REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION OF THE COURT'S ORDER OF 8 MARCH 2011
ON PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN ACTWITIES
CARRIED OUTBY NICARAGUA IN THE BORDER AREA (COSTA RICA v NICARAGUA)
A. INTRODUCTION
1. I have the honour to refer to the Application submitted to the Court on
18November 2010 by which proceedings were instituted on behalf of the Republic of
Costa Rica (Costa Rica) against the Republic ofNicaragua (Nicaragua), the Request for
the indication of provisional measures submitted to the Court by Costa Rica on
18November2010, and the Court's Order on provisional measures of8 March 2011.
2. This Request to Modify the Court's Order on provisional measures of 8 March 2011 is
prompted by Nicaragua's sending to the area indicated by the Court in its Order (the
Area) and maintainingthereon large nurnbersof persons, and by the activities undertaken
by these persons affecting that territory and its ecology. Costa Rica respectfully files this
Request for modification of provisional measures in accordance with Article 41 of the
Statuteof the Court and Article 76, paragraph 1, ofthe Rules of Court.
B. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT
3. As set forth in the Application, the Court has jurisdiction over the present dispute
pursuant to Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacifie Settlement of Disputes,
Bogota, 30 April 1948 (the Pact of Bogota')and in accordance with the declarations of
acceptance of the Court's compulsoryjurisdiction pursuant to Article 36(2) of the Statute
of the Court made respectively by Costa Rica on 20 February 1973 and by Nicaragua on
24 September 1929 (as modified 23 October 2001). Nicaragua has not challenged the
jurisdiction of the Court in the present case.
C. THE FACTS RELEVANT TO TIDS REQUEST
4. Pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, Costa Rica herewith sets out
the change in the situation, as a result of which modification of the Court's Order of
8 March 2011 is required. On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica filed a Request for the
indicationof provisional measures prompted by the ongoing occupation and construction
1 of an artificial channel (the cano) on Costa Rican territory by Nicaragua and the related
dredging activities affectingthat territory and its ecology.
5. In its Order on provisional measures of 8 March 2011, the Court considered that
Nicara ~.. does intend to carry out certain activities, if only occasionally, in the
disputed territory, including on the caiio" and that ''thissituation moreover gives rise to a
real and present risk of incidents liableto cause irremediable harm in the form of bodily
injury or death".1
6. The Court indicatedthe followingprovisional measures:
"(1) ... Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed
territory, includingthe cano, any personnel, whether civilian, police or security;
(2) ... Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian personnel
charged with the protection of the environmentto the disputed territory, including the
cano, but only in so far as it is necessary to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused
to the partof the wetland where that territory is situated; Costa Rica shall consult with
the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua
prior notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions with
Nicaragua in this respect;
(3) ... Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the
dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;
(4) ... Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above
provisional measures."
7. Since the indication of provisional measures by the Court, Nicaragua has sent to the Area,
and maintained thereon, large numbers of Nicaraguan nationals and has done so on a
2
continuous basis. The continuous presence of these individuals is sponsored by
Nicaragua, which is operating an academie program by which young Nicaraguan
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional
Measures, Order of8 March 2011,J.C.J. Repor2011,p. 24, para. 75 (emphasis added).
2 See generally Letter from Costa Rtothe ICJ, 8 April 2011, Reference ECRPB 029-11 (with annexes);
Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 13 April2011, Reference ECRPB-030-11; Letter from Costa Rica to the
ICJ, 23 June 2011, Reference ECRPB-039-11; Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 3 July 2012, ECRPB-
024-12 (with annexes); Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 29 April2012, Reference ECRPB-034-12 (with
annexes); Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 21 November 2012, Reference ECRPB-045-12 (with
annexes); and Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 15 March 2013, Reference ECRPB-016-13 (with
annexes). See also Note from Costa Rica to Nicaragua, 15March 2012, Reference DM-AM-147-12, Annex
CR7 to Letter from Costa Rica to theICJ, 3 July 2012, Reference ECRPB-025-12.
2 3
nationals are sent to the Area for the purpose of carrying out activities thereon.
Nicaraguan press reports indicatethat more than 6,300 Nicaraguannationals have visited
the Area with the support of the Nicaraguan Government, with each contingent of
Nicaraguan nationals spending two days in training in Nicaragua, followed by eight days
in the Area. Costa Ricahas kept the Court informed of the activities being carried out in
the Area by Nicaraguan nationals, and has written to Nicaragua formally protesting
against these activities on several occasions. These protests have been effectively
ignored.
8. The activities being carried out m the Area by Nicaraguan nationals include the
following:
(a) deliberately interfering with a site visit, which was conducted in accordance with
the Court's Order of 8 March 2011, by harassing and verbally abusing technical
5
Costa Ricanpersonnel chargedwith protection of the environment;
(b) carrying outworks in an attemptto keep the artificial cano open; 6
(c) engaging inthe uncontrolledplanting oftrees in the Area; 7
3
See Note from Costa Rica toNicaragua, 17 August 2011, Reference DM-AM-461-11, Annex 94 to CRM;
Note from Costa Rica to Nicaragua, 15 March 2012, DM-AM-147-12, toLetter from Costa Rica tothe ICJ,
3 July 2012, Reference ECRPB-025-12; Note from Costa Rica to Nicaragua. 15 May 2012, DM-AM-301-
12, Annex CRS to Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 3 Ju1y2012, Reference ECRPB-025-12; and Note
from Costa Rica toNicaragua, 13 June 2012, DM-AM-386-12, Annex CR10 to Letter from Costa Rica to
the ICJ, 3 July 2012, Reference ECRPB-025-12.
