INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS
ADVISORY OPINIONSAND ORDERS
APPLICATION FOR REVIEW
OF JUDGEMENT No. 333 OF THE UNITED
NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL
ADVISORYOPINION OF 27 MAY1987
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION
DU JUGEMENT No 333 DU TRIBUNAL
ADMINISTRATIF DES NATIONS UNIES
AVISCONSULTATIFDU 27 MAI 1987 Officia1citation :
Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement No.333 of
the UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal,Advisory Opinion,
I.C.J.Reports 1987,p. 18.
Mode officiel de citation :
Demande deréforma fiondujugement no333
du Tribunaladministratifdes Nations Unies,avisconsultat&
C.I.J. Recueil1987,p. 18.
Sales number
Nodevente : INTERNATIONAL COURT OFJUSTICE
1987 YEAR 1987
27 May
General List
No.72 27 May 1987
APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW
OF JUDGEMENT No. 333 OF THE UNITED
NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVETRIBUNAL
Requestfor advisoryopinionby the Committeeon Applicationsfor Reviewof
Administrative Tribunaludgements - Article II of the Statute of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal.
Cornpetenceof the Court - Proprietyof the Court'sgiving the opinio-
Nature andscopeof theadvisoryopinion requeste- DeterminationbytheCourt
of themeaning and implicationsof questions submitted for advisoryopini-n
Powerof Court to ascertain and statelegalquestionsreallyin iss-e Scope of
questionssubmitted to Court.
ObjectiontoJudgement ongroundoffailure byAdministrative Tribunaltoexer-
cisejurisdiction vested i-itDeterminationwhetherthe Tribunaladdressedits
mind to a point as test of whetherthe Tribunalfailed to exercisejurisd-ction
SigniJicanceof opinionsappended totheJudgement.
Objectionto Judgementon groundof erroron a question oflaw relatingto the
provisionsof the UnitedNations Charter Taskof theCourt - Meaningoferror
"ona questionoflaw relatingtotheprovisionsof the Charte-" Duty of Court to
enquireintosucherrorwhetherornot theerror wouldhaveaffectedthedisposalof
thecaseby the Tribunal Charter,Article101,paragraph1 - Article100,para-
graph1 - Article101,paragraph3 - Article8 - Article2,paragraph1 - Arti-
cle100,paragraph2.
ADVISORYOPINION
Present: President NAGENDRS AINGH;Vice-PresidentMBAYEJ ;udges LACHS,
RUDA,ELIAS,ODA,AGO, SETTE-CAMAS RCA, WEBES Li,r Robert
JENNINGS B,EDJAOU NII,, EVENSEN T,ARASSOR Ve;gistrar VALENCIA-
OSPINA. 19 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (ADVISORY OPINION)
In the matter of the Application for Review of Judgement No. 333 of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
THECOURT,
composed as above,
gives thefollowing AdvisoryOpinion:
1. The questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been
asked were laid before the Court by a letter dated 28 August 1984, filed in
the Registry on 10September 1984,from the Secretary-General of the United
Nations. Bythat letter the Secretary-Generalinformed theCourt that the Com-
mittee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements
had, pursuant to Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, decided on 23 August 1984that there was a substantial basis for the
application made to that Committee for review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgement No. 333, and had accordinglydecided to request an advisory opin-
ion of the Court. The decision of the Committee, which was set out in extenso
in the Secretary-General's letter, and certified copies of which in English and
French were enclosed with that letter, read as follow:
"The Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgements at the 4th meeting of its twenty-fourth session on 23 August
1984decided that there was a substantial basis, within the meaning of arti-
cle 11of the statute of the Administrative Tribunal, for the application for
review of Administrative Tribunal Judgement No. 333delivered at Geneva
on 8June 1984.
Accordingly the Committee on Applications for Review of Administra-
tive Tribunal Judgements requests an advisory opinion of the Interna-
tional Court of Justice on the following questions:
'(1)In its Judgement No. 333 of 8 June 1984(AT/DEC/333), did the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal fail to exercise jurisdiction
vested in it by not responding to the question whether a legal impedi-
ment existed to the further employment in the United Nations of the
Applicant after the expiry of hiscontract on 26 December 1983?
(2) Did the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same
Judgement No. 333, err on questions of law relating to provisions of the
Charter of the United Nations?"
2. In accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court
notice of the request for an advisory opinion was given by a letter from the
Deputy-Registrar dated 28 September 1984to al1States entitled to appear be-
fore the Court; a copy of the Secretary-General's letter setting out the decision
of the Committee was transmitted to those States.
3. Pursuant to Article 65,paragraph 2,of the Statute and to Article 104of the
Rules of Court, the Secretary-General of the United Nations transmitted to the
Court a dossier of documents likely to throw light upon the question; these
documents reached the Registryin English on 20 December 1984and in French
on 3January 1985.On 6 March 1987,on the instructions of the Court the Regis-
trar requested the Secretary-General tosupplycertain background information
to supplementthe dossier; the information was supplied on 27 April 1987. 4. The President of the Court decided on 13September 1984that the United
Nations and its member States were to be considered as likely to be abletofur-
nish information on the question. Accordingly by a letter of 28 September 1984,
the Deputy-Registrar notified the Organization and its member States,
pursuant to Article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, that the Court
would be prepared to receive written statements from them within a time-limit
fixed at 14 December 1984by an Order of the President dated 13 Septem-
ber 1984.
5. At the request of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, thePresi-
dent of the Court, by Order of 30 November 1984,extended that time-limit to
28 February 1985.
6. Within the time-limit as so extended, written statements were received
from the Governments of Canada, Italy, the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics and the United States of America, and from the Secretary-General of the
United Nations; in addition, the Secretary-General transmitted to the Court,
pursuant to Article 11,paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Administrative Tribu-
nal, a statement setting forth the views of Mr.Vladimir Victorovich Yakimetz,
the former staff member to whom the Judgement of the Administrative Tribu-
nal relates.
7. By a letter from the Registrar, dated 5 March 1985,copies of these state-
ments were communicated to the United Nations and to the States which had
presented such statements, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 4, of the
Statute.
8. By the same letter of 5 March 1985,Canada, Italy, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and the United States of America, as well as the United
Nations, were informed that the President of the Court, pursuant to Article 66,
paragraph 4, of its Statute, had decided to permit any State or organization
having presented or transmitted a written statement to submit comments in
writing on the statement made or transmitted by any other, and hadixed 31May
1985as the time-limit forthe submission of such comments. The time-limit was
subsequently extended to 1 July 1985; within the time-limit as so extended,
comments were received in the Registry from the Secretary-General, who
also transmitted the comments of Mr. Yakimetz, and from the United States of
America.
9. On 8 July 1985, copies of these comments were communicated to the
United Nations and to the States which had presented written statements, and
by a letter from the Registrar, dated 3 November 1986,they were informed that
the Court did not intend to hold any public sitting for the purpose of hearing
oral statements in the case.
10. The Judgement of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
(Judgement No. 333) whichwas the subject ofthe application to the Com-
mittee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judge-
ments resulting in the present request for advisory opinion was given on
8 June 1984 in case No. 322, Yakimetz v. the Secretary-General of the
UnitedNations. The facts of that case, as found by the Tribunal, and as set
out inthedocuments submitted to the Tribunal, may, for the purposes of
the presentopinion, be summarized as follows. On 20 July 1977, ina letteraddressed to the Assistant Secretary-General for Personnel Services,the
Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations ofthe Union of
Soviet SocialistRepublics recommended Mr. Vladimir Victorovich Yaki-
metz (hereinafter called "the Applicant"), a national of the USSR who
had been employed by the United Nations in 1969-1974,for a post of
reviser (P-4) in theRussian Translation Service of the United Nations.
On 23 November 1977the Applicant was offered "a five-year fixed-term
appointment, on secondment from the USSR Government, at step IV of
the First Officer (P-4)level,as Reviser in the Russian Service".The letter
of appointment, which took effect on 27 December 1977,was issued on
behalf of the Secretary-General on 28 December 1977and accepted by
the Applicant on 24 January 1978; it did not mention secondment, and
under "Special Conditions" specified "None". On 5 October 1981the
Applicant wastransferred as Programme Officerto the Programme Plan-
ning Section, Programme Planning and Co-ordination Office, Depart-
ment of International Economic and Social Affairs. On 6 December
1982the Applicant was recommended for promotion to P-5.The Appli-
cant's appointment was then extended for one year, expiring on
26 December 1983;the letter of appointment, dated 8 December 1982,
included a "special condition" that he was "on secondment from the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", which he
accepted without comment.
11. On 8 February 1983 the Assistant Secretary-General for Pro-
gramme Planning and Co-ordination informed the Applicant that it was
his intention to request an extension of hisntract after the current con-
tract expired on 26 December 1983,since he believed that "it would be
in the interests of the Office to have your services continue" and asked
him whether he would be in a position to accept such an extension. The
Administrative Tribunalfound that "evidence was available" that about
this time
"the USSR authorities were contemplating replacing the Applicant
by another person whom they had already selected and whom they
wished to be trained further by the Applicant"
andthat
"It was suggestedto him that he should leave for Moscow early in
1983forthis purpose, but his applicationfor leavewasrefused bythe
United Nations." (Judgement, para. XI.)
On 9February 1983the Applicant applied for asylum inthe United States
ofAmerica. On 10February 1983heinformed thePermanent Representa-
tive of the USSR to the United Nations that he was resigning from his
position with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of theUSSR and from al1other officia1positions he held inthe SovietGovernment, andthat he had
made an application to the Government of the United States of America
requesting asylum. Bya letter of the same date the Applicant notified the
Secretary-General, under Staff Rule 104.4(c),of his intention to acquire
permanent resident status in the United States of America, and informed
him that he had applied for asylum and resigned "from al1officia1posi-
tions 1 hold in the Government of the Soviet Union"; in that letter he
assured the Secretary-General of his "wish and intention to continue to
perform al1my obligations under my employment contract". On 28 Feb-
ruary 1983the Director of the Division of Personnel Administration in-
formed the Applicant that the Secretary-General had decided to place
him on special leavewithfullpay, effective 1March 1983and until further
notice,inaccordance with StaffRule 105.2 (a),and that anyother decision
pertaining to his case would be taken by the Secretary-General at a later
stage. On 1March 1983,in a letter to the Director of the Division of Per-
sonnel Administration, the Applicant asked to be advised of the precise
reasons as to "why the leave had been granted", and asked for clarifica-
tion on a number of points. On 11March 1983,following a communica-
tion from the Executive Assistant to the Secretary-General addressed to
the Director of the Division of Personnel Administration, the latter in-
formed the Applicant that the Secretary-General had also "determined
that, at thisjuncture and pending further review,itisin the best interest of
the Organization that [the Applicant] do not enter the premises of the
United Nations", with immediate effect and until further notice. In that
letter the Director also dealt with the questions put by the Applicant
on 1March 1983.
12. On 17March 1983the Applicant wrote to the Secretary-General
asking for a reviewunder Staff Rule 111.3(a)of the decision to place him
on special leave,and reiterating his request for awritten explanation asto
why it was considered in the best interest of the Organization that he did
not enterthe premises ofthe United Nations; he added, however, that on
the advice of his counsel and under protest, he would of course comply
withthe Secretary-General's decision.On 29June 1983the Applicant was
promoted to P-5with effectfrom 1April 1983.
13. On 25October 1983the Applicant addressed a memorandum tothe
Assistant Secretary-Generalfor Programme Planning and Co-ordination,
recalling that his fixed-termcontract with the United Nations was due to
expire on 26 December 1983,and expressing the hope that it would be
found possible on the basis of his performance to recommend a further
extension of hiscontract withthe United Nations, "or evenbetter acareer
appointment". On 8 November 1983 the Assistant Secretary-General
replied, praising the Applicant's performance and concluding : "From my perspective as head of this Office, 1findno difficulty in
recommending a further extension to your contract and intend to do
soatan appropriate time."
On 23 November 1983the Deputy Chief of Staff Services informed the
Applicant, "upon instruction bythe Office ofthe Secretary-General", that
it was not the intention of the Organization to extend his fixed-term
appointment beyond its expiration date, Le., 26 December 1983. On
29 November 1983 the Applicant protested against the decision in a
letter to the Assistant Secretary-General for Personnel Services,in which
he referred to his "acquired rights under the General Assembly resolu-
tion 37/126, IV,paragraph 5";that text, quoted in the letter, provides that
the General Assembly
"Decidesthat staff members on fixed-term appointments upon
completion of five years of continuing good service shall be given
every reasonable consideration for a career appointment."
On 2 December 1983 the Assistant Secretary-General for Programme
Planning and Co-ordination, in a letter addressed to the Assistant Secre-
tary-General for Personnel Services, stated, inter dia, that he found it
"extraordinary that such a decision should be taken without consulting
the head of the Office concerned". On 13December 1983the Applicant
requested the Secretary-General to review the decision not to extend his
appointment beyond its expiration date; he again expressly invoked
his rights under General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV, paragraph 5.
14. In a reply dated 21 December 1983, the Assistant Secretary-
General for Personnel Servicesstated :
"The Secretary-General has given careful consideration to the is-
sues raised in your request for administrative review dated 13 De-
cember 1983 ... as well as in your earlier letter dated 29 November
1983,in connection with the communication, dated 23 November
1983,that 'it isnot the intention of the Organization toextend your
fixed-term appointment beyond itsexpiration date, i.e.,26December
1983'.
In your letters, after referring to your service record and thelu-
ations ofyour supervisors,you state that under such conditions 'most
staff members would have an expectancy that their candidacy for a
career appointment would be "given every reasonable considera-
tion", as General Assembly resolution 37/126 IVrequires'.
Your situation, however, is not similar to that of 'most staffm-
bers' withcomparable servicerecords, because your present contract was concludedon the basis of asecondment from your national civil
service. At the time your present appointment was made your Gov-
ernment agreed to release you for service under a one-year contract,
the Organization agreed so to limit the duration of your United
Nations service, and you yourself were aware of that arrange-
ment which, therefore, cannot give you any expectancy of renewal
without the involvement of al1the parties originally concerned.
Furthermore, you are serving under a fixed-term appointment,
which, as expressly provided in staffrule 104.12(b)and reiterated in
your letter of appointment, 'does not carry any expectancy of re-
newal or of conversion to any other type of appointment'.
In view of the foregoing, the reasons advanced by you in your
memorandum of 13December do not require the Secretary-General
to alter theecision communicated to you by letter of 23 November
1983. That decision is maintained and, therefore, the Secretary-
General isnot in a position to agree to your request 'that the Admini-
strative decision be withdrawn and [your] name forwarded to the
appropriate Appointment and Promotion body for reasonable con-
sideration' for career appointment.
Should you wish to pursue your appeal, the Secretary-General is
prepared to agreeto the directsubmission ofyour caseto the Admini-
strativeTribunal."
On 6 January 1984 the Applicant filed the application to the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal in respect of which Judgement No. 333
was given.
15. A development which occurred after the filing of the Application
to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, and which was not refer-
red to by the Tribunal in its Judgement (though it was mentioned in
the pleadings before the Tribunal) was a further application by the
Applicant for employment by the United Nations. On 9 January 1984,
according to the Applicant's statement of views transmitted to the Court
by the Secretary-General, he forwarded a new P-11 Persona1 History
Form to the Division of Recruitment, Office of Personnel Services,
"applying for a job at the United Nations". Under Item 4 (National-
ity(ies) at birth), he wrote "USSR". Under Item 5 (Present nationali-
ty(ies)), he wrote "USA, pending". Under Item 16(Have you taken up
legal permanent residence status in any country other than that of your
nationality? If answer is "yes", which country ?),he wrote "Yes. USA".
Under Item 17(Have you taken any legal steps towards changing your
present nationality? If answer is "yes", explain fully:), he wrote
"1have applied for US citizenship. The bill No. S.1989 is now before
US Senate." The Applicant stated that he received no acknowledge-ment of this application, and this has not been contradicted by the Res-
pondent.
16. The Applicant made this further application for United Nations
employment after Mr. J. Sills,a spokesmanforthe Secretary-General, re-
plying to a question at a press conference on 4January 1984,had said that
"If Mr. Yakimetz chose to apply for a position with the United
Nations he would be given every consideration along with other
applicantsfor any position, including his old position."
The New York Timesofthe same daycarried an article on the non-renewal
of the Applicant's contract; in the article the Executive Assistant to the
Secretary-General, Mr. Emilio de Olivares, was quoted as follows :
"'We didn't extend it because we can't', Emiliode Olivares, a
senior aide to Mr. Pérezde Cuéllar,said of the Yakimetz contract.
Mr. Olivares said that by Soviet law, Mr. Yakimetz remains a
Soviet citizen .. .Moreover, like al1Soviet employees of the Secre-
tariat, he was officially 'seconded' from his home Government ...
To have the contract extended, Mr. Olivares said, Soviet consent
was essentiai. But, he said, 'the Sovietsrefused'."
Mr. Patricio Ruedas, Under-Secretary-General for Administration and
Management, wrote a letter tothe New York Times,published on 25Janu-
ary 1984, commenting on the above newspaper report. He mentioned
other eminent officiaiswho had been seconded and United States legisla-
tion permitting secondment, and concluded:
"The United Nations endeavors to obtain qualified staff from
every one of its member States. Direct employment as well as loans
from governments have been used, and continue to be used, as nor-
mal recruitment procedures. The main difference between the two is
that a person who is on loan returns to his government unless that
government agrees otherwise - a principle applicable in al1cases,
and not only those involving the USSR."
17. The Applicant's principal contentions before the Tribunal were
summed up by the Tribunal as follows :
"1. No legal impediment existed at the time of the contested deci-
sion, or existsnow,to thecontinuation ofthe Applicant's servicewith
the United Nations : (a) the Applicant wasnot in any legallycognizable sense on second-
ment;
(6) after 10 February 1983,the Respondent had neither the obli-
gation nor the right to solicit or receive instructions as to the
Applicant from any authority extraneous to the Organization;
(c) no legal constraint existed, after 26 December 1983, on the
Applicant's further appointment to the United Nations;
2. The Applicant had a legally and morallyjustifiable expectancy
of continued United Nations employment, and a right to reasonable
considerationfor a career appointment.
3. The Applicant wasdeniedthereasonable consideration for fur-
ther employment to which he had a right."
18. The Tribunal then similarly summarized the principal contentions
of the Respondent as follows :
"1. The Applicant has no entitlement, including any legally cog-
nizable expectancy, as regards continued employment on expiry of
his fixed-term contract:
(a) the fixed-term contract excludes anyexpectancy ;
(b) no circumstances outside the scope of the contract gave rise to
legallycognizableexpectations :
(i) the circumstances relating to secondment could not have
created an expectancy. The separation from government
service during period of United Nations appointment did
not result in new terms of contract with United Nations;
(ii) the commendations by supervisors did not commit the
Secretary-General to extend the appointment. The pre-con-
ditions to consideration of reappointment by the Appoint-
ment and Promotion Board werenot fulfilled;
(iii) General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV, paragraph 5, did
not effect a change in procedure on appointment.
2. The Secretary-General's decision against re-appointment was
within his sole authority under the Charter and Staff Regulations:
(a) in reaching his decision,the Secretary-General tookinto account
al1the circumstances in the case;
(6) in taking his decision in the case, the Secretary-General acted in
theinterest of the Organization." 19. The Tribunal then stated that the legal issues involved in the case
werethe following :
"(a) whether the Applicant's workwiththe UnitedNations in differ-
ent periods created a legal expectancy for further service with
the United Nations ;
(6) whether, and if so to what extent, paragraph 5 of General
Assembly resolution 37/126, IV, of 17 December 1982which
reads
'Decidesthat staffmemberson fixed-term appointments upon
completion of five years of continuing good service shall be
given everyreasonable consideration for a career appointment'
has been carried out;
(c) the consequences of the application of United Nations rules
and regulations in relation to the United States law on resident
status and citizenship."
20. TheJudgement ofthe Administrative Tribunal willbe examined in
detail later inthe presentOpinion(paragraphs 33ff.,below),the following
brief summarybeing sufficient forthe present. Onthe firstissue identified
bytheTribunal, itfound, contrary tothe contention ofthe Applicant, that
during his period of service with the United Nations the Applicant was
under secondment(Judgement,paras. III andXIII)and that there wasno
"evidence of circumstances sufficient to establish that he had a legal ex-
pectancy of any type of further appointment following the end of his
fixed-term appointment" (para. VI).TheTribunal rejected the argument
of the Applicant that the Secretary-General, by his actions in relation to
the Applicantafter 10February 1983when he resigned from the serviceof
the USSRGovernment,createda new,althoughtacit,agreement inwhich
the SovietGovernment wasnotin any wayinvolved (para. VIII). Astothe
question whether the terms of General Assembly resolution 37/126 had
been carried out, the Tribunal found that the Secretary-General was
bound by it,but that the resolution was silent on who should give "every
reasonable consideration" and by what procedure. The Tribunal consid-
ered the letteraddressed tothe Applicant on 21December 1983(quoted in
paragraph 14above),and drew from it "the plain and simple inference. ..
that the Respondent had giventhe required (i.e.,'everyreasonable') con-
sideration for a career appointment for the Applicant" (para. XVI). It
found that the procedure of offering a probationary appointment to a
candidate was at the time applicable, that the Secretary-General had the
soleauthority to decide what constituted "reasonable consideration" and
whether the Applicant couldbe given such an appointment. The Tribunal
concluded : "He apparently decided, in the background of secondment of the
Applicant during the period of one year from 27 December 1982to
26 December 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a proba-
tionary appointment. He thus exercised his discretion properly, but
heshould havestated explicitly before 26December 1983that he had
given 'every reasonable consideration' to the Applicant's career
appointment." (Para. XVIII.)
The Tribunal went on to reject the suggestion that the Secretary-General
had sought instructions from any member State orhad in any manner let
the wishes of a member State prevail over the interests of the United Na-
tions, contrary to Article 100,paragraph 1,of the Charter. The Tribunal's
treatment of the third legal issue it identified (para.(c)quoted in para-
graph 19 above) will be examined later in this Opinion (paragraphs 83
and 84).
21. The Tribunal, while thus rejecting the application made to it,
expressed
"its dissatisfaction with the failure of the Respondent to recordsuf-
ficiently early and in specific terms the fact that he had given the
question of the Applicant's career appointment 'every reasonable
consideration' as enjoined by the General Assembly resolution"
(para. XX),
but considered that this had not caused any discernible injury tothe Ap-
plicant. To theJudgement was appended a statement by the President of
theTribunal, Mr. Endre Ustor,recording his disagreement withthis state-
ment of disapproval and statinghis viewthatthe doctrine of the Tribunal
on secondment "precludes not only the extension of a seconded fixed-
term appointment but also its conversion to any other type of appoint-
ment without the consent of the Government concerned". Also appen-
ded was a dissenting opinion by a Vice-President of the Tribunal, Mr.
Arnold Kean, expressing the viewthat
"the Repondent's decision was flawed by fundamental mistakes of
fact or law and requires to be set aside, andthat the Tribunal should
accept the Applicant's plea that he was illegally denied his right to
reasonable consideration for a career appointment".
This conclusion was based on, interalia,the view that the writer of the
letter of 21 December 1983mistakenly believed that, ifthe Applicant had
no expectancy of renewal of his fixed-term appointment, there was no
possibility of his receiving a career appointment in pursuance of Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 37/126 (para. 7 of Mr. Kean's opinion).29 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
22. On 21June 1984,the Applicant presented an applicationfor review
oftheJudgement totheCommittee on Applications for ReviewofAdmin-
istrative Tribunal Judgements, in which he requested the Committee to
request an advisory opinion ofthe Court on al1four ofthegrounds setout
in Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute (that the Tribunal has exceeded its
jurisdiction or competence, that it has failed to exercise jurisdiction
vested in it,that it has erred on a question of lawrelating to the provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations, or that it has committed a funda-
mental error in procedure which has occasioned a failure ofjustice). On
10August 1984,the Secretary-General presented his comments on that
Application. At a public meeting held on 28 August 1984the Cornmittee
announced its decisions :it decided that there was not a substantial basis
fortheapplicationon twoof thegroundsadvanced(thattheTribunalhad
exceeded itsjurisdiction, orthattheTribunalhad committeda fundamen-
ta1error in procedure whichhad occasioned afailure ofjustice); inrespect
of the other two grounds, it held that there was a substantial basis forthe
application and decided to submittwo questions to the Court for advisory
opinion. It then announced the text of those questions, as reproduced in
paragraph 1above. The results of andthe participation in the votes taken
during the private deliberations of the Committee were then formally
announced, and five members of the Committee made statements for
the record (A/AC.86/XXIV/PV.5).
23. The competence of the Court to give an advisory opinion at the
request of the Committee on Applications for Review of Administra-
tive Tribunal Judgements (hereinafter called "the Committee") derives
immediately from Article 11,paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Statute of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal, which provides as follows:
"1. If a Member State, the Secretary-General or the person in
respect of whom a judgement has been rendered by the Tribunal
(including any one who has succeeded to that person's rights on
his death)objects to the judgement on the groundthat the Tribunal
has exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence or that the Tribunal has
failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it, or has erred on a question
of lawrelating tothe provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations,
or has committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occa-
sioned afailure ofjustice, such Member State, the Secretary-General
or the person concerned may, within thirty days from the date of the
judgement, make awritten application to theCommittee established
by paragraph 4of this articleasking the Cornmittee to request an ad-
visory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the matter.
2. Within thirty days from the receipt of an application under
paragraph 1of this article, the Committee shall decide whether or
not there is a substantial basis for the application. the Committee 30 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
decides that such a basis exists,it shall request an advisory opinion
of the Court,and the Secretary-General shall arrange to transmit to
theCourt the viewsof the person referred to in paragraph 1."
The fundamental text in this respect is however Article 96 of the
United Nations Charter:
"1. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request
the International Court ofJustice to givean advisory opinion on any
legal question.
2. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies,
which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly,
may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions
arising within the scope of their activities."
Similarly, Article 65, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court provides
that
"The Court may givean advisory opinion on any legal question at
the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance
with theCharter of the United Nations to make such a request."
24. In twoprevious advisory opinions (Applicationfor ReviewofJudge-
ment No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.C.J.
Reports 1973,p. 166;Applicationfor Review of Judgement No. 273 of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 325),the
Court has examined the question of its competence under these provi-
sions. In one of these cases the request for opinion originated, as in the
present case, from an application by a staff member; in the other the re-
quest originatedfrom an application totheCommittee byamember State.
In the first ofhose cases,theCourt concluded that
"the Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tri-
bunal Judgements isan organ ofthe United Nations, duly constituted
under Articles 7 and 22 of the Charter,and duly authorized under
Article 96,paragraph 2, of the Charterto request advisory opinions
of the Court forthe purpose ofArticle 11ofthe Statute ofthe United
Nations Administrative Tribunal.It followsthat the Court is compe-
tent under Article 65 of its Statute to entertain a request for an advi-
soryopinion fromthe Committeemade within thescope ofArticle 11
of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal." (Applicationfor Re-
viewofJudgement No. 158of the UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribu-
nal, I.C.J. Reports 1973,. 175,para. 23.)
That conclusion presupposes that in any specificcase the conditions laid
down by the Charter, the Statute, and the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal are complied with,and in particular that aquestion on which the
opinion of the Court is requested is a "legal question" and one "arisingwithin the scope of [the]activities" of the requesting organ.The question
whether a judicial body failed to exercise jurisdiction is clearly a legal
question, as isalso the question whether iterred on aquestion of law. Fur-
thermore,the questions put to the Court by the Committee in the present
case
"clearly arise out of the performance of [its] primary function of
screening the applications presented to it. They are therefore ques-
tions which, in the view of the Court, arise withi'nthe scope of the
Committee's own activities;forthey arise not out of the judgements
of the Administrative Tribunal but out of objections to those judge-
ments raised before the Committee itself." (Applicationfor Reviewof
Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
I.C.J.Reports 1973, p. 174,para. 21 .)
25. It is of course well established that
"Article 65, paragraph 1, of the Statute, which establishes the
power of the Court to give an advisory opinion, is permissive and,
under it, that power is of a discretionary character." (I.C.J. Reports
1975,p. 21,para. 23.)
It is equally well established that the reply of the Court to a request for
opinion represents its participation in the activities of the United Nations
and, in principle, should not be refused. When considering the proper
exercise of its discretion in this respect, itis however essential for the
Court to focus its attention on the question or questions to which it is
asked to reply, rather than on such related or ancillary questions as may
have arisen in connection with the problem put to the Court. In the pre-
sent case theGovernment of the United States hasadvancedthe viewthat
"it is...important for the Courtto clarify the meaning and nature of
secondment in the light of its increasing use in staffing international
organizations generally and the United Nations in particular, even
though this case does notturn on the question of whether the Appli-
cant was in fact seconded to the United Nations during his second
continuousperiod of servicetherefrom 27December 1977to 26 De-
cember 1983".
Similarlythe Government of Italy has drawn attention to the uncertainty
created by Judgement No. 333as to the position of staff members on sec-
ondment and to the consideration which weighed with the Court to give
its opinion in a previous review case,namely the "stability and efficiency
of international organizations" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 347,para. 45).The
request addressed to the Court is however not for an opinion on the
"meaning and nature of secondment", so that it is only if, orto the extent32 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISOR YPINION)
that, it proved necessary for the Court to determine the meaning and
nature of secondment in order to be able to reply to the one or the other
of the two specific questions put to it that such an examination would
properly form part of its advisory opinion.
26. However, leaving aside for this reason the asserted desirability of
an authoritative legal opinion on the nature of secondment, the Court
considers that there isclear legaljustification for replying to the two ques-
tions put to it by the Committee. When a request was first made to the
Court for an advisory opinion pursuant to Article 1I of the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal, the Court subjected the machinery established
by that Article to critical examination, in order to satisfy itself that it
would be right to give an opinion in such a case. Inspired by its own pre-
vious approach to the question of reviewing inan advisory opinion a de-
cision of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, it was reluctant to "imperil
the working of the régimeestablished by the Statute of the Administra-
tive Tribunal forthe judicial protection of officials" and concluded that
"although the Court does not consider the review procedure pro-
vided by Article 11as free from difficulty, it has nodoubt that, in the
circumstances of the present case, it should comply with the request
by the Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative
Tribunal Judgements for an advisory opinion" (Applicationfor
Review of Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, 1.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 183,para. 40).
This conclusion is qualified by a reservation as to the merits of the proce-
dure established by Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute. In its 1973Advi-
soryOpinionthe Court examineda number of criticisms addressed to this
procedure, and in particular the fact that "being composed of mem-
ber States, the Committee is a political organ", yet discharged "functions
which, in the Court's view, are normally discharged by a legal body"
(I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 176,para. 25).Ultimately the Court however con-
sidered that it should givean advisory opinion at the request of the Com-
mittee established under Article 11:it noted that
"A refusal by the Court to play its role in the system of judicial
review set up by the General Assembly would only have the conse-
quencethat this system would not operate precisely in those cases in
which the Committee has found that there is a substantial basis for
the objections which have been raised against a judgement." (Ibid.,
p. 177,para. 28.)
Similarlyin the present case it isclear from the request made by theom-
mittee, from the written statementssubmitted to the Court by the Govern-
ment of Italy and the Government of the United States of America, and
from the statement ofviewsofthe Applicanttransmittedtothe Court, that33 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
objections have been raised against Judgement No. 333, and that their
examination isappropriate to secure "the judicial protection of officiais"
of the United Nations. Accordingly, while renewing reservations made
in previous cases as to the procedure established by Article Il, the
Court concludes that it should give an advisory opinion in the present
case.
27. The two provisions of Article 1I of the Statute, specifying grounds
of objection in respect of which in this case the Committee found that
there was asubstantial basis fortheapplicationfor review,have been con-
sidered by the Court before, in two previous advisory opinions, in 1973
and 1982,on cases referred to it by the Committee. In those opinionsthe
Court established a principle as to the scope of its action in response to
such requests, and alimitedexceptionto theprinciple inthe caseof one of
the two grounds considered. In the case of the Applicationfor Reviewof
Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the
Court established the principle that the role of the Court in review pro-
ceedings is not to retry the case, but addedthat this
"does not mean that in anappropriate case,where thejudgement has
been challenged on the ground of an error on a question of law re-
lating to the provisions of the Charter, the Court may not be called
upon to review the actual substance of the decision" (I.C.J. Reports
1973,p. 188,para. 48).
The Court in 1982,in its opinion on the Applicationfor Review ofJudge-
ment No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,quoted this
passage, and went on to examine carefully the question of its proper role
when asked for an advisory opinion in respect of the ground of objection
concerning error on aquestion of lawrelating to provisions oftheCharter.
It observed that the answer to that question must depend "not only upon
the terms of Article11,but also upon several other factors including, first
of all, the Court's Statute, the case-law of the Court, the general require-
ments for the exercise of the judicial function", as well as upon the exact
terms of the particular question asked of the Court by the Committee
(I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 355,para. 57). It re-emphasized that "the Court's
proper role is not to retry the case and to attempt to substitute its own
opinion onthe meritsfor that oftheTribunal" (ibid.,p. 356,para. 58).That
principle must continue to guide the Court in the present case. It will
therefore not necessarilyhave to deal with the problems raised by certain
administrative steps taken, or which should have been taken, bythe Secre-
tariat, and which have been the subject of criticism, at the same timeas the
Tribunal's Judgement No. 333. Taking into account the limits of its
competence set by the applicable texts, the Court should not express any
view on the correctness or otherwise of any finding of the Tribunal inJudgement No. 333,unless it is necessary to do so in order to reply to the
questions put to it.
28. TheCourt now turns tothe first ofthe twoquestions submitted to it
by the Committee, namely :
"In itsJudgement No. 333of 8June 1984(AT/DEC/333) did the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal fail to exercisejurisdiction
vested in itby notresponding to the question whether a legal impedi-
ment existed to the further employment in the United Nations of the
Applicant afterthe expiry of his contract on 26 December 1983 ?"
With regard tothe wordingof thisquestion,the Court should firstobserve
that there is, or at least there appears to be, a discrepancy between the
English version, which refers to a "legal impediment . . to the further
employment in the United Nations" and the French version, which refers
to an "obstacle juridique au renouvellementdel'engagementdu requérant
al'organisation des Nations Unies". The French text seems to refer only
to the narrow hypothesis of a mere extension or renewal of the contract
held bythe Applicant up to 26December 1983.However, according tothe
Report of the Committee (A/AC.86/30, para. 13),the decision of the
Committee wasbased on a proposal,in English, made by the representa-
tive ofthe United Kingdom (A/AC.86/R.120), which used the expression
"legalimpediment ...to the further employment". Accordingly,the words
in the French version "obstaclejuridique au renouvellement de l'engage-
ment" must be taken to have been a translation of this expression, and
therefore to referto a legalimpediment to a "further appointment" or "re-
appointment" of the Applicant to the Organization,including both the
case of a prolongation of an existingcontract, and that of an appointment
distinct fromthe pre-existing contractual relationship.
29. The question whether a "legal impediment" existed to the further
employment of the Applicant was raised fromthe outset when the Appli-
cant, in his application to the Administrative Tribunal, requested it "To
adjudge and declare that no legal impediment existed to his further
United Nations employment after the expiry of his contract on
December 26,1983". While contending that "no legallyvalid secondment
took place", or that after 10February 1983there was a "new contractual
arrangement", he conceded that "Having resigned from al1positions he
might have held in the USSR Government,he was clearly not eligiblefor
an extension ofsecondment, nor would he have consented to one". Onthe
other hand, he contended that "There was no Iegal bar, however, to his
eligibilityfor a new fixed-term contract, or a probationary appointment",
and that he "had alegallyand morallyjustifiable expectancy ofcontinuedU.N. employment, and a right to reasonable consideration for a career
appointment".
30. In his Answer,the Respondent stated in response to the plea con-
cerning the question of a "legal impediment":
"With respect to plea C, Respondent does not dispute that it was
within the Secretary-General'sauthority and discretion to re-appoint
the Applicant after the expiry of his contract." (Para. 27c).)
In the circumstances obtaining at the time of the letter of 21 Decem-
ber 1983,"further appointment on the basisof secondment was obviously
out of the question", but at the same time "In those circumstances, there
was no contractual or otherwise legally based prohibition on the Secre-
tary-General, either to grant or withhold another appointment". Before
the Tribunal therefore, the Secretary-General committed himself'tothe
viewthat there wasno "legal impediment" tothegrant ofacareer appoint-
ment; and asserted that "The decision now contested was taken by the
Secretary-General after consideration of al1 the circumstances in the
case. .." and that this constituted "reasonable consideration" within the
meaning of General Assemblyresolution 37/ 126.In his forma1"Observa-
tions on Applicant's Pleas and Conclusions", the Secretary-General
asserted
"With respectofplea E,Respondent requests theTribunal to con-
clude that Applicant had no 'right'tofavourableconsiderationfor a
career appointment and did, in fact, receive such consideration as
was reasonable."
31. In his "Observations onthe Answer ofthe Respondent", the Appli-
cant did not refer at al1to the recognition by the Secretary-General, in
paragraph 27 (c)of his Answer, quoted above, that there was no "legal
impediment" to are-appointment; he merelytook issuewiththe assertion
that "reasonable consideration" was given, submitting that "The Secre-
tary-General, due to a misapprehension of the Applicant's contractual
status, cannot have given everyreasonable consideration to his candida-
ture". Quoting the letter of 21December 1983,the remarks of the spokes-
man for the Secretary-General, Mr. Sills,atthe press briefing of 4 Janu-
ary 1984,the reported remarks of Mr. de Olivares on the same date, and
the letter from Mr. Ruedas published in the New YorkThes on 25Janu-
ary 1984(seeparagraph 16 above),the Applicant concluded:
"If he was under the impression, as [the statements quoted] indi-
cate,thatany extension ofthe Applicant's appointment without gov- 36 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (ADVISORY OPINION)
ernment consent was beyond the scope of his discretionary powers,
the Secretary-General cannot have given everyreasonable consider-
ation to a career appointment, in violation of the Applicant's rights.
If he wasnot under such impression, then the reasons givenbythe
officials quoted above were specious."
In other words,the Applicant invited theTribunal to find thatthe analysis
of the legal position expressed in paragraph 27 (c)of the Secretary-Gen-
eral'sAnswer wasnot the viewhe, or his responsible officials, had held at
the time that the "reasonable consideration" was supposed to have been
given; and that the view which actually was held at that time, that the
secondmentdid give rise to a "legal impediment" to any further employ-
ment, was incorrect, and was such that no "consideration" on that basis
could be "reasonable" within the meaning of resolution 37/ 126.
32. A preliminary point arises from the wording of the first question
put to the Court by the Committee, whereby the Court is asked specifi-
cally whether the Administrative Tribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction
"by not responding tothe question whethera legalimpediment existed" to
the Applicant's further employment. Ithas been suggested that the Com-
mittee intended the Court to take as established that the Tribunal did in
fact notrespond tothat question, andto giveitsopinion solelyonthe legal
question whether the Tribunal thus failed to exercise jurisdiction. This
problem isoneofinterpretation,inthe sensethat itisappropriateto ascer-
tain what the Committeeintended to ask of the Court; but it is also one
relating to the respective competences oftheCommittee and ofthe Court.
Inthe viewoftheCourt, itisin factthe latter consideration which prevails.
Such a restrictive interpretation ofthe Committee's question as suggested
above seems prima facie unlikely, and "It is not to be assumed" that the
body requesting an opinion of the Court "would thus seek to fetter or
hamper the Court in the discharge of its judicial functions" (Certain
Expenses of the United Nations,I.C.J.Reports 1962,p. 157).Even if such
had been the intention of the Committee, however, in the view of the
Court it would nevertheless be bound to examine the question in al1its
aspects: "the Court must have full liberty to consider al1relevant data
available to it in forming an opinion on a question posed to it for andvi-
sory opinion" (ibid.).The Court cannot therefore simply assume that the
Tribunal did in fact fail to respond to the question of the alleged legal
impediment, and consider solely whether by not doing so it failed to
exercisejurisdiction.
33. The Tribunal's handling of this question is not entirely clear. TheCourt however considers that this wasbecause it was obliged to deal first
with other contentions set out in the application made to it by the Appli-
cant. The argument in that application is set out under the three main
headings which theTribunal listed at the beginning of its Judgement (see
paragraph 17 above). One of these, mentioned second by the Applicant,
wasthat he "had a legallyand morallyjustifiable expectancy of continued
United Nations employment, and a right to reasonable consideration for
a career appointment". The Tribunal disregarded the question of moral
justifiability and concentrated on the idea of legal justifiability of the
expectancy. As a matter of logic, it was appropriate to deal first with
this question of a "legal expectancy", since if the Applicant could show
that he possessed such an expectancy, then in the words of the Tribunal
in an earlier case "such legal expectancy created a corresponding obliga-
tion on the part of the Respondent to provide continuing employment to
the Applicant within [the Organization]" (Judgement No. 142, Bhatta-
charyya,para. X).
34. It was in the context of its examination of the claim to a "legal
expectancy" that the Tribunal found, contrary to the Applicant's first
contention, that "during theperiod of his servicewith the United Nations
the Applicant was under secondment" (para. XIII) and that the Respon-
dent had concluded - correctly, inthe viewoftheTribunal - inthe letter
of 21 December 1983that "since the involvement of al1parties concerned
was necessary for the renewal of the Applicant's appointment, such re-
newal was impossibleinthe circumstances" (para. IV).The Tribunal noted
that the Respondent relied on the provision in Staff Rule 104.12 (6)that
"The fixed-term appointment does not carryanyexpectancy ofrenewal or
of conversion to any other type of appointment", and foundthat "it does
not appear that the Applicant has produced evidence of circumstances
sufficient to establish that he had a legalexpectancy of any type of further
appointment followingthe end of his fixed-term appointment" (para. VI).
The Tribunal found further that "In so far as [the Applicant] was on
secondment from the USSR Government, none of the actions he took
could bring about any legal expectancy of renewal of his appoint-
ment" (para.XII),the actions of the Applicant referred to being his resig-
nation from the USSR posts, and his applicationfor asylum in the United
States. In what was clearly an allusion to the Bhattacharyya case, the
Tribunal added :
"If his fixed-term appointment were not based on secondmenthe
could, in thejurisprudence of the Tribunal,have in certain circum-
stancesexpectation of one kind or anotherfor an extension,but such
a situation did not arise." (Para. XII.)
Beforesetting out itsconclusion onthe questionof "legal expectancy", the
Tribunal included a passage in its reasoning referring to the effect of a
change of nationality effected by a staff-member, and quoting from an-38 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
other of the Tribunal's Judgements (No. 326, Fischman).The Court will
have occasion to consider this part of the Judgement later, inthe context
of the second of the two questions put to it.
35. It should be noted that it was only in the context of the Tribunal's
examination of the question of the claim to a legal expectancy that it
quoted (inpara. V)the provision in StaffRule 104.12(b)setout above.The
Court therefore does not consider that by doing sothe Tribunal intended
to suggest that this rule would prevent the "reasonable consideration"
required by General Assembly resolution 37/126 from leading to the
grant of, or "conversion to" a career appointment in the circumstances
contemplated by that resolution. Resolution 37/126, part IV, para-
graph 5, of which was intended specifically to be applied to staff mem-
bers on fixed-term contracts, had to be interpreted together with Staff
Rule 104.12 (b)sincethe latter remained in force.The resolution could not
of course confer any expectancy, legal or othenvise, "of renewal or of
conversion to any other type of appointment" as long as Rule 104.12 (b)
stood; therefore "reasonable consideration" could not imply an expec-
tancy involving any obligation on the part of the Secretary-General to
appoint the Applicant. But on the other hand the existence of the Staff
Rule obviously was no bar to the giving of "reasonable consideration"
for a career appointment.
36. The Tribunal concluded "that during theperiod of his servicewith
the United Nations the Applicant was under secondment", and that the
consent of hisnationalGovernment wasrequired to modifythat situation.
With its conclusions on these points "in mind", the Tribunal turned to
"the Applicant's plea that he was entitled to, but was denied,the right to
receive 'everyreasonable consideration' in terms of paragraph 5 of Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 37/126, IV" (para. XIV). After noting that the
Secretary-General was bound by the terms of that resolution, and that
"the Tribunal has to decide how and to what extent he carried out his
obligations under it", theTribunal continued :
"The Respondent's letter dated 21 December 1983,addressed to
the Applicant in reply to his counsel's letter of 13December 1983,
Statesthat he has 'givencareful consideration to the issues raised in
your request for administrative review', and since these issues are
particularly related tothe provision ofthe General Assembly resolu-
tion in question,the plain and simple inference is that the Respon-
dent had given the required (i.e., 'every reasonable') consideration
for a career appointment forthe Applicant." (Para. XVI.) 39 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
37. The Tribunal then dealt with the issue of whether or not the appro-
priate form for such consideration was reference of the matter to the
Appointment and Promotion Board; this part of the Judgement will be
examined in greater detail in the context of the second question put to .,
the Court (paragraphs 67 ff. below). After noting that resolution 37/126
"is silent on who should give 'every reasonable consideration' and by
what procedure", it concluded that
"the existing procedure of offering a probationary appointment to a
candidate remains applicable, and that in the absence of such an
appointment it is left to the Respondent to decide how 'every rea-
sonable consideration' for a career appointment should be given
to a staff member under General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV,
paragraph 5"(para. XVIII).
Its conclusion on the question of "reasonable consideration" is as fol-
lows :
"In the present case, the Respondent had the sole authority to
decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and whether
the Applicant couldbe givenaprobationaryappointment. He appar-
ently decided, in the background of secondment of the Applicant
during the period of one year from 27 December 1982to 26 Decem-
ber 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a probationary ap-
pointment. He thus exercised his discretion properly, but he should
have stated explicitly before 26 December 1983that he had given
'every reasonable consideration' to the Applicant's career appoint-
ment." (Para. XVIII.)
38. It willhus be apparent from thisanalysis ofthe Judgement whythe
Tribunal did not deal first of al1with the first of the Applicant's conten-
tions, namely the absence of any "legal impediment". It did not take the
view either that there was orthat there was not an absolute impediment,
barring further employment; rather, it found there could be no legal
expectancy (Le.,that there was in this respect a "legal impediment"), but
there was no such impediment to "reasonable consideration" being
givento the grant of acareer appointment.Toputthe matter another way,
there was, in the viewof theTribunal, no "legal impediment" to the grant
of a career appointment if the Secretary-General in the exercise of his
discretion saw fit to offer one, and the Secretary-General was bound by
resolution 37/126 to give "every reasonable consideration" to the pos-
sibility. The Tribunal considered that the fact of secondment excluded
(and did as it were constitute a legal impediment to) a "legal expectancy"
of the Applicant's further employment, which would have entailed an
obligation on the Secretary-General,not merely to give"every reasonable40 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
consideration" but actually to "provide continuing employment", on the
basis of the Bhattacharyyaprecedent.
39. Much ofthe criticism (e.g.,inthe written statement of Italy, and the
comments of the United States) addressed to theJudgement of theTribu-
nal isin factbased, explicitly orimplicitly, on theideathatthe existence or
otherwise of a "legal impediment" to further employment - any further
employment - of the Applicant by the United Nations constituted in
some sense a preliminary question which the Tribunal was obliged, as a
matter of procedure or as a matter of logic, to answer before going on to
other questions. This however would onlybe so ifthe legalimpediment, if
it existed at all,would be absolute:i.e.,ifthe choice was between holding
that there wasno legal impediment atall,orthatthere wassuch an impedi-
ment and that it excluded a staffmember from al1further United Nations
employment. On the view of the matter which emerges from the Tribu-
nal's Judgement, however, it was clearly more logical to deal with the
question of legal impediment asan aspect of each of the two questions of
"legal expectancy" and "reasonable consideration".
40. The "dissatisfaction" expressed by the Tribunal (para. XX) at the
Secretary-General's "failure to record sufficiently early and in specific
terms the fact that he had given the question of the Applicant's career
appointment 'every reasonable consideration' as enjoined by the Gen-
eral Assembly resolution" is also significant, since it throws light on the
Tribunal's interpretation of the letter of 21 December 1983(set out in
paragraph 14above).The Applicant arguesthat inthe mind ofthe writer of
that letter, "he was ineligible for 'everyreasonable consideration' without
an expectancy of renewal" and thatthe letter indicates that the writer "be-
lieved asecondment contract bestows aright on agovernment to veto fur-
ther employment under any other form of contract and thus taint the
seconded employee in perpetuity". This was however not the way in
which theTribunal interpreted that letter. Whileitconsideredthat the Sec-
retary-General had exercised his discretion properly, it found that "he
should have stated explicitly before 26 December 1983that he had given
'everyreasonable consideration', to the Applicant's career appointment"
(para. XVIII). If the Tribunal had read the letter of 21 December 1983as
signifying that, in the view of the Secretary-General, the Applicant was
ineligible for "every reasonable consideration", itcould hardly have criti-
cized the Secretary-General for failing to Saythat he had given such con-
sideration.
41. This criticism expressed by theTribunal cannot however have any
further impact on the Court's opinion regarding the answer to the ques-tion put to it. The Tribunal, of course, also interpretedthe letter to mean
that the Respondent "apparently decided, in the background of second-
ment of the Applicant during the period of one year from 27 Decem-
ber 1982to 26 December 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a
probationary appointment" (para. XVIII). But for the purposes of this
AdvisoryOpinion, it isoflittleimportance what werethe reasons underly-
ing the Respondent's decision since the Tribunal was satisfied that the
Respondent had given everyreasonableconsideration to the Applicant's
case. The Tribunal held that the Secretary-General did not fail to apply
the resolution, but was only blameworthy for failing to inform the Appli-
cant atthe proper time of exactly what he had done.
42. The first question put to the Court in the present proceedings is
whether the Tribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction "by not responding to
the question whether a legal impediment existed to the further employ-
ment in the United Nations of the Applicant". However,this was not the
real complaint ofthe Applicant against theTribunal :the objection ofthe
Applicant was that, in examining the question of "reasonable considera-
tion" itpaid no, or insufficient, attention to theindications thatthe Secre-
tary-General hadthought that there wasa legalimpediment to anyfurther
employment, so that his "reasonable consideration" either never took
place or wasvitiated by abasic assumption later conceded to be incorrect.
