INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
PLEADTNGS,ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS
.AMBATIELOS CASE
(GREECE v.UNITED KINGDOM)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
~
MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS
-AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS
(GRECE c. ROYAUME-UNI) This volume should be quoted as :
"I.C.J. Pleadings, Ambatielos Case (Greece v. United Kingdom)"
Le présent volume doit être citécomme suit :
C. 1.J. Mémoires,Agaire Ambafielos (Grèce c. Royaume-Uni) a
Sales number
No de vente : AMBATIELOS CASE
(GREECE v.UNITED KINGDOM)
AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS
(GRÈCE c.ROYAUME-UNI)PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS
AMBATIELOS CASE
(GREECE v. UNITED KINGDOM)
JUDGMENTSOF JULYIS~,IgjZAND h1.4~gth, 1953 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
MEMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS
AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS
ARRETSDES 1°' JUILL1952ET 19 MAI1953APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AND PLEADINGS
(MERITS AND PRELIMINARY OBJECTION)
PREMIÈRE PARTIE
-
REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE
ET PIÈCES DE LA PROCÉDURE ÉCRITE
(FOND ET EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE) SECTION A.-APPLICATION INSTITUTING
PROCEEDINGS
THE GREEK IIIXISTER IN THE XETHERLANDS,
AGENT OF THE HELLEXIC GOVERNMENT, TO THE
REGISTRAR OF THE COURT
[Translation by the Registry]
The undersigned, Envoy Estraordinary and Minister Plenipoten-
tiary of His Majesty the King of the Hellenes at The Hague, duly
authorized by his Government, having regard to the provisions
of thc Protocol annesed to theTreaty of Commerce and Navigation
between Greece and Great Rritain, dated November 10th. 1886,
to the Final Declaration of the Greco-Britannic Trcaty of Commerce
and Xavigation of July 16th. 1926, and also to Article 29 of the
latter treatyand in conformity with Article 40 of the Statute of
the Court andwith Article 32 of its Rules, has the honour to subinit
to the International Court of Justice an Applicatioii instituting
procccdings by the Hellenic Government against the British Govern-
ment in the matter which is briefly summarized below.
STATE~IES TF FACTS :
0g July 17th, 1919, Nicolas Eustache Ambatielos, a Gri:ek
shipo\vner, concluded with His Britannic Majesty's Government,
rcpresented by Sir Joseph ITaclay, Minister of Shipping, a coiitract
for the purchase of nine steamships, which were being built iii the
dockyards at Hong-Kong and Shanghai, at a ratc of £40 pcr ton
for vessels of j,ooo tons and of £36 per ton for vessels of 8,000 tons,
the total price amounting to ~2,275,000.
Delivery was to be made at dates fixedby the Partiesand recorded
in a memorandum, reference being made in the contract to the said
memorandum hy the words "within the time agreed". The memo-
randum had been delivered to the purchaser by Major Bryan
Laing, assistant director of the section concerned with purchases
and sales of merchant ships. who was responsible for these opera-
tions and had actually concluded such contracts up to an amoiint
of ~1oo,ooo,ooo.
Evidence of the fixing of these dates is morcover supplied by a
letter datcd July zoth, 1922, from Major Bryan Laing to his officia1
supenor, Sir Joseph IIaclap, AIinister of Shipping, which coiitains
the following passag: "The Eastern freight markets at that time
heing very high, 1 came to the conclusion, and laid my deductions
before yourself and the Committee of the Ministry of Shippiiig,
that provided these ships could be delivered at the times stated hy
Our Agents on behalf of the huilders, that they wcre worth, witli APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV j~) 9
their position, owing to the freight they could earn, another
~500,ooo. and this 1 added to what 1 considered an outside price
for the ships. It was only by this argument that 1 induced
M. Ambatielos to purchase the ships."
The fact that dates were fixed for the delivery of the ships as
an essential condition of thecontract which, for the rest, appears
to be a matter of elementary logic, is further confirmed by a sworn
statement made by the above-mentioned Rlajor Bryan Laing
before the Commissioner for Oaths of the London Cornmittee ori
January ~gth, 1934.
The vessels were not delivered at the agreed dates, which
had been fixed, in the case of the first ship, the Céfihalonia,on
August 31st, 1919, in the case of the second ship, Ambatielos, on
September 3oth, 1919 ,nd so on down to the last ship, thc !Melion,
of which delivery had to be made at latest on March ~gth, 1920;
the two first-named ships were delivered after a certain delay, and
the others afterdelays of varying lengths extending to as much as
eight months. Freights having fallcn appreciably during that tiine,
considerable prejudice was caused to the purchaser. As a result,
in November 1920, the purchaser N. E. Ambatielos was in the
debt of the British Government for an amount of L750,ooo.
In order to guarantee this debt, N. E. Ambatielos mortgaged
the seven ships and signcd the neccssary mortgage instruments
("Mortgage" and "Deeds of Covenant").
