COLONIAL OFFICE.
(Receivcd 15 June, 1908.)
[.·ltwc /;;r~.d97.]
Sm, Foreign Office, 15J un~,1908.
StCRETAOYSir E. GnEY l•ashad undcr his considerationyour \,;tt,;rNos.
1280 and li lOG, of March lOth and the llthof April,•proposing that ncgotiations
shoulo.l Le op;::ned with the GcrmaGovernment for the ce,;sion to Hi:~!ajesty's
Govc rnment of the German strip giving acccss to thc Zambesi in e:\ch:111gc aor
portion of the lkchua nalanù l' rotectoratand sugg.::stiogthatthe se ncgotiations
might possiblybe comuincd with tho,;c in regardto the southernbound:uy of tho
German South.Wcsl Africa Protcctorntc along the Orange River.
l nm to stat.:: thaSir E. Grey doc,; nnt consid.::r th at the fact th:>t tlch
proposa! mi~h tvok<.:!i nacceptnboounter proposab from the German Û•>vcrnmcnt
need be n scri~ obection to the opcniogot negotiat iihn his objecl,fotin tho
event of the German Govcrnmcnt t<"Lk aivantagc of the opportumty alfordcd to
rai,;cHJ.• the questionof the cession otWu.lli nac,hit iso~n to Ilis Majcsty's
Govcrnment to r<::plyth.:lt the nay mubeconsidereJ .:1soutstdc the sph:rof tho
matte rs unde r discussion.
\Vith regud to the en•tnirymade in the second p:uagraph of your let ter or
March lOth, SirE.Grey is unablc toe:-~:pr o~isin 'nsnto the attitmlwhich tho
Ge rmn n Gov'ernmcnt arc likclyto assume towards the cc%ion of the G..::rrnan strip,
but it would nppcarintpossibl.:: that the strip can cvcr serve its oriç;inal orrpüse
givin:; Gcnnan South-\\c~ t frica :tccess tnnvi~a pbrion of lite Zambcsi, and
improb:tblcthnt it can evcr have nny great intrinvalue.
I am to enc\o,;.e, for the Enrl of wc· ~oncurrence, :tdr:l.[t of a <kspatch to
His lol:tjc:;ty's Ambnssn<lor at ncrli n instructi ng His E:<ccllcncy to appthech
German Govcrnmcnt with a vicw to coming to no ngrccmcnt on the !ines su<:;gcsted.
1 am, &c.,
W. LA:-;GLEY.
Enclosure ir1 No.88.
(Dra ft.)
Sir E. GnE'f to Sir f.LAsçu.LES.
Sm, Foreign O!i'lcJun~ . 1008.
I TI>.A:: t-<Yso~rrErxŒllency hercwith copies of t"·o ldtcrs• from the
Colonial Officc containinproposais for the S()ttlemcnt of certain boundquc~tions
on the south and east fronticrof German South- \\"est Africa.
As Your E..xccllcncy is aware,itwas arranged by the Agreement of July lst,
1890, betw~n the Gcrman Govcrnmcht and that of Hcr \ate Majesty, that th6
boundary i;ctween n t·itish terri tory aGerman South- West A fric s:oud run
eastward alan"' the ISth p.1.rallcl till it rethe Ri1·er Chobc and then dcscend
the centre of the main channel of that river t<>its junctiwith the Zambcsi, with
the further proviso that the s\fip of territby which Germany thus gained access
to the Znmbcsi should not be !css than 20 Engli ~ies in width.
It was discovered subsequcntltbat the southern boundary o[ Portuguese 'Vcst
• S o3~i~ tbis booami So. 4inAfricJn No8~8.
T "lll~ltlG~g GFF 1CE
'• /~1"1.. '"1-C'~: ~~ 51 .1
1 'l ]
Go &-:t-9/Cr J ?
COPYG~KT -oGT TOa( OUQOOIJC{QPKGTOGhPMOClf Wl TMOIP{11011 SSoOoli 1 1zl111
-·
-
146
Africu ithi rgion b.y furthcr~out than was supposedin 1990, and the delimita
tion oi the southebo1.1ndary of the stwoulJ, therdore,necessitatethece~sion
tc Germany of some portionof the northernfrootierdistricof the Th:!chuanaland
Protcctoatc.
Such a cession of terri tory woulJ in volve no smal! di:of the Datawnna
tribe,and Your lli;:cellenwill observefrom the High Commis,;ioner'slettcrof
De~cmbe 2:1rd la:;t (enclo;;cd in the CoOffice lettof March 1Oth) th at beth
the HesidenCommissioner of the Dcch uanalanProtectorateand the Ma::;istr;ofe
l\"garni!anare of opiniontbatany interferencewith this triLe ü at tl1e prc$eot
moment most undesirablc.
The Earl o~c!LoJ saedc in Sections 5 and Gof hb dcspaof Dccember2:.1n1
la~ tl>at, ap<lrt from tl1c trowith the Datawana which m;ty rcsultfrom the
ddimit;ttiuof the LouuJaryof the German ~tri p.is to Le feun.:d twhcn tl'lc
G•li'Crnment of Gcrn>aSotl\b.W Afrcat cstaLlishthciruuthorityin the strip,
di!licu lihith~ n;lti vna~iting-it may ariS<! whcattcmp t~1!lJ be _m;tdc
tu u.;c Uritisll tcras ubase of operationa,; in t~a,;cüf ~lurcn gn-,:iuum
Co•lpcr.
- Inadditiol!l to the se con side the delimitatioofn stri p of tc rr iin ry
whidt not onlyIIi ~~Llje~ Gtversmcnt and the German Governmcnt, but aise
the l'ortu;;ucS<! Govcrnmean: intcrcstccanoot fail in my opinioto be one of
<:<l!hiderablc dilliculty.
Tho.: strin qu<:stion appcartc Le of no value citherintrimicullyor as a.
highway tc the navi;pblcwatcr o~ the Zaml:e:;which is closcJby the Katima
rapiob athe we>twlulctl1c VictoriFulb prcvcntves.>els ùcsccnJito the portion
ofthe ri vcr nnin;; throug-h !Uwdcsiterri tory.
In tbe,;c circumstaocIl bMajcst yo•crnmcnt woult! su_,;;;cst, fnr the con
~iolna ofite German Go v!.!rnmcnttl111tthe strin quc~ti ~hnrlm Le ccJcJ
to Creat Britai n in excl1an::;c for the poof tho.: Bcclmananu l'rotcctorate
cul,l lcnonJthe<llllm ~ap,• anu lyinsl;etwccnthe '.!:Jlara on t~e.north
anu :tea~ nd west !mc on the southpas~I Cru••" the potnl of L.Dtcrscctton of
the Xo::op Hin!with the 'list mcridiaand bctwccn°thc'list mcridiaon the cast
anJ tbcprc~c Gertan bounJary on the west_
Thi t~rritorywouhl l:e of value to the GermaGovcrnmcnt, ns itsposscs~ion
would cna.Llc them to gua ni agu.insa~scmL oi yis.1.lfccnati;·c~-
fn the c;·cnt of the GermCovcrnmcnt con sen ting ta ncgotan cxchangc of
tcrritoron the;e lincII~ Muje~t y'vrnmcnt wau!J Le willi tnagree to nn
.1.r:a.n;;em.cnt in ret0 the Orange Ri;·cr bou ndaryon the li ne_s of th.pcCa
~ltnl; \lutc; of Fcbruary 2!lt110d Mard> lOth last (cnclo;l!Jthe Colomal
Ofliccktter of Apri11th).
I te'lucst th .tt Your Excdlcwilladdressa cote to the GermanGovernmcn t.
l<1ying:stress on the fact th.tt, for the rensothe strip woulù ap.r.car to be o(
n_ointrinsivalue tc Germany, while itspo;;ition bctweetwo Dritishaùmioistra
ttons cao hardlyhi! tc cause a numbcr of troublcsome fro:mtier incidentYeu
shouiJ propose tl1e C:\Changc of tcrritoutlincdabovc,and aùd that if,as His
Majcsty's Govcrnmcnt hope, the German Go..-ernmcntarc pre pa red -tc gthe
l!roposal_thefavourahlcconsiderationHis ~Iajes Go1·'rmcnt wi_lin.def~rence
to the w1shcs of the GermanGovcrnmcnt abandon an appcal to arb1trat!Olnthe
Orange Hi1·cr boundaryquestion,and give favourablconsideratioto any propo~al
th~ may put forward for the scttlemenof tbat question.
1 bave,&c.,
223!8
No. 89.
Tue HIGII CO~IMISSIOX o nre SECRETARY OF STATE.
(ReceivcJ20 June,HIOB.)
(Xo. 4.G-l.)
High Conuni;sioner'Office, Johannesburg,
~!Y Lono, 1 June,1908.
\\'ml referenceto my telel:,TTilm, No. 59~!oa 30tht 1 bave the honour
•!-: N~"veoioColouial Qffi.ee. f No. 80. ANNEX20
THE
BECHUANALA:t'rD-- JI
[ro~
PROTECTORA TE P x,o
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Geoffrey Cumberlege
OXFORD UNIVERSlTY PRESS
Cape Town London New York
1952 T! !E llEC!IliANA L\ ê'D p;(OlECTP.A THE T,\Tl AREA
The Tlokwa, owing to the particul;u· ôrcunL~la ofctceir entry in trust for the tribe or two slrips in the Tuli Block. ln ordcr to smooth
and sojourn in the Protcctoratc,werc without a n~~en ·fthc::irown the way for !he new agreement the Govcmmenl, which had through
until \933.The cession by the B.S.A. Company to the Crown of the out acted as mediator betwecn the tribc and the Company, ccdcd to
landoccupicd by this triband the subsequentdcclaraton 11fareservc2 the tribe a considerable arca to the north of the Ngwato re:>crve,
\l'hile in return fur the new agr: cnt and a satisf;tcto ry ning Iwi
wcrc part of the settlcmcnt betwcctheCompany, the :\g\\'ato and the
Govcrnmcnt in the mallcr of the N~.;wa \in1r;tlC<ln•:cs\i,,n.~ the Co:11p: m:td.~:·1·cr tn the Cwwn the arc:\ nc:tr G;dJcroncs
1n 1904 an Ordcr-in -cstco un thc!-il.hCommis~ aioncr occupic1 by the Tlokwa which was thcn dccl:~ tr cedthe::Tlobva
Crown Lands the lands ccded by Kgama, Scbel ane~Bathoen in the reservc. 1n the event, the Company abandoned the concession in
east 0f their terri toriThe following ycar they 1rcn::grantcd to the 1934, and the two strips in the Tuli Bl0ck wcre1ransferrcd had: from
the tribe to 1he Clllnpany aml Pme! amat ion N11. 4S ni' 1'J.\wa s
Uritish SouthA frica Company with the exception Pl.ccrt;tin P'Htions
reservo.:dfor t;nvcrnment purposcs.'· The Compatty 11·asenljl\11\'~-n~d ~;ncl'llcd.The :--t-: !l n'l<incd 1he (·r,HI'Il.:ltHb 1'ltih:1d bco:
to dispose of the land Lofuropean scttlers, which ina large part it made ovcr to 1hem' bv Go1·crnt1Knl, while the Tlok wa, bcndkia rio.:;of
had already donc, but Government retained cert3in rights, including transactions in which they bad otherwisc not the slightcst intcrest,
~~ therighi to expropria tc land for pub] ic purposcs. rem aincd securelv estahlishcd in thcir owntle cou nrv.
