INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
R.EPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT
OF 25 IMARCH 1951 BETWEEN
THlEWHO AND EGYPT
ADVISORYOPINION OF 20DECEMBER1980
COUP. INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD
DU 25 MARS 1951
ENTRE L'OMS ET L'ÉGYPTE
AVIS CONSULTATIF DU20 DÉCEMBRE1980 Officia1citat:on
Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951 between the
WHO and Egypt, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1980,p. 73.
Mode officiel de cit:tion
Interprétaavis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1980,p. 73.pte,
Nodevente:er457 1
l 20 DECEMBER 1980
ADVISORY OPINION
INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT
01325 MARCH 1951 BETWEEN
THE WHO AND EGYPT
INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD
DU 25 MARS 1951
ENTRE L'OMS ET L'ÉGYPTE
20 DÉCEMBRE 1980
AVIS CONSULTATIF INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1980 YEAR 1980
20 December
General List
No. 65 20 December 1980
INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT
OF 25 MARCH 1951 BETWEEN
THE WHO AND EGYPT
Detrrniiriutionhj the Courtofthemeuning und implicutionsofquestionsuhmitted
for udvi~ori,opiriior- Need for Court to uscertain und formulute legul questions
reullv in issue.
Internurionul orgur~i:utiotund host Srures - Respectivepowers of the orguni-
zurioti und the host Srute wirh regurd to seut of hrudquurters or regionul offices of
orgurlizution- Mutuul ohligurionsof co-operution und goodfuith resultingfrom a
Stute's niemhership of orguriizutionus wellusfrom relurionsherweenorgunizution
utid hosr Stute- Legul principles und rules upplicuhle on trunsfer of office of
orgunizuriorifroni territop of host Srute concerning coridirionsuridmodulitiesfor
rffectrlrigtrunsf-r Duril t« consul- Considerution of provisioris of hosr ugree-
nleritsund of Viennu Convention on the Law of Treutie- Applicutioriofpriiiciples
urid rules of gerierul internutionul -uwMutuul ohligutiorito co-operute iti good
fuith topromore the ob;ectives und purpo.re.sof the Orguriizution.
ADVISORY OPINION
Present : President Sir Humphrey WALDOCK : Vice-Presidenr ELIAS ;Judges
FORSTER,GROS, LACHS, MOROZOVN , AGENDRASINGH, RUDA,
MOSLER,ODA,AGO, EL-ERIAN,SETTE-CAMARA ;Registrur TORRES
BERNARDEZ.
Concerning the interpretation of the Agreement signed on 25 March 1951
between the World Health Organization and the Government of Egypt,
composed as above,
gives the following Advisoty Opinion:
1. The questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been
requested were laid before the Court by a letter dated 21 May 1980,received in
the Registry on 28 May 1980,addressed by the Director-General of the World74 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Heaith Organization to the Registrar. In that letter the Director-General
informed the Court of resolution WHA33.16 adopted by the World Health
Assembly on 20 May 1980,in accordance with Article 96, paragraph 2, of the
Charter of the United Nations, Article 76 of the Constitution of the World
Health Organization,and Article X, paragraph 2,of the Agreement between the
United Nations and the World Health Organization, by which the Organization
had decided to submit two questions to the Court for advisory opinion.The text
of that resolution is as follows:
"The Thirty-third World Health Assembly,
Having regard to proposals which have been made to remove from
Alexandria the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region of
the World Health Organization,
Taking note of the differing views which have been expressed in the
World Health Assembly on the question of whether the World Health
Organization may transfer the Regional Office without regard to the pro-
visions of Section 37 of the Agreement between the World Health Organi-
zation and Egypt of 25 March 1951,
Noting further that the Working Group of the Executive Board has been
unable to make a judgment or a recommendation on the applicability of
Section 37 of this Agreement,
Decides,prior to taking any decision on removal of the Regional Office,
and pursuant to Article 76 of the Constitution of the World Health Orga-
nization and Article X of the Agreement between the United Nations and
the World Heaith Organization approved by the General Assembly of the
United Nations on 15November 1947,to submit to the International Court
of Justice for its Advisory Opinion the following questions :
'1. Are the negotiation and notice provisions of Section 37 of the
Agreement of 25 March 1951between the World Health Organization
and Egypt applicable in the event that either party to the Agreement
wishes to have the Regional Office transferred from the territory of
Egypt?
2. If so, what would be the legal responsibilities of both the World
Health Organization and Egypt, with regard to the Regional Office in
Alexandna, during the two-year period between notice and termination
of the Agreement? '"
2. By letters dated 6June 1980,the Registrar, pursuant to Article 66, para-
graph 1, of the Statute of the Court, gave notice of the request for advisory
opinion to al1States entitled to appear before the Court.
3. The President of the Court, having decided pursuant to Article 66, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, that those States Members of the World Health Orga-
nization who were also States entitled to appear before the Court, and the
Organization itself, werelikely to be able to furnish information on the question
submitted to the Court, made an Order on 6 June 1980fixing 1September 1980
as the time-limit within which wntten statements might be submitted by those
States. Accordingly, the special and direct communication provided for in75 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Article 66, paragraph 2. of the Statute was included in the above-mentioned
letters of 6 June 1980 addressed to those States, and a similar communication
was addressed to the WHO.
4. The following Statessubmitted written statements to the Court within the
time-limit fixed by the Order of 6 June 1980 ; Bolivia. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, United States of Amer-
ica. The texts of these statements were transmitted to the States to which the
spccial and direct communication had been sent. and to the WHO.
5. Pursuant to Article 65,paragraph 2, of the Statute and Article 104of the
Rules of Court, the Director-General of the WHO transmitted to the Court a
dossier of documents likely to throw light upon the questions.This dossier was
received in the Registry on 11June 1980 ;it was not accompanied by a written
statement. a synopsis of the case or an index of the documents. In response to
requests by the President of the Court, the WHO supplied the Court, for its
information. with a number of additional documents, and the International
Labour Organisation supplied the Court with documents of that Organisation
regarded as likely to throw light on the questions before the Court.
6. By a letter of 15September 1980.the Registrar requested the States Mem-
bers of the WHO entitled to appear before the Court to inform him whether they
intended to submit an oral statement at the public sittings to be held for that
purpose, the date fixed for which was notified to them at the same time.
7. Pursuant to Article 106of the Rules of Court, the Court decided to make
thewrittenstatementssubmitted to the Court accessible to thepublic.with effect
from the opening of the oral proceedings.
8. In the course of three public sittings held on 21. 22 and 23 October 1980,
oral statements were addressed to the Court by the following representa-
tives :
For the United Aruh Enlirates : Mr. Mustafa Kamil Yasseen. Special
Counsellor of the Mission of the United
Arab Emirates at Geneva.
For the Repuhlic of Tutzisiu: Mr. Abdelhawab Chérif, Counsellor. Em-
bassy of Tunisia at The Hague.
For the United Srutes of America : Mr. Stephen M. Schwebel, Deputy Legal
Adviser, Department of State.
For the Svriun Aruh Republic : Mr. Adnan Nachabé. Legal Adviser to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
For the Aruh Repuhlic of E~pr : H.E. Mr. Ahmed Osman, Ambassador of
Egypt to Austria.
In reply to a question by the President, Mr. Claude-Henri Vignes, Director of
the Legal Division of the WHO. stated at the public sitting that the WHO didnot
intend to submit argument to the Court on the questions put in the request for
Opinion, but that he would be prepared, on behalf of the Director-General, to
answer any question that the Court might put to him. Questions were put by
Members of the Court to the Govemment of Egypt and to the WHO ;replies
were given by the representative of Egypt and by the Director of the Legal
Division of the WHO, and additional observations were madeby the represen-
tatives of the United States of Amenca and the United Arab Emirates. INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
76
9. At the closeof thepublic sittingheld on 23 October 1980,the Presidentof
the Court indicated that the Court remained readyto receiveany further obser-
vations which the Director of the LegalDivisionof the WHO or the represen-
tatives of the States concemed might wish to submit in writing withina stated
time-limit.In pursuanceof thisinvitation,theGovernmentsoftheUnited States
of America and Egypttransmitted certain written observationsto the Court on
24 October and 29 October 1980respectively ;copiesof theseweresuppliedto
the representativesof the other Stateswhichhad taken part in theoralproceed-
ings,aswellas to theWHO. Certainfurther documentswerealsosuppliedto the
Court by the WHO after the close of the oral proceedings, in responseto a
request made by a Member of the Court.
10. The first, and principal, question submitted to the Court in the
request is formulated in hypothetical terms :
"1. Are the negotiation and notice provisions of Section 37 of the
Agreement of 25 March 1951between theWorld Health Organization
and Egypt applicable in the event that either party to the Agreement
wishes to have the Regional Office transferred from the territory of
Egypt ?"
But a rule of international law, whether customary or conventional, does
not operate in a vacuum ; it operates in relation to facts and in the context
of a wider framework of legal rules of which it forms only a part. Accord-
ingly, if a question put in the hypothetical way in which it is posed in the
request is to receive a pertinent and effectua] reply, the Court must first
ascertain th~meaning and full implications of the question in the light of
the actual framework of fact and law in which it falls for consideration.
Otherwise itsreply to the questionmay be incomplete and, in consequence,
ineffectual and even misleading as to the pertinent legal rules actually
goveming the matter under consideration by the requesting Organization.
TheCourt will therefore begin by setting out the pertinent elements of fact
and of law which, in its view, constitute the context in which the meaning
and implications of the first question posed in the request have to be
ascertained.
11. The existence at the present day of a Regional Office of the World
Health Organization located at Alexandria has its origin in two main
circumstances. One is the policy adopted by the WHO in 1946,which is
expressed in Chapter XI of the text of its Constitution, of establishing
regional health organizations designed to be an integral part of the Orga-
nization. The other is the fact that at the end of the Second World War
there existed at Alexandna a health Bureau which, pursuant to that policyand by agreement between Egypt and the WHO, was subsequently incor-
porated in the Organization in the manner hereafter described.
12. Article 44 of the WHO Constitution empowers the World Health
Assembly to define geographical areas inwhichit isdesirable toestablish a
regional organization and, with the consent of a majority of the members
of the Organization situated within the area, to establish the regional
organization. It alsoprovides that there isnot to be more than one regional
organization ineach area. Articles 45and 46proceed tolaydownthat each
such regional organization istobe an integral part of the Organization and
to consist of aregional committee and a regionaloffice.Articles 47-53then
set out rules to regulate the composition,functions,procedure and staff of
regional committees. Finally, Article 54,whichcontains special provisions
regarding the "integration" of pre-existing inter-governmental regional
health organizations, reads as follows :
"The Pan American Sanitary Organization represented by the Pan
American Sanitary Bureau and the Pan American Sanitary Confer-
ences, and al1other inter-governmentai regional health organizations
in existence prior to the date of signature ofhs Constitution, shall in
due course be integrated with the Organization. This integration shall
be effected as soon as practicable through common action based on
mutual consent of the competent authorities expressed through the
organizations concerned."
The above-mentioned provisions ofChapter XI are thus theconstitutional
framework within which the WHO came to establish its regional office in
E~YP~.
13. The existence of a health bureau in Alexandria dates back to the
creation of a general Board of Heaith in Egypt in 183 1for the purpose of
preventing the spread of cholera and other diseasesbyand among pilgrims
on the way to andfrom Mecca.This Board subsequentlyacquiredacertain
international character as a result of the association with its quarantine
work of seven representatives of States having rights in Egypt under the
capitulations régime ;and in 1892its character as an international health
agency became more pronounced as a result of changes in the structure of
its councileffected by the International Sanitary Convention of Veniceof
that year. In this form the Conseil sanitaire maritime et quarantenaire
d'Egvpte operated successfully for over forty years, during which, by
arrangement with the Office international d'hygiènepublique and pursuant
to the International Sanitary Convention of 1926,it also functionedas the
Regional Bureau of Epidemiological Intelligence for the Near East. In
1938,at the request of the Egyptian Government, it was decided, at the
International Sanitary Conference of that year that the Conseil sanitaire
should be abolished and its functions assumed by the governments of
Egypt and the other countries concerned, but ths did not involve the
suppression of the Regional Bureau of Epidemiological Intelligence. The
new Bureau, aithough placed under the authority of the Egyptian Gov-78 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT(ADVISORY OPINION)
ernment, was to have the same international character as the former
Bureau ;the Egyptian Government was to set up a commission including
technical representatives of the aîfiliated countries. From 1938onwards
the expenses of the Bureau were wholly borne by the Egyptian Govern-
ment. The Second World War broke out before the projected commission
had been constituted,and from December 1940until the end of hostilities
the work of the Alexandria Bureau was taken over by a special wartime
service under the Quarantine Department of the Egyptian Ministry of
Public Health. After the hostilities had ended, the Bureau resumed its
operations.
14. It has not been made entirely clear to the Court what was the exact
situation in regard to the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau as a result of the
events just described. But it was operating under Egypt's Ministry of
Public Health when in 1946,and before the WHO Constitutionhad been
adopted, Egypt raised the question of the relation of the Bureau to the
Organization. Even before that, the members of the newlycreated League
of Arab States had taken a decision in favour of using the Alexandria
Bureau as their regional sanitary bureau. Meanwhile, however, the Alex-
andria Bureau was continuing to operate under the Egyptian sanitary
authorities ratherthan as an inter-governmental institution. On the other
hand, the projected association of the Bureau with the League of Arab
States, the international character of its functions and its previous status
may have led to the Bureau being regarded as an inter-governmental
institution.This no doubt explains why, as will now be seen, the Alexan-
dria Sanitary Bureau, despite any question there may have been as to its
inter-governmental character, wasinfact dealt withby theOrganization as
a case of integration under Article 54 of the WHO Constitution.
15. On 6 March 1947,at the direction of the WHO Interim Commis-
sion, the Executive Secretary of the Commission sent a circular letter to
member governments enquiring as to whether they might wish to have
either the headquarters of the organization or the seat of a regional office
located on their territory and as to the facilities theycould offer. Soon
aftenvards he was also directed to get in touch with the authorities "of the
Pan Arab Sanitary Organization", and wrote on 2 May 1947for informa-
tion to the Egyptian Minister of Public Health. Replying on 26 July 1947,
the Egyptian Minister supplied him with a memorandum giving an
account of the history and activities of the "Pan Arab Regional Health
Bureau" from 1926onwards. When, on the basis of the memorandum, a
recommendation was madeby the Committee on Relations to the Intenm
Commission in September 1947that negotiations should be started with
the "Pan Arab Sanitary Organization", objection was taken that the Pan
Arab Sanitary Bureau did not really exist. Some delegates observed that
the negotiations should rather be with the Egyptian Government and,
ultimately, it was with the Egyptian Government that the negotiations
concerning the Bureau took place. In fact, the next development was a
reply from the Egyptian Government to the Executive Secretary'scircularletter in which the Government stated that the competent authoritieshad
declared that they were most anxious to see a regional bureau established
at Alexandria, which could deal with al1questions comingwithin thescope
of the WHO for the entire Middle East.
16. Matters then began to move more quickly. It appears from a report
submitted to the Interim Commission inMay 1948,mentioned below, that
early in January 1948 quarantine experts of the Arab countries met in
Alexandria and passed a number of resolutions in favour of establishing a
regional organization. This was to be composed of the member States of
the League of Arab States and, it wascontemplated,certain other States in
the region ;itwas tohavea regional committee similarlycomposed ; and it
was to use the Alexandria Bureau as its regional office. These resolutions
were adopted in the light of the fact that the WHO was to take over the
functions of pre-existing regional health organizations. The next step was
an invitationfrom the Egyptian Ministry of Public Health to Dr. Starnpar,
Chairman of the Interim Commission, to visitEgypt and study on the spot
the conditions for setting up the proposed regional organization. In May
1948 a substantial report, referred to above, was duly submitted by the
Chairman of the Interim Commission in which hegavea detailed account
of the past history and current activities of thelexandria Bureau and set
out the argumentsin favour of it as the regional healthcentrefor the Near
and Middle East. He ended the report with the conclusion :
"we arebound to admit that the conditions whch predestinate Alex-
andria to be the centre of the future regional health organization for
the Near and the Middle East are literally unique".
The Constitution of the WHO had nowcomeinto forceand thequestion of
the Alexandria Bureau was discussed in the Committee on Headquarters
and Regional Organization at the first session of the new World Health
Assembly. Mention was made of the facts that most of the member States
of the Eastern Mediterranean area had agreed to the proposa1 for the
establishment of a regional organization in that area, that the Alexandria
Bureau was a pre-existing sanitarybureau, and that preliminary steps had
already been taken for the final integration of this bureau with the WHO.
Taking those facts into account the Committee recommended that the
Executive Board should be instructed to integrate the Bureau with the
WHO as soonaspracticable,throughcommonaction, "in accordance with
Article 54 of the WHO Constitution", and this recommendation was
approved by the World Health Assembly on 10 July 1948 (resolution
WHAI .72).
17. The Director-General of the WHO then proceeded to organize the
setting up of aRegional Committeefor the Eastern Mediterranean and an
agenda was drawn up for its inaugural meeting due to take place on
7 February 1949.Earlier, the Executive Secretary of the Interim Commis-
sion had negotiated successfullywith the SwissGovernment the text of anagreement for the WHO'S headquarters in Geneva which had been
approved by the First World Health Assembly on 17July 1948 and by
Switzerland on 21 August 1948 ; and a mode1host agreement had been
prepared in the WHO for use in negotiations concerning the seats of
regional or local WHO offices. Accordingly, when the agenda was drawn
up for the Regional Committee's inaugurai meeting on 7 February 1949,
included in it was the question of a "Draft Agreement with the Host
Government of the Regional Office".