4 See the Nicaraguan Press Reports from El19 Digital, •Movimiento Guardabarranco, fighting for nature in
Nicaragua', 17 March 2013, Annex CRPM-3; and Prensa Latina, •Movimiento Guardbarranco, fighting for
nature in Nicaragua', 17 March 2013, Annex CRPM-4. See also Note from Costa Rica toNicaragua,
20March2013, Reference DM-AM-161-13, Annex CRPM-2; and Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ,
15 March 2013, Reference ECRPB-016-13 (with annexes).
5 See Note from Costa Rica to Nicaragua. 13 May 2011, Reference DM-AM-299-11, Annex 90 to CRM;
Note from Costa Rica to Nicaragua, 6 April 2011, Reference DM-235-11, Annex 81 to CRM ("Upon
arrivai they found not only Nicaraguan civilians shouting insults and slogans on vessels stationed on the
San Juan River, but also, as graphie evidence taken by the press shows, these Nicaraguans landed on the
north side of Isla Portillos, sorne of them journalists from that country, and harassed members of the
technical mission, who were followed white conducting their scientific work, trying to prevent the normal
conduct of scheduled the technical work"); see also Note from Costa Rito Nicaragua, 9 February 2012,
Reference DM-AM-076-12, Annex CR3 to Letter from Costa Rica tothe ICJ, 3 July 2012, Reference
ECRPB-025-12; and Note from Costa Rica to the Secretary General of the United Nations,
14 December 2011, Reference DM-AM-663-2011, Annex CRPM-1.
6
See Letter from CostaRica to the ICJ, 15 March 2013, Reference ECRPB-016-13 (with annexes).
3 8
(d) raising of cattle in the Area; and
() erecting wire fences in the Area to the north of and running alongsidethe cano. 9
9. Nicaragua has asserted that it has complied with the Court's Order on provisional
measures and that it ''took immediate action in order to implernent it." 10 However,
Nicaragua has refused all requests to take effective and necessary measures to prevent
individuals accessing the Area from Nicaraguan territory. All efforts to resolve the
disputeby diplomatie means have failed.
10. Nicaragua's position is that the provisional measures indicated by the Court do not
prevent its citizens from accessing the Area and carrying out activities thereon.
According toNicaragua:
"The people ofNicaragua, upon becoming aware ofwhat Costa Rica would be doing
in this area, went by their own means to express their injured feelings by the show
that was intended in the territory considered by all Nicaraguans as their national
territory. The Nicaraguan authorities do not have the obligation to contain or impede
the legitirnateexpression of the feelings of the Nicaraguans." 11
Nicaragua has even celebrated the actions of these Nicaraguan nationals, stating as
12
recently as 5 March 2013 that it "sees [it] with greatpleasure".
11. In its Counter-Memorial, Nicaragua recognizes the presence of its nationals in the Area.
It also acknowledges the "environrnental action" of these nationals in the Area. Its only
excuse is that their actions cannot be attributedto the State.Nicaragua states:
"In fact, the private individuals present in the area in dispute are mernbers of the
Guardabarranco Environmental Movement. Although sorne of them are also members
of the Sandinista Youth, the Guardabarranco Environmental Movement is an
7 See Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 15 March 2013, Reference ECRPB-016-13 (with annexes).
8 See Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 21 November 2012, Reference ECRPB-045-12 (with annexes).
9
See Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 21 November 2012, Reference ECRPB-045-12 (with annexes); see
also Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ,arch 2013, Reference ECRPB-016-13 (with annexes).
10
See Letter from Nicaragua to the ICJ, 23 July 2012, Reference 23072012-01.
11 See Note from Nicaragua to Costa Rica, 8 April 2011, Reference MRE/DVM/AJST/121104/11, Annex 84
to CRM. See also NCM, paras 7.15-7.33.
12 See Note from Nicaragua to Costa Rica, 5 March 2012, Reference MRE/DM-AJ/127/03/13, Annex 2 to
Letter from Costa Rica to the ICJ, 15 March 2013, Reference ECRPB-016-13.
4 independent organisation with the main objective of protecting the environment
throughout Nicaragua." 13
"In the present case, the persons who have been present in the disputed territory are
the members of the Guardabarranco Environmental Movement, 'whose main
14
objective is to implementenvironmental conservation programmesand projects."'
12. The following statements by the President of Nicaragua, Mr. Daniel Ortega, and
Nicaraguan First Lady and Minister of Communication, Mrs Rosario Murillo, and the
comments made by Nicaragua in its Counter-Memorial in respect of those statements
speak for themselves:
"'President Ortega's [sic] stated that the 'youngsters' had a right to demonstrate and
to 'defend this wetland'; and that: '[w]e are obliged to defend our territory, and the
Army has an obligation to protect the area (of the Harbour Head wetland)."
However, the relevant passages of the extracts of the President's declarations read as
follows:
- 'They decidedto go to face up to what is, in effect, an invasion. How?In a peaceful,
unarmed way, simply because who better to take care of a wetland than
environmentalists?'said Ortega.
- 'Don't young people have the right to demonstrate? Don't they have the right to
defend this wetland? Isn't it their duty to defend their Nicaraguan heritage? Ortega
mused.'
- 'Nicaragua's First Lady and Minister of Communication, Rosario Murillo, stated
how proud she is of the work of the Sandinista Youth taken to defend the
environment ofNicaragua, and of the boys and girls located on the San Juan River.'
Again, this may indicate that Ms Rosario Murillo approves of the actions of the
young people, but it clearly demonstrates that they are not under the control of the
Governrnent ofNicaragua." 15
13. Costa Rica considers Nicaragua's conduct to be in breach of the Court's Order. The
presence of large numbers of Nicaraguans, unilaterally undertaking activities in an area
from which the police forces of Costa Rica are excluded by the Court's Order, is
incompatible with the object and purpose which the Court sought to achieve in its Order.
It may also be recalled that, in the Court's words,"Nicaragua asserted atthe hearings that
13
NCM, para. 7.14.
14 NCM, para. 7.19 (footnote omitted).
15 Quoted in NCM, para. 7.32 (footnotes omitted).
5 the cleaning and clearing operations in respect of the cano were over and finished". 16 It
was on the basis inter alia of that representation that the Court formulated its Order. Yet
since 8 March 2011 Nicaragua has systematically sponsored such operations- or at the
very least, it has done nothing whatsoever to prevent them. It is impossible to believe that
more than 6,300 young people have, unaided, made their way to the Area and been fed
and housed without Nicaraguan logistical support and funding. This is subversive of the
Court's Order and contemptuous ofits authority.
14. It is not the purpose ofthis Request to address the question ofthe legality of the presence
of Nicaraguans in the Area and that of the appropriate remedies for Nicaragua's non
compliance with the Order: these are matters to be settled by the Court at the merits stage
of the proceedings. 17 However, the presence of, and the activities being carried out by
large numbers of Nicaraguan nationals in the Area creates a new situation that requires
modification of the Court's Order of 8 March 2011.