ln auditit'll tothe h](lçl:of bnd in the easi nf tflel'rnlcclorate
Ilwas thus thal the sü-calkd Gaberones. 1,,1hat-;and Tttli Bl1'ds which \I'Lrcultimato.:ly gr<mtln the British South 1\ft·ic:tl\1mpany,
wcro.:creatcdWith Ghanzi and the Tati ar~ hcv C<.'thtitltl~ a-c:Js
of European seulement. ' and subscqucntly in the grcatcpartsold by th< Comlpany to indiridual
ln 1910 an Order-in-Council added to the Crown Land> alre:tdy owncrship, therc is also a substJntial concession in the north-cast<.:rn
dcllncdin 1904, • a!l othcr land situa tc within the limits of the Bc·chuana corner or the Protee tora tc, abuIH!on Southcrn Rhodc_:;ia. This is
the T;1ti Conccs.;inn. · ~
laud Prntec!ora!e elsewherc th;uJ in 1he Ta i District ·, htr th an
native reserves, land alrcady subjcctln a grant, and the Sll-c;ilkd Bel'on: thecullapsc nr he Ma tcbd..power 1here strctdtL'hd wcen
'Barolong Farms '. the Ng1\·ato and ihe l'-.·latcbc!can arca of no-man 's-bntl, which w:1s
No furthcr changes wcre made for ovcr twcnty ycars, but in 1933 a claimcd by bath tribes, though c!Tectivcly occupicd by ncithcr. One
:j new reserve was creatcd, and considerable additions made to the specific bo ne of con!en1ion betwccn cbiefs Kg am a and Lo benguJa,
still unscttle<t the imc of the dca th of the latcr,w:~ 1se n;trrnw
., Ngwnto reserve, as the rcsult of negotiations connccted 11·iht a con
cession hcld by the 13ritish South Al'rica C11mpany. N<)t long afto.:r strip of country betwccn the rvlotloutsi and Shashi ri\'crs, c:1lbl ' the
Tshekcdi Kgnma becamc acting chief of theNgwato in succession to disputcd terri tory '.
'! his half-brothcr Sckgoma and as regent for the hcîr Serctsa,mineral ln 1866 gold was disco\'crcd ncar the TJ.ti River, \rhiruns sou.th
l into the Shashi River through the country knO\\•nas the Tati Jistrict.
concession granted to the Company by Kgama in 1S9J came in for
criticism both from Tshckcd i and from the Go\·crnm~n Tt;.ckcdi lying beli\'CCTlthe Shashi and the Rnmaquabane rivcrs. Thi> arca
not only ur~cd t.hat the concession s!wuld be ctncclkd. hu! ;tiso tno w:tscb mcd hy hotl11he lvb1chele. on grou nd_ni'CPIHjliC1.and
dcclared himsclrand his tribe opposcd tu min:!:t;dl Tlthcir(<)\Itry. bv the 01!!1\·ato\\'hc1s:tid th<tl fn,m time immcmori;tl thcv ll:td t:ra1.cd
The Governmcnt, on the other band, forcsaw thatanabrupt cancc-lta tltcir cafe there, <llldthJthe Kalak:l who 1ivcd thcre \\·cre Lribtttarv
': to them. The Boers of the Trans1 ·uac~ lolcerncd at th:lltimc
;; tion might lcad to litigation with unforcsccab!c results (leg:ll opinion
as to the possibilîty of cancclling thC!conŒs.iion wa,di\·id :mdc), about thcir northcrn boundaries, negoti:ued \\'itboth sidcs. First
ndvised t!w.t the trihc and the Comp;my shnuld amic;thh· nq·Ni;\lc;1 thev ;1~kf e\dbt;hc chef.of the N'cw:nc•.lo ced..: the ;trlnlthem
new cnnco.:ssi(ln. Tho.snc~. i;i11nswcrc \·cnkn!~th :tl\\ 11'<l'.\:d ·;1ndi\1:thhcn)-:wrn-(:111-clwre :tlr~ ~l-';1<r(1rl'hilip \\",,,k!J,,ti\C
a visit by the actichief~toEn~glaml in l'JJl,;lay ÏJi, ·..:.:..;tl;::Jro.: :1,kitu: f,,r <tOIiL·c::,tnd ülli:t"Ithe n:l'i<ltlthe Brili,h Gurcrn
mcnt Th.e~Cape ParliamCJlt decidcd to 3ppoint a commi:;sion to
·H· Sccrctary of State.The issue was furthcr complicatcd by di~cus;ion~
,! about a mining law, and it was not until 193 hal a new concession cnquirc into the value of the gold-ficlds and thcir ownership, but the
!• was signcd between the tribc and the Company. Thi;;agr·~em~nt matter went no further. Then the Boers offered to buy the arca from
providcd for the cession hy the Comp;_llly111the High Commissioncr the 1'---latche. ut lvlzilibzrcjccted 1l1eofl'erFin:~ ll S(if:the
Tr;tn~ ·:.lCi''1·: ment i\sucd :1procl;111:i1on :tnnc.ngi1hl· wlwlc
1p.169.
1
'i 'Proclamation No. 44 of 1933. Thesc territorial transacbccamc law inProclamations};'os. -15 ftrnn~fcr
[,, ' Scbelow and p. 85. 10 High Commissioncrof lund in TliDlock), ) 1 (additiofCro" n lands to
• The DcchuanalandProtco,;toratc (LOrdcr-in-Counci190-1. Ngwato reserve), and 44 (declaraof Tlokwa reserve)ali of 1933The full
f 382 in the Mafeking Rcgistry.gthe 1'-lgwmineralconcc~is s infic series
• PmdamationsNos. 4, 12JlldIlof 1905.
• llcchuanaland l'rolcctoratc (Lamls) Onlcr-in-Counôt, 1910. • p40.
[ 8J 185 ) 1. 1 attueh hereto u joint rex;ortby ayself' anà ltl-r:_.vRed
m.'3:n, D1ntr1uCo~1os1ono- t hqs~ne, I;.J:·.
•<
,_ 2. The rerort is self_.e:E:r.l,\na.no :far us the tHeta ure
conaerne4. TbA ne•e~s t1 for our eon31tleration of tha a11tte:r
u.ris•lt'ro he t'act ·tht a eertain ltvor Transrort von ture,
whiah prorose& trnn3JOrt1ng tim.berdo:;n river froc a .Bet:hm.tnalanc
So.':'foill,- raise:1toe cplaGtion of' thoCol·rcet boun1larybath in
roprcsanta tior6 to r.erutt;t .ec=uanuland uuthori ties. -·I;vicws
on the sutter were tïolio1teà by the Vintriet Com.-'lliasianP-U:aur
and. l sucueataclto him.that we ahould-11-.aukcjoint ·1nvcat1gat1on
a.n4 ondonvour ta arrive at co~n ~round in regard to tho actual
taets. The Joint Bo1-ortis tho. re .t.l .
· ,;.Xhero 1s no doubt 11'.thetvor od" he~ g890 =r;~ ist· y
SI·})l1e4 totho geogro):hieul..taats.asthey cxist to~u y'n erus
1nt~r-tor rrel boun4a.ry woul4 be the northern wn-t:er and~y
would.inolu~ :taeikiliIslana in ·the froteetorata. · ·, -· ·
l.J.~·h~r 1::·.1uen roa~ib111 taty ainoo 1890 when ·the~en1
was 181ld."theto·urseof the· ri Torhaa altered - but tho.tpror.os1-
t1olloould only r~st on sui•IOS1 tiono.a thre is no· directevicla
noe theroof.
5· llo71ever,to ngre ot of"hund.to tho northorn boundu.ry
would bo to &1ve UJIa 1'u1rly eonsid.orublearea or "land \1hioh b_o.s
at·laast sinee be!'ore the aotua! tiNe of the eoamenucment of Ger
man Admin1ctrat1on (i.e. 1907 - tor.the.Oersuna latt·it ·until ·
th_atyeur to eena of'1'1e1.nle ·henl thoughthcir rights hod be en
~onae~e id ld90} bëen En4C- use of by.Onprivl :tr1bosaen. ·lt 1a
ross1ble that u [email protected] that:land has bben oequircd by prener1r-
t1•n...•• -in•ers.·-'hat i••-;-:'~-•'r_-•• 1 .-. ··
""" ti) !fhatthie :1s th~ first ·time- allolaiR has b~on,œd.e
·ta- tho~F::ln b-'le!.lroteot6Nite Adtwin1atrt1t1onal-
thouch.there ·~a.s,.~~:~ ."ne :~91enot-thfenbou
.ts .b.c~ c~ ther n -~.tieat-·-"~o s_oioncr~•0~t1eo _9:,:0._
.-. ·a 1·olioll ·lo.w1thin a :llil'.or ·two ·of the lslnwho_
ooul not rail to.-l:u·béen o11arc-·thattho Isla na. waE
being .used. by_Cf:lpr1trib~r:ù C:en~; _.
(ii) rilat· even ·a:u~i- ::I:ri.·95-t9h9e· .nhen the l:}ap'ri
Vi \WB U4minister!!d by the- Doohuanalanà Adsinietra..:·
tion ·onbohal f or-. -_Ut~on-Governilant -th1o·JOsi tior
eont1nuG4 nuer.no obJ'eotioÎ.was'::raisoJe;eul~1 vat.ion
·.-. . . or .the1slanil by ·~flpr: ivtirlbé' •ri._· ..·.. ·.. :.::·
•• • • • 1 • ' • c;.••••-• ..•,;; • 'j....••t ···•·
:-: ··~ ; ~~:;>.· .{111) ~at "E!v:·~_i :._li..ab .l ~ :e.,·.: ~ i ~ ! l~r-, :
•:}l·r. -: ·..·.. :· .·.:.thebound.arY•.·B&_U .ll·i..:w._tb~;rwva~y,f.oUD;~J.~~t
····,....... · · · · · ·.b ··....... ,..h·····'·r"··th ·1..;· ···.,,.··.-~.·..