18. At the Regional Committee's meeting the Egyptian Delegation
informed the Committee on 7 February 1949that the Egyptian Council of
Ministers had just
"agreed, subject to approval of the Parliament, to lease to the World
Health Organization, for the use of the Regional Office for the East-
ern Mediterranean area, the site of land and the building thereon
which are at present occupied by the Quarantine Administration and
the Alexandna Health Bureau, for a penod of nine years at a nominal
annual rent of P.T.IO".
The Committee next took up the question of the location of the Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean area. A motion was introduced,
which the Committee at once approved, "to recommend to the Director-
General and the Executive Board, subject to consultation with the United
Nations, the selection of Alexandria as the site of the Regionai Office".
The recitals in theforma1resolution to that effect, adopted the following
day referred, interdia, to "the desirability of the excellent site and build-
ings under favourable conditions generously offeredby theGovernment of
Egypt".
19. The Regional Committee also addressed itself to the question of the
integration of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau with the WHO. After
recalling that a Committee of the Arab States had previously voted in
favour of the integration, the Egyptian delegate observed that, should this
happen, "the WHO would have to take over expenses from the date of
opening of the Regional Office". A few brief explanations having been
given, the Committee adopted a resolution recommending the integration
of the Bureau in the following terms :
"Resolves to recommend to the Executive Board that in estab-
lishing the Regional Organization and the Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean the functions of the Alexandria Sanitary
Bureau be integrated within those of the Regional Organization of the
World Health Organization."
The Egyptian delegateresponded by presenting a wntten statement to the
Committee to the effect that, taking into account the resolution just
adopted, his Government was pleased to transfer to the World Health
Organization the functions and al1related files and records of the Alex-
andria Sanitary Bureau. The statement went on to say that ths transfer81 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORO YPINION)
would be made on the date on whch the Organization notified the Gov-
ernment of Egypt of the commencement of operations in the Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. That statement having met
with warm thanks from the Committee, the Egyptian delegate proposed
that the work of the Regional Office should begin in July 1949and ths
proposa1 was adopted.
20. The Director-General now raised the question of the "Draft Agree-
ment with the Host Government" which he had included in the Agenda.
He said he wished to inform the Committee that "such a draft agreement
had been produced and handed to the Egyptian Government where it was
under study in the legal department". He also stated that the WHO,
"though always considering necessary formalities, never allowed them to
interfere with Health Work", and the Egyptian delegate then added the
comment that, should there be any difference of opinion between the
WHO and the legal expert, ths could be settled by negotiation.
21. The question passed to the Executive Board of the WHO which, in
March 1949,adopted resolution EB3.R30 "conditionally" approving se-
lection of Alexandria as the site of the Regional Office, "subject to con-
sultation with the United Nations". That resolution went on to request the
Director-General to thank Egypt for "its generous action" in placing the
site and buildings at Alexandria at the disposal of the Organization for
nine years at a nominal rent. Next, it formallyapproved the establishment
of theRegional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean and the commence-
ment of its operations on or about 1 July 1949. The resolution then
endorsed the Regional Committee's recommendation that the "functions"
of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau be "integrated" within those of the
Regional Organization. It further authorized the Director-General to
express appreciation to the Egyptian Government for the transfer of the
"functions, files and records of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau to the
Organization upon commencement of operations in the Regional Office".
The resolution did not deal with the projected host agreement still under
negotiation with the Egyptian Government. Pursuant to the Agreement
between the WHO and the United Nations which came into force on
IO July 1948(Article XI), the consultation with the United Nations refer-
red to in the resolution was effected in May 1949.This confirmed the
selection of Alexandria as the site of theRegional Office.
22. However the draft host agreement, which necessarily had implica-
tions not only for the Ministry of Public Health but forotherdepartments
of the Egyptian administration, it would seem,had been undergoing close
examination. As appears from a letter of 4 May 1949from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs to SirAli Tewfik Shousha Pasha, then Under-Secretary of
Statefor Public Health but already designated as the first WHO Regional
Director for the Eastern Mediterranean, he had been discussing the
draft agreement with the Foreign Ministry during April. In that letter the
Foreign Ministry referred to the draft agreement as one82 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISOR YPINION)
"which the World Health Organization intends to conclude with the
Egyptian Government on the privilegesand immunities tobe enjoyed
byitsregional officewhch willbe established inAlexandriaas wellas
the staff of that office".
It explained that it was enclosing a copy of the memorandum prepared by
the Contentieux (legal department) of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs
and Justice, setting out their comments on the draft agreement, together
with a revised draft. The memorandum stated that, in studying the pro-
visions of the draft, the Contentieux had also had regard toarious other
agreements concluded, or in course of conclusion, between individual
States and specialized agencies on the occasion of the latter establishing
headquarters or regional offices in their terntories. In this connection, it
made mention of the headquarters agreements already concluded by
France with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, and by Switzerland with WHO itself, as wellas draft agree-
ments still under negotiation by France and Peru with the International
Civil Aviation Organization regarding the seats of regional offices to be
established in their territories. The memorandum went on to suggest
numerous changes in the provisions of the agreement and gave detailed
explanations of the amendments which the Contentieux wished to see in
the draft. Thememorandum and reviseddraft, itappearsfrom a later note
of Sir Ali Tewfik Shousha Pasha, were then transmitted to the Director-
General of the WHO. It also appears from letters of 29 May and 4 June
1949 supplied to the Court by the WHO that somefurther exchanges took
place betweenhim and the Contentieux concerning the draft agreement at
this time.
23. Meanwhile, however, the whole question of privileges and immu-
nities for regional offices of international organizations had become at
once more complicated and more pressing for the Egyptian administra-
tion. This wasbecause by now Regional Bureaux for the Middle East had
already been established in Cairo by the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, by ICA0 andby Unesco, and because in any
event it was becoming necessary to consider the question of Egypt's
adherence to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the
Specialized Agencies.The general situation waslaid before Egypt'sCoun-
cil of Ministers by the Foreign Minister in a Note of 25 May 1949.His
Note ended with a proposal that, as a provisional measure the Council
should grant to the staff of FAO, Unesco and WHO in their Regional
Offices the same temporary exemption from customs dues on any articles
and equipment imported from abroad and relating to their officialwork as
was already enjoyed by ICAO. This proposal wasendorsed by the Council
of Ministers at a meeting four days later, and the Regional Director wasso
informed on 23June. The operations of the Regional Office being due to
commence on 1July, the need to complete the negotiations for the host
agreement had been under consideration by the World Health Assembly
itself which passed a resolution on the subject on 25 June at its Second83 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Session. The Director-General was requested tocontinue the negotiations
with the Governmentof Egypt in order to obtain an agreement extending
privileges and immunities to the Regional Organization and to report to
the next session. Pending the coming into force of that agreement, the
Assembly invited the Government of Egypt to extend to the Organization
the privileges and immunities set out in the Convention on the Privileges
and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies. Egypt, however, had not yet
adhered to that Convention, and it was only the Council of Ministers'
decision authonzing, temporarily, exemption from customs dues that
applied when the Regional Office commenced operations, as it did on the
agreed date, 1July 1949.
24. The Director-General continued the negotiations and on 26 July
1949the WHO's comments on the Contentieux' memorandum weretrans-
mitted to the Egyptian Government, together with a revised draft of the
host agreement and a draft lease of the site and buildings. On 9 November
1949,a host agreement on the same lines as the draft transmitted to Egypt
was signed with the Government of India. In February 1950the Executive
Board noted the state of the negotiations;aletter of 23 March 1950to the
WHO Regional Director from the Contentieux of the Egyptian Govern-
ment Ministnes gave the impression that, subject to minor modifications,
WHO's draft was acceptable to Egypt. In that belief the Third World
Health Assembly passed a resolution in the following May affirming the
Agreement in the form of the WHO's revised draft. Subsequently, how-
ever, the Regional Office reported that the Egyptian authorities were, in
fact,asking for anumber of fairly substantial alterations. As the Director-
General considered the amendments requested to touch fundamental
points of principle and therefore to be unacceptable, he went himself to
Egypt and, in negotiations with the Egyptian authorities on 19and 20 De-
cember 1950, persuaded them to drop the amendments whch were the
cause of the disagreement. The Egyptian authorities then expressed them-
selvesas ready to accept the host agreement,subject to the approval of the
Egyptian Parliament and to certain points being set out in an accompa-
nying Exchange of Notes. Eventually, the Agreement was signed in Cairo
on 25 March 195 1and was approved by the Fourth World Health Assem-
bly in May, although one of the points in the Exchange of Notes had given
rise to some discussion in the Legal Sub-Committee. The Egyptian Par-
liament gave itsapproval towards the end of June and the long-negotiated
host agreement finallyentered into force on8 August 1951.As to the lease
of the siteand buildings of the former Sanitary Bureau to the WHO, which
under an Egyptian law also required Parliamentary approval,its execution
was not completed until 1955, the operation of the lease then being
expressed to have begun several years earlier on 1July 1949.
25. Mentionhas finally tobe made of anAgreementfor the provision of
servicesby the WHO in Egypt, signedon 25August 1950.At the same time
the Court notes that, according to theirector of the Legal Division of theOrganization, this Agreement does not have any particular connection
with the settingup of the Regional Office in Egypt. The 1950Agreement,
he explained, is simply a standard form of agreement for the execution of
technical CO-operationprojects, similar to Agreements concluded with
other member States which have no WHO office situated on their terri-
tories.
26. The position appearing from the events which the Court has so far
set out may be summarized asfollows. During the earlyyears of the WHO,
Egypt raised the question of the relation to the new Organization of the
existing long-established Alexandna Sanitary Bureau, and the Intenm
Commission of the WHO in turn approached Egypt regarding the inte-
gration ofthe existing Bureauwith the Organization andthelocation ofthe
WHO's Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean in Alexandria.
Agreement was then reached between the WHO and Egypt early in 1949
that the operation of the Alexandna Bureau should be taken over by the
WHO in July of that year. That agreement was arrived at on the basis of
offers by the Egyptian Governmentto lease to the Organization for the use
of theRegional Officefor the Eastern Mediterranean the siteand buildings
of the existing Alexandria Bureau, and to transfer to the Organization the
functions and al1related files and records of the Bureau. Egypt's offers
were accepted by theOrganization which, onitspart, undertook to assume
financial responsibility for the Bureau on the date of the opening of the
Regional Office ; and it was then decided that the date should be 1July
1949. These arrangements were approved by the Egyptian Govemment
and were endorsed by the Organization specifically as an integration of a
pre-existing institution under Article 54 of its Constitution. Temporary
exemption fromcustoms dueshavingbeen provided by Egypt's Councilof
Ministers, the WHO's Regional Officecommenced operating at the seat of
the former Sanitary Bureau on 1July 1949.
27. Meanwhile,negotiations forthe conclusion of a host agreement for
the Regional Office, begun at least five months earlier, had been making
slow progress and were not completed until nearly two years later. On
25 March 1951,however, theAgreement, Section 37ofwhichisthesubject
of the present request, was signed and ultimately entered into force on
8August of that year. That agreement, in the words of its preamble, was
concluded :
"for the purpose of determining the privileges, immunities and
facilities to be granted by the Government of Egypt to the World
Health Organization, to the representatives of its Members and to its
experts and officials in particular with regard to its arrangements
in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and of regulating other related
matters".
Its provisions followed closely thoseof the mode1host agreement prepared
in the WHO, and are for the most part typical of those found in host
agreements of headquarters or regional or local offices of international85 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
organizations. These provisions are on the lines of the Convention of
21 November 1947 on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized
Agencies, to which Egypt became a party on 28 September 1954. Under
Section 39 of that Convention, however, the Agreement of 25 March 195 1
continued to be the instrument defining the legai status of the Regional
Office in Alexandria as between the WHO and Egypt.
28. The Court must now turn to the circumstances whch have led to the
submission of the present request to the Court. Ever since beginning its
activities in Egypt o1July 1949,the WHO'SRegional Office hasoperated
continuously at the site of the former Sanitary Bureau in Alexandria. In
doing so, however, it has encountered certain difficulties stemming from
the tense political situation in the Middle East. Those difficulties are
reflected in the fact that in 1954 the World Health Assembly found it
necessary to divide the Committee into two sub-committees :Sub-Com-
mittee A in whch Israel was not, and Sub-Committee B in which it was,
represented.
29. On 7 May 1979 the Regionai Director received a letter from the
governments of five memberStates of the Region requesting theconvening
of an extraordinary meeting of the Regional Committee to discuss trans-
fernng the Regional Office from Alexandna to one of the other Arab
member States. A special session of Sub-Committee A was held on 12May
1979,attendedby representatives of 20 States, but not by Egypthch had
asked for the session to be postponed. Sub-Committee A adopted a reso-
lution reciting the wish of the majonty of its members that the Regional
Office should be transferred to another State in the Region and recom-
mending its transfer. Meanwhile, the questionhad also been placed on the
agenda for the thirty-second Session of the World Health Assembly ; and
on 16May 1979the Egyptian delegation submitted a Memorandum alleg-
ing certain procedural irregularities and objecting that the request for
transfer was "politically motivated". The question was referred to am-
mittee which expressed the view that the effects of the implementation of
such a decision by the Assembly needed study and recommended that the
study be undertaken by the Executive Board.
30. The World Health Assembly adopted the recommendation of the
Committee and, on 28 May 1979, the Executive Board set up a Working
Group to study dl aspects of the matter and report back in January 1980.
The Working Group's report, dated 16 January 1980 (which is in the
dossier of documents supplied to the Court), included a section entitled
"Question of denunciation of the existing Host Agreement", as to which it
said :
"The Group considered that it was not in a position to decide
whether or not Section 37 of the Agreement with Egypt is applicable.
The final position of the Organization on thepossiblediscrepancies of86 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
views will have to be decided upon by the Health Assembly . . the
International Court of Justice could also possibly be requested to
provide an advisory opinion under Article 76 of the WHO Constitu-
tion."
The Executive Board accordingly transmitted the WorkingGroup's report
to the World Health Assembly for consideration and decision.
31. A further special session of Sub-Committee A of the Regional
Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean was held in Geneva on 9 May
1980,attended by representatives of 20 States, including Egypt. A reso-
lution was adopted, by 19 votes to 1 (that of Egypt) whereby the Sub-
Committee decided to recommend the transfer of the Regional Office for
the Eastern Mediterranean to Amman, Jordan, as soon as possible. The
representative of Egypt objectedthat the recommendation was,inhisview,
based on purely political considerations. The question was again referred
to the World Health Assembly at its thirty-third session, and at Egypt's
request the text of the 1951Host Agreement was distributed to member
States. At its meeting on 16 May 1980, the Committee concerned had
before it a draft resolution submitted by 20 Arab States under which the
Health Assemblywould decide to transfer the Regional Officeto Amman,
Jordan, as soon as possible. Beforeitalso was adraft resolution submitted
by the United States under which the Assembly would decide, "prior to
taking any decision on removal of the Regional Office" to request an
advisory opinion of the Court in the terms in whch the request has been
submitted to the Court. In thecourse of the debate the Arab States stressed
the wish of the great majority of the member States of the Region to
transfer the office from Egypt and the harm which they considered its
retention in Alexandna would do to the work of the Organization. A
number of other States, on the other hand, questioned the desirability of
transferring a regional health office for political reasons and expressed
doubts regarding the practical aspects of the transfer. The Egyptian dele-
gate, interalia, invoked Section 37, pointing out problems involved in its
interpretation. The United States resolution was endorsed by the Com-
mittee whch recommended its adoption to the World Health Assembly.
Three days later, on 19 May, the representatives of 17 Arab States
addressed a letter to the Director-General of the Organization inforrning
hm of their decision completely to "boycott" the Regional Office in its
present location, not to have any dealings with it asfrom thatdate,and to
deal directly with Headquarters in Geneva.
32. When the Committee's recommendation was considered by the
World Health Assembly at a Plenary Meeting on 20 May, the delegate of
Jordan disputed the relevance of Section 37 to the question of the transfer
of theRegional Officefrom Egypt, and calledfor an opinion to be givenby
the Director of the LegalDivision of the Organization.The latter then gave
certainexplanationsas to theproblems whch heconsidered to be involved
in the interpretation of Section 37 and added that he was not for the
moment able to enlighten itfurther.The Assembly thereupon adopted the87 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
draft resolution recommended by the Committee, the full text ofwhichhas
been given in the openingparagraph of this Opinion. The resolution, the
Court observes. in settine "ut the Assemblv's decision to submit the
present request to the Court, explained in recitals the reasons why the
Assembly found it necessary to do so. In those recitals the Assembly took
note of "the differing views" which had been expressed on the question of
whether the Organization "may transfer the Regional Office without
regard to theprovisions of Section 37of the Agreement between the World
Health Organization and Egypt of 25 March 1951" ;and it further noted
that theWorking Group of the Executive Board had been "unable to make
ajudgment or a recommendation on the applicability of Section 37of this
33. In the debates in theWorld Health Assemblyjust referred to,on the
proposa1 to request the present opinion from the Court, opponents of the
proposa1insisted that it was nothing but apolitical manoeuvre designed to
postpone any decision concerning removal of the Regional Office from
Egypt, and thequestion therefore ariseswhether the Court ought todecline
to reply to the present request by reason of its allegedlypolitical character.
In none of the written and oral statements submitted to the Court, on the
other hand, has this contention been advanced and such a contention
would in any case, have run counter to the settled jurisprudence of the
Court. That jurisprudence establishes that if, as in the present case, a
question submitted in a request is one that othenvise falls within the
normal exercise of itsjudicial process, the Court has not to deal with the
motives whch may have inspired the request (ConditionsofAdmission ofa
State to Membership in the United Nations (Article4 of Charter),Advisoty
Opinion, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948, pp. 61-62 ;Competence of the
GenerulAssembly for the Admission of a State to the United Nations, Advi-
sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,pp. 6-7 ;Certain Expenses of the United
Nations (Article 17,paragraph 2,of the Charter),Advisoty Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 155).Indeed, in situations in which political considera-
tions are prominent it may be particularly necessary for an international
organization to obtain an advisory opinion from the Court as to the
legal principles applicable with respect to the matter under debate,
especially when these may include the interpretation of its constitution.