D. THE RIGHTS COSTA RICA IS SEEKING TO PROTECT
15. In accordance with Article 41 ofthe Court's Statute, the object ofprovisional measures is
to preserve the respective rights of the parties pending the Court's decision on the
merits.18 Costa Rica's rights that are the subject of the dispute are set out in the Request
for provisional measures submitted to the Court on 18November 2010.
16. The Costa Rican rights that are subject to this Request to Modify the Court's Order on
provisional measures of 8 March 2011 are its right to sovereignty, to territorial integrity,
and to non-interference with its lands and its environmentally-protected areas.
17. By sending to, allowing to enter, and maintaining the presence of its nationals in the
Area, Nicaragua has created a new situation requiring the modification of the Court's
Order of 8 March 2011 in the manner specified in paragraph 21 below. This Request is
16 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional
Measures, Order of8 March 2011, IC.J. Reports 2011, p. 24, para. 71.
17 As noted by the Court in Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v.
Nicaragua), Counter-Claims, Order of18 April2013, para. 70.
18
See e.g., Armed Activities on the territory of the Congo (Democratie Republic of the Congo v. Uganda,
Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, IC.J. Reports 2001, p. 127, para. 39.
6 made to prevent irreparable prejudice to Costa Rican rights at issue in the present
proceedings.
E. URGENCY
18. The present application is of real urgency. Nicaraguan nationals continue to be present in
large numbers in the Area, in breach of Costa Rica's sovereign rights and the Court's
Order. These Nicaraguan nationals are carrying out activities in the Area that cause harm
to the territory of Costa Rica, posing a serious threat to its intemationally-protected
wetlands and forests. Of particular concem to Costa Rica is the real and present risk of
incidents liable to cause irremediable harm in the form of bodily injury or death. Costa
Rica recalls that its police force is prevented from entering the Area in accordance with
the Court's Order of 8 March 2011. To date Costa Rica has prevented its residents from
entering the Area. It cannot, however, prevent persans from outside its territory from
entering the Area.
19. Nicaragua has refused to take measures to ensure that persons from its territory do not
enter the Area. To the contrary, Nicaragua has taken, and continues to take measures to
send to the Area and maintain a constant presence thereon of substantial numbers of
Nicaraguan persons, performing the activities described in paragraph 8 above. There is a
real risk that without a modification of the Court's Order of 8 March 2011, action
prejudicial to the rights of Costa Rica will occur before the Court has the opportunity to
19
render its final decision on the questions for determination set out in the Application.
20. Furthermore, these Nicaraguan nationals have subjected Costa Rican environmental
personnel- who are entitled to visit the Area in accordance with the Court's Order and
whose monitoring is necessary to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the wetland
- to harassment and verbal abuse. There is a real and present risk of incidents liable to
cause irremediable harm in the form of bodily injury or death as a result of the presence
of large numbers ofNicaraguan persans in the Area.
19 Cf., Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), P:rovisional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991,
LCJ. Reports 1991, p. 17, para. 23; Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v.
France), Provisional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22; and Pulp Mills
on the RiverUruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2007, I.C.J
Reports 2007, p. 11, para. 32.
7F. THE MEASURES REQUESTED
21. Pursuant to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, Costa Rica respectfully requeststhe Court as
a matter of urgency to modify its Order on provisional measures of 8 March 2011 so as to
prevent the presence of any person in the Area other than persans whose presence is
authorized by paragraph 86(2) of the Order, thereby preventing irreparable harm to
individuals and further irreparable harm to the Area, pending its determination of this
case on the merits.In particular, Costa Rica respectfully requests the Court as a matter of
urgency to modify its Orderby including in it the following provisional measures:
(1) the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of ali Nicaraguan persons from
the Area indicated by the Court in its Order on provisional measures of
8 March 2011;
(2) that both Parties take ali necessary measures to prevent any person (other
than the persons whose presence is authorized by paragraph 86(2) of the
Order) coming from their respective territory from accessing the area
indicated by the Court in its Order on provisional measures of
8 March 2011; and
(3) that each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above
provisional measures within two weeks of the issue of the modified Order.
22. Costa Rica reserves the right to amend this Request and the measures sought.
.................................................
Jorge Urbina
Co-Agent of the Government of Costa Rica
21 May2013
8 Certification
I certify that the following documents annexed to this letter of 21 May 2013 are true copies and
conform to the original documents and that the translations into English made by Costa Rica are
accurate translations.
Signature
List of Annexes
Annex Reference Description
Diplomatie Correspondence
CRPM-1 Note from Costa Rica to the Secretary General of the United Nations,
14 December 2011, Reference DM-AM-663-2011
CRPM-2 Note from Costa Rica to Nicaragua, 20 March 2013,
Reference DM-AM-161-13
Media Reports
CRPM-3 El 19 Digital, 'Movimiento GuardabaiTanco, fighting for nature in
Nicaragua', 17 March 2013
CRPM-4 Prensa Latina, 'Movimiento Guardbarranco, fighting for nature m
Nicaragua', 17 March 2013
9 (Translation from the Spanish text)
The Minister ofForeignA.ffairs and Worship
14 December 2011
DM-AM-663-2011
His Excellency, the Secretary General,
Since the month of October 2010, the Republic of Costa Rica has been a victim of the
violation of its territorial integrity by the action of the government of Nicaragua, who
through the use of its armed forces, occupied the northern part of Isla Portillos, and then
tried to justify its alleged territorial sovereignty over that territory. Isla Portillos is Costa
Rican territory, recognized as such by an arbitration award issued by Edward Porter
Alexander, an Engineer from the United States of America, dating from 1897. From
then until the unlawful act ofNicaragua in 2010, cartography and the official conduct of
the parties had always been in accordance to the provisions of the Arbitration Award.
As Your Excellency knows, the Republic of Costa Rica filed a case before the
International Court of Justice against the Republic ofNicaragua on 18 November 2010,
as a result of the activities carried out by Nicaragua in the border area between the two
republics.
On 8 March 2011, the International Court of Justice issued an order prescribing
Provisional Measures, most notably the withdrawal from the territory declared as
"disputed" [ex hypothesi] of ali civilian and security personnel of both states, and
providing that Costa Rica, in consultation with the Secretariat of the Ramsar
Convention, could send civilian personnel in charge of environmental protection to this
area in order to avoid irreparable damage from occurring to the wetland located there.