Thus in his application to the Committee, the Applicant explained :
"The Applicant therefore requested the Tribunal to determine
whether any legal impediment existed to his further United Nations
employment afterthe expiry of his contract on 26December 1983.In
other words, did the Respondent err in his belief that having once
served under a contract labelled 'secondment', the Applicant was
thereby permanently disabled from further United Nations service
under any other form of contract or appointment. It was wellwithin
the Tribunal's jurisdiction to make such a determination.
The Majority Judgement of the Tribunal completely omits this
threshold question from the legal issuesto which itaddresses itself."
(Emphasis added.)
The expression "In other words" is used to imply that one and the same
question isbeing stated in twodifferent forms; but it appearsto the Court
that thereare heretworelated but separate questions. The firstquestion is
whethertheTribunal failedto deal withthe legalquestion ofthe existence
or otherwise of a legal impediment to further employment, and it is this
which is alleged to be a failure to exercisejurisdiction. The second ques-
tion is whether the Tribunal failed to enquire into the belief ofthe Secre-42 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISOO RYINION)
tary-General as to the existence of a legal impediment, and the possible
impact of that belief on his ability to give "every reasonablensidera-
tion" to a career appointment.
43. The Court would recall that in appropriate cases it is entitled to
look behind the strict terms of the question as presented to it. In its
Advisory Opinion concerning the Interpretation of the Agreement of
25March 1951 between the WHO andEgypt,the Court, following the line
of itsearlierjurisprudence, observed that
"if it isto remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial character
in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, it must ascertain what
are the legal questions really in issue in questions formulated in a
request" (I.C.J.Reports1980,p. 88,para. 35).
TheCourt inthat case,astosome extent alsoin other cases,found itneces-
sary to reformulate the question submitted for advisory opinion in order
to deal with "the questions really in issue". Asthe Court made clear in a
later case,such reformulation mustremainwithinthe limitsonthe powers
of the requesting body:the Court cannot, by reformulating the question
put, respond to a question which that body could not havesubmitted, for
example because it was not a legal question "arising within the scope of
the activities" of the requesting body. In the case concerning thelica-
tionfor ReviewofJudgement No. 273 of the UniteN dationsAdministrative
Tribunal,wherethe Court had occasion toreformulatethequestion put by
the Committee, it observed that its jurisdictionunder Article 11 of the
Tribunal's Statute islimitedtothe four specificgrounds ofobjectionthere
specified and recalled itsprevious dictum that
"Consequently, the Committee is authorized to request, and the
Court to give,an advisory opinion onlyon legalquestions which may
properly be considered as fallingwithin the terms of one or more of
those four 'grounds'." (Applicationfor ReviewofJudgementNo. 158
of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.CR .e.ports 1973,
p. 184,para. 41.)
44. In considering what questions are "really in issue", the Court must
of coursehaveregard also to the intentionsofthe requestingbody asthey
emergefrom such records as may be available of the discussionsleading
up to the decision to request an opinion. This was the course which the
Court followed in 1980in its Advisory Opinion on the Interpretation of
the Agreementof 25 March 1951 between the WHO and Egypt (I.C.J.
Reports 1980, pp. 85 to 88, paras. 28 to 34), in order to define "the tnie43 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
legalquestion submitted tothe Court" (ibid.,p. 89,para. 36).Inthe present
case, as noted above (paragraph 22),application was made to the Com-
mittee on al1four of the grounds set out in Article 11of the Statute of the
Tribunal; and the Committee took a forma1decision on each of those
grounds as a separate question. It decided that there was no substantial
basis for the Application on the ground either that the Tribunal had
exceeded itsjurisdiction, or that it had committed a fundamental error in
procedure which had occasioned a failure of justice (A/AC.86/XXIV/
PV.5, pp. 2-3). The Court accordingly concludes that it is not open to
it to enter intothese grounds, by reformulating the question put to it or
otherwise, because it cannot be said that it was the intention or wish of
the Committee to have an opinion of the Court on these points.
45. On the other hand, itwasthe intention ofthe Committee to havethe
opinion ofthe Courton the question whether the Administrative Tribunal
failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it,one ofthefour grounds ofobjec-
tion contemplated by Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute. Without going
beyond the limits of this ground, it is open to the Court to redefine the
point on which itisasserted that theTribunal failedtoexerciseits jurisdic-
tion, ifthis willenable itto giveguidance on "the legalquestions really in
issue". Itthus seemsto the Court essential to examine whether the Tribu-
nal addressed itsmind toboth the questions defined atthe end ofthe para-
graph 42of this Opinion.
46. Itisappropriateat this point to examine more closelywhat ismeant
by the expression "failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it". TheCourt
has already given its attention to this point in its advisory opinion on the
Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement No. 158ofthe UnitedNationsAdminis-
trative Tribunal (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 166). In that opinion the Court
defined its role as follows:
"In the Court's view, therefore, this ground of challenge covers
situations where the Tribunal has either consciously or inadvert-
ently omitted to exercisejurisdictional powers vested in it and rele-
vant for itsdecision of the case or of a particular material issue in
the case." (Loc.cit.,p. 189,para. 51.)
It also observed that:
"Clearly, in appreciating whether ornot the Tribunal has failed to
exercise relevantjurisdictional powers, the Court must have regard
to the substance of the matter and not merely to the form. Conse-
quently, the mere fact that the Tribunal has purported to exercise its
powers with respect to any particular material issue will not be
enough :itmust in fact have applied them tothe determination ofthe
issue."(Loc.cit.,pp. 189-190,para. 51 .)
It was however more important for the Court in that case to ascertain whether theparticular plea had to be mentioned expressly, or whether it
was sufficient that it had been effectivelydealt with, in the course of dis-
posa1of another argument or otherwise. The Court said :
"It can hardly be denied ..thatin this particular casethe structure
adopted [by the Tribunal's Judgement] created the difficulty that
some of the applicant's pleas, though covered by the general consi-
deration of the basic questions of non-observance of regulations, of
rescision and of damage, were not expressly mentioned or specifi-
callydealt withinthe paragraphs inwhichtheTribunal developed its
reasoning and analysed what it deemed to be thepertinent issues.
Tofind that such a difficultyhas arisen inthe presentcase does not
signifythat, ascontended bythe applicant, there hasbeen on thepart
of the Tribunal a failure to exercise its jurisdiction with respect to
those pleas which were not expressly mentioned nor specifically
dealt with in the substantive part of the Judgement. The test of
whether there has been a failure to exercisejurisdiction with respect
to a certain submission cannot be the purely forma1one of verifying
ifaparticular plea ismentioned eonomineinthe substantive part ofa
judgment: the test must be the real one of whether the Tribunal
addressed its mind to the matters on which a plea was based, and
drew its own conclusions therefrom as to the obligations violated
by the respondent and as to the compensation to be awarded there-
for. Such an approach is particularly requisite in a case such as the
present one, in which the Tribunal was confronted with a series
of claims for compensation or measures of relief which to a consi-
derable extent duplicated or at least substantially overlapped each
other and which derived from the same act of the respondent: .. ."
(I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 193,paras. 55-56.)
47. Similarly in the present case, the Judgement of the Tribunal does
notstate specificallythat itwastheviewofthe Tribunal that, whileafixed-
term appointment on secondment cannotbe renewed orextendedwithout
the consent ofthe secondingGovernment,there isno automaticbartothe
holder of such appointment being given a career appointment on its ex-
piration. Nor does theTribunal everspecificallyreject orupholdthe con-
tention that the Secretary-General, because he was convinced that there
was such a bar, could not have given "everyreasonable consideration" to
the Applicant's application for appointment. If however it can be estab-
lished with sufficient certainty that "the Tribunal addressed its mind" to
the matters on which these contentions were based, "and drew its own
conclusions therefrom", then, whatever view be taken of the conclusion
reached by theTribunal on the evidence available, there was no failure to
exercisejurisdiction in that respect. 48. Clearly the first stepto be taken in order to establish whether the
Tribunal addressed itsmind to a particular point isto examine the text of
its Judgement; but it may also be appropriate to consult separate or dis-
senting opinions appended to it. So far as the Judgement itself is con-
cerned, the Court has already indicated why, in its view, the Judgement
did nottake up specifically,and asa preliminary point, the question ofthe
existenceofa "legalimpediment" (paragraphs 36and 37 above); the Court
does not consider that this signifiesthatthe Tribunal failed to address its
mind tothat question.Attention should however alsobe drawnto the pas-
sage from paragraph XVIII of the Judgement quoted in paragraph 36
above, in which theTribunal referred tothe Respondent's "sole authority
to decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and whether the
Applicant could be given a probationary appointment", and to the Re-
spondent'sproper exerciseofhis "discretion". Adiscretioncertainly does
not authorize, as the Tribunal rightly emphasized in its Judgement
No. 54 (Mauch),an "arbitrary or capricious exercise of the power ...,nor
the assignment ofspecious oruntruthful reasons forthe action taken, such
aswould connote alackofgood faith or due consideration forthe rights of
the staff member involved". The factremains, however,that inthe viewof
the Tribunal,the Secretary-General was not obliged by binding rules to
take a particular action andto take it in a particular way :in other words,
the Secretary-General could take the decision to offer the Applicant a
career appointment, but was not bound to do so. It follows from this that
the Tribunal was clearly deciding, though by implication, that there was
no absolute legal impediment, in the sense of an impediment to any fur-
ther employment, which the Applicant thought had inspired the decision
not to give him a career appointment. In doing sotheTribunal therefore
responded to the Applicant's plea that it should be adjudged that there
was no legal impediment to the continuation of his service.
49. In order to interpret or elucidate ajudgement it isboth permissible
and advisable to take into account any dissenting or other opinions ap-
pendedto thejudgement. Declarations or opinionsdrafted bymembers of
atribunal atthe time ofa decision, and appended thereto, may contribute
tothe clarification of the decision. Accordingly the wise practice of the
Tribunal, following the example of the Court itself, has been not only to
permit such expressions of opinion but to publish them appended to the
judgement. It is therefore proper in the present case, in order better to
grasp the position ofthe Tribunal onthe point now under examination, to
refer not only to the Judgement itself, but also to the "Statement" of
Mr. Endre Ustor and the dissenting opinion of Mr. Arnold Kean.
50. President Ustor, who voted in favour ofthe Judgement, considered
that the Applicant was"not eligiblefor consideration for acareer appoint-
ment" because the fact of secondment "precludes not only the extension
of aseconded fixed-term appointment but also itsconversion to any other. type of appointment without the consent ofthe Government concerned".
Vice-President Kean took a different view :
"Far fromthere beingagenerallyaccepted rule that in the absence
ofthe government's consent aseconded staffmembermust alwaysbe
refused, in limine,a career appointment at the end of his period of
secondment, this paragraph [ofan International Civil ServiceCom-
mission Report] makes it quite clear that the government's view was
not tobe decisivebut wastobe fully taken intoaccount together with
al1other relevant factors."
It is evident that if the remaining member of the Tribunal, who did not
make any separate statement of his views, had shared the view of Mr.
Ustor, the Judgement would have been drafted to conveythe view of the
two-member majority that the Applicant's secondment was an absolute
bar to his obtaining a career appointment, so that the question of "rea-
sonable consideration" would not arise. The Judgement of the Tribunal
thus occupied the middle ground between Mr. Ustor and Mr. Kean,
differing fromthe individual viewofthe former to the extent solelythat it
held that there was no "legal impediment" barring a career appointment;
and differing from the latter in holding that "every reasonable consi-
deration" had in factbeen given.Mr. Ustor did not express any disagree-
ment on this second point; he thought that "reasonable consideration"
need not havebeen given, inviewofthe factor ofsecondment, but that on
the facts it was given.
51. It should however be observed that in any event the reply to be
givenbythe Courtto the first question put to itbythe Committee does not
depend on the correct interpretation of Mr. Ustor'smeaning. The Court is
asked whetherthe Tribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction on a particular
point; the question is not whether the conclusion of the Tribunal on the
point wascorrect or not, but whether itaddressed itsmind to it.The Court
does not have to choose between the conclusion of the Tribunal andthat
ofan individual memberofit,though itmayfind significanceinthe extent
to whichthat member shared the conclusion ofhis colleagues. It may even
be said that the greater the measure of revealed disagreement within the
Tribunal on the point, the more certain it is that it was considered and
debated, not overlooked or passed over.
52. The possibility that the Secretary-General, in considering the Ap-
plicant's position,was under amisapprehension asto the effectofsecond-
ment as a "legal impediment" to further appointment was dealt with, in
slightly different language, in the dissenting opinion of Vice-Presi-
dent Kean.TheTribunal decided thatthe Applicant had no "legal expec-47 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISOR YPINION)
tancy" of renewal of hisfixed-term appointment. Mr. Kean examinedthe
letter of 21 December 1983,and interpreted it as follows:
"It was evidently the belief of the writer of the letter that, if the
Applicant had no expectancy of renewal, there was no possibility
of his receiving a career appointment in pursuance of the General
Assembly resolution",
Le.,that the lack of legal "expectancy of renewal", due to his seconded
status, constituted a "legal impediment". Since,in Mr. Kean's view,
"That resolution is,however, not conditional upon the staff mem-
ber having an expectancy of further employment, which istherefore
in no way a prerequisite of a career appointment",
heconcluded that "the Respondent's decision wasflawedbyfundamental
mistakes offact or law and requires to be setaside. ..".
53. The deliberations ofthe Administrative Tribunal in the case under
consideration were held "from 11Mayto 8June 1984".Taking account of
theusual practices ofjudicial bodies composed of severalmembers forthe
exchange of views during the deliberation process, it seems to the Court
impossible to conclude that the Tribunal did not address its mind to the
issues which were specifically mentioned by President Ustor and Vice-
President Kean as the grounds for their disagreement with parts of the
Judgement. Since that disagreement persisted at the moment the Judge-
ment wasvoted upon, theTribunal as abody, represented by the majority
which voted in favour, must also have drawn its conclusions on these
issues, even if those conclusions were not spelled out as clearly in the
Judgement asthey ought to have been.
54. Before continuing, the Court should however consider what signi-
ficance, if any, should be attached to the interpretation of the Tribunal's
Judgement advanced by the Secretary-General, in his comments on the
Applicant's statement to the Committee (A/AC.86/R.I 18), and in his
written statement submitted totheCourt inthese proceedings.Clearly itis
for the Court to form its own view asto the proper interpretation of the
Judgement; yet the Secretary-General, both as a party to the case before
the Tribunal, and as chief executive officer of the Organization, is well
placed to expressviewson the matter. In hiscomments on the Applicant's
written statement to the Committee, the Secretary-General contended
that:
"it is clear that the Tribunal did consider the Applicant's argument
favourably as it held that the Applicant was entitled to reasonable
consideration for a career appointment andthat he was in fact given
such consideration (Judgement,para. XVIII).
............................
The Respondent submits that itistherefore clear that theTribunal properly exercised itsjurisdiction and competence under article 2 of
itsstatute when it heard and passedjudgement on the application in
the manner which isreflected in itsjudgement in this case. It did not
refuse to exercise itsjurisdiction..."
However in his written statement submitted to the Court, the Secretary-
Ceneral argues, first, that the question of the existence of a legal impedi-
ment wasnot in issuebetween theparties; secondlythat theTribunal does
not have jurisdiction to advise on or answer abstract questions; and
thirdly that an answer to the question was not required in logic or in law.
Ifthese arguments implyan assumption bythe Secretary-Ceneral thatthe
Tribunal did not in fact deal with the point, this is not the same thing as
saying that the Tribunal failed to exercise itsjurisdiction in that respect.
On the contrary, the view of the Secretary-General is that there was no
such failure to exercise jurisdiction, precisely for the three reasons just
mentioned. The Court does not however find it possible to endorse the
interpretation oftheJudgement submitted to itbythe Secretary-General :
it sees no indication that the Judgement left open the question of "legal
impediment" as being "not in issue between the parties". The Court's
interpretation of the Judgement in this respect has been explained above
in paragraphs 38to 40of the present Opinion.
55. The question whether "every reasonable consideration" wasin fact
givenwasinany eventone fortheTribunal to decide, and one which itdid
decide, in the affirmative. The Court recalls what it stated in an earlier
advisory opinion on an applicationfor review :
"Under Article 11ofthe Statute oftheTribunal, ...the task of the
Court is not to retry the case but to give its opinion on the questions
submitted to it concerning the objections lodged against the Judge-
ment. TheCourt isnottherefore entitled to substitute itsownopinion
for that of the Tribunal on the merits of the case adjudicated by the
Tribunal. Its role is to determine if the circumstances of the case,
whether they relate to merits or procedure, show that any objection
made to the Judgement on one of the grounds mentioned in Article
Il iswell founded.
.............................
under Article 11ofthe Statute ofthe United Nations Administrative
Tribunal achallengetoa decision for alleged failureto exercisejuris-
diction or fundamental error in procedure cannot properly be trans-
formed into a proceeding against the substance of the decision."
(Applicationfor Review of Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal, Z.C.J Reports 1973, pp. 187-188, paras.
47-48.)
The Court's conclusion on the contentionthat the Secretary-General did
not give "reasonable consideration" under resolution 37/ 126because he
34 believed there existed a "legal impediment" must therefore be, in the
words used in respect of one of the contentionsadvanced in 1973 :
"In the circumstances the Court does not think that the conten-
tion that theTribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it ...is
capable of being sustained. The Tribunal manifestly addressed
its mind to the question and exercised its jurisdiction by deciding
against the applicant's claim. Therefore this contention turns out to
concern not a failure by the Tribunal to exercise itsjurisdiction but
an appeal against its decision on the merits." (Applicationfor Review
of Judgement No. 158of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 201,para. 70.)
56. The Applicant, in hisstatementof viewstransmitted to the Court by
the Secretary-General, has gone beyond the terms of the question submit-
ted to the Court, which is whether theTribunal failed to exercise itsjuris-
diction on one specific point, andhas contended that "the Tribunal failed
to 'apply its mind' tothe determination of his rights and contractual sta-
tus, and the Secretary-General's obligations towards him". It has also
been suggested, in a legal opinion annexed tothe Applicant's comments
on the written statements before the Court, that the Court may "address
itself to the much more general question as to whether the Tribunal has
not also omitted to exercisejurisdiction vested in it for reasons other than
those adduced by the Committee". Asthe Court has observed,it is neces-
sary to ascertain "the legal questions really in issue in questions formu-
lated in a request" (paragraphs 43 and 45 above); that is to say the ques-
tions "in issue" for the body requesting the opinion. It is not open to the
Court to examine every question which was "in issue" before the Tribu-
nal, to see whetherthe Tribunal exercised itsjurisdiction in that respect.
The matters referred to in the Applicant's arguments, and in the legal
opinion mentioned above, do not appear to have been "in issue" before
the Committee: they are much wider than the question defined in the
application made to the Committee (A/AC.86/R.117, paras. 6-16).
Furthermore, they prove to be directed to showing that the Judgement of
the Tribunal was inconsistent or simply wrong. The Applicant asserts
repeatedly that "consideration for a career appointment could not have
been reasonable" ifthis or that circumstance was present, as he contends
it was. The fact of the matter is however that the Tribunal found that
the consideration given was reasonable, and to accuse the Tribunal of
being wrong in that decision is not to convict it of failure to exercise its
jurisdiction, but rather to complain of the way in which it did exercise it. 57. It has been contended bythe United States thattheTribunal's find-
ing that "reasonable consideration" had been given to the Applicant's
case was no more than an inference from anunsupported assertion made
by the Secretary-General in the letter of 21 December 1983.The conclu-
sion which the United States draws fromthis ishowevernot that there was
a failure by the Tribunal to exercisejurisdiction vested in it: it is thatthe
Tribunal's alleged failure "could be construed to be, in the words of Arti-
cle II of the Tribunal's Statute, '. .. a fundamental error in procedure
which has occasioned a failure ofjustice .. .'"The opinion of the Court
has however not been requested on the question whether the Judgement
of the Tribunal may be defectiveon this ground.
58. To sum up, the Court, after due analysis of the text of Judgement
No. 333 of the Administrative Tribunal considers that the Tribunal did
not failto exercisejurisdiction vested in it "by notresponding to the ques-
tion whether a legalimpediment existed tothefurther employment in the
United Nations ofthe Applicant after the expiry ofhis contract on 26De-
cember 1983".Accordingly,theanswer tothe first question put to itinthis
case by the Committee must be in the negative.
59. The Court nowturns to thesecond ofthetwoquestions which have
been submitted to it for advisory opinion by the Committee, namely :
"Did the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same
Judgement No. 333,err on questions of law relating to provisions of
theCharter of the United Nations?"
In paragraph 27 above the Court has recalled the extent of its powers
when an opinion oftheCourt isrequested onthe basis ofan objection that
theTribunal had "erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of
theCharter of the United Nations". With regard however to the scope of
the enquiry to be conducted by the Court in order to decide upon an
objection made on the ground now under examination it may be re-
calied that in its 1982Advisory Opinion the Court came to the follow-
ing conclusion :
"In any event,the Court clearly could not decide whether ajudge-
ment aboutthe interpretation of Staff Regulations or Staff Ruleshas
erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter,
without looking at that judgement to see what the Tribunal did
decide. While to that extent the Court has therefore to examine the
Tribunal's decision on the merits, it isnot the business of the Court,
aftermakingthat examination, itselftogetinvolvedinthe question of
theproper interpretation ofthe Staff Regulations and Staff Rules, as such, further than is strictly necessary in order to judge whether the
interpretation adopted by the Tribunal is in contradiction with the
requirements ofthe provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations."
(Applicationfor Reviewof Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations
AdministrativeTribunal,I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 358,para. 64.)
60. TheCourt also emphasized that :
"it would be quite mistaken to supposethat, because the law applied
by the Tribunal, or indeed the law applied by any organ of the
United Nations, derives its ultimate validity from the Charter, the
ground ofArticle 1 1nowunder examination means that an objection
to anyinterpretation bythe Tribunal ofstaff rules and regulations isa
matter for an advisory opinion of the Court" (ibid.,p. 358,para. 65).
It declined, in short,to interpret the words "error on a question of law
relating to the provisions oftheCharter" asmeaning the same as"error of
law" (ibid.,pp. 358-359)and continued:
"But if the interpretation, in general, of Staff Regulations and
Rules is not the business of the Court, it is, as already noted, very
much the business ofthisCourt tojudge whetherthere isacontradic-
tionbetween a particularinterpretation or application of Staff Regu-
lations and Rules by the Tribunal and any of the provisions of the
Charter. .."(Ibid.,p. 359,para. 66.)
61. The Court would only add to this statement that it is also open to
theCourt tojudge whether there is any contradiction between the Tribu-
nal's interpretation of any other relevant texts,such as, in this case, the
provisions of General Assembly resolution 37/126, and any of the provi-
sions of the Charter. It would also note that, according to the Tribunal's
ownjurisprudence on the subject of its own competence,
"Article 2.1 of the Statute of the Tribunal refers, in defining the
competenceof theTribunal, to applications allegingnon-observance
ofcontracts ofemployment of staffmembers ofthe Secretariat ofthe
United Nations, or of their terms of appointment. The words 'con-
tracts' and 'terms ofappointment' are stated to include al1pertinent
regulations and rulesinforce at the time,but thisphraseology cannot
be assumed to exclude the possible application of any other sources
of law, particularly the Charter, which is indeed the constitution of
the United Nations and contains certain provisions relating to staff
members ..."(Judgement No. 162(Mullan).) 62. In the statement ofhisviewstransmitted to theCourtthe Applicant
has expressed his objections to theJudgement of theTribunal in terms of
"principles" oftheCharter rather than asbreaches of specificprovisions;
he contends that "a failure [bythe Tribunal] to reconcile its conclusions
with principles of the Charter constitutes no lessof an error oflaw an
erroneousinterpretation ofa Charter provision". Inthe viewoftheCourt,
however, there was good reason for the wording chosen for the relevant
passage in Article 11of the Tribunal'sStatute, referring to an error on "a
question of lawrelating totheprovisionsofthe Charter". A claim of error
of law in a Judgement ofthe Tribunalbased on alleged lack of respect for
principles, without reference to any specific texts, might well serve as a
coverfor ageneralizedattack on the meritsof the Tribunal's decision,and
an invitation to the Courtto "retry the case andto attempt to substitute its
own opinion on the merits for that of the Tribunal"(Z.C. R e.orts1982,
p. 356,para. 58),which the Court hasdeclared isnot itsproper role. Atal1
events, in his Application tothe Committee (A/AC.86/R.117) and in his
comments on the written statements, the Applicant has expressed his
objections more precisely in terms of specified articles of the Charter,
and it is by reference tohese texts that the Court will examine whether
the objection of error of law relating to the provisions of the Charter is
or isnot well founded.
63. Asnoted above, the Court considers that it isclear from the Judge-
ment that for the Tribunal the Secretary-General did give "every rea-
sonable consideration" to the possibility of a career appointment for
the Applicant, and thus complied with the requirements of General
Assembly resolution 37/126. In his comments on the written statements
submitted to the Court, the Applicant "submits that no such finding
of fact was made ... Even if it were, whether or not such consideration
was 'reasonable' is a legal determination and therefore reviewable."
The Secretary-General, on the other hand, argued in his written state-
ment that the question whether or not "reasonable consideration" had
been givenwas"not aquestion oflawrelating to Article 101,paragraph 3,
of the Charter".
64. It is essential to keep clearly in mind the distinction between the
Secretary-General's discharge of his duties and the performance by the
Tribunal of its judicial functions, even though thesame considerations
may have had to be taken into account for both. It was the duty of the
Secretary-General to give "every reasonable consideration" to theAppli-
cant asa candidatefor acareer appointment; ifhefailed to do so,he failed
to comply with General Assemblyresolution 37/126. In order to do so,or
in the course of doing so, he had to weigh upal1relevant considerations,
including the fact of the Applicant's secondment,in a reasonablemanner
in order to arrive at a conclusion. TheTribunal, when seised of the ques-
tion, did not have to follow the Secretary-General through this process, checking every step of the sequence. It had to decide whether there had
been "non-observance" of any of the relevant texts, including General
Assemblyresolution 37/126; ithad therefore to determine whether "every
reasonable consideration" had been given. It clearly had the power and
theduty to re-examine the question of secondment as a legalimpediment,
to satisfy itselfthatthe Secretary-General had not committed an error of
law on the point, and this it did. It hadhen to assess the question of rea-
sonableness; but this did not, in the Court's view,involvetheTribunal in
an attempt to makeitsown decision asto whether the Applicant should be
given a career appointment.
65. Oncethe Tribunal had found that the Applicant did not possess a
"legal expectancy" of further employment, involving a corresponding
obligation on the United Nations to "provide continuing employment"
(see paragraphs 33 and 34 above), his entitlement was only to receive
"every reasonable consideration". Such consideration must by definition
involve latitude for the exercise of the Secretary-General's discretion;
and theTribunal in fact foundthat "the Respondent had the sole author-
ity to decide . . whether the Applicant could be given a probationary
appointment" and that he "exercised his discretion properly" (para.
XVIII). The consistent jurisprudence oftheTribunal itself isto the effect
that where the Secretary-General has been invested with discretionary
powers, the Tribunal will in principle not enquire into their exercise,
provided however that "Such discretionary powers must be exercised
without improper motive so that there shall be no misuse of power, since
any such misuse of power would cal1for the rescinding of the decision"
(Judgement No. 50(Brown)).Similarly,theTribunal recalled inthe Judge-
ment now under examination its finding in an earlier case that
"While the measure of power here was intended to be left com-
pletely withinthe discretion ofthe Secretary-General,thiswould not
authorize an arbitrary orcapricious exercise ofthe power of termina-
tion, nor the assignment of specious or untruthful reasons for the
action taken, such aswould connote a lack of good faith or due con-
sideration for the rights of the staff member involved." (Judgement
No. 54 (Mauch).)
66. Essentially the complaint which the Applicant makes oftheTribu-
nal'sJudgement isnot so much thatthe Tribunal itself made errors of law
relating to the provisions of theCharteras that the Secretary-General, in
taking his decision asto continued employment forthe Applicant, did not
respect certain provisions oftheCharter,andthe Administrative Tribunal
failed so to find.Furthermore, ifan objection to ajudgement of theTribu-
nal isto be sustained on the grounds of error of law relating tothe provi- 54 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
sions ofthe Charter, the Tribunal must have been presented with an issue
for decision on which such an error could be made. It istherefore appro-
priate to keep in mind what was the case as presented to the Tribunal,
in order to appreciate what it was that the Tribunal was asked to decide.
67. The first provision ofthe Charterin respect of which the Applicant
contends that the Tribunal made an error of law is Article 101,para-
graph 1,thereof, which provides that "The staff[ofthe Secretariat]shallbe
appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the
General Assembly". The passage criticized in the Judgement in this re-
spect arises out of the question whether any role ought to have been
played by the Appointment and Promotion Board. In his "Observations
on the Answer of the Respondent" submitted tothe Tribunal, the Appli-
cant, under the heading "Reasonable consideration for a career appoint-
ment was erroneously denied", devotes three paragraphs to the conten-
tion that "The Respondent prevented consideration by the Appointment
and Promotion Board". According to the material before the Tribunal,
even thoughthe Applicant had been in the service of the United Nations
for a number of years, his first career appointment would, in accordance
with established rules and practices, have been a probationary appoint-
ment (seeUnited Nations StaffRule 104.12 (a)and 104.13(a)(i)). Byreso-
lution 38/232 (VI, para. 5) the General Assembly had on 20 Decem-
ber 1983recommended that following five years' satisfactory service on
fixed-term contracts, the requirement for a probationary appointment
should be dispensed with; but the Tribunal held that "until theespond-
ent had accepted" that recommendation, "the existingprocedure ofoffer-
ing a probationary appointment to a candidate remains applicable"
(para. XVIII). The customary procedure leading to the offer of a proba-
tionary appointment was that a recommendation would be made by the
substantive department where the appointment was to be held, and this
would beconsidered bythe administrative service,the OfficeofPersonnel
Services. The resulting proposa1 would be then considered by the Ap-
pointment and Promotion Board. It may also be noted in passing that
the Applicant in his letter tothe Secretary-General of 13December 1983,
relied on United Nations Staff Rule 104.14(a) (ii), which requires the
Appointment and Promotion Board, in filling vacancies, normally to
"givepreference,wherequalifications are equal,to staffmembers already
in the Secretariat". However, the Applicant complained that while the
substantive department in which he had worked clearly had the inten-
tion of proposing his "continued appointment", the administrative ser-
vice never gave consideration to a proposa1 to that effect because "upon
instruction by the Office of the Secretary-General" it informed the
Applicant on 23 November 1983 that "it is not the intention of theOrganization to extend your fixed-term appointment beyond its expira-
tion date".
68. It was contended bythe Applicant before theTribunalthatthe pos-
sibility of his being given a career appointment was never considered by
the Appointment and Promotion Board because, as a result of the action
taken by the Office of the Secretary-General, no proposa1 ever reached
that Board. He presented this asan element of the denial of "reasonable
consideration" which he was alleging. The Tribunal's conclusions on this
appear in paragraphs XVIto XVIII ofthe Judgement :in effect,itrejected
the argument that a right to receive "reasonable consideration" entailed
a right to be considered by the Appointment and Promotion Board:
General Assembly resolution 37/126, while binding on the Secretary-
General, laid down no special procedure, and, as noted above, the pro-
cedure recommended by General Assembly resolution 38/232 had not
yet been implemented. Accordingly, in the Tribunal's view,
"the existing procedure of offering a probationary appointment to
a candidate remains applicable, and ... in the absence of such an
appointment it is left to the Respondent to decide how 'every rea-
sonable consideration' for a career appointment should be given
to a staff member under General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV,
paragraph 5. In the present case, the Respondent had the sole
authority to decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and
whether the Applicant could be given a probationary appoint-
ment." (Para. XVIII.)
69. Onthe basis ofthis part ofthe Judgement, the Applicant claimsthat
"a question of law relating to Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter"
arises. He observes that "The Secretary-General's powers of appointment
are limited, under Article 101(1)of the Charter, bythe obligation to carry
out the 'regulations established by the General Assembly"', and com-
plains that
"The Tribunalmade no attempt to apply its own or anyother legal
standard of reasonableness, nor to set any limits on the Secretary-
General's discretion, limits which it had itself articulated in the past
(e.g.,Judgement No. 54, Mauch)and which the Court recognized in
Faslaas a fundamental part of the Tribunal's role (I.C.J. Reports
1973,at p. 205).The Tribunal's judgement, if allowed to stand, per-
mits the Respondent to act as though General Assembly Resolution56 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
37/126, Section IV, paragraph 5, had never been passed. Indeed it
endows him with even greater discretionary powers than he had
before the Resolution, when the normal mechanisms and proce-
dures for appointment applied."
70. It does not however appearto the Courtthat theJudgement of the
Tribunal, properly understood, raises any question of lawrelating to Arti-
cle 101,paragraph 1.In the passage in paragraph XVIII of itsJudgement
quoted at the end of paragraph 68above, the Tribunal was not examining
the measure ofsubstantive discretion leftto the Secretary-General by res-
olution 37/ 126,in the sense ofthe limits on that discretion setby thejuris-
prudence of such Administrative TribunalJudgements as No. 50(Brown)
and No. 54 (Mauch).It was considering whether any specified procedure
had to be foliowed to ensure "reasonable consideration", and concluded
that that was not so. The Court does not, in this context, read the phrase
"In the present case, the Respondenthadthe soleauthority to decide what
constituted 'reasonable consideration"' as meaning that the only test of
reasonableness was whether the Secretary-General thought his conclu-
sion was reasonable, but asmeaning that it was forthe Secretary-General
to decide whatprocessconstituted "reasonable consideration" - whether
itbe consideration bythe Secretary-General himself with the advice ofhis
senior officiais,orbytheAppointment and Promotion Board, orby what-
ever other system might commend itself. This interpretation was in fact
presented by the Applicant himself in his statement of views :
"What theJudgement appears to be saying is that only in the case
of a probationary appointment need a candidate be referred to the
Appointment and Promotion machinery for consideration. For any
other type of appointment the Secretary-General has sole authority
to employ whatever method of consideration he chooses."
This procedural question was one ofthe issues placed before theTribunal
by the Applicant, through his complaint that the Appointment and Pro-
motion Board had not been consulted; whereas the Secretary-General
had never claimedbefore theTribunalthat he possessed an unlimited and
unverifiable discretion to refuse an appointment on whatever ground
he chose to classify as "reasonable". On the contrary, in his Answer
before the Tribunal, he stated that
"Applicant's re-appointment was a matter to be decided upon by
the Secretary-General in the exercise of his authority and respon-57 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
sibilityunder the Charter and the Staff Regulations after consider-
ation of al1the circumstances in the case",
and in effect invited the Tribunal to say that he had properly exercised
this responsibility. He did not assert that the Tribunal had no power to
examine his actions on the ground that he had "sole authority" to
decide what was "reasonable". Nor can the Court conclude, in the light
of the Tribunal's quotation of its own jurisprudence, that the Tribunal
went beyond the confines of the case before it to assert the existence
of such an unfettered discretion.
71. Furthermore, itisdifficult to followthe Applicant's contention that
"The Tribunal made no attempt to apply its own or anyother legal stand-
ard of reasonableness, nor to set any limits on the Secretary-General's
discretion . ..",when the Tribunal in fact quoted the passage from its
own Judgement No. 54 (Mauch)referring tothe limitation of the exercise
of the Secretary-General's discretion, and made a specific finding that
"the Respondent's action in the exercise of his discretion cannot be
impugned on any of the grounds" stated in that Judgement (para. XIX).
72. However while it istrue that the Secretary-General made no claim
toan unfettered discretion, andthe Tribunal nowherestated that he pos-
sessed one,the Tribunal did in effect accept as sufficient a statement by
the Secretary-General that the "reasonable consideration" required by
resolution 37/126 had been given, and did not require him to furnish any
details of when and how itwas given, let alone calling for evidenceto that
effect. The view might therefore be advanced that the Tribunal did not
properly discharge itsfunction ofjudicial reviewof administrative action,
sincethe practical effect of an unquestioning acceptance ofthe Secretary-
General's assertion that he had given "every reasonable consideration"
would, it is suggested,be that he would enjoy such an unfettered discre-
tion. It is however necessary to recall once again that the question before
the Court is a different one: whether the Tribunal erred on a question of
law relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. It is
only iftheTribunal can be said, bythe course of action itisalleged to have
adopted,to have erred on a question of law of that kind, that it becomes
the duty of the Court to examine the matter. The Court has therefore to
ask, first,what wasthe error of lawwhich, it isasserted, was committed by
the Tribunal;and secondly,what wasthe source ofthe rule of lawitissaid
to have failed properly to respect, in order to establish whether the error
was one which related to the provisions of the Charter.
73. The Tribunal was seised of an application "alleging non-obser-
vance" of the "terms of appointment" of the Applicant, such "terms of
appointment" including "al1 pertinent regulations and rules in force at
the time", and including also General Assembly resolution 37/126. As emphasized in the Court's 1982Opinion (see paragraph 60 above) it is
the business ofthe Courtto judge whetherthere isacontradiction between
an interpretation by the Tribunal of a textsuch as resolution 37/ 126and
any of the provisions of the Charter. Nothing in the resolution itself, or
in the Staff Rules and Regulations, laid down how the Tribunal was to
handle a claimofbreach by the Secretary-Generalof a provision requiring
him to give "everyreasonable consideration" to astaffmember's employ-
ment, or what evidence it was to require, nor do the Statute and Rules of
the Tribunalthrow light on the matter. TheTribunal did not interpretthe
resolution as requiring the Secretary-General to demonstrate to the
Tribunal the manner in which "reasonable consideration" had been
given; and the Court is unable to regardthis interpretation asin contradic-
tion with Article 101, paragraph 1, of the Charter. It is therefore not
called upon to consider whether the Tribunal could or should have
proceeded differently. The question whether, for example, the Tribunal
made a correct application of the principle of the burden of proof (cf.
Militaryand ParamilitaryActivitiesinand againstNicaragua(Nicaraguav.
UnitedStates of America),Jurisdictionand Admissibility,Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1984,p. 437, para. 101)does not appear to the Court to be one
of law "relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations",
and does not therefore require examination in the present Opinion.
74. The Tribunal alsofound, distinguishing in this respect the IL0 Ad-
ministrative Tribunal Judgment No. 431 (Rosescu),that
"there has been no allegation, and far less any evidence, that the
Respondent sought instructions from any Member States, or that he
had in any manner let the wishes of a Member State prevail overthe
interests of the United Nations. .." (para.XIX).
While it is correct that there had been no allegation by the Applicant that
the Secretary-General had sought instructions fromany member State -
and indeed the Applicant has not alleged this in his communications to
the Court (see paragraph 76 below) -, the Applicant had, in his plead-
ings, referred to the dictum in the Mauch case as to the significance of
"assignment of specious or untruthful reasons for the action taken", and
suggested that it was applicable. The impropriety alleged by him lay in
the making of statements by senior Secretariat officials, quoted in
paragraph 16 above, which he interpreted as revealing a belief that his
secondment acted as a bar to al1further employment. According to the
Applicant, if the Secretary-General did not hold that belief, "then the
reasons given bythe officials quoted ...were specious".
75. These various statements were before the Tribunal, as annexes to
the Applicant's Statement of Facts and Arguments and Observations on
the Answer,but theTribunal did not refer to them, except for the letter of
21December 1983,ofwhich,as the Court has noted,theTribunal gavean
interpretation different from that of the Applicant. It had before it also,however, the Respondent's Answer, in which he maintained the position
that "there was no contractual or otherwise legally based prohibition on
the Secretary-General,either to grant or withhold another appointment",
and that "The decision in this case was legitimately motivated by the
Secretary-General's perception of the interests of the Organization to
which he properly gave precedence over competing interests". The Tri-
bunal need not have accepted this; it might have regarded the statements
quoted bythe Applicant as evidence that the problem of secondment and
the lack of government consent had been allowed to predominate more
than the Secretary-General was ready to admit. That was not however
the viewittook :it found that the Secretary-General "exercised hisdiscre-
tion properly". Whether or not this was an error ofjudgment on the Tri-
bunal's part is not to the purpose; what is certain is that it was not an
error on a question of law relating to Article 101,paragraph 1,of the
Charter. It could perhaps be contendedthattheTribunal mighthave com-
mitted an error in not finding that the Secretary-General had failed to
apply correctly the applicable texts. It has however to be recalled that
while, as the Court observed in 1982 "al1 valid regulations and rules
adopted by a United Nations organ cannot be other than based on the
provisions of the Charter", the Court went on to point out that
"Itdoes not follow,however,that everyquestion ofthe interpreta-
tion or application ofthose regulations and rules isa question of law
relating to the provisions ofthe Charter" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 358,
para. 65).
Whatever viewbe taken asto the wayin whichtheTribunal examined the
exercisebythe Secretary-Generalof hisdiscretion, taking intoaccount the
apparent inconsistency between the Secretary-General's pleading and
the reported statements of his senior officials, the essential point is that
the Tribunal did not abandon al1claim to test such exercise against the
requirements of the Charter. On the contrary, it re-affirmed the need
to check any "arbitrary or capricious exercise" of a discretionary power.
76. The nextprovisionof the Charter whichthe Applicant claimshasto
be considered inasmuch as he contends that the Tribunal committed an
error of law relating to it isArticle 100,paragraph 1,which provides :
"In theperformance of their duties the Secretary-General and the
staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or
fromanyotherauthority external to the Organization. They shall re- frain from any action which might reflect on their position as inter-
national officials responsible only to the Organization."
The Applicant has emphasized that he does not allegethat in refusing him
further employment the Secretary-General was merely carrying out the
instructions of a government, or that the Secretary-General is precluded
from taking into consideration forma1 representations made to him by
member States. He refers however to "public statements by high officials
of the Secretary-General" - those describedinparagraph 16above - as
"indicating that hebelievedthatfurther employment ofthe Applicant
was impossible without the consent of the USSR Government, a
belief which the Respondent himself has subsequently admitted to
be erroneous. It wasthat belief, and the Tribunal's failure to fault it,
that the Applicant alleged to be a dereliction from Article 100.1.''
(Emphasis original.)
77. It will be apparent from the Court's analysis of the Tribunal's
Judgement in paragraphs 27 to 37 above that the Court is unable to
uphold the Applicant's contention. His argument rests on the following
premises :that the Secretary-General believed that he could not give the
Applicant any further employment whatever without the consent of his
former national Government; that the Tribunal found that this was the
Secretary-General's belief; thatthat belief was wrong as a matter of law;
and that the Tribunal failed to find that it was wrong in law. The Court
however does not consider either that the Tribunal found the existence
of the belief attributed to the Secretary-General, or that the Tribunal
found that such a belief was or would have been correct. In view of the
nature of the decision actually taken by the Tribunal on the facts of the
case, it does not appear necessary to consider the matter further.
78. TheApplicant also suggeststhat theJudgement contains an error of
lawrelating tothe provisions of Article 100ofthe Charter in certainother
respects. In the statement of his viewstransmitted to the Court he argues
as follows :
"The necessity to construe strictly the limits of a government
involvement arises not only from the interests of the Organization,
not only from the legally protected rights of officials, but also from
Article 100oftheCharter. An officia1who comes in withthe consent
of a government may not expect, nor may the Organization bestow,
special treatment. Still less may the Tribunal suggest that special
treatment would be proper . . Tribunal Judgement 333 failed to
find impropriety in a staff member being barred from entering
Headquarters in order to avoid offense to a Member State."Alluding to the finding by the Tribunal that
"evidence was available that the USSR authorities were contem-
plating replacing the Applicant by another person whom they had
already selected and whom they wished to be trained further by
the Applicant" (para. XI),
andthat
"It was suggested to him that he should leave for Moscow early
in 1983for this purpose, but his applicationfor leave was refused by
the United Nations" (ibid.),
the Applicant also complained that
"The Judgementfinds no improprietyin a MemberState 'contem-
plating replacing the Applicant by another person whom they had
already selected',or 'suggestingto him that heshould leave for Mos-
cow' soon after he had undertaken programme duties under a new
contract, thus sanctioning a higher allegiance to his country than to
the United Nations."
Inregard to these contentions, itsuffices,first,to Saythat theTribunal was
not called uponto Saythat theban on entering Headquarters wasa "non-
observance" ofthe Applicant's "contract ofemployment" or ofhis "terms
of appointment" in the exercise of its competence under Article 2 of its
Statute, sincethe Applicant made no such claim inthe pleas he presented
to the Tribunal. The Tribunal therefore made no finding in that respect.
Secondly ithad no competence, under itsStatute, to rule on the legalityor
propriety ofthe actions of amember State, and itdidnot do so.The Court
is therefore unable to see any possibility that the Tribunal's Judgement
contained an error of lawconcerning the provisions ofthe Charter in con-
nection with these aspects of the case.
79. The Applicant next refers to Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Char-
ter, which provides :
"The paramount consideration in theemployment ofthe staff and
inthedetermination ofthe conditions of serviceshallbe the necessity
of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and
integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting
the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible." 62 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
In his application to the Committee, the Applicant deduces from this
that
"a staff member whose service record has amply demonstrated the
qualities of efficiency, competence and integrity, and who has
received the unqualified endorsement of his superiors, should not
be excluded from consideration by extraneous,secondary or illegiti-
mate factors ...".
He complains that
"Neither the Majority Judgement [of the Tribunal] nor the Con-
curring Statement [of President Ustor] giveany indication that they
have weighed the mandate of Article 101.3against other factors of
lesserparamountcy."
In his comments on the written statements heclaimsthat "The Judgement
itself,by omitting anyconsideration of Article 101.3,makes merit subser-
vient to other considerations".
80. It appearsto the Courtthat these objections must be interpreted as
a contention by the Applicant that the Tribunal should have found that
"reasonable consideration" had not been given either because the Secre-
tary-General was (wrongly)convinced that secondment constituted a bar
to al1further employment, or because he allowed the wishes of a mem-
berState to prevail overthe "necessity ofsecuring the highest standards of
efficiency,competence and integrity". Asthe Court hasalreadyindicated,
the Tribunal, so far from finding that the Secretary-General acted from
mistaken conviction of the existence of a legal impediment, held that he
had giventhe Applicant's case reasonable consideration but had decided,
in the exercise of hisdiscretion, not to give him further employment. The
Secretary-General stated before the Tribunal that
"The decision now contested was taken by the Secretary-General
after consideration of al1the circumstances in the case, including
Applicant's servicerecord, together withthe estimation of his super-
visors and representations on his behalf by counsel, and the events
of 10February 1983and thereafter, together with representations to
diverse effect bythe permanent missions oftwo member States",
andthat
"The decision in this case was legitimatelymotivated bythe Secre-
tary-General's perception of the interests of the Organization to
which heproperly gave precedence over competing interests."
The Secretary-General submitted that the consideration he gave to the
matter constituted "reasonable consideration" within the meaning of63 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
General Assemblyresolution 37/126; and as already noted,theTribunal
upheld that view.
81. It is clear that the expression "the paramount consideration" (in
French, la considérationdominante)in Article 101of the Charter is not
synonymous with "the soleconsideration"; it issimplya consideration to
which greater weightisnormally to be given than to anyother.Nor does it
mean that "efficiency, competence and integrity" together constitute a
sufficient consideration, in theense that a high enough standard of each
gives rise to an entitlement to appointment. It is also clear, since para-
graph 1of the Article provides that "The staff shall be appointed by the
Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assem-
bly", that the task ofbalancing thevarious considerations, in caseswhere
theyincline in different directions, isforthe Secretary-General,subject to
anygeneral directions which might be givento him bytheGeneral Assem-
bly. Resolution 37/126 itself constitutes such a direction, and one which
operated in favour of the Applicant as compared with any outside candi-
date, orone without his record of more than "fiveyears'continuinggood
service". Bothon thisbasis, andon the basis ofArticle 101,paragraph 3,of
the Charter, it is material to observe that the Applicant's efficiency and
competence were highlyspoken of by his superiors.TheTribunal did not
make any finding reflecting on his integrity; it did however discuss the
consequences ofachangeofnationality byastaffmember in anothercon-
nection - to be considered below.
82. The decision was that of the Secretary-General; and it was not for
the Tribunal, nor indeed forthe Court,to substitute its own appreciation
of the problem for that of the Secretary-General. The Court could only
find that theTribunalhad in thisrespect "erred on aquestion of law relat-
ing to the provisions of the Charter" if it found thatthe Tribunal had up-
held a decision of the Secretary-General which could not be reconciled
withthe relevant article ofthe Charter.That does not appearto the Court
to be the case. The decision of the Secretary-General cannot be said to
have failed to respect the "paramount" character of the considera-
tions mentioned in Article 101,paragraph 3,simply because hetook into
account "al1the circumstances" enumerated in his Answer (paragraph
80 above) in order to giveeffect to "the interests of the Organization".
83. Something should however be said of the reference made by the
Secretary-General to "the events of 10 February 1983and thereafter".
That date was of course that of the Applicant's communication to the
Government of the USSR. In this connection, the Tribunal did comment
on the significance and consequences of the Applicant's actions in a pas-
sage of itsJudgement which hasnot yetbeen examined (seeparagraph 34
above). The Tribunal was dealing with an argument submitted by the Ap-
plicant to the effect that
"even if secondment existed or was implied for his service in the64 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
United Nations, a changein his statustook place from 10February
1983onwards when he resigned from the service of the USSR Gov-
ernment, and that in fact a new contractual relationship could be
assumed to have been created between him and the Respondent.
He argues that the Respondent, by not taking disciplinary action
against him, by promoting him, by allowing him to serve out his con-
tract until the date of its expiry (26 December 1983),and by letting
him continue as Vice-Chairman of the Appointment and Promotion
Committee, created a new, although tacit, agreement in which the
Soviet Government was not in any way involved." (Para. VIII.)
The Respondent had argued in reply that
"Certainly, Respondent does not consider that a continuing rela-
tionship with a national government is a contractual obligation of
any fixed-term staff member - seconded or not -, nor would a
break between a staff member and hisgovernment constitute in itself
grounds for terminating the fixed-term contract of a fixed-term staff
member seconded or not. It is not for Respondent to approve or dis-
approve Applicant's transfer of allegiance."