34. Having thus exarnined the factual and legal context in which the
present request for an advisory opinion comesbefore it, the Court will now
consider the fullmeaning and implications ofthehypotheticalquestions on
which it is asked to advise. Since those are formulated in the request by
reference to the applicability of Section 37of the Agreement of 25 March
1951to a transfer of the Regional Officefrom Egypt,it isnecessary at once8 8 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
to turn to the provisions of that Section. Includedin the 1951Agreement as
one of its "Final Provisions", Section 37 reads :
"Section 37. The present Agreement maybe revised at therequest of
either party. In this event the two parties shall consult each other
concerning the modifications to be made in its provisions. If the
negotiations do not result in an understanding within one year, the
present Agreement maybe denounced by eitherparty givingtwoyears'
notice."
The "differing views" in theWorld Health Assembly as to theapplicability
of these provisions to a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt, which
are mentioned in the recitals to the resolution, concerned various points.
One of these was whether a transfer of the seat of the Regional Office from
Egypt isor isnot covered by theprovisions of the 1951Agreement which to a
large extent deal with privileges, immunities and facilities. Another was
whether the provisions of Section 37 relate only to the case of a request by
oneorother party for revision of provisions of the ~~reement relating to the
question of privileges, immunities and facilities or are also apt tocover its
total revision or outright denunciation. But the differences of vied. also
involved further points, as appears from the debates and from the expla-
nations givenby the Director of the LegalDivisionof the WHO at the World
Health Assembly's meeting of 20 May. Dealing with a question from the
delegate of Jordanabout the twoyears'noticeprovided for in Section 37,the
Director of the Legal Division referred to theenlightenment to be obtained
on the point by comparing theprovisions in other host agreements. He also
drew attention to the possibility of referring to the applicable general
principles of international law, emphasizing the relevance in this connec-
tion of Article 56 of the International Law Commission's draft articles on
treaties concluded between States and international organizations or
between international organizations.
35. Accordingly, it is apparent that, although the questions in the re-
quest are formulated in terms only of Section 37, the true legal question
under consideration in the World Health Assembly is : What are the legal
principles and mles applicable to the question under what conditions and in
accordance with what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from
Egypt may be effected ? This, in the Court's opinion, must also be con-
sidered to be the legal question submitted to it by the request. The Court
points out that, if it is to remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial
character in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, it must ascertain what
are the legal questions really inissueinquestionsformulatedin arequest (cf.
Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Committee on South West
Africa, Advisoty Opinion, I.C.J.Reports 1956, p. 26, and see also p. 37 ;
Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, parugraph 2, of the89 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Charter),Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1962,pp. 156-158).It also points
out in thisconnection that the Permanent Court of International Justice, in
replying to requests for an advisory opinion, likewise found it necessary in
some cases first to ascertain what were the legal questions really in issuein
the questions posed in the request (cf.Jaworzina, Advisory Opinion, 1923,
P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 8,p. 282 ; Interpretation of the Greco-TurkishAgree-
ment of 1 Decemher 1926,AdvisoryOpinion,1928, P.C.I.J., Series B,No. 16,
pp. 5-16).Furthermore, as the Court has stressed earlier in this Opinion, a
reply to questions of the kind posed in the present request may, if incom-
plete, bé not only ineffectual but actually misleading as to the legal rules
applicable to the matter under consideration by the requesting Organiza-
tion. For this reason, the Court could not adequately discharge the obli-
gation incumbent upon it in the present case if, in replying to the request,it
did not take into consideration al1the pertinent legalissuesinvolved in the
matter to which the questions are addressed.
36. The Court will therefore now proceed to consider its replies to the
questionsformulated in therequest on thebasis that the true legal question
submitted to the Court is :What are the legal principles and rules appli-
cable to the question under what conditions and in accordance with
what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may be
effected ?
37. The Court thinks it necessary to underline at the outset that the
question before it is not whether, in general, an organization has the right
to select the location of the seat of its headquarters or of a regional office.
On that question there has been no difference of view in the present case,
and there can be no doubt that an international organization does have
such a right. The question before the Court is the different one of whether,
in the present case, the Organization's power to exercise that right is or is
not regulated by reason of the existence of obligations vis-à-vis Egypt. The
Court notes that in the World Health Assembly and in some of thewritten
and oral statements before the Court there seems to have been a disposi-
tion to regard international organizations as possessing some form of
absolute power to determine and, ifneed be, change the location of the
sites of their headquarters and regional offices. But States for their part
possess a sovereign power of decision with respect to their acceptance of
the headquarters or a regional office of an organization within their ter-
ritories ; and an organization's power of decision is no more absolute in
this respect than is that of aState. Aswas pointed out by the Court in one of
its early Advisory Opinions, there is nothing in the character of interna-
tional organizations to justify their being considered as some form of
"super-State" (Reparationsfor Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United
Nations, Advisoty Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 179). International
organizations are subjects of international law and, as such, arebound by90 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
any obligations incumbent upon them under general rules of international
law, under their constitutions or under international agreements to which
they are parties. Accordingly, itprovides no answer to the questions sub-
mitted to the Court simply to refer to the right of an international organiza-
tion to determine the location of the seat of its regional offices.
38. The "differing views" expressed in the World Health Assembly
regarding the relevance of theAgreement of 25 March 1951,and regarding
the question whether the terms of Section 37 of the Agreement are appli-
cable in the event of any transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt, were
repeated and further developed in the written and oral statements sub-
mitted to the Court. As to the relevance of the 1951 Agreement in the
present connection, the view advanced on one side has been that the
establishment of the Regional Office in Alexandria took place on 1July
1949, pursuant to an agreement resulting either from Egypt's offer to
transfer the operation of the Alexandria Bureau to the WHO and the
latter's acceptance of that offer, or from Egypt's acceptance of a unilateral
act of the competent organs of the WHO determining the site of the
Regional Office. Proponents of this view maintain that the 1951 Agree-
ment was a separate transaction concluded after the establishment of the
Regional Office in Egypt had been completed and the terms of whch only
provide for the immunities, privileges and facilities of the Regional Office.
They point to the fact that some other host agreements of a similar kind
contain provisions expressly for the establishment of the seat of the
Regional Office and stress the absence of such a provision in the 1951
Agreement. This Agreement, they argue, although it may contain refer-
ences to the seat of the Regional Office in Alexandria, does not provide for
its location there. On thisbasis, and on thebasis of their understanding of
the object of the 1951 Agreement deduced from its title, preamble. and
text, they maintain that the Agreement has no bearing on the Organiza-
tion's right to remove the Regional Office from Egypt. They also contend
that the 195 1Agreement was not limited to the privileges. immunities and
facilities granted only to the Regional Office, but had a more general
purpose, namely, to regulate the above-mentioned questions between
Egypt and the WHO in general.
39. Proponents of the opposing view say that the establishment of the
Regional Office and the integration of the Alexandria Bureau with the
WHO were not completed in 1949 ;they were accomplished by a series of
acts in a composite process, the final and definitive step in which was the
conclusion of the 1951host agreement. To holders of this view, the act of
transferring the operation of the Alexandria Bureau to the WHO in 1949
and the host agreement of 1951are closely related parts of a single trans-
action whereby it was agreed to establish the Regional Office at Alexan-
dria. Stressing the several references in the 1951Agreement to thelocation
of the Office in Alexandria, they argue that the absence of a specific
provision regarding its establishment there is due to the fact that thisAgreement was dealing with a pre-existing Sanitary Bureau already estab-
lished in Alexandria. In general, they emphasize the significance of the
character of the 195 1 Agreement as a headquarters agreement, and of the
constant references to it as such in the records of the WHO and in officia1
acts of the Egyptian State.
40. The differences regarding the application of Section 37 of the
Agreement to a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt have turned on
the meaning of the word "revise" in the first sentence and on the inter-
pretation then to be given to the two following sentences of the Section.
According to one view the word "revise" can cover only modifications of
particular provisions of the Agreement and cannot cover a termination or
denunciation of the Agreement, such as would be involved in the removal
of the seat of the Office from Egypt : and this is the meaning given to the
word "revise" in law dictionaries. On that assumption, and on the basis of
what they consider to be the general character of the 1951Agreement, they
consider al1the provisions of the Section,including the right of denuncia-
tion in the third sentence, to apply only in cases where a request has been
made by one or other party for a partial modification of the terms of the
Agreement. They conclude that, in consequence, the 1951 Agreement
contains no general right of denunciation and invoke the general rules
expressed in the first paragraph of Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties and the corresponding provision of the International
Law Commission's draft articles on treaties concluded between States and
international organizations or between international organizations. Under
those articles a treaty, "which contains no provision regarding its termi-
nation and which does not provide fordenunciation or withdrawal" is not
subject todenunciation or withdrawal unless, inter uliu,such aright may be
implied by the nature of the treaty. Referring to opinions expressed in the
International Law Commission that headquarters agreements of interna-
tional organizations are by their nature agreements in which a right of
denunciation may be implied under the articles in question, they then
maintain that such a general right of denunciation is to be implied in the
195 1 Agreement. The proponents of this view go on to argue that in any
case the transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt is not a matter which
can be said to fa11within the provisions of Section37,and that the removal
of the seat of the Office from Egypt would not necessarily mean the
denunciation of the 1951 Agreement.
41. Opponents of the viewjust described insist, however, that the word
"revise" may also have the wider meaning of "review" and cover a general
or total revision of an agreement, including its termination. According to
them, the word has not infrequently been used with that meaning in
treaties and was so used in the 1951Agreement.They maintain that this is
confirmed by the travauxpréparatoires of Section 37,which are to befound
in negotiations between representatives of the Swiss Government and the
IL0 concerning the latter's headquarters agreement with Switzerland.
These negotiations, they consider, concern the specific question of theestablishment of the ILO'sseatinGeneva and, whileSwitzerlandwishedin
this connection to include a provision for denunciation in the agreement,
the IL0 did not. The result, they say, was the compromise formula,
subsequently introduced into WHO host agreements, which provides for
thepossibility ofdenunciation,but only after consultation and negotiation
regarding the revision of the instrument. In their view, therefore, the
truvuuxprépamtoires confirm that the formula in Section 37was designed
to cover revisionof the location of the Regional Office'sseat at Alexandna,
including the possibility of its transfer outside Egypt. They further argue
that this interpretation is one required by the object and purpose of
Section 37 which, they say, was clearly meant to preclude either of the
parties to the Agreement from suddenly and precipitately terminating the
legal régimeit created. The proponents of this viewof Section 37also take
the position that, even if it were to be rejected and the Agreement inter-
preted as also including a general right of denunciation, Egypt would still
be entitled to notice under the general rules of international law. In this
connection, they point to Article 56of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties and the corresponding article in the International Law Com-
mission's draft articles on treaties concluded between States and interna-
tional organizations or between international organizations. In both
articles paragraph 2 specifically provides that in any case where a right of
denunciation or withdrawal isimplied in a treaty aparty shall givenot less
than twelve months' notice of its intention to exercise the right.
42. The Court has described the differences of view regarding the
application of Section 37 to a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt
only in a broad outline which does not reproduce al1the refinements with
which they have been expressed nor al1the considerations by which they
have been supported. If it has done this, it is because it considers that the
emphasis placed on Section 37 in the questions posed in the request dis-
torts in some measure the general legal framework in which the true legal
issuesbefore the Court have tobe resolved.Whatever viewmaybe held on
the question whether theestablishment and location of the Regional Office
in Alexandria are embraced within the provisions of the 1951Agreement,
and whatever view may be held on the question whether the provisions of
Section 37are applicable to the caseof a transfer of the Officefrom Egypt,
thefact remains that certain legalpnnciples and rules are applicable in the
case of such a transfer. These legal principles and rules the Court must,
therefore, now examine.
43. By the mutual understandings reached between Egypt and the
Organization from 1949to 1951with respect to the Regional Office of the
Organization inEgypt,whether they areregarded asdistinct agreements or
as separate parts of one transaction, acontractual legal régimewascreated93 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
between Egypt and the Organization which remains the basis of their legal
relations today. Moreover, Egypt was a member - a founder member - of
the newly created World Health Organization when, in 1949,it transferred
the operation of theAlexandria Sanitary Bureau to the Organization ; and
it has continued to be a member of the Organization ever since. The very
fact of Egypt's membership of the Organization entails certain mutual
obligations of co-operation and good faith incumbent upon Eg~pt and
upon the Organization. Egypt offered to become host to the Regional
Office in Alexandna and the Organization accepted that offer :Egypt
agreed to provide the pnvileges, immunities and facilities necessary for the
independence and effectiveness of the Office. As a result the legal rela-
tionship between Egypt and the Organization became, and now is, that of a
host State and an international organization, the very essence of which is a
body of mutual obligations of co-operation and good faith. In the present
instance Egypt became host to the Organization's Regional Office, with its
attendant advantages, and the Organization acquired a valuable seat forits
office by the handing over to the Organization of an existing Egyptian
Sanitary Bureau established inAlexandria, and theelement of mutuality in
the legal régimethus created between Egypt and the WHO isunderlined by
the fact that this was effected through common action based on mutual
consent. This special legal régimeof mutual rights and obligations has been
in force between Egypt and WHO for over thirty years. The result is that
there now exists in Alexandria a substantial WHO institution employing a
large staff and discharging health functions important both to the Orga-
nization and to Egypt itself. In consequence, any transfer of the WHO
Regional Office from the territory of Egypt necessarily raises practical
problems of some importance. These problems are, of course, the concern
of the Organization and of Egypt rather than of the Court. But they also
concem the Court to the extent that they may have a bearing on the legal
conditions under which a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may
be effected.
44. The problems were studied by the Working Group set up by the
Executive Board of WHO in 1979,and it is evident from the report of that
Working Group that much care and CO-operationbetween the Organiza-
tion and Egypt is needed if the risk of serious disruption to the health work
of the Regional Office is to be avoided. It is also apparent that a reasonable
period of time would be required to effect an orderly transfer of the
operation of the Office from Alexandnato the new sitewithout disruption
to the work. Precisely what period of time would be required is a matter
which can only be finally determined by consultation and negotiation
between WHO and Egypt. It is, moreover, evident that during this period
the Organization itself would need to make full use of the privileges,
immunities and facilities provided in the Agreement of 25 March 1951in
order to ensure a smooth and orderly transfer of the Office from Egypt to
its new site. In short, the situation arising in the event of a transfer of the INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORO YPINION)
94
Regional Office from Egypt is one which, by its very nature, demands
consultation, negotiation and CO-operationbetween the Organization and
E~YP~.
45. The Court's attention has been drawn to a considerablenumber of
host agreements of different kinds, concluded by States with various
international organizations and containing varying provisions regarding
the revision, termination or denunciation of the agreements. These agree-
ments fall into two main groups :(1) those providing the necessary régime
for the seat of aheadquarters orregional officeof amore or lesspermanent
character, and (2) those providing a régimefor other offices set upad hoc
andnot envisaged asof apermanent character. As to thefirst group, which
includes agreements concluded by the IL0 and the WHO, their provisions
take different forms. The headquarters agreement of the United Nations
itself,with the United States, whichleavesto the former, theright toecide
on its removal, provides for its termination if the seat isremoved from the
United States "except for such provisions as may be applicable in con-
nection with the orderly termination of the operations of the United
Nations at its seat in the United States and the disposition of its property
therein". Other agreements similarly provide for cessation of the host
agreement upon the removal of the seat, subject to arrangements for the
orderly termination of the operations, while others, for example, provide
for one year's or six months' notice of termination or denunciation, and
there areother variants. The ad hoctype of agreement, on the other hand,
commonly provides for termination on short periods of notice or by
agreement or simply on cessation of the operations subject to orderly
arrangements for bringing them to an end.
46. In considering these provisions, the Court feels bound to observe
that in future closer attention might with advantage be given to their
drafting. Nevertheless,despite their variety and imperfections, the provi-
sions of host agreements regarding their revision, termination or denun-
ciation are not without significance in the present connection. In the first
place, they confirm the recognition by international organizations and
host States of the existence ofutual obligations incumbentupon them to
resolve the problems attendant upon a revision, termination or denuncia-
tion of ahost agreement. But theydo more, sincethey must bepresumed to
reflect the viewsoforganizations and host Statesas to the implications of
those obligations in the contexts in whch the provisions are intended to
apply. In the view of the Court, therefore, they provide certain general
indications ofwhat the mutual obligations oforganizations and hostStates
to CO-operatein good faith may involve in situations such as the one with
which the Court is here concerned.
47. A further general indicationas to what those obligations may entail
is to be found in the second paragraph of Article 56 of the Vienna Con-95 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
vention on the Law of Treaties and the corresponding provision in the
International Law Commission's draft articles on treaties between States
and international organizations or between international organizations.
Those provisions, as has been mentioned earlier, specificallyprovide that,
when a right of denunciation is implied in a treaty by reason of itsnature,
the exercise of that right is conditional upon notice, and that of not less
than twelve months. Clearly, these provisions also are based on an obli-
gation to actin good faith and have reasonable regard to the interests of the
other party to the treaty.
48. In the present case, as the Court has pointed out, the tme legal
question submitted toit in the request is:What are the legalprinciples and
rules applicable to the question under what conditions and in accordance
with what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may be
effected ? Moreover, as it has also pointed out, differing viewshave been
expressed concerning both the relevance in this connection of the 1951
Agreement and the interpretation of Section 37 of that Agreement.
