MaiJr.JM)ebouœnt .m~aeetmUilëbysP~rJttdith E..Zeb,
a f'OI"erkair of·theJWC SâeutifieCunllittee
(PmvidedU1:t~P fP:~Oil i,~tQ ~ bythe(JQV~QfJt'iplfl)
Zeh-1tornmeŒs.oAnppendix2 ofAdated 3DeŒmbe 2012
Zeh--2:Commentsn15Apri110l3 MangetSnpplernentandOa:lesStdate19t.
May2:01~
• Clç:aCQ~ ~work fQr JARPAït ~11-ddi ole,lje tcstiJ~,
h~ .·~why th~~h isileede~ cleaï~ribëd iril.pla·n
eônsideŒbdëmit {p.9o:fZeh·l; leh~Z)
• M®itoringactivijs~iâl f()~ning ~ads ff'eçtsenvir()nmental
cbaügea.ndntemoti)nsth·WI os)'J (pfomz.eh*4)
• ltisfàl..·athedat()btainedby l~thal QVeralô~· periohavenot
oontribulktheRMP andanrt(Ukelyto oorrtributetneuture;,Tstock
structudataŒ particclimportaforoptimmanagementundeth•.MP (,
2.of~2)
• &th ProfëSsMange andDr.GalesarinCOITéinthêiunderstandinhow
theRMP works, \\itheconteofthelCRW.CŒsequentiyheybave·ettind
tbeir.expltma.bout.euseofl~Uy obtaindatainthe.implementan.oo
the RMP(p.4ofzeh-pSofZeh.,2)
• Or.Oal~ satementab( th~useof agcJa\in~ ~C'IP~t ignore the
~ .~ ~ns intheS<:i~ t inuü!t·ei,nclufiîfi;ltl:the
teCÏmiclroblembave.largetyheenres(p.ofZefi.-.2)
• Prof~ zenis "ila\Varofa11·Y~ mqu~ m est8bl ·~~i~tiqc
practi1hatIëthamêthodsre&ppmprlate"onlywhertheobjectivofthe
re~bçannotbe~hi otyhecr)be·amd.hetteshat~erearec iase$
whiçhtetbalmethodsmibe_prefeœ (bt2o~.en-2. Salop.lofzeh,-1)
• P®r :rev wlihi,theSci~n CQimliteeis rigorandIun~ .~
prp..wtüûant!-whaliagŒtiril>i.iem~ oft1Seienùfic~~ ~• 'J:h e~ i;~'01' IKYt·iWôrih··f~hff(olrft·~ ~'~ tc
,gehe.answetiseeb is.irrèievan'tintherbytheSeiëDtifëommiuee Tbat
is.fo.the·~ ~: gmntin'•the• .pem mto:deciclp.t of
zŒ..t)
• t.·.s.l. ....seareh·..........V.......·.'.. .or". .........n a.·.
~ge.men otf~!'~lt~d be~;r t6·~ Whalephmolt (>pIo$~
ze.h) l F~ Juqy. ([email protected]:tdu)
2 To: AldkoMl.ifafl(akl«MT'W~ll19fa~go.jp)
3 cc:. JuditE.Zeh (jezeh@hmmail,oom)en sakagucbi
4 Date:31.·~ 2012
5 Re: · eommentSon Appendi2 ofAM and Partsandu.ofJCM
6
7 Hello.AkikoJtnthe Œver.lhe.sentWithcopiesoftAM andJCM,Ken
8 ~uchi indicatef.hafmyomment waereneeckKj f.onAppendix at
9 theAMandPartland PartIl ofthe JCM,sc 1willrmytcornmentsta
HI th~·~ms Ulltesttear~~ trqmyou. 1donotbeliève Jte~ ail
ll address f~n Salcagucht sol hQpeywilpass my Œmments .otohim.
12
l3 Throughout ycommentslwilUt?abbremtionsfmmth~ tnpi.sii-xiv
14 ofJCM. Fttrthabbreviati1willalso useare:
s ASM Age atSëxuaJt;.taturity
l6 GOJ theGovémmentàf Japan
17 ICJ thel•mationjlCourtofJustice
18 JCM the Counter.:MemoolfJapan
HJ J.CRM ··T h~urnalo~taœ&~ R~lflrram;i Management
20 L tinnumbers ithis report
21 Manget ~ndix 2 of AW Profes soatMangel
22 Par1 Part1ofJOM
23 PartIl Part ll.of JCM
14 p page
25 p p.,.Tàph(!5)
Z6 PP . pag" .
27 RIWCt9XX ReportOfthe IWC·wit. 9XXgivin9theyearot
28 publieâti()n
29 sc IWC ·Scienüeommtttee
30. SC/57101 PlanforJARPA nas submittedto sce
li SuppiX JCRM suppJementwithxindicatinsriolume
32 Supp2)( U$éâ iplace of f)uppiXfor the 2ndXSupplement
:u
34 WilbeginwithëommentsfacuseclnMang étnougllWilsometïme rsfer
35 to:JCMforpurposeocomparison.lngeneratwillotcommenton
36 sectionsinMaf19elhatare~~u~, e1g.- s~ headed
37 Fundarp~ of$e OymirniçofPoptdatip•.JalsoWllnotcommenon
u Mang&l'sExecutivesutnrnorIntrodUCtio. heExecutivesummary
,19 c..........·..·..·....···..........·.·.·. .......... ·.·.· ·····.·.· •.·ng
40 thecortespondinPin .subsequeto11fdetaled sectiThë lntrodudiàn
41 jusUellsswhy andoow t.e.paper•s writtandWhatthesubsequent
42 sectionscontaîn,.Thereartewothersectionsandsubsecfiol ention
43 ta.. uJ)C)n·whwttll t:omrne nnouk;fqu\Vis.t1·tJu~e ·my
44 eornmentsby··commentfngtheseSUJ't1maJ'ctionsandsubsectioorto
45
diSctlssectionJU~g ièdvant é.n doS9k\ter.
47
1wilnot indude .myrete:ŒnŒlisHhe citationsusedby Mangeland
4J in~ inhi$Ute:ratûClat
49Si Jrit.Îlto~.=- ~...*'·.·tplâtd?jti.f:jCtj.rd
sz not~il._.~.· .....·.~-;(-W.èt-âuto.t.w·â·
s1 chan.·.Qad·Wtilht\i~~and tetmêt«mWi·.· · · are
:f4 f~! Wwnca:tdfl.M8.P"Jffli:lt..;q"'-M•I·~'f.~~Ul_...!~l-.'