~::;?1Jj~~;:~~'··_.(:~·:~~,.~t:::·:;;:.~1~::-l:."fj~~~~~;_.}t,)~;•i~~:~;:~Al~~..•~~.;1/·.(y~:,
-~'Y"~t.;<l.~...~.•.•r ... .tt .·(••~..~t4,-\.:"".l..f,j;.çw.~ïJ.~;·.~~.....~ ~,-~•
~-~~~~~t#i~~i~1~)(.f.;~-:~1~.~}~ _~: ~h.i' A ....:.._·;~~:. -·.. -· .. 2- _,.·.-.:_·- ·- - . 1o ·- 1·q l,~-
_/?< \'{ :_·· ·:'·' ,.-.·._: · ~. . )~• }- '; {, : r.--1-·· ,; ·p ·~ ,~1~
.- ·...·..._·On thOthe~.-han .4he .te:fRS. ·or·!reaty_a·reVery .::~~f1;11
ari_la~ I have elraa~ yo1nte_d., out,'tawu_-the lloehuanalan-·~·nt
ention. It 1s not w1thout point, honever_, that ·v1are - by ·o~i.ti
tion - ·in the f.Osi tieor the roseessor nn.;t thonus would apj:ee
'to liaon the lroteotorate to J·rova their aasa in arder to dis-
t~b oar po3session. . ·
7• lt ·will be reŒsberc4 ·that in years -J.aathe o:.;nershipof
cert;}in·za:n.besIslands tlasin .:ontinualdist-:utbct~'le een Oa
t:-rivan4 .Nortbern l-thodesiu.The "thalweg"· or min curre:tt"\of
the ZBillbosiRi verwus, by the sarn.~re~-tt te.,boun~ary between
tb9 two .torritories.
B. A joint lnt9r-l:errtorial Co~miss;i oon l'!hicthe South
Afri aun re. pre set veirmF.hll'li.}.S:dt f:i nere tre.Ua~ <~. r,l;on
1er and Auditor-Uoneral) ~A~ ~prointed to ~nvestigat und reuoh
eonc:JltlL>ionth~ir ugr.:H~me :ntor~~tllebuGi~ of the "E>:_cht::Dof
l'lote wsich forrn,~re.ut: .:r... :..(L"3)~~:; ·
g. On thin ;r·~uedsn 1t ciGht. be thought ud.visnblcto ur,ro1r~
a joint corJmis!:ioin re:g:trdta LasH:ili I~lHnd. Dut 1 nu..;.~est
tha.t th~ ft:-ct1!rc ao r:utnntth<J.th·~ür.ointli...of'r.uch a oom
.nis.:>loi~ unn~OIJ:'IW and:1.t·s' mr~ly no:::..1 r.1aoir neuotiu
tion b~tweftn ths t;von.dninistration:;;.
. ..
10. l'he lJe chuunulunuuthori ti osu1·c:.!n;.,:ious ta hnV!Jnor-
tht3rn ohannel reoa~nised na the boundary beouune thot strotoh of
watt=~r1s D::1vig, unb.givas uocess to·th~ hic;11ercachcR of th€
Chobe - whi&h iu not thG oase in resreçt of the southern ch<-:.tmoJ
. 11. 1 aJ:-pre rJiuthn Vi.l.l'ioultortutiV9D au .f'ollos;;
.
l. ~fttc aéptth n c;oogr_rhcul uncl trou tj;:sition und' rE:
cogniao the northern oh::annu~:ltha boundary thus inE
ludinG Krwikili lelnn:.in tho .lrotoatoratonncl proolt
di_nathe IJO:J;i."trib:1smonf"ror:t r;l}:use thcreof;
II. S.imilal'lto u·oa9pt the! roni tiaftuaet out in ol ter
native i'.1 but to con cl ude u forwtHt7CC1t1entni th
the rrotootorate that Uarrivi trib~a~n ~Y continue
ta tl::.Lkouof' tho. slnnd !'orcul ti v_atiafi ah ingof
1tilbuok',ter~; h,U'l.tlngoollnot1a·n of' GrP:fand reel"
tomror:.-lrenidAnoP- "-l.ll'dr.vsrells, und .-Ier;usturir
of oattle; ·
III. •.ro unserour x·ichtta thg lnlr:tnon the (;rounùof ic
use or rresorir-tion, and snek rccogni tionor the sou1
cr.n .watér::aa the bounclorythur::undcr th~ Ho.tive
Hoserve Hogula t1ons, re uirins nn;r J:"ersons usi ng the
north crn wnt!'lrwny foM vi ga ti ·uh 1ch in of feto
means.••E=~...n thirCnniv),. to obtuin of!'icit:rer
mission to-do :.:v~(f ~egulation ll~(l ·)f S,\'i,AG.N.
6~/192 B!>nrr.ndod by G.l-l.l29/l9}3·~ .
IV, ·similurly to·unHort the.ric~ ~tntioncd in nlternati'
.No.IU, at the calll:ti~ icst>Üi nnt-Bncrul }:ermitta
ull j:;erson s tuse th n W3te·rvm ys folmvieution sub
jaot to oert;.linooaanArY eonditians (no shooting or
oarrying arms und so forth}; ·
V. Similurly ·ta onsert 1;hG rieht~ontione n nl tornati'
Ho.III but to·oonolude a forJOnl u.greeJU<Jwith the _lJ
taotor~J tut the nox·thcrnwatorway may be _used_ aE
~'~. gonarnl t:ateruay; or . ..· . -. ·-.·:·.·,.,
.:·:, VI.- SÙnllurly _- n~ël tehr~tght -~nt-i 1o·6~1-td~-;n~_~1'
,.~~'·~ -l~o.Ill· d~aaldu·te northern ·.waterwara ;~'l>u .·?11~
' . ' .':-. :h; 9_aliJ;G.:~~r.ve~~.-~t :rJi:-e ).~r~~,.Bf!t~~s~~:~~~:f.!_
·.. :.x1ru!, -'reeuJ..~/.__.·o.•~.·-Q_l'".;~( •~J91% ....:~;;_~-·-..f•.
SEVEN Y EARSIN SOUTH ÀFR ICA:
..
TRVELS,RESE.\.RC,NDHUNTINADVENTURES,
DETWEENTIIE DIAliOND-FSNDTIIE ZAliBESI11872-791.
n
1 DR. EMIL TIOI.UB.
\
1 TR.(NSLATED DY ELL&N E. FREWBR.
1
··1
WITH ABOUT TWO HONORED OAIOINAI. II.I.OSTAATIONS AND A NAP.
IN TWO VOLUJfES.
VOL. IL
i
N
N ln the Yalleys of/he Chobeat125the Zambesi.
124 Sevm YeaÙ1So11Africa.
Marutsk~n CBpaiMeLe inered me tbat:}iaelined,saying tba~uc: ahhis head.
be hnd killed an elephatuska weigbit,ns wotoacceptgifom~tther a black man
100 lbs., and that Sepopo ho.dtal.itarwhite before the king bad received one.
promise to give him twootbers irt ·,;Late in the afternoon of the 17th wo made our
toSesheke. .:~t;l'nya great baobabtothlandin gn~plnce
We were entertained at one ore!i.{tbZambesi known as "Maknmba's Theen."
dences with but{kaffa be),~hiowaàl(Q)oatmenpul; up a temporary shelter for Blockley
broughin wooden bowls, and served o)&ndmyself, and there I spent my first night on the
gourd cp. Heewala staunch suporrt~-b oftnakgreat river tbat for years it bad been
the king, and ultimately lost his I.!"chiefambittbehold.
While 1as with him, he took the opp-~tTe adig-place was close to the· rapids of.
of enlightenia~tosorne of Sepopo's {which1bave spoken, and about four miles above the
liarities, thal; 1 might regulate m};·mth of the CB.eforeus in the stream were
n.ccordingly. ·::f ,nombers of small islands, soma wooded and others
Before leaving. lmpalera 1 w~k~tse~~ergrownwith weDarters were pe~nhing
.·.·about·the::d ..found·that it waa·\_t·~overhang ··dn·gom:r·t·.a-.nches;·;:,.::.:
into .tbreo gro.ups of homeà"neds.afr~~tu·teiquarterat~olegs "Of tdar.:.k~"
the. nver con13mbutianother, where ·;:brrocks.Car aef uthddmperp~~es
·natives took refuge durmg ltoods,cS·· frequented by crocodiles, tho btrds kept on divmg
five but.s; the third, mado up o!(1f'!ofish and rettotheir old positions, where
lay farther to theThe women did :;.;lthey spread out their wingWe aboty.
wear aprons like the Bechuanns, )~t:/severalof them, but onlymanaged to secure two, as
pel>ticoatsreacbing tOn the whtho . t~rs!;,likc a bald(Haliaëtus thatfm·)
people were decidedly superiw'th~:'oo'aso killed, were carried down the stream and
Decbuana tribes.• ~~ :.}evouredby crocoHippopotamuscs could be
Mak_umble te village on the sam~~d·~beard avery tcn minutes throughout the night, but
we aiTtved. Hts proper home wbankn ;·te a-e~i.re tllat we made detfro~d them
ofth Z.mbesi, the .residence at ~f~a,cmingclose to us.. .
occup1cd by one of lus wives and;f'.·,Soon after sunnse 1 tooboa~Journey
atrended t.o the fields, and keplr.,:ontho Zambe1 found myself in cano~gile
for him whenever he might chovi.ait-·madeof a bo11owedtrec-stem scarcely eigMeeninches
The only reason for his being here nowwide, its aides being scarcely thrce inches nbove
migbtwelcome mein ihe kInthanked him.:.: ; . the surface of the deep blue stream, tbat made a
for hia courtesy,and offeredhim ·i1'."dabelt around the diversified verdure of the islets. y( J·+
ANNEX23
t·--~·...-.-.
: ~.,.,;
.~~:.•..;-._
Fj'Icon:IS'UO 0:'ICF, R'~
Johrumes bu1g,
3.E!l }:lP_i:-1~l!)~~OI!IE.