84. TheTribunal examined "the events leading to and followingfrom
the Applicant's resignation from the service of the USSR Government",
since it considered that they threw "much light for the resolution of this
controversy" (para. IX), Le.,the controversy asto the alleged "new con-
tractual relationship". It observed that "The Applicant was entitled to act
in any way he considered best in his interest, but he must necessarily face
the consequences of his actions" (para. XII). After noting that he could
not "bring about any legalexpectancy of renewal of his appointment", the
Tribunal continued :
"Another consequence of his actions raised the question of his
suitability as an international civil servant. In Judgement No. 326
(Fischman)t,heTribunal referred to the widely held belief mentioned
in a report of the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly that
'International officials should be tme representatives of the cul-
tures and personality of the country of which they were nationals,
and that those who elected to break their ties with that country
could no longer claim to fulfil the conditions governing employ-
ment in the United Nations',
and held that this 'must continue to provide an essential guidance in
this matter'."
The Court notes in this respect that the "widely held belief" amounts tothe views expressed by some delegates to the Fifth Committee in 1953at
the Eighth Session of the General Assembly, which never materialized in
an Assembly resolution. The Tribunal's Judgement No. 333 continues:
"In thesamejudgement [No. 3261,theTribunal alsorecalleda part
of Information Circular ST/AFS/SER.A/238 of 19 January 1954
which stated interaliathat
'The decision of astaff member to remain on or acquire perma-
nent residence status in... [the]country [ofhis duty station] in no
way represents an interest of the United Nations. On the contrary,
this decision may adversely affect the interests of the United
Nations in the case of internationally recruited staff members in
the Professional category ...'
The Applicant had been granted asylum in the United States of
America and there arose the problem of his having to waive privi-
leges and immunities with the permission of the Respondent. Such a
waiverwas necessary for changing hisvisacategory under the United
States laws. However there was apparently no immediate problem
and itseems thatno request wasmade tothe Respondentfor agreeing
to the Applicant waiving his privileges and immunities. Besides, a
private bill was later introduced on the Applicant's behalf in the
United Strtes House and Senate." (Para. XII.)
85. The Secretary-General's Answer before the Tribunal, in which he
commented on the question of the change of nationality in the terms
quoted in paragraph 83 above, is dated 14 March 1984. However, on
17 May 1984the Tribunal gave its Judgement (No. 326) in the case of
Fischman,in which itrefused to order rescission of a decision ofthe Secre-
tary-General whereby Mr. Fischman was not permitted to take steps
to acquire permanent resident status in the United States, with a view
to obtaining United States nationality, and in this connection the
Tribunal made the observations on the significance of national ties
quoted in paragraph XII of Judgement No. 333.Itappears therefore that
in considering the Secretary-General's submissions, the Tribunal took
the view that on this point they were not consistent with the ideas found
in the Fischmandecision, and thought it appropriate to enter a caveat,
even though it was not essential to the argument of Judgement No. 333.
86. In this passage of its Judgement, therefore, the Tribunal was not
endorsing or reversing adecision ofthe Secretary-General, but disapprov-
ing one argument which the Secretary-General had put forward in sup-
port of his position. Since the Tribunal nonetheless upheld the Secre-
tary-General's position, the passage in question in the Judgement is an obiterdictum. This circumstance does not however affect the duty of the
Court to consider whether this ground of objection is or is not well
founded. It istheJudgement of the Tribunal, not the action of the Secre-
tary-General givingrisetotheapplication totheTribunal, which hasto be
reviewed by the Court; and it is the Court's duty to point out any error
"on a question oflawrelating to the provisions of theCharter" in a judge-
ment of the Tribunal referred to it on that ground, whether or not such
error affected the disposal of the case. This is clear from the wording of
Article 1 1of the Tribunal's Statute :it is only where what is alleged is "a
fundamental error in procedure" - the fourth ground specified in that
Article - that there exists the additional requirement that that error
should have "occasioned afailure of justice". The othererrors mentioned
therefore constitute grounds of objection in themselves, regardless of
their impact on the operative part of the Tribunal's decision.
87. Having considered the passage in question carefully, the Court is
however unable to find that theTribunal there committed an error of law
"relating to the provisions of the Charter". The question is of course not
whether the Judgement in the Fischmancase contained such an error, but
whetherthe reasoning oftheTribunal inJudgement No. 333,insupport of
which itquoted its decision inthe earlier case, erred on such a question of
law. The Secretary-General had in effect argued that the retention of the
Applicant in servicenotwithstanding his severanceof histieswithhisown
government did not implythat a "new contractual relationship" had come
into existence. For the Secretary-General, the change of nationality was
an acthaving no specificlegaloradministrative consequences. TheTribu-
nal upheld the Secretary-General's main contention,but at the same time
pointed out that, according to one view,the change of nationality was not
necessarily such an act, but one which in some circumstances "may ad-
versely affect the interests of the United Nations" (ST/AFS/SER.A/238
quotedin the Judgementinthe Fischmancase).Thisisveryfar fromsaying
that achange or attemptedchange ofnationality maybetreated asa factor
outweighing the "paramount" consideration defined by Article 101,para-
graph 3, ofthe Charter, which iswhat the Applicant accuses the Secretary-
General of having done.
88. It is illuminating to consider an earlier Judgement of the Tribunal
in which it had occasion to find that the Secretary-General had contra-
vened Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter. In Judgement No. 310
(Estabial), recruitment to a particular post had been limited to candi-
dates from French-speaking Africancountries.Thiswas done in the belief,
which theTribunal foundto be mistaken, that this was a correct applica-
tion of thelast sentence of Article 101,paragraph 3,providing that "Due
regard shall bepaidto the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a
geographical basis as possible" (Judgement No. 310, para. XIV). The
Tribunal ruied that "It was not forthe Secretary-General to alter these conditions laid
down by the Charter and the Staff Regulations by establishing as a
'paramount' conditionthe search, however legitimate, for 'as widea
geographical basis as possible', thereby eliminating the paramount
condition set by the Charter in the interests of the service."(Judge-
ment No. 310,para. XIV, infine.)
In effectthecontention ofthe Applicant inthepresent caseisthat the only
possible explanation ofthe Secretary-General's decision,inviewof al1the
factors militating in his favour (more than five years' service, glowing
reports from his superiors, his experience in a post requiring lengthy
training), isthatthe Secretary-Generalestablished asa "paramount" con-
sideration the possibility of Government objection to the recruitment of
a previously seconded staff member and that this would be contrary to
the requirements set by the first sentence of Article 101,paragraph 3,
oftheCharter.
89. TheTribunal howeverfoundthat the Secretary-General didnot be-
lievethat the secondmentfactor wasalegalimpediment tothe Applicant's
further employment, andthat "reasonable consideration" had been given.
It therefore did not find that the secondmentfactor had been established
as a rival "paramount consideration". The Applicant has contended that
the fact thattheother considerations referred to bythe Secretary-General
were able to outweigh the considerations militating in favour of hisre-ap-
pointment casts grave doubt on whether the "paramount consideration"
of the Charter was allowed to operate as it should. However, as recalled
above, "the Court's proper role is not to retry the case and to attempt to
substitute its own opinion on the merits for that of the Tribunal"
(I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 356,para. 58).TheCourt is, on balance, unable to
conclude thatthe Judgement oftheTribunalon this pointhas been shown
to be in contradiction with the Charter. It found as a fact that there had
been "reasonable consideration" of the Applicant's case,and by implica-
tion thatthe Secretary-General had not been under a misapprehension as
tothe effect ofsecondment. The provision of Article 101,paragraph 3,of
the Charter must have been present to the mind of the Tribunal when it
considered the question. Inthe viewoftheCourt, these findings cannot be
disturbed on theground of erroron aquestion of lawrelating to the provi-
sions of theCharter.
90. Ithas been suggested that the passage ofthe Tribunal's Judgement
quoting the Fischmandecision amountsto a findingthat the Applicant's
actions on and after 1February 1983weresuch asto "adversely affectthe
interests of the United Nations" and that they cast such doubt on "his
suitability as an international civilservant" that no "reasonableonsider-
ation" could possibly lead to afurther appointment. This,itisargued, isin
contradiction withthe"paramount consideration" defined by Article 101, paragraph 3,ofthe Charter. TheCourt does not howeverthink that this is
a correct analysis of the Tribunal's reasoning. The passages quoted in
paragraph 84 were, as already noted, part of a section of the Tribunal's
Judgement (paras. VIII-XIII) dealing with the Applicant's argument
that "a new contractual relationship could have been assumed to have
been created between him and the Respondent" subsequently to the
events of 10 February 1983.The Tribunal was being asked to interpret
the action taken or not taken by the administration at this time as indica-
ting the existence of such a new tacit agreement. It was not at this stage
of its Judgement contemplating the question of "reasonable considera-
tion": this is perfectly clear from the two paragraphs (paras. XIII and
XIV) immediately following that in which reference is made to the
Fischmancase. Paragraph XIII contains the followingconclusion :
"In viewof the foregoing, the Tribunal concludesthat ... no tacit
agreement existed between the Applicant and the Respondent be-
tween 10February 1983and 26December 1983changing the charac-
ter of their relationship",
and paragraph XIVreads as follows :
"With these conclusions in mind the Tribunal considered the
Applicant's pleathat he was entitled to, but was denied,the right to
receive 'everyreasonable consideration' in terms of paragraph 5 of
General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV,of 17December 1982."
The latter plea isthe subject of paragraphs XIVto XIX oftheJudgement.
The Court considers that the words "With these conclusions in mind"
cannot be read as importinginto the discussion ofthe question of reason-
ableconsiderationthe whole argument ofthe impact of change ofnation-
ality on "suitability". If it had been the view of the Tribunal that the
"essential guidance" referred to in the Fischmandecision was determi-
native of the question of reasonable consideration, it would merely have
had to say so in paragraph XIV of itsJudgement, and proceed no further.
91. There remains one further argument to be examinedinconnection
withthe suggestionthat theTribunal committed an error of lawrelating to
the provisions of Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter. The Tribunal
itself in its Judgement saw no need to refer to that Article, but it was
referred to by Vice-President Kean in his dissenting opinion. He was
discussing the statement in the letter of 21 December 1983addressed to
the Applicant (quoted in paragraph 14above) that69 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (ADVISOR OYPINION)
"At the time your present appointment was made your Govern-
ment agreed to release you for serviceunder a one-year contract,the
Organization agreed soto limitthe duration of your United Nations
service, and you yourself were aware of that arrangement which,
therefore, cannot give you any expectancy of renewal without the
involvement of al1the parties originally concerned."
Mr. Kean's comment on this aspect of the case was as follows :
"In the Applicant's case,there was in the circumstances no possi-
bility, and no desire on the part of the Government or of the Appli-
cant, that he should rejoin the service of that Government, from
which he had recently resigned. The only effect, therefore, of aup-
posed preclusive agreement (expressed or implied) would have
been to prevent the Applicant from being employed, then or at any
future time,bythe United Nations, however valuable or necessaryhis
services might be. It cannot be believed that the Respondent would
ever have been a party to so unreasonable an agreement, bearing
in mind the provision of Article 101.3 ofthe Charter of the United
Nations that 'theparamount considerationin the employment of the
staff. ..shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of
efficiency, competence, and integrity'.(Emphasis added.)"
Thus Mr. Kean's findingwas that such an agreement did not exist; but it
appears that ifsuch an agreement had existed itwould, in hisviewat least,
have been contrary to Article 101,paragraph 3, oftheCharter.
92. If therefore the Tribunal relied on the agreement of the Organi-
zation "to limit the duration of [the] United Nations service" of the
Applicant, as a basis for finding that he was ineligible for a careerap-
pointment, and not entitledto "everyreasonable consideration" with such
appointment in view, then it would be necessary to consider whether
this constituted an error on a question of law relating to the provisions of
Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter. It does not however appear to
the Court that such was the reasoning of the Tribunal. It noted that
"In hisletter of 21December 1983addressed to the Applicant, the
Respondentconcludedthat, sincethe involvementof al1parties con-
cerned was necessary for the renewal of the Applicant's appoint-
ment, such renewal wasimpossible in the circumstances" (para. IV),
and observed that this accorded withthe Tribunal's ownjurisprudence on
secondment. The conclusion it based on this was however merelythat the
Applicant had not established "that he had a legalexpectancy of anytype
offurther appointment" (para. VI).Itdidnotfind that secondmentbarred
him from "reasonable consideration" under resolution 37/126; on the70 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
contrary, as emphasized earlier in this opinion, it found thatuch consi-
deration was given. Accordingly, whether Mr. Kean's assessment of the
effect of Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter be correct or not,there
was no need for the Tribunal to express a view on the matter, and it did
not do so.Therefore, in this respect the Tribunal cannot have committed
an error of law relating tothat provision of the Charter.
93. The Applicant next invokes Article 8 of the Charter as being a
provision by reference to which the Tribunal committed an error on a
question of law.That Article provides :
"The United Nations shallplace no restrictions onthe eligibilityof
men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions
of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs."
The Article isgenerally understood to prohibit anydiscrimination on the
basis of sex, a question of no relevance whatever in the present proceed-
ings.The Applicant howeverpropoundsthe novelviewthat "the Articleis
framed soas to have broader application" and that it prohibits "any res-
triction on the eligibilityof anyerson to participate in any organ of the
United Nations under conditions of equality". Whatever merit, ifany,this
contention may have, the Court isnot called upon to deal with it, for two
reasons. In the first place, the point was nottaken before the Tribunal.
While the Tribunal might be guilty of an error of law in relation to the
plain meaning of a provision of the Charter, even if that provision were
not pleaded before it,it cannot be criticized for failing to foresee andl
with a novel interpretation of the Charter which was never brought to
its attention. Secondly, in any event, the Applicant's contention proves
to be based, once again, on the view that the Secretary-General had
classified him as ineligible for any further employment, and thus did
not give reasonable consideration to his case. He argues that "What
Article 8 prohibits is any restriction on eligibilityto serve. This does not
prohibit the consideration of other factors in anyparticular employment
decision". Nor does the Applicant "challenge the Secretary-General's
discretionary powers of appointment". Since the Tribunal found that
there had been no exclusion of eligibility, but simply a decision, after
reasonable consideration, not to offer appointment, Article 8, even in
the wide interpretationcontended for by the Applicant, has no relevance
whatever. 71 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
94. Finally, the Applicant asserts thattheTribunal erred on a question
of law relating to Article2, paragraph 1,of the Charter, namely: "The
Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of al1its
Members", coupled with Article 100,paragraph 2 :
"Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the
exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the
Secretary-General andthe staff and not to seek to influence them in
the discharge of their responsibilities."
The Applicant concedes thattheTribunal was not asked to adjudicate the
policies of any individual government, and had no competence to do so,
but contends that it was asked to adjudicatethe obligations of the Secre-
tary-General under the Charter and the Staff Rules. However he argues
that
"If the policies of an individual government conflict with the obli-
gations of the Secretary-General to treatal1staffmembers equally,to
give paramount consideration to the principle of merit, to neither
seek nor receive instructions from any outside authority, the Secre-
tary-General must, in the words of [the IL0 Administrative Tribunal
inthe caseof]Rosescu,safeguardthe interestsof the organization and
givethem priority overothers."
95. It is however by no means clear what the decision of the Tribunal
ought,according to the Applicant, to have been in order to respect these
provisions of the Charter. As noted inparagraph 76above, the Applicant
does not allege that in refusing him further employment, the Secretary-
General was merely carrying out the instructions of a government, or that
the Secretary-General isprecluded from taking into consideration forma1
representations made to him by member States. The complaint here ex-
amined thus appearsto be that a certain government brought pressure to
bear on the Secretary-General of a kind which contravened Article 100,
paragraph 2,of the Charter. If the Tribunal had considered that this was
the case, it could either have found that the Secretary-General bowed to
that pressure, orthat he did not. If it foundthat he did not,there was no
non-observance ofthe Applicant's contract of employment orhisterms of
appointment, within the meaning of Article 2of the Tribunal's Statute. In
that event, even if there had been evidence (which there was not) that a
member State had behaved in violation of Article 100,paragraph 2,of the
Charter, theTribunal would not have beenjustified in making any finding
in that respect, and could not therefore be criticized fornot doing so. If it
had found that the Secretary-General did bow to pressure, he could have
been in breach of Article 100,paragraph 1,of the Charter, already dis-
cussed above. In fact, however, the Tribunal expressly foundthat
"there has been no allegation, and far less any evidence, that the Re- 72 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
spondent ... had in any manner let the wishes of a Member State
prevail over the interests of the United Nations andhus disregarded
his duties under Article 100, paragraph 1, of the Charter" (para.
XIX).
The Court can therefore see no possibility of an error of law bythe Tribu-
nal relating to Articles 2 and 100,paragraph 2, of the Charter.
96. In respect of the second question addressed to itby theCommittee
in this case, the Court concludes that the Tribunal, in its Judge-
ment No. 333, did not err on a question of law relating to the provisions
of the Charter.The reply to that question also must therefore be in the
negative.
97. For these reasons,
A. Unanimously,
Decidesto comply with the request for an advisory opinion;
B. Is of the opinio:
(1)with regard to Question 1,
unanimously,
Thar the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in its Judgement
No. 333 of 8 June 1984 (AT/DEC/333), did not fail to exercise juris-
diction vested in it by not responding to the question whether a legal
impediment existed to the further employment in the United Nations
of the Applicant after the expiry of his fixed-term contract on 26 De-
cember 1983;
(2)with regard to Question 2,
by eleven votes to three,
That the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same Judge-
ment No. 333,did not err on any question oflaw relating to the provisions
of theCharter of the United Nations.
INFAVOUR :PresidentNagendra Singh; Vice-PresidenMbaye; Judges Lachs,
Ruda, Elias,Oda,Ago,Sette-Camara,Bedjaoui,Ni and Tarassov;
AGAINS T:dges Schwebel,SirRobert Jennings andEvensen. Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-seventh day of May, oneu-
sand nine hundred and eighty-seven, in two copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and theother transmitted to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations.
(Signed) NAGENDR SINGH,
President.
(Signed) EduardoVALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.
Judge LACHS appends a declaration to the Advisory Opinion of the
Court.
Judges ELIAS,ODAand AGOappend separate opinions to the Advisory
Opinion of the Court.
Judges SCHWEBEL S,ir RobertJENNINGS and EVENSEN append dis-
sentingopinions to the Advisory Opinion of theCourt.
(Initialled) N.S.
(Initialled) E.V.O.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS
ADVISORY OPINIONSAND ORDERS
APPLICATION FOR REVIEW
OF JUDGEMENT No. 333 OF THE UNITED
NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL
ADVISORYOPINION OF 27 MAY1987
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION
DU JUGEMENT No 333 DU TRIBUNAL
ADMINISTRATIF DES NATIONS UNIES
AVISCONSULTATIFDU 27 MAI 1987 Officia1citation :
Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement No.333 of
the UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal,Advisory Opinion,
I.C.J.Reports 1987,p. 18.
Mode officiel de citation :
Demande deréforma fiondujugement no333
du Tribunaladministratifdes Nations Unies,avisconsultat&
C.I.J. Recueil1987,p. 18.
Sales number
Nodevente : INTERNATIONAL COURT OFJUSTICE
1987 YEAR 1987
27 May
General List
No.72 27 May 1987
APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW
OF JUDGEMENT No. 333 OF THE UNITED
NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVETRIBUNAL
Requestfor advisoryopinionby the Committeeon Applicationsfor Reviewof
Administrative Tribunaludgements - Article II of the Statute of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal.
Cornpetenceof the Court - Proprietyof the Court'sgiving the opinio-
Nature andscopeof theadvisoryopinion requeste- DeterminationbytheCourt
of themeaning and implicationsof questions submitted for advisoryopini-n
Powerof Court to ascertain and statelegalquestionsreallyin iss-e Scope of
questionssubmitted to Court.
ObjectiontoJudgement ongroundoffailure byAdministrative Tribunaltoexer-
cisejurisdiction vested i-itDeterminationwhetherthe Tribunaladdressedits
mind to a point as test of whetherthe Tribunalfailed to exercisejurisd-ction
SigniJicanceof opinionsappended totheJudgement.
Objectionto Judgementon groundof erroron a question oflaw relatingto the
provisionsof the UnitedNations Charter Taskof theCourt - Meaningoferror
"ona questionoflaw relatingtotheprovisionsof the Charte-" Duty of Court to
enquireintosucherrorwhetherornot theerror wouldhaveaffectedthedisposalof
thecaseby the Tribunal Charter,Article101,paragraph1 - Article100,para-
graph1 - Article101,paragraph3 - Article8 - Article2,paragraph1 - Arti-
cle100,paragraph2.
ADVISORYOPINION
Present: President NAGENDRS AINGH;Vice-PresidentMBAYEJ ;udges LACHS,
RUDA,ELIAS,ODA,AGO, SETTE-CAMAS RCA, WEBES Li,r Robert
JENNINGS B,EDJAOU NII,, EVENSEN T,ARASSOR Ve;gistrar VALENCIA-
OSPINA. COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 1987
27mai
Rôle général
27 mai 1987 no72
DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION
DU JUGEMENT No 333 DU TRIBUNAL
ADMINISTRATIF DES NATIONS UNIES
Requêtepour avisconsultatifprésentear leComitédesdemandesderéforma-
tion dejugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations U-ieArticle Il du
statut du Tribunaladministratif des Nations Unies.
Compétencede la Cour - Opportunité,pour la Cour. de donner lavis de-
tnandé - Nature etportéede lavis consultatifdeman-é Déterminationpar la
Courdu sensetdelaportéedesquestionssoumisespouravisconsultatif- Pouvoir
de la Courde rechercheretdeformuler les questionsjuridiques véritablement en
jeu - Portéedes questions soumiseàla Cour.
Contestation du jugement au motif que le Tribunal administratif a omis
dqe.yercesrajuridict-onQuestiondesavoirsile Tribunalafait portersaréflexion
sur un point, en tant que critèrepermettant de déterminersi le Tribunal a omis
d'e.~ercerajuridictio- Importance des opinionsjointesaujugement.
Contestationdujugement au motifqu 'uneerreurdedroitconcernantlesdisposi-
tions de la Charte des Nations Uniesa été commise- Tâche incombant à la
Cour - Sens de l'«erreurde droit concernant les dispositionsde la Ch-rte))
Devoirde la Courde sepenchersur une erreurde cegenre, quecelle-ciait ou non
une incidence surle règlementde laflaire par le Tribu-aArticle 101,para-
graphe1,dela Charte - Article 100,paragraphe- Article101,paragraphe3-
Article8- Article2.paragrapheI- Article 100,paragraph2.
AVISCONSULTATIF
Présents:M. NAGENDRA SINGH,Président; M. MBAYE,Vice-Président;
MM. LACHSR , UDA,ELIASO , DA,AGO,SETTE-CAMAS RCAH, WEBEL,
sir Robert JENNINGM S,M.BEDJAOU NII,,EVENSEN T,ARASSO juge,s;
M.VALENCIA-OSPG INreff,ier. 19 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (ADVISORY OPINION)
In the matter of the Application for Review of Judgement No. 333 of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
THECOURT,
composed as above,
gives thefollowing AdvisoryOpinion:
1. The questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been
asked were laid before the Court by a letter dated 28 August 1984, filed in
the Registry on 10September 1984,from the Secretary-General of the United
Nations. Bythat letter the Secretary-Generalinformed theCourt that the Com-
mittee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements
had, pursuant to Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, decided on 23 August 1984that there was a substantial basis for the
application made to that Committee for review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgement No. 333, and had accordinglydecided to request an advisory opin-
ion of the Court. The decision of the Committee, which was set out in extenso
in the Secretary-General's letter, and certified copies of which in English and
French were enclosed with that letter, read as follow:
"The Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgements at the 4th meeting of its twenty-fourth session on 23 August
1984decided that there was a substantial basis, within the meaning of arti-
cle 11of the statute of the Administrative Tribunal, for the application for
review of Administrative Tribunal Judgement No. 333delivered at Geneva
on 8June 1984.
Accordingly the Committee on Applications for Review of Administra-
tive Tribunal Judgements requests an advisory opinion of the Interna-
tional Court of Justice on the following questions:
'(1)In its Judgement No. 333 of 8 June 1984(AT/DEC/333), did the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal fail to exercise jurisdiction
vested in it by not responding to the question whether a legal impedi-
ment existed to the further employment in the United Nations of the
Applicant after the expiry of hiscontract on 26 December 1983?
(2) Did the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same
Judgement No. 333, err on questions of law relating to provisions of the
Charter of the United Nations?"
2. In accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court
notice of the request for an advisory opinion was given by a letter from the
Deputy-Registrar dated 28 September 1984to al1States entitled to appear be-
fore the Court; a copy of the Secretary-General's letter setting out the decision
of the Committee was transmitted to those States.
3. Pursuant to Article 65,paragraph 2,of the Statute and to Article 104of the
Rules of Court, the Secretary-General of the United Nations transmitted to the
Court a dossier of documents likely to throw light upon the question; these
documents reached the Registryin English on 20 December 1984and in French
on 3January 1985.On 6 March 1987,on the instructions of the Court the Regis-
trar requested the Secretary-General tosupplycertain background information
to supplementthe dossier; the information was supplied on 27 April 1987. Au sujet de la demande de réformationdu jugement no333 du Tribunal ad-
ministratif des Nations Unies,
ainsi composée,
donnel'avisconsultatifsuivant:
1. La Cour a étésaisie des questions sur lesquelles un avis consultatif lui est
demandé par une lettre du Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies datéedu 28août 1984et enregistréeau Greffe le 10septembre 1984.
Dans cette lettre, le Secrétairegénérlorte à laconnaissance de la Cour que, le
23 août 1984,conformément à l'article 11du statut du Tribunal administratif
des Nations Unies, le Comitédes demandes de réformation de jugements du
Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies a décidéque la demande dont il était
saisi, concernant lejugement no333 dudit Tribunal, reposait sur des bases sé-
rieuseseta priéen conséquence laCour de donner un avisconsultatif à cesujet.
La décision du Comité, quiest intégralementreproduite dans la lettre du Secré-
taire général etdont le texte certifiéconforme en anglais et en français estjoint
à cette lettre, est ainsi con:ue
«LeComité desdemandes de réformationdejugements du Tribunal ad-
ministratif,à la 4e séance de sa vingt-quatrième session, tenue le
23 août 1984,a décidéque la demande de réformationdu jugement no333
du Tribunal administratif rendu à Genève le 8 juin 1984repose sur des
bases sérieusesau sens de I'article1du statut du Tribunal.
En conséquence,le Comité desdemandes de réformationdejugements
du Tribunal administratif prie la Cour internationale de Justice de donner
un avis consultatif sur les questions suivantes
« 1) Dans sonjugement no333,du 8juin 1984(AT/DEC/333), leTri-
bunal administratif des Nations Unies a-t-il manquéd'exercer sajuridic-
tion en ne répondant pas à la question de savoir s'ilexistait un obstacle
juridique au renouvellement de l'engagement du requérant àI'Organisa-
tion des Nations Unies après la venue à expiration de son contrat le
26 décembre1983 ?
2) Le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, dans le même juge-
ment no 333, a-t-il commis une erreur de droit concernant les disposi-
tions de la Charte des NationsUnies?))
2. Conformément à I'article 66,paragraphe 1, du Statut de la Cour, la re-
quête pouravis consultatif a été notifiéep,ar lettre du Greffier adjoint en date
du 28septembre 1984, àtous les Etats admis à esterdevant la Cour; copie de la
lettre du Secrétairegénérarleproduisant la décisiondu Comité aététransmise
à ces Etats.
3. Conformément à I'article 65,paragraphe 2, du Statut eàI'article 104du
Règlement de la Cour, le Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies a transmisà la Cour un dossier de documentspouvant servir àélu-
cider la question; ces documentssont parvenus au Greffe en langue anglaise le
20 décembre 1984et en langue française le 3janvier 1985.Le 6 mars 1987,sur
les instructions de la Cour, le Greffiera priéle Secrétairegénéle fournir cer-
tains renseignements générauxen complémentde ceux qui figuraient dans le
dossier. Ces renseignements ont étéfournis le 27 avril 1987. 4. The President of the Court decided on 13September 1984that the United
Nations and its member States were to be considered as likely to be abletofur-
nish information on the question. Accordingly by a letter of 28 September 1984,
the Deputy-Registrar notified the Organization and its member States,
pursuant to Article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, that the Court
would be prepared to receive written statements from them within a time-limit
fixed at 14 December 1984by an Order of the President dated 13 Septem-
ber 1984.
5. At the request of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, thePresi-
dent of the Court, by Order of 30 November 1984,extended that time-limit to
28 February 1985.
6. Within the time-limit as so extended, written statements were received
from the Governments of Canada, Italy, the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics and the United States of America, and from the Secretary-General of the
United Nations; in addition, the Secretary-General transmitted to the Court,
pursuant to Article 11,paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Administrative Tribu-
nal, a statement setting forth the views of Mr.Vladimir Victorovich Yakimetz,
the former staff member to whom the Judgement of the Administrative Tribu-
nal relates.
7. By a letter from the Registrar, dated 5 March 1985,copies of these state-
ments were communicated to the United Nations and to the States which had
presented such statements, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 4, of the
Statute.
8. By the same letter of 5 March 1985,Canada, Italy, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and the United States of America, as well as the United
Nations, were informed that the President of the Court, pursuant to Article 66,
paragraph 4, of its Statute, had decided to permit any State or organization
having presented or transmitted a written statement to submit comments in
writing on the statement made or transmitted by any other, and hadixed 31May
1985as the time-limit forthe submission of such comments. The time-limit was
subsequently extended to 1 July 1985; within the time-limit as so extended,
comments were received in the Registry from the Secretary-General, who
also transmitted the comments of Mr. Yakimetz, and from the United States of
America.
9. On 8 July 1985, copies of these comments were communicated to the
United Nations and to the States which had presented written statements, and
by a letter from the Registrar, dated 3 November 1986,they were informed that
the Court did not intend to hold any public sitting for the purpose of hearing
oral statements in the case.
10. The Judgement of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
(Judgement No. 333) whichwas the subject ofthe application to the Com-
mittee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judge-
ments resulting in the present request for advisory opinion was given on
8 June 1984 in case No. 322, Yakimetz v. the Secretary-General of the
UnitedNations. The facts of that case, as found by the Tribunal, and as set
out inthedocuments submitted to the Tribunal, may, for the purposes of
the presentopinion, be summarized as follows. On 20 July 1977, ina letter 4. Le 13septembre 1984,le Présidentde la Cour a jugéque l'organisation
des Nations Unies et ses Etats Membres étaientsusceptibles de fournir des ren-
seignements sur la question.Par lettre du 28septembre 1984,leGreffieradjoint
a fait connaître en conséquenceà I'Organisation eà ses Etats Membres, en ap-
plication de l'article 66, paragraphe 2, du Statut, que la Cour était dispàsée
recevoir des exposés écritsdans un délaidont, par ordonnance du Président
rendue le 13 septembre 1984, la date d'expiration avait été fixéeau 14 dé-
cembre 1984.
5. A la demande du Secrétaire généradle I'Organisation des Nations Unies,
cette date a étéreportéeau 28février1985parordonnance du Présidentrendue
le 30 novembre 1984.
6. Dans le délai ainsi prorogé,les Gouvernements du Canada, des Etats-
Unis d'Amérique, de l'Italie et de l'Union des Républiques socialistes sovié-
tiques, ainsi que le Secrétairegénéralde l'organisation des Nations Unies, ont
présentédes exposésécrits;le Secrétaire général a enoutre transmisàla Cour,
conformément à l'article 11,paragraphe 2, du statut du Tribunal administratif,
un exposéde l'opinion de M. Vladimir Victorovich Yakimetz, l'ancien fonc-
tionnaire que concerne lejugement du Tribunal.
7. Par lettre du 5 mars 1985,le Greffier a communiqué des exemplaires de
ces exposés à l'organisation des Nations Unies et aux Etats qui avaient eux-
mêmesprésentédes exposés, conformément à I'article 66, paragraphe 4, du
Statut.
8. Par cette même lettredu 5 mars 1985,le Canada, les Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique, l'Italie et l'Union des Républiques socialistessoviétiques,ainsi que l'Or-
ganisation des Nations Unies, ont étéavisésque le Présidentde la Cour avait
décidé,en application de l'article 66, paragraphe 4, du Statut,d'autoriser tout
Etatou organisation ayant présentéou transmis un exposéécrità soumettre des
observations écritessur les exposésfaitsoutransmis par d'autres et avaitfixéau
31mai 1985la date d'expiration du délaipour la présentation de ces observa-
tions. Cette date a par lasuiteétéreportéeau lerjuillet 1985.Dans le délai ainsi
prorogé, le Greffe a reçu des observations du Secrétaire généralet des Etats-
Unis d'Amérique; le Secrétaire générallui a en outre transmis les observations
de M. Yakimetz.
9. Le 8juillet 1985,des exemplaires de ces observations ont étécommuni-
qués àl'organisation des Nations Unies ainsi qu'aux Etats qui avaient pré-
senté des exposésécrits;par lettre du3 novembre 1986,le Greffier leur a fait
savoir que la Cour n'avait pas l'intention de tenir audience pour entenddes
exposés enl'espèce.
10. Lejugement no333du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies,
objet de lademande soumise au Comitédesdemandes de réformationde
jugements du Tribunal administratif qui a abouti a la présente requête
pour avisconsultatif, a étérendule 8juin 1984dans l'affaire no322(Yaki-
metz c. le Secrétaire généradle I'Organisationdes Nations Unies). Les
faits de l'espèce, telsqu'ils ressortent des attendus du Tribunal et tels
qu'ilssont exposésdans lesdocuments présentés auTribunal peuvent être
résumés comme suitaux fins du présentavis. Le 20juillet 1977,dans uneaddressed to the Assistant Secretary-General for Personnel Services,the
Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations ofthe Union of
Soviet SocialistRepublics recommended Mr. Vladimir Victorovich Yaki-
metz (hereinafter called "the Applicant"), a national of the USSR who
had been employed by the United Nations in 1969-1974,for a post of
reviser (P-4) in theRussian Translation Service of the United Nations.
On 23 November 1977the Applicant was offered "a five-year fixed-term
appointment, on secondment from the USSR Government, at step IV of
the First Officer (P-4)level,as Reviser in the Russian Service".The letter
of appointment, which took effect on 27 December 1977,was issued on
behalf of the Secretary-General on 28 December 1977and accepted by
the Applicant on 24 January 1978; it did not mention secondment, and
under "Special Conditions" specified "None". On 5 October 1981the
Applicant wastransferred as Programme Officerto the Programme Plan-
ning Section, Programme Planning and Co-ordination Office, Depart-
ment of International Economic and Social Affairs. On 6 December
1982the Applicant was recommended for promotion to P-5.The Appli-
cant's appointment was then extended for one year, expiring on
26 December 1983;the letter of appointment, dated 8 December 1982,
included a "special condition" that he was "on secondment from the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", which he
accepted without comment.
11. On 8 February 1983 the Assistant Secretary-General for Pro-
gramme Planning and Co-ordination informed the Applicant that it was
his intention to request an extension of hisntract after the current con-
tract expired on 26 December 1983,since he believed that "it would be
in the interests of the Office to have your services continue" and asked
him whether he would be in a position to accept such an extension. The
Administrative Tribunalfound that "evidence was available" that about
this time
"the USSR authorities were contemplating replacing the Applicant
by another person whom they had already selected and whom they
wished to be trained further by the Applicant"
andthat
"It was suggestedto him that he should leave for Moscow early in
1983forthis purpose, but his applicationfor leavewasrefused bythe
United Nations." (Judgement, para. XI.)
On 9February 1983the Applicant applied for asylum inthe United States
ofAmerica. On 10February 1983heinformed thePermanent Representa-
tive of the USSR to the United Nations that he was resigning from his
position with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of theUSSR and from al1lettre adresséeau Sous-Secrétaire généraa lux services du personnel, le
représentant permanent adjoint de l'Union des Républiques socialistes
soviétiquesauprès de l'organisation des Nations Unies a recommandé
que M. Vladimir Victorovich Yakimetz(ci-aprèsdénomméle requérant),
ressortissant soviétiquequi avait étau service de l'organisation de 1969
à1974,soit nommé à un poste de reviseur (P-4)au servicerusse de traduc-
tion de l'organisation. Le 23 novembre 1977,le requérants'estvu offrir
«un engagement pour une duréede cinq ans en qualitéde reviseur au
service russe..détachéde la fonction publique soviétique àl'échelonIV
de la classe P-4(administrateurde premièreclasse)».Lalettre de nomina-
tion, dontladate de prise d'effet étaitle 27décembre1977,a été envoyée
au nom du Secrétairegénérall2 e8décembre1977etacceptéepar lerequé-
rant le 24janvier 1978.Il n'yétait pas fait mentiond'un détachementet,
sous la rubrique ((Conditions particulières», il était spéci:i«Néant. »
Le 5octobre 1981,le requéranta été mutéen qualitéd'administrateur de
programmes à la section de la planification des programmes du bureau
de la planification et de la coordinationdes programmes du département
des affaires économiqueset socialesinternationales. Le6décembre1982,
le requéranta été recommandépour une promotion à la classe P-.L'en-
gagement du requéranta alors été prolongé d'une année,jusqu'au 26dé-
cembre 1983 ;lalettre denomination, datéedu8décembre1982,contenait
une conditionparticulière suivant laquelle le requérantétait«détachéde
la fonction publique del'Union des Républiquessocialistessoviétiques»,
condition qu'ila acceptéesans la commenter.
11. Le8février1983,leSous-Secrétairegénéral àlaplanification etàla
coordinationdes programmes, estimant que le ((bureau aurait tout intérêt
à ..garder» le requérant,a informécelui-ci qu'il avait l'intention de de-
mander une prolongation de son contrat après sa venue à expiration, le
26 décembre1983,et l'a prié delui faire savoir s'ilétait en mesure d'ac-
cepter cette prolongation. LeTribunal administratif a déclaréque :
«Vers la mêmeépoque,il est apparu que les autoritéssoviétiques
envisageaient de remplacer le requérant par une autre personne
qu'ellesavaient déjàchoisieetdont ellessouhaitaientfaire compléter
la formation par lerequérant.»
Il a ajout:
((11a été suggér écelui-ci de se rendreà Moscou dans ce but au
débutde 1983,mais lademande de congédu requéranta été rejetée
par l'ONU. »(Jugement, par. XI.)
Le 9 février1983,le requérant a demandéasile aux Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique. Le 10février1983, il a fait savoir au représentant permanent de
l'Union desRépubliquessocialistes soviétiquesauprèsde l'organisation
des Nations Unies qu'il démissionnaitde son poste au ministèredes af-other officia1positions he held inthe SovietGovernment, andthat he had
made an application to the Government of the United States of America
requesting asylum. Bya letter of the same date the Applicant notified the
Secretary-General, under Staff Rule 104.4(c),of his intention to acquire
permanent resident status in the United States of America, and informed
him that he had applied for asylum and resigned "from al1officia1posi-
tions 1 hold in the Government of the Soviet Union"; in that letter he
assured the Secretary-General of his "wish and intention to continue to
perform al1my obligations under my employment contract". On 28 Feb-
ruary 1983the Director of the Division of Personnel Administration in-
formed the Applicant that the Secretary-General had decided to place
him on special leavewithfullpay, effective 1March 1983and until further
notice,inaccordance with StaffRule 105.2 (a),and that anyother decision
pertaining to his case would be taken by the Secretary-General at a later
stage. On 1March 1983,in a letter to the Director of the Division of Per-
sonnel Administration, the Applicant asked to be advised of the precise
reasons as to "why the leave had been granted", and asked for clarifica-
tion on a number of points. On 11March 1983,following a communica-
tion from the Executive Assistant to the Secretary-General addressed to
the Director of the Division of Personnel Administration, the latter in-
formed the Applicant that the Secretary-General had also "determined
that, at thisjuncture and pending further review,itisin the best interest of
the Organization that [the Applicant] do not enter the premises of the
United Nations", with immediate effect and until further notice. In that
letter the Director also dealt with the questions put by the Applicant
on 1March 1983.
12. On 17March 1983the Applicant wrote to the Secretary-General
asking for a reviewunder Staff Rule 111.3(a)of the decision to place him
on special leave,and reiterating his request for awritten explanation asto
why it was considered in the best interest of the Organization that he did
not enterthe premises ofthe United Nations; he added, however, that on
the advice of his counsel and under protest, he would of course comply
withthe Secretary-General's decision.On 29June 1983the Applicant was
promoted to P-5with effectfrom 1April 1983.
13. On 25October 1983the Applicant addressed a memorandum tothe
Assistant Secretary-Generalfor Programme Planning and Co-ordination,
recalling that his fixed-termcontract with the United Nations was due to
expire on 26 December 1983,and expressing the hope that it would be
found possible on the basis of his performance to recommend a further
extension of hiscontract withthe United Nations, "or evenbetter acareer
appointment". On 8 November 1983 the Assistant Secretary-General
replied, praising the Applicant's performance and concluding :faires étrangèresde l'Union soviétiqueainsique detoutes sesautres fonc-
tions officielles dans la fonction publique soviétiqueet qu'il avait pré-
sentéune demande d'asileauGouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique.
Par lettre du même jour,le requérant a notifiéau Secrétaire général,
conformément à la disposition 104.4c)du règlementdu personnel, qu'il
avaitl'intention d'acquérirlestatut de résidentpermanent aux Etats-Unis
d'Amériqueet il l'ainformépar la même occasionqu'ilavait fait une de-
mande d'asile et qu'ildémissionnait « de toutes [ses]fonctions officielles
dans la fonction publique soviétique)).Dans cette lettre il déclaraiten
outre :«je souhaite etentendscontinuer dem'acquitterdetoutes mesobli-
gations conformément aux dispositions de mon contrat)). Le 28 fé-
vrier 1983,le directeur de la division de l'administration du personnel a
informélerequérantque le Secrétairegénéral avaitdéciddé e lemettre en
congéspécial àpleintraitement, àdater du lermars 1983etjusqu'à nouvel
ordre, conformément à la disposition 105.2a)du règlementdu personnel,
et que toute autre décisionle concernant serait prise par le Secrétairegé-
néral à une date ultérieure.Le le'mars 1983,le requéranta adresséune
lettre au directeur de la division de l'administration du personnel pour
qu'il luifasse connaître lesraisons précises«pour lesquelles ce congé[lui
avait] étéaccordé))et lui fournisse des éclaircissementssur un certain
nombre de points. Le 11 mars 1983, à la suite d'une communication
adresséepar l'assistant exécutifdu Secrétaire généraa lu directeur de la
division de l'administration du personnel, celui-ci a informéle requérant
que le Secrétairegénéral avaitauss«idécidé ...qu'ilétaitdans l'intérêdte
l'organisation,à ce stade et dans l'attente d'unexamenplus approfondi
de la question, que [le requérant ne pénètre]pas dans l'enceinte de
l'ONU »,avec effetimmédiatetjusqu'à nouvel ordre. Dans cettelettre,le
directeurde la division de l'administration du personnel a aussi traitéde
questions poséespar le requérantle le'mars 1983.
12. Le 17mars 1983,le requéranta écrit auSecrétairegénérap lour le
prier, conformément à la disposition 111.3a)du règlementdu personnel,
de réexaminer la décisiontendant à le mettre en congé spécial etil a de
nouveau demandéqu'onlui explique par écritpourquoi il étaitdans l'in-
térêdte l'organisation qu'ilne pénètrepasdans l'enceinte de l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies; il a toutefois ajouté que, suivant l'avis de son
conseilet àsoncorpsdéfendant, ilseconformerait évidemment à la déci-
sion du SecrétairegénéralL .e 29juin 1983,le requéranta étépromu à la
classeP-5avec effet au le'avril 1983.
13. Le 25 octobre 1983,le requérant a adresséun mémorandum au
Sous-Secrétaire général à la planification eà la coordination des pro-
grammes, dans lequel il rappelait que son contrat de duréedéterminée à
l'organisation des Nations Unies devait venir à expiration le 26 dé-
cembre 1983et exprimait l'espoir que, compte tenu de ses étatsde ser-
vice, il serait possible de recommander le renouvellement de son contrat
àl'organisation ou, ((mieux encore [sa]nomination à titre définitif». Le
8 novembre 1983,le Sous-Secrétaire général lui a répondu. Après avoir
louéle requérantpour son travail, il a conclu "From my perspective as head of this Office, 1findno difficulty in
recommending a further extension to your contract and intend to do
soatan appropriate time."
On 23 November 1983the Deputy Chief of Staff Services informed the
Applicant, "upon instruction bythe Office ofthe Secretary-General", that
it was not the intention of the Organization to extend his fixed-term
appointment beyond its expiration date, Le., 26 December 1983. On
29 November 1983 the Applicant protested against the decision in a
letter to the Assistant Secretary-General for Personnel Services,in which
he referred to his "acquired rights under the General Assembly resolu-
tion 37/126, IV,paragraph 5";that text, quoted in the letter, provides that
the General Assembly
"Decidesthat staff members on fixed-term appointments upon
completion of five years of continuing good service shall be given
every reasonable consideration for a career appointment."
On 2 December 1983 the Assistant Secretary-General for Programme
Planning and Co-ordination, in a letter addressed to the Assistant Secre-
tary-General for Personnel Services, stated, inter dia, that he found it
"extraordinary that such a decision should be taken without consulting
the head of the Office concerned". On 13December 1983the Applicant
requested the Secretary-General to review the decision not to extend his
appointment beyond its expiration date; he again expressly invoked
his rights under General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV, paragraph 5.
14. In a reply dated 21 December 1983, the Assistant Secretary-
General for Personnel Servicesstated :
"The Secretary-General has given careful consideration to the is-
sues raised in your request for administrative review dated 13 De-
cember 1983 ... as well as in your earlier letter dated 29 November
1983,in connection with the communication, dated 23 November
1983,that 'it isnot the intention of the Organization toextend your
fixed-term appointment beyond itsexpiration date, i.e.,26December
1983'.
In your letters, after referring to your service record and thelu-
ations ofyour supervisors,you state that under such conditions 'most
staff members would have an expectancy that their candidacy for a
career appointment would be "given every reasonable considera-
tion", as General Assembly resolution 37/126 IVrequires'.
Your situation, however, is not similar to that of 'most staffm-
bers' withcomparable servicerecords, because your present contract DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 23
«De monpoint de vue d'administrateur responsable du bureau de
la planification et de la coordination des programmes, je ne vois
aucune difficulté recommander une nouvelle prolongation devotre
contrat etj'ai l'intentionde le faire le moment venu.
Le 23novembre 1983,le chef adjoint des servicesdu personnel a informé
le requérant, «sur instructions du cabinet du Secrétairegénéra» l , que
l'organisation n'avait pas l'intention de prolonger son engagement de
durée déterminéeau-delà de sa date d'expiration, à savoir le 26 dé-
cembre 1983.Le29novembre 1983, lerequérant aécritau Sous-Secrétaire
généralaux services du personnel pour protester contre cette décisionet
s'estréféréàses«droitsacquis envertuduparagraphe 5de lapartie IVde
la résolution37/ 126del'Assembléegénérale » ;aux termes de cettedispo-
sition, citéedans la lettre,ssembléegénérale
((Décide que, lorsque des fonctionnaires nommés pour une durée
déterminéeauront accompli cinq années de service continu en don-
nant satisfaction, leur cas sera pris équitablement en considération
aux fins d'une nomination de carrière.
Le 2 décembre 1983,le Sous-Secrétaire généra l la planification eàla
coordination des programmes a,dansune lettre adresséeau Sous-Secré-
taire généralaux services du personnel, indiqué notamment qu'il lui
paraissait ((extraordinaire qu'une telle décision soitprise sans que le
principal responsable du bureau concerné soit consulté». Le 13 dé-
cembre 1983,le requérant ademandé au Secrétairegénéralde revoir la
décisionde ne pas prolonger son engagement au-delà de sa date d'expira-
tion; il a de nouveau invoqué expressément ledroit que lui conféraitle
paragraphe 5delasection IVdelarésolution37/126 del'Assemblée géné-
rale.
14. Le 21 décembre 1983, le Sous-Secrétairegénéralaux services du
personnel a réponduau requérant dans lestermes suivants :
«Le Secrétaire généraalexaminé attentivementles questions que
vous soulevezdans votrerequêtedu 13décembre1983 ..tendant àun
réexamende la décision administrative vous concernant, ainsi que
dans votreprécédentelettre du 29novembre 1983,concernant la no-
tification, endatedu 23novembre 1983,vous informant que «l'Orga-
nisation n'a pas l'intention de prolonger votre nomination pour une
duréedéterminéeau-delà de sa date d'expiration, àsavoir le 26 dé-
cembre 1983 ».
Vous déclarezdans vos lettres, aprèsavoirmentionnévos étatsde
service et les évaluationsportées par vos supérieurshiérarchiques,
quedans detelles circonstances «la plupart desfonctionnaires..se-
raient endroit des'attendre ceque leur cas«soitpris équitablement
en considération» aux fins d'une nomination de carrière comme le
demande la résolution 37/126 IVde l'Assembléegénérale ».
Toutefois,votre situation n'est pas la mêmeque celle de «la plu-
part des fonctionnaires)) ayant des états de service comparables was concludedon the basis of asecondment from your national civil
service. At the time your present appointment was made your Gov-
ernment agreed to release you for service under a one-year contract,
the Organization agreed so to limit the duration of your United
Nations service, and you yourself were aware of that arrange-
ment which, therefore, cannot give you any expectancy of renewal
without the involvement of al1the parties originally concerned.
Furthermore, you are serving under a fixed-term appointment,
which, as expressly provided in staffrule 104.12(b)and reiterated in
your letter of appointment, 'does not carry any expectancy of re-
newal or of conversion to any other type of appointment'.
In view of the foregoing, the reasons advanced by you in your
memorandum of 13December do not require the Secretary-General
to alter theecision communicated to you by letter of 23 November
1983. That decision is maintained and, therefore, the Secretary-
General isnot in a position to agree to your request 'that the Admini-
strative decision be withdrawn and [your] name forwarded to the
appropriate Appointment and Promotion body for reasonable con-
sideration' for career appointment.