Although the amount of N. E. Ambatielos's debt was amply
covered by the value of the mortgaged vessels, the British Govern-
ment refused to deliver thc other two ships, ~Wellonand Stathis, to
him, although they wcre not included in the mortgage contract and
were free of any charge, and could have been used by the purchaser
who had freighted them to the Argentine Government on very
favourable terms. The seven other ships were similarly seized and
remained unused for two years, with the result that M. Ambatielos,
who had already .made payments to His Majesty's Government up
to a total of ~1,6jo,ooo, was completely riiined.,
During this interval N. E. Ambatielos was unable to procced
to London owing to a claim upon him of ~Z~O,OOiO n respect of
taxes. a claim which has since heen recounized as unfounded and
has been withdrawn.
This fiscal dispute having been settled, N. E. Ambatielos went
to London (May 1921) and cngaged in negotiations with Sir E.
Glover. representative of the Ministrv of Shi~~ing, who showed a
conciliato~y attitude. He consentecl& reducêAthë;igreed price by
~~00,000and agreed to arbitration in regard to the delayed delivery
of the seven vessels and the failure to deliver the .4!iellonand- the
Stathis. An arbitrator was actually designated in the person of
Mr. Raeburn.
But, in the meantime, the British Government had recoiisidered
the position and instead of going on with the arhitration it brought APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV j1) 10
a legal actioii againstN. E. .4mbatielos in the I->robatc,Divorce and
Admiralty Division for the payment of the sum which it bclieved
to be due to it. N. E. Ambatielos counter-claimed for the payment
of an indemnity in compensation for the loss he had suffered.
The court delivered its judgment on January 15th. 1oz3,
condemning N. E. Ambatielos to pay ~300,000 to the Board of
Trade and disallowing his counter-claim.
In the foregoing, one fact is specially worthy of note. The court
tried the case ?aithout hauing nt its disposal the data which were
necessary to enlighten it and nt the same time to safeguard therights
of the defencein the interests of zmpartial justice.
The two principal witnesses, whose evidence would have supplied
the key, so to speak, of the case, since they had handled the matter,
Lord Maclay and Major Bryan Laing, were not called upon to give
evidence.
N. E. Ambatielos appealed from this judgment to the "Court
of Appeal" on February 17th, 1923. However, before the case
came on, it became perfectly clear that dates had beenstiptilated for
the delivery of the uessels.His claim having been rejected, he thought
it useless to plead the case any further, seeing that it was impossible
for him to produce the data which \i7ereessential for his claim. The
judge of appeal, Lord Justice Bankes, accordingly delivered a
confirmatorv.. iud~-ent, Lord -ustice Scrutton assentin-, on
March 6th, 1923.
Such are the facts. The following are the legal deductions to be
drawn from them :
(a) The fact that the Board of Trade omitted ta. furnish the
court of first instance-this being a case between the Government
and a private individual-with essential elements, in its possession,
which were necessary to enlighten the court and to proinotc the
administration of impartial justice, while at the same time safe-
guarding the rights of the defence, constitutes a disregard of a
capital rule of British procedure, namely "full discovery", a iule
to which exception may only be made where major considerations
of public interest are opposed to the production of such data, which
was not the case in this instance, as was recognized by Mr. Justice
Hill.
(b) The rejection by the judge of appeal, Lord Bankes, of
N. E. Ambatielos's demand for the production of new data iri
support of his claim again constitutes an infraction of another
essential rule of British procedure, that of "fresh evidence".
The failure to comply with these two rules, which safeguard the
rights of the defence, constitutes an act contrary to customary
international law and at the same time an infraction of Article 15,
paragraph 3, of the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce and Naviga-
tion of 1886, which guarantees to the subjects of each of the APPLICATIOS ISSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV 51) II
contracting parties free access to the courts of justice of the other
party "for the prosecution and defenceof their rights".
It is manifest that there can be no question of an effective
guarantee of the rights of the defence when the laws designed to
protect those rights and to secure them are not observed.
The Hellenic Government adopted the cause of its national as
early as 1925. But, to its note of September 12th. 1925 (Xumbers
2333/3/25), His Britannic Majesty's Government replied by a fin
de non recevoir (note of October 3oth, 1925, Xumbers C. 13j0gl
11769/1g). It also refused the proposal for arbitration in its
answering notes dated Jlay zgth, 1933 (Numbers 46~5/117z/ig).
December 28th. 1933 (Numbers C. IIO~O/II~Z/I~) and Novem-
ber 7th, 1934 (Numbers R. 6043/3146/19).
It is, however, clear that, in this case, as the dispute relates to a
violation of a clause of the Greco-Britannic Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation of November roth, 1886, and in particular of
.Article 15, paragraph 3, any controversy in regard to the interpre-
tation or application of a clause of that treaty must be submitted
to a commission of arbitration. as provided bv the protocol annexed
to the said treaty.