SS .h. ... .. ....prepqŒ .. ,,,,,-xvn . . .. ...·....·e.
51 ~·JeM·~~.fl:OUt·detalec:U'~woutd1•. 1aut·maketbe reportoo
58
~9
6Q
6!
63
64
65
66
6'1
69
10
11
12
n
15
16
Tl
1Ï
i()
Jl
82
83
84
15
8'1
.&$
89
JO
91
M ·..~~·~;Jœ&st~ofthe~t)t~~lq~- ··tiŒ.RMP••
9$ .~~91'·,.~·~~·~·~·. Jfi~~
96 ~.·~~.lf:i~J8~ aroœl;h~
98 ....'.~ ~1l.''''d$m·'l··· ···l<dêrtak..·
9? ~~·~of·~<...•an....,.. .·.· .onvmal&stodcs... lOO af1d CQft"~rmQd oftl*proviSiaJ:lf.b~b~ of~
un Œtdt limit.Ar.ote'bJCM. P3.75Jbis$$Jtenindkalethatbe ·
102 Morat()ri uimY~eSasteJ:nppt~... Bythétirthe Moratorium
f03 tookèffee,~ limitonal Antarecaleewhalestoçks.exçeptminke
W4 stocksweŒalreadyzerowitnoutthe Moratofium. tt is my recollectionthat the
UH SC took.'Comprehense$sessmenftoinl/~ harougbassessmentof
106 eaebstock icludingaliavailableinforonbuman:..ildufTl<»1aJitieS,
[07 populati~e andb'E!ndr.an·~•biologicatparame_.reçognizithat
108 theseassessmentswotlldrefteèffects of the dedskJnto impose a
100 MOratOrium.
uo
11L h11992, the sc ~lëted itde\telop otn~~otPand wasJUdY to
112 implerneitfoSouthemHt!Olisphminkewba.lestsotheSC
113 recommendE tMaheèQrnmission adopt the RHoweve i.as not
J14 adoptedin 1992 or 1$93.theChair oftSCeresigned.sayingwhat
ll5 isthpOintofhavingScient ifimmitteiits Unfinim9Us
t1ti recor:nrr teamdatteop~ryim~nc:ea teetedwilsudl
H7 contempt?;(JCM.P3.81,3.82).ln19thec~ adQptelheRMP.
t11 E.•ntheni\Va$nCJtimp~n btecda~·t Coetl.lili~i~ otfid~
119 irlspedion and observationschemewas.neededbéforeimplementationto
120 enst~re qut• wouldnotbe~ded (JCM,P3;~) ·~Commission
Ill hasnotyetbeertabtoagree·$\Jascheme.·Thesdetailar'àmilteby
122 .,angel,wh$il"rsaystttatthè Moratotl3n1ailforce.
1.23
t24 AlthoughhaVenot~ ~ry detai1belë lhatf11urifM~et·s
125. $Ubse<:lionTheR~ ManagerrtotrQœd~ (rAeP(P3,21 3.31is
l16 œttec icludintftstatemethatfhe RMPi•aneffeCt.Q Ofor~ Uture
t27 ~ge~tofWtl-n (P3.*1). H~r. btiseonmy ~mg ofth'
121 ICRW,1belèwHhereare fu.ndamenem:vlnMang.WsPS.26andthedaim
ll9 inP3.~ 1atllêRMP ·~deSignEMothat lethally obdat;arnot
llO required~.
131
JJ2 ThepurposeofthICRW is'toproVideforthèproperconserofwhate
133 stoCk:anthusmalœ~ibl tle.ordedévek.l ~flhe whalng
JJ4 indust Alyou~hMan.g(·3.5paraph~ orq110lmudt ofthe·ICRW
ns ~te. t1doe no.tl'm#ntni~fly~~~. He aiSornitthe
136 "ragraphoftbePreaŒbtethlitnotesinçrea ith' $izeQfwbale·
137 $tockSwiRperm~sinthenumberofwhales.tb batapUred
1$;8 vnthqttndang~ ~r ~ing H~r. iP321 hém$ntîon$tbag0$48of
119 .th. MPindudè achieving•stabfelimithusaloWirtthOrderiy
140 developmentndregUbltiofthewhalingindustrfensurin'thhighest
141 possibeontinuit tomge~ehwhalestock'as<wf s erm.uingthat risk
142 ofeXfinCffn~li9tble~ ·
143
144 ArtideV<~·tcRW ptoVidefo~il'lg the~èhe(i whldlip•rtof the
145 JCRW butnotfQritmend<>~ rart$QthICRW. ltisJn ·çh~dulethat
146 cat c hît$aSpedfied·he Schedul.aJcontafn$rut~ng such
141 Jfta#êt~lim~and plàceWher Wb~ti ~nperm~. Wttàlinméthod$~
148 sile limîtsbyspeèies,and.datathat.must berecorded•Whates.vëSted
14~ lŒbl2ofAfticIll thICRW ·fTUiitte)tJtivelydifal't1ethe[5{)
151
1,2
ts1
154
15~
JS(jltJ,<ofAdJoflJCR\Nsay&rfâat•~~ .$beU.('J
:~ ·~ .~.··-~~mœrry~-~~~Of
lisConvermŒt.mt. forf.beQO(l~~$nd
1'60fint...The words.a~âf~é·~ ~d•be:ofth·.····bnîcientilic
t6l ·~·;g~th8tev~.ifblè~·on·&derilfiet.•mdings~
lQ
163 .~(P325) iin atmgtbatibeoolydatOLAedb
165 ~.are.fbof..datain.P325.._,U.frcoempeeteatdl
161~wbdn(twC2005a}ab~WiMœ·--d·~OJ'frl:Jm~tt()tjust
161 ~~·'CfiYÇJ·)~.~,-·f,(f)l~).~.~to
tif œndude.tbât1JteRMf '91Mi~~•-frhdût·.~
110 ~<>r~~~~·. JeM~~•~·~·M) tIr '.veJY
!· ~ ~ i7:.;=~r~-r.:;T~~::ePôintb,
l1l ·Jbat~ :.Ct.A ~~~~~ -·~wftiteU.~ iM10t
114
rts T:O:~UtëÇt.At o~·~,~~·· ,t)tU~tff' .~~
g~ ~' ...it;~~..,~- l~ ( fœ;--~:.
in ·.8Ciih·camfid.•ndêtbe~a~:~ted·b
119 ~tjai$~ .~-: ..dt....
râo ~-~MS~ ·si~n~ .liarebe.SëtfQ.· ·.· Uïl}r~
l8i ~lâ~ngt()fUiSts IUsQ{~.fora whalêknowto
ru vm•~·attrgetM~~.amtJA$YfU"neverm•~~
til ~'s ~ tlftheiWPis dearroae.ttitsne
114 ~u~f(;N"un~ibt ..·~~·llQt.tt ~loMrl
liS ~ifdet:ail.