Should you wish to pursue your appeal, the Secretary-General is
prepared to agreeto the directsubmission ofyour caseto the Admini-
strativeTribunal."
On 6 January 1984 the Applicant filed the application to the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal in respect of which Judgement No. 333
was given.
15. A development which occurred after the filing of the Application
to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, and which was not refer-
red to by the Tribunal in its Judgement (though it was mentioned in
the pleadings before the Tribunal) was a further application by the
Applicant for employment by the United Nations. On 9 January 1984,
according to the Applicant's statement of views transmitted to the Court
by the Secretary-General, he forwarded a new P-11 Persona1 History
Form to the Division of Recruitment, Office of Personnel Services,
"applying for a job at the United Nations". Under Item 4 (National-
ity(ies) at birth), he wrote "USSR". Under Item 5 (Present nationali-
ty(ies)), he wrote "USA, pending". Under Item 16(Have you taken up
legal permanent residence status in any country other than that of your
nationality? If answer is "yes", which country ?),he wrote "Yes. USA".
Under Item 17(Have you taken any legal steps towards changing your
present nationality? If answer is "yes", explain fully:), he wrote
"1have applied for US citizenship. The bill No. S.1989 is now before
US Senate." The Applicant stated that he received no acknowledge- puisque votre présentcontrat a été conclusur la base d'un détache-
ment de la fonctionpublique de votre pays. Au moment de la signa-
ture de votre présentcontrat, votre gouvernement a acceptédevous
détacherpour un contrat d'un an, l'organisation est convenue de li-
miter àcette périodela duréede vos services auprès d'elle, et vous
aviezvous-mêmeconnaissancede cet arrangement qui nesaurait par
conséquentvous autoriser à compter sur une prolongation sans la
participation de toutes les parties initialement en cause.
De surcroît, vous êtestitulaire d'un engagement pour une durée
déterminée qui,conformément à ce qui est expressémentindiqué
dansla disposition 104.12b)du Règlementdu personnel etréaffirmé
dans votre lettre de nomination, «n'autorise pasà compter sur une
prolongation ou surune nomination d'un type différent ».
Au vu de ce qui précède,les raisons que vous avancez dans votre
mémorandum du 13 décembre n'impliquent pas que le Secrétaire
général doive modifierla décision qui vous a été communiquée
par lettre du 23 novembre 1983.Cette décisionest maintenue et le
Secrétaire généraln'est donc pas en mesure d'accéder à votre
demande tendant à ce que «la décision de l'administration soit
rapportée et que [votre]nom soit transmis à l'organe compétent en
matière de nominations et de promotions afin que [votre] cas soit
équitablementpris en considération »aux fins d'une nomination de
carrière.
Sivous souhaitez poursuivre votre action, le Secrétairegénéraelst
disposé àaccepter que votrerequêtesoitdirectement soumise au Tri-
bunal administratif.
Le 6janvier 1984,le requéranta déposédevant le Tribunal administratif
des Nations Unies la requêtequi a donnélieu aujugement no333.
15. Aprèsl'introduction de la requêtedevant leTribunal administratif
des Nations Unies,lerequérant adéposéunenouvelle demande d'emploi
à l'organisation des Nations Unies; ce fait n'a pas émentionnépar le
Tribunal dansson jugement (bien qu'ilait étéévoqud éans les piècessou-
mises au Tribunal). Le9janvier 1984,comme l'indique l'exposé transmis
à la Cour au nom du requérantpar le Secrétaire générall,e requéranta
envoyé àla division du recrutement du bureau des servicesdu personnel
une nouvelle notice personnelle (formule P-11)«par laquelle il deman-
dait un emploi à l'organisation des Nations Unies».Sous la rubrique 4
(Nationalité(s)à la naissance), il indiqu:((URSS.» Sous la rubrique 5
(Nationalité(s) actuelle(s)), il indiqu:i«USA, en instance. » Sous la
rubrique 16(Avez-vousun visa de résidencelégalepermanente dans un
pays autre que celuidont vous êtesessortissant(e)? Dans l'affirmative,de
quelpays s'agit-il?),ilindiquait«Oui. USA.»Sousla rubrique 17(Avez-
vous entrepris des démarches officielles en vue d'acquérir unenationa-
litéautre que votre nationalité actuelle? Dans l'affirmative, donnez tous
renseignements utiles), il écrivait:'ai demandéla citoyennetéaméri-ment of this application, and this has not been contradicted by the Res-
pondent.
16. The Applicant made this further application for United Nations
employment after Mr. J. Sills,a spokesmanforthe Secretary-General, re-
plying to a question at a press conference on 4January 1984,had said that
"If Mr. Yakimetz chose to apply for a position with the United
Nations he would be given every consideration along with other
applicantsfor any position, including his old position."
The New York Timesofthe same daycarried an article on the non-renewal
of the Applicant's contract; in the article the Executive Assistant to the
Secretary-General, Mr. Emilio de Olivares, was quoted as follows :
"'We didn't extend it because we can't', Emiliode Olivares, a
senior aide to Mr. Pérezde Cuéllar,said of the Yakimetz contract.
Mr. Olivares said that by Soviet law, Mr. Yakimetz remains a
Soviet citizen .. .Moreover, like al1Soviet employees of the Secre-
tariat, he was officially 'seconded' from his home Government ...
To have the contract extended, Mr. Olivares said, Soviet consent
was essentiai. But, he said, 'the Sovietsrefused'."
Mr. Patricio Ruedas, Under-Secretary-General for Administration and
Management, wrote a letter tothe New York Times,published on 25Janu-
ary 1984, commenting on the above newspaper report. He mentioned
other eminent officiaiswho had been seconded and United States legisla-
tion permitting secondment, and concluded:
"The United Nations endeavors to obtain qualified staff from
every one of its member States. Direct employment as well as loans
from governments have been used, and continue to be used, as nor-
mal recruitment procedures. The main difference between the two is
that a person who is on loan returns to his government unless that
government agrees otherwise - a principle applicable in al1cases,
and not only those involving the USSR."
17. The Applicant's principal contentions before the Tribunal were
summed up by the Tribunal as follows :
"1. No legal impediment existed at the time of the contested deci-
sion, or existsnow,to thecontinuation ofthe Applicant's servicewith
the United Nations :caine. Le projet de loi no S.1989a étédéposé devantle Sénat desEtats-
Unis.» Le requéranta déclarén'avoir reçuaucun accuséde réceptionde
sademande, ce qui n'a pas étédémentipar le défendeur.
16. Lerequéranta introduit cettenouvelle demande d'emploi àl'Orga-
nisation desNations Unies aprèsque M. J. Sills,un porte-parole du Secré-
taire général,utdéclaréen réponse a une question qui lui avait éposée
le 4janvier 1984,lors d'une conférencede presse :
«SiM.Yakimetzdécidaitde faire acte de candidature àun poste à
l'organisation des Nations Unies, son cas serait pris en considéra-
tion de mêmeque celui des autres candidats àce poste, y compris à
son ancien poste.»
Le mêmejour paraissait dans le New YorkTimesun article consacréau
non-renouvellement du contrat du requérant.Dans cet article, lespropos
de M. de Olivares, assistant exécutifdu Secrétaire généralé, taientainsi
rapportés :
«Nous ne l'avons pas prolongé parce que nous ne le pouvons
pas», a déclaré M. Emilio de Olivares, proche collaborateur de
M. Pérezde Cuéllar, à propos du contrat de M. Yakimetz.
M. de Olivares a déclaréqu'en vertu de la législation soviétique,
M.Yakimetz demeure citoyensoviétique ..En outre, comme tous les
employés soviétiquesdu Secrétariat, il était officiellement «dé-
taché»par son gouvernement d'origine ...
Pour pouvoir prolonger le contrat, a déclaréM. de Olivares, l'as-
sentiment soviétique étaitessentiel. Mais, a-t-il déclaré,s Sovié-
tiques ont refusé.
M. Patricio Ruedas, Secrétaire généraa ldjoint àl'administration età la
gestion,aadresséau New YorkTimesunelettre,publiée le25janvier 1984,
dans laquelle il commentait ledit article. Il y mentionnait d'autres hauts
fonctionnaires qui avaient étédétachés ainsique les textes législatifsdes
Etats-Unisautorisant le détachementet concluait:
((L'Organisation des Nations Unies s'efforce d'obtenir des fonc-
tionnaires qualifiésauprèsde chacun de ses Etats Membres. Dans le
t cadre des procédures normales de recrutement, l'on a eu recours et
l'oncontinue d'avoir recoursàdesrecrutements directsainsiqu'à des
prêtsdes gouvernements. La principale différenceentre les deux
types de recrutement est qu'une personne qui est prêtéedoit re-
tourner dans la fonctionpublique de son paysà moins que legouver-
nement intéressé n'acceptequ'il en soit autrement,principe qui est
applicable dans tous les cas,et pas seulement au cas de'URSS. D
17. Le Tribunal a résuméles principaux arguments du requérant
comme suit:
« 1. Lorsque la décisioncontestéeaétéprisiel,n'yavaitpas d'obs-
tacle juridique s'opposant au maintien en fonction du requérant à
l'ONU, et il n'yen a pas non plusàl'heure actuelle: (a) the Applicant wasnot in any legallycognizable sense on second-
ment;
(6) after 10 February 1983,the Respondent had neither the obli-
gation nor the right to solicit or receive instructions as to the
Applicant from any authority extraneous to the Organization;
(c) no legal constraint existed, after 26 December 1983, on the
Applicant's further appointment to the United Nations;
2. The Applicant had a legally and morallyjustifiable expectancy
of continued United Nations employment, and a right to reasonable
considerationfor a career appointment.
3. The Applicant wasdeniedthereasonable consideration for fur-
ther employment to which he had a right."
18. The Tribunal then similarly summarized the principal contentions
of the Respondent as follows :
"1. The Applicant has no entitlement, including any legally cog-
nizable expectancy, as regards continued employment on expiry of
his fixed-term contract:
(a) the fixed-term contract excludes anyexpectancy ;
(b) no circumstances outside the scope of the contract gave rise to
legallycognizableexpectations :
(i) the circumstances relating to secondment could not have
created an expectancy. The separation from government
service during period of United Nations appointment did
not result in new terms of contract with United Nations;
(ii) the commendations by supervisors did not commit the
Secretary-General to extend the appointment. The pre-con-
ditions to consideration of reappointment by the Appoint-
ment and Promotion Board werenot fulfilled;
(iii) General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV, paragraph 5, did
not effect a change in procedure on appointment.
2. The Secretary-General's decision against re-appointment was
within his sole authority under the Charter and Staff Regulations:
(a) in reaching his decision,the Secretary-General tookinto account
al1the circumstances in the case;
(6) in taking his decision in the case, the Secretary-General acted in
theinterest of the Organization." a) lerequérantn'étaitpasdétachéau sensjuridiquement reconnu du
terme;
b) aprèsle 10février1983,le défendeurn'étaitni tenu ni en droit de
solliciter ou de recevoir des instructions concernant le requérant
d'une autoritéextérieure à l'organisation;
C) après le 26 décembre 1983,il n'existait aucune restriction juri-
diquequantau renouvellement de l'engagement du requérantpar
l'ONU;
2. Le requérant était légalementet moralement en droit de s'at-
tendre à êtremaintenu en fonction à l'ONU et à ce que sa candida-
ture soit équitablement prise en considération aux fins d'une nomi-
nation de carrière.
3. Ledroit du requérant à ceque lerenouvellement de son engage-
ment soit équitablementenvisagéluia étédénié. »
18. LeTribunal a résuméde mêmelesprincipaux arguments du défen-
deur, comme suit :
« 1. Le requérant n'avait aucun droit ni aucun motif juridique-
ment admis de s'attendre à ce que son engagement soit prolongé
lorsqueson contrat de duréedéterminéeviendrait à expiration:
a) lesengagements pourunedurée déterminéen'autorisent pasleurs
titulaireà compter surquoi que ce soit;
b) aucune circonstance étrangèreau contrat ne donnait naissance à
une expectative reconnue endroit:
i) les circonstances relatives au détachement du requérant ne
pouvaient avoir crééune expectative. Le fait que le requérant
avait démissionné dela fonction publique de son pays pen-
dant qu'ilétaitau servicedel'organisation des Nations Unies
ne créaitpas une nouvelle situation contractuelle vis-à-visde
celle-ci:
ii) les marques de satisfaction des supérieurs hiérarchiquesdu
requérantn'obligeaient pas le Secrétairegénéralà renouveler
l'engagement du requérant.Les conditions requises pour que
le comité des nominations et des promotions examine la
question du renouvellement de l'engagement du requérant
n'étaientpas réunies;
iii) la procédurede nomination n'a pas été modifiép ear lepara-
graphe 5 de la section IVde la résolution37/126 de 1'Assem-
bléegénérale.
2. La décisiondu Secrétaire générad le ne pas renouveler l'enga-
gement du requérantrelevait de sa compétenceexclusive en vertu de
la Charte et du statut du personnel
a) pour prendre sa décision,le Secrétaire généraal tenu compte de
toutes les circonstances de l'affaire;
b) la décisionprise par le Secrétaire général taitdictéepar l'intérêt
de l'organisation.» 19. The Tribunal then stated that the legal issues involved in the case
werethe following :
"(a) whether the Applicant's workwiththe UnitedNations in differ-
ent periods created a legal expectancy for further service with
the United Nations ;
(6) whether, and if so to what extent, paragraph 5 of General
Assembly resolution 37/126, IV, of 17 December 1982which
reads
'Decidesthat staffmemberson fixed-term appointments upon
completion of five years of continuing good service shall be
given everyreasonable consideration for a career appointment'
has been carried out;
(c) the consequences of the application of United Nations rules
and regulations in relation to the United States law on resident
status and citizenship."
20. TheJudgement ofthe Administrative Tribunal willbe examined in
detail later inthe presentOpinion(paragraphs 33ff.,below),the following
brief summarybeing sufficient forthe present. Onthe firstissue identified
bytheTribunal, itfound, contrary tothe contention ofthe Applicant, that
during his period of service with the United Nations the Applicant was
under secondment(Judgement,paras. III andXIII)and that there wasno
"evidence of circumstances sufficient to establish that he had a legal ex-
pectancy of any type of further appointment following the end of his
fixed-term appointment" (para. VI).TheTribunal rejected the argument
of the Applicant that the Secretary-General, by his actions in relation to
the Applicantafter 10February 1983when he resigned from the serviceof
the USSRGovernment,createda new,althoughtacit,agreement inwhich
the SovietGovernment wasnotin any wayinvolved (para. VIII). Astothe
question whether the terms of General Assembly resolution 37/126 had
been carried out, the Tribunal found that the Secretary-General was
bound by it,but that the resolution was silent on who should give "every
reasonable consideration" and by what procedure. The Tribunal consid-
ered the letteraddressed tothe Applicant on 21December 1983(quoted in
paragraph 14above),and drew from it "the plain and simple inference. ..
that the Respondent had giventhe required (i.e.,'everyreasonable') con-
sideration for a career appointment for the Applicant" (para. XVI). It
found that the procedure of offering a probationary appointment to a
candidate was at the time applicable, that the Secretary-General had the
soleauthority to decide what constituted "reasonable consideration" and
whether the Applicant couldbe given such an appointment. The Tribunal
concluded : 19. Le Tribunal a alors déclaréque les questions juridiques soulevées
en l'espèceétaientles suivantes:
«a) Le travail accompli par le requérantà l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies à différentespériodesl'autorisait-iàcomptersur le
renouvellement de son engagement par l'organisation?
6) Leparagraphe 5 de lasection IVde larésolution37/126 de l'As-
semblée générale en date du 17 décembre 1982,qui est ainsi
libellé:
((Décideque, lorsque des fonctionnaires nommés pour une
durée déterminéeauront accompli cinq années de service
continu en donnant satisfaction, leur cas sera pris équitable-
ment en considérationaux fins d'une nomination de carrière »
a-t-il éappliqué,et dans quelle mesure?
c) Les conséquencesde l'application du statut et du règlementdu
personnel de l'organisation des Nations Unies compte tenu de
la législationdes Etats-Unis relative à la résidence età la ci-
toyenneté. »
20. La Cour examinera plus en détail, dans le présent avis (para-
graphes 33 etsuivants ci-après),lejugement du Tribunal administratif, le
bref résumé quisuitétantpourle moment suffisant. En cequi concerne la
première questionqu'ilamentionnée,leTribunal aconclu, contrairement
à ce que soutenait le requérant,que celui-ci étaitdétachépendant sa pé-
riode de serviceà l'organisation des Nations Unies (jugement, par. III et
XIII); il a ajouté«il ne semble pas que le requérantait présentédes élé-
mentsétablissantqu'ilétaitendroit de comptersur un nouvelengagement
detype quelconque aprèsl'expiration de son engagement pour une durée
déterminée »(par. VI).LeTribunal a rejetél'argument du requérantselon
lequel le Secrétairegénérapl,arson comportement àl'égarddu requérant
aprèsle 10février1983,date à laquelle ce dernier avaitdémissionnéde la
fonction publique soviétique,aurait crééun nouvel accord, encore que
tacite, auquel le Gouvernement soviétiquen'était enaucune façon partie
(par. VIII). Quant àsavoir si les dispositions de la résolution37/126 de
l'Assembléegénérale avaientété appliquéesl,e Tribunal a conclu que le
Secrétairegénéral étatietnu d'appliquer cetterésolution, maisque celle-ci
ne disait pas qui devait prendre ((équitablement en considération le cas
des fonctionnaires et selon quelle procédure. Le Tribunal a examinéla
lettre adressée au requérantle 21 décembre1983(citéeau paragraphe 14
ci-dessus) eta ditqu'on ne pouvait «qu'en déduireque ledéfendeuravait
examiné commeil le devait (((équitablement ») le cas du requérant aux
fins d'une nomination decarrière » (par. XVI).LeTribunal a déclaréque
la procédureconsistant àoffrirà un candidat une nomination pour une
périodede stage restait applicableà l'époqueet que le Secrétairegénéral
avaitle pouvoir exclusifde déciderce qui constituaitune prise en consi-
dération équitable» et de déterminers'ilétait possible d'offrirau requé-
rant une nomination pourune périodede stage. LeTribunal a conclu : "He apparently decided, in the background of secondment of the
Applicant during the period of one year from 27 December 1982to
26 December 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a proba-
tionary appointment. He thus exercised his discretion properly, but
heshould havestated explicitly before 26December 1983that he had
given 'every reasonable consideration' to the Applicant's career
appointment." (Para. XVIII.)
The Tribunal went on to reject the suggestion that the Secretary-General
had sought instructions from any member State orhad in any manner let
the wishes of a member State prevail over the interests of the United Na-
tions, contrary to Article 100,paragraph 1,of the Charter. The Tribunal's
treatment of the third legal issue it identified (para.(c)quoted in para-
graph 19 above) will be examined later in this Opinion (paragraphs 83
and 84).
21. The Tribunal, while thus rejecting the application made to it,
expressed
"its dissatisfaction with the failure of the Respondent to recordsuf-
ficiently early and in specific terms the fact that he had given the
question of the Applicant's career appointment 'every reasonable
consideration' as enjoined by the General Assembly resolution"
(para. XX),
but considered that this had not caused any discernible injury tothe Ap-
plicant. To theJudgement was appended a statement by the President of
theTribunal, Mr. Endre Ustor,recording his disagreement withthis state-
ment of disapproval and statinghis viewthatthe doctrine of the Tribunal
on secondment "precludes not only the extension of a seconded fixed-
term appointment but also its conversion to any other type of appoint-
ment without the consent of the Government concerned". Also appen-
ded was a dissenting opinion by a Vice-President of the Tribunal, Mr.
Arnold Kean, expressing the viewthat
"the Repondent's decision was flawed by fundamental mistakes of
fact or law and requires to be set aside, andthat the Tribunal should
accept the Applicant's plea that he was illegally denied his right to
reasonable consideration for a career appointment".
This conclusion was based on, interalia,the view that the writer of the
letter of 21 December 1983mistakenly believed that, ifthe Applicant had
no expectancy of renewal of his fixed-term appointment, there was no
possibility of his receiving a career appointment in pursuance of Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 37/126 (para. 7 of Mr. Kean's opinion). <Il semble que le défendeur aitdécidé,comptetenu du fait que le
requérantétaitdétaché pendantla période d'un an allant du 27 dé-
cembre 1982au 26 décembre1983,qu'il n'étaitpas possible d'offrir
à cedernier une nomination pour une périodede stage. Ledéfendeur
a donc exercéson pouvoir discrétionnaire de façon régulière,mais il
aurait dû explicitement indiquer avant le 26 décembre 1983 qu'il
avait «pris équitablementen considération ))lecas du requérantaux
fins d'une nomination de carrière. )(Par. XVIII.)
LeTribunal aensuiteécartél'idéeque le Secrétairegénéral avais tollicité
des instructions d'un quelconque Etatouavait de quelque manière permis
que lesvŒuxd'un Etat Membre prennent le pas sur lesintérêtd se I'Orga-
nisation, enviolation de l'article 100,paragraphe 1,de la Charte.Quant à
la manièredont leTribunal a traitéla troisième question juridique qu'ila
formulée (alinéa c),citéau paragraphe 19ci-dessus), elle sera examinée
plus loin dans le présentavis consultatif (paragraphes 83et 84).
21. Tout en rejetant ainsi la requêtequi lui avait été présentéel, Tri-
bunal atenu à marquer
<(saréprobation devant le fait que le défendeurn'a[vait]pas indiqué
suffisamment tôt et de façon spécifique qu'il avait pris équitable-
ment en considération le cas du requérant aux fins d'une nomina-
tion de carrière comme l'y enjoignait la résolution de l'Assemblée
générale »(par. XX),
mais il a estiméque cette omission n'avait pas causéde préjudicenotable
aurequérant. M.Endre Ustor,présidentdu Tribunal administratif, ajoint
aujugement une déclarationaux termes de laquelle il précise qu'ilnepar-
tage pas cette réprobation et qu'il estimeque la doctrine élaboréepar le
Tribunal en matière de détachement ((exclut non seulement la prolonga-
tion de l'engagement pour une duréedéterminéed'un fonctionnaire dé-
tachémais aussi la conversion de cette nomination en un autre type de
nomination sans le consentement du gouvernement intéressé)).Undes
vice-présidentsdu Tribunal, M. Arnold Kean, a joint au jugement une
opinion dissidente dans laquelle il affirme que
<(ladécisiondu défendeurétaitentachéed'erreurs fondamentalesde
fait ou de droit, qu'elle devait êtreannulé,tque leTribunal [devait]
accepter la conclusion du requérant selon laquelle sondroit à ceque
son cassoitpriséquitablement en considérationaux finsd'une nomi-
nation de carrière lui [avait]été illégalementénié».
Cette conclusion étaitfondéenotammentsur laconviction que l'auteur de
lalettre du 2décembre1983avaitcru à tort que, silerequérantn'étaitpas
en droit de compter sur le renouvellement de son engagement, il était
exclu qu'ilpuisse recevoir une nomination de carrièreenvertu de la réso-
lution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale(opinion de M. Kean, par. 7).29 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
22. On 21June 1984,the Applicant presented an applicationfor review
oftheJudgement totheCommittee on Applications for ReviewofAdmin-
istrative Tribunal Judgements, in which he requested the Committee to
request an advisory opinion ofthe Court on al1four ofthegrounds setout
in Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute (that the Tribunal has exceeded its
jurisdiction or competence, that it has failed to exercise jurisdiction
vested in it,that it has erred on a question of lawrelating to the provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations, or that it has committed a funda-
mental error in procedure which has occasioned a failure ofjustice). On
10August 1984,the Secretary-General presented his comments on that
Application. At a public meeting held on 28 August 1984the Cornmittee
announced its decisions :it decided that there was not a substantial basis
fortheapplicationon twoof thegroundsadvanced(thattheTribunalhad
exceeded itsjurisdiction, orthattheTribunalhad committeda fundamen-
ta1error in procedure whichhad occasioned afailure ofjustice); inrespect
of the other two grounds, it held that there was a substantial basis forthe
application and decided to submittwo questions to the Court for advisory
opinion. It then announced the text of those questions, as reproduced in
paragraph 1above. The results of andthe participation in the votes taken
during the private deliberations of the Committee were then formally
announced, and five members of the Committee made statements for
the record (A/AC.86/XXIV/PV.5).
23. The competence of the Court to give an advisory opinion at the
request of the Committee on Applications for Review of Administra-
tive Tribunal Judgements (hereinafter called "the Committee") derives
immediately from Article 11,paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Statute of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal, which provides as follows:
"1. If a Member State, the Secretary-General or the person in
respect of whom a judgement has been rendered by the Tribunal
(including any one who has succeeded to that person's rights on
his death)objects to the judgement on the groundthat the Tribunal
has exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence or that the Tribunal has
failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it, or has erred on a question
of lawrelating tothe provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations,
or has committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occa-
sioned afailure ofjustice, such Member State, the Secretary-General
or the person concerned may, within thirty days from the date of the
judgement, make awritten application to theCommittee established
by paragraph 4of this articleasking the Cornmittee to request an ad-
visory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the matter.
2. Within thirty days from the receipt of an application under
paragraph 1of this article, the Committee shall decide whether or
not there is a substantial basis for the application. the Committee 22. Le 21juin 1984,le requéranta présenté unedemande de réforma-
tion du jugement au Comité desdemandes de réformationde jugements
du Tribunal administratif, dans laquelle il a invitéle Comité à prier la
Courde donner un avisconsultatif sur labase de chacundesquatre motifs
indiqués à l'article 11du statut du Tribunal administratif (le Tribunal a
outrepassésajuridiction ou sa compétence;il n'a pas exercésa juridic-
tion; il a commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la
Charte desNations Unies;ilacommis,dans laprocédure,une erreur essen-
tielle qui a provoquéun mal-jugé).Le 10août 1984,leSecrétairegénéral a
présentéses observations sur cette demande. Lors d'une séancepublique
tenue le28août 1984,leComité a annoncésesdécisions :ildécidaitquela
demande ne reposait pas surdes bases sérieusesau titre de deux des mo-
tifsinvoqués(leTribunal a outrepassésajuridiction ousa compétence;le
Tribunal a commis, dans la procédure, une erreur essentielle qui a pro-
voqué unmal-jugé); en cequi concerne les deux autres motifs, il considé-
rait qu'ils constituaient des bases sérieuses et décidaitde demanderàla
Cour un avis consultatif sur deux questions.l a ensuite indiquéla teneur
de ces questions, lesquelles sont reproduites au paragraphe 1ci-dessus.
Les résultats des votes qui ont eu lieu au cours des délibérationsdu
Comitéen séanceprivéeont été annoncésofficiellement; cinq membres
du Comité ont alors fait des déclarations pour le procès-verbal
(A/AC.86/XXIV/PV.5).
23. La compétencede la Cour pour donnerun avis consultatif à la de-
mande du Comité des demandes de réformation de jugements du Tri-
bunal administratif (ci-aprèsdénomméle Comité)découledirectement
des paragraphes 1et 2 de l'article11du statut du Tribunal administratif
des Nations Unies, aux termes desquels :
1. Siun Etat Membre, le Secrétairegénérao lu la personne qui a
étél'objetd'un jugement rendu par leTribunal (ycompristouteper-
sonne qui asuccédé mortics ausa àsesdroits)contestelejugement en
alléguantque le Tribunal a outrepassésajuridiction ou sa compé-
tence ou n'apas exercésajuridiction ou acommis uneerreurdedroit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies ou a
commis, dansla procédure,une erreur essentielle qui a provoquéun
mal-jugé, cetEtat Membre, le Secrétairegénérao lu l'intéresspeut,
dans lestrente jours suivant lejugement, demander par écritauCo-
mitécréé envertu du paragraphe 4du présent articlede prier la Cour
internationale de Justice de donner un avis consultatif sur la ques-
tion.
2. Dans les trente jours suivant la réceptionde la demande visée
au paragraphe 1du présent article,leComitédécidesicettedemande
repose sur des bases sérieuses.S'ilen décideainsi, il prie la Courde 30 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
decides that such a basis exists,it shall request an advisory opinion
of the Court,and the Secretary-General shall arrange to transmit to
theCourt the viewsof the person referred to in paragraph 1."
The fundamental text in this respect is however Article 96 of the
United Nations Charter:
"1. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request
the International Court ofJustice to givean advisory opinion on any
legal question.
2. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies,
which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly,
may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions
arising within the scope of their activities."
Similarly, Article 65, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court provides
that
"The Court may givean advisory opinion on any legal question at
the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance
with theCharter of the United Nations to make such a request."
24. In twoprevious advisory opinions (Applicationfor ReviewofJudge-
ment No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.C.J.
Reports 1973,p. 166;Applicationfor Review of Judgement No. 273 of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 325),the
Court has examined the question of its competence under these provi-
sions. In one of these cases the request for opinion originated, as in the
present case, from an application by a staff member; in the other the re-
quest originatedfrom an application totheCommittee byamember State.
In the first ofhose cases,theCourt concluded that
"the Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tri-
bunal Judgements isan organ ofthe United Nations, duly constituted
under Articles 7 and 22 of the Charter,and duly authorized under
Article 96,paragraph 2, of the Charterto request advisory opinions
of the Court forthe purpose ofArticle 11ofthe Statute ofthe United
Nations Administrative Tribunal.It followsthat the Court is compe-
tent under Article 65 of its Statute to entertain a request for an advi-
soryopinion fromthe Committeemade within thescope ofArticle 11
of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal." (Applicationfor Re-
viewofJudgement No. 158of the UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribu-
nal, I.C.J. Reports 1973,. 175,para. 23.)
That conclusion presupposes that in any specificcase the conditions laid
down by the Charter, the Statute, and the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal are complied with,and in particular that aquestion on which the
opinion of the Court is requested is a "legal question" and one "arising donner un avis consultatif et le Secrétairegénéraplrend les disposi-
tions voulues pour transmettre a la Cour l'opinion de la personne
viséeau paragraphe 1.»
Le texte fondamental a ce propos est toutefois celui de l'article 96de la
Charte des Nations Unies, qui est ainsi rédigé
«1. L'Assembléegénérale oule Conseil de sécurité peut de-
mander a la Cour internationale de Justice un avis consultatif sur
toute question juridique.
2. Tous autres organes de l'organisation et institutions spéciali-
séesqui peuvent, a un moment quelconque, recevoir de l'Assemblée
générale uneautorisation à cet effet ont égalementle droit de de-
mander a la Cour des avis consultatifs sur des questions juridiques
qui se poseraient dans le cadre deleur activité.
Dans le mêmesens, le paragraphe 1de l'article 65 du Statut de la Cour
dispose que :
«La Cour peut donner un avis consultatif sur toute question ju-
ridique, a la demande de tout organe ou institution qui aura été
autorisépar la Charte des Nations Unies ou.conformément à ses
dispositions àdemander cet avis. »
24. Dans deuxavisconsultatifs précédents (Demande de réformationdu
jugement no 158 du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, C.I.J. Re-
cueil 1973,p. 166,et Demande de réformationdujugement no273du Tri-
bunaladministratifdes Nations Unies,C.I.J.Recueil 1982,p. 325),laCour a
examiné la questionde sa compétence en vertude cestextes. Dans l'une
de ces affaires, la demande d'avis faisait suite, comme dans la présente
instance, àune requêted'un fonctionnaire; dans l'autre, ellefaisaitsuite a
une requête adressée au Comitépar un Etat Membre. Dans lepremier cas,
la Cour a conclu que
«le Comitédesdemandes de réformationdejugements du Tribunal
administratif est un organe de l'organisation des Nations Unies dû-
ment constitué en vertu des articles7 et 22 de la Charte et dûment
autorisé,conformément a l'article 96,paragraphe 2, de cet instru-
ment, à demander a la Cour des avis consultatifs aux fins de I'ar-
ticle 11du statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies. Il en
résulteque la Cour est compétenteen vertu de l'article 65 de son
Statut pour connaître d'une requêtepour avis consultatif présentée
par leComitédans lecadre de l'article11du statut du Tribunaladmi-
nistratif.» (Demande de réformationdujugement no158du Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies,C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 175,par. 23.)
Cette conclusion suppose que les conditions prévuespar la Charte, le
Statut de la Cour et le statut du Tribunal administratif soient respectées
dans chaque cas et en particulier quela question sur laquelle l'avisde la
Cour est demandésoit une «question juridique » qui «se pose dans lewithin the scope of [the]activities" of the requesting organ.The question
whether a judicial body failed to exercise jurisdiction is clearly a legal
question, as isalso the question whether iterred on aquestion of law. Fur-
thermore,the questions put to the Court by the Committee in the present
case
"clearly arise out of the performance of [its] primary function of
screening the applications presented to it. They are therefore ques-
tions which, in the view of the Court, arise withi'nthe scope of the
Committee's own activities;forthey arise not out of the judgements
of the Administrative Tribunal but out of objections to those judge-
ments raised before the Committee itself." (Applicationfor Reviewof
Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
I.C.J.Reports 1973, p. 174,para. 21 .)
25. It is of course well established that
"Article 65, paragraph 1, of the Statute, which establishes the
power of the Court to give an advisory opinion, is permissive and,
under it, that power is of a discretionary character." (I.C.J. Reports
1975,p. 21,para. 23.)
It is equally well established that the reply of the Court to a request for
opinion represents its participation in the activities of the United Nations
and, in principle, should not be refused. When considering the proper
exercise of its discretion in this respect, itis however essential for the
Court to focus its attention on the question or questions to which it is
asked to reply, rather than on such related or ancillary questions as may
have arisen in connection with the problem put to the Court. In the pre-
sent case theGovernment of the United States hasadvancedthe viewthat
"it is...important for the Courtto clarify the meaning and nature of
secondment in the light of its increasing use in staffing international
organizations generally and the United Nations in particular, even
though this case does notturn on the question of whether the Appli-
cant was in fact seconded to the United Nations during his second
continuousperiod of servicetherefrom 27December 1977to 26 De-
cember 1983".
Similarlythe Government of Italy has drawn attention to the uncertainty
created by Judgement No. 333as to the position of staff members on sec-
ondment and to the consideration which weighed with the Court to give
its opinion in a previous review case,namely the "stability and efficiency
of international organizations" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 347,para. 45).The
request addressed to the Court is however not for an opinion on the
"meaning and nature of secondment", so that it is only if, orto the extentcadre de [l']activi»de l'organe dont émanelademande. La question de
savoir siun organejudiciaire aomisd'exercer sajuridiction estmanifeste-
ment une question juridique et il en va de mêmede la question de savoir
s'ila commisuneerreur de droit. De plus lesquestions soumises àla Cour
par le Comité enla présente instance
«se posent manifestement dans l'exercicede sa fonction principale
qui estdefiltrer lesdemandes quilui sont adressées.Cesont donc des
questions qui, selon la Cour, se posent dans le cadre de l'activité
propre du Comité;elles ne sont pas soulevéesen effetpar lesjuge-
ments du Tribunal administratif mais par les objections formulées
contre ces jugements devant le Comité lui-même.)) (Demande de
réformation dujugement no158du TribunaladministratifdesNations
Unies,C.I.J.Recueil1973, p. 174,par. 21.)
25. Il est assurément bien établique
((L'article5,paragraphe 1,du Statut qui confère àla Cour lepou-
voir dedonner des avisconsultatifs estpermissifetlepouvoir qu'il lui
attribue ainsi a un caractère discrétionnaire.)).I.J.Recueil1975,
p. 21,par. 23.)
Il esttout aussibien établiquela réponsede la Couràune demande d'avis
consultatifconstitue uneparticipation de laCour àl'actionde l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies et qu'elle ne devrait pas en principe être refusée.
Lorsque la Cour envisaged'exercerson pouvoir discrétionnaire enla ma-
tière,il est néanmoins essentielqu'elle seconcentresur la question ou les
questions auxquelles elle doit répondre plutôt que sur des questions
connexesou secondairesquipeuvent avoirétésoulevées àpropos du pro-
blème principal. En l'espèce,le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis a estimé
«qu'il serait néanmoins important que la Cour précisela significa-
tion et la nature du détachement, étantdonnéque ce régime estde
plus en plus utilisépour le recrutement dans les organisations inter-
nationales engénéral,etaux Nations Uniesenparticulier, mêmesila
solution de la présente affairedépendpasde la question de savoir
si le requérant était ounon détachéauprès des Nations Unies pen-
dant sa deuxièmepérioded'emploi continu du 27décembre1977au
26décembre1983 D.
De mêmele Gouvernement italien a mis l'accent sur lesincertitudes qu'a
fait naître lejugement no333 quant à la situation des fonctionnaires dé-
tachés etsur la considérationqui a amenéla Cour à donner un avis dans
un précédent casdedemande de réformation, à savoir «la stabilitéetl'ef-
ficacité des organisations internationales (C.I.J.Recueil1982,p. 347,
par.45). La demande d'avis adressée à la Cour ne portant pas sur «la si-
gnification etlanature du détachement »,cen'estque silaCour constatait32 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISOR YPINION)
that, it proved necessary for the Court to determine the meaning and
nature of secondment in order to be able to reply to the one or the other
of the two specific questions put to it that such an examination would
properly form part of its advisory opinion.
26. However, leaving aside for this reason the asserted desirability of
an authoritative legal opinion on the nature of secondment, the Court
considers that there isclear legaljustification for replying to the two ques-
tions put to it by the Committee. When a request was first made to the
Court for an advisory opinion pursuant to Article 1I of the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal, the Court subjected the machinery established
by that Article to critical examination, in order to satisfy itself that it
would be right to give an opinion in such a case. Inspired by its own pre-
vious approach to the question of reviewing inan advisory opinion a de-
cision of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, it was reluctant to "imperil
the working of the régimeestablished by the Statute of the Administra-
tive Tribunal forthe judicial protection of officials" and concluded that
"although the Court does not consider the review procedure pro-
vided by Article 11as free from difficulty, it has nodoubt that, in the
circumstances of the present case, it should comply with the request
by the Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative
Tribunal Judgements for an advisory opinion" (Applicationfor
Review of Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, 1.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 183,para. 40).
This conclusion is qualified by a reservation as to the merits of the proce-
dure established by Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute. In its 1973Advi-
soryOpinionthe Court examineda number of criticisms addressed to this
procedure, and in particular the fact that "being composed of mem-
ber States, the Committee is a political organ", yet discharged "functions
which, in the Court's view, are normally discharged by a legal body"
(I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 176,para. 25).Ultimately the Court however con-
sidered that it should givean advisory opinion at the request of the Com-
mittee established under Article 11:it noted that
"A refusal by the Court to play its role in the system of judicial
review set up by the General Assembly would only have the conse-
quencethat this system would not operate precisely in those cases in
which the Committee has found that there is a substantial basis for
the objections which have been raised against a judgement." (Ibid.,
p. 177,para. 28.)
Similarlyin the present case it isclear from the request made by theom-
mittee, from the written statementssubmitted to the Court by the Govern-
ment of Italy and the Government of the United States of America, and
from the statement ofviewsofthe Applicanttransmittedtothe Court, thatqu'il lui faudrait déterminer la signification et la nature du détachement
pour pouvoir répondre à l'une ouàl'autredesdeux questions précisesqui
lui ont été poséeso,u dansla mesure où elle ferait une telle constatation,
qu'un examende cegenre pourrait trouver sa place dans son avis consul-
tatif.
26. Laissant par conséquentde côtéla question de savoirs'ilserait sou-
haitable qu'un avisjuridique autorisé soit émissur la nature du détache-
ment, comme d'aucuns l'ont affirmé, laCour considère qu'il existede
bonnes raisons, en droit, pour qu'ellerépondeaux deux questions que le
Comitélui a posées.La première fois qu'une requêtelui a étéprésentée
pour avis consultatif conformément àl'article 11du statut du Tribunal
administratif, la Cour a procédé à un examen critique du mécanisme
prévupar cetarticle,envue des'assurers'ilconvenait dedonnerun avisen
pareil cas. S'inspirant de la position qu'elle avait adoptéequand il s'était
agi de réexaminer,dans un avis consultatif, une décisiondu Tribunal ad-
ministratif del'OIT,laCour s'estgardéedecompromettre «lefonctionne-
ment du régimeétablipar le statut du Tribunal administratif en vue de la
protection juridictionnelle d'un fonctionnaireet elle a conclu:
«tout en considérantquela procédurede réformation établie àl'ar-
ticle11n'estpas exempte de difficulté,laCour n'estimepasdouteux
que,dans les circonstances de l'espèce, elledoit donner suitàla re-
quêtepour avisconsultatif présentéepar le Comitédesdemandes de
réformationdejugements du Tribunal administratif »(Demande de
réformationdu jugement no 158 du Tribunal administratif des Na-
tions Unies,C.I.J.Recueil 1973,p. 183,par. 40).
Cette conclusion comporte une restriction quant au mérite de la pro-
cédure de réformation instituéepar l'article 11 du statut du Tribunal
administratif. Dans l'avisconsultatif qu'elle a rendu en 1973,la Cour a
examinéun certain nombre de critiques adressées à cette procédure et
en particulier le fait'aétant composéd'Etats Membres de l'Organisa-
tion le Comitéest un organe politique » exerçant cependant «des fonc-
tions qui, de l'avisde la Cour, sont normalement exercéespar un organe
juridique)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 176,par. 25). En définitive, laCour a
néanmoinsestiméqu'elle devait donnerun avis consultatif à lademande
du Comit~constitué~eonformémen t1:article11.Elle a notéque :
«SilaCournefusait ainsidejouer son rôle dans lesystèmederéfor-
mation judiciaire créépar l'Assembléegénérale, la seule consé-
quence serait que cesystèmenefonctionneraitpas dans les casjuste-
ment où le Comité aurait estiméque les objections à un jugement
reposent surdes bases sérieuses.»(Zbid.,p. 177,par. 28.)
De même,dans la présente affaire, il ressort nettement de la requête
forméepar le Comité,desexposés écrits présentés à la Cour par le Gou-
vernement italien et par celui des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, ainsique de
l'exposéde l'opinion du requéranttransmis à la Cour, que des objections33 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
objections have been raised against Judgement No. 333, and that their
examination isappropriate to secure "the judicial protection of officiais"
of the United Nations. Accordingly, while renewing reservations made
in previous cases as to the procedure established by Article Il, the
Court concludes that it should give an advisory opinion in the present
case.
27. The two provisions of Article 1I of the Statute, specifying grounds
of objection in respect of which in this case the Committee found that
there was asubstantial basis fortheapplicationfor review,have been con-
sidered by the Court before, in two previous advisory opinions, in 1973
and 1982,on cases referred to it by the Committee. In those opinionsthe
Court established a principle as to the scope of its action in response to
such requests, and alimitedexceptionto theprinciple inthe caseof one of
the two grounds considered. In the case of the Applicationfor Reviewof
Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the
Court established the principle that the role of the Court in review pro-
ceedings is not to retry the case, but addedthat this
"does not mean that in anappropriate case,where thejudgement has
been challenged on the ground of an error on a question of law re-
lating to the provisions of the Charter, the Court may not be called
upon to review the actual substance of the decision" (I.C.J. Reports
1973,p. 188,para. 48).
The Court in 1982,in its opinion on the Applicationfor Review ofJudge-
ment No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,quoted this
passage, and went on to examine carefully the question of its proper role
when asked for an advisory opinion in respect of the ground of objection
concerning error on aquestion of lawrelating to provisions oftheCharter.
It observed that the answer to that question must depend "not only upon
the terms of Article11,but also upon several other factors including, first
of all, the Court's Statute, the case-law of the Court, the general require-
ments for the exercise of the judicial function", as well as upon the exact
terms of the particular question asked of the Court by the Committee
(I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 355,para. 57). It re-emphasized that "the Court's
proper role is not to retry the case and to attempt to substitute its own
opinion onthe meritsfor that oftheTribunal" (ibid.,p. 356,para. 58).That
principle must continue to guide the Court in the present case. It will
therefore not necessarilyhave to deal with the problems raised by certain
administrative steps taken, or which should have been taken, bythe Secre-
tariat, and which have been the subject of criticism, at the same timeas the
Tribunal's Judgement No. 333. Taking into account the limits of its
competence set by the applicable texts, the Court should not express any
view on the correctness or otherwise of any finding of the Tribunal inont étéélevées contre lejugement no333 et qu'il y a lieu de les examiner
pour assurer «la protectionjuridictionnelle des fonctionnaires »de l'Or-
ganisation. En conséquence, tout en réitérant certaines des réserves
qu'ellea formuléesdans d'autres affairesquant àla procédure établiepar
l'article 11,la Cour conclut qu'elledoit donner un avis consultatif en l'es-
pèce.
27. Lesdeux dispositions de l'article 11du statut du Tribunal adminis-
tratif qui énoncent des motifs de contestation que le Comitéa considérés
dans la présente affaire comme constituant des bases sérieusespour la
demande de réformation ont déjà été examinéep sar la Cour, en 1973et
en 1982,dans deux avis consultatifs qui lui avaient été demandéspar le
Comité.La Courya établiun principe quant aux limites de son actionen
réponse à des demandes de ce genre et elle l'a assorti d'une exception de
portée limitéequi s'appliqueà l'un desdeux motifs considérés.Dans l'af-
faire de la Demande de réformationdujugement no158du Tribunaladmi-
nistratifdes Nations Unies,la Cour a énoncé eneffet le principe selonle-
quel le rôle de la Cour, dans une instance de réformation,n'est pas de
refaire le procès,tout en ajoutant que cela
«ne veut pas direque, le caséchéant,iunjugement étaitcontestéen
raisond'une erreur de droit concernant lesdispositions de la Charte,
la Cour ne pourrait pas êtreappelée examiner la décisionau fond »
(C.I.J.Recueil1973,p. 188,par. 48).
En 1982,dans l'avisqu'elleadonnéenl'affaire dela Demandederéforma-
tion dujugement no273 du Tribunaladministratifdes Nations Unies,la
Cour a cité cetextrait puis a examiné soigneusementla question du rôle
qui lui est dévolulorsqu'elle est priéede donner un avis consultatif en
réponse a une demande fondée surle motif de contestation visant une
erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Na-
tions Unies. La Cour a observéque la réponse à cette question dépend
nécessairement «non seulement du libelléde l'article Il, mais aussi
d'autres facteurs ettout d'abord du Statut de la Cour,de sajurisprudence
etdetout cequ'exigeengénérall'exercicedelafonctionjudiciaire »,ainsi
que des termes précisde la question particulière que le Comité pose en
l'espèce(C.I.J. Recueil1982,p. 355,par. 57). Elle a soulignéde nouveau
qu'elle n'a«pas pour rôle de refaire le procèsni d'essayer de substituer
son opinion sur le fond à celle du Tribunaln (ibid.,p. 356, par. 58). Ce
principe doit continuer à guider la Cour dans la présente affaire. Elle
n'aura donc pas nécessairement à aborder les problèmes que soulèvent
certaines mesures administrativesqui ont étéprises par le Secrétariat ou
qui auraient dû l'être tui ont étcritiquéesenmêmetemps que lejuge-
ment no333duTribunal; eneffet,euégardauxlimitesque lesinstruments
applicables en la matière mettentà sa compétence, elle ne doit se pro-Judgement No. 333,unless it is necessary to do so in order to reply to the
questions put to it.
28. TheCourt now turns tothe first ofthe twoquestions submitted to it
by the Committee, namely :
"In itsJudgement No. 333of 8June 1984(AT/DEC/333) did the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal fail to exercisejurisdiction
vested in itby notresponding to the question whether a legal impedi-
ment existed to the further employment in the United Nations of the
Applicant afterthe expiry of his contract on 26 December 1983 ?"
With regard tothe wordingof thisquestion,the Court should firstobserve
that there is, or at least there appears to be, a discrepancy between the
English version, which refers to a "legal impediment . . to the further
employment in the United Nations" and the French version, which refers
to an "obstacle juridique au renouvellementdel'engagementdu requérant
al'organisation des Nations Unies". The French text seems to refer only
to the narrow hypothesis of a mere extension or renewal of the contract
held bythe Applicant up to 26December 1983.However, according tothe
Report of the Committee (A/AC.86/30, para. 13),the decision of the
Committee wasbased on a proposal,in English, made by the representa-
tive ofthe United Kingdom (A/AC.86/R.120), which used the expression
"legalimpediment ...to the further employment". Accordingly,the words
in the French version "obstaclejuridique au renouvellement de l'engage-
ment" must be taken to have been a translation of this expression, and
therefore to referto a legalimpediment to a "further appointment" or "re-
appointment" of the Applicant to the Organization,including both the
case of a prolongation of an existingcontract, and that of an appointment
distinct fromthe pre-existing contractual relationship.
29. The question whether a "legal impediment" existed to the further
employment of the Applicant was raised fromthe outset when the Appli-
cant, in his application to the Administrative Tribunal, requested it "To
adjudge and declare that no legal impediment existed to his further
United Nations employment after the expiry of his contract on
December 26,1983". While contending that "no legallyvalid secondment
took place", or that after 10February 1983there was a "new contractual
arrangement", he conceded that "Having resigned from al1positions he
might have held in the USSR Government,he was clearly not eligiblefor
an extension ofsecondment, nor would he have consented to one". Onthe
other hand, he contended that "There was no Iegal bar, however, to his
eligibilityfor a new fixed-term contract, or a probationary appointment",
and that he "had alegallyand morallyjustifiable expectancy ofcontinuednoncer sur l'exactitude ou l'inexactitude des conclusions énoncéespar le
Tribunal que dans la mesure ou cela est nécessairepour qu'elle puisse
répondre auxquestions qui lui sont posées.
28. LaCour passe maintenant à la premièredesdeux questions que le
Comitélui a posées,et qui est ainsi libellée:
« Dans sonjugement no333,du 8juin 1984(AT/DEC/333), leTri-
bunal administratif des Nations Unies a-t-ilmanquéd'exercer saju-
ridiction en ne répondant pasa la question de savoir s'ilexistait un
obstacle juridique au renouvellement de l'engagement du requérant
àl'organisation des Nations Unies aprèslavenue à expiration deson
contrat le26 décembre1983?»