Accordingly, in formulatingits reply to the request, the Court takes as its
starting point the mutual obligations incumbent upon Egypt and the
Organization to CO-operatein good faith with respect to the implications
and effects of the transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt. The Court
does so the more readily as it considers those obligations to be the very
basis of the legal relations between the Organization and Egypt under
general international law, under the Constitution of the Organization and
under the agreements in force between Egypt and the Organization. The
essential task of the Court in replying to the request is, therefore, to
determine the specific legalimplications of the mutual obligations incum-
bent upon Egypt and the Organization in the event of either of them
wishng to have the Regional Office transferred from Egypt.
49. The Court considers that in the context of the present case the
mutual obligations of the Organization and the host State to CO-operate
under the applicable legal pnnciples and rules are as follows :
In the first place, those obligations place a duty both upon the Orga-
nization and upon Egypt to consult together in good faith as to the
question under what conditionsand inaccordance withwhat modalities
a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may be effected.
Secondly, in the event of its being finally decided that the Regional
Office shall be transferred from Egypt, their mutual obligations of
CO-operationplace a duty upon the organization and ~~~~tto consult
together and to negotiate regardingthe various arrangements needed to
effect the transfer from the existing to the newsitein an orderly manner
and with a minimum of prejudice to the work of the Organization and
the interests of Egypt.
Thirdly, those mutual obligations place a duty upon the party which96 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISOR YPINION)
wishes to effect the transferto give a reasonable period of notice to the
other party for the termination of the existing situation regarding the
Regional Office at Alexandria, taking due account of al1the practical
arrangements needed to effect an orderly and equitable transfer of the
Office to its new site.
Those, in the view of the Court, are the implications of the general legal
principles and rules applicable in the eventof the transfer of the seat of a
Regional Office from the territory of a host State. Precisely what periods of
time may be involved in the observance of the duties to consult and
negotiate, and what period of notice of termination should be given, are
matters whch necessarily Vary according to the requirements of the par-
ticular case. In principle, therefore, it is for the parties in each case to
determine the length of those periods by consultation and negotiation in
good faith. Some indications as to the possible periods involved, as the
Court has said, can be seen in provisions of host agreements, including
Section 37 of the Agreement of 25 March 195 1,as well as in Article 56 of
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and in the corresponding
article of the International Law Commission's draft articles on treaties
between States and international organizations or between international
organizations. But what is reasonable and equitable in any givencase must
depend on its particular circumstances. Moreover, the paramount consid-
eration both for the Organization and the host State in every case must be
their clear obligation to CO-operatein good faith to promote the objectives
and purposes of theOrganization asexpressed initsConstitution ;and this
too means that they must in consultationdetermine a reasonable period of
time to enable them to achieve an orderly transfer of the Office from the
territory of the host State.
50. It follows that the Court's reply to the second question is that the
legal responsibilities of theOrganization and Egypt during the transitional
period between the notification of the proposed transfer of the Office and
the accomplishment thereof would be to fulfil in good faith the mutual
obligations which the Court has set out in answenng the first question.
51. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
1. By twelve votes to one,
Decides to comply with the request for an advisory opinion ;
IN FAVOUR : President SirHumphreyWddock ;Vice-PresidentElias Judges
Forster, Gros, Lachs, Nagendra Singh,Ruda, Mosler,Oda, Ago,El-Enan
and Sette-Camara ;
AGAINST : Judge Morozov ; 2. With regard to Question 1,
By twelve votes to one,
Is oftheopinion that in the event specified in the request, the legal
principles and rules, and the mutual obligations whch they imply, regard-
ingconsultation, negotiation and notice, applicable as between the World
Health Organization and Egypt are those which have been set out in
paragraph 49 of this Advisory Opinion and in particular that :
(a) their mutual obligations under those legal principles and rules place a
dutyboth upon the Organization and upon Egypt toconsult together in
good faith as to the question under what conditionsand in accordance
with what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may
be effected ;
(b) in the event of its being finally decided that the Regional Office shall be
transferred from Egypt, their mutual obligations of CO-operationplace
a duty upon the Organization and Egypt to consult together and to
negotiate regarding the various arrangements needed to effect the
transferfrom theexisting to the new sitein anorderly manner and witha
minimum of prejudice to the work of theOrganization and theinterests
of Egypt ;
(c) their mutual obligations under those legal principles and rules place
a duty upon the party which wishes to effect the transfer to give a
reasonable period of notice to the other party for the termination of
the existing situation regarding the Regional Office at Alexandria,
taking due account of al1the practical arrangements needed to effect
an orderly and equitable transfer of the Office to its new site ;
IN FAVOUR :President SirHumphreyWaldock ; Vice-PresidentElias ;Judges
Forster, Gros, Lachs, Nagendra Singh,Ruda, Moslcr,Oda, Ago, El-Erian
and Sette-Camara ;
AGAINST : Judge Morozov ;
3. With regard to Question 2.
By eleven votes to two,
Is ofthe opiniotn hat, in the event of a decision that the Regional Office
shall be transferred from Egypt, the legal responsibilities of the World
Health Organization and Egypt during the transitional period between the
notification of the proposed transfer of the Office and the accomplishment
thereof areto fulfil in good faith the mutual obligations which the Courthas
set out in answering Question 1 ;
IN FAVOUR :President SirHumphreyWaldock ; Vice-PresidentElias ;Judges
Forster, Gros, Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Mosler, Oda, Ago, El-Erian and
Sette-Camara :
AGAINST : Judges Lachs and Morozov.98
INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISOR OYPINION)
Done inEnglish andin French,the Englishtextbeingauthontative,at the
Peace Palace, The Hague,this twentieth day of December, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty, in three copies, ofwhch one will be placed in the
archives of the Court,and the others transmitted to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations and to the Director-General of the World Health
Organization, respectively.
(Signed)Humphrey WALDOCK,
President.
(Signed)Santiago TORRES BERNARDEZ,
Registrar.
Judges GROS,LACHSR , UDA,MOSLERO , DA,AGO,EL-ERIAN a,ndSETTE-
CAMARA append separate opinions to the Opinion of the Court.
Judge Mo~ozov appends a dissenting opinion to the Opinion of the
Court.
(InitialleH.W.
(InitialleS.T.B.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
R.EPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT
OF 25 IMARCH 1951 BETWEEN
THlEWHO AND EGYPT
ADVISORYOPINION OF 20DECEMBER1980
COUP. INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD
DU 25 MARS 1951
ENTRE L'OMS ET L'ÉGYPTE
AVIS CONSULTATIF DU20 DÉCEMBRE1980 Officia1citat:on
Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951 between the
WHO and Egypt, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1980,p. 73.
Mode officiel de cit:tion
Interprétaavis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1980,p. 73.pte,
Nodevente:er457 1
l 20 DECEMBER 1980
ADVISORY OPINION
INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT
01325 MARCH 1951 BETWEEN
THE WHO AND EGYPT
INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD
DU 25 MARS 1951
ENTRE L'OMS ET L'ÉGYPTE
20 DÉCEMBRE 1980
AVIS CONSULTATIF INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1980 YEAR 1980
20 December
General List
No. 65 20 December 1980
INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT
OF 25 MARCH 1951 BETWEEN
THE WHO AND EGYPT
Detrrniiriutionhj the Courtofthemeuning und implicutionsofquestionsuhmitted
for udvi~ori,opiriior- Need for Court to uscertain und formulute legul questions
reullv in issue.
Internurionul orgur~i:utiotund host Srures - Respectivepowers of the orguni-
zurioti und the host Srute wirh regurd to seut of hrudquurters or regionul offices of
orgurlizution- Mutuul ohligurionsof co-operution und goodfuith resultingfrom a
Stute's niemhership of orguriizutionus wellusfrom relurionsherweenorgunizution
utid hosr Stute- Legul principles und rules upplicuhle on trunsfer of office of
orgunizuriorifroni territop of host Srute concerning coridirionsuridmodulitiesfor
rffectrlrigtrunsf-r Duril t« consul- Considerution of provisioris of hosr ugree-
nleritsund of Viennu Convention on the Law of Treutie- Applicutioriofpriiiciples
urid rules of gerierul internutionul -uwMutuul ohligutiorito co-operute iti good
fuith topromore the ob;ectives und purpo.re.sof the Orguriizution.
ADVISORY OPINION
Present : President Sir Humphrey WALDOCK : Vice-Presidenr ELIAS ;Judges
FORSTER,GROS, LACHS, MOROZOVN , AGENDRASINGH, RUDA,
MOSLER,ODA,AGO, EL-ERIAN,SETTE-CAMARA ;Registrur TORRES
BERNARDEZ.
Concerning the interpretation of the Agreement signed on 25 March 1951
between the World Health Organization and the Government of Egypt,
composed as above,
gives the following Advisoty Opinion:
1. The questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been
requested were laid before the Court by a letter dated 21 May 1980,received in
the Registry on 28 May 1980,addressed by the Director-General of the World COUR. INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 1980 1980
20 décembre
Rôle général
20 décembre 1980 no65
INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD
DU 25 MARS 1951
ENTFLEL'OMS ET L'ÉGYPTE
Déterminutionpar la Courdusens et de luportéede la questiorisounlisepour uvis
c~ornulruti- Nécessité pourla Cour de rechercher etformuler les questionsjuri-
diques vérituhlementenjeu.
Orgunisutions irzternt~tionuleset I-sôtes- Pouvoirs respectifs de I'orgunisa-
tioriet de I'Etarhôte en ce qui concerrzclesiègede l'orgunisutionoude ses hureuu.~
régioriuu.~- Ohliguriorîsréciproquesde coopérationet de horinefoi résultantde
I'uppurtenurice d'un Etuf menihre à 10rgunisation uinsi que des relutions entre
I'orguni~atiorrerI'Etut hôt- Priticipe.~et règlesjuridiques upplic~au trarzsfert
du hureuu de I'orgunisur~iothiorsdu territoirede I'Etot hôte quant aux conditiotiset
niodulitis du ;rurisf-rrOhligution de corzsitltut-oExunien desdispositioizsdes
ucc.ord.sde .siègezr de lu converrrionde Vitiririesur le droit d-sApplicutiori
des principes et règles tiu droit interriurioriu/gé-c;Obligation réciproquede
c,oopérrrde honrzefoi pour servir les buts et ohjectlfs de I'Orgurii~uti~ti.
AVIS CONSULTATIF
Préserzts: Sir Humphrey WALDOCK.Présiderit ; M. ELIAS. Vice-Présiderit:
MM. FORSTER G,ROS,LACHSM . OROZOVN ,AGENDRA SINGH,RUIIA.
MOSLERO . DA,AGO,EL-ERIAN.SETTEXAMARjA ug.es : M. TORK~S
RERN.~RDEG Z.reffier.
Au sujet de i'interprktation de l'accord signéle 25 mars 1951entre I'Organi-
sation mondiale de la Santéet le Gouvernement de I'Egypte,
ainsi composée,
doririel'uvis consulrutif suivant
1. La Cour a &té saisie des questions sur lesquelles un avis consultatif lui est
demandépar une lettre:du Directeur généralde l'organisation mondiale de la
Santéau Greffier de la Cour datéedu 21 mai 1980 et parvenue au Greffe le74 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Heaith Organization to the Registrar. In that letter the Director-General
informed the Court of resolution WHA33.16 adopted by the World Health
Assembly on 20 May 1980,in accordance with Article 96, paragraph 2, of the
Charter of the United Nations, Article 76 of the Constitution of the World
Health Organization,and Article X, paragraph 2,of the Agreement between the
United Nations and the World Health Organization, by which the Organization
had decided to submit two questions to the Court for advisory opinion.The text
of that resolution is as follows:
"The Thirty-third World Health Assembly,
Having regard to proposals which have been made to remove from
Alexandria the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region of
the World Health Organization,
Taking note of the differing views which have been expressed in the
World Health Assembly on the question of whether the World Health
Organization may transfer the Regional Office without regard to the pro-
visions of Section 37 of the Agreement between the World Health Organi-
zation and Egypt of 25 March 1951,
Noting further that the Working Group of the Executive Board has been
unable to make a judgment or a recommendation on the applicability of
Section 37 of this Agreement,
Decides,prior to taking any decision on removal of the Regional Office,
and pursuant to Article 76 of the Constitution of the World Health Orga-
nization and Article X of the Agreement between the United Nations and
the World Heaith Organization approved by the General Assembly of the
United Nations on 15November 1947,to submit to the International Court
of Justice for its Advisory Opinion the following questions :
'1. Are the negotiation and notice provisions of Section 37 of the
Agreement of 25 March 1951between the World Health Organization
and Egypt applicable in the event that either party to the Agreement
wishes to have the Regional Office transferred from the territory of
Egypt?
2. If so, what would be the legal responsibilities of both the World
Health Organization and Egypt, with regard to the Regional Office in
Alexandna, during the two-year period between notice and termination
of the Agreement? '"
2. By letters dated 6June 1980,the Registrar, pursuant to Article 66, para-
graph 1, of the Statute of the Court, gave notice of the request for advisory
opinion to al1States entitled to appear before the Court.
3. The President of the Court, having decided pursuant to Article 66, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, that those States Members of the World Health Orga-
nization who were also States entitled to appear before the Court, and the
Organization itself, werelikely to be able to furnish information on the question
submitted to the Court, made an Order on 6 June 1980fixing 1September 1980
as the time-limit within which wntten statements might be submitted by those
States. Accordingly, the special and direct communication provided for in28 mai 1980.Dans cette lettre le Directeur généralporte à la connaissance de la
Cour la résolution WErA33.16adoptéepar l'Assemblée mondialede la Santéle
20 mai 1980, par laqilelle, conformément à I'article 96, paragraphe 2, de la
Charte des Nations Unies, à I'article76 de la Constitution de I'Organisation
mondiale de la Santéet à l'article X, paragraphe 2, de I'accord entre I'Organi-
sation des Nations Unies et I'Organisation mondiale de la Santé,cette dernière
Organisation a décidéde soumettre deux questions à la Cour pour avis consul-
tatif. La résolution est ainsi conçue:
O La trente-troisième Assemblée mondiale de la Santé.
Tenant compte des propositions visant à transférer en un autre lieu le
Bureau régionalde la Méditerranée orientale qui se trouve actuellement à
Alexandrie ;
Prenant note des divergences de vues qui se sont fait jouà l'Assemblée
mondiale de la Sa:ntésur le point de savoir si I'Organisation mondiale de la
Santéest en droit de transférer le Bureau régionalsans tenir compte des
dispositions de la section 37de I'accordentre I'Organisation mondiale de la
Santéet I'Egypte en date du 25 mars 1951 ;
Notant en outre que legroupe de travail du Conseil exécutifn'apas étéen
mesure de décidersi la section 37dudit accord devait ou non être appliquée
ni de formuler une recommandation à ce sujet,
Décide avant de prendre une décision au sujetdu déplacementdu Bureau
régional, etconformément à I'article76de la Constitution de I'Organisation
mondiale de la Santéainsi qu'à I'articleX de I'accord entre I'Organisation
des Nations Unies et I'Organisation mondiale de la Santé approuvépar
l'Assemblée générald eesNations Unies le 15novembre 1947,de demander
à la Cour internationale de Justice de rendre un avis consultatif sur les
questions suivantes :
1. Les clauses de négociation et de préavis énoncées dans la sec-
tion 37 de I'accord du 25 mars 1951entre I'Organisation mondiale de la
Santéet 1'Egyptesont-elles applicables au cas où l'uneou l'autre partàe
I'accord souhaii:eque le Bureau régional soittransféré hors duterritoire
égyptien ?
2. Dans l'affirmative, quelles seraient les responsabilités juridiques
tant de I'Organisation mondiale de la Santé que de I'Egypte en ce qui
concerne le Bureau régional àAlexandrie, au coursdes deux ans séparant
la date de dénonciation de I'accord et la date où celui-ci deviendrait
caduc ?>)
2. Par lettre du 6juin 1980,le Greffiera notifiéla requêtepour avisconsultatif
à tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour, conformément à I'article 66,
paragraphe 1,du Statut.
3. Le Présidentde la Cour ayant décidé, conformément à I'article 66,para-
graphe 2, du Statut, que les Etats membres de l'organisation mondiale de la
Santé admis à ester devant la Cour ainsi que I'Organisation elle-mêmeétaient
susceptibles de fournires renseignements sur lesquestions soumises à laCour, il
a, par ordonnance du 6juin 1980,fixéau leiseptembre 1980la date d'expiration
du délaidans lequel ce.sEtats pourraient présenter des exposés écrits. La com-
munication spécialeet directe prévueà I'article 66,paragraphe 2,du Statut aété75 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Article 66, paragraph 2. of the Statute was included in the above-mentioned
letters of 6 June 1980 addressed to those States, and a similar communication
was addressed to the WHO.
4. The following Statessubmitted written statements to the Court within the
time-limit fixed by the Order of 6 June 1980 ; Bolivia. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, United States of Amer-
ica. The texts of these statements were transmitted to the States to which the
spccial and direct communication had been sent. and to the WHO.
5. Pursuant to Article 65,paragraph 2, of the Statute and Article 104of the
Rules of Court, the Director-General of the WHO transmitted to the Court a
dossier of documents likely to throw light upon the questions.This dossier was
received in the Registry on 11June 1980 ;it was not accompanied by a written
statement. a synopsis of the case or an index of the documents. In response to
requests by the President of the Court, the WHO supplied the Court, for its
information. with a number of additional documents, and the International
Labour Organisation supplied the Court with documents of that Organisation
regarded as likely to throw light on the questions before the Court.