1&6
117·
l$8
t:S9
1;91
192•
193
194
195
~~
197
''*" 200 CQnib~ ofa~Of''bypqt~ fgl~~&Ofth·$tdC~re
201 bypot~s ~t~Q~iflg area oeupiel'lithiAegiQnandinitial
202 ~n«esc:h 'hYPOth ..sizéok)oftitV.. t1MSYRfndu(fein
2ol ~ ISTs<foeactt $ÎockfFi.aty.~ a~ tSTs~ beruf~sua fr ly
204 moΠthanoneRMPvariantandthe resultsorvnsused10detemtineone
lM cr~~· CL.AipossiblAocePtabltiS481im!iÇtln~n
206 perfcrmancduring100·.ys·manâgèrnentThedetitûtofan
207 acceptableCLA·invospecifyim~ent méai.Wibinl'te region,
208 RMP variantsgovemis.ucmattersahowtheeatdt lis-d"1$bibuted
209 arnongih,..n~ f!rea.,d pos$j~-Cc:J~inJl; and
210 whetberwilhaf!ditional·rl. margin.aŒepfabvariant(eftn$of
211 mt petfoltnanmighbemad~ moreaeœptabte~-. sf()$ttUctuat
1 212 MSVR •qUidbekf:IQ·n1Qprecisely. ·
213
214 lftncthanoneaçëeplablCLAisfoundstablitŒtdt lmitand~t
21S continùigie1ar·considere.choosiamong ·tne m~eCLA judgeby
216 t11sc·tbetl1~ ... g._ ofcatâimitanahigh• ~il*
217 amtinuin~ki asweDasa.~lityJn ccount. is ado•the CLA.
2J8
219 After.JmptementaI; plementaReviewsareMidregulartRelevant
220 -~ andlottriarecotl$idedunn g·~.Relfievis.
221 PotentiJodilicatiO«fbCLA mayals.be.~
222
223 Mllngelstalf(f)~2& ltlRbMatliminatE$1tŒeof~~data
224 andq1,t IW()Rt~.,(1 u~tio ithtiJ·rd·The·~ ~
225 ~·1995--Sbya •. of23f95•agaiA$t*wltJ·a·~~·
126 {RIWC1996p30).Theqtrote<wastalŒnoutofŒntAmom~léte
227 ~rSiOrti$
223
229 'N() THI:REFÇ)Riilhë Comrtission:
130 RECOMMJ;NDS
2JJ UtaSdenfi ~atd1 intenclde•isttheoomprèhf;i1ft~nt
232 ofwbalestocks.<heimplementatinl'tt!!Revised·Management
.233 Proçé<,stnaebeuridè~·~·f'lQi mHensh•at
234
ns 111hort.ifwa~tkm. •notmandat e,spitofth1J$ef the
236 word'sba.tt.wenton~d: ··
237
23~ 'thélt~t FiSfiactl/pfvgheKillioœtfl~~ ··$houdntbe
239 petmittinexŒptionafcircumstanceswhete the questiOA$.âddress
.240 criticaDyimpoiUueswhithŒnnatbe artSWèrdy1he~aiys ofs
241 existidatand/oruse,cfnon...fethatrechniqUes;'
242
243 thecontributiono.fJARminkewhateman•ment was·eonsidered
244
dtJônltre\fiewsof.JARPAoondutte«neSC.i199?and2()0 l6bQffi·
245 ~.the $CCQriâü $s4~Q~ (Sl!PPf~):
246
247 ~. restittsfJ'oëABPA pmgrarm nhilnot.re< t~trired
248 managementunderthRMP.have the potentimprovemanagement
249 ofmmke\Nha~ ittthe$0Uihm,._mi Us.~nngway&: (1J2Sl
2$2
253.
lS.
255
.251
.lS&
'259
260
26J
263·
164
265
266
26.1
2$8
·~
t11
112
l/3
us4
216
m
218~
219
281
212
253
~··~
217
zsa..·
ZQ·
zoo·
~2;
293
294:....(~l ..~~J
295
~.··it&a!:ùj. je~
'1!11
299 Aeoord~g;.~(P I~S).a 3po al Ha$an over~re COiJ}g~I~that têadtsa,séof
301 fQ<:u~q~s(hypoth~); ··· ·
JG2 b) Emplbysthcorrecseofempiical tools.toâhéWqu~stiofïs
303 Îf1çlud.eftîsamp~e ,~i&qtu'crea~ÏJ'lg a.d
304 linkingmathematiŒlrnodelsanddataappropriately.
~os c) rtas.rop~rnt througtheŒmtnunityC~; ;and
306 d) ls designedtoavoidnegativeeco~·gical
307
308 Althoughhe·cites refeforthese 'geneacŒptedptinciplèsaunot
309 scientitSoIdagrewitht~DthEm't,.~ a)Înfb).1c.nbe !ltlJued
310 lhata programJKJfPO$eSscien.mcreseamigtdbeginwigeneral
311 quèsfjonmhérlhân â soffocushypothe$einom c··collect.dafa·:fhât
lÜ coullead.omo~ f'ocu$(estions·SuchprognimnjgbtnoalwaJ.use
313 thecorrectempirical tol xpiOratoryanalySes Ofcoleded
314 and/éa~ byCJih~ntiSt psirtfedth&le. esthawould
315 ultmatsb& needeandtbemodêiSand analysis mettmdweremost
lt6 appropriate. JAAPA-asibility $tudyP4.10lwaprobë.blySUdta
3l7 program.
3JS
319 MangelenlargesohiP4.1-,;ubeginniwitP4,9,wherhe dan tbat
320 ~an ovèr-af.Chmgcon~âl~onem~ ·~
321 analy$es•w·tt~··tttat~in gn~ wlla*e tomrandom
322 ~. lh1$rarety~;~ ,,fone·,$è or~~xplqrato anyfislata.