Hovemb:,r l61908 •
-ti.Oll; tH:::Y;s~A~·!a'_
W i thf<>ent'to pr~i:l~cvon· od;n~a;;,_
rasJ.:ectJthe ln.1i"lset1coof t=..ffaire
f1'6V:dnejn t!H Ca~vj 7}'fr:Ilha.ve ths
l'JG loliûon,:_·t.nt I hn.vo baen inet~~·
•.ond·m,.th tht:.r:.overnr~'lf omtnn est
Af;.·jcn \11vistt ~f_'ir'lL_ c_o~cprll"at._ü_·_a
~-:: ~~~-~ ..9~~-n~·9.hi adit!'ct bat;;·aen
hi <o~~> .ntaudnthe neighboneuBritt1.h
Ad·,tinjôtr-nofUor-th~ Rhoetdtted:tma
Bechur.nnlr-.nd Pro tecto~·ute,
2. Tl Got-~1·nf Gennan-South Vleet Hricn
i:" v~dm, :·'OJlOeaympatheticnlo.nd he ia
o.!;ot;.~oatclan off iceCa.ptai8tretwolf,
;.th t1 ~hio:cmdtdxteenna.tj vljce vja I.a.ke
.--..-·...
~ u;;ie etiÙ:lahn ~ojca pota.t sorp!P..ca
-v.-Hhin
-; ;'.
---~~--·---·-~•e;_.....--.--~--~n the c'ao ~f ethe
' BachttMnlr.nd Prot.actoro.te I ho.ve a.p'pr,oofdSub·
Inf:lactor 'RtH1on,uith one .white M~· f o\J.rnti va
P.oi c<:>,\:.einr aant to esta.bli eh ·a.p~v:thin the
F:-ott:c to:-ate to t,he weof Ko.stme;iùr.;•:;hil a a.a
,· ,·•.<..
. :"df::;.;:dt!l'ot'a..~-fJ;odesitlan of fi carof _th..t'\
. AJ.i,.11r:.ti on vi 1precesd to Shesh eké; thor= w
<:>itlU ~>ha tdmi lr~~:vd.t·
3, In counexien •;lit.h the Baclma.nnhnd
F::-oi,'cr:t te }dt I hn.va·authori dad the·Ret~ident
Co·.ni o~o:·.,;to i ncu:.the n~cetl~ lxHp\-riu:andi
not axca,,dinr:~200, for the eractien of mo~qd lo
v roof huta' t:~+,c. '3th.e, Colc.nal'Pnnzer-a infonna
r:e th:ltthi a ex;:;eni;u1·eca.nb~ met out cf savirv..::e
on ci.ho:· H!:lmt3ttrld'3>'Uhead of Puhlic Worke
'F::X~;.·no nn·ditiw i1· yot,, ther~ore nvolve
M!' .,xceea on the et3tjtlll\tstlI hnve fm·thar
nu r.ho:-h.adtha Re11h :~Corrrnit~i to:pbonaarthe
'F.t<:.-·oma..;n.mbera of tpnrty .!JI'Oceodinnorth on
the SMl-3foo t,l'lBas r~:~go~ .lrdo~wa.nc resst..heIl
Folj C':lilî Hpu:lr~ and dthey will each rsc "'he 11 ·
l'erdjtlm ext.•·rn Uon n.llowiU'.ca.
4. In ords;.· t..o ennhSub·In11pacto:o-F..'.I!~Jn
effido.mtly to cn:;:;-yout hi;; dutifls I h:we ap_..ointad
bim to be n.nAaai sta!lt Rat!id et Vn.ratm te;fo7 tr.e
?rot.;:;ctol;e ;•Hh jud sdj cti on in t.hnt~o:; ontof
..
ta;.'J~..o ling between the Bntr~"~ R•ednanrven ~t.ll~
wsdt, til-Rhod<JH u1 borde:- on th'9eq~:~ Mti,north of
.,
. ' the Ilrunr.!ûrymHe~;::r o"dveurthm·; in vhw of the
'
t - mnk •
)· i
.1
1
1
i
-·r- ·,---~ .-~-. J
.!~.... ..-.· ' PUBli~[CP~gR~f!C( ............
547_
rnnk held by the officer in çharge of the Germfl.ll
:_0o Isha.;,thought i ta.dvhable to grnnt Sub
Iul!pactoiEa1:5otha local and tempora.ry rank. of
Cnl'tnin.
5. I enclose, for your ·information,a. copy
of.u.froclll.l'M.tion whicll haa isaued by the
Garnuul Govel"nnr provid]ng for the exclusioof.
·undet~ chir'a.celsarcm the ·Ge:rrnStri:p;
6, I true t thn t the a.ctiwr h I am t!\kine;
in thiam11.tt.erwilbe a.pproved by your lordehip.
I hn.vethe hono11r to be,
Vy l.ord,
Yo;u·most obediant-aervMt,
•..
:1
i
S ~ i
'
Hip)lCommeisi oner.
1
.\
1
:i
Co 4tl F.nclo~iudeapa.tchUo, 8716.ll.Q8.
Tnpaln.tJpn. 548
' . ' (..,..·::·.~1-
Pr~o thlIa ai i Oa .e ar ml ~i /d ~t\ 6~ fJ0
Sudweet.Atrwitr~ga·w.tde~io • to~ 1~ ~'h~r-:~
• • -• ·.1~ ..........
ClaprhhiJi·ll.. · · . · ·---.. - .....
.~-'. .
()').bnaiofseo.16ot.hl:t. tr•r(aiaat· 7.
ut.•hlA1900a.m.l&11seo.ot··thg.la.t.ishen
- . ' ~'
by thRoiohlkanawltr'8;1tOCthrighta giYto
the ·.etllllllnc4a~Ôl'iàhlllDoôbian.·~.éâ
rlpot.ioliUlooaDr4ehbyth-~ffi antt'J.e_
'l'dt.o:rotArrto111thSouth~.-· .i·27Sop•
t.ombor1903 (llla l.tt..~ .. . ··,
'!be tollowihtr~1 ~ruiJd.t
seo.1~ ·
'!htnt.rlbltotM.JQrllOOf_the South
YeU itrJ.'ltrrltaltu&tto th~t trathe .1
1
Ob.~ and oùlo4 OaJriYhl1•11ernUŒtil turt.har
not.tpruhlbi~td.
•••2. . 1
'!
. lxoeptttrCt.hhO:rd111 . j
(1) l•r•onwhofor' aper•aon ba:roobt.dnocl i
a. pomtram the Oo"tortromflJIthocŒpotont !
a.utrt.1
( z) tho mllmbatmoD&t.h• t.dr11i ding
1 lh$Capri'tiaipttl.
1 seo.a.
lhoon.t.n.nn•• wUl.bo ptmhhwJthn
1
[ tin• tonoooU1\torwtlhhnpriaonmupto3 mnths,
usuU"ntorl~ointlyJ.d.nsn~tht l.ap.llliahmcnta
1
1 wlll be uealu•ldcldom int.hraguhtiof the
Roiah1klnalt22 April 1896,
1
1 • seo.4 -
1
PuaRfCUOrfiÇ(
.·~ 549
(
Seo.'·- 1
Ooo4•whhh hA,. beea ~ ~nat U.:de
rcte:llliLt.nto the Oaprtttaiptel ar purahutd. Uwr•
ure lilahle ta bo Olmfilaated..
seo,a.
'l'bharder •ill OGDLI ia.ta ton• Gn tho dA.y ot
·ite publloatien.
lïndhuk. tho 16\h Oot.abiiJ'1S08,
DB' IAJ.eerlbb.• Gouumenr.
Y. 1,-1' lobnnlrmŒm,
;.-~~
: 1
. '. ANNEX24
•
746
OUTH AFRICA
HIGH OOMMISSIO~· . q<_.tLIIOJ&.••
..~o..,"'"..t
G~C;HC":OT.
-
. __,. ' ~
~~'t'fi~----.--_·
~ Ç. S'.qf-i:A.
i..ltlrus='~
!. k.~.f:.r~ -~- k,_ '~ ~
-~~/(
tr.( 'l-d":.~·7C~IV-\<r~ Ç'.~.~A.
1
.JJ/.J-e.. A ~.. 2,?J_,?
)~
_.., Y~- /.P.. t:.6~p ~ r-. ./....__
"2~~~
<.~ ~ ...i::;vt.-.:~. ~- .6.&~
~ ~~- 4...!~c::.. ! ~ /-~'
h..'f-k...t-e AA--r ~ ~>-. ,
IL:/...-P ,/p. Jn l re r~
,.:---......
< •<l
..:s
~ ~ ~ .1-<.,(_p,- ,....~
·j ~ ...JfLL.../ 4:ü A...~ q;-_;-q:
~';6 ~- ..:> ...~ k.# ~~.
a "'/~ ~ -- /_ ..,"-7üt
.fee-._ r-1- dl~ ~ ""~ -a:
.
·~~uoP.•per.'d~ <;- ~ ~ ,...~ "<
.2/5'!>7t/Id' ~ r ~ r~· .?" J~ ~-.·jt'
: AL-It a: _.~..., (" ..?~/~ ~ -t't'
h-zs; Lintt_.r-=.. t--.J-l ~+·' -/..fl..
,.~..
' C;i 1 ~r . "..,..'7.Pt:~;
,_ ..4? . ·-h· 1 .c ..~ ~
h./.-",;:;~- . .~~ .,.J'
- _...- -y..J~ ,;:;-t!t<,....,&-
...
.Y.?/->
/.. -.> ./-J ~_:, ~
~ ( 4
4" ,_~ /_·~-: ~ :~' -1
tr-1 ~~- • { ...iJo.-t
J..--t"~ L..--""~ G.~/
~ ~ Jw,
' ~ {;,&;,..,_.;t; . ...
l 'U/3
1
\
\
..'. .~.1
1
r\v(
J-:Çi
····+ -
--,-.~--..
:uly---lsBl;:.
Sir,
1;:.7 of
ru eri.
..&../'~ -~ ~ ~ "'-
lfVP-cr -~ .k;~~c;;:f~ erred
(~ -~_) ~ tJ-r ~
"'""""Cc-7 .21/-'~ ..~... ~
l.,r-~- ~~ ~ ~
~rv~nt,
/7?.
fu .1//.7 .K; ./ ~
-,. A. ~.
\13$
h-zs; Llh~.....-·-- .....
r-~•:•·-.-.....
·-·t<o~:----::
...,1. 0:?~'ICE
.:-uly ..lstln~
Sir,
'
~ _ ·.:-:::J.ref e:ret::~: C.s;r>teh :;o.lj? of
·7b77 ; ;rch. ::t:::'E:,;.ctin.ta c-1.:..,c;~ tinu oy :>Pt.V..-;s
::::. : :.o not ;cr.ow 1•:h<:tae!" wi.l}cons .i~;;r
.i.au -i&e";t':: ~e.t.U[lW.ith t!Je Ger:..en Govern:::e:nt
t.i"<:~ "-".on ••the "'ccur;- cy o.:· x;;ep r<lferred.