The~ ~r~>osal for arbitration. under the above-mentioned condi-
tions,was formally rejected by ~is Britannic hlajesty's Government
in its note of December 26th. 1939 (R. 10658/10658/1g). The same
treatment attended a fresh approach made by the Hellenic Govern-
ment in its note of August 1940.
The refusal to arbitrate in this case brings into operation the
Final Declaration of the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce and
Navigation of July 16th, 1926,the terms of which are thus violated,
and it makes applicable, as a consequence, the compromissory
clause of Article 29 of the latter treaty, according to which any
dispute that may arise as to the proper interpretation or applica-
tion of the latter treaty, including the Final Declaration, may be
referred, by an application, to the Pcrmanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice.
In view of the foregoing considerat'ions :
Whereas it is beyond doubt that the means of interna1 recoiirse
have becn exhausted in this case, as the Hellenic Government is
in a position to confirm, if the fact were contested ;
Whereas it results from the provisions of the Greco-British
Treaty of Commerce and Xavigation of November 10th. 1886,
and the Final Declaration of the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation of July 16th, 1926. and Article 29 of the latter
treaty, taken in conjunction, that the I'crmanent Court of Inter-
national Justice has jurisdiction in the case, and that it has been
duly seized of the question by an application, His Britannic APPLICATION IXSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV 51) 12
Najesty's Government having declined the repeated proposals of
the Hellenic Government to submit the present dispute to the
procedure for arbitration provided by the finalProtocol of the
Treaty of 1886 ;
Whereas the means for a direct and amicable settlement have
been exhausted in this case and the dispute now turns on the inter-
pretation and application of the Treaty of 1886, in particular of
Article ïj, paragraph 3 ;
Accordingly, subject to the subsequent presentation to the Court
of any Memorials, Counter-Memorials and, in general, of any other
documents of evidence in conformity with Article 42 of the Rules
of Court ;
MAY IT PLEASE THE COURT :
To communicate the present Application to His Britannic
3Iajcsty's Government in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the Court ;
To declare that it has jurisdiction :
To adjudge and declare, whether the aforesaid Government is
present or absent and after such time-limits as the Court may see
fit to fix, subject to any agreement between the Parties :
I. That the arbitral procedure referred to in the Final Protocol
of the Treaty of 1886 must receive application in the present case ;
2. That the Commission of Arbitration provided for in the said
I'rotocol shall be constituted within a reasonable period, to be
fixed by thc Court.
The Hellenic Government reserves its right, in case His Britannic
Najesty's Government should have failed to designate its arbitrator.
or arbitrators,within the timc-limit fixed by the Court, to seize the
Court of the merits of the dispute.
The undcrsigned is also authorized to state that, in regard to
any iiotifications and communications which may have to be
made in this case, the Hellenic Governmcnt has selected its address
in the Greek Legation at The Hague and that the undersigned
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pletiipotentiary in this city
is designated as Agent of the Hellenic Government.
The Hague, April 9th. 19jr
(Signed) X, G. LELY,
Agent of the Hellenic Government.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
PLEADTNGS,ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS
.AMBATIELOS CASE
(GREECE v.UNITED KINGDOM)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
~
MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS
-AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS
(GRECE c. ROYAUME-UNI) This volume should be quoted as :
"I.C.J. Pleadings, Ambatielos Case (Greece v. United Kingdom)"
Le présent volume doit être citécomme suit :
C. 1.J. Mémoires,Agaire Ambafielos (Grèce c. Royaume-Uni) a
Sales number
No de vente : AMBATIELOS CASE
(GREECE v.UNITED KINGDOM)
AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS
(GRÈCE c.ROYAUME-UNI)PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS
AMBATIELOS CASE
(GREECE v. UNITED KINGDOM)
JUDGMENTSOF JULYIS~,IgjZAND h1.4~gth, 1953 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
MEMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS
AFFAIRE AMBATIELOS
ARRETSDES 1°' JUILL1952ET 19 MAI1953APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AND PLEADINGS
(MERITS AND PRELIMINARY OBJECTION)
PREMIÈRE PARTIE
-
REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE
ET PIÈCES DE LA PROCÉDURE ÉCRITE
(FOND ET EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE) SECTION A. - REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE
LE MINISTRE DE GRÈCE AUX PAYS-BAS,
AGENT DU GOUVERNEMENT HELLÉNIQUE,
AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR
Le soussigné, envoyé extraordinaire et ministre plénipotentiaire
de Sa Majestéle Roi des Hellènesà La Haye, dûment autorisé par
son Gouvernement, a l'honneur d'adresser à la Cour internationale
de Justice, en égard aux stipulations du Protocole annexé au
Traité de commerce et de navigation entre la Grèce et la Grande-
Bretagne du IOnovembre 1886, de la Déclaration finale du Traité
de commerce et de navigation gréco-britannique du 16 juillet 1926
et de l'article 29 de ce dernier traité, et conformémentrticle 40
du Statut de la Cour et de l'article32 cle sou Règlement, une
requêteintroductive d'instance du Gouvernement hellénique contre
le Gouvernement britannique dans l'affaire ci-après sommairement
exposée.