As Costa Rica has reported to the Security Council, the Republic of Nicaragua, through
civilians supported and organized by the Government ofthat country, sought to prevent,
by physical acts of harassment, that technical personnel from the Ramsar Convention
Secretariat and the Government of Costa Rica, could carry out a task mission between 5
and 6 April 2011, in order to prevent irreparable damage to the wetland, in compliance
with the order of the International Court of Justice.
Since that time, organized and supported by the Government of Nicaragua, youngsters
from that country who sympathize with the ruling party, have been settled by Nicaragua
in the territory subject to the order of the International Court of Justice, in open
violation of what has been provided for in the order. Keeping people in this area by
Nicaragua is a clear violation not only of the territorial integrity of Costa Rica, but also
of the obligations set for in the order of the International Court of Justice of 8 March
2011. -2-
In view of the continuity of the hostile acts of the Government of Nicaragua, with
special attention to those events that gave rise to the case filed by Costa Rica before the
International Court of Justice, Costa Rica made a declaration of national emergency in
order to facilitate actions to defend its territorial integrity.
Among the actions that the Republic of Costa Rica is carrying out, includes certain
works in its territory to give security to the area disputed by Nicaragua, in accordance
with paragraph 78 of the order of 8 March 2011.
Also, as part of these works is the construction of a road, parallel to the international
border, and entirely within Costa Rican territory, with the purpose to allow the Republic
of Costa Rica to fully exercise its sovereignty in the border areas, safeguard its
territorial integrity, and to repel any hostile action against the nation.
This action is justified in Nicaragua's repeated violations to international order, and in
the statements made by the authorities ofthat country, about their decision to ignore the
current international border regime, and disregard the principle of stability and finality
of borders.
Given a defamatory campaign against Costa Rica that Nicaragua is conducting as a
result of these actions, which is carried out in the media of that country and in
international organizations, Costa Rica considers necessary to inform the United
Nations of the situation that has forced Costa Rica to carry out those actions of defense
and to refute the accusations that are being proffered against the country.
Finally, 1 request that through your good offices, the Security Council be informed of
this communication, which content and purpose is made under the provisions of Chapter
VII ofthe Charter of the United Nations.
Excellency, please accept the assurances of my highest consideration,
Enrique Castillo Barrantes
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship
Republic of Costa Rica
His Excellency
Ban Ki-Moon
Secretary General
United Nations
City of}'fewYork 14 de diciembrede 2011
DM-AM-663-2011
Excelentîsimo sefiorSecretario General,
La Republica de Costa Rica es vfctima, desde el mes de octubre de 2010, del quebrantamientode su
integridadterritorial por la acci6n del gobierno de Nicaragua, quien mediante el uso de sus Fuerzas
Armadas, ocup6 la parte norte de Isla Portillos, y luego trat6 de justificar su pretendida soberania
territorial sobre ese territorio. Isla Portillos es territorio costarricense, reconocido comopar un
Lauda Arbitral emitido par el Ingeniera de los Estados Unidos de América, Edward Porter
Alexander, que data de 1897. Desde entonces y hasta el acta iHcito de Nicaragua en 2010, la
cartografia y el comportamiento oficial de las partes siempre habia sîdo conforme a Iodispuesto por
el Laudo Arbitral.
Camo Vuestra Excelencia conoce, la Republica de Costa Rica present6 una demanda contra la
Repùblica de Nicaragua ante la Cotte Internacional de Justicia, el 18 de noviembre de 2010. como
resultado de tales actividades de Nicaragua en la zona fronteriza entre ambas republicas.
El 8 de marzo de 2011, la Corte Internacional de Justicia dict6 una Providencia ordenando Medidas
Provisionales, entre las que destaca el retira de todo persona! civil o de seguridad de la zona
declarada "en disputa" [ex-hipothesi]de ambos estados, y disponiendo que Costa Rica podrâ enviar
personal civil a cargode la protecci6n ambiental a esa zona, con el objeto de evitar que se generen
dafios irreparables al humedal ahf localizado, en consulta con la Secretaria de la Convenci6n
Ramsar.
Como Costa Rica ha informado al Consejo de Seguridad, la Republica de Nicaragua, par intermedio
de civiles apoyados y organizados por el Gobierno de aquel pais, intent6 evitar mediante actas
fisicos de hostîgamiento que personal técnicode la Convenci6n Ramsar y del Gobierno de Costa
Rica realizaran una misi6n de trabajo con el objeto de prevenir dafios irreparables al humedal, entre
el 5y 6 de abril de 2011, en cumplimiento con lo dîspuesto por laCorte Internacional de Justicia.
Desde esa fecha, organizados y apoyados por el Gobierno de Nicaragua, j6venes de aquel pais
afines al partido de gobierno han sido asentados por Nicaragua en el territorio sujeto a la
Providencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, en abierta violaci6n a Io ordenado en ésta.El
mantenimiento de individuos en esa zona por parte de Nicaragua constituye una abierta violaciénno
solo de la integridad territorial de Costa Rica, sino tambiénde las obligaciones establecidas en la
referida Providencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia de 8 de marzo de 201L -2-
En vista de la continuidad de los actos hostiles del Gobierno de Nicaragua, con especial atenci6n a
aquellos actos que dieron origen a la demanda interpuesta por Costa Rica ante la Corte
Internacional de Justicia, Costa Rica hizo una declaratoria de emergencia nacional, con el objeto de
facilitar las acciones de defensa de la integridad territorial de Costa Rica.
Dentro de las acciones que la Republica de Costa Rica realiza, se incluye la conducci6n de obras en
el territorio costarricense para dar seguridad a la zona disputada porNicaragua, de conformidad con
el pârrafo 78 de la Providencia del 8de marzo de 2011.
Asimismo, como parte de esas obras figura la construcci6n de una via de comunicaci6n, paralela a
la frontera internacional, integramente en territorio costarricense, cuyo objeto es permitirle a la
Republica de Costa Rica ejercer plenamente su soberanîa en las âreas de frontera, resguardar su
integridadterritorial, y repeter acciones hostiles contra la Naci6n.
Esta acci6n se justifica en las reiteradas violaciones nicaragüenses al orden internacional, y en los
pronunciamientos hechos por parte de las autoridades de aquel pais, sobre su decision de
desconocer el régimenfronterizo internacional vigente, y desaplicar el principio de estabilidad y
finalidad de fronteras.