H1bh Co~1ssioner.
L:-~: :-.ncouHT ;.,i.P.,
etc,,
CCLOiriJ.L OFJ"::::::.
~~~~~~-~t
.. :11'il~ :~nçl. in
". ·.:. (46. Resident Cemmiaaiener'•
1latek.i~,
July +~ 1913.
iieapaten ~.o. ~e o! t.ne lù~• lr ~·eb r.y on tlu• eub~
jeet nf t.he ~ll~E;e hunt.in y nat.iTea o1" the ll.eh-
the ho nour to· !o t,.w.r'ltrewitfl Cor !o..:.~: Xd 1en C,)' a
i
(
2otl~tl~ i~~ct.lo •ll also be of assi~tanc en the
:lirection requ1red, bLir.Hieh •u J.t •ill put another
75 ~~u e ebetwee~ the ee peo :~e1 and. the :.ern<~ .on dP.r. ,
~, ·.at'lreg;ard lo the !en1tl i111.a.l':~ragta otIJh
~·:Tel trll~y, '
!:.'
:be ;;lbh :.:o::tml~eicmer,
'
h-zsj Llh 7~0
hiLTe t)l.e ho no urto be,
:•C• !.faegrego r •
'·..I
(
'hcsf Llh ........ 751
.:..eged 111 egal nunt 1ng by }Ja.ta• :nu ~.r!!n
7erritory.
The Actin~ CoTernnent ~ecret~ry
•,th r!!f<erence t'J,\l'lUT~i!'Itl'Of tne 6th :.:ar ch
la~tu~on the a.b~Y~ eubje~t. ~ncl'Jai~ n~copy of an
'!'X'tr·'lfro~ IIde~a.tc :'hm the 'èritlah Con.,Ul fl)r
:;eman .,j'i..,_rri ca :J the ?ore ign u~ ~··e, .~-oget.'l.er
'l'itha eony 'lf ~h~,leeid"' ,o,~e'31oner'!l deuo.::J.tc!t
•h':lire J.
hunt r.,~ul.ar ..../.t':ltill' ·e!!liin the arca. referzoed
to by 'he r:riti:m •.,nsul). they n;.,ve n:~ -t to nil
(
th~t the stepo ta~en ~urin~ the l~ett~oye~rs here
fer the cono,.rTat.ion of -kl-lh ~ve '\:een eue ce l!ll!l:!'ul,
but 1 h:ne ne'l'erYl!'tV1!'1t.l'd. til':! counton the nund
'r.clt ~o tt.e :.est of he-:-e lu the r..I,;rll,ourhood cf thO!'
j,'ron enqui:riea,eo fllr,l arr. un~~ob tled.iocc•fl!r , '!
ar <"luna to ·the·;;, cr l'.·"·of 7s;;.u or elee~ere.
i.!atib&. &IJicltru.!.he t~~: l:.t,!town.-nere· the
Seur.~~ r~w~• ,caying,t Ih~ tve OQint~o d~t to hi~ ~~
tht te:noor"ry bour.t!.ny on tnr: .:k~vl. u..~;:ouner.Jbo
1::;,bol<r,tia.rof t!e Cli.pr h 1;.,r1p) but. not. t.i'u:
a"proxir.:;,~,te....i......,•.
_j I.'J
':J
l''
':~;
••1
~-.;
:;:i
:j:
·:!
7:ïz.-
app ra it= te~Qb.,nda.ry awil.y t.ot.e ..'at.o.r. 1'eau on
the ;;~~ b,n td-the 2ht. ~:e idrian) •
1 h4Te told hi~ that. next year,eomet.ime,I
hope t.o m~ka e trip tn~w tay and ende~Tto o ur
anprox im11.telyl ocat e the. lin e,l:eanwl'lie I have
(.'1;veh 1_., th~n&~~o~ f e,a.uta cha, Garu and 1iWm:l.
aa all b~in~ 1ell in Uerman Territory goinG by
the ë.we~ bo~.und~ Captain Lugard) maoped hia
r"''tea to tht: ·:eat tnrou.gl1. G!lutachand the i:ualca
veldt. H~ anow• i:i11.uatcha a:!l ·ly i30;:!lUe a '!'l'est o!
thl'2I at mer idian. Garu he eho.-a 110 :!emil e11 weat
of the a:a.d rn..rdian. Ha:nm.<u!1;..boute :uU e11weut
of tne ~eriuia.n.
7!-tiebeing ao, and Dr. P•aearge'a map (~r
··1t tl'"t"lKlllahar 1) haTint{ be en recogn1ted by the
'~~y Ga'ograohJ.cd Society, lUld a.lao (at 1l'aat aome
yl!'ar" :a.~ byothe ._l;!'r:"llane, I enbe el ad ir you
,.,11t kin dlye:na e enq)l1r ie e to bl' l'!tade througnthe
pro?er ehannela aa to Whether the ~erma ~.unthoritiea
ar~ for the t lml'bi:'ine: prepard to 1oo leupon tne . j-
;
~ai podtion ar Dr, Paa:!large'a mao aa a~proximately
.;;
correct, :.
Ct Coure 1.,you kno~t, he Anglo~Germnn
. ~ounda Crm,min ion or !90 l only d.e:narcate·dthe
..
boun cta.ry-'i!Iar };ortn aa the pro x11!1t1y or n1et.
~ontei (to my knowled~e)~ f:
.,
~1'
1i
( .;il).:.•. :.;ttgu.n d
_,-
:!0/5/I~,
•''
:·; -~
:-:~:
h-zsj Lih
~.. -~ 1 ...~. ·'
tl!~ 753
~
~ ,4A;.
r-(- ~...
...
,.
l'' . . .
::../ R-/'j/$·t'~4...U. ;'
'.
f--r L,- --- ~:..&-z-
tl:Z ,:~- 0/ e--j ~
! ;?' ./e././/~~
.•.ef;./ ..
G. Fidda,
H. J /f!JL _ ~~ A ...- /!. rv
J.{,u[~ er.:~<m. '.'
:·
Ernmotl. 0~~ . ~/ ./.~.
HarCJJurt. .·r=:. '
J·~ ~ «" ;/~ !'' ~ ~ ;;
.'
"'$-. ·~.
~ i ....~- 1 .ft~ ? --4;!:::- 1'
4 7_
~-~ /?4. ..... ;;.____·9:
;f J..,...,~.ü ~~--- '4J ~
4~ /)~~ r.-.&-... 'l
~
./'yf-ç- p:,-J "7"~. ' 'J .
bd~ ~a:a .,.L_:GL:
·.l
'!~
1 • ~ 7--.' ~ J.;. e.-~
~ Ao;/ t:r ..v.....
~....~ ~ -
~-~~
.,_~-~r-4·
-l7 ,tf-4 .-t.~
! ~ "-~" ~'"
K- /~ ~ ....4/....t-
4 dr t:C r....r ...._,?
zc ~~- .//:.~..:
/
d:: A~ -~/~...J!-.
.l"t..:! r~ t:.t4.&; 1f !f·J':f ~
"
1:
.'War setvice intervened and it was not until 1943 that the matter again arase
by a report being made tome by my police patrol that the people were there
again. 1 am unable to assert positively whether they bad obeyed Kruger's
warning but my information is that they did - and-resuscitated the previous
technique of evacuating the island but returning annually at cultivation time.
I did not visit the island myself but sent a messenger there to warn the
trespassers to move. A few of them came in to Katima Mulilo and lodged a
plea ad misericordiam that they bad standing crops. 1 agreed that those
crops should be reaped but insisted that there should be no recurrence of
previous procedure.
The next year (1944) saw a repetition of previous history. 1 therefore
decided that, in view of Brits's warning in 1930, Kruger's in 1940, and my
own in 1943 - ail of which bad been only partially complied with - to make
use of the Reserve Regulations and prosecute the o:ffenders. 1 feel that
considerable latitude bad been shawn over a period of 14 years and that my
action was not unreasonable.
At the prosecution which ensued there was no defence nor assertion of any
rights- and convictions followed on the plea of guilt. The people thereafter
left the island and, in order to forestall any repetition previous history, 1
allowed local tribesman to cultivate the lands in question.
No subsequent complaint or assertion of rights were received by m.e either
from the tribesman, their Chiefs, or from official sources in the Protectorate.
The matter bas now, however, apparently been raised with your
administration by ChiefChika.
1 think you will agree that the whole question rests on the question of
whether Muntungobusa is Caprivi or B.P. territory. You will remember that
in terms of the Agreement signed on July 1 st,1890, between Her Majesty's
Govemment and the German Imperial Government, the boundary between
what is now the B.P. and the eastern Caprivi Zipfel runs from the confluence
of the Zambezi and Chobe rivers "....... generally westwards along the main
channel of the Chobe River......... ". If the Protectorate asserts that
Muntungobusa belongs to them 1 suggest respectfully, that you will have to
prove that the island is south of the ". ........ main channel of the Chobe
River. ...... " (supra).1 suggest further that my putting the onus on yon -
rather on us - isjustified by the fact that we are now in de facto possession.While that is my appreciation of the legal position, I hasten to add that I do
not wish to appear dogmatic. If at any time in the-past history of the matters
there had been any question whatever, or even an assertion to that effect, that
there was doubt as to the ownership of the island 1would not have dreamed
of attempting to settle the matter unilaterally by a prosecution in my Court.
But there was never any such question or assertion.
I offer, however, even at this stage to examine the geographical position
jointly with you. If it is demonstrated to .me that the present position is,. in
fact, unattainable I willbe only too glad to assist in steps to see that the
matter is rectified.
lt is only fair, however, to say that the rights on the island are most jealously
regarded by the local tribesmen. As a matter of fact the "island" which is
not really an island atil but merely high ground in the marshy country on
the north bank of the main channel of the Chobe (Linyanti) river is at least
thirty miles long. The portion at one time cultivated by the Protectorate
tribesmen is merely the extreme eastern.tip of the "island". Further west the
area is cultivated and bas been so cultivated for decades - by Caprivi
tribesmen. The excision of this considerable area (which would follow from
the submission to the claim ·of Chika's people to the eastern tip) would be
complicated and difficult proposition.
The initial approach would be, 1 feel, by a joint inspection of the terraiIt
is, however, a most difficult area for any means of transport- motor, foot,
mukoro or riding. It isin fact virtually impossible by any one means except
by air. Sorne parts are quite inaccessible- only air observation is possible.
If, after our inspection, the position is not so absolutely patent thatnot
murually agree on the facts, then 1 suppose you will have to set the bail
~~ll to ogst us from our occupation.With kind regards
Yours sincerely
L. TROLLOPE 17/l&/2 - 11.
'
:lÜilf"·
ANNEX25 ·. t
.f
.. -,.,..,.