6. By a letter of 15September 1980.the Registrar requested the States Mem-
bers of the WHO entitled to appear before the Court to inform him whether they
intended to submit an oral statement at the public sittings to be held for that
purpose, the date fixed for which was notified to them at the same time.
7. Pursuant to Article 106of the Rules of Court, the Court decided to make
thewrittenstatementssubmitted to the Court accessible to thepublic.with effect
from the opening of the oral proceedings.
8. In the course of three public sittings held on 21. 22 and 23 October 1980,
oral statements were addressed to the Court by the following representa-
tives :
For the United Aruh Enlirates : Mr. Mustafa Kamil Yasseen. Special
Counsellor of the Mission of the United
Arab Emirates at Geneva.
For the Repuhlic of Tutzisiu: Mr. Abdelhawab Chérif, Counsellor. Em-
bassy of Tunisia at The Hague.
For the United Srutes of America : Mr. Stephen M. Schwebel, Deputy Legal
Adviser, Department of State.
For the Svriun Aruh Republic : Mr. Adnan Nachabé. Legal Adviser to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
For the Aruh Repuhlic of E~pr : H.E. Mr. Ahmed Osman, Ambassador of
Egypt to Austria.
In reply to a question by the President, Mr. Claude-Henri Vignes, Director of
the Legal Division of the WHO. stated at the public sitting that the WHO didnot
intend to submit argument to the Court on the questions put in the request for
Opinion, but that he would be prepared, on behalf of the Director-General, to
answer any question that the Court might put to him. Questions were put by
Members of the Court to the Govemment of Egypt and to the WHO ;replies
were given by the representative of Egypt and by the Director of the Legal
Division of the WHO, and additional observations were madeby the represen-
tatives of the United States of Amenca and the United Arab Emirates. INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
76
9. At the closeof thepublic sittingheld on 23 October 1980,the Presidentof
the Court indicated that the Court remained readyto receiveany further obser-
vations which the Director of the LegalDivisionof the WHO or the represen-
tatives of the States concemed might wish to submit in writing withina stated
time-limit.In pursuanceof thisinvitation,theGovernmentsoftheUnited States
of America and Egypttransmitted certain written observationsto the Court on
24 October and 29 October 1980respectively ;copiesof theseweresuppliedto
the representativesof the other Stateswhichhad taken part in theoralproceed-
ings,aswellas to theWHO. Certainfurther documentswerealsosuppliedto the
Court by the WHO after the close of the oral proceedings, in responseto a
request made by a Member of the Court.
10. The first, and principal, question submitted to the Court in the
request is formulated in hypothetical terms :
"1. Are the negotiation and notice provisions of Section 37 of the
Agreement of 25 March 1951between theWorld Health Organization
and Egypt applicable in the event that either party to the Agreement
wishes to have the Regional Office transferred from the territory of
Egypt ?"
But a rule of international law, whether customary or conventional, does
not operate in a vacuum ; it operates in relation to facts and in the context
of a wider framework of legal rules of which it forms only a part. Accord-
ingly, if a question put in the hypothetical way in which it is posed in the
request is to receive a pertinent and effectua] reply, the Court must first
ascertain th~meaning and full implications of the question in the light of
the actual framework of fact and law in which it falls for consideration.
Otherwise itsreply to the questionmay be incomplete and, in consequence,
ineffectual and even misleading as to the pertinent legal rules actually
goveming the matter under consideration by the requesting Organization.
TheCourt will therefore begin by setting out the pertinent elements of fact
and of law which, in its view, constitute the context in which the meaning
and implications of the first question posed in the request have to be
ascertained.
11. The existence at the present day of a Regional Office of the World
Health Organization located at Alexandria has its origin in two main
circumstances. One is the policy adopted by the WHO in 1946,which is
expressed in Chapter XI of the text of its Constitution, of establishing
regional health organizations designed to be an integral part of the Orga-
nization. The other is the fact that at the end of the Second World War
there existed at Alexandna a health Bureau which, pursuant to that policy 9. A la clôture del'audience du23 octobre 1980,le Présidenta indiquéque la
Cour demeurait dispo.séea recevoir toutes nouvellesobservations que le direc-
teur de la divisionjuridique de l'OMSou lesreprésentantsdes Etats intéressés
pourraient vouloirouinettrepar écritdansundélai quiétaitspécifiéR.épondant
a cette invitation, les Ciouvernementsdes Etats-Unis d'Amérique etde 1'Egypte
ont respectivementadressé à la Cour,les24et 29 octobre 1980,certainesobser-
vations écritesdont letexteaétécommuniqua éuxreprésentantsdesautresEtats
qui avaient pris partla procédure oraleainsi qu'àl'OMS.A la demande d'un
membre de laCour l'OMSa en outre fourni diversautres documents à la Cour
aprèsla clôture de la ]procédurorale.
10. La première et principale question posée à la Cour dans la requête
est formulée en termes hypothétiques :
1. Les clauses de négociation et de préavis énoncéesdans la
section 37 de I'accord du 25 mars 1951entre l'organisation mondiale
dela Santéet 1'Egyptesont-elles applicables au cas où l'une ou l'autre
partie àI'accord souhaiteque le Bureau régional soittransféré horsdu
territoire égyptien ?))
Or une règledu droit international, coutumier ou conventionnel, ne s'ap-
plique pas dans le vide ; elle s'applique par rapport à des faits et dans le
cadre d'un ensemble plus large de règlesjuridiques dont elle n'est qu'une
partie. Par conséquent, pour qu'une question présentée dans les termes
hypothétiques dela requêtepuisse recevoir une réponsepertinenteet utile,
la Cour doit d'abord s'assurer de sa signification et en mesurer toute la
portéedans la situation de fait et dedroit où il convient de l'examiner. S'il
en allait autrement, la réponse de la Cour à la question posée risquerait
d'être incomplète et,partant, d'êtreinefficace, voire d'induire enerreursur
les règles juridiques pertinentes régissant en fait le sujet examiné par
l'organisation requérante. La Cour commencera donc par énoncer les
élémentsde fait et de droit pertinents qui, selon elle, forment le contexte
dans lequel le sens et la portée de la première question posée dans la
requête doivent êtreirecherchés.
11. Le Bureau régi(ona1 de l'organisation mondiale de la Santé, actuel-
lement situé à Alexandrie, doit son origine à deux faits principaux.
Le premier est la pol!itique adoptée en 1946 par l'OMS et exprimée au
chapitre XI de sa Constitution, qui consiste à établir des organisations
régionales de santé devant faire partie intégrante de l'organisation.
L'autre est la présenceàAlexandrie, àla fin de la secondeguerremondiale,
d'un bureau sanitaire qui, en exécution de la politique susmentionnée etand by agreement between Egypt and the WHO, was subsequently incor-
porated in the Organization in the manner hereafter described.
12. Article 44 of the WHO Constitution empowers the World Health
Assembly to define geographical areas inwhichit isdesirable toestablish a
regional organization and, with the consent of a majority of the members
of the Organization situated within the area, to establish the regional
organization. It alsoprovides that there isnot to be more than one regional
organization ineach area. Articles 45and 46proceed tolaydownthat each
such regional organization istobe an integral part of the Organization and
to consist of aregional committee and a regionaloffice.Articles 47-53then
set out rules to regulate the composition,functions,procedure and staff of
regional committees. Finally, Article 54,whichcontains special provisions
regarding the "integration" of pre-existing inter-governmental regional
health organizations, reads as follows :
"The Pan American Sanitary Organization represented by the Pan
American Sanitary Bureau and the Pan American Sanitary Confer-
ences, and al1other inter-governmentai regional health organizations
in existence prior to the date of signature ofhs Constitution, shall in
due course be integrated with the Organization. This integration shall
be effected as soon as practicable through common action based on
mutual consent of the competent authorities expressed through the
organizations concerned."
The above-mentioned provisions ofChapter XI are thus theconstitutional
framework within which the WHO came to establish its regional office in
E~YP~.
13. The existence of a health bureau in Alexandria dates back to the
creation of a general Board of Heaith in Egypt in 183 1for the purpose of
preventing the spread of cholera and other diseasesbyand among pilgrims
on the way to andfrom Mecca.This Board subsequentlyacquiredacertain
international character as a result of the association with its quarantine
work of seven representatives of States having rights in Egypt under the
capitulations régime ;and in 1892its character as an international health
agency became more pronounced as a result of changes in the structure of
its councileffected by the International Sanitary Convention of Veniceof
that year. In this form the Conseil sanitaire maritime et quarantenaire
d'Egvpte operated successfully for over forty years, during which, by
arrangement with the Office international d'hygiènepublique and pursuant
to the International Sanitary Convention of 1926,it also functionedas the
Regional Bureau of Epidemiological Intelligence for the Near East. In
1938,at the request of the Egyptian Government, it was decided, at the
International Sanitary Conference of that year that the Conseil sanitaire
should be abolished and its functions assumed by the governments of
Egypt and the other countries concerned, but ths did not involve the
suppression of the Regional Bureau of Epidemiological Intelligence. The
new Bureau, aithough placed under the authority of the Egyptian Gov-par accord entre 1'Egypte et l'OMS, a été ultérieurementintégrédans
l'organisation suivant le processus exposé ci-après.
12. L'article 44 de la Constitution de l'OMS habilite l'Assemblée mon-
diale dela Santéàdéterminer les régionsgéographiques où il est désirable
d'établirune organisation régionaleet, avec leconsentement de la majorité
des Etats membres situés dans chaque région ainsidéterminée,à y établir
une organisation régionale. Le mêmearticle dispose qu'il ne pourra y avoir
plus d'une organisati,on de ce genre dans chaque région. Lesarticles 45 et
46 prévoient ensuite que chacune des organisations régionalesfait partie
intégrante de l'organisation et comporteun comitérégionalet un bureau
régional. Puis lesarticles 47 à53 régissentla composition, les fonctions, le
règlement et lepersorinel descomitésrégionaux.Enfin l'article 54contient
des dispositions particulières relatives à Y« intégration ))d'organisations
régionales intergouvernementales de santé préexistantes ; cet article est
ainsi rédigé:
L'Organisation sanitaire panaméricaine, représentée par le bu-
reau sanitaire panaméricain et les conférences sanitaires panaméri-
caines, et toutes autres organisations régionales intergouvernemen-
tales de santé existant avant la date de la signature de cette Consti-
tution, seront intégréesen temps voulu dans l'organisation. Cette
intégration s'effectuera dès que possible par une action commune,
basée surle consentement mutuel des autorités compétentes exprimé
par les organisations intéressées. ))
Les dispositions susmentionnées du chapitre XI constituent donc le cadre
constitutionnel dans lequel l'OMS a établi son Bureau régional en
Egypte.
13. L'existence d'un bureau sanitaire àAlexandrieremonte àla création
en Egypte, en 1831, d'une commission généralede la santé destinée à
enrayer la propagation du choléra et autres maladies dont les pèlerins
allant à La Mecque ou en revenant étaient porteurs. Cette commission a
acquis par la suite un certain caractère international quand sept représen-
tants d'Etats bénéficiairesdu régimedes capitulations en Egypte ont été
associés à ses travaux en matière de quarantaine ; son caractère d'orga-
nisme sanitaire interriational s'est affirmé quand la convention sanitaire
internationale de Venise de 1892a modifiéla structure de son conseil. Le
Conseil sanitaire maritime et quarantenaire d'Egypte a fonctionné avec
succèssous cette forme pendant plus de quarante ans, au cours desquels, à
la suite d'un arrangement conclu avec l'office international d'hygiène
publique et conformkment à la convention sanitaire internationale de
1926,il a aussi assumt..les fonctions de Bureau régionalde renseignements
épidémiologiquespour le Proche-Orient. La conférence sanitaireinterna-
tionale tenue en 1938 a décidé,à la demande du Gouvernement de
l'Egypte, que le Conseil sanitaire serait aboli et que ses fonctions seraient
prises en charge par les Gouvernements de 1'Egypte et des autres Etats
concernés, mais cela n'entraînait pas la disparition du Bureau régional de
renseignements épidérniologiques. Le nouveau Bureau,quoique placé sous78 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT(ADVISORY OPINION)
ernment, was to have the same international character as the former
Bureau ;the Egyptian Government was to set up a commission including
technical representatives of the aîfiliated countries. From 1938onwards
the expenses of the Bureau were wholly borne by the Egyptian Govern-
ment. The Second World War broke out before the projected commission
had been constituted,and from December 1940until the end of hostilities
the work of the Alexandria Bureau was taken over by a special wartime
service under the Quarantine Department of the Egyptian Ministry of
Public Health. After the hostilities had ended, the Bureau resumed its
operations.
14. It has not been made entirely clear to the Court what was the exact
situation in regard to the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau as a result of the
events just described. But it was operating under Egypt's Ministry of
Public Health when in 1946,and before the WHO Constitutionhad been
adopted, Egypt raised the question of the relation of the Bureau to the
Organization. Even before that, the members of the newlycreated League
of Arab States had taken a decision in favour of using the Alexandria
Bureau as their regional sanitary bureau. Meanwhile, however, the Alex-
andria Bureau was continuing to operate under the Egyptian sanitary
authorities ratherthan as an inter-governmental institution. On the other
hand, the projected association of the Bureau with the League of Arab
States, the international character of its functions and its previous status
may have led to the Bureau being regarded as an inter-governmental
institution.This no doubt explains why, as will now be seen, the Alexan-
dria Sanitary Bureau, despite any question there may have been as to its
inter-governmental character, wasinfact dealt withby theOrganization as
a case of integration under Article 54 of the WHO Constitution.
15. On 6 March 1947,at the direction of the WHO Interim Commis-
sion, the Executive Secretary of the Commission sent a circular letter to
member governments enquiring as to whether they might wish to have
either the headquarters of the organization or the seat of a regional office
located on their territory and as to the facilities theycould offer. Soon
aftenvards he was also directed to get in touch with the authorities "of the
Pan Arab Sanitary Organization", and wrote on 2 May 1947for informa-
tion to the Egyptian Minister of Public Health. Replying on 26 July 1947,
the Egyptian Minister supplied him with a memorandum giving an
account of the history and activities of the "Pan Arab Regional Health
Bureau" from 1926onwards. When, on the basis of the memorandum, a
recommendation was madeby the Committee on Relations to the Intenm
Commission in September 1947that negotiations should be started with
the "Pan Arab Sanitary Organization", objection was taken that the Pan
Arab Sanitary Bureau did not really exist. Some delegates observed that
the negotiations should rather be with the Egyptian Government and,
ultimately, it was with the Egyptian Government that the negotiations
concerning the Bureau took place. In fact, the next development was a
reply from the Egyptian Government to the Executive Secretary'scircularl'autoritédu Gouvernement de l'Egypte, devait avoir le mêmecaractère
international que l'ancien Bureau. Le Gouvernement de 1'Egyptedevait
créerune commission comprenant des représentants techniques despays
affiliésde la région.ipartir de 1938il a assumé entotalitélesdépensesdu
Bureau. La seconde guerre mondiale a éclatéavant la constitution de
la commission projetée et, de décembre 1940 à la fin des hostilités, les
tâches du Bureau d'Alexandrie ont étéconfiées à un service spécialde
guerre relevant du département de la quarantaine du ministère de
l'hygiène publique d'Egypte. A la fin des hostilités, le Bureau a repris
ses activités.
14. La situation exacte du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie à la suite des
événements qui viennent d'être évoqués n' paas été présenté àe la Cour
avecune clarté totale. Cependant leBureau fonctionnait sousl'autorité du
ministère de l'hygiènepublique d'Egypte quand, en 1946, avant que la
Constitutionde I'OM[Seût étéadoptée,1'Egyptea soulevéla question des
relations du Bureau .avecl'organisation. Auparavant les membres de la
Ligue des Etats arabes qui venait d'être créée avaien ptris une décision
favorable à l'utilisation du Bureau d'Alexandrieàtitre debureau sanitaire
régional. Entre-temps le Bureau d'Alexandrie continuait à fonctionner
sous la direction des autorités sanitaires égyptienneset non comme une
institution intergouvernementale. En revanche le projet d'association du
Bureau avec la Ligue des Etats arabes, le caractère international de ses
fonctions et son ancien statut ont pu amener àvoir en lui une institution
intergouvernementale. Cela explique sans doute pourquoi le Bureau sani-
taired'Alexandrie, malgrélesquestions qui auraient pu seposer au sujet de
son caractère intergouvernemental, a étéen fait traité par l'organisation
comme un cas d'intégration au sens de l'article 54 de la Constitution de
l'OMS, ainsi qu'on le verra ci-après.
15. Le 6 mars 1947,sur l'instruction de la Commission intérimairede
l'OMS, le secrétaireexécutifde cette Commission a adresséune circulaire
aux gouvernements des Etats membres, leur demandant s'ils souhaite-
raient que lesiègede1"Organisationou celuid'un bureau régionalfût établi
sur leur territoire et quelles facilités ilspourraientir. Peu après,ayant
étéchargéen outre de se mettre en rapport avec les autorités de 1'~Or-
ganisation sanitaire panarabe )),il a demandé des renseignements au
ministre de l'hygiènepublique d'Egypte par lettre du 2 mai 1947.Répon-
dant le 26juillet 1947,le ministre lui a fourni une note sur l'origine et les
activitésdu Bureau sanitaire régionalpanarabe 1)depuis 1926.Quand,
sur la base de la note, le comité des relations a recommandé en septembre
1947 à la Commission intérimaire que des négociations soient entamées
avec 1'~Organisation sanitaire panarabe M. il a été objectque le Bureau
sanitaire panarabe n'existait pas en réalité.Certains délégués ont fait
observer que les négociations devraient plutôt êtremenées avec leGou-
vernement de I'Egypte, et c'est avec celui-ci qu'elles se sont en effet
déroulées.Le Gouvernement de 1'Egyptea d'ailleurs répondupeu aprèsa
la circulaire du secrétaireexécutifen faisant savoir que les autoritéscom-
pétentesavaient montréle vif intérêq t u'ellesportaienà voir s'établir unletter in which the Government stated that the competent authoritieshad
declared that they were most anxious to see a regional bureau established
at Alexandria, which could deal with al1questions comingwithin thescope
of the WHO for the entire Middle East.