Ante una campana difamatoria que Nicaragua desarrolla contra Costa Rica por estas acciones, que
se lleva a cabo en medios de prensa de aquel pais y en organismes internacionales, Costa Rica
estima necesario informar a la Organizaci6n de las Naciones Unidas de la situaci6n que ha obligado
a Costa Rica a realizar esas acciones de defensa, y desmentir las acusaciones que se profieren contra
el pais.
Finalmente, ruego que por su intermedio se le informe al Consejo de Seguridad de la presente
comunicaci6n, cuyo contenido y prop6sito se realiza con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el Capitulo VII
de la Carta de lasNaciones Unidas.
Excelentisimo
Ban Ki-moon
Secretario General
Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas
Ciudad de Nueva York TRANSLATION
The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship
20 March2013
Ref. DM-AM-161-13
Dear Minister,
I refer to the notes sent byyot4 and which my country received on 5 March 2013,
with reference numbers MRE/DM-AJ/127-03-13, MRE/DM-AJ/128-03-13, and
MRE/DM-AJ/129-03-13.
With respect to the frrst note, Costa Rica regrets that Nicaragua has failed to comply
with the Order of the International Court of Justice of 8 March 2011, but rather
conceals its involvement, direction and control over the presence of Nicaraguan
citizens in the area indicated by the Corut, despite the abundant evidence of these
facts, including the manifestationof authority by your Govemment which accepts its
participation vis-à-visthe presence of these citizens in the said area.
Moreover, it is so clear and obvious that your Government has participated in these
violations of the Court's Order that press reports have recently confirmed what we
already know, namely that the presence of Nicaraguans in the said area is organised
and financed by the Govemment of Nicaragua. In this regard, both El 19 Digital and
Prensa Latina reported on 17 March 2013 the following: "Through the organisation of
Guardabarranco, and backed by the Sandinista Govemment, more than six thousand
300 youths from ali over Nicaragua, in groups of 25 per week, have progressed
through a leaming process in both theory and practice by travelling to this significant
waterway bordering Costa Rica" And, furthermore, both press outlets also noted that:
"This includes two days in the classroom, increasing [their] knowledge, and eight
days in Harbour Head Island (sic),located in the expanded waterway south of
Nicaragua."
With regard to your second note, Costa Rica has taken particular care to complywith
the Order of the International Court of Justice, which permits Costa Rican personnel
for the protection of the environment to be sent to the area indicated by the Court.
This was done in consultation with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention, and
with prior notice to your country and the International Court of Justice. Similarly,
Costa Rica has acted with the greatest willingness to achieve the most cooperation
possible with Nicaragua, but your country refuses to cooperate with Costa Rica. This
is evident from the aforementioned violations of the provisional measures indicated
by the Court.
In relation to your third note, which concems the proceedings that your country
initiated before the International Court of Justice about the construction of a road on
Costa Rica territory, my Government regrets the lack of willingness and readiness of
Nicaragua to allow sampling of the San Juan River in order to establish with soundscientific criteria the true state of the waters of the River. Despite this attitude, Costa
Rica has made a new request to your country, through the intermediary of the
International Court of Justice, in order that the said monitoring can be jointly
undertaken. Itis hoped that on this occasion your Government will be willing to
cooperate if it really is the case that Nicaragua wishes to protect the environment of
the San Juan River.
Moreover, Costa Rica strongly rejects the position of Nicaragua not to recognise the
scope of the Judgment of the International Court of Justice of 13 July 2009,
concerning the right of Costa Rica to navigate the San Juan River. The navigation of
Costa Rican technicians, referred to in my note DM-AM-063-13 of 6 February 2013,
is in essence navigation for commercial purposes, as a private boat is paid in
exchange for the service of transporting the length of the river along which Costa
Rica has a right of navigation. Costa Rica reserves its right to exercise its right of
navigation in accordance with the terms provided by the International Court of
Justice.
1take this opportunity to reiterate the assurances of my highest consideration.
Enrique Castillo Barrantes
His Excellency
Samuel Santos L6pez
Minister ofF oreign Relations
Republic ofNicaragua 20 de marzo de 2013
DM-AM-161-13
Estimado se:fiorMinistro:
Me xefiero a las comunicaciones enviadas por usted, y recibidas pomi pais el pasado 5
de marzo de 2013, comunicaciones nfuneros MRE/DM-AJ/127-03-13, MRE/DM-AJ/128-03-13,
y MR.E/DM-AJ/129-03-13.
En cuanto a la primera comunicac10n, Costa Rica lamenta que Nicaragua no dé
cumplimiento a la orden de la Corte Intemacional de Justicia de 8 de marzo de 2011,yque mâs
bien busque disimular su participaci6n, direcci6n y control sobre la presencia de ciudadanos de
Nicaragua en la zona se:fialadapor la Corte, a pesar de la abundante prueba sobre esos hechos,
incluyendo las propias manifestaciones de autoridades de su Gobiemo, que aceptan su
participaci6n para que esos ciudadanos tengan presencia ahi.
Mâs aUn,es tan clara y evidente la participaci6n de su Gobiemo en estas violaciones a la
orden de la Corte, que medios periodfsticos recientemente confirmaban lo que todos ya sabemos:
que la presencia de nicaragüenses en esa zona es organizada y financiada por el Gobiemo de
Nicaragua. En ese sentido, tanto el medio El19 Digital como el medio Prens&.Latina, seiialaban
el pasado 17 de marzo de 2013 lo siguiente: "Por gestion de Guardabarranco, con el respaldo
del gobierno sandinista, mas de seis mil 300 jovenes de toda Nicaragua, a razon de 25 cada
semana, transitaron por un proceso de aprendizaje en torno a esa significativa vfa fluvial
limitrofe con Costa Rica, tanta desde la teorla como desde lapracticaY, seguidamente, ambos
medios también se:fialaron que: "Este contempla dos dias en el aula, acrecentando
conocimientos, y ocho jornadas en la isla de Harbour Heard (sic), situada en esa avenida
hfdrica expandida al sur de Nicaragua."