EXPOSE DES FAITS :
Nicolas Eustache Ambatielos, armateur hellène, a passé le
17 juillet 1919, avec le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté britannique,
représenté par le ministre de la Marine marchande, sir Joseph
hlaclay, un contrat d'achade neuf bateaux à vapeur, qui étaient
en constructiondans les chantiers de Hong-Kong et dc Changhaï,
en raison de 40 la tonne pour les bateaux de5.000 tonnes et de
£36 pour les bateaux de 8.000 tonnes, pour un prix total de
£ z.z75.000.
La livraison devait avoir liàudes dates fixéespar les Parties et
inscrites sur un bordereau, le contrat se référantbordereau par
la mention « within the time agreed >iLe bordereau avait été
remis à l'acheteur par le major Bryan Laing, directeur adjoint de
la section d'achats et ventes de navires de la Marine marchande,
chargé de ces opérations et en ayant effectivement conclu pour un
montant de L roo.ooo.ooo.
Le fait de la fixation des dates est, d'ailleurs, attesté par une
lettre en date du 20 juillet 1922, du major Bryan Laing à son
supérieur hiérarchique sir Joseph Maclay, ministre de la Marine
marchande, où il est textuellement dit : eThe Eastern freight
markets at that time being very high,1 came to the conclusion,
and laid my deductions before yourself and the Committee of
the Ministry of Shipping, that provided these ships could be
delivered at the times stated by our Agents on behalf of the SECTION A.-APPLICATION INSTITUTING
PROCEEDINGS
THE GREEK IIIXISTER IN THE XETHERLANDS,
AGENT OF THE HELLEXIC GOVERNMENT, TO THE
REGISTRAR OF THE COURT
[Translation by the Registry]
The undersigned, Envoy Estraordinary and Minister Plenipoten-
tiary of His Majesty the King of the Hellenes at The Hague, duly
authorized by his Government, having regard to the provisions
of thc Protocol annesed to theTreaty of Commerce and Navigation
between Greece and Great Rritain, dated November 10th. 1886,
to the Final Declaration of the Greco-Britannic Trcaty of Commerce
and Xavigation of July 16th. 1926, and also to Article 29 of the
latter treatyand in conformity with Article 40 of the Statute of
the Court andwith Article 32 of its Rules, has the honour to subinit
to the International Court of Justice an Applicatioii instituting
procccdings by the Hellenic Government against the British Govern-
ment in the matter which is briefly summarized below.
STATE~IES TF FACTS :
0g July 17th, 1919, Nicolas Eustache Ambatielos, a Gri:ek
shipo\vner, concluded with His Britannic Majesty's Government,
rcpresented by Sir Joseph ITaclay, Minister of Shipping, a coiitract
for the purchase of nine steamships, which were being built iii the
dockyards at Hong-Kong and Shanghai, at a ratc of £40 pcr ton
for vessels of j,ooo tons and of £36 per ton for vessels of 8,000 tons,
the total price amounting to ~2,275,000.
Delivery was to be made at dates fixedby the Partiesand recorded
in a memorandum, reference being made in the contract to the said
memorandum hy the words "within the time agreed". The memo-
randum had been delivered to the purchaser by Major Bryan
Laing, assistant director of the section concerned with purchases
and sales of merchant ships. who was responsible for these opera-
tions and had actually concluded such contracts up to an amoiint
of ~1oo,ooo,ooo.
Evidence of the fixing of these dates is morcover supplied by a
letter datcd July zoth, 1922, from Major Bryan Laing to his officia1
supenor, Sir Joseph IIaclap, AIinister of Shipping, which coiitains
the following passag: "The Eastern freight markets at that time
heing very high, 1 came to the conclusion, and laid my deductions
before yourself and the Committee of the Ministry of Shippiiig,
that provided these ships could be delivered at the times stated hy
Our Agents on behalf of the huilders, that they wcre worth, witlibuilders, that they were worth, \\rith their position, owirig to the
freight they conld earn, another &oo.ooo, and this I added to
nhat 1 considered an outside price for the ships. It \vas only by
this argument that I induced Ambatielos to purchase the ships. D
Le fait dc la fixation des dates pour la livraison des navires
comme une condition essentielle du contrat, ce qui paraît, d'ail-
leurs, d'une logique élémentaire, est encore affirma par une attesta-
tion assermentée du mêmeJf. Bryan Laing devant le Commissaire
des Serments du Comité de Londres du 19 janvicr 1934.