121 lJSiGoogftone·fintk·thatare·overmillion.. ~. There
324 n 91510dtationJJfôr'Exp ..TuaŒ.oty ..a$7a)$ ~aJysis
325 • tound"o~f~ isb.to dïltanatpiWhiell$ ·•l~~·~
326 maincharacterisodata$ei$>Witttsin~cal modél:l·or
3î7 filrmutahnyp()~. ll~fâcmt w ot~isëigtif~>r~iê ·Ms~-
328 ·i&iinpwrong to cal·expldataanalysistandad.Mtythrarety
329 WOJ'ks.
3JG
331 Mangeldeals·wfth'PrAssessmê 1ir0\JthCOmmunityofScientiSfs'
332 in P4.174.26. Mo$tthis SE!Cs refatnotM:Qntrave.rHlowever.
333 P4~24 2~-f3resfîêlowtacOfund~ndi o~~n 1ofAttiçvm of
334 1b~·l WCtlihauthOristific.ru enderi!l remhit For
335 ixartt"~()rig ofanildeys)UfdotbereleWnQrthesetoâSSeSin
~3' re~~l aPgl<for~ ~t ~rd'f .imil$rtjifTèiËMtntinsucha
337 reviewis the queowhetber'getttheansweWille worttheffort';
33$ fb8tismrtnCootr&di~ÎTlf! gnanti1th~tn' tQdiddë.
339
340 Uanget~wit 'IWCCrifëria forSpecialPermitWhâling;inP4.3Q-4.37.
341 TheŒarea numbeofprobtemsJnthis section.. The mostthahes is
;uz ·~. r·c(~~ vmic~-·~· P~.tort;he OrfepeiceiWal~
343 proposaisadopbydthsc in2007.(Supp..p61However,nonew·or
·344 ccmtinuipfoPOSal e~viéwedythe Sâttha~ (Suppl p600;~
34$ ~·sc n.Qt $at.tbewetenosubstântena.$ fro~®'Y
346 .revieWdroposaandtherefore·reftd.itscommeniprevtouyears.
347 The JARPA IlfliQplad~n revi~ in 2005 utheguideJin$r
348 revieWispeciâfpermitpropŒâlsineattlltime(Supp1,p4&52):.
349 1lt~d~re dubstèntialyfromttl~~pr~.of O·fJWC.(~).350 ~· ·JMPA~and_.we•atso•rEMewèd·~IWC
351 (JOQ$existe<~
~$l.
353 l.:f®mf,P4.35dific ,.IIQ~~r~~i$~ an.
354 exprenioofMang~s:opt iuS~;o~ tbatwbe:be.a:rford
lS5 ... lni~~~""~Q~~~bykilq:8fl
.356 mdNiduawhalamr'thtosof'futuinfotmationtt..atcœddbe·~
357 "•a·~m~ ~tbo~ d··.:~ ~$l:naw.a.entlijn~·~bumpback
358 Whafesfn.~:eo afseçlçs.••nQ.tafld~~
359 if1fOrmâasWê eiinf~ cm wcbbiOIQgiŒf:mefef$'ficaf•.n
360 ·~~· .·. be bytJ~·~.~ÎÔrp~ilJptlfif;thsar:.
361 Wbal•~~af'.rmdtiPfe~·overs·ped HOweoeiyfears.;
l.6l~~amlfin~~JCM·~~jt(irtg>tmJ~ltut ...
36:3 these techniquenot.~, see eP4~7 ;5dP4.;82ofJCM. Satelite
361 tagsarf:Hl~no .He~tmra~nginfO~oo $tOtk.
365 sttuctwH owev SOR P~~ Md~taggir ) g
366 ~on.ttt ~ingg~~.$0U ()lf~and.~·~ Padfic(~·
367 P5~A9...,5.SO).tt•·'~a1Jieto·~tt~ •~a$tel'~
.361 approa·.....··...<:·..•.•·.. ..•·•. .. ........t.gcult tu
369 (JCMf~6W~p252).:
370
l?J ·.•.•~38~·i$~·•·•~.·~··~·~·8J.~~ictit$~~.·b)t·~
37! inMS~ Sled.se .tma~~J.:mP ._,3.4~391.4Mm=irnakes
373 ·~~·""··~~~~(~·~~~ ..
374 ~oflt&œn&emdionand~ofwttafes.Tht$~
~15 ·~~wlb·~,~~:~~•-=·~e~·~~~««-
376 not~e·&K#f~nt Qf.~Wiof: tChe.... ~.
311 ~tüto~~·.~·W·.,~titiç~.llu•t ··
371'.ft~eardu•E)d~,beb'~~!~~-nd--~df~. FQr
319 ~.:ft couldbe slftostucwha"''pby$io1Qgy~
330
>11 .......hction:S.Descilp1kanct.....entofJ~ AndJARP.A
382 ........... ihe~of~.~-the~of
·383 conservdon.and.~ofwt:udes:
384
liS
3~
llj'·
318.
3i9
lOO
3?1
392.
393'
3J4
39S
J%·
191
~98406
4Hî
411
415 Cnaracteristic a) from
4
411
8
419
ln hisnextsubsection,Jfie
incorrectly hypothe.sisls thonlyclearlrill'l>n nt.ttfï.~hlilrAni''·~.~~
JARPA H that ihas ewlved from a hypothesis to
a whose truthfulnessis knO\illn',SCI57101(p11} says
hypothe:ses,încludinthe krisurptus l"rypothesisand prttcessof ,..,......,.
increaseduetothe age sexual.matumy changing·toyounger ages will
tested/ Theoremsmust so calnngthe krill s.urplushypothesisa
'r~nt Hl10'SIT dOeS itÔOeS tobe tJ'fO\fe!'t
441 p$44}says the changïng krilas ...
4451
452
453
4$4
455
456
451
459
46&
461
.-f62
%4..
465
466
461
.463·
469
4710
4?2
413
414
415
41'1
·471'
419
410
-ta1
412
414
48$
486:
481
418
...
49Î
492
491
495.:
49t
4915Hl
su
This is!"no ...., .. .,..,..,....,
the of 'improvingthe managementprocedure
Anmrcôc mtnke whale stocks',Wimethods Œ used speet'fied a
subsequent SC/57101.