Sobre su segunda nota, Costa Ricaha cumplido con especial atenci6n la orden de la Corte
Internacional de Justicia, que permite el envio de persona! costarricense para la protecci6n del
ambiente a la zona seiialada por la Corte. Ello shahecho de comlin acuerdo con la Secretaria
de la Convenci6n Ramsar, y dando previo aviso a su pais y a la Corte Intemacional de Justicia.
Asimismo, Costa Rica ha tenido la mejor voluntad de lograr la mayor cooperaci6n posible con
Nicaragua, pero ha sido su pais el que rechaza cooperar con Costa Rica. Evidencia de esa
posici6n son las violaciones antes mencionadas a las medidas provisionales dictadas por la
Corte. -pâgina 2-
En relaciôn con su tercera comunicaciôn, que concierne el caso que su pais llev6 a la
Corte Internacional de Justicia por la realizaci6n de un camino en territorio de Costa Rica, mi
Gobierno lamenta la falta de voluntad y disposici6n de Nicaragua de permitir la toma de
muestras de las aguas del rio San Juan, con el objeto de establecer, con criterios cientificos
sôlidos, la verdadera situaci6n de las aguas del rio. A pesar de esa actitud, Costa Rica ha
transmitido un nuevo pedido a su pais, por intermedio de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, para
que esos monitoreos se puedan realizar conjuntamente. Esperamos que en esta oportunidad su
Gobierno esté dispuesto a cooperar si lo que realmente Nicaragua desea es la protecci6n
ambiental del Rio San Juan.
Por otra parte, Costa Rica rechaza con total firmeza, la posici6n de Nicaragua de
desconocer los alcances del fallo de la Corte Intemacional de Justicia de 13 de julio de 2009,
sobre los derechos de navegaciôn de Costa Rica en el rio San Juan. La navegaci6n de técnicos
costarricenses referida en mi nota DM-AM-063-13 de 6 de febrero de 2013 es, en esencia, una
navegaciôn cornercial, pues se paga a un botero privado por el servicio de transporte a lo largo
del sector del rio donde Costa Rica tiene derecho a navegarlo. Costa Rica hace ver que se
reserva el derecho de hacer uso de su derecho de navegaci6n, en los términossefialados por la
Corte Intemacional de Justicia
Aprovecho la ocasi6n para reiterar las seguridades de mi consideraci6n.
Excelentfsimo sefior
Samuel Santos L6pez
Ministre de Relaciones Exteriores
Republica de Nicaragua
( 9
abundant natura!cbeauty in 'Nicaxagua,and vvemust care 1ts
"'".,..,,.,.-,..ons1~nra: tutoma·[ntyv..re oursetve:s,the natior:al
coordinator of organization, decLa.re•to PrensaLati:1a.
Sincethe n:ovement in 2009vve have tc change th12oopulation's
a.~t~~~.arene d.e:n.ig caring for our beaches, ow· and she
1
e;qI.ai.ned.
to the PhikJil.oand Student a.tUnlversklad t-.iadona',
1il.ut6norna Y,:?lna:gut, e membeïs: 'Gr.;a:rdaba.!Tan;is11.rorc cane ~or
numerous\No.terresources of th\snatic!'l lnreforestati:DI~;
ta[<eplace ·;ncitieBCn)s,the
th!s group mon=:
tha.t "issensitive for Ntcee'ï::,guans: SanJu;::nRiver.By initiative of Guardabarranco, 'IVith support of the Sandinista govemment, over stx
thousand three hundred youth from over Nicaragua, at a rate of 25 per week, went
through a learning process, covering both theory and practke, regarding this jmportant
river thatborders with Costa Rka.
At the beginning a lot more v1eregoing, but the river's conditions, which are decreasing
due tothe dredging being performed to readjust itsriverbed, \Ne had to decrease the
numbers, Martînez commented.
Sheadded that during this year more youth from autonomous regions in the South
Atlantic and North will be joining, whHe those the rest of the country wm continue
to partidpate.
Durir.g their stay in the area the members of our group created a plant nursery,. worked
on reforestation, raising awareness among the inhabitants of that region, and this is part
of our job, rnuttipiying everyvvhere the knowledge that we acquire, the youth leader
highUghted.
To gain darity on the history of this strategicaUy important site, the flora and fauna that
grows around it and the reasons why it must be preserved, Guardabarranco implemented
the Certified Course on the SanJuan River Biosphere Resene. 1
lt contemplates two days in the dassroom, increasing knowledge, and eight days on
Harbour Head Island, located on this water avenue in southem Nicaragua.
The preparation of group number 87 conduded yesterday, which traveUed to the area.
This area was recognized by the Convention on Wetlands of International importance
(Ramsar, !ran, '971) as it is one of the most important biotogkat corridors of Central
America.
The most slgnincant aspect is that our youth "go there to recognize SanJuan River as our
heritage as Nicaraguans, a natural heritage and heritage for humanity," Marti nez
considered.
The main purpose of these trips is to reverse the damages caused by Costa Rica to over
thousand species of flora and fauna surrounding the riverbed, as they insist on building
a rural, highway on the southem bank.
According to speciaUsts, the variety of plants and animats threatened amounts to
thirteen thousand fifty-two at this strategie site, where critical points of potential
tandslides during the rainy season increased, to the detriment of the population.
Nicaragua is a country of youth, as they make up sixty percent of its six million seventy·
one thousand forty-five inhabitants, and Guardabarranco is proving this sector's
commitment to defending the naUon's assets.
The name the movement derived from the tw·quoise-browed motrnot (eumomota
superciUosa}, a type bird from the Coraciiformes order and Momotidae family, v;~hich
inhabits from Yucatân Penfnsula -\Mhere it is caUed Toh bird- untîl Costa Rica.
!n i\licaragua this species is caHed guardabarranco, s1nce1980 it is considered the
national bird, although this became official untH June 13, 2012 through a mandate of the
National Assembly. ~adefensa de Nkara.guahoy por ta preservad6n de su
'le:partkular, de doS.::Jue.n.
TenemosmuchasbeHezasnatural.eseNican:J y~tnuaos que cuidattas: proteger·las,
conservarlas, pero, todo educarnos, a Prensi~..altcondïnadora
nad::Jnde esa.otganizacfôn, Arta Martfnez.