Au sujet de ce libellé,la Cour se doit de relever d'abord qu'il existe,du
moins en apparence, une divergenceentre letexteanglais («legalimpedi-
ment ..to thefurtker employmentinthe United Nations »)et le textefran-
çais («obstaclejuridique au renouvellementdel'engagementdu requérant
à l'organisation des Nations Unies»). Ces derniers termes ne semblent
viserquel'hypothèserestrictived'unesimpleprolongation oud'un simple
renouvellement de l'engagementcontractuel dont lerequérantavaitbéné-
ficiéjusqu'au 26décembre1983.Toutefois, d'aprèslerapport du Comité
(A/AC.86/30, par. 13),la décisiondu Comité reposaitsur une proposi-
tion, en anglais, du représentantdu Royaume-Uni (A/AC.86/R.120), qui
employait les termes «legal impediment ..to the further employment ».
En conséquence,les mots ((obstaclejuridique au renouvellement de l'en-
gagement »,qui figurent dans laversion française,doivent êtreconsidérés
comme une traduction desdits termes anglais et, partant, comme se réfé-
rant àun obstaclejuridique àun «nouvel engagement » ou àun «réenga-
gement » du requérant à l'organisation, expressions recouvrant toutes
deux le cas de la prolongation d'un contrat déjà existant et celui d'une
nomination distincte du rapport contractuel préexistant.
29. La question de l'existence d'un tel ((obstaclejuridique» au «re-
nouvellement del'engagement »du requérantaétésoulevéd eèsl'origin:
dans la requête qu'il a présentéaeu Tribunal administratif, le requérant
l'a prié«de juger et de déclarerqu'il n'existaitpas d'obstacle juridique
au renouvellement de [son] engagement ..à l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies après la venue à expiration de son contrat, le 26 dé-
cembre 1983 ».Tout en alléguantqu'ailn'y[avait]pas eu de détachement
juridique valable»,ou qu'aprèsle 10février1983ilyavait eu un ((nouvel
arrangement contractuel »,il a reconnu qu'«ayant démissionnéde toutes
les fonctions qu'ilpouvait avoir dansla fonctionpublique de l'URSS,[il]
ne pouvait manifestement pas prétendre à une prolongation de son déta-
chement, pas plus qu'il ne l'aurait acceptée)).D'autre part, il a allégué
que, ((cependant, il n'existait aucun obstacle juridique l'empêchant deU.N. employment, and a right to reasonable consideration for a career
appointment".
30. In his Answer,the Respondent stated in response to the plea con-
cerning the question of a "legal impediment":
"With respect to plea C, Respondent does not dispute that it was
within the Secretary-General'sauthority and discretion to re-appoint
the Applicant after the expiry of his contract." (Para. 27c).)
In the circumstances obtaining at the time of the letter of 21 Decem-
ber 1983,"further appointment on the basisof secondment was obviously
out of the question", but at the same time "In those circumstances, there
was no contractual or otherwise legally based prohibition on the Secre-
tary-General, either to grant or withhold another appointment". Before
the Tribunal therefore, the Secretary-General committed himself'tothe
viewthat there wasno "legal impediment" tothegrant ofacareer appoint-
ment; and asserted that "The decision now contested was taken by the
Secretary-General after consideration of al1 the circumstances in the
case. .." and that this constituted "reasonable consideration" within the
meaning of General Assemblyresolution 37/ 126.In his forma1"Observa-
tions on Applicant's Pleas and Conclusions", the Secretary-General
asserted
"With respectofplea E,Respondent requests theTribunal to con-
clude that Applicant had no 'right'tofavourableconsiderationfor a
career appointment and did, in fact, receive such consideration as
was reasonable."
31. In his "Observations onthe Answer ofthe Respondent", the Appli-
cant did not refer at al1to the recognition by the Secretary-General, in
paragraph 27 (c)of his Answer, quoted above, that there was no "legal
impediment" to are-appointment; he merelytook issuewiththe assertion
that "reasonable consideration" was given, submitting that "The Secre-
tary-General, due to a misapprehension of the Applicant's contractual
status, cannot have given everyreasonable consideration to his candida-
ture". Quoting the letter of 21December 1983,the remarks of the spokes-
man for the Secretary-General, Mr. Sills,atthe press briefing of 4 Janu-
ary 1984,the reported remarks of Mr. de Olivares on the same date, and
the letter from Mr. Ruedas published in the New YorkThes on 25Janu-
ary 1984(seeparagraph 16 above),the Applicant concluded:
"If he was under the impression, as [the statements quoted] indi-
cate,thatany extension ofthe Applicant's appointment without gov- DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVISCONSULTATIF) 35
pouvoir prétendre à un nouvel engagement d'une durée déterminée ou à
un engagement pour une période de stage » et qu'il «étaitlégalement et
moralement en droit de s'attendreàêtremaintenu en fonction àl'ONU et
à ceque sacandidature soitéquitablement prise en considérationaux fins
d'une nomination de carrière».
30. Dans saréplique,ledéfendeuradéclarée ,n réponseà laconclusion
du requérantsur la question de l'existenced'un ((obstaclejuridiqu»:
«En cequi concerne la conclusion C,ledéfendeurneconteste pas
que le Secrétaire général avait le pouvoir discrétionnaide réen-
gager lerequérant aprèsl'expiration de soncontrat.(Par. 27 c).)
Il a préciséqu'au moment où la lettre du 21 décembre1983avait étéré-
digée la situation étaittelle'aun nouvel engagement sur la base d'un
détachement était manifestement hors de question »; mais il a aussi re-
connu que: «Dans ces circonstances, aucune restriction, qu'elle soit
contractuelle ou fondéesur d'autres motifsjuridiques, n'empêchaitle Se-
crétaire généranli d'accorder, ni de refuser, un autre engagement.De-
vant leTribunal, leSecrétairegénéraldaonc défendulathèsequ'il n'exis-
tait pas d'«obstacle juridique l'octroid'une nomination de carrière;il
a affirméque «la décision...contestée[avait]été prisepar le Secrétaire
généraa lprèsavoirtenu compte detoutes lescirconstances de l'affaire»
et que cela constituait une ((prise en considérationéquita»au sens de
la résolution37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale.Dans le passage de la ré-
plique du défendeurquiconstitue formellement ses « observations sur les
conclusions du requérant »,le Secrétairegénéral affirmee qui sui:
«En cequiconcerne laconclusion E,ledéfendeurprieleTribunal
de conclure que le requérantn'avait pas de «droitàce queson cas
soitprisavorablementenconsidérationpour unenomination de car-
rière etque son cas a, en fait, étééquitablementpris en considéra-
tion.
31. Dans ses«Observationssurla répliquedu défendeur »,le requérant
n'a nulle part relevéque le Secrétaire général avairteconnu, au para-
graphe 27c)de sa réplique,qu'iln'yavait pasd'«obstaclejuridique» àun
réengagement;il s'estborné à contester l'affirmation suivant laquelle ily
avait eu «prise en considérationéquitableet a fait valoir que «le Secré-
taire général, en raisond'un malentendu quant au statut contractuel du
requérant,n'apaspu prendre équitablement enconsidérationsa candida-
ture». Citant successivement la lettre du 21 décembre 1983,les propos
tenus parM.Sills,porte-parole du Secrétairegénéra l,une conférencede
presse endate du 4janvier 1984,lestermes dans lesquels.de Olivaresse
serait exprimélemêmejour, ainsiquela lettre deM.Ruedaspubliéedans
le New YorkTimesdu 25janvier 1984(voir paragraphe 16ci-dessus), le
requéranta conclu :
«Si le Secrétaire général availt'impression, comme le donnentà
penser lesdéclarations[citées, uetouteprolongation de la nomina- 36 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (ADVISORY OPINION)
ernment consent was beyond the scope of his discretionary powers,
the Secretary-General cannot have given everyreasonable consider-
ation to a career appointment, in violation of the Applicant's rights.
If he wasnot under such impression, then the reasons givenbythe
officials quoted above were specious."
In other words,the Applicant invited theTribunal to find thatthe analysis
of the legal position expressed in paragraph 27 (c)of the Secretary-Gen-
eral'sAnswer wasnot the viewhe, or his responsible officials, had held at
the time that the "reasonable consideration" was supposed to have been
given; and that the view which actually was held at that time, that the
secondmentdid give rise to a "legal impediment" to any further employ-
ment, was incorrect, and was such that no "consideration" on that basis
could be "reasonable" within the meaning of resolution 37/ 126.
32. A preliminary point arises from the wording of the first question
put to the Court by the Committee, whereby the Court is asked specifi-
cally whether the Administrative Tribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction
"by not responding tothe question whethera legalimpediment existed" to
the Applicant's further employment. Ithas been suggested that the Com-
mittee intended the Court to take as established that the Tribunal did in
fact notrespond tothat question, andto giveitsopinion solelyonthe legal
question whether the Tribunal thus failed to exercise jurisdiction. This
problem isoneofinterpretation,inthe sensethat itisappropriateto ascer-
tain what the Committeeintended to ask of the Court; but it is also one
relating to the respective competences oftheCommittee and ofthe Court.
Inthe viewoftheCourt, itisin factthe latter consideration which prevails.
Such a restrictive interpretation ofthe Committee's question as suggested
above seems prima facie unlikely, and "It is not to be assumed" that the
body requesting an opinion of the Court "would thus seek to fetter or
hamper the Court in the discharge of its judicial functions" (Certain
Expenses of the United Nations,I.C.J.Reports 1962,p. 157).Even if such
had been the intention of the Committee, however, in the view of the
Court it would nevertheless be bound to examine the question in al1its
aspects: "the Court must have full liberty to consider al1relevant data
available to it in forming an opinion on a question posed to it for andvi-
sory opinion" (ibid.).The Court cannot therefore simply assume that the
Tribunal did in fact fail to respond to the question of the alleged legal
impediment, and consider solely whether by not doing so it failed to
exercisejurisdiction.
33. The Tribunal's handling of this question is not entirely clear. The tion du requéranten l'absencede l'assentiment du gouvernement dé-
passait ses pouvoirs discrétionnaires, le Secrétaire générale peut
pas avoir pris équitablement en considération une nomination de
carrière, en violation desdroits du requérant.
Sitelle n'étaitpas son impression, les raisons donnéespar les per-
sonnalités précitéeés taientspécieuses.
En d'autres termes. lereauéranta invitéle Tribunal à déclareraue l'ana-
lyse de lasituation'juridhue faite au paragraphe 27 c)de la répliquedu
Secrétairegénéraln'était pc asllequeleSecrétairegénéraolu sescollabo-
rateurs avaient faiteau moment où la ((prise en considérationéquitable»
de son cas était censée avoireu lieu; il l'a aussi invàtdéclarerque la
position qui avait éteffectivement adoptée à ce moment-là, à savoir que
le détachement engendrait un obstacle juridique » par rapportà toute
espèce de réengagement, était erronée,de sorte qu'aucune «prise en
considération» effectuéesur cette base ne pouvait être équitable » au
sens de la résolution37/126.
32. Le libelléde la première question soumiseàla Cour par le Comité
pose un problème préliminaire.Aux termes de cette question la Cour est
priée de dire expressément si le Tribunal administratif a manqué
d'exercer sajuridiction en ne répondantpas à la question de savoir s'il
existait un obstacle juridique au renouvellement de l'engagement du re-
quérant ». On a fait valoir que le Comité voulaitque la Cour considère
comme acquis que le Tribunal n'avait effectivement pas répondu à la
question et qu'ellenedonne un avisquesurlaquestionjuridique desavoir
si le Tribunal avait ainsi manquéd'exercer sa juridiction.Il s'agit d'un
problème d'interprétation puisqu'il convient d'établirce que le Comité
voulait demander à la Cour; mais un problème se pose aussi en ce qui
concerne la compétencerespective du Comitéetdela Cour.De l'avisdela
Cour, c'estce dernier aspect qui l'emporte. De prime abord, il ne semble
pas possible d'interpréter la questiondu Comitéde la manièrerestrictive
qui estsuggérée ci-dessuset on nedoit pas supposer »que l'organeayant
demandéun avis à la Cour «ait ainsi entendu lier ou gênerla Cour dans
l'exercice de ses fonctions judiciaires)) (Certaines dépensesdes Na-
tions Unies,C.I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 157). D'ailleurs la Cour estime que,
mêmesitelle avait été l'intentiondu Comité,elleserait tenue d'examiner
la question sous tous ses aspects:«la Cour doit avoir la pleine liberté
d'examinertous leséléments pertinents dont elledispose pour sefaire une
opinion sur une question qui lui est posée en vue d'unavis consultatif»
(ibid.).LaCour ne peut donc pas sebornerà présumerque leTribunal aen
fait omis de répondre à la question du prétendu obstacle juridique et
n'examiner que le point de savoir si, en n'y répondant pas, il a manqué
d'exercer sajuridiction.
33. Certes le Tribunal n'a pas éttrèsclair sur cette question. Mais, deCourt however considers that this wasbecause it was obliged to deal first
with other contentions set out in the application made to it by the Appli-
cant. The argument in that application is set out under the three main
headings which theTribunal listed at the beginning of its Judgement (see
paragraph 17 above). One of these, mentioned second by the Applicant,
wasthat he "had a legallyand morallyjustifiable expectancy of continued
United Nations employment, and a right to reasonable consideration for
a career appointment". The Tribunal disregarded the question of moral
justifiability and concentrated on the idea of legal justifiability of the
expectancy. As a matter of logic, it was appropriate to deal first with
this question of a "legal expectancy", since if the Applicant could show
that he possessed such an expectancy, then in the words of the Tribunal
in an earlier case "such legal expectancy created a corresponding obliga-
tion on the part of the Respondent to provide continuing employment to
the Applicant within [the Organization]" (Judgement No. 142, Bhatta-
charyya,para. X).
34. It was in the context of its examination of the claim to a "legal
expectancy" that the Tribunal found, contrary to the Applicant's first
contention, that "during theperiod of his servicewith the United Nations
the Applicant was under secondment" (para. XIII) and that the Respon-
dent had concluded - correctly, inthe viewoftheTribunal - inthe letter
of 21 December 1983that "since the involvement of al1parties concerned
was necessary for the renewal of the Applicant's appointment, such re-
newal was impossibleinthe circumstances" (para. IV).The Tribunal noted
that the Respondent relied on the provision in Staff Rule 104.12 (6)that
"The fixed-term appointment does not carryanyexpectancy ofrenewal or
of conversion to any other type of appointment", and foundthat "it does
not appear that the Applicant has produced evidence of circumstances
sufficient to establish that he had a legalexpectancy of any type of further
appointment followingthe end of his fixed-term appointment" (para. VI).
The Tribunal found further that "In so far as [the Applicant] was on
secondment from the USSR Government, none of the actions he took
could bring about any legal expectancy of renewal of his appoint-
ment" (para.XII),the actions of the Applicant referred to being his resig-
nation from the USSR posts, and his applicationfor asylum in the United
States. In what was clearly an allusion to the Bhattacharyya case, the
Tribunal added :
"If his fixed-term appointment were not based on secondmenthe
could, in thejurisprudence of the Tribunal,have in certain circum-
stancesexpectation of one kind or anotherfor an extension,but such
a situation did not arise." (Para. XII.)
Beforesetting out itsconclusion onthe questionof "legal expectancy", the
Tribunal included a passage in its reasoning referring to the effect of a
change of nationality effected by a staff-member, and quoting from an- DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 37
l'avis de la Cour, c'est parce qu'il lui a fallu commencer par examiner
d'autres allégations contenuesdans la requêteque le requérantlui avait
présentée. L'argumentation développé deansla requêteestrésumée par le
Tribunal en trois points, au débutde son jugement (voir paragraphe 17
ci-dessus). Selon l'un d'eux,mentionnéen second lieu par le requérant,
celui-ci «était légalement et moralement en droit de s'attendre à être
maintenu en fonction à l'ONU et à ce que sa candidature soit équitable-
ment prise en considération aux fins d'une nomination de carrière ». Le
Tribunal s'estconcentrésur le fondementjuridique de l'expectative,lais-
sant de côtéleproblèmede son fondement moral. En bonne logique, illui
fallait commencer par cettequestion, étantdonnéquesilerequérantétait
parvenu à démontrerqu'une expectativejuridique existait dans son cas
«une telle situationjuridique [aurait créà] la charge du défendeur une
obligation correspondante de conserverlerequérantau service[del'Orga-
nisation]»,pour reprendre lestermes employéspar le Tribunal dans une
précédenteaffaire (jugement no 142,Bhattacharyya,par. X).
34. En procédant à l'examen de l'«expectative juridique)) invoquée
par le requérant,leTribunal a conclu que,contrairement à ceque celui-ci
avait d'abord soutenu, il «étaitdétachépendant sa périodede service à
l'ONU »(par.XIII) etqueledéfendeuravaitconclu - à bon droit selonle
Tribunal - danssa lettre du 21décembre1983,que <(comme laparticipa-
tion de toutes les parties en cause étaitnécessairepour que l'engagement
du requérantsoitrenouvelé,ilétait impossibleen l'espècede prendre une
décisiondans cesens ))(par. IV).LeTribunal aensuite relevéque ledéfen-
deur s'étaitfondésur la disposition 104.12b)du règlementdu personnel,
selonlaquelle «les engagementsd'une duréedéterminée n'autorisentpas
leur titulairecompter sur uneprolongation ou sur une nomination d'un
type différent»,et il a relevéqu'«il ne [semblait]pas que le requérant ait
présentédes éléments établissanq tu'il étaiten droit de compter sur un
nouvel engagement detypequelconqueaprès l'expiration de son engage-
ment pour une durée déterminée)) (par.VI). Le Tribunal a déclaréen
outre que ((dans la mesure où [lerequérant] étaitdétachéde la fonction
publique soviétique,aucune des mesures qu'il [avait]prises ne pouvait
l'autoriser à compter sur le renouvellement de son engagement))
(par. XII); laréférencauxmesuresprises par lerequérantvisaitsadémis-
sion desfonctions qu'ilavaitoccupées enUnion soviétiqueetsademande
d'asile aux Etats-Unis. En faisant clairement allusionàl'affaire Bhatta-
charyya,leTribunal a poursuivi comme suit :
«Si son engagement pour une duréedéterminéene s'étaitpas ins-
crit dans le cadre d'un détachement, il aurait, d'après la jurispru-
dence du Tribunal, pu, dans certaines circonstances, compter à un
titre ou un autresur un renouvellement de son engagement,mais ce
n'étaitpas le cas.(Par. XII.)
Avant de conclure sur la question de 1'«expectative juridique9, le Tri-
bunal atraité,dans un passage de sesmotifs, des effets du changement de
nationalitéd'un fonctionnaire etila citéun de sesautresjugements (juge-38 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
other of the Tribunal's Judgements (No. 326, Fischman).The Court will
have occasion to consider this part of the Judgement later, inthe context
of the second of the two questions put to it.
35. It should be noted that it was only in the context of the Tribunal's
examination of the question of the claim to a legal expectancy that it
quoted (inpara. V)the provision in StaffRule 104.12(b)setout above.The
Court therefore does not consider that by doing sothe Tribunal intended
to suggest that this rule would prevent the "reasonable consideration"
required by General Assembly resolution 37/126 from leading to the
grant of, or "conversion to" a career appointment in the circumstances
contemplated by that resolution. Resolution 37/126, part IV, para-
graph 5, of which was intended specifically to be applied to staff mem-
bers on fixed-term contracts, had to be interpreted together with Staff
Rule 104.12 (b)sincethe latter remained in force.The resolution could not
of course confer any expectancy, legal or othenvise, "of renewal or of
conversion to any other type of appointment" as long as Rule 104.12 (b)
stood; therefore "reasonable consideration" could not imply an expec-
tancy involving any obligation on the part of the Secretary-General to
appoint the Applicant. But on the other hand the existence of the Staff
Rule obviously was no bar to the giving of "reasonable consideration"
for a career appointment.
36. The Tribunal concluded "that during theperiod of his servicewith
the United Nations the Applicant was under secondment", and that the
consent of hisnationalGovernment wasrequired to modifythat situation.
With its conclusions on these points "in mind", the Tribunal turned to
"the Applicant's plea that he was entitled to, but was denied,the right to
receive 'everyreasonable consideration' in terms of paragraph 5 of Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 37/126, IV" (para. XIV). After noting that the
Secretary-General was bound by the terms of that resolution, and that
"the Tribunal has to decide how and to what extent he carried out his
obligations under it", theTribunal continued :
"The Respondent's letter dated 21 December 1983,addressed to
the Applicant in reply to his counsel's letter of 13December 1983,
Statesthat he has 'givencareful consideration to the issues raised in
your request for administrative review', and since these issues are
particularly related tothe provision ofthe General Assembly resolu-
tion in question,the plain and simple inference is that the Respon-
dent had given the required (i.e., 'every reasonable') consideration
for a career appointment forthe Applicant." (Para. XVI.)ment no326,Fischman).La Cour aura l'occasion de revenirsur cepassage
dujugement lorsqu'elle examinera laseconde question qui luiaétéposée.
35. Ilconvient dereleverque cen'estquedans lecadre del'examenpar
le Tribunal de la question de l'expectativejuridique invoquéepar le re-
quérant quele Tribunal a cité(par. V) la disposition 104.12b) du règle-
ment du personnel reproduite ci-dessus. C'estpourquoi la Cour ne consi-
dèrepas que, cefaisant,leTribunal voulait laisser entendre que cetterègle
empêcheraitque la ((priseenconsidérationéquitable»exigéepar la réso-
lution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénéralene conduise àl'octroid'une nomi-
nation de carrière, soit directement soit par conversion d'un engagement
d'une duréedéterminéedans lescirconstances envisagéespar ladite réso-
lution. Larésolution37/126,dontla section IV,paragraphe 5,devait s'ap-
pliquer spécifiquementaux fonctionnaires titulaires de contrats de durée
déterminée, devait être interprétée concurremment avec la disposi-
tion 104.12 b)du règlementdu personnel puisque cette dernièrerestait en
vigueur. Larésolutionne pouvait évidemmentpas donner à ces fonction-
naires une quelconque expectative,juridique ou autre, à «une prolonga-
tion ou [àune nomination d'un type différent»tantque subsistait la dis-
position 104.12 b); il s'ensuit qu'une «prise en considérationéquitable»
ne pouvait pas impliquer d'expectative imposant au Secrétaire général
l'obligation d'engager lerequérant.Par contre, l'existence de la disposi-
tion du règlementdu personnel ne constituait évidemment pas un obs-
tacleà une «prise en considérationéquitable»aux finsd'une nomination
de carrière.
36. Le Tribunal a conclu que «le requérantétaitdétachépendant sa
périodede service à l'ONU» et que l'assentiment de son administration
nationale étaitnécessairepour modifier cettesituation. C'esten ayant ces
conclusions « àl'esprit»queleTribunal aexaminé«l'argumentdu requé-
rant selon lequel il avait droit droit qui lui aurait édénié - àce que
son cas soit«pris équitablement enconsidération » conformémentau pa-
ragraphe 5 de la section IVde la résolution37/126 de l'Assemblée géné-
rale»(par. XIV).Après avoirnotéque le Secrétaire généraé l taittenu de
respecter les termes de cette résolution, etque «le Tribunal [devait]dé-
cider de quelle façon et dans quelle mesure le défendeurs'[était]acquitté
des obligationslui incombant en vertu de cetterésolution »,le Tribunal a
poursuivi :
«Dans la lettre que le défendeura adresséeau requérantle 21dé-
cembre 1983en réponse àla lettre du conseil de cedernier endate du
13décembre1983,ilest dit que le défendeur «a examiné attentive-
ment les questions soulevéesdans votre demande de réexamen»,et
comme cesquestions serattachent tout particulièrement à ladisposi-
tion de la résolutionen question de l'Assembléegénéraleo ,n nepeut
qu'en déduire que le défendeur avait examinécomme il le devait
(((équitablement »)lecas du requérant auxfins d'une nomination de
carrière.(Par. XVI.) 39 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
37. The Tribunal then dealt with the issue of whether or not the appro-
priate form for such consideration was reference of the matter to the
Appointment and Promotion Board; this part of the Judgement will be
examined in greater detail in the context of the second question put to .,
the Court (paragraphs 67 ff. below). After noting that resolution 37/126
"is silent on who should give 'every reasonable consideration' and by
what procedure", it concluded that
"the existing procedure of offering a probationary appointment to a
candidate remains applicable, and that in the absence of such an
appointment it is left to the Respondent to decide how 'every rea-
sonable consideration' for a career appointment should be given
to a staff member under General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV,
paragraph 5"(para. XVIII).
Its conclusion on the question of "reasonable consideration" is as fol-
lows :
"In the present case, the Respondent had the sole authority to
decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and whether
the Applicant couldbe givenaprobationaryappointment. He appar-
ently decided, in the background of secondment of the Applicant
during the period of one year from 27 December 1982to 26 Decem-
ber 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a probationary ap-
pointment. He thus exercised his discretion properly, but he should
have stated explicitly before 26 December 1983that he had given
'every reasonable consideration' to the Applicant's career appoint-
ment." (Para. XVIII.)
38. It willhus be apparent from thisanalysis ofthe Judgement whythe
Tribunal did not deal first of al1with the first of the Applicant's conten-
tions, namely the absence of any "legal impediment". It did not take the
view either that there was orthat there was not an absolute impediment,
barring further employment; rather, it found there could be no legal
expectancy (Le.,that there was in this respect a "legal impediment"), but
there was no such impediment to "reasonable consideration" being
givento the grant of acareer appointment.Toputthe matter another way,
there was, in the viewof theTribunal, no "legal impediment" to the grant
of a career appointment if the Secretary-General in the exercise of his
discretion saw fit to offer one, and the Secretary-General was bound by
resolution 37/126 to give "every reasonable consideration" to the pos-
sibility. The Tribunal considered that the fact of secondment excluded
(and did as it were constitute a legal impediment to) a "legal expectancy"
of the Applicant's further employment, which would have entailed an
obligation on the Secretary-General,not merely to give"every reasonable 37. Le Tribunal s'estensuite demandési la procédurequi convenait à
cette prise en considération étaitou non la soumission de la question au
comité desnominations et des promotions; ce passage du jugement sera
examinéde manière plus approfondie dans le cadre de la seconde ques-
tion posée à la Cour (paragraphes 67 et suivants ci-après). Aprèsavoir
notéque la résolution 37/126 «ne dit pas qui devrait ((prendre équitable-
ment en considération)) le cas des fonctionnaires et selon quelle procé-
dure »,le Tribunal conclut que
«la procédureexistante qui consisteà offrià un candidat une nomi-
nation pourune périodede stage reste applicable, et qu'en l'absence
d'une telle nomination ilestloisible au défendeurde décider desmo-
dalitésselonlesquelles lecas d'un fonctionnaire doitêtrepris équi-
tablement en considération »aux finsd'une nomination de carrière,
conformément au paragraphe 5 de la section IV de la résolu-
tion 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale »(par. XVIII).
Sur la question dela «prise en considération équitable»,il conclu:
«Dans le cas présent,ledéfendeuravait lepouvoir exclusif de dé-
cider ce qui constituaitne prise en considération équitable»et de
déterminers'il était possibled'offrir au requérant une nomination
pour une période de stage. Il semble que le défendeur ait décidé,
compte tenu du fait que lerequérantétaitdétachépendant lapériode
d'un an allant du 27décembre1982au 26décembre1983,qu'il n'était
pas possible d'offrir ce dernier une nomination pour une période
de stage. Le défendeura donc exercéson pouvoir discrétionnaire de
façon régulière, maisil aurait dû explicitement indiquer avant le
26décembre1983qu'ilavait «pris équitablementen considération»
le cas du requérant aux fins d'une nomination de carrière.))
(Par. XVIII.)
38. La raison pour laquelle le Tribunal n'a pas examinéavant toute
chose la premièreallégationdu requérant,cellequi concerne l'absencede
tout ((obstaclejuridique)), ressort donc de l'analyse du jugement à la-
quelleilvientd'être procédé L. Tribunal n'apas considéréqu'ilexistaitou
qu'il n'existaitpas d'obstacle absolu s'opposantun nouvel engagement;
il a estiméqu'il ne pouvait y avoir d'expectativejuridique (c'est-à-dire
qu'ilyavait à cet égardun «obstaclejuridique »)mais qu'aucun obstacle
de cegenrene s'opposait àla «prise en considération équitable»de l'oc-
troi d'une nomination de carrière. Autrement dit, pour le Tribunal, il n'y
aurait eu aucun ((obstaclejuridique Ȉl'octroi d'une nomination de car-
rière si le Secrétairegénéral,dans l'exercice de son pouvoir discrétion-
naire,avaitjugébon d'enoffrir une, et le Secrétairegénéralétaittenu, aux
termes de la résolution 37/126, de «prendre équitablement en consi-
dération » cette possibilité; leTribunal a été d'avque le détachement
s'opposait (et en quelque sorte constituait un obstacle juridiquàtoute
((expectativejuridique»que le requérantaurait pu avoir quant à un nou-40 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
consideration" but actually to "provide continuing employment", on the
basis of the Bhattacharyyaprecedent.
39. Much ofthe criticism (e.g.,inthe written statement of Italy, and the
comments of the United States) addressed to theJudgement of theTribu-
nal isin factbased, explicitly orimplicitly, on theideathatthe existence or
otherwise of a "legal impediment" to further employment - any further
employment - of the Applicant by the United Nations constituted in
some sense a preliminary question which the Tribunal was obliged, as a
matter of procedure or as a matter of logic, to answer before going on to
other questions. This however would onlybe so ifthe legalimpediment, if
it existed at all,would be absolute:i.e.,ifthe choice was between holding
that there wasno legal impediment atall,orthatthere wassuch an impedi-
ment and that it excluded a staffmember from al1further United Nations
employment. On the view of the matter which emerges from the Tribu-
nal's Judgement, however, it was clearly more logical to deal with the
question of legal impediment asan aspect of each of the two questions of
"legal expectancy" and "reasonable consideration".
40. The "dissatisfaction" expressed by the Tribunal (para. XX) at the
Secretary-General's "failure to record sufficiently early and in specific
terms the fact that he had given the question of the Applicant's career
appointment 'every reasonable consideration' as enjoined by the Gen-
eral Assembly resolution" is also significant, since it throws light on the
Tribunal's interpretation of the letter of 21 December 1983(set out in
paragraph 14above).The Applicant arguesthat inthe mind ofthe writer of
that letter, "he was ineligible for 'everyreasonable consideration' without
an expectancy of renewal" and thatthe letter indicates that the writer "be-
lieved asecondment contract bestows aright on agovernment to veto fur-
ther employment under any other form of contract and thus taint the
seconded employee in perpetuity". This was however not the way in
which theTribunal interpreted that letter. Whileitconsideredthat the Sec-
retary-General had exercised his discretion properly, it found that "he
should have stated explicitly before 26 December 1983that he had given
'everyreasonable consideration', to the Applicant's career appointment"
(para. XVIII). If the Tribunal had read the letter of 21 December 1983as
signifying that, in the view of the Secretary-General, the Applicant was
ineligible for "every reasonable consideration", itcould hardly have criti-
cized the Secretary-General for failing to Saythat he had given such con-
sideration.
41. This criticism expressed by theTribunal cannot however have any
further impact on the Court's opinion regarding the answer to the ques-vel engagement, expectative qui n'aurait pas simplement obligéle Secré-
taire général à prendre le cas du requérant ((équitablementen consi-
dération » mais qui l'aurait obligà le ((conserver au service [de l'Orga-
nisation]»,dans la ligne de la décisionrendue en l'affaire Bhattacharyya.
39. En fait, une grande partie des critiques formulées (par exemple
dans l'exposéécritdu Gouvernement italien et dans les observations des
Etats-Unis d'Amérique)contrelejugement du Tribunal sefondent, expli-
citement ou implicitement, sur l'idéeque l'existence ou l'absence d'un
((obstaclejuridique » à un nouvel engagement - àtout nouvel engage-
ment - durequérantpar l'organisation des Nations Unies constituait en
un certain sens une questionpréliminaireque leTribunal devait trancher,
pour des raisons de procédure ou de logique, avant d'aborder d'autres
questions. Cela ne seraitnéanmoinsvrai que sil'obstaclejuridique, sitant
est qu'il en existaitun, étaitun obstacleabsolu, c'est-à-dires'ilfallait soit
conclure qu'il n'existaitpas du tout d'obstaclejuridique, soitqu'ilen exis-
tait un et qu'il empêchaittout nouvel engagement d'un fonctionnaire à
l'organisation des Nations Unies. Il ressorttoutefois dujugement du Tri-
bunal qu'ilétaitévidemmentplus logique de traiter le problème de l'obs-
tacle juridique comme constituant un aspect propre àchacune des deux
questions de l'aexpectative juridique » et de la ((prise en considération
équitable ».
40. La ((réprobation»que le Tribunal a exprimée (par. XX) devant le
fait que le Secrétairegénéral n'avaitas «indiquésuffisammenttôt et de
façon spécifiquequ'ilavait pris équitablementen considération lecas du
requérant aux fins d'une nomination de carrière comme l'yenjoignait la
résolutiondel'Assembléegénérale »estégalementrévélatricecar ellemet
en lumière la manière dont le Tribunal a interprétéla lettre du 21 dé-
cembre 1983(reproduite au paragraphe 14ci-dessus). Le requérantsou-
tientque, dans l'esprit del'auteur de cettelettre,asn'étaitpas de ceux
qui devaient être«pris équitablementen considération » faute d'une ex-
pectative de renouvellement de l'engagement » et quela lettre «laisse en-
tendre » que, pour son auteur, «un contrat conclu dans le contexte d'un
détachement confèreau gouvernement intéressé le droitd'opposer son
veto à un nouvel engagement au titre de n'importe quel contrat, le fonc-
tionnairedont il s'agitse trouvant ainsi définitivement((marqué».Or ce
n'estpas ainsi quele-~ribunal ainterprétécette lettre.Tout enconsidérant
que leSecrétairegénéralavaitexercé sonpouvoir discrétionnairedefaçon
régulière,il a déclaréqu'«il aurait dû explicitement indiquer avant le
26décembre1983qu'ilavait «pris équitablementenconsidération»lecas
du requérantaux fins d'une nomination de carrière))(par. XVIII). Si le
Tribunal avait interprétéla lettre du 21 décembre1983comme signifiant
que, de l'avisdu Secrétairegénérall,ecasdu requérantn'étaitpas de ceux
quidevaientêtre«pris équitablementen considération »,iln'aurait guère
pu reprocher au Secrétaire généradle n'avoirpas dit qu'il avaitpris lecas
équitablementen considération.
41. La critique ainsi exprimée par le Tribunal ne saurait cependant
avoir quelque autre influence sur l'opinion de la Cour quantla réponsetion put to it. The Tribunal, of course, also interpretedthe letter to mean
that the Respondent "apparently decided, in the background of second-
ment of the Applicant during the period of one year from 27 Decem-
ber 1982to 26 December 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a
probationary appointment" (para. XVIII). But for the purposes of this
AdvisoryOpinion, it isoflittleimportance what werethe reasons underly-
ing the Respondent's decision since the Tribunal was satisfied that the
Respondent had given everyreasonableconsideration to the Applicant's
case. The Tribunal held that the Secretary-General did not fail to apply
the resolution, but was only blameworthy for failing to inform the Appli-
cant atthe proper time of exactly what he had done.
42. The first question put to the Court in the present proceedings is
whether the Tribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction "by not responding to
the question whether a legal impediment existed to the further employ-
ment in the United Nations of the Applicant". However,this was not the
real complaint ofthe Applicant against theTribunal :the objection ofthe
Applicant was that, in examining the question of "reasonable considera-
tion" itpaid no, or insufficient, attention to theindications thatthe Secre-
tary-General hadthought that there wasa legalimpediment to anyfurther
employment, so that his "reasonable consideration" either never took
place or wasvitiated by abasic assumption later conceded to be incorrect.
Thus in his application to the Committee, the Applicant explained :
"The Applicant therefore requested the Tribunal to determine
whether any legal impediment existed to his further United Nations
employment afterthe expiry of his contract on 26December 1983.In
other words, did the Respondent err in his belief that having once
served under a contract labelled 'secondment', the Applicant was
thereby permanently disabled from further United Nations service
under any other form of contract or appointment. It was wellwithin
the Tribunal's jurisdiction to make such a determination.
The Majority Judgement of the Tribunal completely omits this
threshold question from the legal issuesto which itaddresses itself."
(Emphasis added.)
The expression "In other words" is used to imply that one and the same
question isbeing stated in twodifferent forms; but it appearsto the Court
that thereare heretworelated but separate questions. The firstquestion is
whethertheTribunal failedto deal withthe legalquestion ofthe existence
or otherwise of a legal impediment to further employment, and it is this
which is alleged to be a failure to exercisejurisdiction. The second ques-
tion is whether the Tribunal failed to enquire into the belief ofthe Secre- àlaquestion quilui estposée.CertesleTribunal a aussiinterprétélalettre
comme voulant dire qu'«il semble que le défendeur ait décidé, compte
tenu du fait que le requérantétaitdétachépendant lapérioded'un an al-
lant du 27décembre1982au 26 décembre1983,qu'il n'étaitpas possible
d'offrirà ce dernier une nomination pour une période de stage))
(par. XVIII). Mais, pour les besoins de la présentedemande d'avis, les
motifs qui ont étàlabase de la décisiondu défendeurimportent peu dès
lors que leTribunal s'estconvaincu que ledéfendeuravait pris équitable-
ment en considération lecas du requérant. Le Tribunal a conclu que le
Secrétairegénéraln'avait pas omis d'appliquer cette résolution mais
qu'on pouvait seulement lui reprocher de n'avoir pas informé le requé-
rant, en temps voulu, de ce qu'ilavaitfait exactement.
42. Aux termes de la première question posée à la Cour dans la pré-
senteinstance, ilestdemandésileTribunal amanquéd'exercersajuridic-
tion «en ne répondant pas à la question de savoir s'ilexistait un obstacle
juridique au renouvellement de l'engagement [ou à un nouvel engage-
ment] du requérant ». Ce n'étaitcependant pas là le véritable reproche
adressépar le requérant au Tribunal: le requérant objectait que le Tri-
bunal, en examinant la question dela «prise en considération équitable
n'avait pas accordé d'attention,ou pas suffisamment d'attention, aux in-
dications selon lesquelles le Secrétaire général aitenséqu'ilyavait un
obstaclejuridique au renouvellement de son engagement ou àun nouvel
engagement, de telle manièreque la «prise en considération équitable»
soitn'avaitjamais eulieu,soitétaitviciéeparune présomptionfondamen-
tale qui devait êtreensuite reconnue inexacte.C'est ainsique, dans la de-
mande qu'il a présentée au Comitél,e requérant a précisé:
«Le requérant adonc prié leTribunal de dire s'ilexistait un obs-
taclejuridiqueà son maintien en fonctionsà l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies aprèsl'expiration de soncontrat, le26décembre1983.En
d'autres termes,le défendeur a-t-il commis une erreur en estimant
qu'ayant antérieurement étéemployédans lecadred'un contratqua-
lifiéde«détachement»,lerequérant étaitde cefait privéde manière
permanente de lapossibilitéd'êtreemployé àl'Organisation des Na-
tions Unies autitre d'uncontratoud'une nomination d'un type diffé-
rent. Le Tribunal étaitpleinement compétentpour seprononcer sur
cepoint.
Dans son jugement, le Tribunal omet complètement d'inclure
cette question liminaire au nombre des questions juridiques qu'il
examine. » (Lesitaliques sont de la Cour.)
L'expression «en d'autres termes»sert à indiquer qu'une seule et même
question est exposée sous deux formes différentes;il apparaît toutefois
la Cour qu'il s'agit en l'occurrencede deux questions connexes mais dis-
tinctes. Lapremièreportesur lepoint de savoirsileTribunal aomisd'exa-
miner la question juridique de l'existence ou de l'absence d'un obstacle
juridique à un nouvel engagement du requérant et c'est cela, est-il pré-
tendu, qui constituerait un non-exercice dejuridiction. La secondeporte42 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISOO RYINION)
tary-General as to the existence of a legal impediment, and the possible
impact of that belief on his ability to give "every reasonablensidera-
tion" to a career appointment.
43. The Court would recall that in appropriate cases it is entitled to
look behind the strict terms of the question as presented to it. In its
Advisory Opinion concerning the Interpretation of the Agreement of
25March 1951 between the WHO andEgypt,the Court, following the line
of itsearlierjurisprudence, observed that
"if it isto remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial character
in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, it must ascertain what
are the legal questions really in issue in questions formulated in a
request" (I.C.J.Reports1980,p. 88,para. 35).
TheCourt inthat case,astosome extent alsoin other cases,found itneces-
sary to reformulate the question submitted for advisory opinion in order
to deal with "the questions really in issue". Asthe Court made clear in a
later case,such reformulation mustremainwithinthe limitsonthe powers
of the requesting body:the Court cannot, by reformulating the question
put, respond to a question which that body could not havesubmitted, for
example because it was not a legal question "arising within the scope of
the activities" of the requesting body. In the case concerning thelica-
tionfor ReviewofJudgement No. 273 of the UniteN dationsAdministrative
Tribunal,wherethe Court had occasion toreformulatethequestion put by
the Committee, it observed that its jurisdictionunder Article 11 of the
Tribunal's Statute islimitedtothe four specificgrounds ofobjectionthere
specified and recalled itsprevious dictum that
"Consequently, the Committee is authorized to request, and the
Court to give,an advisory opinion onlyon legalquestions which may
properly be considered as fallingwithin the terms of one or more of
those four 'grounds'." (Applicationfor ReviewofJudgementNo. 158
of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.CR .e.ports 1973,
p. 184,para. 41.)
44. In considering what questions are "really in issue", the Court must
of coursehaveregard also to the intentionsofthe requestingbody asthey
emergefrom such records as may be available of the discussionsleading
up to the decision to request an opinion. This was the course which the
Court followed in 1980in its Advisory Opinion on the Interpretation of
the Agreementof 25 March 1951 between the WHO and Egypt (I.C.J.
Reports 1980, pp. 85 to 88, paras. 28 to 34), in order to define "the tnie DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 42
sur le point de savoir si le Tribunal a omis de rechercher quelle était la
conviction du Secrétairegénéralà cetégardetquellesont pu êtrelesréper-
cussions de cette conviction sur l'aptitude du Secrétaire général à
((prendre équitablementen considération» une nomination de carrière.
43. La Cour rappelleraque, quand il y a lieu, ellepeut aller au-delà du
libellémêmede la question qui lui est posée. Dans l'avis consultatif
qu'elle a donné à propos de l'Interprétationde l'accorddu 25 mars 1951
entre l'OMSet I'Eg-vptel.a Cour, suivant sa jurisprudence antérieure, a
soulignéque
«pour rester fidèle aux exigences de son caractère judiciaire dans
l'exercicede sacompétence consultative,elledoit rechercher quelles
sont véritablement les questions juridiques que soulèvent les de-
mandes formulées dans une requête)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1980,p. 88,
par. 35).
Dans I'affaire citée ci-dessu,omme elle l'afaitjusqu'à un certainpoint
dans d'autres, la Cour ajugénécessairede reformuler la question sur la-
quelle un avis consultatif lui étaitdemandé,afin de rechercher«quelles
[étaient]véritablement les questions juridiques que [soulevaient] les de-
mandes ».Comme la Cour l'aprécisé dans une affaire plus récente, cette
reformulation d'une question doit rester dans les limites des pouvoirs de
l'organe qui demande l'avis:la Cour nepeut pas, par lebiais d'une refor-
mulation de la question qui lui estposée,répondreàune question que cet
organe n'aurait pas pu lui poser, par exemple parce qu'il ne s'agit pas
d'une question juridique «qui seposerait dans le cadre de [l']acti»deé
l'organedemandeur. Dans l'affairede la Demandederéformation dujuge-
ment no273du TribunaladministratifdesNations Uniesl,a Cour a eu l'oc-
casion de reformuler la question qui lui était poséepar le Comitéet ellea
notéque la compétencede la Coursurla base de l'article 11du statut du
Tribunal est limitéeaux quatre motifs précisde contestation spécifiés
dans cet article; elle a aussi rappelésa déclaration précédenteselon la-
quelle:
«Il s'ensuit que le Comitén'est autorisà demander, et la Cour à
donner, un avis consultatif que sur les questions juridiques qui peu-
vent légitimementêtreconsidérées comme serattachant àunou plu-
sieurs de ces quatre motifs. (Demandederéformation dujugement
no158du TribunaladministratifdesNations UniesC , .I.J.Recueil1973,
p. 184,par. 41.)
44. Lorsqu'elle examine quelles sont ((véritablement les questions »
soulevées,laCour doit naturellement tenir compte aussi desintentions de
l'organe demandeur telles qu'elles sedégagentdes comptes rendus des
débatsdont elle dispose et qui ont conduit à la décisionde demander
l'avis. C'estla voie que la Cour a suivie en 1980dans son avis consultatif
sur l'Interprétatiode l'accorddu 25 mars 1951 entrel'OMSet lJEgypte
(C.I.J.Recueil1980,p. 85-88,par. 28-34),pour définir«la véritableques-43 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
legalquestion submitted tothe Court" (ibid.,p. 89,para. 36).Inthe present
case, as noted above (paragraph 22),application was made to the Com-
mittee on al1four of the grounds set out in Article 11of the Statute of the
Tribunal; and the Committee took a forma1decision on each of those
grounds as a separate question. It decided that there was no substantial
basis for the Application on the ground either that the Tribunal had
exceeded itsjurisdiction, or that it had committed a fundamental error in
procedure which had occasioned a failure of justice (A/AC.86/XXIV/
PV.5, pp. 2-3). The Court accordingly concludes that it is not open to
it to enter intothese grounds, by reformulating the question put to it or
otherwise, because it cannot be said that it was the intention or wish of
the Committee to have an opinion of the Court on these points.
45. On the other hand, itwasthe intention ofthe Committee to havethe
opinion ofthe Courton the question whether the Administrative Tribunal
failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it,one ofthefour grounds ofobjec-
tion contemplated by Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute. Without going
beyond the limits of this ground, it is open to the Court to redefine the
point on which itisasserted that theTribunal failedtoexerciseits jurisdic-
tion, ifthis willenable itto giveguidance on "the legalquestions really in
issue". Itthus seemsto the Court essential to examine whether the Tribu-
nal addressed itsmind toboth the questions defined atthe end ofthe para-
graph 42of this Opinion.
46. Itisappropriateat this point to examine more closelywhat ismeant
by the expression "failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it". TheCourt
has already given its attention to this point in its advisory opinion on the
Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement No. 158ofthe UnitedNationsAdminis-
trative Tribunal (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 166). In that opinion the Court
defined its role as follows:
"In the Court's view, therefore, this ground of challenge covers
situations where the Tribunal has either consciously or inadvert-
ently omitted to exercisejurisdictional powers vested in it and rele-
vant for itsdecision of the case or of a particular material issue in
the case." (Loc.cit.,p. 189,para. 51.)
It also observed that:
"Clearly, in appreciating whether ornot the Tribunal has failed to
exercise relevantjurisdictional powers, the Court must have regard
to the substance of the matter and not merely to the form. Conse-
quently, the mere fact that the Tribunal has purported to exercise its
powers with respect to any particular material issue will not be
enough :itmust in fact have applied them tothe determination ofthe
issue."(Loc.cit.,pp. 189-190,para. 51 .)
It was however more important for the Court in that case to ascertain tion juridique qui lui [était]soumis» (ibid.,p. 89, par. 36). Dans la pré-
sente affaire, comme il est indiqué au paragraphe 22 ci-dessus, la de-
mande qui a étéprésentéeau Comitése fondait sur chacun des quatre
motifs prévus à l'article 11du statut du Tribunal; le Comitéa pris une
décision formelle sur chacun d'eux séparément.S'agissant du motif
d'après lequel leTribunal aurait outrepassé sajuridiction ou sa compé-
tence ou de celui d'aprèslequelle Tribunal aurait commis,dans la procé-
dure, une erreur essentielle ayant provoqué un mal-jugé, leComitéa
décidéque la demande de réformation ne reposait pas sur des bases
sérieuses (A/AC.86/XXIV/PV.5, p. 2-3). La Cour conclut par consé-
quent qu'elle n'apasà s'occuper de cesmotifs, que cesoiten reformulant
la question qui lui estposéeou detoute autre manière, puisqu'onne peut
pas dire que le Comité aiteu l'intention ou le désirde demander un avis
àla Cour sur cespoints.
45. En revanche, leComitéavait bien l'intention de demander l'avisde
laCour sur laquestion de savoirsileTribunal administratif avait manqué
d'exercer sajuridiction, ce qui constitueun desquatre motifs de contes-
tation d'un jugement visés à l'article 11 du statut du Tribunal. Sans
s'écarterde ce motif, la Cour peut redéfinirle point sur lequel il est al-
léguéque le Tribunal a manquéd'exercer sa juridiction si cela peut lui
servirà fairelalumièresurlesquestionsjuridiques quiseposent véritable-
ment. C'estpourquoi la Cour estime essentielde rechercher si leTribunal
a fait porter sa réflexionsur les deux questions définiesla fin du para-
graphe 42 du présentavis.
46. Il convientà présent d'examinerde plus prèsce que signifient les
mots «a manquéd'exercersajuridiction ».La Cour s'estdéjàpenchéesur
laquestion dansson avisconsultatif relatifàla Demandederéformation du
jugement no 158 du Tribunaladministratif des NationsUnies(C.I.J. Re-
cueil 1973,p. 166).Dans cet avis, la Cour a définison rôle de la façon
suivante :
«Selon la Cour, ce motif de contestation ne vise donc que les cas
où, soit sciemment soit par inadvertance, le Tribunal n'a pas exercé
les pouvoirsjuridictionnels qu'ildétient etqui lui permettent de sta-
tuer à l'égardd'une affaire ou d'un élémentimportant d'une af-
faire.»(Loc.cit.,p. 189,par. 5.)
La Cour a ajouté :
«Il est clair que, pour déterminersile Tribunal a exercédespou-
voirs juridictionnels applicables en l'espèce, la Cour doit tenir
compte de lasubstance etpas seulement de la forme. Ilne suffit donc
pas que leTribunal aiteu l'intention d'exercer sespouvoirsà propos
d'un élémenitmportant, encorefaut-il qu'il lesaitréellementexercés
et sesoit prononcé à ce sujet» (Loc.cit.,p. 189-190,par. 5.)