8fldf0the IJ$Ofi'l0!1- r1c•~iê~n:TP~(li1Je:SI
gianΠsoundsgoocl Why kinan '-"'"'"""*
so? However) humans animaisVle'\1\<ea
food (e.g. even though it
suggestsanother
objectivésfuCOtlSKSer
whafingcame to thAnl:arc~nc w ere
than there are nowand probablyfewer AU
specjt;!sfeeo krilL Theare not neŒssariiycompetitorsforkriU
resourŒ; they mayfeed·indifferenttirnesandptaces..But îHheyare
competitors,anifiisamanagement goal toincreaseblue
540 popu~attons. therpra.wdbslingtlumbers, Œutdharvestlng. or even
overharvesting,mmke whales ease the fin
whales, allowing· baleen whaiesto move morerll!tnt·Na:·:•,.,t~e
po;:;,un decreasns549
sso
551
$52
553
554
555
5:56
551
558
559
560
561
562
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565
566··
561
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569
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516
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511
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513
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591
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593
594
$95
596
597
598 599 irtd~ ~add 'of~~ PlansfQrandre~t OfEs!xpij ~()r(àl
600 resp~ o nf~•~ and/()r ~rc~h~~ was noundertaken
601 shQUihaVebèen~- JCM (PS.G- 5.5P~'~
662 argtt•ts.r.rdmg·why~. taggii$·n:~tfJt A<bb\lrninke
663 wbaJes•.Howeve1ŒuldhOtcheckalltbe tootnotesfoŒmments
604 bec=au seidnotnavthreferen<:nfootnol~.
605
606 TheΠiont!pi'Qblthtbothersmeabouttarg~!lha tiopsy
607 samplifandsaŒltelagginarenotpractitominkeWhales~.
608 théhuntènf\N~o ~ wf1alestnêlnugbithêft.heln~htlntén.
60? whohuntbowtteiwh~~ hêlveeeverysu~ssfu tfgng•tttin
610 reŒntstudieCOU8Jtê rlbu$ h01n2)ve nte~a~ysmaln~of
M1 tagshaveproVidd uc;infol'f1'ithough1reeognitnatmink4~
612 much smaller and fast.bowheadthey ar~Hy hunted. GOJ
613 sf1oube ®P&red tGrespondthis Sofquestion.
614
6~5 R~aïrl i5.3.o·Ha..eta(2005showedtbat.~ ~s Such
616 as tb.oobtain~d biopsysamplnhadnopredictvatuefon>rgan
6'17 COnÇén~fi oonushtôxetementa$teadândc:adfniü·bowhead
618 Wha~.1 ~H~éeflybioacourrnilintf1e()Q)aThl.~· JCM
619 P4.78-4~79*
620
621 Regardin.anget'ssubsectonLinkinïnèlhodsQbjectlvP5.3$-
622 5.31)thfir~ce m theq~efro m4iŒlet(2007itP5i36 &aY$1hat
623 mcmitôti.okrillaitmajor.pŒdatorsis refortesting thelmU
624 surplu~i&. Tb~~te~ctty~ i·JfOPQS.nd$Ç/5~/ u0nt~er1he
625 headmgMonitotingoftAntaroecosystemJARPA lsightingsurwys
626 ·~~will tecc)whales••s ..nd~ry ~·Id piedaf()rs,
627 AŒwltieSUf'lwm'beu~ - estinale krill'abu.nd 1raIurveys
621 maY beuSê d-·m theprogra'Jmonito.rkTheRepOrtotttJ~
629 CCAMlR-IWC·W~ t·r,.îwp.lu.atfor·Anta,MarineE~tem
630 MQde supp21tPfl541-8helcin200matŒs®ar thaCCAMLR andthe
631 twcsc havebeeJlcollaboragn~ystem.rno adelemonitoring
632 datatheyrequfor manyear 5his collabor(supp211, p542) \Wtlink·
633 lWC ~dge .<Jtwn• Yltth$ OfothkricQn5~.'Exi~tin on·d•
634 krillwei akriUprédat.mcludiseatsper~gu annstingbirdswere
63S Sl.Jmm~ Md.cwOrk"'ml!insfi.~ pp&,pa~ fc)SfJ!snd
636 birds,buttbat worf<isonSinŒSC/57/01 propotomonitorkrill
637 abu.rlW!alf~~hiC ~~nI«Tietèo~ ~iëal 9flhe ŒlaŒiJn
638 habitinconne.ctwitfllecosystemode• twelfas recordingsealsin
639 addititoWll•ldtllingsighsurleyJARPA tWillleanbe
640 contributiandod...g d•.frtxthCCAMLR .IWC~bo·n.v, ihe
641 irwQivernenf anyJARPAUreséafCheisbothCCAMI.R$nd thMC $C.
642 ·~.th ltQf'J)iill'tsAnnenBtôf.tWolbbop R!PC Supp211,
643 pp577;;;.9). .
·644
64S RegardingMangersubsdon onSettm~~" Jh.es(P5.38- 5.45).P5.38
646 - 5.43deaWit ARPAand·hencearti~ toevaluating .JARPAft
64:7
1:3 698 wm Œrtainlyuneoveranymetbddoloorotherftawse meflil:chosem
699 bytPeirggVemment)lipvit~use()f th'ipal1k:uex,e~ aŒ
100 memtxw beeaüse.theyare'eleintheflâd\ManySC memberspreSènt
7tn ·~ Vlorfitina~tirïgd~nt ~bm~ Jott t~af1tt1ttakse
702 Œrnmentsintoaccounttheyrevisethe documentforsubmissionto.a
100 j()um am~Œrtamtyoneofh>Semetnbens.
704
105 Manytin1e~r Œfl'V'Il@ntea<t:ct)angeFQt'e~ Mangers
106 comment.(P5.2i)that ·sorneoUhesisurveyiJAAPAandJARPAIl
101 arecompromisebécau$ ttèmiétho idn~ bothÇl0UninVlfl an~ct
103 preparationforlethaUakeeXp~ by SCme~ .ny ithe
109 JARPA program,nd·metbo•werechangedsothaithetatèyearof
7lo JARPt\jnd thrpughJARPAtlthe sighfsulveysansurvêyiwoMng
711 samplinwouldbecompleteJndependenlnJARPAIItbereartwo
712 dedicatedsightvessetsàtdO110samptiand··~ cove a.reas
713 .betwee60°and62° thaarenotcove:redthesarnplingl$igve:ssels.