C.-«••IO.er, 'r
., ~..:.. a-rr
..;.. t
..··'~. -~-
-. !la tll.ua~ -~ ..Tiae X u,- li&ri, f'rcna loea1::a.ati Te
aoaro-, a r~mour 'tU-b lteadl'!aCh,t.b o~ :rour fU!' .haa -.d.e a
oo~plata atainat ••- app~rantl t7o"7o~ to Maua or po••ibly
iro .lilaf'elr:in'l'bpat o:f thilooaplaia' - •o ray iAf'oraaa.-b
••"• .. - 1• that la 19U. one of .11•-•-g•r• arreate4 oeyotai.Jl
JS.eaaaaal an4 nat l•-- ll'rias oa a aà. eaJ. tl tillCMua taaco'b•••
Ial ... , ~ro$eotora• territor~ ,•4-~ôttg~ tt.. to Xatt.a &ulilo
•kere I •toroea" u.... 1lop~ :tiaea.-~er wh.1oh ao reoelpta wara
stw--, aaô -ûlat ~ .._.. oll... ed. otUaa .ialaA4..
1 tllo•qp.t ...t)l ~: at l- ti••b ',- :e •torloo~~
aa4 let yoa kaow ...._, taota,I aigh~;_' tbla&Ya ro•r A.. lnie
tl'aUoa troa ezp-.üq _.. • Yo1~'tt 1ees"Q •
.'-. -•~ '':;•• 4
It: ia tr.• .._.- :flY• or ,,., z ·,._ •co o art&! a.a.'R.aatiYea
••~"• proeeoaflie4 _,erolll.11iTat11ac1_. ·:la'filCapriTt. ,itho•t
peralaaioa aa• ·~• wazoaecl ·o 1 .. ._til.•~errit:oq wllloll-til.,dld
wl'tllout 4•••r·or·eo .. plalat {.o ~ar. aa· I bow- oer'fliala17ao oo•p
lalat tUoagà • .,.• .._.. •of'f'ioial •r otlllerwiae,eTft r ..ob.ecl
••). !lia • f'oroiac- -- pa7 1• ,o t oow.rae, •oaawha\ tlower7
ape ..b. la tut, J.t"~ia r• a.ot-~d., tll.a altoraat1Ye ot
s._,.-..-o.a\ _llooo apra'tiYe, I ••Pro• tlae i•poaltiou of'·~.../
r'i•• iO•ld be oalld a :tora o:t•:ton• • i"lle iaplied oritioiln:DiiS'
o:t :tailwr• to c'•• reaeip~ •ria .. rroa iaaoraaoe of'-ot.fioial
proeeàs'e - raae1pt• '6o~t1Aee are ao• gi.T .. , th.... a :t'reedoŒ
1• ki• rooeipt! . . . ·,..
-·; .f=.·• -•·~:•;!
1
~ ~-' o: -tt·iJIW.'~ .p.l-•.~ ~•a;o .t-.-aorrlo7 -
•:a~- ~tt ha~~ 1~~ .l'. t~wq! ·
• '-~..-<. .i: :~:..·· .
•7 I c~ Ye ~,- .*• ll.iatoZT··et<tlde aatt er? .&.a70• Jca.ow,
~roa~- tlae~tb . e.pa\loa or a.w~, ia lllti ~- Capri.t Strip
••• aùillletere4 ~ tll.elltp Co-iea_ioaer. Thie waa -•• t!l•eoore
o~ ooa,.....ioaoowlac a· üe ~eao•-"• o:t the !!erritort. 'lhe
Bip Co-iaaioaazo, -~ ........ ata ... ,UT• • ap .ial »wTio• to
oar~ o•t thia da~~---· aa4e uae o~·\ka_Beohttaaa per.oa.el
aad., alt.bo•p ~·.._a B.P • .Poltn: •-P at Soh•oka••••~c
in tke Strip, t~• arwa ~•11 und•r t~ ooatrol o~ 'h• »i•trlot
Oo-laaioaer •• Ia-e.. !Jl•r• wu ...._, 4ar1ag illl&tpw1o4, a
"'•1' olo•• •••oota.t:là (tall.lD.a-~n.zof oourae, o~ iatasration)
~•il•• -ha B.P. C.ON a:r.. , aa4 Ul;e_ua.pr1Y1. It ta, pe:rllap•,••
wall. t. r•oor4 tb" .._ C1toll!a (Li.llJ-•lJwbioh 1• tlle},o.. d.a:ry
ot oar -t:wo ·\errito:l'iM,o•t• 'tllroap \IL• a..ubia tri'be in .._.
Jta••~ikaa-kà ..1eA4-& iül•r• &H -~ •-lt•ra o~ 'tke t.ri'be
oa wth ai.a .of tll~llo-kq •
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·--_----------·--:--.-:-~~---~_,._--.,........,..-~-·'!" --'"''~.._---..,.,...__, '•"'."',.'!!~:"-~:'-.'~~'..:.-.•-.,.•••Judge Ranjeva l
NOTE SUR LES TITRES JURIDIQUES RELATIFS AUX TERRES CULTIVABLES
ET LE REGIME FONCIER SUR L'ILE DE KASIKILI.
l. Jeudi 25 Février 1999, le juge Ranjeva posait la question suivante :
"Lorsque Monsieur l'agent du Botswana et lady Fox ont commenté la photographie
aérienne (dossier des juges, onglet 7, n°3), mention a étéfaite de terrains de culture.
Serait-il possible de communiquer à la Cour les titres juridiques relatifà ces terrains
de culture, s'il en existe?"
2. Le juge Ranjeva précisait que sa question s'adressait principalement à la délégation
du Botswana, mais que la délégationnamibienne avait la liberté de contribuer à apporter une
réponse.
3. La délégationnamibienne soumet donc les quelques élémentsd'information ci-
joints.
4. La structure foncière se présente de manière radicalement différente sur rive nord du
Chobe et sur la rive s1.1d.
5. La rive nord du Chobc fut érigéeen réserve pour les populations Masubia du
Caprivi oriental. Ces populations occupaient ce territoire en y appliquant Je droit coutumier.
La terre est collective. Elle appartient à la communauté villageoise. L'utilisation en est
décidéepar les autorités traditionnelles. La compétence en matière d'allocation des terres est
2
du ressort de la Kuta, c'est-à·di re du Conseil. En fait, la distribution des parcelles se fait sous
l'autorité de l'Induna, ou conseiller délégué,qui connaît exactement la situation foncière et se
trouve le dépositaire de J'histoire du viliage et des parcelles de terre.
6. L'autorité coloniale veillait au strict respect de ces dispositions.L'autorisation
donnée- par les autorités responsables du Bechuanaland en tant qu'administrateurs délégués
1
Sur les problèmesde propriétéfoncièreen Afrique, on lirnen particulier : Bruce, John. A Perspcclivc in
lndigenous Land Tenure Systemsand LandConcentration in Downs, R.E.and Reyna, S.,Lamls and Society in
Contemporary Africa, UniversityPress of New England, Hanover, NH, 1988 ; Hangula, La:t.Communal
Land Reform in Namihia and the Rote ofTmditiona! AuthoritiSSD DiscussionPapcr, Windhoek, 1995.1.
Schapcra.A ffandbook of'l~' ".w andaCustom, Oxford U.P., 1938.Reprint Munster Hamburg Lit, 199-,p.
295-213(" Law of Propcrty").
Lettredu Commissaire aux Aff<1irbantoues de Katinta Mulilo, NR,vol. Ill, Annexe 16e) p. 1-1-8 2
du Caprivi oriental - aux Barotse de cultiver certaines terres dans le Caprivi oriental au début
des années vingt fut strictement encadrée. Il s'agissait d'un permis temporaire, porté de un à
trois ans. Il ne devait y avoir aucune gêneou interférence ave les~indigènes vivant dans la
bande ou y cultivant des terres. Enfi.n, l'autorisation, essentiellement précaire, ne devait pas
créer de droits acquis ("will not confer any vested rights "). Le souci de l'autorité coloniale
de ne pas porter aux droits coutumiers en matière foncière est patent.
7. Sur le rive sud, le protectorat du Bechuanaland érigea Jesecteur du Chobe en
domaine de la couronne(" Crown Land") par Order in Counci! du 16 mai 1904. La propriété
foncière étaitconfiée (" vested in") au Haut Commissaire, qui avait compétence pour
attribuer les titres fonciers et Jouer les terres sous réservede l'approbation des contrats-type
par le ministre.j Les" indigènes" (the" natives") étaientexclus du système et
6
"subsistaient" comme ils pouvaient. Les autorités britanniques délimitèrent soigneusement
les terres relevant du domaine de la couronne d'une part, les terres soumises à régime
7
d'appropriation collective tribale d'autre part. Il s'agissait d'une politique délibéréede
l'autorité coloniale. afin de disposer sans entrave des terres de la couronne à des fins d'utilité
publique.
8. La correspondance administrative relative au secteur du Chobe révèleun refus de
1'autoritébritannique d'étendre à ce secteur Je régimed'appropriation collective tribale
caractéristique des réserves, afm de pouvoir disposer librement en tant que de besoin du
foncier correspondant.
9. Deux régimesjuridiques divergents et incompatibles coexistaient de part et d'autre
de la frontière du Chobe. Leur superposition n'étaitpas concevable. Une mêmeparcelle ne
pouvait relever à la fois du régime juridique de 1appropriation tribale collective et du régime
de propriétéindividuelle en application dans le domaine de la couronne.
3
CL mpport Kmgcr. NM. voL V. Annexe 126, pp. 177-189. not. PP. 184-185
"NM, vol. IV, Annc:.;;c50, Annexe 51 (not. Lettre du 4 octobre 1924) ct Anne:"e 52 (rapport du Commissaire
Rési.dentsur l'administration de la bande de Caprivi de novembre à9mars 1922).
5 Tite landwc re" vested in thHigh Commissioncr who !md the authority to make granand tcascson tenus to
be approvcdby the Sccrctaryof Statc ". W.M.Hailey. Native AdminislraiÎon in the British African
Territories. H.M. Stationcry Office, 1950-53, vol. V, p. 206.