Les bateaux n'ont pas étélivrésaux dates coiivenues, lesquelles
avaient été fixées pour le premier navire Céfihaloniaau 31 août
1919, pour le second Ambatielos au 30 septembre 1919, et ainsi de
suite jusqu'au dernier !IfelLon,dont la livraison devait avoir lieu
tout au plus tard le 15 mars 1920, les deux premiers ayant été
livrésavec un retard relatif, les autres avec un retardlus ou moins
grand allant jusqu'à huit mois. Les frets ayant accusé dans cet
intervalle une baisse sensible, il en avait résulté pourl'acheteur un
préjudice considérable. C'est ainsi qu'ennovcmbre 1920, l'acheteur
N. E. Ambatielos se trouva devoir au Gouvernement britannique
un montant de L 750.000.
Pour garantie de cette dette, X. E. Ambaticlos constitua une
hypothèqiie sur les sept navires et signa les actes réglementaires
d'hypothèque (cMortgage iet aDeeds of Covciiant n).
Bien quc le montant de sa dettc fut amplement couvert par la
valeur des navires hypothéqués, le Gouvernement britannique
refusa de lui livrer les deux autres navires !IfelLonet Stnthis, alors
qu'ilsdcmeuraient en dehors du contrat d'hypothèque et libres de
toute charge, et auraient pu êtreutiliséspar l'acheteur qui les avait
frétés au Gouvernemcnt argentin à des conditions fort avanta-
geuses. De m&me,les sept autres navires furent saisis et inutilisés
pendant dcux ans, ce qui acheva la ruine de M. tlmbatielos, qui
avait déji effectuéau Gouvernement de Sa Jlajesté des versements
d'un total de 1.6jo.ooo.
Pendant cct iiitcrvallc,N. E. Ambaticlos iie pouvait pas se
rendre à Londres en raison d'une réclamation d'impôts de L 2~O.OOO,
réclamation reconnue infondée et retirée depuis.
Ce différeiid fiscal réglé,X. E. Anibatielos sc rendità Londres
(mai 1921) et entra en pourparlers avec sir 13.Glover, représentant
de la Marine marchande, qui se montra conciliant. Il consentit à
rabattre sur le pris conveiiu L joo.ooo et accepta I'arbitrage quant
à la livraison tardive des sept bateaux et la noii-livraison du ?l.lello?~
et du Statliis. Un arbitre méme fut désigné en lapersonne de
M. Raeburn.
Nais, entre temps, le Gouvernement britaniiique se ravisa, et,
au lieu de donner suiteà I'arbitrage, il préféra citerN. E. Ambatielos APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV j~) 9
their position, owing to the freight they could earn, another
~500,ooo. and this 1 added to what 1 considered an outside price
for the ships. It was only by this argument that 1 induced
M. Ambatielos to purchase the ships."
The fact that dates were fixed for the delivery of the ships as
an essential condition of thecontract which, for the rest, appears
to be a matter of elementary logic, is further confirmed by a sworn
statement made by the above-mentioned Rlajor Bryan Laing
before the Commissioner for Oaths of the London Cornmittee ori
January ~gth, 1934.
The vessels were not delivered at the agreed dates, which
had been fixed, in the case of the first ship, the Céfihalonia,on
August 31st, 1919, in the case of the second ship, Ambatielos, on
September 3oth, 1919 ,nd so on down to the last ship, thc !Melion,
of which delivery had to be made at latest on March ~gth, 1920;
the two first-named ships were delivered after a certain delay, and
the others afterdelays of varying lengths extending to as much as
eight months. Freights having fallcn appreciably during that tiine,
considerable prejudice was caused to the purchaser. As a result,
in November 1920, the purchaser N. E. Ambatielos was in the
debt of the British Government for an amount of L750,ooo.
In order to guarantee this debt, N. E. Ambatielos mortgaged
the seven ships and signcd the neccssary mortgage instruments
("Mortgage" and "Deeds of Covenant").
Although the amount of N. E. Ambatielos's debt was amply
covered by the value of the mortgaged vessels, the British Govern-
ment refused to deliver thc other two ships, ~Wellonand Stathis, to
him, although they wcre not included in the mortgage contract and
were free of any charge, and could have been used by the purchaser
who had freighted them to the Argentine Government on very
favourable terms. The seven other ships were similarly seized and
remained unused for two years, with the result that M. Ambatielos,
who had already .made payments to His Majesty's Government up
to a total of ~1,6jo,ooo, was completely riiined.,
During this interval N. E. Ambatielos was unable to procced
to London owing to a claim upon him of ~Z~O,OOiO n respect of
taxes. a claim which has since heen recounized as unfounded and
has been withdrawn.
This fiscal dispute having been settled, N. E. Ambatielos went
to London (May 1921) and cngaged in negotiations with Sir E.
Glover. representative of the Ministrv of Shi~~ing, who showed a
conciliato~y attitude. He consentecl& reducêAthë;igreed price by
~~00,000and agreed to arbitration in regard to the delayed delivery
of the seven vessels and the failure to deliver the .4!iellonand- the
Stathis. An arbitrator was actually designated in the person of
Mr. Raeburn.