714
115 GOJ stmu1beprepared to submICJa sumJmttablthàtliststmost
116 sign~n clitiâsmfsARPAIf'rnaW th$SC ("ml/orM aodfhet$\
1.11 oftneAM)~With·~ofJI\RP ..Ua~~. CasesJike
7t8 theoneinP5.26just·dteYJtt•hangèilrnplipmblemin JARPAU
7.19 althOugit·W~ inf.,..eyeaf$ofJAAPA tïd()ît~fïi
120 JARPAltshoulbeindudedin.thtableet·~ 1heresponsetosome
121 criticimussbethàtI'J\etsannatbe·~ng~ beaKI tey are
n2 essentialforadlievil)g JARPAI! objectives.woulmaké•cleâr
723 Uïetalsityofthe·tbaJAR-PAlr~rther$ Q(~)· t~
724 revîew.
115
726 Regal'dlngP5ie~. f,dang(Poi t.mi$thatleth2tlirequired for
727 :ag~n. andtbeimportancofçat~e tnOdé e.g. Puntett11
728 ~t~) fur asse$SmtfAtltafCÇinkw ttalasparot'U,~cess of
729 imptéme:ntihe.RMP.fMthoswhakshas beediscusseabove(l484-
730 490). A nui'orthe~of JARPAII'absolutefyreléthal
731 sampling.
132
7:33 RegardinP5.55MangetshouldhavnoticeUlatItem2ofArtieloftheI
734 IC.RWrequ~ tha'Anywnllltake:undf!rthèe~~ ~rmi tsl!;(far
735 asp~blt)l:te.Pf~and· ptr~tssbal be.. \Vitin
736 aœoro~n wthd~ i$sued by théGewem.mby'Wfli~permit
1~1 ~ grame~t· · · · ·
738
739 RegardingP5.565.59-~ft~··~ pubfi$ècfby 4ARPA
740 researdlemsfielthaareoutside JARPAandJARPAII objèdisthat
741 noparofafiY'WhaUlkenshouldb•tie butratherJ.•toadvanŒ·
742 sdenc iJARPAreaearchersf'iêasMangethimself'~ iPst.9.
143 ÎtP5.5Ma~ld~ngl(I ·~hes IWCpul)licafandnc)n-fWQ
!44 publc$tioinawaytl'~al Ulahe maytttith ~o.~r2treinfe~r.
745, ltinotsurpriSingpapersdedngwithŒfaceanmanagementwould•·
14<i ap~ inJCRf,lPeerre~ foJCRM.~;t JUçil)efoJQRM extsted~
747 areasrigoro.sanythaverecelvedfranyjouma[ lnfacrighnow1
I.S7,8
1iJ')1h~ fi9 8ddlioeomrnen tnMangel'surrimary.~7.
800
801 Mallget'$ectiQn.Conçlusian
802
803 ThiSis1s~l'1 s1cttm.airftièaby it$ •·1belieéVetYparagraph
804 inttds.eet sioncor oeeas~ ns1havdetal.inprevi oe~smsof
&OS th ie~ort1wilno~t ~r:t fheerntesOOJ wouklikrneto write
806 asummary.
807
808
809
810
8.11 REFERENCES
812
8B IWC.2oo5a.Reporofthesc..nnexJ.Reporofthe~.ornmit ot~
814 Estinla1ofByQ~t andhotllHu~.n-lnd Mu~,.litSUppl7:254.
815 fWC..2005b. ReportoUhe Appendi3 oAnnexO. Requifementsand
8t6 Guitîelitsor·COfl $ërf~yatndnngmysi~g with he RUS.
817 .~po othe $Ub..Com omtieRt~~ Man~nt p,.Qçedyft!.
818 SlJJ)pl7:94.
819 IWC•2Q®ë. R:~r c>he sc.AJ)pend2ofAmlex 0~Reguiremen- and
820 Gt.lidelforImplementatio.eport.of·Sub-Committeeothe
811 ReviseMan~ntProœdureS .upp17:~92.
822 IWê 2009.Report.oftSC.AnnexP. ProŒsfortheReviewoSpecial
823 P~ft Pf()~ iinR~élrç .R~ub fro·t:lci$af'i~
824 :permfSuppl11:39&4ll1.
$2:5 l(itakadO,ScfiWedeTr..•Kan.,.,PastMe. a®W~fiO Le~012~
82, P'rGgresepo ortbee:stimatoftong~l.mb p~ionns.f·rthe·
827 Antatetminkewllâk!.singflénand•·rnôtJ)homliëeasurernems.
828 PaperSCJtWIM subfnittQtheIVVCSC.13j)p;
829 O'Hara, .MHanns,C.,WoshnerV.M.ZehtJ.Brattons.andTaylor.ft
8l0 200tt JCRM10(2):107·47+
831 Punt. A.HàkarrladT.,andPasteneLA 2012.Aful descripofthe
832 ..tistiCt:lt~g ef'1al~Si forSQuthemHemi.sphéteink~
833 wnate PsperSCI6411A1ubmitttotheIWC sc.39pp.
834 Qyaktmbl,1$h,ft. tGe.tfi, JC::Htli()~rg~ t(t•S~l; R .•
83:5 Brower.H.Harwood., Adams,B,.BroweL.Tagarook.G.Poki C.k~
836 ~ndPokiakJ.2012.Séasonal·ovementsot•tS.Png-Ch~kdti
837 Beauf s~dcofbowbeadwhates:2QŒ.-2011attli~~try rëstJit$.
838 P~r $éi&4JBRG1pres$nttothe IWCSC, June 2012. 22pp.
839 Tukey)J.W.1970&ploratoDataAnalysi(LimitedPrêlimiEditionVot
849 l.Addison-WesleyA . " Re:.
7
14
!5
21
22
Part tl
p
p
31 pp
RM'Ci9XX
sc $ci.enti.Com.mittee
StattistiCatch Age
J5 focJARPAH as submitted to
SuppîX JCRMSuppîementwith X
Supp2X Used ln plaŒofSuppiX foc
41 93. 'h~stf<>rbèg i~pnrioggram.YetP3 nev9t'1helessdemands
9.4 'hypoiheses'.is fartoo<foeonhyp~~.