16. Matters then began to move more quickly. It appears from a report
submitted to the Interim Commission inMay 1948,mentioned below, that
early in January 1948 quarantine experts of the Arab countries met in
Alexandria and passed a number of resolutions in favour of establishing a
regional organization. This was to be composed of the member States of
the League of Arab States and, it wascontemplated,certain other States in
the region ;itwas tohavea regional committee similarlycomposed ; and it
was to use the Alexandria Bureau as its regional office. These resolutions
were adopted in the light of the fact that the WHO was to take over the
functions of pre-existing regional health organizations. The next step was
an invitationfrom the Egyptian Ministry of Public Health to Dr. Starnpar,
Chairman of the Interim Commission, to visitEgypt and study on the spot
the conditions for setting up the proposed regional organization. In May
1948 a substantial report, referred to above, was duly submitted by the
Chairman of the Interim Commission in which hegavea detailed account
of the past history and current activities of thelexandria Bureau and set
out the argumentsin favour of it as the regional healthcentrefor the Near
and Middle East. He ended the report with the conclusion :
"we arebound to admit that the conditions whch predestinate Alex-
andria to be the centre of the future regional health organization for
the Near and the Middle East are literally unique".
The Constitution of the WHO had nowcomeinto forceand thequestion of
the Alexandria Bureau was discussed in the Committee on Headquarters
and Regional Organization at the first session of the new World Health
Assembly. Mention was made of the facts that most of the member States
of the Eastern Mediterranean area had agreed to the proposa1 for the
establishment of a regional organization in that area, that the Alexandria
Bureau was a pre-existing sanitarybureau, and that preliminary steps had
already been taken for the final integration of this bureau with the WHO.
Taking those facts into account the Committee recommended that the
Executive Board should be instructed to integrate the Bureau with the
WHO as soonaspracticable,throughcommonaction, "in accordance with
Article 54 of the WHO Constitution", and this recommendation was
approved by the World Health Assembly on 10 July 1948 (resolution
WHAI .72).
17. The Director-General of the WHO then proceeded to organize the
setting up of aRegional Committeefor the Eastern Mediterranean and an
agenda was drawn up for its inaugural meeting due to take place on
7 February 1949.Earlier, the Executive Secretary of the Interim Commis-
sion had negotiated successfullywith the SwissGovernment the text of an bureau régional à Alexandrie, qui pourrait traiter toutes les questions
relevant de l'OMS pour tout le Moyen-Orient.
16. Les choses oni:alors commencéàévoluerplus rapidement. Il ressort
d'un rapport soumis à la Commission intérimaire en mai 1948dont il est
fait mention ci-après qu'au début du mois dejanvier 1948des experts des
pays arabes en matii:re de quarantaine se sont réunisà ~lexandrie et ont
adopté des résolutioiisprévoyant la constitution d'une organisation régio-
nale. Celle-ci devait ,secomposer des Etats membres dela Ligue des Etats
arabes ainsi, prévoyait-on, que de certains autres Etats de la région, avoir
un comitérégionalde compositionanalogue et utiliser le Bureau d'Alexan-
driecommebureau régional.Ces résolutionsont étéadoptéesen prévision
de la reprise par l'OMS des fonctions des organisations régionalesdesanté
préexistantes. Ensuite le ministère de l'hygiènepublique d'Egypte a invité
le docteur A. Stampar, président de la Commissionintérimaire, àse rendre
en Egypte pour étudier sur place les conditions de l'établissement de
l'organisation régionale projetée. En mai 1948 le président a présenté
l'important rapport de la Commission intérimaire qui vient d'êtremen-
tionné, dans lequel il rendait compte en détail des antécédents et de
l'activité du Bureau d'Alexandrie et exposait les arguments militant en
faveur du choix de ce Bureau comme centre sanitaire régional pour le
Proche et Ir: Moyen-Orient. Il terminait en ces termes :
On arrive nlkcessairement à la conclusion que les conditions qui
militent en faveur du choix d'Alexandrie comme centre de la future
organisation sanitaire régionale pour le Proche et le Moyen-Orient
sont absolument exceptionnelles. ))
La Constitution de l'OMS étant entréeen vigueur, la question du Bureau
d'Alexandrie a étéexaminéepar la commission du siègeet de l'organisa-
tion régionale à la première session de la nouvelle Assemblée mondiale de
la Santé.Il a été rappelé que la majoritédesEtats membres de la régionde
la Méditerranée orientale avait accepté la proposition d'y établir une
organisation régionale, que le Bureau d'Alexandrie étaitun bureau sani-
taire préexistant et que des démarchespréliminaires avaient déjàétéfaites
en vue de l'intégration définitivede ce Bureau dans l'OMS. Cela étant, la
commission a recommandé de charger le Conseil exécutif d'intégrer le
Bureau régionald'Alexandrie dans l'OMS dèsque possible, par une action
commune, (confornnément à l'article 54 de la Constitution ))et cette
recommandation a étéapprouvéepar l'Assembléemondiale de la Santéle
IO~uillet 1948 (résolution WHA1.72).
17. Le Directeur généralde l'OMS a donc entrepris de constituer un
Comité régional de la Méditerranée orientale et un ordre du jour a été
rédigépour sa réunion inaugurale devant s'ouvrir le 7 février1949.Aupa-
ravant le secrétaire exécutif de la Commission intérimaire avait abouti
dans ses négociations.avec le Gouvernement suisse au sujet du texte d'unagreement for the WHO'S headquarters in Geneva which had been
approved by the First World Health Assembly on 17July 1948 and by
Switzerland on 21 August 1948 ; and a mode1host agreement had been
prepared in the WHO for use in negotiations concerning the seats of
regional or local WHO offices. Accordingly, when the agenda was drawn
up for the Regional Committee's inaugurai meeting on 7 February 1949,
included in it was the question of a "Draft Agreement with the Host
Government of the Regional Office".
18. At the Regional Committee's meeting the Egyptian Delegation
informed the Committee on 7 February 1949that the Egyptian Council of
Ministers had just
"agreed, subject to approval of the Parliament, to lease to the World
Health Organization, for the use of the Regional Office for the East-
ern Mediterranean area, the site of land and the building thereon
which are at present occupied by the Quarantine Administration and
the Alexandna Health Bureau, for a penod of nine years at a nominal
annual rent of P.T.IO".
The Committee next took up the question of the location of the Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean area. A motion was introduced,
which the Committee at once approved, "to recommend to the Director-
General and the Executive Board, subject to consultation with the United
Nations, the selection of Alexandria as the site of the Regionai Office".
The recitals in theforma1resolution to that effect, adopted the following
day referred, interdia, to "the desirability of the excellent site and build-
ings under favourable conditions generously offeredby theGovernment of
Egypt".
19. The Regional Committee also addressed itself to the question of the
integration of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau with the WHO. After
recalling that a Committee of the Arab States had previously voted in
favour of the integration, the Egyptian delegate observed that, should this
happen, "the WHO would have to take over expenses from the date of
opening of the Regional Office". A few brief explanations having been
given, the Committee adopted a resolution recommending the integration
of the Bureau in the following terms :
"Resolves to recommend to the Executive Board that in estab-
lishing the Regional Organization and the Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean the functions of the Alexandria Sanitary
Bureau be integrated within those of the Regional Organization of the
World Health Organization."
The Egyptian delegateresponded by presenting a wntten statement to the
Committee to the effect that, taking into account the resolution just
adopted, his Government was pleased to transfer to the World Health
Organization the functions and al1related files and records of the Alex-
andria Sanitary Bureau. The statement went on to say that ths transferaccord concernant le siègede 1'OMS à Genève, lequel accord avait été
approuvépar lapremièreAssembléemondiale delaSantéle 17juillet 1948
et par la Suissele 21août 1948 ;et l'on avait mis aupoint à I'OMSle texte
d'un modèle d'accord avec les Etats hôtes, destiné a êtreutilisélors des
négociations relatives aux sièges de bureaux régionaux ou locaux de
l'OMS.En conséquencel'ordredujour de laréunioninaugurale du Comité
régionaldu 7 février 1949comportait une question intitulée Projet d'ac-
cord avec 1'Etathôt~edu Bureau régional D.
18. Le 7 février1'949,la délégation égyptienne a fait savoir au Comité
régionalqu'un conseil des ministres tenu tout récemmentavait
<Iaccepté, sous réservede la ratification du Parlement, de louer a
l'organisation mondiale de la Santé, à l'usage du Bureau régional
pour la Méditerranée orientale,la parcelle de terrain et le bâtiment y
élevé, lesquelssont actuellement occupéspar l'Administration qua-
rantenaire et lElureausanitaire d'Alexandrie, etce,pourunedurée de
9 ans, a un loyer nominal annuel de P.T. 10 H.
Le Comité a ensuite examinéla question de l'emplacement du Bureau
régionalde la Méditerranée orientale. Une motion a étéprésentée, quele
Comité a approuvée:immédiatement, recommandant au Directeur géné-
ral et au Conseil exécutif, sous réserve d'en référe arux Nations Unies, le
choixd'Alexandrie commesiègedu Bureau régional >)Lesconsidérantsde
la résolutionformelle adoptée aceteffetlelendemainfaisaient notamment
étatde la facilitéde pouvoir disposer d'un excellent emplacement et de
bâtiments, àdes conditions favorables, gracieusement offerts par le Gou-
vernement égyptien )).
19. Le Comitérégional s'est aussipenché surlaquestion del'intégration
du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie dans l'OMS. Aprèsavoir rappelé qu'un
comitédes Etats aralbess'était prononcéauparavant en faveurde l'inté-
gration, le délégué de 1'Egyptea fait observer que, quand celle-ci serait
réalisée,<(l'OMS aurarit] àprendre à sa charge les dépensesa partir de la
date de l'ouverture du Bureau régional ))Quelques brefs éclaircissements
ayant étédonnés,le (Comitéa adoptéune résolution recommandant I'in-
tégration du Bureau dans les termes suivants :
(Décidede ri:commander au Conseil exécutifque, lors de I'éta-
blissement de l'organisation régionaleet du Bureau régionalpour la
Méditerranée orientale,les fonctions du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexan-
drie soient intégréesdans celles de l'organisation régionalede l'Or-
ganisation mondiale de la Santé. ))
Le délégué de 1'Egyptea alors présentéune déclaration écriteau Comité
indiquant que, en raison de la résolution qui venait d'êtreadoptée, son
Gouvernement était:heureuxde transférerles fonctions du Bureau sani-
taire d'Alexandrie et tous ses dossiers et archivesà I'OMS.Il étaitprécisé
dans ce texte que le transfert aurait lieà la dateà laquelle l'organisation81 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORO YPINION)
would be made on the date on whch the Organization notified the Gov-
ernment of Egypt of the commencement of operations in the Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. That statement having met
with warm thanks from the Committee, the Egyptian delegate proposed
that the work of the Regional Office should begin in July 1949and ths
proposa1 was adopted.
20. The Director-General now raised the question of the "Draft Agree-
ment with the Host Government" which he had included in the Agenda.
He said he wished to inform the Committee that "such a draft agreement
had been produced and handed to the Egyptian Government where it was
under study in the legal department". He also stated that the WHO,
"though always considering necessary formalities, never allowed them to
interfere with Health Work", and the Egyptian delegate then added the
comment that, should there be any difference of opinion between the
WHO and the legal expert, ths could be settled by negotiation.
21. The question passed to the Executive Board of the WHO which, in
March 1949,adopted resolution EB3.R30 "conditionally" approving se-
lection of Alexandria as the site of the Regional Office, "subject to con-
sultation with the United Nations". That resolution went on to request the
Director-General to thank Egypt for "its generous action" in placing the
site and buildings at Alexandria at the disposal of the Organization for
nine years at a nominal rent. Next, it formallyapproved the establishment
of theRegional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean and the commence-
ment of its operations on or about 1 July 1949. The resolution then
endorsed the Regional Committee's recommendation that the "functions"
of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau be "integrated" within those of the
Regional Organization. It further authorized the Director-General to
express appreciation to the Egyptian Government for the transfer of the
"functions, files and records of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau to the
Organization upon commencement of operations in the Regional Office".
The resolution did not deal with the projected host agreement still under
negotiation with the Egyptian Government. Pursuant to the Agreement
between the WHO and the United Nations which came into force on
IO July 1948(Article XI), the consultation with the United Nations refer-
red to in the resolution was effected in May 1949.This confirmed the
selection of Alexandria as the site of theRegional Office.
22. However the draft host agreement, which necessarily had implica-
tions not only for the Ministry of Public Health but forotherdepartments
of the Egyptian administration, it would seem,had been undergoing close
examination. As appears from a letter of 4 May 1949from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs to SirAli Tewfik Shousha Pasha, then Under-Secretary of
Statefor Public Health but already designated as the first WHO Regional
Director for the Eastern Mediterranean, he had been discussing the
draft agreement with the Foreign Ministry during April. In that letter the
Foreign Ministry referred to the draft agreement as onenotifierait au Gouvernement de I'Egypte le début du fonctionnement du
Bureau régional de la Méditerranée orientale. La déclaration ayant été
accueillie avec gratitude par le Comité, le délégué de 1'Egyptea proposé
que le Bureau régional commence ses travaux en juillet 1949 :cette pro-
position a étéadoptee.
20. Le Directeur générala alors soulevéla question du ((projet d'accord
avec 1'Etathôte ))qu'il avait fait inscrire à l'ordre dujour. IIa indiquéqu'il
désirait informer le Comité que ce «projet d'accord a étéprésentéau
Gouvernement égyptien, qui l'a mis à l'étudeau Contentieux ». Il a éga-
lement signaléque l'OMS, ((tout en admettant certaines formalités néces-
saires. n'acceptait jamais qu'elles puissent mettre obstacle à l'Œuvresani-
taire )>.Le délégué de.1'Egyptea ajoutéqu'en cas de divergences d'opinion
entre I'OMS et le conseiller juridique la difficulté pourrait êtrerégléepar- -
voie de négociation.
21. La question a lktédéférée au Conseil exécutifde l'OMS qui, en mars
1949, a adopté la résolution EB3.R30 approuvant sous condition )) le
choix d'Alexandrie comme sièee du Bureau régional. cette décision
u u
devant être soumise aux Nations Unies )).Dans la mêmerésolution, le
Conseil priait le Directeur généralde remercier I'Egypte d'avoir (géné-
reusement ))mis l'en-iplacementet les locaux d'Alexandrie à la disposition
de l'organisation pour une période de neuf ans moyennant un loyer
nominal. Il approuvait ensuite formellement la créationd'un Bureau régio-
nal de la Mkditerranee orientale qui commencerait àfonctionner le lerjuil-
let 1949ou vers cette date. Puis il faisait sienne la résolution du Comité
régional demandant que les ((fonctions ))du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexan-
drie soient <(intégrées 1)dans celles de l'organisation régionale. Le Direc-
teur généralétait en outre autorisé à exprimer sa satisfaction au Gouver-
nement de 1'Egypte pour le transfert à l'organisation des fonctions,
dossiers et archives dLuBureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, transfert qui auralit]
lieu au moment où le Bureau régional commencera[it] à fonctionner ))La
résolution ne traitait pas de l'accord de siègeenvisagé, quiétait encore en
cours de négociation.avecle Gouvernement de 1'Egypte.Conformément à
l'accord entre l'OMS et l'ONU entréen vigueur le IO juillet 1948(art. XI),
la consultation des Nations Unies mentionnée dans la résolution a eu lieu
en mai 1949.Cela aconfirmé lechoix d'Alexandrie comme siègedu Bureau
régional.
22. Il apparaît cependant que le projet d'accord, qui avait nécessaire-
ment des incidences non seulement pour le ministère de l'hygiènepublique
mais pour plusieurs autres départements de l'administration égyptienne.
faisait alors l'objet d'un examen approfondi. Il ressort d'une lettre adressée
le 4 mai 1949 par le ministère des affaires étrangères à sir Ali Tewfik
Choucha Pacha, alors sous-secrétaire d'Etat à l'hygiènepublique et déjà
désignépour êtrele premier directeur régional de I'OMS pour la Médi-
terranée orientale, que celui-ci avait discuté le projet d'accord avec le
ministère durant le mois d'avril. Dans sa lettre, le ministère se référait
expressément au projet comme étant celui d'un accord82 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISOR YPINION)
"which the World Health Organization intends to conclude with the
Egyptian Government on the privilegesand immunities tobe enjoyed
byitsregional officewhch willbe established inAlexandriaas wellas
the staff of that office".
It explained that it was enclosing a copy of the memorandum prepared by
the Contentieux (legal department) of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs
and Justice, setting out their comments on the draft agreement, together
with a revised draft. The memorandum stated that, in studying the pro-
visions of the draft, the Contentieux had also had regard toarious other
agreements concluded, or in course of conclusion, between individual
States and specialized agencies on the occasion of the latter establishing
headquarters or regional offices in their terntories. In this connection, it
made mention of the headquarters agreements already concluded by
France with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, and by Switzerland with WHO itself, as wellas draft agree-
ments still under negotiation by France and Peru with the International
Civil Aviation Organization regarding the seats of regional offices to be
established in their territories. The memorandum went on to suggest
numerous changes in the provisions of the agreement and gave detailed
explanations of the amendments which the Contentieux wished to see in
the draft. Thememorandum and reviseddraft, itappearsfrom a later note
of Sir Ali Tewfik Shousha Pasha, were then transmitted to the Director-
General of the WHO. It also appears from letters of 29 May and 4 June
1949 supplied to the Court by the WHO that somefurther exchanges took
place betweenhim and the Contentieux concerning the draft agreement at
this time.