Desdequ.esurgi6 el.movimJe·nto,en 2:00'9,trabajamos a favor de c:ambiar l.a:onciem::ia.
de la pobiadôn .enel tema timpieza, cuidado de nuestp~aya ds,uestros
anlma~ de nusstrf~or ex,Ucô.
y~C.:Jrrlu erâc1Jni'6sidtd··~acional
Autônoma de N!carê,gua- ios integrantes de G:Jardabtrabajan también
por lo:scuantiosos recu~""il de12stnz,ciôf: interv~ enmannera
directa.er:acdonesreforestadôrr.
Muchasd1eesas activ1dades tien;een ciudades de lugares d•2t
quïza:stc masr,er:,:Jmbred\o a ,esjuvenH fue !.aacsuncJ6n una
misi6npartkt.!JL ~nsieneara l.osnka,raguenses: et cuidrio SanJ;.ran, gestion de Guardabarranco, con el respaldo del gobfern:sandinistamas de sels mit
300 jévenes de toda Nkaraguay a razôn de 25 cada semana, tnmsitaron un proceso
de aprenclizaje en tomo a esasignificativvîa fluvial tim1trofe con Costa Rica, tanto
desde !.ateoda coma desde taprâcticao
At inictosaUanmuchas mas, perotascondiciones del rîo,que va bajando como resuttado
del dragado at cuai es sometido para reajustar su cauce, tuvimos que disminuir esa
cantldad, coment6 Martînez.
este ana, agreg6, se sumarân aesta estrategia mâs jôvenes de tas regiones aut6nomas
dei Atlântico Sury Norte enta misma medida en que continuarân participando del
resto del pa1s.
Durante su estancia en el ârea los miembros de nuestro grupo crearon un vivero,
trabajaron en ta reforestaci6n, en la sensibitizaccon [os pobladores de esa regiôy
eso es parte de nuestro trabajo, multiplicapor todas parteselsaber que vamos
adquiriendo, subrayô tadirigente juveniL
Para ganar en daridad acerca de la historia de ese sitio de importancestratég l~ca,
floray fatma que creee en susalrededores y tas razones portascu:ateshayque
preservarto, Guardabarranco implernent6 el Diplomado Rio San Juan Reserva de ~a
Biosfera.
Este contempla dos dias en el aula, acrecentando conocimientos, y ocho jornadas en ta
is!ade Harbour Heard, situada en esa avenida hfdrica expandida at sur de Nicaragua.
La vfspera c:onduyé~a preparaci6n del contingente numero 87 que viaj6 a esa zona
reconocida porta Convenciôn sobre los Humedates de importancia internacior.al (Ramsar,
~râ n971), por ser uno de los corredores biolôgicos mâs importantes de Mesoamérica.
Lo mâs significativo es que los j6venes "van aUâ a reconocer nuestro Sam Juan come
un patrimonio de nosotros ios nicaragüenses, un patrimonio natural y un patrimonio de la
humanidad", a juicio de Martinez.
P:ropôsito esenciate esas movHizaciones es revertir los daf\os causados por Costa Rica a
mâs de 23 mil especies de flora y fatma en el entorno del cauce debido ai empeiïc en
construir una carretera rural en su mârgesur.
Segun los especialistas, la variedad de plantas y animales amenazados asciendaB mit
52 en ese sitio estratégico, donde aumentaron tos puntos crîticos con poslbHldades de
destizamientos de tierra en tiempos de Uuvia en detrimentode la poblacl6n.
!'licaraguas un pais de j6venes, estos constituyen màs del 60 por ciento de sus seis
mitlones 71 mil 45 habitantes, y Guardabarranco prueba el compromise de ese sector con
ia defensa de los blenes de la naci6n.
nombre del movlmiento deriv6 del momoto ceja turquesa (eumomota supercHiosa),
especie de ave coraciiforme de ta famitia Momotidae, que habita desde~aPenînsula de
Yucatân -donde se le denomina pâjaro Teh- hasta Costa Ricao
En Nicaragua a esta especie le Uaman guardabarranco y desde !.osanos'980 ta consideran
el ave nacionat, aunque su oficializacicomo tat ocurri6 eiB de junie de 2012 por
mandato de ~aAsambtea NacionaL Prensa Latina
, -_ -, ...c: -, a1hcar'i c~ ~
latina.cu/index.php?option=com content&task=view&idioma=l&id=1216791&1temid-1
Movimiento Guardabarranco, fighting for nature
in Nicaragua
Managua, March 17 (PL) For the members of Movimiento Ambientalista Guardabarranco, of
Juventud Sandinista 19 de Julio (Sandinista Youth Group 19 de Julio), defending Nicaragua
today means preserving its environmental wealth, specifically San Juan River.
We have abundant natural beauty in Nicaragua, and we must take care of it, for its protection
and conservation, but mainly we need educate ourselves, the national coordinator of said
organization, Ana Carmen Martinez, declared to Prensa Latina.
Since the movement originated in 2009 we have worked to change the population's awareness
regarding cleaning, caring for our beaches, our animais and flora, she explained.
According to the Philology and Communications Student at Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de
Nicaragua- Managua, the members of Guardabarranco also work to care for the numerous
water resources of this nation and directly participate in reforestation activities.
A number of these activities take place in cities across the country; however, what probably
made this youth group more visible was their direct assumption of a mission that is sensitive for
Nicaraguans: taking care of San Juan River.
By initiative of Guardabarranco, with the support of the Sandinista govemment, over six
thousand three hundred youth from ali over Nicaragua, at a rate of 25 per week, went through a
leaniing process, covering both theory and practice, regarding this important river that borders
with Costa Rica.
At the beginning a lot more were going, but the river's conditions, which are decreasing due to
the dredging being performed to readjust its riverbed, we had to decrease the numbers,
Martrnez commented.
She added that during this year more youth from autonomous regions in the South Atlantic and
North will be joining, while those from the rest of the country will continue to participate.During their stay in the area the members of our group created a plant nursery, worked on
reforestation, raising awareness among the inhabitants of that region, and this is part of our job,
multiplying everywhere the knowledge that we acquire, the youth leader highlighted.
To gain clarity on the history of this strategically important site, the flora and fauna that grows
around it and the reasons why it must be preserved, Guardabarranco implemented the Certified
Course on the San Juan River Biosphere Reserve.
lt contemplates two days in the classroom, increasing knowledge, and eight days on Harbour
Head Island, located on this water avenue in southem Nicaragua.