Ce qui étaitalors plus important pour la Cour, c'étaitd'établirsi la de- whether theparticular plea had to be mentioned expressly, or whether it
was sufficient that it had been effectivelydealt with, in the course of dis-
posa1of another argument or otherwise. The Court said :
"It can hardly be denied ..thatin this particular casethe structure
adopted [by the Tribunal's Judgement] created the difficulty that
some of the applicant's pleas, though covered by the general consi-
deration of the basic questions of non-observance of regulations, of
rescision and of damage, were not expressly mentioned or specifi-
callydealt withinthe paragraphs inwhichtheTribunal developed its
reasoning and analysed what it deemed to be thepertinent issues.
Tofind that such a difficultyhas arisen inthe presentcase does not
signifythat, ascontended bythe applicant, there hasbeen on thepart
of the Tribunal a failure to exercise its jurisdiction with respect to
those pleas which were not expressly mentioned nor specifically
dealt with in the substantive part of the Judgement. The test of
whether there has been a failure to exercisejurisdiction with respect
to a certain submission cannot be the purely forma1one of verifying
ifaparticular plea ismentioned eonomineinthe substantive part ofa
judgment: the test must be the real one of whether the Tribunal
addressed its mind to the matters on which a plea was based, and
drew its own conclusions therefrom as to the obligations violated
by the respondent and as to the compensation to be awarded there-
for. Such an approach is particularly requisite in a case such as the
present one, in which the Tribunal was confronted with a series
of claims for compensation or measures of relief which to a consi-
derable extent duplicated or at least substantially overlapped each
other and which derived from the same act of the respondent: .. ."
(I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 193,paras. 55-56.)
47. Similarly in the present case, the Judgement of the Tribunal does
notstate specificallythat itwastheviewofthe Tribunal that, whileafixed-
term appointment on secondment cannotbe renewed orextendedwithout
the consent ofthe secondingGovernment,there isno automaticbartothe
holder of such appointment being given a career appointment on its ex-
piration. Nor does theTribunal everspecificallyreject orupholdthe con-
tention that the Secretary-General, because he was convinced that there
was such a bar, could not have given "everyreasonable consideration" to
the Applicant's application for appointment. If however it can be estab-
lished with sufficient certainty that "the Tribunal addressed its mind" to
the matters on which these contentions were based, "and drew its own
conclusions therefrom", then, whatever view be taken of the conclusion
reached by theTribunal on the evidence available, there was no failure to
exercisejurisdiction in that respect. DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVISCONSULTATIF) 44
mande particulière devait êtreexpressémentmentionnée dans le juge-
ment ou s'ilsuffisait qu'elleait effectivement étudiéedans le cadre de
l'examen d'un autre argument ou de toute autre manière. La Cour s'est
expriméecomme suit:
«On ne saurait ..nier qu'en l'espècelaprésentationadoptée[dans
lejugement du Tribunal] a causéune difficulté,en cesens que, sicer-
taines des demandes du requérantont étéenvisagéesdans le cadre
d'un examen d'ensemble des questions fondamentales touchant à
l'inobservation du règlement,à l'annulation et au préjudice, elles
n'ont pasétéviséesexpressément,nitraitéesune àune, dans lespara-
graphes où le Tribunal a exposéses motifs et analyséles questions
qu'ilajugéespertinentes.
Constater l'existence de cette difficultéen l'espècene revient pas
à dire que, comme le soutient le requérant, le Tribunal ait omis
d'exercer sajuridiction propos desdemandes qu'iln'a niexpressé-
ment viséesni traitéesune àune dans les motifs du jugement. Pour
savoir si le Tribunal a exercésa juridiction relativementune cer-
tainedemande,on nesauraitrecourir au critèrepurement formel qui
consisteà s'assurer qu'ellefigure nommémentdans les motifs du ju-
gement: on doit appliquer ce qui est le vrai critère etdéterminersile
Tribunal a faitporter sa réflexionsur lesbases de la demande eten a
tirésespropres conclusions quant aux obligations que le défendeur
aurait enfreintes etl'indemnité à accorder en conséquence.Cette
méthodes'impose enparticulier lorsque,commec'était lecasenl'es-
pèce, leTribunal setrouve saisid'une sériede demandes d'indemni-
sation ou de réparation qui se recouvrent ou du moins se chevau-
chent dans une large mesure et qui résultentd'un seul et même acte
du défendeur: ..»(C.I.J. Recueil1973,p. 193,par. 55-56.)
47. De même,dans la présente affaire,leTribunal ne ditpas expressé-
ment dansson jugement que, étantadmisqu'un engagementde duréedé-
terminéeaccordédans le cadre d'un détachementne peut êtrerenouvelé
ou prolongésans le consentement du gouvernement qui a détachél'inté-
ressé,il n'y a pourtant pas d'empêchementautomatique àce que le titu-
laire de l'engagement se voieoffrir une nomination de carrièreàl'expi-
ration de cet engagement. Le Tribunal ne rejette ni n'accepte non plus
expressémentlathèseselon laquelle le Secrétairegénéral,parcequ'ilétait
convaincu qu'untel empêchement existait,n'auraitpaspu prendre «équi-
tablement en considération » la candidature du requérantà un poste de
carrière.Toutefois,s'ilpeut êtreétablaivecassezde certitude quele Tri-
bunal a fait porter sa réflexion))sur les élémentsqui sous-tendent ces
thèseset qu'il«en a tiréses propres conclusions », il n'a alors pas omis
d'exercersajuridictionà cetégard,quoiqu'onpuisse penser de laconclu-
sion àlaquelle il est parvenu au vu des élémendont il disposait. 48. Clearly the first stepto be taken in order to establish whether the
Tribunal addressed itsmind to a particular point isto examine the text of
its Judgement; but it may also be appropriate to consult separate or dis-
senting opinions appended to it. So far as the Judgement itself is con-
cerned, the Court has already indicated why, in its view, the Judgement
did nottake up specifically,and asa preliminary point, the question ofthe
existenceofa "legalimpediment" (paragraphs 36and 37 above); the Court
does not consider that this signifiesthatthe Tribunal failed to address its
mind tothat question.Attention should however alsobe drawnto the pas-
sage from paragraph XVIII of the Judgement quoted in paragraph 36
above, in which theTribunal referred tothe Respondent's "sole authority
to decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and whether the
Applicant could be given a probationary appointment", and to the Re-
spondent'sproper exerciseofhis "discretion". Adiscretioncertainly does
not authorize, as the Tribunal rightly emphasized in its Judgement
No. 54 (Mauch),an "arbitrary or capricious exercise of the power ...,nor
the assignment ofspecious oruntruthful reasons forthe action taken, such
aswould connote alackofgood faith or due consideration forthe rights of
the staff member involved". The factremains, however,that inthe viewof
the Tribunal,the Secretary-General was not obliged by binding rules to
take a particular action andto take it in a particular way :in other words,
the Secretary-General could take the decision to offer the Applicant a
career appointment, but was not bound to do so. It follows from this that
the Tribunal was clearly deciding, though by implication, that there was
no absolute legal impediment, in the sense of an impediment to any fur-
ther employment, which the Applicant thought had inspired the decision
not to give him a career appointment. In doing sotheTribunal therefore
responded to the Applicant's plea that it should be adjudged that there
was no legal impediment to the continuation of his service.
49. In order to interpret or elucidate ajudgement it isboth permissible
and advisable to take into account any dissenting or other opinions ap-
pendedto thejudgement. Declarations or opinionsdrafted bymembers of
atribunal atthe time ofa decision, and appended thereto, may contribute
tothe clarification of the decision. Accordingly the wise practice of the
Tribunal, following the example of the Court itself, has been not only to
permit such expressions of opinion but to publish them appended to the
judgement. It is therefore proper in the present case, in order better to
grasp the position ofthe Tribunal onthe point now under examination, to
refer not only to the Judgement itself, but also to the "Statement" of
Mr. Endre Ustor and the dissenting opinion of Mr. Arnold Kean.
50. President Ustor, who voted in favour ofthe Judgement, considered
that the Applicant was"not eligiblefor consideration for acareer appoint-
ment" because the fact of secondment "precludes not only the extension
of aseconded fixed-term appointment but also itsconversion to any other DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 45
48. La premièredémarche à entreprendre pour savoir si le Tribunal a
faitporter saréflexionsurun point particulier estévidemmentd'examiner
letexte dujugement; ilsepeut pourtant qu'ilconvienneaussi de consulter
lesopinions individuelles ou dissidentesjointes aujugement. Pour ce qui
est dujugement lui-même,laCour a déjàindiquépourquoi, àson avis,le
Tribunal n'a pastraitéspécifiquement, età titre préliminaire,la question
de l'existenced'un ((obstaclejuridique (paragraphes 36et37ci-dessus);
la Cour ne considère pas que cela signifie que le Tribunal n'a pas fait
porter saréflexionsurcettequestion. Toutefois,ilconvientaussi demettre
en évidence le passage du paragraphe XVIII du jugement, citéau pa-
ragraphe 36 ci-dessus, dans lequel le Tribunal se réfèreau ((pouvoir
exclusif»du défendeur«de déciderce qui constituait «une prise en con-
sidération équitable))et de déterminers'il étaitpossible d'offrir au re-
quérantune nomination pourune périodede stage »ainsi qu'à l'exercice
régulierde ce «pouvoir» par le défendeur. Un pouvoir discrétionnaire
n'autorise certes pas son titulaire, comme le Tribunal a eu raison de le
souligner dansson jugement no54 (Mauch), à «user »de ce pouvoir «de
façon arbitraire ou capricieuse n[à]donner, du licenciement, un motif
spécieuxou inexact qui révéleraiut n manque de bonne foi ou un mépris
desdroits du fonctionnaire en cause».Il reste cependant que,pour leTri-
bunal, le Secrétaire généranl'étaitpas tenu par des règlesobligatoires
de faire quelque chose et de le faire d'une certaine manière. Autrement
dit, le Secrétaire général pouvaitprendre la décisiond'offrir au requé-
rant un engagement de carrière mais il n'étaitpas tenu de le faire. Il en
résulte que le Tribunal a nettement décidé,encore qu'implicitement,
qu'il n'existaitpas d'obstacle juridique absolu, c'est-à-dire d'obstacle
toute espèce de nouvel engagement, qui aurait inspiré,selon le requé-
rant, la décisionde ne pas lui offrir une nomination de carrière. Ce fai-
sant, le Tribunal a donc répondu àla demande du requérantvisant àce
qu'il soit déclaréqu'il n'existaitpas d'obstacle juridiàuson maintien
en service.
49. Pour interpréter ou éluciderun jugement, il est la fois permis et
souhaitable de prendre en considération les éventuellesopinions dissi-
dentes ou autres jointesàcejugement. Les déclarationset opinions que
des membres d'une juridiction rédigentau moment où une décisionest
rendue et qu'ils joignentà cette décision peuvent contribuerà clarifier
celle-ci. C'estpourquoi le Tribunal, suivant en cela l'exemple de laCour
elle-mêmea , eupour pratiquenon seulement de permettre auxjuges d'ex-
primer detellesopinions, maisaussi de lespublier aveclejugement, cequi
estune sagepratique. En l'espèce,ilestdonc légitime,pour mieux saisirla
position du Tribunal sur la questionl'examen,de sereporter non seule-
ment aujugement lui-mêmemaisencore à la «déclaration»de M. Ustor
età l'opinion dissidente de M. Kean.
50. Le président, M. Ustor, qui a votépour lejugement, a estiméque
«le requérant neremplissait pas les conditions requises pourque son cas
soit pris en considérationaux fins d'une nomination de carrière parce
que la notion de détachement «exclut non seulement la prolongation de. type of appointment without the consent ofthe Government concerned".
Vice-President Kean took a different view :
"Far fromthere beingagenerallyaccepted rule that in the absence
ofthe government's consent aseconded staffmembermust alwaysbe
refused, in limine,a career appointment at the end of his period of
secondment, this paragraph [ofan International Civil ServiceCom-
mission Report] makes it quite clear that the government's view was
not tobe decisivebut wastobe fully taken intoaccount together with
al1other relevant factors."
It is evident that if the remaining member of the Tribunal, who did not
make any separate statement of his views, had shared the view of Mr.
Ustor, the Judgement would have been drafted to conveythe view of the
two-member majority that the Applicant's secondment was an absolute
bar to his obtaining a career appointment, so that the question of "rea-
sonable consideration" would not arise. The Judgement of the Tribunal
thus occupied the middle ground between Mr. Ustor and Mr. Kean,
differing fromthe individual viewofthe former to the extent solelythat it
held that there was no "legal impediment" barring a career appointment;
and differing from the latter in holding that "every reasonable consi-
deration" had in factbeen given.Mr. Ustor did not express any disagree-
ment on this second point; he thought that "reasonable consideration"
need not havebeen given, inviewofthe factor ofsecondment, but that on
the facts it was given.
51. It should however be observed that in any event the reply to be
givenbythe Courtto the first question put to itbythe Committee does not
depend on the correct interpretation of Mr. Ustor'smeaning. The Court is
asked whetherthe Tribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction on a particular
point; the question is not whether the conclusion of the Tribunal on the
point wascorrect or not, but whether itaddressed itsmind to it.The Court
does not have to choose between the conclusion of the Tribunal andthat
ofan individual memberofit,though itmayfind significanceinthe extent
to whichthat member shared the conclusion ofhis colleagues. It may even
be said that the greater the measure of revealed disagreement within the
Tribunal on the point, the more certain it is that it was considered and
debated, not overlooked or passed over.
52. The possibility that the Secretary-General, in considering the Ap-
plicant's position,was under amisapprehension asto the effectofsecond-
ment as a "legal impediment" to further appointment was dealt with, in
slightly different language, in the dissenting opinion of Vice-Presi-
dent Kean.TheTribunal decided thatthe Applicant had no "legal expec-l'engagement pour une durée déterminée d'un fonctionnaire détaché
mais aussi la conversion de cette nomination enun autre type de nomina-
tionsans leconsentement du gouvernement intéressé ».L'undesvice-pré-
sidents,M.Kean, a étéd'unavis différent.Pour lui:
«Loin de reconnaître l'existence d'une règle généralementac-
ceptée selon laquelle, en l'absence du consentement du gouverne-
ment d'un fonctionnaire détaché,il fautdans tous les cas refuser,
limine,à ce dernier une nomination à titre permanent àla fin de sa
périodede détachement,ce paragraphe [d'unrapport de la commis-
sion de la fonction publique internationale] précisetrès clairement
que lesvuesdu gouvernement nesont pas décisivesmais qu'ellesdoi-
vent êtrepleinementprises enconsidérationenmêmetemps quetous
les autres facteurs pertinents.
Il est évidentque, siletroisième membredu Tribunal,qui n'a pas exposé
ses vues dans une opinion individuelle, avait partagé l'opinion de
M. Ustor, la décisiondu Tribunal aurait alors étérédigéede façon à tra-
duire l'opinion des deux membres formant la majorité,opinion suivant
laquelle ledétachementdu requérantconstituait un obstacle absolu àune
nomination de carrière,de sorte quela question d'une((prise en considé-
ration équitable»ne seseraitpas posée.Dansson jugement, leTribunal a
donc adopté une position médiane entre celle de M. Ustor et celle de
M. Kean; il ne s'écartede l'opinion particulière du premier que dans la
mesure où il conclut qu'aucun ((obstaclejuridique »ne s'opposait àune
nomination de carrière et il s'écartede l'opinion du second en déclarant
que lecasde l'intéressé aien été«pris équitablementen considération ».
M. Ustor ne s'estpasdéclaréen désaccordsur cesecond point; ilaestimé
qu'il n'yavaitpas besoin deprendre ((équitablementen considération »le
cas de l'intéressé,omptetenu du détachementde ce dernier, mais qu'en
réalitéily avait eu prise en considérationéquitable.
51. Il convient cependant de souligner que, de toute façon, la réponse
que la Cour doit donner à la première question qui lui a été poséear le
Comiténe dépendpasdel'interprétation exactede lapenséede M.Ustor.
Il est demandé àla Courde dire sileTribunal a omis d'exercersajuridic-
tion sur un point particulier; il ne s'agitpas de savoir si la conclusion du
Tribunal sur ce point est exacte ounon mais s'il a réfléchi. Cour n'a
pas àchoisir entre la conclusion du Tribunal etcelled'un de sesmembres,
encore qu'il puisse lui importer de savoir dans quelle mesure celui-ci a
partagéla conclusion de ses collègues.On peut mêmedire que plus il ap-
paraît qu'ily a eu désaccordau sein du Tribunal sur ce point, plus il est
certain que celui-ci a étéexaminé edtébattuet qu'iln'apas étpassésous
silence ou considérécomme allant de soi.
52. LapossibilitéqueleSecrétairegénérallo , rsqu'ilaexaminélecasdu
requérant, ait cruàtort que le détachement de ce dernier constituait un
((obstacle juridique)) à un nouvel engagement a ététraitée en des
termes légèrement différentsdans l'opinion dissidente de M. Kean. Le
Tribunal a décidéque le requérantn'étaitpas «en droit de comptersur »47 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISOR YPINION)
tancy" of renewal of hisfixed-term appointment. Mr. Kean examinedthe
letter of 21 December 1983,and interpreted it as follows:
"It was evidently the belief of the writer of the letter that, if the
Applicant had no expectancy of renewal, there was no possibility
of his receiving a career appointment in pursuance of the General
Assembly resolution",
Le.,that the lack of legal "expectancy of renewal", due to his seconded
status, constituted a "legal impediment". Since,in Mr. Kean's view,
"That resolution is,however, not conditional upon the staff mem-
ber having an expectancy of further employment, which istherefore
in no way a prerequisite of a career appointment",
heconcluded that "the Respondent's decision wasflawedbyfundamental
mistakes offact or law and requires to be setaside. ..".
53. The deliberations ofthe Administrative Tribunal in the case under
consideration were held "from 11Mayto 8June 1984".Taking account of
theusual practices ofjudicial bodies composed of severalmembers forthe
exchange of views during the deliberation process, it seems to the Court
impossible to conclude that the Tribunal did not address its mind to the
issues which were specifically mentioned by President Ustor and Vice-
President Kean as the grounds for their disagreement with parts of the
Judgement. Since that disagreement persisted at the moment the Judge-
ment wasvoted upon, theTribunal as abody, represented by the majority
which voted in favour, must also have drawn its conclusions on these
issues, even if those conclusions were not spelled out as clearly in the
Judgement asthey ought to have been.
54. Before continuing, the Court should however consider what signi-
ficance, if any, should be attached to the interpretation of the Tribunal's
Judgement advanced by the Secretary-General, in his comments on the
Applicant's statement to the Committee (A/AC.86/R.I 18), and in his
written statement submitted totheCourt inthese proceedings.Clearly itis
for the Court to form its own view asto the proper interpretation of the
Judgement; yet the Secretary-General, both as a party to the case before
the Tribunal, and as chief executive officer of the Organization, is well
placed to expressviewson the matter. In hiscomments on the Applicant's
written statement to the Committee, the Secretary-General contended
that:
"it is clear that the Tribunal did consider the Applicant's argument
favourably as it held that the Applicant was entitled to reasonable
consideration for a career appointment andthat he was in fact given
such consideration (Judgement,para. XVIII).
............................
The Respondent submits that itistherefore clear that theTribunalle renouvellement de son engagement de durée déterminée.M. Kean
a examiné la lettre du 21 décembre 1983et l'a interprétéede la façon
suivante :
((L'auteur de la lettre croyait évidemment que si le requérant
n'étaitpas en droit de compter sur lerenouvellement de son engage-
ment, il étaitexclu qu'il puisse recevoir une nomination de carrière
en vertu de la résolutionde l'Assembléegénérale » ;
autrementdit, lefait que lerequérantn'étaitpas en droit de comptersur le
«renouvellement de son engagement)) parce qu'il avait été détaché
constituait un((obstaclejuridique B. Or, comme M. Kean considère que
«l'application de cette résolutionn'est pas subordonnéeau fait que
le fonctionnaire soit autorisàcomptersur lerenouvellement de son
engagement,ce qui ne constitue donc en aucunefaçon une condition
indispensable pour une nomination de carrière »,
il en a conclu que «la décisiondu défendeurétaitentachéed'erreurs fon-
damentales de fait ou de droit [et]qu'elle [devait]êtreannulée.»
53. Lesdélibérationsdu Tribunal ont eulieu en l'espèce«du 11mai au
8juin 1984 ».Compte tenu de la pratique que lesorganesjudiciaires com-
posésde plusieurs membres suivent habituellement pour l'échangede
vues qui a lieu pendant le délibéréil, ne semble pas possiblela Courde
conclure que le Tribunal n'a pas fait porter sa réflexionsur les questions
dont MM. Ustor et Kean ont dit expressémentqu'elles motivaient leur
désaccordavecune partie dujugement. Comme ilyavait toujours désac-
cord au moment du vote sur lejugement, le Tribunal, en tant qu'organe
représentépar la majorité quia votéen faveur du jugement, doit égale-
ment avoir tiréses propres conclusions sur ces questions, mêmesi ces
conclusions n'ont pas été énoncéedsans le jugement aussi clairement
qu'ellesauraient dû l'être.
54. Avant de poursuivre son examen, la Cour doit toutefois se de-
mander quelpoidsattacher éventuellement àl'interprétationque leSecré-
taire général adonnéedujugement du Tribunal dans sesobservations sur
la demande présentéeau Comitépar le requérant (A/AC.86/R.118) et
dans l'exposéécritqu'il a déposé àla Cour en l'espèce.Il est clair que la
Cour doit sefaire sa propre opinion de l'interprétation donnerdu juge-
ment; iln'enreste pas moins que leSecrétairegénérae l,ntantque partie à
l'affaireportée devantleTribunal etentantque chefdesservicesadminis-
tratifs de l'Organisation, est bien placépour exprimer des avis en la ma-
tière.Dans ses observations sur la demande présentéeau Comitépar le
requérant,le Secrétairegénéral d aéclaré :
«il est clair que le Tribunal a favorablement accueilli les arguments
du requérantpuisqu'il ajugéque le cas de ce dernier devait être pris
équitablement en considération aux fins d'une nomination de car-
rièreet qu'en fait il l'avait(par.XVIII du jugement).
.............................
Ledéfendeurestime qu'il estdonc clairqueleTribunal arégulière- properly exercised itsjurisdiction and competence under article 2 of
itsstatute when it heard and passedjudgement on the application in
the manner which isreflected in itsjudgement in this case. It did not
refuse to exercise itsjurisdiction..."
However in his written statement submitted to the Court, the Secretary-
Ceneral argues, first, that the question of the existence of a legal impedi-
ment wasnot in issuebetween theparties; secondlythat theTribunal does
not have jurisdiction to advise on or answer abstract questions; and
thirdly that an answer to the question was not required in logic or in law.
Ifthese arguments implyan assumption bythe Secretary-Ceneral thatthe
Tribunal did not in fact deal with the point, this is not the same thing as
saying that the Tribunal failed to exercise itsjurisdiction in that respect.
On the contrary, the view of the Secretary-General is that there was no
such failure to exercise jurisdiction, precisely for the three reasons just
mentioned. The Court does not however find it possible to endorse the
interpretation oftheJudgement submitted to itbythe Secretary-General :
it sees no indication that the Judgement left open the question of "legal
impediment" as being "not in issue between the parties". The Court's
interpretation of the Judgement in this respect has been explained above
in paragraphs 38to 40of the present Opinion.
55. The question whether "every reasonable consideration" wasin fact
givenwasinany eventone fortheTribunal to decide, and one which itdid
decide, in the affirmative. The Court recalls what it stated in an earlier
advisory opinion on an applicationfor review :
"Under Article 11ofthe Statute oftheTribunal, ...the task of the
Court is not to retry the case but to give its opinion on the questions
submitted to it concerning the objections lodged against the Judge-
ment. TheCourt isnottherefore entitled to substitute itsownopinion
for that of the Tribunal on the merits of the case adjudicated by the
Tribunal. Its role is to determine if the circumstances of the case,
whether they relate to merits or procedure, show that any objection
made to the Judgement on one of the grounds mentioned in Article
Il iswell founded.
.............................
under Article 11ofthe Statute ofthe United Nations Administrative
Tribunal achallengetoa decision for alleged failureto exercisejuris-
diction or fundamental error in procedure cannot properly be trans-
formed into a proceeding against the substance of the decision."
(Applicationfor Review of Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal, Z.C.J Reports 1973, pp. 187-188, paras.
47-48.)
The Court's conclusion on the contentionthat the Secretary-General did
not give "reasonable consideration" under resolution 37/ 126because he
34 ment exercésa juridiction ou sa compétence,conformément à l'ar-
ticle2deson statut, lorsqu'ilaexaminélarequête etstatuésurcelle-ci
comme il est dit dans lejugement. Il n'apas refusé d'exercersa com-
pétence ..»
Dans l'exposéécritqu'il a présenté à laCour, le Secrétaire général ace-
pendant faitvaloir,premièrement, que laquestion de l'existenced'un obs-
taclejuridique n'étaitpas en litigeentre lesparties, deuxièmement,que le
Tribunal n'étaitpas habilitéàdonner son avissurdesquestions abstraites
ou à yrépondreet,troisièmement,qu'il n'étaittenu, nipar lalogique nipar
le droit, de répondreà cette question. A supposer que ces arguments im-
pliquent que, pour le Secrétairegénéral,lTeribunal n'apas effectivement
traitéla question, cela ne revient pas à dire que le Tribunal a manqué
d'exercer sajuridiction à cet égard.Au contraire, c'estprécisémentpour
lestrois raisons qui viennent d'être mentionnéeqsue le Secrétairegénéral
a estiméqueleTribunal n'avaitpas manquéd'exercersajuridiction. Mais
la Cour estime qu'elle nepeut pas faire sienne l'interprétationque le Se-
crétaire général lui a présenté du jugement: rien ne lui paraît indiquer
que, dans son jugement, le Tribunal ait laisséde côté la question de
1'«obstacle juridique » en considérant qu'«elle n'étaitpas en litige entre
les partie». Aux paragraphes 38 à 40du présentavis,la Cour a expliqué
comment elle interprètelejugement sur ce point.
55. En tout étatde cause, le Tribunal étaittenu de se prononcer sur la
question de savoir silecas avaitbien été«pris équitablementen considé-
ration»et il l'atranchéepar l'affirmative. LaCour rappellera ce qu'ellea
déclaré a propos d'une demande de réformationdans un précédentavis
consultatif:
«Comme elle l'a déjà indiqué,la Cour n'a pas pour mission, en
vertu de l'article1du statut du Tribunal administratif, de refaire le
procèsmaisde donnerson avissur lesquestions qui lui sont soumises
au sujet des objections soulevéescontre lejugement. La Cour n'est
donc pas habilitéeà substituer son opinionà celledu Tribunal sur le
fond de l'affaire tranchéepar celui-ci. Sonrôle est de déterminers'il
ressort des circonstances de l'espèce,concernant lefond ou la procé-
dure, qu'une contestation formuléecontre lejugement pour l'un des
motifs mentionnés àl'article.11est fondé...
dans lecas de l'article Il du statut du Tribunal administratif des Na-
tions Unies, une contestation de la décisionfondée surle non-exer-
cice de la juridiction ou une erreur procédurale essentielle ne peut
êtretransformée en une procédure contre le fond de la décision. )>
(Demandederéformationdujugement no158du Tribunaladministratif
des Nations Unies,C.I.J.Recueil 1973,p. 187-188,par. 47-48.)
En ce qui concerne la thèse selon laquelle le Secrétaire général n'aurait
pas «pris équitablementen considération»le cas du requérant,en appli- believed there existed a "legal impediment" must therefore be, in the
words used in respect of one of the contentionsadvanced in 1973 :
"In the circumstances the Court does not think that the conten-
tion that theTribunal failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it ...is
capable of being sustained. The Tribunal manifestly addressed
its mind to the question and exercised its jurisdiction by deciding
against the applicant's claim. Therefore this contention turns out to
concern not a failure by the Tribunal to exercise itsjurisdiction but
an appeal against its decision on the merits." (Applicationfor Review
of Judgement No. 158of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 201,para. 70.)
56. The Applicant, in hisstatementof viewstransmitted to the Court by
the Secretary-General, has gone beyond the terms of the question submit-
ted to the Court, which is whether theTribunal failed to exercise itsjuris-
diction on one specific point, andhas contended that "the Tribunal failed
to 'apply its mind' tothe determination of his rights and contractual sta-
tus, and the Secretary-General's obligations towards him". It has also
been suggested, in a legal opinion annexed tothe Applicant's comments
on the written statements before the Court, that the Court may "address
itself to the much more general question as to whether the Tribunal has
not also omitted to exercisejurisdiction vested in it for reasons other than
those adduced by the Committee". Asthe Court has observed,it is neces-
sary to ascertain "the legal questions really in issue in questions formu-
lated in a request" (paragraphs 43 and 45 above); that is to say the ques-
tions "in issue" for the body requesting the opinion. It is not open to the
Court to examine every question which was "in issue" before the Tribu-
nal, to see whetherthe Tribunal exercised itsjurisdiction in that respect.
The matters referred to in the Applicant's arguments, and in the legal
opinion mentioned above, do not appear to have been "in issue" before
the Committee: they are much wider than the question defined in the
application made to the Committee (A/AC.86/R.117, paras. 6-16).
Furthermore, they prove to be directed to showing that the Judgement of
the Tribunal was inconsistent or simply wrong. The Applicant asserts
repeatedly that "consideration for a career appointment could not have
been reasonable" ifthis or that circumstance was present, as he contends
it was. The fact of the matter is however that the Tribunal found that
the consideration given was reasonable, and to accuse the Tribunal of
being wrong in that decision is not to convict it of failure to exercise its
jurisdiction, but rather to complain of the way in which it did exercise it.cation de la résolution37/ 126,parce qu'il croyait qu'il existait«uobs-
taclejuridique »,la Cour doit donc conclure dans lestermes qu'elle auti-
lisésà propos d'une desthèses avancées en1973 :
«Dans ces conditions, la Cour ne pense pas que la thèseselon la-
quelle le Tribunal n'a pas exercésajuridiction..soit admissible. Le
Tribunal a manifestement examiné la question etil a exercésajuri-
diction en déboutantle requérant.Ce n'estdonc pas le non-exercice
de sa juridiction par le Tribunal que cette thèse concerne mais un
recours contre la décisionqu'il a prise sur leond.)) (Demande de
réformationdujugement no158du Tribunaladministratif des Nations
Unies, C.I.J.Recueil 1973,p. 201,par. 70.)
56. Lerequérant,dans l'exposédesonopinion transmis à laCour par le
Secrétairegénéraln,e s'en estpastenu au libelléde la question poséeà la
Cour, celle de savoir si le Tribunal a manquéd'exercer sajuridiction sur
un point particulier; il a soutenu quele Tribunal n'[avait]pas vraiment
cherché à déterminerquels étaientlesdroits et le statut contractuel du re-
quérant,nonplus que les obligations du Secrétairegénéral à son égard ».
Il a aussi été déclard, ns une consultation annexéeauxobservations du
requérant surles exposés écritsprésentésà la Cour,que la Cour peut être
((conduite à s'interroger sur la question, beaucoup plus générale,de
savoir sileTribunal n'apas égalementomis d'exercersajuridiction pour
d'autres motifs que celui retenu par le Comité. Comme la Cour l'afait
observer, il est nécessairede rechercher ((quellessont véritablementles
questions juridiques que soulèventles demandes formuléesdans une re-
quête »(paragraphes 43 et 45 ci-dessus), c'est-à-dire lesquestions «en li-
tige» (in issue)pour l'organe qui demande l'avisconsultatif. La Cour ne
saurait examinerchaque question «en litige» devant le Tribunal afin de
voirsicelui-ciabien exercésajuridiction à cetégard.Ilnesemblepas que
les problèmesmentionnésdans l'argumentation du requérantet dans la
consultation écritesusviséeaient été «en litige» au Comité:ils ont une
portée beaucoup plus large que la question formulée dans la requête
adressée au Comité (A/AC.86/R.117, par. 6-16). Il apparaît en outre
qu'ils tendentà prouver que lejugement du Tribunal est incohérentou
tout simplement erroné.Le requérantaffirme à maintes reprises qu'«on
n'a pas pu prendre équitablement enconsidération [son] cas» aux fins
d'une nomination de carrièreen raison de telle ou telle circonstance qui
existaitselon lui. Mais il est de fait que le Tribunaléque le cas avait
étépris en considérationde façonéquitable; accuser leTribunal de s'être
trompéen statuant ainsi n'équivautpas àle déclarercoupable de n'avoir
pas exercésa juridiction mais revient plutôtà se plaindre de la manière
dont il l'aexercée. 57. It has been contended bythe United States thattheTribunal's find-
ing that "reasonable consideration" had been given to the Applicant's
case was no more than an inference from anunsupported assertion made
by the Secretary-General in the letter of 21 December 1983.The conclu-
sion which the United States draws fromthis ishowevernot that there was
a failure by the Tribunal to exercisejurisdiction vested in it: it is thatthe
Tribunal's alleged failure "could be construed to be, in the words of Arti-
cle II of the Tribunal's Statute, '. .. a fundamental error in procedure
which has occasioned a failure ofjustice .. .'"The opinion of the Court
has however not been requested on the question whether the Judgement
of the Tribunal may be defectiveon this ground.
58. To sum up, the Court, after due analysis of the text of Judgement
No. 333 of the Administrative Tribunal considers that the Tribunal did
not failto exercisejurisdiction vested in it "by notresponding to the ques-
tion whether a legalimpediment existed tothefurther employment in the
United Nations ofthe Applicant after the expiry ofhis contract on 26De-
cember 1983".Accordingly,theanswer tothe first question put to itinthis
case by the Committee must be in the negative.
59. The Court nowturns to thesecond ofthetwoquestions which have
been submitted to it for advisory opinion by the Committee, namely :
"Did the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same
Judgement No. 333,err on questions of law relating to provisions of
theCharter of the United Nations?"
In paragraph 27 above the Court has recalled the extent of its powers
when an opinion oftheCourt isrequested onthe basis ofan objection that
theTribunal had "erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of
theCharter of the United Nations". With regard however to the scope of
the enquiry to be conducted by the Court in order to decide upon an
objection made on the ground now under examination it may be re-
calied that in its 1982Advisory Opinion the Court came to the follow-
ing conclusion :
"In any event,the Court clearly could not decide whether ajudge-
ment aboutthe interpretation of Staff Regulations or Staff Ruleshas
erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter,
without looking at that judgement to see what the Tribunal did
decide. While to that extent the Court has therefore to examine the
Tribunal's decision on the merits, it isnot the business of the Court,
aftermakingthat examination, itselftogetinvolvedinthe question of
theproper interpretation ofthe Staff Regulations and Staff Rules, as 57. Les Etats-Unis ont soutenu que la constatation du Tribunal selon
laquelle le cas du requérant avait ét«pris équitablement en considéra-
tion» reposait surune simple déductiontiréed'uneassertion que leSecré-
taire général avait faitedans la lettre du 21 décembre 1983et que rien
n'étayait.Les Etats-Unis n'en concluent cependant pas que leTribunal a
omis d'exercer sajuridiction; ils en concluent que la prétendueomission
du Tribunal ((pourrait conduire à conclure, suivant les termes de l'ar-
ticle11du statut du Tribunal, que celui-ci «a commis,dans la procédure,
une erreur essentielle qui a provoquéun mal-jugé ..»Or la Cour n'a pas
été priéede se prononcer sur la question de savoir si lejugement du Tri-
bunal est éventuellement défectueuxau regard de ce motif.
58. En résumé,laCour estime,aprèsavoir dûment examinéletexte du
jugement no 333 du Tribunal, que celui-ci n'a pas manquéd'exercer sa
juridiction«en ne répondant pas a la question de savoir s'il existait un
obstacle juridique au renouvellement de l'engagement du requérant à
l'Organisation des Nations Unies après la venue à expiration de son
contrat le26décembre1983 D. Par conséquent,la Cour doit répondrepar
la négativeà la première question que le Comité lui a posée.
59. La Cour en vient maintenant à la seconde question sur laquelle le
Comitélui a demandéde donnerun avis consultatif, à savoir:
« LeTribunal administratif desNations Unies,dans lemême juge-
ment no333,a-t-ilcommisune erreur de droitconcernant lesdisposi-
tions de la Charte des Nations Unies?))
Auparagraphe 27ci-dessusla Cour arappeléquelle estl'étendue despou-
voirs qu'elle détient lorsqu'unavis consultatif lui est demandéau motif
que leTribunal a «commisuneerreur de droitconcernant lesdispositions
de la Charte des Nations Unies ».Quant à l'ampleur de l'enquêteque la
Cour doit mener pour pouvoir se prononcer surune contestation fondée
sur ce motif, il convient de rappeler que, dans l'avisconsultatif qu'elle a
donnéen 1982,la Cour est parvenue à la conclusion suivant:
«De toute manière,il est évidentque la Cour ne sauraitdécidersi
unjugement interprétantlestatut ou lerèglementdu personnel com-
porte une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte
sans se reporteràcejugement pour s'assurer de ce que le Tribunal a
dit réellement.Dans cette limite,la Cour doit donc examiner la déci-
sion du Tribunal au fond. Cet examen une foisterminé,ellen'apas à
sepenchersur laquestion de ceque serait,en soi,la bonne interpréta-
tion du statut et du règlement du personnel, au-delà de ce qui est such, further than is strictly necessary in order to judge whether the
interpretation adopted by the Tribunal is in contradiction with the
requirements ofthe provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations."
(Applicationfor Reviewof Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations
AdministrativeTribunal,I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 358,para. 64.)
60. TheCourt also emphasized that :
"it would be quite mistaken to supposethat, because the law applied
by the Tribunal, or indeed the law applied by any organ of the
United Nations, derives its ultimate validity from the Charter, the
ground ofArticle 1 1nowunder examination means that an objection
to anyinterpretation bythe Tribunal ofstaff rules and regulations isa
matter for an advisory opinion of the Court" (ibid.,p. 358,para. 65).
It declined, in short,to interpret the words "error on a question of law
relating to the provisions oftheCharter" asmeaning the same as"error of
law" (ibid.,pp. 358-359)and continued:
"But if the interpretation, in general, of Staff Regulations and
Rules is not the business of the Court, it is, as already noted, very
much the business ofthisCourt tojudge whetherthere isacontradic-
tionbetween a particularinterpretation or application of Staff Regu-
lations and Rules by the Tribunal and any of the provisions of the
Charter. .."(Ibid.,p. 359,para. 66.)
61. The Court would only add to this statement that it is also open to
theCourt tojudge whether there is any contradiction between the Tribu-
nal's interpretation of any other relevant texts,such as, in this case, the
provisions of General Assembly resolution 37/126, and any of the provi-
sions of the Charter. It would also note that, according to the Tribunal's
ownjurisprudence on the subject of its own competence,
"Article 2.1 of the Statute of the Tribunal refers, in defining the
competenceof theTribunal, to applications allegingnon-observance
ofcontracts ofemployment of staffmembers ofthe Secretariat ofthe
United Nations, or of their terms of appointment. The words 'con-
tracts' and 'terms ofappointment' are stated to include al1pertinent
regulations and rulesinforce at the time,but thisphraseology cannot
be assumed to exclude the possible application of any other sources
of law, particularly the Charter, which is indeed the constitution of
the United Nations and contains certain provisions relating to staff
members ..."(Judgement No. 162(Mullan).) DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 51
strictement nécessaire pour déterminer si l'interprétation du Tri-
bunal est contraire a ce que prescrivent les dispositions de la Charte
desNations Unies. » (Demandede réformationdujugementno273du
Tribunal administratifdes Nations Unies,C.I.J.Recueil 1982,p. 358,
par. 64.)
60. La Cour a également soulignéque :
« Ilserait donc touà fait erronéde supposerque,parce que ledroit
appliquépar leTribunal oupar toutorganedes Nations Uniestireen
dernière analyse sa validitéde la Charte, le motif de l'articleen
coursd'examen signifierait que,chaque foisqu'une interprétationdu
statut ou du règlement du personnel donnéepar le Tribunal serait
contestée, il deviendrait possible de demander à la Cour un avis
consultatif. »(Ibid.,p. 358-359,par. 65.)
En bref, la Cour a refusé d'interpréterles mots ((erreur de droit concer-
nant les dispositions de la Charte» comme ayant le même sensque les
mots ((erreur de droit »(ibid.,p. 359)et elle a poursuivi son raisonnement
comme suit :
((Mais, s'il n'appartient pasàla Cour d'interpréteren généralle
statut etlerèglementdu personnel, illui incombeau plus haut degré,
comme on l'a vu, de rechercher si l'interprétation ou l'application
particulière que le Tribunal fait de ce statut et de ce règlement
contredit une disposition de la Chart..»(Ibid.,p. 359,par. 66.)
61. LaCour sebornera à ajouterà celaqu'il luiestégalementloisiblede
juger s'ilya contradiction entre l'interprétationque leTribunal a donnée
de toutautre texte pertinent,comme en l'espèce lesdispositions de laréso-
lution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale, etune quelconque disposition de
la Charte. Elle relèvera égalementque, suivant la jurisprudence du Tri-
bunal relativeà sa propre compétence,
((l'article 2.1 du statut du Tribunal, pour déterminerla compétence
du Tribunal,parledes requêtesinvoquant l'inobservation du contrat
d'engagement des fonctionnaires du Secrétariat de l'organisation
desNations Unies etde leurs conditions d'emploi. S'ila paru utile de
mentionner que les mots ((contrat » et ((conditions d'emploi » vi-
saient toutes les dispositions pertinentes du statut et du règlementen
vigueur, on ne peut déduire destermes employésque cette disposi-
tion exclutl'application éventuellede touteautresource de droit,no-
tamment de laCharte,qui est laconstitution mêmede l'organisation
des Nations Unies et dont certaines dispositions sont relatives aux
fonctionnaires..»(Jugement no 162(Mullan).) 62. In the statement ofhisviewstransmitted to theCourtthe Applicant
has expressed his objections to theJudgement of theTribunal in terms of
"principles" oftheCharter rather than asbreaches of specificprovisions;
he contends that "a failure [bythe Tribunal] to reconcile its conclusions
with principles of the Charter constitutes no lessof an error oflaw an
erroneousinterpretation ofa Charter provision". Inthe viewoftheCourt,
however, there was good reason for the wording chosen for the relevant
passage in Article 11of the Tribunal'sStatute, referring to an error on "a
question of lawrelating totheprovisionsofthe Charter". A claim of error
of law in a Judgement ofthe Tribunalbased on alleged lack of respect for
principles, without reference to any specific texts, might well serve as a
coverfor ageneralizedattack on the meritsof the Tribunal's decision,and
an invitation to the Courtto "retry the case andto attempt to substitute its
own opinion on the merits for that of the Tribunal"(Z.C. R e.orts1982,
p. 356,para. 58),which the Court hasdeclared isnot itsproper role. Atal1
events, in his Application tothe Committee (A/AC.86/R.117) and in his
comments on the written statements, the Applicant has expressed his
objections more precisely in terms of specified articles of the Charter,
and it is by reference tohese texts that the Court will examine whether
the objection of error of law relating to the provisions of the Charter is
or isnot well founded.
63. Asnoted above, the Court considers that it isclear from the Judge-
ment that for the Tribunal the Secretary-General did give "every rea-
sonable consideration" to the possibility of a career appointment for
the Applicant, and thus complied with the requirements of General
Assembly resolution 37/126. In his comments on the written statements
submitted to the Court, the Applicant "submits that no such finding
of fact was made ... Even if it were, whether or not such consideration
was 'reasonable' is a legal determination and therefore reviewable."
The Secretary-General, on the other hand, argued in his written state-
ment that the question whether or not "reasonable consideration" had
been givenwas"not aquestion oflawrelating to Article 101,paragraph 3,
of the Charter".
64. It is essential to keep clearly in mind the distinction between the
Secretary-General's discharge of his duties and the performance by the
Tribunal of its judicial functions, even though thesame considerations
may have had to be taken into account for both. It was the duty of the
Secretary-General to give "every reasonable consideration" to theAppli-
cant asa candidatefor acareer appointment; ifhefailed to do so,he failed
to comply with General Assemblyresolution 37/126. In order to do so,or
in the course of doing so, he had to weigh upal1relevant considerations,
including the fact of the Applicant's secondment,in a reasonablemanner
in order to arrive at a conclusion. TheTribunal, when seised of the ques-
tion, did not have to follow the Secretary-General through this process, 62. Dans l'exposéde son opinion transmis à la Cour, l'intéresséfor-
mule ses objections contre le jugement du Tribunal en invoquant des
((principes »de la Charte plutôt que desmanquements àdes dispositions
particulières de celle-ci: il soutient que«le fait que le Tribunal ne se
soit pas conformédans ses conclusions aux principes de la Charte cons-
titue une erreur de droit au mêmetitreque l'interprétationerronéed'une
disposition de la Charte)). Or la Cour estime que, si le passage perti-
nent de l'article 11du statut du Tribunal est rédigcomme il l'estet s'ily
est question d'une «erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies »,c'est pour une bonne raison. Soutenir qu'il
y a eu erreur de droit dans un jugement du Tribunal en se fondant sur
une prétendue inobservation de principes, sans se référer à des textes
précis,pourrait servir de prétextepour attaquer d'une manière générale
une décisiondu Tribunal quant au fond et pour inviter la Cour à «re-
faire le procès [et à] essayer de substituer son opinion sur le fond à
celle du Tribunal » (C.I.J. Recueil 1982,p. 356, par. 58),ce qui n'est pas
le rôle de la Cour, ainsi qu'elle'a déclaré. uoi qu'ilen soit, dans la de-
mande qu'ila présentéeau Comité(A/AC.86/R. 117)et dans sesobserva-
tions sur les exposés écrits, le requérant a formulé ses objections de
façon plus précise encitant des articles de la Charte, et c'est en se réfé-
rant à ces textes que la Cour examinera si l'objection invoquant une
erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte est fondéeou
non.
63. Comme elle l'arelevé plushaut, la Cour considèrequ'il ressort du
jugement que, pour le Tribunal, le Secrétaire général a «pris équitable-
ment en considération »lecas du requérantaux finsd'une nomination de
carrièreet s'estainsi conforméaux prescriptions de la résolution 37/126
de l'AssembléegénéraleD . ans sesobservations sur lesexposés écritspré-
sentés à la Cour, le requérant affirmequ'«aucune constatation de fait de
ce genre n'a été fait...Mêmesi une telle constatation avait étéfaite, le
point desavoirsila priseen considérationaété ou non ((équitable »relève
du droit et est donc susceptible d'être réexaminé.)Pour sapart, le Secré-
taire général asoutenu, dans son exposé écritq, ue la question de savoir si
le cas du requérant avait été«équitablement pris en considération))
n'était pas «une question de droit concernant le paragraphe 3 de l'ar-
ticle 101de la Charte B.
64. 11importe d'avoir bien présente à l'esprit la distinction entre l'ac-
complissement par le Secrétaire générad le ses devoirs et l'exécutionpar
le Tribunal de ses fonctions judiciaires, mêmesi l'un et l'autre ont peut-
êtredû tenir compte des mêmesconsidérations. Le Secrétaire général
avait le devoir de rendre éauitablement en considération ))le cas du
requéranten tant que candidat à une nomination de carrière, sans quoi
il ne se serait pas conforméà la résolution37/126 de l'Assembléegéné-
rale. A cet effet, ou ce faisant, il lui incombait de peser équitablement
tous les élémentspertinents, y compris le détachement du requérant,
pour parvenir à une conclusion. Quant au Tribunal, lorsqu'il a étésaisi
de la question, il n'avait pasà suivre le Secrétaire générad lans sa dé- checking every step of the sequence. It had to decide whether there had
been "non-observance" of any of the relevant texts, including General
Assemblyresolution 37/126; ithad therefore to determine whether "every
reasonable consideration" had been given. It clearly had the power and
theduty to re-examine the question of secondment as a legalimpediment,
to satisfy itselfthatthe Secretary-General had not committed an error of
law on the point, and this it did. It hadhen to assess the question of rea-
sonableness; but this did not, in the Court's view,involvetheTribunal in
an attempt to makeitsown decision asto whether the Applicant should be
given a career appointment.
65. Oncethe Tribunal had found that the Applicant did not possess a
"legal expectancy" of further employment, involving a corresponding
obligation on the United Nations to "provide continuing employment"
(see paragraphs 33 and 34 above), his entitlement was only to receive
"every reasonable consideration". Such consideration must by definition
involve latitude for the exercise of the Secretary-General's discretion;
and theTribunal in fact foundthat "the Respondent had the sole author-
ity to decide . . whether the Applicant could be given a probationary
appointment" and that he "exercised his discretion properly" (para.
XVIII). The consistent jurisprudence oftheTribunal itself isto the effect
that where the Secretary-General has been invested with discretionary
powers, the Tribunal will in principle not enquire into their exercise,
provided however that "Such discretionary powers must be exercised
without improper motive so that there shall be no misuse of power, since
any such misuse of power would cal1for the rescinding of the decision"
(Judgement No. 50(Brown)).Similarly,theTribunal recalled inthe Judge-
ment now under examination its finding in an earlier case that
"While the measure of power here was intended to be left com-
pletely withinthe discretion ofthe Secretary-General,thiswould not
authorize an arbitrary orcapricious exercise ofthe power of termina-
tion, nor the assignment of specious or untruthful reasons for the
action taken, such aswould connote a lack of good faith or due con-
sideration for the rights of the staff member involved." (Judgement
No. 54 (Mauch).)
66. Essentially the complaint which the Applicant makes oftheTribu-
nal'sJudgement isnot so much thatthe Tribunal itself made errors of law
relating to the provisions of theCharteras that the Secretary-General, in
taking his decision asto continued employment forthe Applicant, did not
respect certain provisions oftheCharter,andthe Administrative Tribunal
failed so to find.Furthermore, ifan objection to ajudgement of theTribu-
nal isto be sustained on the grounds of error of law relating tothe provi-marche ni à vérifierchaque étape de son raisonnement. Il lui fallait dire
s'ily avait eu ((inobservation» de l'un quelconque des textes pertinents,
y compris la résolution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale;il avait donc
à déterminers'ily avaiteu «prise en considérationéquitable ».Il est clair
que le Tribunal avait le pouvoir et le devoir de réexaminer la question
du détachement, en tant qu'obstacle juridique, pour s'assurer que le
Secrétaire généraln'avait pas commis d'erreur de droit sur ce point;
c'estd'ailleurs cequ'ilafait. Illui fallait ensuitese prononcer sur lecarac-
tère équitable de la prise en considération mais, de l'avis de la Cour,
cela ne-devaitpas amener le Tribunal a tenter de trancher lui-même la
question de savoir si le requérantdevait bénéficier d'unenomination de
carrière.