But, in the meantime, the British Government had recoiisidered
the position and instead of going on with the arhitration it broughtIO REQUET INTRODUCTIBE D'INSTANCE (9 IV 51)
en justice, devant lasProbate, Divorce and Admiralty Division »en
paiement du montant qu'il croyait lui êtredû. X. E. Ambatielos
demanda rcconveiitionnellement l'allocatioii d'une indemnité en
réparation du préjudice subi.
Le tribunal rendit son jugement le 15 janvier 1923, condamnant
X. E. Ambatielos à payer au Board of Trade ~~oo.ooo et le
dçboutant de sa demande reconventionnellc.
De ce qui precède, un fait surtout est :L retenir. Le tribunal
jugea cette affaire sans que les élé??ze?~ zlsécessairstisceptibles de
l'éclairert d'asszrrerel8?izêrttewlpsles droits de la défenseaux fins
d'une jtistice irltpnrtialeftrssent màssa dispositio~t.
Les deux principaux témoins, dont Ic témoignage eùt étéla
clef, pour ainsi dire, de l'affaire, pour l'avoir traitée, lordaclay
et le major Rryan Laing, ne furent pas appelés pour déposer.
N. E. Ambatielos appela de ce jugement devant la <Court of
Appeal rle 17 février1923. Avant l'instance, cependant, il ressortait
de toute évidenccqtle (lesdater avaient étéstiptiléespotCrla livraison
n'esbateaux. Sa demande ayant été rejetéei,l jugca inutile de plaider
au fond dans l'impossibilité oii il se trouvait dc faire état des faits
cssenticlsh l'appui de sa réclamation. Le juge d'appel, Lord Justice
Bankes, rendit ainsi un arrêt confirmatif le 6 mars 1923, auquel
Lord Justice Scrutton se rallia.
Tels sont les faits. Ils comportent les déductioiis juridiques
ci-après :
a) Le fait du Board of Trade d'avoir omis de fournir à la juri-
diction de prcmière instance (s'agissant d'une instance entre le
Gouvernement et un particulier) des éléments essentiels, en sa
possession, destinés à éclairercette juridiction en l'aidant à l'admi-
nistration d'une justice impartiale, en mêmetemps que d'assurer
les droits de la défense, constitue la méconnaissance d'une règle
capitale de la procédure britannique du I(full discovery», règle à
laquelle il n'est fait d'exception que lorsque des considérations
majeures d'intérêtpublic s'opposent à la production de ces élé-
ments, ce qui n'était pas en l'occurrence le cas, ainsi que cela fut
reconnu par Mr. Justice Hill.
b) Le rejet de la demande de N. E. Ambaticlos par le conseiller
d'appel, lord Bankes, tendant à la production d'élémentsnouveaux
à l'appui de sa demande, d'autre part, constitue une infraction à
une autre règle essentielle de la procédure britannique du Ifresh
evidence 1).
Or, l'inobservation de ces deux règles, protectrices du droit de
la défense, constitue acte contraire au droit international coutu-
mier, en même temps qu'une infraction à l'article 15, alinéa 3, du
Traité de commerce et de navigation gréco-britannique de 1886,
qui garantit le libre accès des ressortissants de chacune des parties APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV j1) 10
a legal actioii againstN. E. .4mbatielos in the I->robatc,Divorce and
Admiralty Division for the payment of the sum which it bclieved
to be due to it. N. E. Ambatielos counter-claimed for the payment
of an indemnity in compensation for the loss he had suffered.
The court delivered its judgment on January 15th. 1oz3,
condemning N. E. Ambatielos to pay ~300,000 to the Board of
Trade and disallowing his counter-claim.
In the foregoing, one fact is specially worthy of note. The court
tried the case ?aithout hauing nt its disposal the data which were
necessary to enlighten it and nt the same time to safeguard therights
of the defencein the interests of zmpartial justice.
The two principal witnesses, whose evidence would have supplied
the key, so to speak, of the case, since they had handled the matter,
Lord Maclay and Major Bryan Laing, were not called upon to give
evidence.
N. E. Ambatielos appealed from this judgment to the "Court
of Appeal" on February 17th, 1923. However, before the case
came on, it became perfectly clear that dates had beenstiptilated for
the delivery of the uessels.His claim having been rejected, he thought
it useless to plead the case any further, seeing that it was impossible
for him to produce the data which \i7ereessential for his claim. The
judge of appeal, Lord Justice Bankes, accordingly delivered a
confirmatorv.. iud~-ent, Lord -ustice Scrutton assentin-, on
March 6th, 1923.
Such are the facts. The following are the legal deductions to be
drawn from them :
(a) The fact that the Board of Trade omitted ta. furnish the
court of first instance-this being a case between the Government
and a private individual-with essential elements, in its possession,
which were necessary to enlighten the court and to proinotc the
administration of impartial justice, while at the same time safe-
guarding the rights of the defence, constitutes a disregard of a
capital rule of British procedure, namely "full discovery", a iule
to which exception may only be made where major considerations
of public interest are opposed to the production of such data, which
was not the case in this instance, as was recognized by Mr. Justice
Hill.