9$
96 pp9-11T'l:lepQeawJith ~ safnllle $and lW hasan exŒlfent
97 sedioo.onthathave·fitlâdd.1thOiilght~/57/0tand ass~,
98 wei~ JÇM ·\Veee.. lt.nat a·~b~~r anppiniQndMaith$they
99 werenot.MM compJaiabmrtlh3.5% margiofetr P«.14is incorinct
.lOO saying that choo$ing a merrrrquireahyp~; ~. ifiUs
un possibliwouldbe useftadd·specifât)outtmQtivation.he3.5%
102 ~ orotber·.shhoiŒs.E.;·doesthSCAA.·modélrgquite:t~l$ of
1oJ preciSiOt.,ist;: 8beUa'tr()bleofch<X:J&asamptesizWl1 eiere
104 aŒanumberof parameteofioterest Asamplesizeistoosmalfoseme
lOS parametsŒ.canb·mftigaed.longer observaperioorbyuse o•.g.a
106 10% insteado5%asignifi:;levetf~r para~rs l.myView,P5.7o-
107 ~~1 oJC.MallprcMdegoodr~.for the samp·slmdtosen. However.
108 P5.7M.71 coutd be improved. ForexFigwe~ ofJCr,&ihelpfbutit
l09 woutdbfdeareifî$howedth5·1valuetroP5.87iRSfèa<tbe1,286value
llO becaus?5.10 ~ ()flthe5val1 1lgree.WMftP3 .6a!Ï1'3,2that
Ill ."ŒmpreheriSjvirègrati1anydi~ datiJanarlalyse$JÇM P5.71il;
1t2 aweifexplanafil ftwÇ9nlprof't' fltisre~d.c~h itemWill
J13 bemitigate'Morepedficdesaiptions.as "extendingthe observation
t14 perio•reclearanm do elevantN~ theWfJJ'dsand ad
llS tmcinMMP3.11 ara.ntpprqpriatln MMP3.21#1we. 'omprised"should
Il6 be compromi$ec,hetlrstsenteofMMP3.22 is anopinwitbwhich:1
117 .~IJ agreeas.fut10tebutbe·secondente of~3:2issirnpfatse.
tl8
l t9 pp12.;;13:GOJ needs to etnphasizeCôopérationwvmië:~MLR,
1:20 JARPA.J/J.RPland~ SC datag ~at~ vmal ifd~ datJ.cm
121 ~ mammalsand birWhid 'sharedwiththsc.The second sentence of
122 theFigur1 caption (iwrong,asèdmitt$dinP3.(P13)Regardîng
123 Tam~and KQnishi(2009~beit inter~ tt~~nne~rthey
Jl4 usedonly tnorHethl ethodtocompuestinlatpreccmsumpticmn
125 respo tn~r reWw .lIftis1llO lfàMd n dJmrJi~t~ that
t26 JARpA t~.are~to P$el're ~n.g MMdaims inot
121 the case.
128
129 pp14-16ThijecliQQn~ revieofJARPAUisfulofoutrageous
no statemerlt$. teVJe1Mththesc is,rigorandinbalancenbiasecl
tJt ~pro-whalno a.n~aJin ar,ü®ii&edse>membe nreau
13l represemedSC JepQrtJCM•.®esŒtçonsidepeerrevfeoutsidofthe SC
1:33 as"~~.no tte.frrahnd~. seeJCM P4,113iwhicreporth~tt7
134 pa~r snJARPA ~ ~· pUblisb$jpeer~ jOlJI"setween.
135 1é88and 2009. This numberneebeupdateand emphasileMM P3;34
136 citthe figuo101butcompraintf1()mosta~inIVV C()um madiSae
131 impt no~tohave~peer revif:~· (ii)m<>starerete vo~nt
138 ·oooservaand managemenofwhales.seeL711"720of Memo1regard(j).139 ~ng(ii) itdQesnot~~~;~·~·~- .
140 Œnservaf.amart~ Thefad'.l'fatiher~~ ~ct»y
141 ~·mter · ···t·i..ttïat...,:r~.~topeer·~
142 ~""""-- 't,J •.,..t..·..... ·..... . Ji""!.1~~7pS:3J:···
143 outra~··Rrst,ttœycamp~Sina.t'l2•pâperS:ift~or~
144 ~~2009~·~'"~ f~vefl()t~~Engfish
145 ~;:of~.of~~.·~·be~;~fi~AWh~ but~iftney
146 ·cann·~'whQ·.. ....tolmQw·~t shey~ arrantct•bave·
141'Hm·.~. ~thèy·~~Ut~«ttteset.!~are~r2~app
148 IOngc.appear...~..-.:~~ofwoflç~tiijr,til
149 ~·· Yet.·~.338Œj~-OitS·omphamet iil.·~attoh
uo ~~Grlyapp;kï .ll.g·~·.a~sctfhe.fol~ . ymt;~~
l$2 2f.Png.Whichh:NoW:Priwb~. •·~~:
153.J...o.w.....-~·QQC:k(195· 3A):mrdeoxYriPo sec~èiç·
ls.fadd.Nawrt71 (4356):131.,7•; · ·· ·
tss
is6 UJ:V'~WlS ~ . . ~,.'l. ... .. ......... ~'li.·.""'":l'
lS7 l!WI-~tUIlltw.lMIUUfD8.NJ'-~~~--l\I··Y~f\CIIUM·""'~'..
lSS·=~ ..~~. c.~(J(·a~~bè~:~il$.c
160
ltJl···:lt:4J1M!ë1o2twam~~~~or•lû~fiâVè.,~
lQ .::..:~tt1be:~ .8....6- - ~... : ·~··.. · ·Jbe:~
163 \#l~:Qf.hoWt11éRMPWorksto~~pfish(ii)ofMMP4~1.
164
t6s pp~2~: atew.~~~-;. ,P$,5:~.._,fd. .,.~at.,
·~ i(200l) · ..•am·~..,abott$~··•·••;~wbal&:~~
161:Si•aof1ftitéricl .iuhéf·~r'\agg ,J .i~~$··l·~
168 WOOidlikataœtyec~·îlf·ihesu mrveœmuehŒ~ Qrew~Ytnan
170 asi~c~;,~Whâte.~w~.~~tf) alltte>cta.itns'irl
11'1~non-· ... ~ttatis~diamsedbyJ$p8f(·an ..ll1e·Pof
tn .~QM!·~~l1QQd~~-tet:1~,.di...,~-~-
173
174 JI)21'T'e·and ~Jnthé$epBQe $.ful en'Or$,
l1$
1.76~---llçkt~~~~i··.·.~·~~~'t.IJm ' < ~
171 ~. i..~· ·bur~·pr~·ir1SCI ·17·~0tasl.Œad•boft
1.7.·~····• . . .. ~:ti{$Çl$71()1.