65. Dèslors que le Tribunal avait conclu que le requérantn'avait pas
une ((expectative juridique » à un nouvel engagement, ce qui aurait im-
posé à l'organisation l'obligation correspondante de ((conserver lerequé-
rant [àson] service » (voir paragraphes 33 et 34 ci-dessus), celui-ci avait
seulement droit àce que son cas soit «pris équitablement en considéra-
tion». Une telle prise en considération suppose par définition que le
Secrétairegénéral disposed'une certaine latitude pour exercer son pou-
voir discrétionnaire; de fait, leTribunal a conclu que «le défendeuravait
le pouvoir exclusif de ...déterminers'il était possible d'offrir au requé-
rant une nomination pour unepériodede stage »etqu'ilavait «exercéson
pouvoir discrétionnaire de façon régulière » (par. XVIII). Selon lajuris-
prudence constante du Tribunal lui-même,dans le cas où le Secrétaire
général a étiénvesti d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire, enprincipe leTribunal
ne contrôle pas son exercice, étant entendu toutefois que «ce pouvoir
discrétionnaire nesaurait êtreexercépour desfinsillicites,cequi constitue-
rait un excèsde pouvoir susceptible d'entraîner l'annulation de la déci-
sion»(jugement no50(Brown)).Dans lejugement a l'examen, leTribunal
a rappeléune des conclusions auxquelles ilétaitparvenudans une affaire
antérieure :
«Sil'on avoulu dans ce domaine laisser au Secrétairegénérau lne
entièrelibertéd'action, il ne saurait cependant user de ses pouvoirs
de façon arbitraire ou capricieuse ni donner, du licenciement, un
motif spécieux ou inexact qui révéleraitun manque de bonne foi ou
un mépris des droits du fonctionnaire en cause. » (Jugement no 54
(Mauch).)
66. Pour l'essentiel, cedont lerequérantseplaint à propos dujugement
du Tribunal, ce n'est pas tant que le Tribunal lui-même a commis deser-
reurs de droitconcernant les dispositions de la Charte, mais plutôt que le
Secrétairegénérall,orsqu'ilapris sadécisionsur lemaintien en servicedu
requérant,n'a pas respecté certaines dispositions de la Charte, et que le
Tribunal ne l'a pas constaté. De plus, pour qu'une objection soulevée
contre un jugement du Tribunal, fondée sur une erreur de droit concer- 54 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
sions ofthe Charter, the Tribunal must have been presented with an issue
for decision on which such an error could be made. It istherefore appro-
priate to keep in mind what was the case as presented to the Tribunal,
in order to appreciate what it was that the Tribunal was asked to decide.
67. The first provision ofthe Charterin respect of which the Applicant
contends that the Tribunal made an error of law is Article 101,para-
graph 1,thereof, which provides that "The staff[ofthe Secretariat]shallbe
appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the
General Assembly". The passage criticized in the Judgement in this re-
spect arises out of the question whether any role ought to have been
played by the Appointment and Promotion Board. In his "Observations
on the Answer of the Respondent" submitted tothe Tribunal, the Appli-
cant, under the heading "Reasonable consideration for a career appoint-
ment was erroneously denied", devotes three paragraphs to the conten-
tion that "The Respondent prevented consideration by the Appointment
and Promotion Board". According to the material before the Tribunal,
even thoughthe Applicant had been in the service of the United Nations
for a number of years, his first career appointment would, in accordance
with established rules and practices, have been a probationary appoint-
ment (seeUnited Nations StaffRule 104.12 (a)and 104.13(a)(i)). Byreso-
lution 38/232 (VI, para. 5) the General Assembly had on 20 Decem-
ber 1983recommended that following five years' satisfactory service on
fixed-term contracts, the requirement for a probationary appointment
should be dispensed with; but the Tribunal held that "until theespond-
ent had accepted" that recommendation, "the existingprocedure ofoffer-
ing a probationary appointment to a candidate remains applicable"
(para. XVIII). The customary procedure leading to the offer of a proba-
tionary appointment was that a recommendation would be made by the
substantive department where the appointment was to be held, and this
would beconsidered bythe administrative service,the OfficeofPersonnel
Services. The resulting proposa1 would be then considered by the Ap-
pointment and Promotion Board. It may also be noted in passing that
the Applicant in his letter tothe Secretary-General of 13December 1983,
relied on United Nations Staff Rule 104.14(a) (ii), which requires the
Appointment and Promotion Board, in filling vacancies, normally to
"givepreference,wherequalifications are equal,to staffmembers already
in the Secretariat". However, the Applicant complained that while the
substantive department in which he had worked clearly had the inten-
tion of proposing his "continued appointment", the administrative ser-
vice never gave consideration to a proposa1 to that effect because "upon
instruction by the Office of the Secretary-General" it informed the
Applicant on 23 November 1983 that "it is not the intention of thenant les dispositions de la Charte, puisse être admise,le Tribunal doit
avoir eu à trancher un problème àpropos duquel une erreur de ce genre
pouvait êtrecommise. Il convient doncde serappeler quelle était lathèse
présentéeauTribunal pour comprendrequel étaitleproblèmeque leTri-
bunal étaitpriéde trancher.
67. La première disposition de laCharte au sujet de laquelle le requé-
rant soutient que leTribunal acommisune erreur de droit estI'article 101,
paragraphe 1,qui dispose que «le personnel [du Secrétariat]est nommé
par le Secrétairegénéral conformémen atux règles fixépar l'Assemblée
générale ».Le passage du jugement que l'intéressé critiqueà ce propos a
pour source la question de savoir silecomitédesnominations et des pro-
motions aurait dûjouer un rôle quelconque. Dans les« Observationssurla
répliquedu défendeur » qu'ila présentéesauTribunal, lerequérant,sous
letitre«Le droit du requérant àce que son cas soit pris équitablement en
considérationaux fins d'une nomination de carrièrelui a été irrégulière-
ment dénié »,consacretrois paragraphes àl'argument selonlequel «ledé-
fendeur a empêché que le casdu requérantsoitexaminépar lecomitédes
nominations et despromotions >)D'après ladocumentation présentéeau
Tribunal, la première nomination de carrière du requérant aurait été,
compte tenu desrèglesetde lapratique établies,unenomination pour une
périodede stage (voir dispositions 104.12 a)et 104.13a)i) du règlement
du personnel de l'Organisation des Nations Unies)bien qu'ilaitdéjàétéau
servicede l'organisation depuis un certainnombre d'années.Danssa ré-
solution 38/232 (sect. VI, par. 5)en date du 20 décembre1983,l7Assem-
bléegénéralerecommande de s'abstenir d'exiger que les fonctionnaires
nomméspour une période déterminéequi ont accompli cinq annéesde
serviceen donnant satisfaction accomplissent une périodede stage.Mais
le Tribunal a estiméque ((jusqu'à ce que le défendeurait accepté» cette
recommandation «la procédureexistante qui consiste à offrià un can-
didat une nomination pour une période de stage reste applicable))
(par. XVIII). La procédurehabituelle conduisant à l'offred'une nomina-
tion pour une périodede stage consistait en une recommandation du dé-
partement dans lequel le fonctionnaire devait être nomméC . ette recom-
mandation était examinéepar le service administratif,àsavoir le bureau
des services du personnel. Une proposition était ensuite faite, qui était
examinéepar lecomitédesnominations etdespromotions. On relèveraen
passant que, dans la lettre qu'ila adressée auSecrétairegénéralle 13dé-
cembre 1983,le requérant s'est fondésur la disposition 104.14 a)ii) du
règlementdu personnel de l'organisation des Nations Unies, aux termes
de laquelle lecomitédes nominations et des promotions doit, lorsqu'ila
des postesà pourvoir, donner normalement «la préférence , titres égaux,
aux fonctionnaires du Secrétariat».Or lerequérants'estplaint de ce que,
alors que ledépartementdans lequel ilavaittravailléavaitmanifestementOrganization to extend your fixed-term appointment beyond its expira-
tion date".
68. It was contended bythe Applicant before theTribunalthatthe pos-
sibility of his being given a career appointment was never considered by
the Appointment and Promotion Board because, as a result of the action
taken by the Office of the Secretary-General, no proposa1 ever reached
that Board. He presented this asan element of the denial of "reasonable
consideration" which he was alleging. The Tribunal's conclusions on this
appear in paragraphs XVIto XVIII ofthe Judgement :in effect,itrejected
the argument that a right to receive "reasonable consideration" entailed
a right to be considered by the Appointment and Promotion Board:
General Assembly resolution 37/126, while binding on the Secretary-
General, laid down no special procedure, and, as noted above, the pro-
cedure recommended by General Assembly resolution 38/232 had not
yet been implemented. Accordingly, in the Tribunal's view,
"the existing procedure of offering a probationary appointment to
a candidate remains applicable, and ... in the absence of such an
appointment it is left to the Respondent to decide how 'every rea-
sonable consideration' for a career appointment should be given
to a staff member under General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV,
paragraph 5. In the present case, the Respondent had the sole
authority to decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and
whether the Applicant could be given a probationary appoint-
ment." (Para. XVIII.)
69. Onthe basis ofthis part ofthe Judgement, the Applicant claimsthat
"a question of law relating to Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter"
arises. He observes that "The Secretary-General's powers of appointment
are limited, under Article 101(1)of the Charter, bythe obligation to carry
out the 'regulations established by the General Assembly"', and com-
plains that
"The Tribunalmade no attempt to apply its own or anyother legal
standard of reasonableness, nor to set any limits on the Secretary-
General's discretion, limits which it had itself articulated in the past
(e.g.,Judgement No. 54, Mauch)and which the Court recognized in
Faslaas a fundamental part of the Tribunal's role (I.C.J. Reports
1973,at p. 205).The Tribunal's judgement, if allowed to stand, per-
mits the Respondent to act as though General Assembly Resolutionl'intention de proposer son ((maintien en fonction», le service adminis-
tratif n'avait jamais examinéde proposition à cet effet puisque «sur ins-
tructions du cabinet du Secrétairegénéral»,il avait informéle requérant,
le 23 novembre 1983, que ((l'organisation n'[avait]pas l'intention de
prolonger [son] engagement de durée déterminéeau-delà de sa date
d'expirationB.
68. Lerequéranta soutenu devant leTribunal que le comitédes nomi-
nations et des promotions n'avait jamais examiné lapossibilité qu'il re-
çoive un engagement de carrièreparce que, a la suite de la décisionprise
par le cabinet du Secrétaire générala ,ucune proposition n'étaitjamais
parvenue à ce comité.Le requéranta présentécela comme un aspect du
prétendurefus de prendreson cas ((équitablementenconsidération ».Les
conclusions du Tribunal sur ce point figurent aux paragraphes XVI
à XVIII du jugement :en fait,le Tribunal a rejetél'argument selon lequel
ledroit de l'intéresséceque son cassoit «pris équitablementen considé-
ration» impliquait le droitàce que ce cas soit examinépar le comité des
nominations et des promotions; la résolution37/ 126de l'Assembléegé-
nérale,tout en s'imposant au Secrétairegénéraln,e prévoyaitpas de pro-
cédure particulièreet, comme il a été indiqué ci-dessus, celle qui est re-
commandéedans la résolution 38/232 de l'Assembléegénéralen'avait
pas encore étémiseenŒuvre.En conséquence,leTribunal aété d'avisque
«la procédureexistante qui consisteà offriràuncandidat une nomi-
nation pour une périodede stage reste applicable, et qu'en l'absence
d'une telle nomination il est loisible au défendeur de décider des
modalités selonlesquelles le cas d'un fonctionnaire doit être«pris
équitablement enconsidération »aux fins d'une nomination de car-
rière, conformémentau paragraphe 5 de la section IV de la réso-
lution37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale.Dans le cas présent,le dé-
fendeur avait le pouvoir exclusif de déciderce qui constituait une
prise en considérationéquitable » et de déterminers'ilétaitpossible
d'offrir au requérantune nomination pour une période de stage. »
(Par. XVIII.)
69. Sefondant sur cepassage dujugement, le requérantsoutientqu'ily
a là «une question de droit concernant le paragraphe 1de l'article 101de
la Charte». Ilrelèvequ'«aux termes du paragraphe 1de l'article 101de la
Charte, lespouvoirs du Secrétairegénéraelnmatièredenominationssont
limitéspar l'obligation de respecter(lesrègles fixéepar l'Assemblée gé-
nérale»et il formule le grief suivant:
(<LeTribunal n'a pas cherché àapprécierl'équité selon sespropres
normes ou touteautrenormejuridique, etiln'apas non plus cherché
à délimiterle pouvoir discrétionnaire du Secrétaire général, alors
qu'il en avait lui-même définiles limites dans le passé(voir, par
exemple,jugement no54,Mauch)etque la Cour a reconnu dans l'af-
faire Fasla que c'étaità une partie essentielle du rôle du Tribunal
(C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 205). Le jugement du Tribunal, s'il est56 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
37/126, Section IV, paragraph 5, had never been passed. Indeed it
endows him with even greater discretionary powers than he had
before the Resolution, when the normal mechanisms and proce-
dures for appointment applied."
70. It does not however appearto the Courtthat theJudgement of the
Tribunal, properly understood, raises any question of lawrelating to Arti-
cle 101,paragraph 1.In the passage in paragraph XVIII of itsJudgement
quoted at the end of paragraph 68above, the Tribunal was not examining
the measure ofsubstantive discretion leftto the Secretary-General by res-
olution 37/ 126,in the sense ofthe limits on that discretion setby thejuris-
prudence of such Administrative TribunalJudgements as No. 50(Brown)
and No. 54 (Mauch).It was considering whether any specified procedure
had to be foliowed to ensure "reasonable consideration", and concluded
that that was not so. The Court does not, in this context, read the phrase
"In the present case, the Respondenthadthe soleauthority to decide what
constituted 'reasonable consideration"' as meaning that the only test of
reasonableness was whether the Secretary-General thought his conclu-
sion was reasonable, but asmeaning that it was forthe Secretary-General
to decide whatprocessconstituted "reasonable consideration" - whether
itbe consideration bythe Secretary-General himself with the advice ofhis
senior officiais,orbytheAppointment and Promotion Board, orby what-
ever other system might commend itself. This interpretation was in fact
presented by the Applicant himself in his statement of views :
"What theJudgement appears to be saying is that only in the case
of a probationary appointment need a candidate be referred to the
Appointment and Promotion machinery for consideration. For any
other type of appointment the Secretary-General has sole authority
to employ whatever method of consideration he chooses."
This procedural question was one ofthe issues placed before theTribunal
by the Applicant, through his complaint that the Appointment and Pro-
motion Board had not been consulted; whereas the Secretary-General
had never claimedbefore theTribunalthat he possessed an unlimited and
unverifiable discretion to refuse an appointment on whatever ground
he chose to classify as "reasonable". On the contrary, in his Answer
before the Tribunal, he stated that
"Applicant's re-appointment was a matter to be decided upon by
the Secretary-General in the exercise of his authority and respon- confirmé,autoriseledéfendeur àagircomme sileparagraphe 5de la
section IV de la résolution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénéralen'avait
jamais étéadopté. Enfaiti,lconfèreau défendeur un pouvoirdiscré-
tionnaire encore plus étendu que celui qu'il possédait avant cette
résolution, lorsqu'on appliquait les mécanismeset procédures nor-
maux en matière de nominations. »
70. Toutefois, il n'apparaît paà la Cour que lejugement duTribunal,
correctement compris, soulève quelque question de droit concernant
l'article101, paragraphe 1, de la Charte. Dans le passage du para-
graphe XVIII dujugement cité à la fin du paragraphe 68ci-dessus, leTri-
bunal n'examinait pas l'étendue du pouvoir discrétionnairelaisséau Se-
crétaire générap lar la résolution37/126, au sens des limites du pouvoir
discrétionnairefixéespar lajurisprudence du Tribunal, notamment dans
lesjugements no 50 (Brown)et no 54 (Mauch).Le Tribunal examinait la
question de savoir siune procédure particulière devaitêtresuiviepour ga-
rantir une«priseenconsidérationéquitable»,etilaconclunégativement.
Dans ce contexte, la Cour n'interprètepas le membre de phrase «dans le
casprésent,ledéfendeur avaitlepouvoir exclusifde décidercequiconsti-
tuait«une prise enconsidérationéquitable»commesignifiant que le seul
critère permettant de dire s'il avait eu prise en considération équitable
étaitde savoir sile Secrétairegénéralpensait quesa conclusionétaitéqui-
table; la Cour l'interprète commevoulant dire qu'ilappartenaitau Secré-
taire généralde décider quel processusconstituait une «prise en considé-
ration équitable)) - qu'il s'agissed'une prise en considération par le
Secrétairegénérallui-mêm sur avisdes hauts fonctionnairesqui I'entou-
rent ou par le comité des nominations et des promotions, ou encore de
toute autre manière.C'estd'ailleurscetteinterprétationqui a étéprésentée
dans l'exposédes vues du requérant :
«Le Tribunal semble avoir dit dans sonjugement que ce n'était
que dans le cas d'une nomination pour une période de stage que la
commission des nominations et des promotions devait être saisie
pour examen. Pour tout autre type de nomination, le Secrétaire gé-
néral est seul habilitéà décider de la méthode d'examen de son
choix.»
Cette question de procédure était l'unede celles que le requérant avait
soumises auTribunal lorsqu'ils'étaitplaint quelecomitédesnominations
et despromotions n'avait pas été consulté;pour sa part, le Secrétairegé-
néral n'avaitjamais soutenu devant le Tribunal qu'iljouissait du pouvoir
discrétionnaire,illimitéet exempt de tout contrôle, de refuser une nomi-
nation pour n'importe quel motif qu'il déciderait de qualifier d'«équi-
table». Au contraire, dans la réplique qu'il a présentéeau Tribunal, le
Secrétairegénéraa l déclaré que:
«Le réengagementdu requérant était une questionqu'il apparte-
nait au Secrétairegénérad letrancher dans l'exercicede sespouvoirs57 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
sibilityunder the Charter and the Staff Regulations after consider-
ation of al1the circumstances in the case",
and in effect invited the Tribunal to say that he had properly exercised
this responsibility. He did not assert that the Tribunal had no power to
examine his actions on the ground that he had "sole authority" to
decide what was "reasonable". Nor can the Court conclude, in the light
of the Tribunal's quotation of its own jurisprudence, that the Tribunal
went beyond the confines of the case before it to assert the existence
of such an unfettered discretion.
71. Furthermore, itisdifficult to followthe Applicant's contention that
"The Tribunal made no attempt to apply its own or anyother legal stand-
ard of reasonableness, nor to set any limits on the Secretary-General's
discretion . ..",when the Tribunal in fact quoted the passage from its
own Judgement No. 54 (Mauch)referring tothe limitation of the exercise
of the Secretary-General's discretion, and made a specific finding that
"the Respondent's action in the exercise of his discretion cannot be
impugned on any of the grounds" stated in that Judgement (para. XIX).
72. However while it istrue that the Secretary-General made no claim
toan unfettered discretion, andthe Tribunal nowherestated that he pos-
sessed one,the Tribunal did in effect accept as sufficient a statement by
the Secretary-General that the "reasonable consideration" required by
resolution 37/126 had been given, and did not require him to furnish any
details of when and how itwas given, let alone calling for evidenceto that
effect. The view might therefore be advanced that the Tribunal did not
properly discharge itsfunction ofjudicial reviewof administrative action,
sincethe practical effect of an unquestioning acceptance ofthe Secretary-
General's assertion that he had given "every reasonable consideration"
would, it is suggested,be that he would enjoy such an unfettered discre-
tion. It is however necessary to recall once again that the question before
the Court is a different one: whether the Tribunal erred on a question of
law relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. It is
only iftheTribunal can be said, bythe course of action itisalleged to have
adopted,to have erred on a question of law of that kind, that it becomes
the duty of the Court to examine the matter. The Court has therefore to
ask, first,what wasthe error of lawwhich, it isasserted, was committed by
the Tribunal;and secondly,what wasthe source ofthe rule of lawitissaid
to have failed properly to respect, in order to establish whether the error
was one which related to the provisions of the Charter.
73. The Tribunal was seised of an application "alleging non-obser-
vance" of the "terms of appointment" of the Applicant, such "terms of
appointment" including "al1 pertinent regulations and rules in force at
the time", and including also General Assembly resolution 37/126. As et de ses responsabilitésen vertu de la Charte et du statut du per-
sonnelaprès examen de toutes les circonstances de l'affaire»,
et il a d'ailleurs priéle Tribunal de dire qu'ilavait exercésespouvoirs de
façon régulière. Il n'a pas alléguéque le Tribunal n'étaitpas compétent
pour examiner ses décisionsau motif que le défendeuravait «le pouvoir
exclusif»de déciderce qui était((équitable».La Cour ne conclutpas, au
vu des citations que le Tribunal a faites de sa propre jurisprudence, que
celui-cia dépassé leslimitesdel'affairequi luiétaitsoumisepour affirmer
l'existenced'un pouvoir discrétionnaireillimité.
71. De plus, il est difficile de suivre le requérantquand il prétendque
«le Tribunal n'apascherché à apprécierl'équitéselon sespropres normes
ou toute autre normejuridique, et [qu']iln'a pas non plus cherché àdéli-
miter le pouvoir discrétionnaire du Secrétaire général..»; car en fait le
Tribunal a citéun passage dujugement no54qu'ilavait rendu en l'affaire
Mauch àpropos de la limitation de l'exercicedu pouvoir discrétionnaire
du Secrétaire général eitl a conclu expressémentque «la décisionprise
par le défendeurdans l'exercice de son pouvoir discrétionnaire ne peut
êtreattaquée sur la base de l'un quelconque des motifs précités))
(par.XIX).
72. Certes le Secrétairegénéral n'a pas revendiquuén pouvoir discré-
tionnaire illimité etleTribunal n'anullepart déclarqu'ilenpossédaitun,
mais le Tribunal a accepté l'affirmationdu Secrétaire général selon la-
quelle la «prise en considération équitable)) requise par la résolu-
tion 37/126 avait eu lieu et il l'ajugéesuffisante; il n'a pas exigéque le
Secrétairegénérap lrécisequand et comment elle avait eu lieu; moins en-
core a-t-ildemandédespreuves àcet effet.On pourrait êtreamené àsou-
tenir que le Tribunal ne s'estpas acquittérégulièrementde ses fonctions
de réexamen judiciaire d'une mesure administrative puisque le fait d'ac-
cepter, sans la mettre en cause, l'assertion du Secrétaire général suivant
laquelle le cas du requérantavait été«pris équitablementen considéra-
tion»par luisignifieraitalors enpratique queleSecrétairegénéraljouirait
d'un pouvoir discrétionnaireillimité.Orilimporte de rappelerune foisde
plus que ce n'est pas àcette question que la Cour doit répondremais à
celle de savoir si leTribunal a commis une erreur de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte desNations Unies. Cen'estque sil'onpeut dire
que, en agissant comme il est censél'avoirfait, le Tribunal a commis une
erreur de droit de cegenre, que la Cour aledevoird'examiner la question.
C'estpourquoi laCour doitcommencer par sedemander quelleserait l'er-
reur de droit qu'aurait commise leTribunal; il lui faudra ensuite recher-
cherquelleserait,lecas échéantl,asource delarèglede droit qu'iln'aurait
pas dûment respectée, afin d'établirsil'erreur concernait les dispositions
de laCharte.
73. Le Tribunal a été saisi d'une requête ((invoquantl'inobservation»
des «conditions d'emploi»du requérant,lesquellescomprennent «toutes
dispositions pertinentes du statut et du règlementen vigueur au moment
de l'inobservation invoquée »,ycompris la résolution37/126 de 1'Assem- emphasized in the Court's 1982Opinion (see paragraph 60 above) it is
the business ofthe Courtto judge whetherthere isacontradiction between
an interpretation by the Tribunal of a textsuch as resolution 37/ 126and
any of the provisions of the Charter. Nothing in the resolution itself, or
in the Staff Rules and Regulations, laid down how the Tribunal was to
handle a claimofbreach by the Secretary-Generalof a provision requiring
him to give "everyreasonable consideration" to astaffmember's employ-
ment, or what evidence it was to require, nor do the Statute and Rules of
the Tribunalthrow light on the matter. TheTribunal did not interpretthe
resolution as requiring the Secretary-General to demonstrate to the
Tribunal the manner in which "reasonable consideration" had been
given; and the Court is unable to regardthis interpretation asin contradic-
tion with Article 101, paragraph 1, of the Charter. It is therefore not
called upon to consider whether the Tribunal could or should have
proceeded differently. The question whether, for example, the Tribunal
made a correct application of the principle of the burden of proof (cf.
Militaryand ParamilitaryActivitiesinand againstNicaragua(Nicaraguav.
UnitedStates of America),Jurisdictionand Admissibility,Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1984,p. 437, para. 101)does not appear to the Court to be one
of law "relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations",
and does not therefore require examination in the present Opinion.
74. The Tribunal alsofound, distinguishing in this respect the IL0 Ad-
ministrative Tribunal Judgment No. 431 (Rosescu),that
"there has been no allegation, and far less any evidence, that the
Respondent sought instructions from any Member States, or that he
had in any manner let the wishes of a Member State prevail overthe
interests of the United Nations. .." (para.XIX).
While it is correct that there had been no allegation by the Applicant that
the Secretary-General had sought instructions fromany member State -
and indeed the Applicant has not alleged this in his communications to
the Court (see paragraph 76 below) -, the Applicant had, in his plead-
ings, referred to the dictum in the Mauch case as to the significance of
"assignment of specious or untruthful reasons for the action taken", and
suggested that it was applicable. The impropriety alleged by him lay in
the making of statements by senior Secretariat officials, quoted in
paragraph 16 above, which he interpreted as revealing a belief that his
secondment acted as a bar to al1further employment. According to the
Applicant, if the Secretary-General did not hold that belief, "then the
reasons given bythe officials quoted ...were specious".
75. These various statements were before the Tribunal, as annexes to
the Applicant's Statement of Facts and Arguments and Observations on
the Answer,but theTribunal did not refer to them, except for the letter of
21December 1983,ofwhich,as the Court has noted,theTribunal gavean
interpretation different from that of the Applicant. It had before it also,bléegénérale.Comme la Cour l'a soulignédans son avis consultatif
de 1982(voirparagraphe 60ci-dessus),ilappartient à la Courde juger s'il
yacontradiction entrel'interprétationqueleTribunal adonnéed'un texte
tel que la résolution37/126 et une disposition quelconque de la Charte.
Oraucune disposition de larésolutionelle-même oudu statut ou du règle-
ment du personnel n'indique comment leTribunal doitprocéder lorsqu'il
est alléguéque le Secrétairegénérala agi contrairement àune disposition
l'obligeantà prendre ((équitablementen considération >)lecasd'un fonc-
tionnaireaux fins d'une nomination de carrièreou quellespreuves il doit
exiger; le statut et le règlement du Tribunal ne jettent pas non plus de
lumière sur la question. Le Tribunal n'a pas interprétéla résolution
comme obligeant le Secrétairegénéral à expliquerau Tribunal comment
le cas du réquérantavait été«pris équitablementen considération »; la
Cour ne peut considérerque cetteinterprétationesten contradiction avec
l'article 101,paragraphe 1,de la Charte. Elle n'adonc pasà rechercher si
le Tribunal pouvait ou devait agir autrement. C'est ainsi quela question
de savoirsileTribunal a appliquécorrectement leprincipe de lacharge de
la preuve (voirActivités militairestparamilitairesau Nicaraguaet contre
celui-ci(Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique)c,ompétenceet recevabilité,
arrêt,C.I.J.Recueil1984,p. 437,par. 101)ne paraît pas à la Cour êtreune
question de droit ((concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Na-
tions Unies » et elle ne doit donc pas être examinéedans le présentavis.
74. LeTribunal a égalementconclu qu'en l'espèce, à la différencede
l'affaireRosescu(jugement no 431 du Tribunal administratif de l'OIT),
«il n'a pas été allégué, et encormeoins prouvé,que le défendeur
aurait sollicitédes instructions de quelque Etat Membre que ce soit,
ni qu'il aurait en aucune façon permis que les vŒux d'un Etat
Membre prennent le pas sur lesintérêtd se l'ONU ..»(par. XIX).
Lerequérantn'acertespas alléguéque le Secrétairegénéral avaistollicité
des instructions d'un quelconque Etat Membre - il ne l'a d'ailleurs pas
alléguédans ses communications à la Cour (voir paragraphe 76 ci-
après) - mais, dans ses écritures,il s'estréféréàune remarque que le
Tribunal avait formuléedans l'affaire Mauchet qu'il considérait comme
applicable enl'espèce,à savoirque leSecrétairegénéranle peut ((donner,
du licenciement, un motif spécieuxou inexact ». Les abus qu'il dénon-
çait avaient leur source dans les déclarations de hauts fonctionnaires
du Secrétariat reproduites au paragraphe 16ci-dessus, qu'il interprétait
comme révélantque son détachementavait été considéré comme consti-
tuant un obstacle à tout nouvel engagement. Selon le requérant, si ce
n'était pasce que le Secrétairegénéral avaictru,les raisons donnéespar
les personnalitésprécitéesétaient spécieusesD.
75. Ces diverses déclarations,annexées àl'exposédesfaits et àla plai-
doirie du requérantainsi qu'à ses observations sur la répliquedu défen-
deur, étaientà la disposition du Tribunal, mais celui-ci ne les a pas men-
tionnées, saufà propos de lalettre du 21décembre1983dont le Tribunal,
comme la Cour l'anoté, adonnéune interprétation différentede celle duhowever, the Respondent's Answer, in which he maintained the position
that "there was no contractual or otherwise legally based prohibition on
the Secretary-General,either to grant or withhold another appointment",
and that "The decision in this case was legitimately motivated by the
Secretary-General's perception of the interests of the Organization to
which he properly gave precedence over competing interests". The Tri-
bunal need not have accepted this; it might have regarded the statements
quoted bythe Applicant as evidence that the problem of secondment and
the lack of government consent had been allowed to predominate more
than the Secretary-General was ready to admit. That was not however
the viewittook :it found that the Secretary-General "exercised hisdiscre-
tion properly". Whether or not this was an error ofjudgment on the Tri-
bunal's part is not to the purpose; what is certain is that it was not an
error on a question of law relating to Article 101,paragraph 1,of the
Charter. It could perhaps be contendedthattheTribunal mighthave com-
mitted an error in not finding that the Secretary-General had failed to
apply correctly the applicable texts. It has however to be recalled that
while, as the Court observed in 1982 "al1 valid regulations and rules
adopted by a United Nations organ cannot be other than based on the
provisions of the Charter", the Court went on to point out that
"Itdoes not follow,however,that everyquestion ofthe interpreta-
tion or application ofthose regulations and rules isa question of law
relating to the provisions ofthe Charter" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 358,
para. 65).
Whatever viewbe taken asto the wayin whichtheTribunal examined the
exercisebythe Secretary-Generalof hisdiscretion, taking intoaccount the
apparent inconsistency between the Secretary-General's pleading and
the reported statements of his senior officials, the essential point is that
the Tribunal did not abandon al1claim to test such exercise against the
requirements of the Charter. On the contrary, it re-affirmed the need
to check any "arbitrary or capricious exercise" of a discretionary power.
76. The nextprovisionof the Charter whichthe Applicant claimshasto
be considered inasmuch as he contends that the Tribunal committed an
error of law relating to it isArticle 100,paragraph 1,which provides :
"In theperformance of their duties the Secretary-General and the
staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or
fromanyotherauthority external to the Organization. They shall re-requérant.OrleTribunal disposait aussi de larépliquedu défendeurdans
laquelle celui-ci affirmait qu'«aucune restriction, qu'elle soit contrac-
tuelle ou fondée surd'autres motifsjuridiques, n'empêchait le Secrétaire
généralni d'accorder, ni de refuser,un autre engagement », et que «la dé-
cision prise dans cetteaffaire [avait]étéégitimementmotivéepar l'intérêt
de l'organisation, tel que le voyait le Secrétaire généralc ,onsidération
qu'il [avait]juste titrefaitprévaloirsurdes intérêtcsoncurrents ».LeTri-
bunal n'était pastenu d'accepter telle quelle cette dernièreaffirmation; il
aurait pu considérerles déclarationscitéespar le requérant comme des
élémentsprouvant que le problème du détachement et l'absence de
consentement du gouvernement concernéavaient peséd'un plus grand
poids que le Secrétaire généran l'étaitdisposé à l'admettre. Ce n'est ce-
pendant pas laconclusion que leTribunal atirée :iladéclaré que leSecré-
taire général avait ((exercéson pouvoir discrétionnaire de façon régu-
lière».Il ne s'agitpas de savoir s'ily a eu là erreur dejugement de sapart
ou non; cequi estcertain, c'estqu'iln'yapas euerreur dedroitconcernant
lesdispositions de l'article 101,paragraphe 1,de laCharte. Ilpourrait être
allégué que leTribunal apeut-être commisuneerreur en ne déclarantpas
que le Secrétairegénéranl'avaitpas appliquécorrectement lestextes per-
tinents. Encore faut-il rappeler que la Cour a noté, en1982,qu'«un statut
ou règlementvalablement adopté par un organe des Nations Unies ne
saurait avoir d'autre fondement que [des] dispositions [de la Charte]))
mais qu'elle aajouté :
«Il n'en découlepas pour autantque toute question d'interpréta-
tion ou d'application du statut ou du règlementsoit une question de
droit concernant les dispositions de laCharte »(C.I.J. Recueil 1982,
p. 358,par. 65).
Quel que soit l'avis qu'on ait sur la manière dont le Tribunal a examiné
l'exercicepar leSecrétairegénéradle son pouvoir discrétionnaire,compte
tenu de l'incohérenceapparente entre l'argumentation du Secrétairegé-
néraletlesdéclarationsde hautsfonctionnaires telles qu'ellesont été rap-
portées,l'essentiel estque leTribunal n'apas renoncé àvérifierlaconfor-
mitéde l'exercice de ce pouvoir aux prescriptions de la Charte. Au
contraire, il a même réaffirmé ln aécessitéde s'assurer qu'iln'y avait pas
eu « exercice arbitraire ou capricieux»du pouvoir discrétionnaire.
76. Une autre disposition de la Charte que le requérantestime devoir
êtrepriseen considération,car il soutient que le Tribunal a commis une
erreur de droit la concernant, est le paragraphe 1de l'article 100,qui est
ainsi rédigé:
«Dans l'accomplissement de leursdevoirs,le Secrétairegénéral et
le personnel ne solliciteront ni n'accepteront d'instructions d'aucun
gouvernement ni d'aucune autoritéextérieure àl'organisation. Ils frain from any action which might reflect on their position as inter-
national officials responsible only to the Organization."
The Applicant has emphasized that he does not allegethat in refusing him
further employment the Secretary-General was merely carrying out the
instructions of a government, or that the Secretary-General is precluded
from taking into consideration forma1 representations made to him by
member States. He refers however to "public statements by high officials
of the Secretary-General" - those describedinparagraph 16above - as
"indicating that hebelievedthatfurther employment ofthe Applicant
was impossible without the consent of the USSR Government, a
belief which the Respondent himself has subsequently admitted to
be erroneous. It wasthat belief, and the Tribunal's failure to fault it,
that the Applicant alleged to be a dereliction from Article 100.1.''
(Emphasis original.)
77. It will be apparent from the Court's analysis of the Tribunal's
Judgement in paragraphs 27 to 37 above that the Court is unable to
uphold the Applicant's contention. His argument rests on the following
premises :that the Secretary-General believed that he could not give the
Applicant any further employment whatever without the consent of his
former national Government; that the Tribunal found that this was the
Secretary-General's belief; thatthat belief was wrong as a matter of law;
and that the Tribunal failed to find that it was wrong in law. The Court
however does not consider either that the Tribunal found the existence
of the belief attributed to the Secretary-General, or that the Tribunal
found that such a belief was or would have been correct. In view of the
nature of the decision actually taken by the Tribunal on the facts of the
case, it does not appear necessary to consider the matter further.
78. TheApplicant also suggeststhat theJudgement contains an error of
lawrelating tothe provisions of Article 100ofthe Charter in certainother
respects. In the statement of his viewstransmitted to the Court he argues
as follows :
"The necessity to construe strictly the limits of a government
involvement arises not only from the interests of the Organization,
not only from the legally protected rights of officials, but also from
Article 100oftheCharter. An officia1who comes in withthe consent
of a government may not expect, nor may the Organization bestow,
special treatment. Still less may the Tribunal suggest that special
treatment would be proper . . Tribunal Judgement 333 failed to
find impropriety in a staff member being barred from entering
Headquarters in order to avoid offense to a Member State." s'abstiendront de tout acte incompatible avec leursituation de fonc-
tionnaires internationaux etne sont responsables qu'envers I'Organi-
sation.»
Lerequéranta soulignéqu'ilnesoutient pas qu'en luirefusant un nouvel
engagement leSecrétairegénéran l'afait qu'exécuterlesinstructions d'un
gouvernement ou qu'il estinterdit au Secrétaire généralde prendre en
considération les représentations officielles que lui adressent des Etats
Membres. En revanche, il mentionne des ((déclarationspubliques faites
par de hauts fonctionnaires du Secrétairegénéral >)- résuméesau para-
graphe 16ci-dessus - dont
«ilressort que celui-cipensaitqu'un nouvelengagement du requérant
était impossiblesans le consentement du Gouvernement de l'Union
soviétique,ce qui - le défendeurl'a lui-mêmeadmis par la suite -
était faux.C'était cetteidée fausse,etlefait que leTribunal ne l'avait
pas démentie qui, selon le requérant, allaient à l'encontre du para-
graphe 1de l'article 100de la Charte. » (Les italiques figurent dans
l'original.)
77. L'analyse que la Cour a faite du jugement du Tribunal aux para-
graphes 27 à 37 ci-dessus montre qu'elle n'estimepas pouvoir retenir la
thèse du requérant. L'argumentation du requérant repose sur les pré-
misses suivantes :le Secrétairegénéral pensaitne pas pouvoir donner un
quelconque nouvel engagement au requérantsansleconsentementdeson
ancien gouvernement d'origine; leTribunal aconclu que c'étaitbien là ce
que pensait leSecrétairegénéral ;cetteidéeétaiterronéeen droit, ceque le
Tribunal a omis de dire. Or la Cour ne considère pas que le Tribunal a
conclu soit que telle était bienl'idéedu Secrétaire général soit quecette
idée étaitou aurait pu êtrejuste. Compte tenu de la nature de la décision
que leTribunal a effectivement prise au vu des faits de la cause, il n'appa-
raît pas nécessaire d'examiner la questionplus avant.
78. Le requérantaffirmeégalementque,sous d'autres aspects, lejuge-
ment contient une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de I'ar-
ticle 100de laCharte. Dans l'exposéde son opinion, telqu'ilaététransmis
à la Cour, il est d:t
«La nécessitéd'interpréter strictementles limites posées à l'inter-
vention des gouvernements procède non seulement des intérêts de
l'organisation et des droits juridiquement protégésdes fonction-
naires, maiségalementde I'article 100de laCharte. Unfonctionnaire
qui entre à l'organisation avecle consentement d'un gouvernement
ne peut s'attendre à bénéficier d'un traitement spéciae lt I'Organisa-
tion n'est pas autoriséeà lui accorder un tel traitement. A fortiori, le
Tribunal n'est pas fondé à considérerqu'il serait normal d'accorder
un tel traitement ..Dans son jugement no 333, le Tribunal n'a pas
jugéabusif que, pour ne pas offenser un Etat Membre, on empêche
un fonctionnaire de pénétrerdans les bâtiments du Siège. »Alluding to the finding by the Tribunal that
"evidence was available that the USSR authorities were contem-
plating replacing the Applicant by another person whom they had
already selected and whom they wished to be trained further by
the Applicant" (para. XI),
andthat
"It was suggested to him that he should leave for Moscow early
in 1983for this purpose, but his applicationfor leave was refused by
the United Nations" (ibid.),
the Applicant also complained that
"The Judgementfinds no improprietyin a MemberState 'contem-
plating replacing the Applicant by another person whom they had
already selected',or 'suggestingto him that heshould leave for Mos-
cow' soon after he had undertaken programme duties under a new
contract, thus sanctioning a higher allegiance to his country than to
the United Nations."
Inregard to these contentions, itsuffices,first,to Saythat theTribunal was
not called uponto Saythat theban on entering Headquarters wasa "non-
observance" ofthe Applicant's "contract ofemployment" or ofhis "terms
of appointment" in the exercise of its competence under Article 2 of its
Statute, sincethe Applicant made no such claim inthe pleas he presented
to the Tribunal. The Tribunal therefore made no finding in that respect.
Secondly ithad no competence, under itsStatute, to rule on the legalityor
propriety ofthe actions of amember State, and itdidnot do so.The Court
is therefore unable to see any possibility that the Tribunal's Judgement
contained an error of lawconcerning the provisions ofthe Charter in con-
nection with these aspects of the case.
79. The Applicant next refers to Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Char-
ter, which provides :
"The paramount consideration in theemployment ofthe staff and
inthedetermination ofthe conditions of serviceshallbe the necessity
of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and
integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting
the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible."Le requérant fait ensuite allusion au passage du jugement dans lequel le
Tribunal déclareque:
«il est apparu que les autorités soviétiques envisageaient de rem-
placer le requérant par une autre personne qu'elles avaient déjà
choisie et dont elles souhaitaient faire compléter laformation par le
requérant » (par. XI),
et que:
((IIa été suggér écelui-ci de se rendreà Moscou dans ce but au
début de 1983,mais la demande de congédu requérant aétérejetée
par l'ONU. » (Zbid.)
Le requérant formule alors le reproche ci-après:
« Le Tribunal ne juge pas abusif qu'un Etat Membre «envisag[e]
de remplacer le requérant par une autre personne qu'il a [...déjà
choisie», ou «sugg[ère]aurequérantde partirpour Moscou » peu de
tempsaprès que celui-ciavaitcommencé à exercerdesfonctions tou-
chant l'exécutiondu programme au titre d'un nouveau contrat, ac-
ceptant ainsi que l'allégeanceque l'intéressdoitàson pays prenne le
pas sur celle qu'il doàtl'organisation des Nations Unies. ))
Apropos de cesthèsesil suffira de faire deux remarques. Premièrement, il
n'étaitpas demandéau Tribunal de déclarer,en vertu de la compétence
que lui confèreI'articlede sonstatut, que l'interdiction de pénétrerdans
lesbâtiments du Siègeconstituait une ((inobservation »du ((contrat d'en-
gagement » ou des « conditions d'emploi » du requérant puisque ce der-
nier n'enavaitpas fait la demande dans lesconclusions qu'ilavaitprésen-
téesau Tribunal. C'est pourquoi le Tribunal n'a pas statué à ce propos.
Deuxièmement, le Tribunal n'étaitpas compétent, d'après son statut,
pour se prononcer sur la légalitéou la pertinence des actions d'un Etat
Membre, et il ne l'apas fait. En conséquence, la Cour ne peut pas conce-
voir que le jugement du Tribunal puisse contenir une erreur de droit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte, quiaurait étécommise àl'un ou
l'autre de ces titres.
79. Le requérant mentionne ensuite le paragraphe 3 de l'article 101de
laCharte, selon lequel :
«La considération dominante dans le recrutement et la fixation
desconditions d'emploi du personnel doit être lanécessitéd'assurer
à l'organisation les services de personnes possédantles plus hautes
qualitésde travail, de compétenceet d'intégrité. Seradûment prise
en considération l'importance d'un recrutement effectué sur une
base géographiqueaussi large que possible. » 62 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
In his application to the Committee, the Applicant deduces from this
that
"a staff member whose service record has amply demonstrated the
qualities of efficiency, competence and integrity, and who has
received the unqualified endorsement of his superiors, should not
be excluded from consideration by extraneous,secondary or illegiti-
mate factors ...".
He complains that
"Neither the Majority Judgement [of the Tribunal] nor the Con-
curring Statement [of President Ustor] giveany indication that they
have weighed the mandate of Article 101.3against other factors of
lesserparamountcy."
In his comments on the written statements heclaimsthat "The Judgement
itself,by omitting anyconsideration of Article 101.3,makes merit subser-
vient to other considerations".
80. It appearsto the Courtthat these objections must be interpreted as
a contention by the Applicant that the Tribunal should have found that
"reasonable consideration" had not been given either because the Secre-
tary-General was (wrongly)convinced that secondment constituted a bar
to al1further employment, or because he allowed the wishes of a mem-
berState to prevail overthe "necessity ofsecuring the highest standards of
efficiency,competence and integrity". Asthe Court hasalreadyindicated,
the Tribunal, so far from finding that the Secretary-General acted from
mistaken conviction of the existence of a legal impediment, held that he
had giventhe Applicant's case reasonable consideration but had decided,
in the exercise of hisdiscretion, not to give him further employment. The
Secretary-General stated before the Tribunal that
"The decision now contested was taken by the Secretary-General
after consideration of al1the circumstances in the case, including
Applicant's servicerecord, together withthe estimation of his super-
visors and representations on his behalf by counsel, and the events
of 10February 1983and thereafter, together with representations to
diverse effect bythe permanent missions oftwo member States",
andthat
"The decision in this case was legitimatelymotivated bythe Secre-
tary-General's perception of the interests of the Organization to
which heproperly gave precedence over competing interests."
The Secretary-General submitted that the consideration he gave to the
matter constituted "reasonable consideration" within the meaning ofDanslademande qu'ila adresséeau Comité,le requérantdéduitde cette
disposition que
laprise en considérationdu casd'un fonctionnaire dont lesétatsde
service montrent amplement qu'ilpossède toutesles qualitésde tra-
vail, decompétenceetd'intégrité requises eq tui bénéficiede l'appui
sans restriction de sessupérieursnedevrait pas être excluepour des
motifs non pertinents, secondaires ou illégitimes..»
Il seplaint que
«ni lejugement [duTribunal], ni l'opinion individuelle[deM.Ustor]
n'indiquent que les membres du Tribunal aient mis en balance les
prescriptions impérativesde l'article 101.3,avec les autres facteurs
qui sont de moindre poids ».
Dans ses observations sur les exposés écritsi,l affirme que lejugement
lui-même, enomettant totalement de considérerle paragraphe 3 de l'ar-
ticle 101,fait passer le mériteaprèsd'autres considérations».
80. Pour la Cour, de tels griefs doivent s'interpréter comme signifiant
que le requérant soutient que leTribunal aurait dû conclure que le Secré-
taire général n'avait pas«pris équitablementen considération» son cas,
parce qu'il était convaincu(à tort) que le détachementconstituait un obs-
tacle à tout nouvel engagement ou parce qu'il avait fait passer les vŒux
d'un Etat Membre avant «la nécessitéd'assurer à l'organisation les ser-
vicesdepersonnes possédantlesplus hautes qualitésdetravail, de compé-
tence et d'intégrité». Commela Cour l'aindiqué,le Tribunal, loin de dé-
clarer que le Secrétairegénéral avaiatgi en pensant àtort qu'il existaitun
obstacle juridique, a au contraire conclu que le Secrétaire général avait
bien pris((équitablementenconsidération )lecasdu requérantmaisqu'il
avait décidéd, ans l'exercicede son pouvoir discrétionnaire,de nepas lui
accorder de réengagement.Le Secrétaire général a déclaréau Tribunal
que :
((La décision actuellement contestée aété prisepar le Secrétaire
généralaprèsavoir tenu compte de toutes les circonstances de l'af-
faire, et notamment des étatsde service du requérant, des apprécia-
tions de ses supérieurshiérarchiques etdes représentations faites en
son nom par son conseil, ainsi que des événements intervenus le
10février1983etpar lasuite,et desreprésentationsfaites à différents
égardspar les missions permanentes de deux Etats Membres »
et que :
«La décisionprise dans cette affaire a été légitimemenm t otivée
par l'intérêdte l'organisation, tel que le voyait le Secrétairegénéral,
considérationqu'ila àjuste titrefaitprévaloirsurdes intérêtsconcur-
rents.»
Le Secrétairegénéral s aoutenu que l'attention qu'ilavait donnée à cette
question avaitconstituéune((prise en considérationéquitable »du casau63 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
General Assemblyresolution 37/126; and as already noted,theTribunal
upheld that view.
81. It is clear that the expression "the paramount consideration" (in
French, la considérationdominante)in Article 101of the Charter is not
synonymous with "the soleconsideration"; it issimplya consideration to
which greater weightisnormally to be given than to anyother.Nor does it
mean that "efficiency, competence and integrity" together constitute a
sufficient consideration, in theense that a high enough standard of each
gives rise to an entitlement to appointment. It is also clear, since para-
graph 1of the Article provides that "The staff shall be appointed by the
Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assem-
bly", that the task ofbalancing thevarious considerations, in caseswhere
theyincline in different directions, isforthe Secretary-General,subject to
anygeneral directions which might be givento him bytheGeneral Assem-
bly. Resolution 37/126 itself constitutes such a direction, and one which
operated in favour of the Applicant as compared with any outside candi-
date, orone without his record of more than "fiveyears'continuinggood
service". Bothon thisbasis, andon the basis ofArticle 101,paragraph 3,of
the Charter, it is material to observe that the Applicant's efficiency and
competence were highlyspoken of by his superiors.TheTribunal did not
make any finding reflecting on his integrity; it did however discuss the
consequences ofachangeofnationality byastaffmember in anothercon-
nection - to be considered below.