(b) The rejection by the judge of appeal, Lord Bankes, of
N. E. Ambatielos's demand for the production of new data iri
support of his claim again constitutes an infraction of another
essential rule of British procedure, that of "fresh evidence".
The failure to comply with these two rules, which safeguard the
rights of the defence, constitutes an act contrary to customary
international law and at the same time an infraction of Article 15,
paragraph 3, of the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce and Naviga-
tion of 1886, which guarantees to the subjects of each of theII REQUÊTE IXTRODUCTIVE D'IXSTANCE (9 IV j1)
contractantes aux tribunaux de l'autre partie, pour la poursuite
et la défense de leurs droits, for the proseczctionand defence of
their rights11.
Or, il est évident qu'il ne saurait étre question d'une garantie
efficacedes droits de la défenselorsque les lois protectrices destinées
à les assurer ne sont pas observées.
Le Gouvernement hellénique prit fait et cause pour son ressortis-
sant dès192j. Mais à sa note du 12 septembre 1925 (nos2335/3/25).
le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté britannique répondit par une fin
de non recevoir (note du 30 octobre 1925, nosC. 13509/11769/19).
11 repoussa encore l'arbitrage proposé par ses notes responsives
du 29 mai 1933 ("0% 4625/1172/1g) du 28 décembre 1933 (nos
C. IIO~O/II~~/I~) et du 7 novembre 1934 (nos R. 6043/3146/1g).
11est cependant évident qu'en l'occurrence le différendportant
sur une violation d'une disposition du Traité de commerce et de
.navigation gréco-britannique du IO novembre 1886, spécialement
de l'article 15, alinéa 3, toute contestation quant à l'interprétation
ou l'application d'une disposition de ce traité devait êtresoumise
à une commission arbitrale instituée par le protocole annexé audit
traité.
La proposition d'un arbitrage dans lesdites conditions a été
formellement déclinéepar le Gouvernement de Sa Majestébritan-
nique par sa note du 26 décembre 1939 (R. 10658/106j8/19). Le
mêmesort a étéréservé à une nouvelle démarchedu Gouvernement
hellénique par sa note d'août 1940.
Le fait d'avoir déclinécet arbitrage met en jeu la Déclaration
finale du Traité de commerce et de navigation gréco-britannique
du 16 juillet 1926, dont la disposition se trouve ainsi transgressée
et rend applicable, par voie de conséquence.la clause compromis-
soire de l'article 29 de ce dernier traité, selon laquelle toute diver-
gence portant sur l'interprétation ou l'application de ce dernier
traité, y compris la Déclaration finale, pourra étre soumise, par
voie de requête, à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale.
Vu les considérations qui précédent :
Attendu qu'il n'est pas douteux que les voies de recours interne
ont étéépuiséesen l'espèce, comme le Gouvernement hellénique
est en état de le faire établir, si le fait était cont;sté
Attendu qu'il resulte des dispositions combinées du Traité de
commerce et de navigation gréco-britannique du IO novembre 1886,
de la Déclaration finale du Traité de commerce et de navigation
gréco-britannique du 16 juillet 1926 et de l'article 29 de ce dernier
traité, que la Cour permanente de Justice internationale est com-
pétente en l'espèce et qu'elle est dûment saisie par voie de
requète, le Gouvernement de Sa Majestébritannique ayant décliné APPLICATIOS ISSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV 51) II
contracting parties free access to the courts of justice of the other
party "for the prosecution and defenceof their rights".
It is manifest that there can be no question of an effective
guarantee of the rights of the defence when the laws designed to
protect those rights and to secure them are not observed.
The Hellenic Government adopted the cause of its national as
early as 1925. But, to its note of September 12th. 1925 (Xumbers
2333/3/25), His Britannic Majesty's Government replied by a fin
de non recevoir (note of October 3oth, 1925, Xumbers C. 13j0gl
11769/1g). It also refused the proposal for arbitration in its
answering notes dated Jlay zgth, 1933 (Numbers 46~5/117z/ig).
December 28th. 1933 (Numbers C. IIO~O/II~Z/I~) and Novem-
ber 7th, 1934 (Numbers R. 6043/3146/19).
It is, however, clear that, in this case, as the dispute relates to a
violation of a clause of the Greco-Britannic Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation of November roth, 1886, and in particular of
.Article 15, paragraph 3, any controversy in regard to the interpre-
tation or application of a clause of that treaty must be submitted
to a commission of arbitration. as provided bv the protocol annexed
to the said treaty.
The~ ~r~>osal for arbitration. under the above-mentioned condi-
tions,was formally rejected by ~is Britannic hlajesty's Government
in its note of December 26th. 1939 (R. 10658/10658/1g). The same
treatment attended a fresh approach made by the Hellenic Govern-
ment in its note of August 1940.