23. Meanwhile, however, the whole question of privileges and immu-
nities for regional offices of international organizations had become at
once more complicated and more pressing for the Egyptian administra-
tion. This wasbecause by now Regional Bureaux for the Middle East had
already been established in Cairo by the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, by ICA0 andby Unesco, and because in any
event it was becoming necessary to consider the question of Egypt's
adherence to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the
Specialized Agencies.The general situation waslaid before Egypt'sCoun-
cil of Ministers by the Foreign Minister in a Note of 25 May 1949.His
Note ended with a proposal that, as a provisional measure the Council
should grant to the staff of FAO, Unesco and WHO in their Regional
Offices the same temporary exemption from customs dues on any articles
and equipment imported from abroad and relating to their officialwork as
was already enjoyed by ICAO. This proposal wasendorsed by the Council
of Ministers at a meeting four days later, and the Regional Director wasso
informed on 23June. The operations of the Regional Office being due to
commence on 1July, the need to complete the negotiations for the host
agreement had been under consideration by the World Health Assembly
itself which passed a resolution on the subject on 25 June at its Second (<que l'organisation mondiale de la Santéa l'intention de conclure
avec le Gouvernement égyptiensur les privilègeset immunités dont
bénéficier[ont]son Bureau régionalqui va êtreétabli à Alexandrie
ainsi que les agents de ce Bureau )).
Le ministèreajoutait (qu'ijloignait une copie du mémorandumrédigé par le
Contentieux des ministères des affaires étrangères et de la justice où
figuraient des observationssurle projet d'accord, ainsi qu'un projet revisé.
Le mémorandum précisaitque, en étudiant les dispositions du projet, le
Contentieux avait aussi pris en considération divers autres accords qui
avaient été conclus,ou étaientsur le point de l'être,entre des Etats et des
institutions spécialis.ées,à l'occasion de l'établissement de sièges ou
bureaux régionauxde cesinstitutions sur leur territoire.A cet égardil était
fait mention des accords de siègedéjàconclus par la France avec I'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation,la science et la culture et par
la Suisse avec l'OMS;,ainsi que des projets d'accords que la France et le
Pérou négociaient respectivementavec l'organisation de l'aviation civile
internationale au sujet des bureaux régionaux à établir surleur territoire.
Le mémorandum suggérait ensuited'apporter de nombreux changements
auxdispositions de l'accord etexpliquait en détailceux que le Contentieux
jugeait souhaitables. Le mémorandum et le projet reviséont ététransmis
au Directeur généralde I'OMS, comme paraît l'indiquer une note
postérieure desir Ali Tewfik Choucha Pacha. 11ressort aussi de lettres du
29 mai et du 4juin 1'349communiquéespar l'OMS àla Cour que d'autres
échangesont eu lieu àl'époqueentre sir Ali Tewfik Choucha Pacha et le
Contentieux au sujet du projet d'accord.
23. Entre-temps itoute la question des privilèges et immunités des
bureaux régionaux dl:sorganisations internationalesétait devenue à la fois
plus complexe et plu:$pressante pour l'administration égyptienne.En effet
l'organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture,
I'OACI et l'Unesco avaient déjàétabli leurs bureaux régionauxpour le
Moyen-Orient au Caire et,de toute façon, il devenait nécessaire d'exami-
ner la question de I'aLdhésiodne 1'Egypteà la convention sur les privilèges
et immunités des institutions spécialisées.La situation générale a été
portéepar le ministre des affaires étrangères à l'attention du conseil des
ministres d'Egypte par note du 25 mai 1949. Cette note proposait en
conclusion qu'à titre provisoire le conseil accorde aupersonnel de laFAO,
de l'Unesco et de I'OMS affecté auxbureaux régionauxde ces organisa-
tions en Egypte l'exemption temporaire des droits de douane sur tout
article ou matériel irnportépour lesbesoins de son activitéofficielle dont
bénéficiait déjàI'OP,CI.La proposition a été approuvée par le conseil des
ministres quatre jours plus tard et le directeur régionalen a étéavisé le
23juin 1949.Le Bureau régionaldevant entrer en service le lerjuillet, la
nécessitéde mener à leur terme lesnégociations surl'accord de siègeavait
été examinéepar l'Assembléemondiale dela Santéelle-mêmeq , ui aadopté
une résolution à ce sujet le 25juin pendant sa deuxièmesession. Par cette83 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Session. The Director-General was requested tocontinue the negotiations
with the Governmentof Egypt in order to obtain an agreement extending
privileges and immunities to the Regional Organization and to report to
the next session. Pending the coming into force of that agreement, the
Assembly invited the Government of Egypt to extend to the Organization
the privileges and immunities set out in the Convention on the Privileges
and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies. Egypt, however, had not yet
adhered to that Convention, and it was only the Council of Ministers'
decision authonzing, temporarily, exemption from customs dues that
applied when the Regional Office commenced operations, as it did on the
agreed date, 1July 1949.
24. The Director-General continued the negotiations and on 26 July
1949the WHO's comments on the Contentieux' memorandum weretrans-
mitted to the Egyptian Government, together with a revised draft of the
host agreement and a draft lease of the site and buildings. On 9 November
1949,a host agreement on the same lines as the draft transmitted to Egypt
was signed with the Government of India. In February 1950the Executive
Board noted the state of the negotiations;aletter of 23 March 1950to the
WHO Regional Director from the Contentieux of the Egyptian Govern-
ment Ministnes gave the impression that, subject to minor modifications,
WHO's draft was acceptable to Egypt. In that belief the Third World
Health Assembly passed a resolution in the following May affirming the
Agreement in the form of the WHO's revised draft. Subsequently, how-
ever, the Regional Office reported that the Egyptian authorities were, in
fact,asking for anumber of fairly substantial alterations. As the Director-
General considered the amendments requested to touch fundamental
points of principle and therefore to be unacceptable, he went himself to
Egypt and, in negotiations with the Egyptian authorities on 19and 20 De-
cember 1950, persuaded them to drop the amendments whch were the
cause of the disagreement. The Egyptian authorities then expressed them-
selvesas ready to accept the host agreement,subject to the approval of the
Egyptian Parliament and to certain points being set out in an accompa-
nying Exchange of Notes. Eventually, the Agreement was signed in Cairo
on 25 March 195 1and was approved by the Fourth World Health Assem-
bly in May, although one of the points in the Exchange of Notes had given
rise to some discussion in the Legal Sub-Committee. The Egyptian Par-
liament gave itsapproval towards the end of June and the long-negotiated
host agreement finallyentered into force on8 August 1951.As to the lease
of the siteand buildings of the former Sanitary Bureau to the WHO, which
under an Egyptian law also required Parliamentary approval,its execution
was not completed until 1955, the operation of the lease then being
expressed to have begun several years earlier on 1July 1949.
25. Mentionhas finally tobe made of anAgreementfor the provision of
servicesby the WHO in Egypt, signedon 25August 1950.At the same time
the Court notes that, according to theirector of the Legal Division of therésolution, le Directeur généralétait priéde poursuivre les négociations
avec le Gouvernement de 1'Egypte pour aboutir à un accord en vue de
l'octroi de privilèges et d'immunités à l'organisation régionaleet de faire
rapport àla session suivante. En attendant l'entréeen vigueur de l'accord,
l'Assembléeinvitait le Gouvernement de 1'Egypte à accorder à I'Organi-
sation les privilèges et immunités énoncésdans la convention sur les
privilèges et immunités des institutions spécialisées.L'Egypte cependant
n'avait pas encore adhéréàcette convention, et ce n'est que la décisiondu
conseil des ministres autorisant temporairement l'exemption des droits de
douane qui s'est appliquée à la date convenue pour l'entréeen service du
Bureau régional, le juillet 1949.
24. Le Directeur générala poursuivi les négociations,et lesobservations
de l'OMS sur le mé:morandum du Contentieux ont été transmises au
Gouvernement de 1'Egyptele 26juillet 1949,en mêmetemps qu'un projet
reviséd'accord de siègeet un projet de bail pour le terrain et les bâtiments.
Le 9 novembre 1949 un accord de siège analogue au projet transmis à
I'Egypte a étésigné avec le Gouvernement de l'Inde. En février 1950 le
Conseil exécutif a notél'étatd'avancement des négociations ; le 23 mars
1950 une lettre du Contentieux des ministères égyptiens au directeur
régionalde I'OMSdonnait l'impression que, sous réservede légères modi-
fications, le projet de l'OMS serait acceptable pour 1'Egypte. C'est dans
cette conviction que la troisième Assembléemondiale de la Santéa adopté
en mai suivant une résolution entérinant l'accord sous la forme du projet
reviséde l'OMS. Parla suite cependant le Bureau régionalafait savoir que
les autorités égyptiennes demandaient en réalitéplusieurs modifications
assez importantes. Estimant que ces amendements touchaient des points
de principe fondamentaux et étaient donc inacceptables, le Directeur
générals'estrendu lui.-mêmeen Egypte et, au cours des pourparlers avecles
autorités égyptiennes qui ont eu lieu les 19 et 20 décembre 1950, les a
persuadées d'abandonner les amendements source du désaccord. Les
autorités égyptiennes se sont alors déclarées prêtesà accepter l'accord de
siège.sous réservede l'approbation du Parlement égyptienet étantenten-
du que certaines questions devraient êtrepréciséesdans un échange de
notes qui accompagnerait l'accord. Pour finir, l'accord a étésignéau Caire
le 25 mars 1951,puis approuvé par laquatrième Assembléemondiale de la
Santé en mai, bien que l'un des points de l'échangede notes eût prêtéà
discussion à la sous-commissionjuridique. Le Parlement égyptien a donné
son approbation vers la fin du mois dejuin et l'accord, qui avait fait l'objet
de si longues négociaitions,est finalement entré en vigueur le 8 août 1951.
Quant au contrat de bail pour la location à I'OMS du terrain et des
bâtiments de l'ancien Bureau sanitaire qui, en vertu de la législation
égyptienne, devait aussi être approuvépar le Parlement, ce contrat n'a été
définitivement entérinéqu'en 1955 ; il y étaitspécifiéque la location avait
commencé à courir plusieurs années plus tôt, le 1 erjuillet 1949.
25. Il convient enfin de faire mention d'un accord de fourniture de
services conclu le 25 août 1950 entre l'OMS et 1'Egypte. La Cour note
cependant que, d'après le directeur de la division juridique de I'Organi-Organization, this Agreement does not have any particular connection
with the settingup of the Regional Office in Egypt. The 1950Agreement,
he explained, is simply a standard form of agreement for the execution of
technical CO-operationprojects, similar to Agreements concluded with
other member States which have no WHO office situated on their terri-
tories.
26. The position appearing from the events which the Court has so far
set out may be summarized asfollows. During the earlyyears of the WHO,
Egypt raised the question of the relation to the new Organization of the
existing long-established Alexandna Sanitary Bureau, and the Intenm
Commission of the WHO in turn approached Egypt regarding the inte-
gration ofthe existing Bureauwith the Organization andthelocation ofthe
WHO's Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean in Alexandria.
Agreement was then reached between the WHO and Egypt early in 1949
that the operation of the Alexandna Bureau should be taken over by the
WHO in July of that year. That agreement was arrived at on the basis of
offers by the Egyptian Governmentto lease to the Organization for the use
of theRegional Officefor the Eastern Mediterranean the siteand buildings
of the existing Alexandria Bureau, and to transfer to the Organization the
functions and al1related files and records of the Bureau. Egypt's offers
were accepted by theOrganization which, onitspart, undertook to assume
financial responsibility for the Bureau on the date of the opening of the
Regional Office ; and it was then decided that the date should be 1July
1949. These arrangements were approved by the Egyptian Govemment
and were endorsed by the Organization specifically as an integration of a
pre-existing institution under Article 54 of its Constitution. Temporary
exemption fromcustoms dueshavingbeen provided by Egypt's Councilof
Ministers, the WHO's Regional Officecommenced operating at the seat of
the former Sanitary Bureau on 1July 1949.
27. Meanwhile,negotiations forthe conclusion of a host agreement for
the Regional Office, begun at least five months earlier, had been making
slow progress and were not completed until nearly two years later. On
25 March 1951,however, theAgreement, Section 37ofwhichisthesubject
of the present request, was signed and ultimately entered into force on
8August of that year. That agreement, in the words of its preamble, was
concluded :
"for the purpose of determining the privileges, immunities and
facilities to be granted by the Government of Egypt to the World
Health Organization, to the representatives of its Members and to its
experts and officials in particular with regard to its arrangements
in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and of regulating other related
matters".
Its provisions followed closely thoseof the mode1host agreement prepared
in the WHO, and are for the most part typical of those found in host
agreements of headquarters or regional or local offices of internationalsation, cet accord est sans rapport particulier avec la créationdu Bureau
régionalen Egypte. L'accord de 1950,a-t-ilexpliqué,ne représente qu'un
type d'accord courant portant sur l'exécutionde projets de coopération
technique, analogue a.uxaccords conclus avecd'autres Etats membres qui
n'ont pas de bureau de l'OMS sur leur territoire.
26. La situation, telle qu'elle se dégagedes événementsque la Cour a
évoqués jusqu'ici, peut être résuméecomme suit. Dans les premières
annéesd'existence de l'OMS,1'Egyptea soulevéla question des liens entre
le Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, établi depuisfort longtemps, et la nou-
velleOrganisation, pulisla Commissionintérimairede l'OMSa approché à
son tour 1'Egypteau sujet del'intégrationdu Bureau dans l'organisation et
de l'installationàAlexandrie du Bureau régionalde l'OMS pour la Médi-
terranée orientale. L'OMS et 1'Egyptesont alors convenues, au début de
1949, que les fonctions du Bureau d'Alexandrie seraient reprises par
l'OMS en juillet de la mêmeannée. L'entente a été conclue sur la base
d'offres faites par le Gouvernement de 1'Egypteen vue de louer à l'Orga-
nisation, à l'usage dii Bureau régional de la Méditerranée orientale,le
terrain et les bâtiments du Bureau d'Alexandrie et de transférer àI'Orga-
nisation les fonctions du Bureau ainsi que tous les dossiers et archives s'y
rapportant. Lesoffres de 1'Egypteont été acceptéespar l'organisation, qui
s'est engagéepour sapart à assumer la responsabilitéfinancièredu Bureau
à dater de l'ouverture du Bureau régional ;il a été ensuite décidéde fixer
celle-ci au lerjuillet 1949. Ces arrangements ont étéapprouvés par le
Gouvernement de I'Egypte et ils ont été expressément entériné par l'Or-
ganisation comme représentantl'intégrationd'une institution préexistante
au sensde l'article 54dela Constitution del'OMS. Leconseildesministres
égyptien ayant accordél'exemption temporaire des droits de douane, le
Bureau régionalde I'OMSest entré enservice au siègede l'ancien Bureau
sanitaire le lejuillet 1949.
27. Entre-temps le:;négociationsen vuedela conclusion d'un accordde
siègepour le Bureau régional,commencéesil y avait au moins cinq mois,
progressaient avec lenteur ;elles n'ont abouti que près de deux ans plus
tard. Le 25 mars 195 1cependant l'accord dont la section 37fait l'objet de
laprésenterequête aété signéet estentréfinalement envigueur le 8 août de
la même année.Aux termes de son préambule, cet accord avait pour
objet :
((de déterminerllesprivilèges,immunitéset facilitésqui devront être
accordéspar le Ciouvernement de 1'Egypte à l'organisation mondiale
de la Santé,aux représentantsde ses Membres, à ses experts età ses
fonctionnaires,notamment en ce qui concerne les arrangements pour
la régionde la Méditerranéeorientale, ainsi que de régler diverses
autres questions connexes )).
Ses dispositions s'inspirent de très prèsde cellesdu modèled'accord avec
les Etats hôtes établià I'OMSet sont pour l'essentiel caractéristiquesdes
accords de siègeconcernant les organisations internationales elles-mêmes85 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
organizations. These provisions are on the lines of the Convention of
21 November 1947 on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized
Agencies, to which Egypt became a party on 28 September 1954. Under
Section 39 of that Convention, however, the Agreement of 25 March 195 1
continued to be the instrument defining the legai status of the Regional
Office in Alexandria as between the WHO and Egypt.
28. The Court must now turn to the circumstances whch have led to the
submission of the present request to the Court. Ever since beginning its
activities in Egypt o1July 1949,the WHO'SRegional Office hasoperated
continuously at the site of the former Sanitary Bureau in Alexandria. In
doing so, however, it has encountered certain difficulties stemming from
the tense political situation in the Middle East. Those difficulties are
reflected in the fact that in 1954 the World Health Assembly found it
necessary to divide the Committee into two sub-committees :Sub-Com-
mittee A in whch Israel was not, and Sub-Committee B in which it was,
represented.
29. On 7 May 1979 the Regionai Director received a letter from the
governments of five memberStates of the Region requesting theconvening
of an extraordinary meeting of the Regional Committee to discuss trans-
fernng the Regional Office from Alexandna to one of the other Arab
member States. A special session of Sub-Committee A was held on 12May
1979,attendedby representatives of 20 States, but not by Egypthch had
asked for the session to be postponed. Sub-Committee A adopted a reso-
lution reciting the wish of the majonty of its members that the Regional
Office should be transferred to another State in the Region and recom-
mending its transfer. Meanwhile, the questionhad also been placed on the
agenda for the thirty-second Session of the World Health Assembly ; and
on 16May 1979the Egyptian delegation submitted a Memorandum alleg-
ing certain procedural irregularities and objecting that the request for
transfer was "politically motivated". The question was referred to am-
mittee which expressed the view that the effects of the implementation of
such a decision by the Assembly needed study and recommended that the
study be undertaken by the Executive Board.