6
7 Ibid.p.316.
CR 9')/4, pJ(Jil propos des consultations qui précédè'renlt'adoption de la carte délimit.-mtle domaine de la
couronne. 3
10. Nul ne conteste J'existence du régimed'appropriation et de distribution collective
de la terre par les Masubia de Caprivi sur l'île de Kasikili. C'est ce que constatèrent en
particulier les deux administrateurs compétents respectiv enmnom~~du Bechuanaland et du
Sud-Ouest Africain, Red man et Trollope. 8
11. Mais 1es adrninistrateurs ne s'en tinrent pas là dan1eur constat. Ils jugèrent
nécessaire d'ajouter que la rive sud du Chobe n'étaitpas" tribalement occupée", c'est-à-dire
n'était pas soumise au régime foncier d'appropriation collective qui caractérise l'occupation
tribale. Cette appréciation est confirmée par l'exclusion de l'île de Kasikili du périmètredu
domaine de la couronne par la carte publiée par la Direction des Travaux publics du
9
Bechuanaland en 1957.et reproduite dans 1'Atlas de la Namibie.
12. En tout étatde cause, ce souci de clarification exclut toute confusion, toute
superposition des deux régimes fonciers sur l'ile. Si des Masubia de Kasane ont pu cultiver
des champs sur 'ile, ccne pouvait êtreque dans les conditions préciséespar le chef
Moraliswani dans son témoignage devant la commission mixte d'experts techniques, c'est-à
dire dans le cadre d'un regroupement familial et avec les autorisations nécessaires émanant
des autorités traditionnelles.
13. La Namibie n'a pas retrouvé de litres juridiques relatifs au droit de propriétésur
l'île de Kasiki1i, cc qui n'est pas surprenant dans le cas d'un droit coutumier traditionnel
régissant la propriétécollective. En revanche, le Botswana devrait pouvoir présenter des titres
de" grant "ou de" lease" si des ressortissants du Botswana cultivaient des terres de la
couronne sur l'Île deKasikili, comme la partie adverse le prétend.. En tout étatde cause,
l'existence de deux systèmes juridiques, de part et d'autre de la rivière Chobe et le
1
rattaçhement incontestable de l'ile de Kasikili au système juridique marqué par la propriété
1
tribale collective créent une présomption forte en faveur de la souveraineté namibienne sur
l'ile.
~ Constat en date du 19janvier 19-lS,NM, vol. IV, Annexe 60, pp. 264-265. Confirmation par le Haut
Commissaire britannique, Sir Evelyn Barànla suite de sa vsurplace : lcltre du 10 mai 1951, NM, vol.
9V, Annexe 69,p.294.
NM, Atlas, Map IX. Cf l'extrait joint.JUDGE RANJEVA
In view of the explanations given by the counsel for N:unibia with regard
to item No. 6.2 in the judges' folder for the second round of oral
pleadings, would it be possible for the two Parties to ask the relevant
specialized agencies to provide them with one or more satellite
photographs of the area represented in that item of the folder and to
produce it or them to the Court?
Two sets of satellite images obtained from the Satellite Applications Centre of
the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research accompany
this answer. Transparent ovedays prepared by Namibia identify the principal
features. These overlays are attached tohe top edges of the images and can be
lifted off the images to examine the images more clearly. In these images a
bright red colour indicates actively growing vegetation, mostly reeds, and a
dense black colour indicatesopen water surfaces.
Image recorded on 5 September 1995
This image covers most of the area shown on the fold-out map at the end of
tlie Appendices of Professer Alexander's Main Report (NM Vol. V1, Part 2,
Appendices). The area covered by the map in Item 6.2 of the Judges' Polder is
indicated on the overlay. The Chobe River enters the top left of the image and
is then diverted eastwards into the Linyandi Swamps. The water entering the
swamps is evaporated to the atmosphere with the result that there is no floin
the Chobe River downstream of the swamps. Lake Liambezi is completely dry
and is indistinguishable from the surrounding area. The river channel is also 2
indistinguishable within much of the area covered by the map in Item 6.2 of
the Judges' Folder. Pools of water in the Chobe River can be seen just
downstream of the Ngoma Bridge. Further downstream they become a
continuous, narrow open water surface, which gradually becomes wider as it
approaches Kasikili Island at the right hand edge of the image.
Image recorded on 30 September 1995
This image is from an adjacent satellite flight path and was therefore recorded
later than the previous image. It is reproduced at a larger scale in arder to
provide more details of the are in the vicinity of KasilciliIsland. The principal
features can be seen by comparing the image with Map 3 on Sheet 6 of the
Appendices of Professer Alexander's Main Report (NM Vol. VI, Part 2,
Appendices). It also shows the reach of the Chobe River from the Mambova
Rapids through to the confluence of the Chobe and Zambezi rivers referred to
in the question by Judge Kooijmans.
The level of the Mambova Rapids controls the level of the water in the Chobe ·
River at Kasikili Island. This level is maintained by flow from the Zambezi
River via the anabranched channels that enter the Chobe River just upstream of
the rapids. These rapids control the level of the water that can be seen in the
Chobe River extending to the left-hand edge of the image. The width of the
water surface becomes progressively narrower in an upstream direction. There
is no other source of the water in the Chobe River visible on the satellite image. 3
Note: The satellite image (dated 5 September 1995) and the satellite image
(dated 30 September 1995) have been subm.itted to the Registrar of the
ICJ.Judge FleischhauerJudge Fleischhauer
Question No. 1
Js anything known, and if so what, about navigation on the Chobe River at the
time of conclusion of the 1890 Treaty, or between 1890 and 1914.
1 (a) Knowledge at the time of conclusion of the 1890Treaty
Despite a diligent search during the preparations for this case, Namibia has been
unable to find a single reference to a boatf any kind, at any period in history up to
the present day, ever traversing the whole length of the Chobe River where it forms
the common boundary between Namibia and Botswana.
The earliest record of navigation on a section of the Chobe River is that given by
David Livingstone when he ttavelled by dugout canoe from the town of Linyanti to
the confluence of the Chobe and Zambezi rivers. This is described in par. 68 and
Annex 129 of Namibia's Memorial.
The following passages from Livingstone's diary are from par. 68 of Namibia's
Memorial:
11/hNovember 1853- Left thetownof Unyanti ... Wespentforry-tanda ha!f hours,
paddlingat theratofJivemilesanhour,incomingfrom Uf!Jantitotheconfluen... 2
In 1881 Selous published his book 'A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa'. This was
described by Casada in the introduction to the facsimile reprint of the 1881 edition
published by Books of Zimbabwe in 1981 as follows:
Thebookappeared towardstheendof 1881, weiltimedtoattractChristmasshopper,nd
it was an instant succe...the book went throughfour editionsbetweenits original
publicationand1896.
On p. 392 of his book Selouswrote:
September24/JJ1876)- Reachedapoolof waterafteraboutafour hour'swalk in thebed
of whatwasevident!Joncea river.OurheadmantoldusthatwhenSebitunewasa/ive,this
riverwasfulof water,sothrycouldtraveupit in theircanoromLinyantiontheChobe
toSeshekeontheZambezj.1find onrefeningto (Uvingstone'M s issionaryTravels"that
thiswas actuafthecasewhenhefirst visitedLinyanti.Therecanbenodoubtthatyearl!J
year the overflof theChobe,whichoccursduringthe dry season,independent!of the
rains,and simultaneousJiththatof theBotktle,OkavangoM, achabe,Tamalakanand
Mababerivers- aphenomenon ofwhichnosolutionhasbeenoffered- isbecomingkssand
fess.
These two accounts by Livingstone and Selous show that while it was possible to travel
by dugout canoe clown the Chobe River from the town of Linyanti to the confluence
of the Zambezi River in 1853, by 1876 the section of the Chobe River in the vicinity
1
SeeAnnex26. 3
of Llnyanti had been dry for many years and was no longer navigable. These two
books were published and widely read prior to the condusîon of the 1890 Treaty.
1(b). Knowledge between 1890 and 1914
The most sîgnificant gain in knowledge of the navigability of the Chobe River during
the period from 1890 to 1914 was Eason's account dated 5 August 1912. A
typewritten copy of his report was rep:roduced in Annex 47 of Namibia's Memorial.
Copies of his handwritten covering letter and report were reproduced in Annex 5 of
Botswana's Memorial. ·Thefi:rsttwo paragraphs of his covering letter read as follows:
I havethe honourto enclosea reporton,andmapsshowi'ng t,hecoursof theU'!)lanti
(Chobe) riversofar asI wasabletofollowit.
2. l regret that 1 was unable to jo/law the river as far as its final intersection with the
18-hpara/le/ of south latitude owing to the lowness of the river, due to the exceptiona/
drought during the last twelve months.that period there were on/y 19 days on which
even the slightest showers of rain jal/ were. The Zambezi floods were high and
overjlowing the Caprivi Strip, caused high floods in the Linyanti for a week or two, but
this annual flood which does not affect the Linyanti to any extent west of the Liambezi
Lake subsided very rapidly. lhere was- no flood from the Okavango down the
Makwegana channel, or from the Luiana or Kwando. lhe result was that the main
channel of the Linyanti where it runs through the vast reed S'Nampswhich fonn the
junetion of the Makwegana and the Santa with the Linyanti was mere/y a succession of
comparative/y deep pools with mud and sand banks in between. - There are no river
banks to walkon so that when 1 was near the old town of Linyanti 1 was compelled to
abandon the workfor this season. 4
Eason's observations demonstrated that in 1912 it was not possible to navigate the
Chobe River upstream of Linyanti town.
The scientific reports by Professor Alexander in Namibia's submissions as weil as his
video confrrm these observations reported by Eason in 1912. ------- -----
5
Question No. 2
Professor Alexander, in his presentation on 16 February (CR 99/2, p. 31, para.
23.4) saicl, "the fact that the Chobe·RJver is not perennial has been known for
more than half a century". That means that the particularities of the Chobe
River were not known at the time of the conclusion of the 1890 Treaty?
The flow characteristics of the lower Chobe River including the annual contribution
from the Zambezi River into the lower Chobe River via the Zambezi floodplain were
weil known at the time of the conclusion of the 1890 Treaty. (See Chapter II of
Namibia's Memorial). The flow characteristics of the middle reaches of the Chobe
River as far upstream as the town of Linyanti were less well known. The 1881
publication by Selous quoted above showed that the Chobe River in the vicinity of
Linyanti was dry at the cime of his visit in 1876 and had been dry for many years.
Consequently the river was not perennial and was not navigable downstream from the
town at that cime,even by dugout canoes.