The refusal to arbitrate in this case brings into operation the
Final Declaration of the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce and
Navigation of July 16th, 1926,the terms of which are thus violated,
and it makes applicable, as a consequence, the compromissory
clause of Article 29 of the latter treaty, according to which any
dispute that may arise as to the proper interpretation or applica-
tion of the latter treaty, including the Final Declaration, may be
referred, by an application, to the Pcrmanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice.
In view of the foregoing considerat'ions :
Whereas it is beyond doubt that the means of interna1 recoiirse
have becn exhausted in this case, as the Hellenic Government is
in a position to confirm, if the fact were contested ;
Whereas it results from the provisions of the Greco-British
Treaty of Commerce and Xavigation of November 10th. 1886,
and the Final Declaration of the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation of July 16th, 1926. and Article 29 of the latter
treaty, taken in conjunction, that the I'crmanent Court of Inter-
national Justice has jurisdiction in the case, and that it has been
duly seized of the question by an application, His Britannicla proposition réitéréedu Gouvernement hellénique de soumettre
le présent différendà la procédure arbitrale prévue par le Protocole
final du Trait6 de 1586 ;
Attendu que les moyens aux fins d'un règlement dircct et amiable
ont étéépuisésen l'espèceet que le différendporte, quant à.présent,
sur l'interprétation et l'application du Traité de 1856, notamment
dc l'article 15, alinéa 3 ;
En coiiséquence et sous réserve de tous 1\1émoires,Contre-
Mémoires et en généralde tous moyens de preuve à présenter
ultérieurement.à la Cour, conformément à l'article 42 du Règle-
ment ;
Signifierla présente requête,conformémcnt à l'article 40, aliné2,
du Statut de la Cour, au Gouvernement de Sa Rlajestébritannique ;
Se déclarcr compétente :
Dire et juger, tant en présence qu'en I'abseiice dudit Gouverne-
ment et après tous délais que, sous réserve d'accord entre les
Parties, il appartiendra à la Cour dc fixer :
I. Que la procédure arbitrale visée par le Protocole final du
Traité de 1886 doit recevoir application en l'espèce ;
2. Qu'il doit être procédé à la constitution de la Commission
arbitrale prévue par ledit protocole, dans un délai raisonnable qu'il
appartiendra à la Cour de fixer.
Le Gouvernement hellénique se .réserve le droit, au cas où le
Gouvernement de Sa Rlajesté britannique n'aura pas désignéson
ou ses arbitres dans Ic délai fixépar la Cour, de saisir celle-ci du
fond du différend.
Le soussigné est également autorisé à fairc connaître que, pour
les notifications et communications qui auront à êtrefaites dans
cette instance, le Gouvernement hellénique élit domicile en la
légation de Grèce à La Haye, et que le soussigné,envoyéextraordi-
naire et ministre plénipotentiaire, en cette résidence, est désigné
comme agent du Gouvernement hellénique.
La Haye, le g avril 1951.
L'Agent du Gouvernement hellénique,
(Signé N). G. LELY. APPLICATION IXSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS (9 IV 51) 12
Najesty's Government having declined the repeated proposals of
the Hellenic Government to submit the present dispute to the
procedure for arbitration provided by the finalProtocol of the
Treaty of 1886 ;
Whereas the means for a direct and amicable settlement have
been exhausted in this case and the dispute now turns on the inter-
pretation and application of the Treaty of 1886, in particular of
Article ïj, paragraph 3 ;
Accordingly, subject to the subsequent presentation to the Court
of any Memorials, Counter-Memorials and, in general, of any other
documents of evidence in conformity with Article 42 of the Rules
of Court ;
MAY IT PLEASE THE COURT :
To communicate the present Application to His Britannic
3Iajcsty's Government in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the Court ;
To declare that it has jurisdiction :
To adjudge and declare, whether the aforesaid Government is
present or absent and after such time-limits as the Court may see
fit to fix, subject to any agreement between the Parties :
I. That the arbitral procedure referred to in the Final Protocol
of the Treaty of 1886 must receive application in the present case ;
2. That the Commission of Arbitration provided for in the said
I'rotocol shall be constituted within a reasonable period, to be
fixed by thc Court.
The Hellenic Government reserves its right, in case His Britannic
Najesty's Government should have failed to designate its arbitrator.
or arbitrators,within the timc-limit fixed by the Court, to seize the
Court of the merits of the dispute.
The undcrsigned is also authorized to state that, in regard to
any iiotifications and communications which may have to be
made in this case, the Hellenic Governmcnt has selected its address
in the Greek Legation at The Hague and that the undersigned
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pletiipotentiary in this city
is designated as Agent of the Hellenic Government.
The Hague, April 9th. 19jr
(Signed) X, G. LELY,
Agent of the Hellenic Government.
Application instituting proceedings