119
fiQ eo>..../.â
18:1·••.m.:.;. ............~:."-~Nri ;._.....,.,a,~--·
U12 .Wlllhot·~~~~J:V~Jl: .Off~1l..·~vt.UM~·Pf\J.",U•-
fil ·<lll•••n.~·cmes·dëai'WI..·.·...........~.·. · ....· ....
184 <ill'•·<··--~• .: . · .·,.·.·$~n~.~~~enœs., 1&5 o•init:l1.~.nOt fet marwP ~.NG • rtorK:ORtrCJversial
·tM ~ otfactwltontcommeno tP insectio2,;;(t1find
187 problematic.
lU
119 SeCti2noNé: ~sc
190
191 P2.Jsnoti~t prbblemat.uti~ toAnnexur2.inwhié1didfim
192 probtemSJnce.AJ:1ne2esreferenŒdrepeatedly h'mJNG.1_.
193 discussno.wThé·fiwo ppof.Annexure 2 are·fac'WifhOtoblems.
l94
l9s·Ïllefirst·pro1toundwasJnP13··ofAnne2. which·saysthat'"theRMP
196 rel~sen ond~tyllacan be acquinon-4eltalTheresofP13 is ·
197 factiJindtdngthfinasentence,whisay1nformative.thonot
198· indispensable..inputs are.aboutstoc:k~ wl,er..~" r8fet
199 toJn~ m thRMP. NOthirJhaveQUOteis~ty.~ OnJywithin
200 theeontexotheŒquirementothe ICRf«"~utlizafiô nwhale
201 resoutŒS"doe&it·béCQeatic. NGis ~·ltr~Whef1~.·~
202 thalthRMP Œn ~··~ ij$in~lly acquin!(tda'fbproble s*
203 as NG ~ in·Pil'hat·ŒtJimimaybe highif acktitionaldata
204 SûChasstoe~···dat &rU·§;eu• otSCM ~.might~ prOviqe
2ô5 h~~tlmftsa ,ndllêseoaqu.i~•·datà~ned• .ttslethal•sampling.
2o6 notabl.IJNGamentions.~ dataànly<twlŒ.Tfiris opp25--26.
•Yn ·wner ecy·G~rkigrou PlMSYRih 2QP9iCited~ ·~sm
·~ tlf;t.in~~Jt~ i~ooaQfathe andthe.~ ïsdrawn"Chat
209 MSYReoold notbe.estimated suffidêmlyrefiablyfin~ement"'t$e
llO The$ée0ndisiP35 ofAnttel(2,whiesays, "'t~ra beènwggeste<t
.2ï ~ ~tdl atagdata.~ fromJARPAand.ARPA nmaybe relevarif'but
21~ thepQttWQdecade silllmit-utlity". intèfP.. ~f'1tl~for
ll4
:zu lliesesŒteme inŒn~2«:)sc diScuSs seeonço~o10.1.pttf1R~
216 oftheSC.IWCI64/Rêp1rev1.TSC OQndudethat the SCM.approwas
217 themostappropnafor catcfl..modelinfor~ .minkwhaleand
2t8 statèlla~ probléma$rn'f~~ idénfilndreviot.f$years
'2J9 ~elarg~ et~yOhfe .~"··~ t.46Q-4and l4f34..496•yemo1.
220 Ndte'therei$a smalltypo in l4snoulbe aŒmma àftétIWQI'd
Z2J "catètl"',
222
m P15ofAnnéxu 2ŒtoucheontheprOèeSS.ofimplemenhe RMPtor a
224 ~rtie:UI-~ .t~r-. natp~ .~~of the.~
•225 mayplayan)te.Thi~~o tearly ackrKMiedb!NG" However.NGdoes
226 sayin P15th"thRMP sets.usimulatiosA1idlx::oft(andteslbe ·
LYJ. ~ble~. tmdvafijlfiibio1ogi~jaetèri a$tdi·E;mVÎroo~
til feature$ drivethem". Here,importawordi"plausiblGood.
229 informatàbôütabiologipa~ Sllçh• SYR.fothést®t(rjlr~
no therange>ofvalofthafpa~ that can beconsideredplaA1thoogh:Zti3
266 ..
216. inNG ti~ tol:)e.~on readingMM rat haoreadingSCI57101.1donot
211 havetimeta commenton·eachindetail.
~18
2:19 Psuctla$.P3.8 daimthal~ beJlevein~ notrespondtosdentlftc
210 criticismJrSC members.Thisissimplynotrue.Forexampfe,itheearty
211 year$ofJARPAS . ·mëmbf Jrs)inodotttïsJghtiSutVèY'l ld be
182 ~··trom:sampti onwhales.··rnatadweewasfoiiOW·.ansurveysand
m samplingr$mains~ inJARPA.II.
214
285 Sectio nofNG: Japan;sCounter...&fe11't011al
286
281 As Withthe prevtsection,i• doesnotpermit mtodiscusseveryPindetail.
288 As in eatlier s&dions, details tJapan'sworkareomitted. E.undét
289 P4.3QfNG, ~ Pfron~mid-.~~ finaJJlMewj afJARPs\Jmmarizing~
290 evaluatiols·tmnŒtedbeforifmentionopossiblhlghercatc•Witno ·
291 inctêaseriStostadŒ baSedonJARPA data. P4.tiNG daims nQt'Hethal
292 bt~- y~rtga ~.·~j wraythinletha tlQ~btaingene$8~;LW
29:3 explainwhy thatis nthe~ forAntarçticminke:wbalReP4.13,1ethal
294 sat'ttpfisI'$QIJtd.~ ages tor·Uin th~ .l"nnOèftiathesc
295 h" ericcJura~.
296
297 Seotion5ofNG
29$
299 ThefirstbuUetpoint.tmP5.9ofNG appiie~y tothè ead)t,.OfJARPA
300 ·andnotaal 'tJARPA Ilas~ abave•~rbtile pointcomain
30.1 simifartmstakandomissions.
302
303 Ssdion 6 of NG
3M
305 tWil:r'romnlèr rtthisection sinit dèawit~ ·iffere~ch pfojèët
306 SORP. ratherthanWü tJt\RP~
1
Observations of Japan on the statements submitted by the experts called by Australia