Namibia has been unable to trace any account of the flow characteristics of the
Chobe River upstream of the Linyanti town prior to the conclusion of the 1890
Treaty. In the light of the difficulty experienced by Eason in 1912 it is unlikely that
such observations were made prier to 1890.ANNEX26 /j.JI l•X; 'fflj-
i
1
1
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A H unter's W ~p.derings
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.:: .·... ANNEX26
1)1•:':.·
DE!NC:
i~ ~ ':~ ~ :: ~: 7 ::;: ";;~;L. j ~?~:;~~,
-:--l_·· A NARRATIVE OF NI NE YEARS SPENT. _AMqNGST THE
GAME OlT ~HE FAR INTERIOR 'ÜFSOUTH AFRICA
CONl"AIACCOUNlOf-~XI'LoiiBAONoTIE 7.AM1If.SI
ON TIIE II.IV1JINP IN 'TUE MATAIIELE AND MAS1IUNA COUNTRIES
WJTIFui.NO'I"HS UPNATUR.I.L IHSTOR Y AND PRESENT
UISTII.IDOf ALL TIIE LARGE MAMMAI.IA
Yi
FREDERICK COURTENEY SELOUS
Wù/1Sl'vmtFuli-P11gr JIJuJirafiom
B;• ]. Smil, E. WIQwtptr, and Mi!! A. B. Stlour
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MACMILLAN AND CO., LlMI~ED
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..... .,~..:r~ 1: 392 A HUNTER'S WANDERINGS en. ·''
XVIII TROUBLED BY LIONS 393 ..:
·) twt, hut it was tww transfornn::d into a pcrfcct little !
~ made short trips on foot into the 11fly/' hoping to ..
demon, charging people, dogs, and even the w~tggon find ·elephants along_ the Umniati, Scbakwe, and .·l:
whccl, with great fury. ] now passed an ox-rein Sc-whoi-whoi rivers, but here tao wc were disap ·1
round its neck, and ùchind one shoulder, when it "i
1• rushcd altcrnatcly to the length of its tethcr, spring pointcd, and never evett saw a fresh spoor. At .' :.
ing from the ground in its fury, and then back again Gwenia I was fortunate enough to bag a lioness. .,.(
·.\ i:r 0 ne Saturda y evening. Cross and 1 walked over from .,-
'.· at mc, whcn it woulù inflict severa! bumps on my the river Se-whoi-whoi ta old Jan Viljoen's waggons
1 :·;: knccs with its uose. ltsmodus opermtdi was ta Jower i
:\ its head bctwcctl its legs, and then, by throwing it at Gwenia, hoping to hear sorne news from the
1 up pcrpcndicularly, strikc severa! blows in quick Matabele. Mr. Viljoen, we found, was stiJl away
1 •· 1'' hunting with his son and sons-in-law on the other
; ' succession with its nase. Small and weak as the poor side of lntaba lnsimbi, but we were most hospitably
;r ~ little creature was, it stîll battcrcd my knccs with
. ' L· considerable violence. A ltcr bcing sccured to the reccivcd by his wifc and nicces, who rcgalcd us _ad
: lj waggon-whccl itprescntly bccamc quieter, though it lib. upon brea(l and butter, and buttermilk, an
indescribable treat to us who had becn so long
l still charged out ta the full lcngth of its tethcr at strangers to such luxuries. T'he old lady inf01·medus
'i. any dog or ilerson that approachcd it. It, howevcr, that they had been much troubled by lions during
.!: as 1 fcared, obstinatcly rcfuscd ail food, though 1
• have no doubt it would have Jruuk milk had we her husband's protracted absence, they having twice
attacked the cattle ·in broa daylight, killing two
1 had a cow with l,IS so, knowing that ta let it ttl!l cows and two young oxen i.:she told us, tao, that
loose would be mercly ta condcmn it to a lingcring one had been prowling· about: the kraal for severa!
.;~ dcath from starv;ition, or an equally painful one hy
~ i the (mgs of lions or hyŒnas, 1judgcd it most merci- _.· nights past, aud had -ca.~ two hof the _best dogs.
~ fui to put a bullet through its head, which ( did,- Of course, we ·hoped ' wè might have a chance of
~ coming tq.con_clusiotis with the marauder, but scarcely
• 1hough not "''ithout regret, for I should much havc lookcd for such luck, That eveniug a calf was
liked to rcar it. ·,
The rains having now f.'lirlyset in, and the ground missing, and though we searched bath up and dawn •
being thoroughly soaked, we made but slow progress the river we ueither saw nor beard anything of it. )
., The following day was Sunday, and it must have :· i
wîth the waggons, and did not reach the river Gwenia been about ten o'clock in the morning, when, as '_\
-which 1 as far as shooting is conccrncd, may be con .,.
sidcred as the southem bound;ny of the I'vlashuna Cross and 1 were sitting in the hut, talking to
huuting country- until the 1 th of December. Mrs. Viljoen, we suddenly hcard Ioud scrcaming anù
During ali this timc wc saw no signs of elephants, shouting, and one of my Matabele boys came running
up with the guti of my waggon-driver (a Griqua
though wc found othcr game f.'lid y plentiful, and named Jantje, who was with us), calling out, " lsilouan,
shot a fcw rhinoceroses, elands, sable, roan, and '~
J:, tscsscbc antclopcs, etc. Twice Cross, Wood, and J isilouan ! lions, lions !-the l!ons have caught a
woman 1" Luckily my gun· and çartridgcs were in : .J
,; ·i~
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··---.:.--~··.~ +, ;Judge Parra-ArangurenJudge Parra-Aranguren:
Sometimes reference is made to the thalweg of the main channel. On
other occasions, .the reference is to the thalweg channel of the 1nain channel.
My question is: what is the difference, if any, between the thalweg of the main
channel and the thalweg channel of the main channel?
1
(1) The Main Channel
In Namibia's submission, the main channel is the channel that carries the largest
proportion of the annual flow of the river or the channel that is most used in relation
to the needs of the regional economy. In the vicinity of Kasikili Island, the main
channel appears as defined in the Namibian pleadings, with its tree-lined right bank at
the foot of the Chobe Ridge and its left bank marked by the stretch of high ground
proceeding across the southem third of the Kasikili Island in a west-east direction.
The shape of the main channel is best seen in Figures 16, 17 and 18 in Professer
1
Alexander' Second Supplementary Report.
(2) The Thalweg of the Main Channel
Where a river bifurcates around an island, as is the case of the Chobe River at
Kasikili Island, each of the channels has its own thalweg, which is the line of deepest
soundings in that channel. The thalweg of the main channel is therefore the line of
1See Annex 27a, 27b, and 27c. 2
deepest soundings within the channel described in (1) above. It can be identified on
the gronnd only by a careful, detailed survey of the bed of the channel.
(3) The Thalweg Channel of the Main Channel
A thalweg channel is a narrow channel occupied by water within a wider
channel when water does not occupy the full width of the wider channel. In the dry
season, the water in the southem channel of the Chobe River at KasikiliIsland recedes
to the narrow sinuous stream shown in the dry season aerial photographs and maps.
This is the channel of the main channel. It follows the deepest portion of the main
channel. The line of deepest soundings - or thalweg of the main channel -- will
therefore be found within this stream.
The same phenomenon of a dry season thalweg channel within a broader high
flow channel isshown in the comparative photographs of the Chobe River at Ngoma
2
Bridge (Figure 9 in Professer Alexander's Second Supplementary Report) and in the
photograph of the 11kuze River (Photograph 62 at p. Al/32 in Professor Alexander's
3
Second Supplementary Report). The phenomenon of the thalweg channel is
illustrated in theoretical terms in the figure from Schumm, (See p. Al/31 in Professer
4
Alexander's Second Supplemental Report).
3SeeAnnex28.
4SeeAnnex29.
SeeAnnex30.--------~ - ----- --------------
ANNEXES 27 - 30NOTE FROM THE REGISTRY:
Annexes 27-29 consist of colour photographs which couid not be reproduced here. They can be found in
Namibia's written pleadings in Professor Alexander's Second Supplementary Report, Reply ofNamibia
Volume II, as follows:
Annexes 27a, 27b and 27c Second Supplementary Report (Alexander), Figures 16, 17 and 18
(opposite page 52)
Annex 28 Second Supplementary Report (Alexander), Figure 9 (opposite
page 28)
Annex29 Second Supplementary Report (Alexander), Appendix l (page 66),
Photograph No. Al/32.
In addition, an original of the present document, including the abovementioned annexes, bas been deposited
in the Library (Room No. 8) for the convenience of the Members of the Court.1
~i.~- ... .~.·~,.~~~.'S83~.'M'AG~'~·p·•=g ..~-rtr···•..MJ~.U~..·nQ•'~PS-P-S~S'W'•··~,~n•'~PX~~~t'a'wt•"~'•s.---~~
ANNEX30
Four sediment bars
Main channel
Thalweg channel
1taak this photograph in the lobarotory
otthe Colorado Stote Universityln 1971,
61. The meandering-1t1alweg ctwnnel wllhln the wlder and stralghter main channel
os weil as Ille four sediment bars, are the mlrror Image of the southern
channel and the overly!ng main channel at l<asîl<iliIsland:
Rlvers 149
. AnEtOF ACTlV(
·":--- 6AROEPOSITION
~fll<IMVflf)T Y ZONE OF FLOW
SEPARATION
MI\XIMUM
rnosoON
ElliC~WIICTHMm~L---..
$11[L1EfQUIETW/ITER
liNO OL D EJ<l:ll---.--~.-~
/
FIufl E 5. 12. Flow condo\lon s and bar locatiochannel {from Edgar,alweg
197J)
) Diagram for the interpretation of Pholograph 61 above. The dlagram
is from Schumm, Mosly and Weover 'Experimental Fluvial Geomorphology' (1987).
Thisdiogram was reproduced as Diogram 3 on Sheet 2 of the Appendices
to my l'y1oinReport, and described in par. 2.12 of my Main Report.Judge KooijmansJudge Kooijmans
What is the chaofthe RiChobedownstrefroMambova
Rapids till itswith the Zaat Kazuninthe dry season?
Is it mainly dry oris tflow of water and, if so, where
does th at water come from?
Can the Court bewith the relevantdata?ological
(a) The River Chobe between the Mambova Rapids and the confluence with
the Zambczi River is about an eight-kilometrc long permanent pool of open
watcr. The lcvcl of the pool is controllcd by the levcl of the water in the
Zambezi River at the confluence, and varies with the flow in the Zambezi
River.
(b) Thcrc is a perennial flow of water into the Chobe R.iver just upstream of
the rapids. This is froRiver via the Iwo anabranched
channels identified on Map 3 on Shcet 6 of the Appendices to Professor
Alcxandcr's Mai(NM, voL VThis flow passes clown the
Mambova Rapids and on to the confluence. This is in addition to the flow in
the Chobc River upstream of the rapids in the wct season.
(c) No hydrological data or depth measuremcnts arc available for this section of
the Chobc River.
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Written Replies by Namibia to Questions put by Judges