The preparation of group number 87 concluded yesterday, which travelled to the area. This area
was recognized by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar, Iran,
1971) as itis one of the most important biological corridors of Central America.
The most significant aspect is that our youth "go there to recognize San Juan River as our
heritage as Nicaraguans, a natural heritage and heritage for humanity," Martfnez considered.
The main purpose of these trips is to reverse the damages caused by Costa Rica to over 23
thousand species of flora and fauna surrounding the riverbed, as they insist on building a rural
highway on the southern bank.
According to specialists, the variety of plants and animais threatened amounts to thirteen
thousand fifty-two at this strategie site, where critical points of potentiel landslides during the
rainy season increased, to the detriment of the population.
Nicaragua is a country of youth, as they make up sixty percent of its six million seventy-one
thousand forty-five inhabitants, and Guardabarranco is proving this sector's commitment to
defending the nation's assets.
The name of the movement derived from the turquoise-browed motmot (eumomota
superciliosa), a type of bird from the Coraciiformes order and Momotidae family, which inhabits
from Yucatan Peninsule -where it is called Toh bird- until Costa Rica.
ln Nicaragua this species is called guardabarranco, and since 1980 it is considered the national
bird, although this became official until June 13, 2012 through a mandate of the National
Assembly.
mgtlism Prensa Latina
- _-_ 1 ·~ · 1.~ _d.l'lc::-.__.
http:Uwww .prensa-
latina.cu/index.php?option=com content&task=view&idioma=l&id=1216791&1temid-1
Movimiento Guardabarranco, contienda por la
naturaleza en Nicaragua
Managua,17 mar (PL) Paralos miembrosdel MovimientoAmbientalistaGuardabarranco,de la
JuventudSandiniste19 de Julio,la defensade Nicaraguahoypasa por la preservaci6nde su
riquezamedioambientaly en particular,de su rio SanJuan.
Tenemosmuchasbellezasnaturalesen Nicaraguay tenemosque cuidarlas,protegerlas,
conservarlas,pero,sobretodo educamos,declar6a PrensaLatinala coordinadoranacionalde
esaorganizaci6n,Ana CarmenMartinez.
Desdeque surgi6el movimiento,en 2009,trabajamosa favor de cambiarla concienciade la
poblaci6nen el tema de la limpieza,el cuidadode nuestrasplayas,de nuestrosanimalesde
nuestraflora,explic6.
Deacuerdocon la estudiantede Filologray Comunicaci6nen la UniversidadNacional
Aut6nomade Nicaragua-Managua,los integrantesde Guardabarrancotrabajantambiénporel
cuidadode los cuantiososrecursoshidricosde esta naci6ne intervienende maneradirectaen
accionesde reforestaci6n.
Muchasde esasactividadestienen lugaren lasciudadesde distintoslugaresdel pais, pero
quizasJoque mas renombredio a esta tropajuvenilfue la asunci6ndirectade unamisi6n
particularmentesensiblepara los nicaraguenses:el cuidadodel rroSan Juan.
Porgesti6nde Guardabarranco,con el respaldodelgobiemosandiniste,masde seismil300
j6venesdetoda Nicaragua,a raz6nde 25 cadasemana,transitaronpor un procesode
aprendizajeen toma a esa significativevrafluviallimrtrofe con CostaRica,tantadesdela teoria
camodesdela practica.
Al iniciosatranmuchasmas, pero las condicionesdel rro,que va bajandocamoresultadodel
dragadoal cual es sometidopara reajustarsu cauce,tuvimos que disminuiresa cantidad,
coment6Martrnez.
Eneste ano,agreg6,sesumarana esta estrategiamasj6venes de las regionesaut6nomasdel
AtlanticoSury Norteen la mismamedidaen quecontinuaranparticipandolos del restodel
pars.Durante su estancia en el area los miemhros de nuestro grupo crearon un vivero, trabajaron en
la reforestaci6n, en la sensibilizaci6n con los pobladores de esa region y eso es parte de
nuestro trabajo, multiplicar por todas partes el saber que vamos adquiriendo, subray6 la
dirigentejuvenil.
Para ganar en claridad acerca de la historia de ese sitio de importancia estratégica, la flora y
fauna que creee en sus alrededores y las razones por las cuales hay que preservarlo,
Guardabarranco implement6 el Diplomado Rio San Juan Reserva de la Biosfera.
Este contempla dos dias en el aula, acrecentando conocimientos, y ocho jornadas en la isla de
Harbour Heard, situada en esa avenida hldrica expandida al sur de Nicaragua.
La vfspera concluy6 la preparaci6n del contingente numero 87 que viaj6 a esa zona reconocida
par la Convenci6n sobre los Humedales de lmportancia lnternacional (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), par
ser uno de los corredores biol6gicos mas importantes de Mesoamérica.
Lo mas significative es que los j6venes "van alla a reconocer nuestro rio San Juan camo un
patrimonio de nosotros los nicaragüenses, un patrimonio natural y un patrimonio de la
humanidad", a juicio de Martfnez.
Prop6sito esencial de esas movilizaciones es revertir los darios causados par Costa Rica a mas
de 23 mil especies de flora y fauna en el entorno del cauce debido al emperio en construir una
carretera rural en su margen sur.
Segun los especialistas, la variedad de plantas y animales amenazados asciende a13 mil 52 en
ese sitio estratégico, donde aumentaron los puntos criticos con posibilidades de deslizamientos
de tierra en tiempos de lluvia en detrimento de la poblaci6n.
Nicaragua es un pais de j6venes, estos constituyen mas del 60 par ciento de sus seis millones
71 mil 45 habitantes, y Guardabarranco prueba el compromise de ese sector con la defensa de
los bienes de la nacién.
El nombre del movimiento deriv6 del momoto ceja turquesa (eumomota superciliosa), especie
de ave coraciiforme de la familia Momotidae, que habita desde la Peninsula de Yucatan -donde
se le denomina pajaro Toh- hasta Costa Rica.
En Nicaragua a esta especie le llaman guardabarranco y desde los alios 1980 la consideran el
ave nacional, aunque su oficializaci6n coma tai ocurri6 el13 de junio de 2012 par mandata de
la Asamblea Nacional.
mgtlism
Request by Costa Rica for the modification of the Court's Order indicating provisional measures