82. The decision was that of the Secretary-General; and it was not for
the Tribunal, nor indeed forthe Court,to substitute its own appreciation
of the problem for that of the Secretary-General. The Court could only
find that theTribunalhad in thisrespect "erred on aquestion of law relat-
ing to the provisions of the Charter" if it found thatthe Tribunal had up-
held a decision of the Secretary-General which could not be reconciled
withthe relevant article ofthe Charter.That does not appearto the Court
to be the case. The decision of the Secretary-General cannot be said to
have failed to respect the "paramount" character of the considera-
tions mentioned in Article 101,paragraph 3,simply because hetook into
account "al1the circumstances" enumerated in his Answer (paragraph
80 above) in order to giveeffect to "the interests of the Organization".
83. Something should however be said of the reference made by the
Secretary-General to "the events of 10 February 1983and thereafter".
That date was of course that of the Applicant's communication to the
Government of the USSR. In this connection, the Tribunal did comment
on the significance and consequences of the Applicant's actions in a pas-
sage of itsJudgement which hasnot yetbeen examined (seeparagraph 34
above). The Tribunal was dealing with an argument submitted by the Ap-
plicant to the effect that
"even if secondment existed or was implied for his service in the DEMANDE DE REFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 63
sens de la résolution37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale.CommelaCour l'a
relevé, leTribunal a confirméce point de vue.
81. Il est évidentque l'expression «la considération dominante » (en
anglais, theparamount consideration)utilisée à l'article 101de la Charte
n'est pas synonyme de l'expression la seule considération»; il ne s'agit
que d'une considération à laquelle il faut normalement accorder plus de
poids qu'à toute autreconsidération.Cette expression ne signifie pasnon
plus que «les plus hautes qualités de travail, de compétence et d'inté-
grité»,si elles sont réunies,constituentune considération suffisante pour
donner droit àune nomination. Etant donné que le paragraphe 1de cet
article dispose que «le personnel est nommépar le Secrétaire général
conformément aux règles fixéespar l'Assembléegénérale D, il est d'autre
part évidentque c'est au Secrétaire généraq l u'il incombe de mettre en
balance les diverses considérations, qui iraient dans des sens différents,
sous réservedes directives généralesque pourrait lui donner l'Assemblée
générale.La résolution 37/126contient une telle directive, quijoue enfa-
veur du requérant par rapport à un candidat extérieurou à un candidat
n'ayant pas comme lui accompli plus de «cinq annéesde service continu
en donnant satisfaction». Sil'onconsidèrelasituationsous cetangleainsi
que sous celui du paragraphe 3de l'article 101de laCharte, il convient de
relever que les qualitésde travail et de compétencedu requérant ont été
vivement louéespar ses supérieurs.LeTribunal n'a rien dit qui concerne
sonintégrité;il a cependant examinélesconséquencesdu changement de
nationalitéd'un f~~ctionnaire dansun autre contexte, quiseraétudiéplus
loin.
82. C'étaitau Secrétairegénérad le seprononcer; iln'incombait pas au
Tribunal, etiln'incombe pasnon plus àlaCour, de sesubstituer au Secré-
taire généraldans l'appréciation de la question. Ce n'est que si la Cour
estimait que le Tribunal a entérinéune décisiondu Secrétairegénérailn-
compatible avec l'article pertinent de la Charte, ce qui ne lui semble pas
êtrelecas,qu'ellepourrait conclurequ'à cepropos leTribunal a ((commis
une erreurdedroit concernant les dispositions de la Charte ».On ne peut
pasdire que le Secrétairegénérale,n prenant sa décision,n'a pas respecté
le caractère «dominant» des considérations mentionnées au para-
graphe 3 de l'article 101 du simple fait qu'il a pris en considération
((toutes les circonstances de l'affairenuméréed sanssa réplique(para-
graphe 80ci-dessus)afin de tenircompte de ((l'intérêdtel'organisation».
83. Il convient cependant de nepas passer sous silencela mention faite
par le Secrétairegénéral«des événementsintervenusle IOfévrier1983et
par la suite)). Cettedate,comme on le sait, est celle de la communication
adresséepar le requérant au Gouvernement de l'Union soviétique. Ace
propos, le Tribunal a formulédes observations sur la signification et la
portée desinitiatives du requérant,dansun passage du jugement qui n'a
pas encore été examiné (voir paragraphe 34 ci-dessus). Le Tribunal y
traitait d'un argument, avancépar le requérantpour soutenir que
«mêmesi sa période de service àl'organisation des Nations Unies64 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
United Nations, a changein his statustook place from 10February
1983onwards when he resigned from the service of the USSR Gov-
ernment, and that in fact a new contractual relationship could be
assumed to have been created between him and the Respondent.
He argues that the Respondent, by not taking disciplinary action
against him, by promoting him, by allowing him to serve out his con-
tract until the date of its expiry (26 December 1983),and by letting
him continue as Vice-Chairman of the Appointment and Promotion
Committee, created a new, although tacit, agreement in which the
Soviet Government was not in any way involved." (Para. VIII.)
The Respondent had argued in reply that
"Certainly, Respondent does not consider that a continuing rela-
tionship with a national government is a contractual obligation of
any fixed-term staff member - seconded or not -, nor would a
break between a staff member and hisgovernment constitute in itself
grounds for terminating the fixed-term contract of a fixed-term staff
member seconded or not. It is not for Respondent to approve or dis-
approve Applicant's transfer of allegiance."
84. TheTribunal examined "the events leading to and followingfrom
the Applicant's resignation from the service of the USSR Government",
since it considered that they threw "much light for the resolution of this
controversy" (para. IX), Le.,the controversy asto the alleged "new con-
tractual relationship". It observed that "The Applicant was entitled to act
in any way he considered best in his interest, but he must necessarily face
the consequences of his actions" (para. XII). After noting that he could
not "bring about any legalexpectancy of renewal of his appointment", the
Tribunal continued :
"Another consequence of his actions raised the question of his
suitability as an international civil servant. In Judgement No. 326
(Fischman)t,heTribunal referred to the widely held belief mentioned
in a report of the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly that
'International officials should be tme representatives of the cul-
tures and personality of the country of which they were nationals,
and that those who elected to break their ties with that country
could no longer claim to fulfil the conditions governing employ-
ment in the United Nations',
and held that this 'must continue to provide an essential guidance in
this matter'."
The Court notes in this respect that the "widely held belief" amounts to était effectivementou implicitement effectuéedans lecadre d'un dé-
tachement, son statut n'étaitplus le mêmedepuis le 10février1983,
date àlaquelle iladémissionnédela fonctionpublique soviétique,et
qu'on pourrait en fait présumer qu'une nouvelle relation contrac-
tuelle avaitétécréé entre luiet ledéfendeur[etque]ledéfendeur,en
ne prenant aucune mesure disciplinaire contre lui, en décidantde le
promouvoir, en lui permettant de mener à bonne fin son contrat
jusqu'à la date d'expiration de ce dernier (26 décembre 1983),et en
l'autorisantà continuer d'occuper le poste de vice-présidentde la
commission desnominations etdes promotions, a créé un nouvel ac-
cord, encore quetacite, auquel leGouvernement soviétiquen'était en
aucune façon partie ))(par. VIII).
Le Secrétairegénéral avait répliqué e cestermes :
Ledéfendeurneconsidèrecertespas que lemaintien de rapports
avecun gouvernement national estune obligation contractuelle d'un
fonctionnaire engagépour une duréedéterminée,qu'il soit détaché
ou non, ni qu'une rupture entre un fonctionnaire et son gouverne-
ment constituerait en soi un motif de mettre finson engagement de
duréedéterminée,qu'il soit détachéou non. Il n'appartient pas au
défendeurd'approuver ou de désapprouverletransfert d'allégeance
du requérant. »
84. Le Tribunal a examiné les événementsqui ont précédé estuivi la
démissiondu requérantde la fonction publique soviétique )car il a es-
timé qu'ilsapportaient «de précieux éclaircissementspour le règlement
de [la]controverse))(par. IX), à savoir la controverse sur la prétendue
«nouvelle relation contractuelleB. Il fait observer que «le requérantétait
en droit d'agir de la façon qu'iljugeait répondreau mieux àses intérêts,
mais [qu']il[devait] accepter les conséquencesde ses actes)) (par. XII).
Aprèsavoir notéque rien ne pouvait l'autoriser à compter sur le renou-
vellement de son engagement »,le Tribunal a poursuivi :
«Une autre conséquencede ses actes amène àse demander si le
requérant répondait aux conditions requises d'un fonctionnaire in-
ternational. Dans son jugement no 326 (Fischman le),ribunal a
évoqué une opinion largement répanduequi avaitétéainsi formulée
dans ua ~appartdelaCinquième Commission de l'Assembléegéné-
rale:
((Les fonctionnaires internationaux doivent véritablement re-
présenter la culture et la personnalitédu pays dont ils sont lesres-
sortissants et...ceux qui choisissent de rompre les liens qui les
unissent àcepays nepeuvent plus prétendreremplir lesconditions
qui régissentl'emploi à l'organisation desNations Unies»,
et le Tribunal a considéréque cette position (([devait]continuer de
jouer un rôle déterminant àcet égard.»
La Cour relève àce sujet que ladite ((opinion largement répandue » tra-the views expressed by some delegates to the Fifth Committee in 1953at
the Eighth Session of the General Assembly, which never materialized in
an Assembly resolution. The Tribunal's Judgement No. 333 continues:
"In thesamejudgement [No. 3261,theTribunal alsorecalleda part
of Information Circular ST/AFS/SER.A/238 of 19 January 1954
which stated interaliathat
'The decision of astaff member to remain on or acquire perma-
nent residence status in... [the]country [ofhis duty station] in no
way represents an interest of the United Nations. On the contrary,
this decision may adversely affect the interests of the United
Nations in the case of internationally recruited staff members in
the Professional category ...'
The Applicant had been granted asylum in the United States of
America and there arose the problem of his having to waive privi-
leges and immunities with the permission of the Respondent. Such a
waiverwas necessary for changing hisvisacategory under the United
States laws. However there was apparently no immediate problem
and itseems thatno request wasmade tothe Respondentfor agreeing
to the Applicant waiving his privileges and immunities. Besides, a
private bill was later introduced on the Applicant's behalf in the
United Strtes House and Senate." (Para. XII.)
85. The Secretary-General's Answer before the Tribunal, in which he
commented on the question of the change of nationality in the terms
quoted in paragraph 83 above, is dated 14 March 1984. However, on
17 May 1984the Tribunal gave its Judgement (No. 326) in the case of
Fischman,in which itrefused to order rescission of a decision ofthe Secre-
tary-General whereby Mr. Fischman was not permitted to take steps
to acquire permanent resident status in the United States, with a view
to obtaining United States nationality, and in this connection the
Tribunal made the observations on the significance of national ties
quoted in paragraph XII of Judgement No. 333.Itappears therefore that
in considering the Secretary-General's submissions, the Tribunal took
the view that on this point they were not consistent with the ideas found
in the Fischmandecision, and thought it appropriate to enter a caveat,
even though it was not essential to the argument of Judgement No. 333.
86. In this passage of its Judgement, therefore, the Tribunal was not
endorsing or reversing adecision ofthe Secretary-General, but disapprov-
ing one argument which the Secretary-General had put forward in sup-
port of his position. Since the Tribunal nonetheless upheld the Secre-
tary-General's position, the passage in question in the Judgement is anduit un point de vue exprimé à la Cinquième Commission en 1953par
quelques représentants, au cours de la huitième session de l'Assemblée
généralep , oint de vue qui ne s'estjamais concrétisédans une résolution
de celle-ci.Dansson jugement no333,le Tribunal a déclaréensuite :
«Dans lemêmejugement[no3261,leTribunal a égalementcitéun
extrait de la circulaire ST/AFS/SER.A/238 du 19janvier 1954où il
est notamment indiqué que :
La décision d'unfonctionnaire de conserver ou d'acquérirle
statut de résidentpermanent dans ..lepays [de son lieu d'affecta-
tion]nevanullement dans lesensdesintérêtd sel'organisation des
Nations Unies. Au contraire, cette décisionpeut nuire aux intérêts
de l'organisation dans le cas des fonctionnaires recrutéssur le
planinternationalqui appartiennent àlacatégoriedesadministra-
teurs..»
Les Etats-Unis d'Amérique ayantaccédé à la demande d'asile du
requérant,le problème de la renonciation par ce derniera ses privi-
lèges et immunités avec l'autorisation du défendeur aurait dû se
poser, puisqu'une telle renonciation étaitnécessairepour modifier
sontype devisaconformément àlalégislationdes Etats-Unis.Toute-
fois, aucun problèmene s'estapparemment posé dans l'immédiatet
ilsemble qu'iln'ait jamais étdemandéau défendeurd'accepterque
lerequérantrenonce àsesprivilègesetimmunités.De plus, un projet
de loivisant uniquement lecaspersonnel du requéranta été ultérieu-
rement présenté à la Chambre des représentants et au Sénat des
Etats-Unis.» (Par. XII.)
85. Larépliqueque leSecrétairegénéral aprésenté aeTribunal et qui
contient, au sujet de la question du changement de nationalité,les obser-
vations reproduites au paragraphe 83ci-dessus,estdatéedu 14mars 1984.
Or, le 17mai 1984,le Tribunal a prononcé sonjugement (no326)en I'af-
faire Fischman,jugement dans lequel il refuse d'ordonner l'annulation
d'une décisiondu Secrétairegénéraelmpêchant M. Fischman de prendre
les mesures qui lui auraient permis d'acquérirlestatut de résidentperma-
nent aux Etats-Unis d'Amériquepour obtenir ensuite la nationalitéamé-
ricaine; c'est ce propos que le Tribunal a formuléles observations sur
l'importance des liens nationaux reproduitesau paragraphe XIIdu juge-
ment no 333. Il apparaît donc que le Tribunal, quand il a examinéles
conclusions du Secrétairegénéral, a estimqéu'ellesn'étaientpas compa-
tibles sur cepoint avec lesidéesémisesen l'affaireischmanetajugébon
deformulerune miseengarde,bien qu'elle nefûtpas un élémene tssentiel
des motifs du jugement no333.
86. Dans ce passage de son jugement, le Tribunal n'a donc pas
confirmé ou infirmé une décision du Secrétaire général, maisdésap-
prouvéun argument que le Secrétaire général avait avancé à l'appui de
sonpoint de vue. Comme leTribunal a néanmoinssoutenulaposition du
Secrétaire général, ce passageest un obiter dictum. Cela n'a cependant obiterdictum. This circumstance does not however affect the duty of the
Court to consider whether this ground of objection is or is not well
founded. It istheJudgement of the Tribunal, not the action of the Secre-
tary-General givingrisetotheapplication totheTribunal, which hasto be
reviewed by the Court; and it is the Court's duty to point out any error
"on a question oflawrelating to the provisions of theCharter" in a judge-
ment of the Tribunal referred to it on that ground, whether or not such
error affected the disposal of the case. This is clear from the wording of
Article 1 1of the Tribunal's Statute :it is only where what is alleged is "a
fundamental error in procedure" - the fourth ground specified in that
Article - that there exists the additional requirement that that error
should have "occasioned afailure of justice". The othererrors mentioned
therefore constitute grounds of objection in themselves, regardless of
their impact on the operative part of the Tribunal's decision.
87. Having considered the passage in question carefully, the Court is
however unable to find that theTribunal there committed an error of law
"relating to the provisions of the Charter". The question is of course not
whether the Judgement in the Fischmancase contained such an error, but
whetherthe reasoning oftheTribunal inJudgement No. 333,insupport of
which itquoted its decision inthe earlier case, erred on such a question of
law. The Secretary-General had in effect argued that the retention of the
Applicant in servicenotwithstanding his severanceof histieswithhisown
government did not implythat a "new contractual relationship" had come
into existence. For the Secretary-General, the change of nationality was
an acthaving no specificlegaloradministrative consequences. TheTribu-
nal upheld the Secretary-General's main contention,but at the same time
pointed out that, according to one view,the change of nationality was not
necessarily such an act, but one which in some circumstances "may ad-
versely affect the interests of the United Nations" (ST/AFS/SER.A/238
quotedin the Judgementinthe Fischmancase).Thisisveryfar fromsaying
that achange or attemptedchange ofnationality maybetreated asa factor
outweighing the "paramount" consideration defined by Article 101,para-
graph 3, ofthe Charter, which iswhat the Applicant accuses the Secretary-
General of having done.
88. It is illuminating to consider an earlier Judgement of the Tribunal
in which it had occasion to find that the Secretary-General had contra-
vened Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter. In Judgement No. 310
(Estabial), recruitment to a particular post had been limited to candi-
dates from French-speaking Africancountries.Thiswas done in the belief,
which theTribunal foundto be mistaken, that this was a correct applica-
tion of thelast sentence of Article 101,paragraph 3,providing that "Due
regard shall bepaidto the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a
geographical basis as possible" (Judgement No. 310, para. XIV). The
Tribunal ruied thataucune incidence sur le devoir de la Cour d'examiner si ce motif de
contestation est valable ou non. Ce que la Cour doit examiner, c'est le
jugement du Tribunal etnon l'actiondu Secrétairegénéral àl'originedela
requête adresséa euTribunal; ilincombe àlaCourde signalertouteerreur
«de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte »commise dans unju-
gement du Tribunal qui lui est soumis pour ce motif, que cette erreuraf-
fecteou non la décisiondans lecas particulier. Cela ressort clairement du
libellédel'article 1du statut du Tribunal; cen'estquedans lecasoù ilest
alléguéque, «dans la procédure, une erreur essentielle » a étécommise
- quatrièmemotif spécifié dans cet article- qu'il est nécessaireen plus
que l'erreur ait«provoquéun mal-jugé ».Les autres erreurs mentionnées
constituent donc en elles-mêmes desmotifsde contestation,indépendam-
ment de leur influence sur le dispositif du jugement du Tribunal.
87. La Cour, ayant examiné soigneusementle passage en question, ne
s'estimepas en mesure de conclure que leTribunal yacommis une erreur
de droit ((concernant les dispositions de la Charte».Il ne s'agitbien sûr
pas de savoirsilejugement rendu enl'affaire Fischmancontenait une telle
erreur mais sileTribunal, en citantà l'appui de son raisonnement dans le
jugement no 333 la décisionqu'il avait rendue dans cette affaire précé-
dente, acommisune telle erreur de droit.Enfait leSecrétairegénéralavait
affirméque le maintien en fonctions du requérant,bien qu'il eût rompu
ses liens avec son propre gouvernement, n'impliquait pas qu'une «nou-
velle relation contractuelle» eût été crééP e.our le Secrétaire générall,e
changement denationalitéétaitun actedépourvudeconséquencesjuridi-
ques ou administrativesparticulières. LeTribunal a accepté lathèseprin-
cipale du Secrétairegénéralt,out en soulignant que, d'après une certaine
opinion, le changement de nationaliténe constituait pas nécessairement
un tel actemaisun actequi, dans certaines circonstances, «peut nuireaux
intérêtsde l'Organisation » (ST/AFS/SER.A/238 citédans le jugement
rendu enl'affaire Fischman).Cela nerevientpasdu tout à direqu'un chan-
gement de nationalité, ou une tentative de changement de nationalité,
puisse êtretraité comme un facteurl'emportant sur la considération «do-
minante» définieau paragraphe 3 de l'article 101 de la Charte; c'est
d'avoir ainsi traitéla notion de changement de nationalitéque le requé-
rant accuse le Secrétairegénéral.
88. Il est instructif d'examiner unjugement rendu antérieurement par
le Tribunal, dans lequel celui-ci a eu l'occasion de constater que le Secré-
taire général avait enfreintle paragraphe 3 de l'article 101de la Charte.
Dans lejugement no310(Estabial),lerecrutement àun certain poste avait
étélimité àdes candidats originaires de pays africains francophones. Si
l'on avait agi de la sorte, c'est qu'on avait pensé- à tort selon le Tri-
bunal - appliquer correctement la dernière phrase du paragraphe 3 de
l'article 101,aux termes de laquelle: Seradûment prise en considération
l'importance d'un recrutement effectuésur une base géographique aussi
large que possible.» (Jugement no 310, par. XIV.) Le Tribunal a statué
comme suit : "It was not forthe Secretary-General to alter these conditions laid
down by the Charter and the Staff Regulations by establishing as a
'paramount' conditionthe search, however legitimate, for 'as widea
geographical basis as possible', thereby eliminating the paramount
condition set by the Charter in the interests of the service."(Judge-
ment No. 310,para. XIV, infine.)
In effectthecontention ofthe Applicant inthepresent caseisthat the only
possible explanation ofthe Secretary-General's decision,inviewof al1the
factors militating in his favour (more than five years' service, glowing
reports from his superiors, his experience in a post requiring lengthy
training), isthatthe Secretary-Generalestablished asa "paramount" con-
sideration the possibility of Government objection to the recruitment of
a previously seconded staff member and that this would be contrary to
the requirements set by the first sentence of Article 101,paragraph 3,
oftheCharter.
89. TheTribunal howeverfoundthat the Secretary-General didnot be-
lievethat the secondmentfactor wasalegalimpediment tothe Applicant's
further employment, andthat "reasonable consideration" had been given.
It therefore did not find that the secondmentfactor had been established
as a rival "paramount consideration". The Applicant has contended that
the fact thattheother considerations referred to bythe Secretary-General
were able to outweigh the considerations militating in favour of hisre-ap-
pointment casts grave doubt on whether the "paramount consideration"
of the Charter was allowed to operate as it should. However, as recalled
above, "the Court's proper role is not to retry the case and to attempt to
substitute its own opinion on the merits for that of the Tribunal"
(I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 356,para. 58).TheCourt is, on balance, unable to
conclude thatthe Judgement oftheTribunalon this pointhas been shown
to be in contradiction with the Charter. It found as a fact that there had
been "reasonable consideration" of the Applicant's case,and by implica-
tion thatthe Secretary-General had not been under a misapprehension as
tothe effect ofsecondment. The provision of Article 101,paragraph 3,of
the Charter must have been present to the mind of the Tribunal when it
considered the question. Inthe viewoftheCourt, these findings cannot be
disturbed on theground of erroron aquestion of lawrelating to the provi-
sions of theCharter.
90. Ithas been suggested that the passage ofthe Tribunal's Judgement
quoting the Fischmandecision amountsto a findingthat the Applicant's
actions on and after 1February 1983weresuch asto "adversely affectthe
interests of the United Nations" and that they cast such doubt on "his
suitability as an international civilservant" that no "reasonableonsider-
ation" could possibly lead to afurther appointment. This,itisargued, isin
contradiction withthe"paramount consideration" defined by Article 101, DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (AVIS CONSULTATIF) 67
«Il n'appartenait pas au Secrétairegénéradle modifier ces condi-
tions fixéespar la Charte et le statut du personnel en établissant
comme condition «dominante »la recherche, si légitimequ'elle soit,
d'une «base géographique aussi large que possible)), en éliminant
ainsi la condition dominante poséepar la Charte dans l'intérêd tu
service.»(Jugement no310,par. XIV, infine.)
En réalitél,a thèsedu requérantdans la présente instance consisteà dire
que, comptetenu de tous les facteurs qui militaient en sa faveur (plus de
cinq ans de service, excellents rapports de ses supérieurs,expérienceac-
quise àun poste exigeantune longueformation), ladécision du Secrétaire
généran l e peut s'expliquer quepar lefait qu'ilaurait retenu comme consi-
dération«dominante »une éventuelle objection desautorités nationales
au recrutement d'un fonctionnaire engagéprécédemmens tur labase d'un
détachementet que cela serait contraire aux prescriptions énoncéesdans
la première phrase du paragraphe 3 de l'article 101de la Charte.
89. Or le Tribunal a conclu que le Secrétairegénéral'avait pas pensé
que le détachement constituait en soi un obstacle juridiqueà un nouvel
engagement du requérant, et qu'il avait pris le cas «équitablement en
considération ».Iln'adonc pasconclu que ledétachementavaitétéretenu
en tant que « considération dominante » concurrente. Le requérant a af-
firméque le fait que les autres considérations mentionnéespar le Secré-
taire généralont pu l'emporter sur les considérationsqui militaient en fa-
veur deson réengagement faitsérieusementdouterquela «considération
dominante »prévuepar la Charte ait pujouer comme elle devrait.Toute-
fois, comme il a étérappelé plus haut, «la Cour n'[a]pas pour rôle de
refaire le procèsni d'essayer de substituer son opinion sur le fàncelle
du Tribunal »(C.I.J. Recueil1982,p. 356,par. 58).Tout bien considéré, la
Cour n'estimepas pouvoir conclure qu'ilait étéétablqiue, sur cepoint, le
jugement du Tribunal soit en contradiction avec la Charte. Le Tribunal a
établique lecas du requérantavaitbien été pris «équitablement en consi-
dération »et par déductionque le Secrétairegénéran le s'étaitpas fait une
idée faussede l'effet du détachement. Le Tribunal a dû avoir présent à
l'esprit lecontenu du paragraphe 3de l'article 101de la Charte lorsqu'il a
examinélaquestion.Del'avisde laCour, on nesaurait mettreencause ces
constatations en invoquant une erreur de droitconcernant lesdispositions
de la Charte.
90. Il a étéaffirméque,dans le passage de son jugement où il cite la
décisionqu'ilarendue dans l'affaire Fischman,leTribunalconstate en fait
que les mesures prises par le requérant le 10février1983ou après cette
date étaientde nature à«nuire aux intérêtdse l'organisation» et qu'elles
faisaientà tel point douter qu'il réponde aux «conditions requises d'un
fonctionnaire international)) qu'aucune «prise en considération équi-
table »ne pouvait conduire àun nouvelengagement. Cela, est-ilprétendu, paragraph 3,ofthe Charter. TheCourt does not howeverthink that this is
a correct analysis of the Tribunal's reasoning. The passages quoted in
paragraph 84 were, as already noted, part of a section of the Tribunal's
Judgement (paras. VIII-XIII) dealing with the Applicant's argument
that "a new contractual relationship could have been assumed to have
been created between him and the Respondent" subsequently to the
events of 10 February 1983.The Tribunal was being asked to interpret
the action taken or not taken by the administration at this time as indica-
ting the existence of such a new tacit agreement. It was not at this stage
of its Judgement contemplating the question of "reasonable considera-
tion": this is perfectly clear from the two paragraphs (paras. XIII and
XIV) immediately following that in which reference is made to the
Fischmancase. Paragraph XIII contains the followingconclusion :
"In viewof the foregoing, the Tribunal concludesthat ... no tacit
agreement existed between the Applicant and the Respondent be-
tween 10February 1983and 26December 1983changing the charac-
ter of their relationship",
and paragraph XIVreads as follows :
"With these conclusions in mind the Tribunal considered the
Applicant's pleathat he was entitled to, but was denied,the right to
receive 'everyreasonable consideration' in terms of paragraph 5 of
General Assembly resolution 37/126, IV,of 17December 1982."
The latter plea isthe subject of paragraphs XIVto XIX oftheJudgement.
The Court considers that the words "With these conclusions in mind"
cannot be read as importinginto the discussion ofthe question of reason-
ableconsiderationthe whole argument ofthe impact of change ofnation-
ality on "suitability". If it had been the view of the Tribunal that the
"essential guidance" referred to in the Fischmandecision was determi-
native of the question of reasonable consideration, it would merely have
had to say so in paragraph XIV of itsJudgement, and proceed no further.
91. There remains one further argument to be examinedinconnection
withthe suggestionthat theTribunal committed an error of lawrelating to
the provisions of Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter. The Tribunal
itself in its Judgement saw no need to refer to that Article, but it was
referred to by Vice-President Kean in his dissenting opinion. He was
discussing the statement in the letter of 21 December 1983addressed to
the Applicant (quoted in paragraph 14above) thatest en contradiction avec la ((considération dominante » définie à l'ar-
ticle 101,paragraphe 3,de la Charte. La Cour ne pense pas que ce soit là
une analyse exacte du raisonnement du Tribunal. Comme la Cour l'a
déjàrelevé, lespassages citésau paragraphe 84figurent dans une partie
du jugement du Tribunal (par. VIII-XIII) consacrée àl'argument du re-
quérantselonlequelonpeut présumer qu'aune nouvellerelationcontrac-
tuelle avait étécréée entrelui et le défendeur))après les événementsdu
10février1983.LeTribunal étaitrequisd'interpréterlesmesuresque I'ad-
ministration avait prises ou qu'elle n'avaitpas prisesà l'époque, entant
qu'indice de l'existenced'un nouvelaccord tacite de ce genre. A ce stade
de sonjugement, iln'envisageait pas laquestion dela «prise enconsidéra-
tion équitable ».C'est cequi ressort toutà fait clairementdes deux para-
graphes XIII et XIV qui suivent celui dans lequel il est fait référence à
l'affaire Fischman.Le paragraphe XIII contient la conclusion suivante:
«Compte tenu de cequiprécède,leTribunal conclut que ...aucun
accord tacite n'existait entre le requérant et le défendeur, entre le
10févrieret le 26 décembre1983,qui aurait modifiéle caractère de
leursrelations »,
et le paragraphe XIV est ainsirédigé:
«C'est en ayant ces conclusions àl'esprit que le Tribunal a exa-
minél'argument du requérant selonlequel il avait droit - droit qui
lui aurait été dénié- à ce que son cas soit «pris équitablement en
considération »conformémentau paragraphe 5de lasection IVde la
résolution 37/126 de l'Assemblée générale endate du 17 dé-
cembre 1982.»
Ce dernier argument est traité aux paragraphes XIV àXIX du jugement.
La Cour estime que lesmots «enayant cesconclusions àl'esprit»ne peu-
vent êtreinterprétéscommeintroduisantdans l'examen de la question de
laprise enconsidérationéquitablel'argumentrelatif al'effetd'un change-
ment de nationalitésur les «conditionsrequises ».SileTribunal avaitété
d'avis que le «rôle déterminant ».dont il est question dans le jugement
rendu en l'affaire Fischmanétaitdécisifpour la question de la prise en
considération équitable,il n'aurait eu qu'à le dire au paragraphe XIV de
sonjugement, sans allerplus loin.
91. 11faut encore examiner un autre argument relatif à l'allégation
selon laquelle le Tribunal aurait commis une erreur de droit concernant
lesdispositionsdu paragraphe 3de l'article 101de la Charte. LeTribunal
n'a pas éprouvé lanécessitéde se référer àcet article dans son jugement
mais l'un des vice-présidents, M. Kean, s'y est référé dans son opinion
dissidente.M.Kean a examinélepassage delalettre du 21décembre1983
adresséeau requérant(citéeau paragraphe 14ci-dessus)dans lequel ilest
dit:69 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (ADVISOR OYPINION)
"At the time your present appointment was made your Govern-
ment agreed to release you for serviceunder a one-year contract,the
Organization agreed soto limitthe duration of your United Nations
service, and you yourself were aware of that arrangement which,
therefore, cannot give you any expectancy of renewal without the
involvement of al1the parties originally concerned."
Mr. Kean's comment on this aspect of the case was as follows :
"In the Applicant's case,there was in the circumstances no possi-
bility, and no desire on the part of the Government or of the Appli-
cant, that he should rejoin the service of that Government, from
which he had recently resigned. The only effect, therefore, of aup-
posed preclusive agreement (expressed or implied) would have
been to prevent the Applicant from being employed, then or at any
future time,bythe United Nations, however valuable or necessaryhis
services might be. It cannot be believed that the Respondent would
ever have been a party to so unreasonable an agreement, bearing
in mind the provision of Article 101.3 ofthe Charter of the United
Nations that 'theparamount considerationin the employment of the
staff. ..shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of
efficiency, competence, and integrity'.(Emphasis added.)"
Thus Mr. Kean's findingwas that such an agreement did not exist; but it
appears that ifsuch an agreement had existed itwould, in hisviewat least,
have been contrary to Article 101,paragraph 3, oftheCharter.
92. If therefore the Tribunal relied on the agreement of the Organi-
zation "to limit the duration of [the] United Nations service" of the
Applicant, as a basis for finding that he was ineligible for a careerap-
pointment, and not entitledto "everyreasonable consideration" with such
appointment in view, then it would be necessary to consider whether
this constituted an error on a question of law relating to the provisions of
Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter. It does not however appear to
the Court that such was the reasoning of the Tribunal. It noted that
"In hisletter of 21December 1983addressed to the Applicant, the
Respondentconcludedthat, sincethe involvementof al1parties con-
cerned was necessary for the renewal of the Applicant's appoint-
ment, such renewal wasimpossible in the circumstances" (para. IV),
and observed that this accorded withthe Tribunal's ownjurisprudence on
secondment. The conclusion it based on this was however merelythat the
Applicant had not established "that he had a legalexpectancy of anytype
offurther appointment" (para. VI).Itdidnotfind that secondmentbarred
him from "reasonable consideration" under resolution 37/126; on the «Au moment de la signature de votre présent contrat, votre gou-
vernement a accepté de vous détacher pour un contrat d'un an,
l'organisation est convenue de limiter à cette période la duréede
vos services auprès d'elle, et vous aviez vous-mêmeconnaissance
de cet arrangement qui ne saurait par conséquentvous autoriser à
comptersur une prolongation sansla participation de toutes lespar-
ties initialementen cause.»
Sur cet aspect de l'affaire, M. Kean a formuléles observationssuivantes:
«Dans le cas du requérant, il était impossible, étant donnéles
circonstances, que le requérant reprenne ses fonctions au sein de
l'administration nationale dont il venait de démissionner,ce que ne
souhaitait d'ailleurs ni le gouvernement ni le requérant. Par consé-
quent, un accord présumé d'exclusion (expliciteou implicite)n'au-
rait eu pour effet que d'empêcherle requérant d'être employé par
l'ONU, immédiatement ou àune date ultérieure, aussi précieuxou
indispensables que ses services puissent être.Il est impensable que
le défendeur ait jamais étépartie à un accord aussi déraison-
nable,étantdonnéquel'article 101.3de la Charte desNations Unies
stipule que «la considération dominantd eans le recrutement ..doit
être la nécessitéd'assureràl'organisation les services de personnes
possédantles plus hautes qualités de travail, de compétenceet d'in-
tégrité».(Les italiquessont de moi.)»
M. Kean a donc conclu qu'il n'existaitpas d'accord de ce genre; mais il
sembleque, siun tel accord avait existé,ilaurait été,u moins de l'avisde
M. Kean, contraire àl'article 101,paragraphe 3, de la Charte.
92. Si, àl'effetde statuer que le requérantne remplissaitpas lescondi-
tions nécessairespour obtenir une nomination de carrière et qu'il n'était
pas en droit de s'attendre à ce que son cas soit «pris équitablement en
considération » aux fins d'une telle nomination, le Tribunal s'était fondé
sur lefait quel'organisation étaitconvenue de «limiter ..la duréede [ses]
services auprès d'elle»,il faudrait alors examiner l'éventualitéd'une er-
reur de droit concernant lesdispositions de l'article 101,paragraphe 3,de
la Charte. Orla Cour n'apas l'impression que leTribunal ait raisonné de
cettemanière. Il a en effet relevéqu:
«Dans la lettre qu'ila adresséele 21décembre1983au requérant,
le défendeura concluque,commela participation de toutes lespar-
tiesencauseétaitnécessairepourque l'engagementdu requérant soit
renouvelé,il était impossible en l'espècede prendre une décision
dans ce sens»(par. IV),
et ila faitobserverquecetteposition concordait aveclajurisprudence du
Tribunal en la matière. Mais il s'estbornéà en conclure que le requérant
n'avait pas établi «qu'il était en droitde compter surun nouvel engage-
ment de typequelconque »(par. VI).Il n'a pas conclu que ledétachement
empêchaitque le cas du requérant soit((pris équitablementen considéra-70 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
contrary, as emphasized earlier in this opinion, it found thatuch consi-
deration was given. Accordingly, whether Mr. Kean's assessment of the
effect of Article 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter be correct or not,there
was no need for the Tribunal to express a view on the matter, and it did
not do so.Therefore, in this respect the Tribunal cannot have committed
an error of law relating tothat provision of the Charter.
93. The Applicant next invokes Article 8 of the Charter as being a
provision by reference to which the Tribunal committed an error on a
question of law.That Article provides :
"The United Nations shallplace no restrictions onthe eligibilityof
men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions
of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs."
The Article isgenerally understood to prohibit anydiscrimination on the
basis of sex, a question of no relevance whatever in the present proceed-
ings.The Applicant howeverpropoundsthe novelviewthat "the Articleis
framed soas to have broader application" and that it prohibits "any res-
triction on the eligibilityof anyerson to participate in any organ of the
United Nations under conditions of equality". Whatever merit, ifany,this
contention may have, the Court isnot called upon to deal with it, for two
reasons. In the first place, the point was nottaken before the Tribunal.
While the Tribunal might be guilty of an error of law in relation to the
plain meaning of a provision of the Charter, even if that provision were
not pleaded before it,it cannot be criticized for failing to foresee andl
with a novel interpretation of the Charter which was never brought to
its attention. Secondly, in any event, the Applicant's contention proves
to be based, once again, on the view that the Secretary-General had
classified him as ineligible for any further employment, and thus did
not give reasonable consideration to his case. He argues that "What
Article 8 prohibits is any restriction on eligibilityto serve. This does not
prohibit the consideration of other factors in anyparticular employment
decision". Nor does the Applicant "challenge the Secretary-General's
discretionary powers of appointment". Since the Tribunal found that
there had been no exclusion of eligibility, but simply a decision, after
reasonable consideration, not to offer appointment, Article 8, even in
the wide interpretationcontended for by the Applicant, has no relevance
whatever.tion» conformément à la résolution 37/126; au contraire, comme il est
soulignéplushautdans leprésentavis,ila estiméque le casavaitbien été
pris en considération. En conséquence,que l'idéeque M. Kean se fait de
l'effet de l'article 101,paragraphe 3, de la Charte soitjuste ou fausse, le
Tribunal n'avaitpas àseprononcer en lamatière, et ilne l'apas fait. Il ne
peut doncpas avoir commis une erreur de droit en ce qui concerne cette
disposition de la Charte.
93. Le requérant invoque ensuite l'article 8de la Charte, dispositàon
propos de laquelle le Tribunal aurait commis une erreur dedroit. Cet ar-
ticle selit comme suit
«Aucune restriction ne sera imposéepar l'organisation à l'accès
des hommes et des femmes, dans des conditions égales, à toutes les
fonctions, dans ses organesprincipaux et subsidiaires. »
Cette disposition est généralement interprétée comme interdisant toute
discrimination fondée sur le sexe, question sans aucun rapport avec la
présente instance.Lerequérant en propose cependant une interprétation
nouvelle, àsavoir que «cet article est conçu de façànavoir une applica-
tion plus étendue » et qu'il interdit «toute restrictàol'accèsde toute
personne à toute fonction dans tout organe de l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies, dans des conditions égales.Quelleque soit la valeur éven-
tuelle de cettethèse,la Cour n'apasàseprononcer à sonsujet, pour deux
raisons. En premier lieu, la question n'a pas été soumiseau Tribunal.
Certes, le Tribunal pourrait être coupable d'avoir commis une erreur de
droit relativement à la signification évidente d'une disposition de la
Charte,quand bien mêmecettedispositionn'aurait pas été invoquée de-
vant lui, mais on ne saurait lui reprocher de n'avoir pas prévuet examiné
une interprétation nouvelle de la Charte, qui n'ajamais étportée à son
attention. En second lieu, il s'avèrede toufe façon quele requérant se
fondeune foisde plus, pour invoquercette thèse,sur lepoint de vue selon
lequel le Secrétairegénéral aurait considéréqu'il ne remplissait pas les
conditionsrequises pour tout nouvel engagement, sibienque leSecrétaire
généraln'avaitpaspris soncaséquitablementenconsidération.Lerequé-
rant allègue que«ce que l'article 8 interdit est toute restricàil'accès
[~eligibility)à]un emploi à l'organisation [et que] cela n'interdit pas la
prise en considération d'autres facteurs pour toute décision particulière
en matière d'emploi ». Il ne «conteste pas le pouvoir discrétionnaire du
Secrétaire général en matièrede nominations ». Le Tribunal ayant dé-
claréque lerequérantn'avaitpasété exclu del'accèsàl'organisation mais
que le Secrétairegénéralavaitsimplementdécidé,aprèsprise en considé-
ration équitablede soncas, de ne pas luioffrir d'emploi, l'article 8,même
dans l'interprétationlargeque défendle requérant, n'entre pasdu tout en
ligne de compte.
* * 71 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
94. Finally, the Applicant asserts thattheTribunal erred on a question
of law relating to Article2, paragraph 1,of the Charter, namely: "The
Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of al1its
Members", coupled with Article 100,paragraph 2 :
"Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the
exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the
Secretary-General andthe staff and not to seek to influence them in
the discharge of their responsibilities."
The Applicant concedes thattheTribunal was not asked to adjudicate the
policies of any individual government, and had no competence to do so,
but contends that it was asked to adjudicatethe obligations of the Secre-
tary-General under the Charter and the Staff Rules. However he argues
that
"If the policies of an individual government conflict with the obli-
gations of the Secretary-General to treatal1staffmembers equally,to
give paramount consideration to the principle of merit, to neither
seek nor receive instructions from any outside authority, the Secre-
tary-General must, in the words of [the IL0 Administrative Tribunal
inthe caseof]Rosescu,safeguardthe interestsof the organization and
givethem priority overothers."
95. It is however by no means clear what the decision of the Tribunal
ought,according to the Applicant, to have been in order to respect these
provisions of the Charter. As noted inparagraph 76above, the Applicant
does not allege that in refusing him further employment, the Secretary-
General was merely carrying out the instructions of a government, or that
the Secretary-General isprecluded from taking into consideration forma1
representations made to him by member States. The complaint here ex-
amined thus appearsto be that a certain government brought pressure to
bear on the Secretary-General of a kind which contravened Article 100,
paragraph 2,of the Charter. If the Tribunal had considered that this was
the case, it could either have found that the Secretary-General bowed to
that pressure, orthat he did not. If it foundthat he did not,there was no
non-observance ofthe Applicant's contract of employment orhisterms of
appointment, within the meaning of Article 2of the Tribunal's Statute. In
that event, even if there had been evidence (which there was not) that a
member State had behaved in violation of Article 100,paragraph 2,of the
Charter, theTribunal would not have beenjustified in making any finding
in that respect, and could not therefore be criticized fornot doing so. If it
had found that the Secretary-General did bow to pressure, he could have
been in breach of Article 100,paragraph 1,of the Charter, already dis-
cussed above. In fact, however, the Tribunal expressly foundthat
"there has been no allegation, and far less any evidence, that the Re- 94. Enfin,lerequérant soutientqueleTribunala commisune erreur de
droitconcernant àlafoisl'article2,paragraphe 1,delaCharte, auxtermes
duquel ((l'organisation est fondéesur le principe de l'égalitsouveraine
de tous sesMembres»et l'article 100,paragraphe 2,ainsilibellé :
«Chaque Membre del'organisation s'engage à respecter lecarac-
tère exclusivementinternational des fonctions du Secrétairegénéral
etdu personnel et àne pas chercher à lesinfluencer dans l'exécution
de leurtâche. »
Lerequérant admetqu'iln'apas été demandéauTribunaldestatuersurla
politique d'un gouvernement quelconque - et que le Tribunal n'était
d'ailleurspas compétentpour le faire - mais il affirme qu'illui a été de-
mandéde statuer surlesobligationsimposéesau Secrétairegénéra plar la
Charte et lerèglementdu personnel. Toutefois, il allègueque:
«Si la politique d'un gouvernement entre en conflitavec les obli-
gationsqu'aleSecrétairegénéra dleplacertous lesfonctionnaires sur
un pied d'égalitéd,e faire du principe du mériteune considération
dominante, de ne solliciter ni d'accepter d'instructions d'aucune
autoritéextérieure à l'organisation, le Secrétairegénéral doitp,our
reprendre lestermes[employéspar leTribunal administratif del'OIT
dans le]jugement rendu dans l'affaireRosescu,veillerauxintérêtd se
l'organisation et lesfaire prévaloirsur d'autres.
95. Mais on ne voit vraiment pas quelle décisionle requérant aurait
souhaité queleTribunal prît pour respecter cesdispositions de la Charte.
Ainsi qu'ila étéindiqué au paragraphe 76 ci-dessus,le requérantne pré-
tend pas qu'en luirefusantunnouvelengagementleSecrétairegénéran l'a
fait qu'exécuterles instructions d'un gouvernement ou qu'il soit interdit
au Secrétairegénéra dle prendre en considération desreprésentations of-
ficiellesquilui ont étéadresséepsar desEtatsMembres.Ce dont lerequé-
rant semble donc se plaindre, c'est qu'un certain gouvernement aurait
exercésur le Secrétaire général des pressions de nature telle qu'elles
contreviendraient au paragraphe 2de l'article 100de la Charte. SileTri-
bunal avaitétéd'avisquetelavaitétélecas,ialuraitpu concluresoitque le
Secrétairegénéral avait cédé à ces pressions soit qu'iln'yavait pas cédé.
Dans cederniercas,iln'yauraitpaseuinobservation du contrat d'engage-
ment ou des conditions d'emploi au sens de l'article 2 du statut du Tri-
bunal. Même s'ilavait étéprouvé(et cela ne l'a pas été) qu'un Etat
Membres'était comporté enviolation del'article 100,paragraphe 2,dela
Charte, le Tribunal n'aurait pas étéfondé àstatuer sur ce point et il ne
pourrait donc pas lui être reproché de ne pas l'avoirfait. Si le Tribunal
avait conclu que le Secrétairegénéraalvait cédé àdes pressions, il aurait
étépossible que le Secrétairegénéral ait enfreinlte paragraphe 1de l'ar-
ticle 100delaCharte,dont ila déjàété questionci-dessus.Orle Tribunal a
expressémentconclu encestermes :
«il n'a pas étéalléguée ,t encore moins prouvé, quele défendeur 72 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (ADVISORO YPINION)
spondent ... had in any manner let the wishes of a Member State
prevail over the interests of the United Nations andhus disregarded
his duties under Article 100, paragraph 1, of the Charter" (para.
XIX).
The Court can therefore see no possibility of an error of law bythe Tribu-
nal relating to Articles 2 and 100,paragraph 2, of the Charter.
96. In respect of the second question addressed to itby theCommittee
in this case, the Court concludes that the Tribunal, in its Judge-
ment No. 333, did not err on a question of law relating to the provisions
of the Charter.The reply to that question also must therefore be in the
negative.
97. For these reasons,
A. Unanimously,
Decidesto comply with the request for an advisory opinion;
B. Is of the opinio:
(1)with regard to Question 1,
unanimously,
Thar the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in its Judgement
No. 333 of 8 June 1984 (AT/DEC/333), did not fail to exercise juris-
diction vested in it by not responding to the question whether a legal
impediment existed to the further employment in the United Nations
of the Applicant after the expiry of his fixed-term contract on 26 De-
cember 1983;
(2)with regard to Question 2,
by eleven votes to three,
That the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same Judge-
ment No. 333,did not err on any question oflaw relating to the provisions
of theCharter of the United Nations.
INFAVOUR :PresidentNagendra Singh; Vice-PresidenMbaye; Judges Lachs,
Ruda, Elias,Oda,Ago,Sette-Camara,Bedjaoui,Ni and Tarassov;
AGAINS T:dges Schwebel,SirRobert Jennings andEvensen. aurait...en aucune façon permis que les vŒuxd'un Etat Membre
prennent lepassur lesintérêtdse l'ONU etpar conséquent qu'il nese
serait pas acquittédes obligations qui lui incombent en vertu du pa-
ragraphe 1de l'article 100de la Charte »(par. XIX).
En conséquencela Cour ne voit aucune possibilitéd'une erreur de droit
concernant l'article 2 etl'article 100,paragraphe 2,de la Charte qu'aurait
commise le Tribunal.
96. En cequi concerne la secondequestion que leComitéluiaposéeen
l'espèce,la Cour conclut que, dans sonjugement no333,le Tribunal n'a
pas commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte.
Elle doit donc aussi répondrenégativement àcettequestion.
97. Par cesmotifs,
A. Al'unanimité,
Décid dee donner suiteàla requêtepour avis consultatif;
B. Estd'avi s
1)concernant la question 1,
àl'unanimité,
Que, dans son jugement no333 du 8juin 1984(AT/DEC/333), le Tri-
bunal administratif des Nations Unies n'a pas manquéd'exercer sajuri-
diction enne répondantpas à la question de savoir s'ilexistaitun obstacle
juridique au renouvellement de l'engagement du requérant àl'organisa-
tion desNations Unies aprèslavenue àexpiration desoncontrat de durée
déterminée, le26 décembre1983 ;
2)concernantla question 2,
par onze voix contre trois,
Que le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, dans leditjugement
no333,n'a pas commisd'erreur de droit concernant lesdispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies.
POUR: M. NagendraSingh, Président;M.Mbaye, Vice-Président; M.Lachs,
Ruda,Elias,Oda,Ago,Sette-Camara,Bedjaoui,Ni etTarassov, juges;
CONTRE :M. Schwebel,sirRobertJenningset M.Evensen, juges. Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-seventh day of May, oneu-
sand nine hundred and eighty-seven, in two copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and theother transmitted to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations.
(Signed) NAGENDR SINGH,
President.
(Signed) EduardoVALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.
Judge LACHS appends a declaration to the Advisory Opinion of the
Court.
Judges ELIAS,ODAand AGOappend separate opinions to the Advisory
Opinion of the Court.
Judges SCHWEBEL S,ir RobertJENNINGS and EVENSEN append dis-
sentingopinions to the Advisory Opinion of theCourt.
(Initialled) N.S.
(Initialled) E.V.O. Fait en anglais et en français,letexte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix,à La Haye,levingt-septmai milneuf centquatre-vingt-sept,endeux
exemplaires, dontl'un restera déposé auxarchives de la Cour et l'autre
sera transmis au Secrétairegénéradle l'organisation des Nations Unies.
Le Président,
(Signé)NAGENDRSA INGH.
Le Greffier,
(Signé)Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.
M. LACHS j, ge,joint une déclaratàol'avisconsultatif.
MM. ELIASO , DAet AGOj,uges,joignenà l'avisconsultatif les exposés
de leur opinion individuelle.
M. SCHWEBEsL ir, Robert JENNINGSt M. EVENSEN ju,ges, joigneàt
l'avisconsultatif les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé)N.S.
(Paraphé)E.V.O.
Advisory Opinion of 27 May 1987