30. The World Health Assembly adopted the recommendation of the
Committee and, on 28 May 1979, the Executive Board set up a Working
Group to study dl aspects of the matter and report back in January 1980.
The Working Group's report, dated 16 January 1980 (which is in the
dossier of documents supplied to the Court), included a section entitled
"Question of denunciation of the existing Host Agreement", as to which it
said :
"The Group considered that it was not in a position to decide
whether or not Section 37 of the Agreement with Egypt is applicable.
The final position of the Organization on thepossiblediscrepancies ofou leurs bureaux régionauxou locaux. Elles suivent étroitement cellesde la
convention du 21 novembre 1947 sur les privilèges et immunités des ins-
titutions spécialisées,à laquelle 1'Egypteest devenue partie le 28 septem-
bre 1954. En application de la section 39 de cette convention, toutefois.
l'accord du 25 mars 1951 reste l'instrument définissant le régime du
Bureau régional d'Alexandrie entre I'OMS et I'Egypte.
28. La Cour doit niaintenant en venir aux événements quiont abouti à
la soumission de la présente requête. Depuisle début de son activitéen
Egypte, le Ivrjuillet 1949,le Bureau régional de I'OMS a fonctionné sans
interruption sur leslieux mêmesde l'ancien Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie.
Il devait toutefois se heurter à certaines difficultés, tenant à la tension
politique qui règne au Moyen-Orient. et dont témoigne le fait que l'As-
semblée mondiale de la Santé ajugé nécessaireen 1954 de subdiviser le
Comitéen deux sous-comités :le sous-comité A dont Israël ne faisait pas
partie et le sous-comité R où Israël était représenté.
29. Le 7 mai 1979le Directeur générala reçu une lettre par laquelle les
gouvernements de cinq des Etats membres de la régiondemandaient la
convocation d'une session extraordinaire du Comité régionalafin de dis-
cuter du transfert du Bureau régional d'Alexandrie dans un des autres
Etats membres arabes dela région.Le sous-comitéA s'est réunien session
extraordinaire le 12 mai 1979 avec la participation des représentants de
vingt Etats rnais non de l'Egypte, qui avait demandéle report de la session.
Il a adopté ilne résoliition par laquelle, considérant que la majoritéde ses
mernbres souhaitait que le Bureau régional soit transférédans un autre
Etat de la région,il recommandait le transfert dudit Bureau. Entre-temps
la question avait aussi étéinscrite à l'ordre du jour de la trente-deuxième
session de l'Assembléemondiale dela Santé.Le 16mai 1979la délégation
égyptienne a présentéun mémorandum dans lequel I'Egypte alléguait
certaines irrégularité:,de procédure et objectait que la demande de trans-
fert obéissaità des motifs ~olitiaues ».La auestion a étérenvovéeà une
commission, qui aestiméqu'il étaitnécessaired'étudierleseffetsqu'aurait
la nîise en Œuvre d'urie telle décisionde l'Assemblée eta recommandé aue
le Conseil exécutifentreprenne cette étude.
30. L'Assembléeniondiale de la Santé aadoptéla recommandation de
la commission et le Conseil exécutifa constitué le 28 mai 1979un groupe
de travail chargé d'étudiertous les aspects de la question et de lui faire
rapport enjanvier 1980.Le rapport du groupe de travail datédu 16janvier
1980(qui fait partie du dossier desdocuments soumis à la Cour)comporte
une section intitulée Question de la dénonciation de l'accord de siège
actuel )),où figure le passage suivant :
Le groupe a estimé qu'il n'étaitpas en mesure de décider si la
section 37 de l'accord conclu avec 1'Egyptedevait ou non êtreappli-
quée.La position finale del'organisation àl'égarddes divergences de86 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
views will have to be decided upon by the Health Assembly . . the
International Court of Justice could also possibly be requested to
provide an advisory opinion under Article 76 of the WHO Constitu-
tion."
The Executive Board accordingly transmitted the WorkingGroup's report
to the World Health Assembly for consideration and decision.
31. A further special session of Sub-Committee A of the Regional
Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean was held in Geneva on 9 May
1980,attended by representatives of 20 States, including Egypt. A reso-
lution was adopted, by 19 votes to 1 (that of Egypt) whereby the Sub-
Committee decided to recommend the transfer of the Regional Office for
the Eastern Mediterranean to Amman, Jordan, as soon as possible. The
representative of Egypt objectedthat the recommendation was,inhisview,
based on purely political considerations. The question was again referred
to the World Health Assembly at its thirty-third session, and at Egypt's
request the text of the 1951Host Agreement was distributed to member
States. At its meeting on 16 May 1980, the Committee concerned had
before it a draft resolution submitted by 20 Arab States under which the
Health Assemblywould decide to transfer the Regional Officeto Amman,
Jordan, as soon as possible. Beforeitalso was adraft resolution submitted
by the United States under which the Assembly would decide, "prior to
taking any decision on removal of the Regional Office" to request an
advisory opinion of the Court in the terms in whch the request has been
submitted to the Court. In thecourse of the debate the Arab States stressed
the wish of the great majority of the member States of the Region to
transfer the office from Egypt and the harm which they considered its
retention in Alexandna would do to the work of the Organization. A
number of other States, on the other hand, questioned the desirability of
transferring a regional health office for political reasons and expressed
doubts regarding the practical aspects of the transfer. The Egyptian dele-
gate, interalia, invoked Section 37, pointing out problems involved in its
interpretation. The United States resolution was endorsed by the Com-
mittee whch recommended its adoption to the World Health Assembly.
Three days later, on 19 May, the representatives of 17 Arab States
addressed a letter to the Director-General of the Organization inforrning
hm of their decision completely to "boycott" the Regional Office in its
present location, not to have any dealings with it asfrom thatdate,and to
deal directly with Headquarters in Geneva.
32. When the Committee's recommendation was considered by the
World Health Assembly at a Plenary Meeting on 20 May, the delegate of
Jordan disputed the relevance of Section 37 to the question of the transfer
of theRegional Officefrom Egypt, and calledfor an opinion to be givenby
the Director of the LegalDivision of the Organization.The latter then gave
certainexplanationsas to theproblems whch heconsidered to be involved
in the interpretation of Section 37 and added that he was not for the
moment able to enlighten itfurther.The Assembly thereupon adopted the vues possibles devra êtredécidéepar l'Assembléemondiale de la
Santé..La Cour internationale de Justice pourrait, en application de
l'article 76 de la, Constitution de l'OMS, également êtrepriée de
donner un avis consultatif.»
Le Conseil exécutifa donc transmis ce rapport àl'Assembléemondiale de
la Santépour exameinet décision.
31. une nouvelle session extraordinaire du sous-comité A du Comité
régionaldela Méditerranéeorientales'esttenue à Genèvele 9 mai 1980 ;
vingt Etats yétaientrczprésentésd,ont 1'Egypte.Parune résolutionadoptée
par dix-neuf voixcontre une (celledel'Egypte),le sous-comitéadécidé de
recommander que le Bureau régional de la Méditerranéeorientale soit
transféréle plus tôt possibleà Amman, en Jordanie. Le représentant de
1'Egyptes'estélevé contre cette recommandation,qui obéissait,à son avis,
à des motifs purement politiques. La question a étéune fois encore ren-
voyée à l'Assembléemondiale de la Santé à sa trente-troisième sessioneà,
lademandede l'Egypte, le texte de l'accord de siègede 1951a étédistribué
aux Etats membres.,4 sa séancedu 16mai 1980,la commission compé-
tente a étésaisied'un projet de résolution présenpar vingt Etats arabes,
par lequel 1'Assembkteaurait décidéde transférerle plus tôt possible le
Bureau régional àA~nman.Elle étaiten outre saisie d'un projet de réso-
lution des Etats-Unis prévoyant que l'Assembléedéciderait, avant de
prendre une décision1au sujet du déplacement du Bureau régional )>,de
demander à la Courun avisconsultatif dans lestermes mêmesdela requête
soumise depuis lors à la Cour. Pendant le débat, les Etats arabes ont
soulignéque la grande majorité desEtats membres de la régionsouhai-
tait le transfert du Bureau hors d'Egypte et que son maintienà Alexan-
drie nuirait aux travaux de l'organisation. Divers autres Etats se sont
demandé en revanche s'il était souhaitable de transférerun bureau sani-
taire régionalpour des motifs politiques et ont exprimédesdoutes sur les
aspects pratiques du transfert. Le délégude 1'Egyptea notamment invo-
quéla section 37,soulignant lesproblèmesque pose son interprétation. La
résolution desEtats-1Jnis aétéapprouvée par la commission, qui a recom-
mandé à l'Assembléemondiale de la Santéde l'adopter. Troisjours plus
tard, le 19mai 1980,].esreprésentantsde dix-sept Etats arabes ont adressé
une lettre au Directeur généralde l'organisation pour l'informer de leur
décisionde <(boycotter ))complètement le Bureau régionalen son siège
actuel, de n'avoir aecune relation avec luà compter de cette date et de
traiter directement avec le siègedel'organisation à Genève.
32. Lorsque l'Assembléemondiale dela Santéaexaminéla recomman-
dation de la commisision à sa séanceplénièredu 20 mai, le délégué de la
Jordanie a contesté liapertinence de la section 37 en ce qui concerne le
transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte et il a demandé un avis du
directeur de la divisionjuridique de l'organisation. Celui-ci a alors donné
certainesexp1ication:ssur les problèmes que posait, selon lui, l'interpréta-
tion dela section 37et ilaajoutéqu'iln'étaitpaspour lemoment enmesure
de fournirplus d'éclaircissements.Surce,l'Assembléeaadoptéleprojet de87 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
draft resolution recommended by the Committee, the full text ofwhichhas
been given in the openingparagraph of this Opinion. The resolution, the
Court observes. in settine "ut the Assemblv's decision to submit the
present request to the Court, explained in recitals the reasons why the
Assembly found it necessary to do so. In those recitals the Assembly took
note of "the differing views" which had been expressed on the question of
whether the Organization "may transfer the Regional Office without
regard to theprovisions of Section 37of the Agreement between the World
Health Organization and Egypt of 25 March 1951" ;and it further noted
that theWorking Group of the Executive Board had been "unable to make
ajudgment or a recommendation on the applicability of Section 37of this
33. In the debates in theWorld Health Assemblyjust referred to,on the
proposa1 to request the present opinion from the Court, opponents of the
proposa1insisted that it was nothing but apolitical manoeuvre designed to
postpone any decision concerning removal of the Regional Office from
Egypt, and thequestion therefore ariseswhether the Court ought todecline
to reply to the present request by reason of its allegedlypolitical character.
In none of the written and oral statements submitted to the Court, on the
other hand, has this contention been advanced and such a contention
would in any case, have run counter to the settled jurisprudence of the
Court. That jurisprudence establishes that if, as in the present case, a
question submitted in a request is one that othenvise falls within the
normal exercise of itsjudicial process, the Court has not to deal with the
motives whch may have inspired the request (ConditionsofAdmission ofa
State to Membership in the United Nations (Article4 of Charter),Advisoty
Opinion, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948, pp. 61-62 ;Competence of the
GenerulAssembly for the Admission of a State to the United Nations, Advi-
sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,pp. 6-7 ;Certain Expenses of the United
Nations (Article 17,paragraph 2,of the Charter),Advisoty Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 155).Indeed, in situations in which political considera-
tions are prominent it may be particularly necessary for an international
organization to obtain an advisory opinion from the Court as to the
legal principles applicable with respect to the matter under debate,
especially when these may include the interpretation of its constitution.
34. Having thus exarnined the factual and legal context in which the
present request for an advisory opinion comesbefore it, the Court will now
consider the fullmeaning and implications ofthehypotheticalquestions on
which it is asked to advise. Since those are formulated in the request by
reference to the applicability of Section 37of the Agreement of 25 March
1951to a transfer of the Regional Officefrom Egypt,it isnecessary at oncerésolution recommandé par la commission, dont le texte intégralestcitéau
début du présent avis consultatif. La Cour note que la résolution, qui
concrétisela décisionde l'Assembléede soumettre la présente requêteàla
Cour, expose en son préambule les raisons pour lesquelles l'Assemblée a
jugébon d'agir ainsi. L'Assembléeyprendnote des (divergences de vues ))
qui se sont faitjour sur le point de savoir si l'organisation est en droitde
transférer le Bureau régional sans tenir compte des dispositions de la
section 37 de l'accord entrel'organisation mondiale de la Santéet I'Egypte
endate du 25 mars 195 1» ;elle relèveen outreque le groupe de travail du
Conseil exécutifn'avait pas été « en mesure de décidersila section 37dudit
accord devait ou non êtreappliquéeni de formulerune recommandation à
ce sujet 1).
33. Au cours des débatsmentionnés auparagraphe précédent. auxquels
la proposition de soumettre la présente requêtepour avis consultatif a
donné lieu à l'Assembléemondiale de la Santé,les adversaires de cette
proposition ont insistésur le fait qu'il ne s'agissait là que d'une manŒuvre
politique visant àretarder toute décisionsur le retrait d'Egypte du Bureau
régional ;la question se pose donc de savoir si la Cour devrait refuser de
répondre à la requêter:n raison du caractère politique qu'elle présenterait.
Cependant cette thèse n'estdéveloppéedans aucun des exposés écritset
oraux soumis à la Cour et elle irait de toute façon à l'encontre de sa
jurisprudence constante. Selon cette jurisprudence. s'il advient que,
comme c'est lecas dans la présenteespèce,une question formulée dans une
requêterelèveà d'autres égards de l'exercice normal de sa juridiction. la
Cour n'a pas àtraiter clesmobiles qui ont pu inspirer la requête(Conditions
de l'udmission d'un Etut comme Membre des Nutions Unies(urticle 4 de lu
Churte), uvis consultutif, 1948, C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948,p. 61 et 62 ;Com-
pétetzcede 1'.4ssemble,egénérale pourl'udmission d'un Etut uux Nutiorzs
Urzies,uvis consultutif, C.I.J. Rrcueil1950, p. 6 e7 ;Certaines dépensesdes
Nut~onsUnies(urticle .17purugruphe 2,de lu Charte),uvisconsultutif, C.I.J.
Recueil 1961. p. 155).En fait, lorsque des considérations politiques jouent
un rôle marquant il peut être particulièrement nécessaireà une organisa-
tion internationaled'obtenir un avisconsultatif dela Cour sur les principes
juridiques applicables à la matière en discussion, surtout quand ces prin-
cipes peuvent mettre en jeu l'interprétation de sa constitution.
34. Après avoir ainsi examinéle contexte de fait et de droit dans lequel
la présente requêtepour avis consultatif lui est soumise, la Cour va main-
tenant considérer toute la signification et la portée des questions hypo-
thétiques auxquelles il lui est demandé de répondre. Ces questions étant
formuléesdans la requêteen fonction de l'applicabilitédela section 37 de
l'accord du 25 mars 1951à un transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte,8 8 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
to turn to the provisions of that Section. Includedin the 1951Agreement as
one of its "Final Provisions", Section 37 reads :
"Section 37. The present Agreement maybe revised at therequest of
either party. In this event the two parties shall consult each other
concerning the modifications to be made in its provisions. If the
negotiations do not result in an understanding within one year, the
present Agreement maybe denounced by eitherparty givingtwoyears'
notice."
The "differing views" in theWorld Health Assembly as to theapplicability
of these provisions to a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt, which
are mentioned in the recitals to the resolution, concerned various points.
One of these was whether a transfer of the seat of the Regional Office from
Egypt isor isnot covered by theprovisions of the 1951Agreement which to a
large extent deal with privileges, immunities and facilities. Another was
whether the provisions of Section 37 relate only to the case of a request by
oneorother party for revision of provisions of the ~~reement relating to the
question of privileges, immunities and facilities or are also apt tocover its
total revision or outright denunciation. But the differences of vied. also
involved further points, as appears from the debates and from the expla-
nations givenby the Director of the LegalDivisionof the WHO at the World
Health Assembly's meeting of 20 May. Dealing with a question from the
delegate of Jordanabout the twoyears'noticeprovided for in Section 37,the
Director of the Legal Division referred to theenlightenment to be obtained
on the point by comparing theprovisions in other host agreements. He also
drew attention to the possibility of referring to the applicable general
principles of international law, emphasizing the relevance in this connec-
tion of Article 56 of the International Law Commission's draft articles on
treaties concluded between States and international organizations or
between international organizations.
35. Accordingly, it is apparent that, although the questions in the re-
quest are formulated in terms only of Section 37, the true legal question
under consideration in the World Health Assembly is : What are the legal
principles and mles applicable to the question under what conditions and in
accordance with what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from
Egypt may be effected ? This, in the Court's opinion, must also be con-
sidered to be the legal question submitted to it by the request. The Court
points out that, if it is to remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial
character in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, it must ascertain what
are the legal questions really inissueinquestionsformulatedin arequest (cf.
Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Committee on South West
Africa, Advisoty Opinion, I.C.J.Reports 1956, p. 26, and see also p. 37 ;
Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, parugraph 2, of theil est nécessaire de commencer par examiner les dispositions de cette
section. La section 37, qui fait partie des ((Dispositions finales ))de l'ac-
cord de 195 1,est libelléecomme suit :
((Section 37. I,e présent accord peut êtrereviséà la demande de
l'une oii l'autre partie. Dans cette éventualité,les deux parties se
consultent sur les modifications qu'il pourrait y avoir lieu d'apporter
aux dispositions du présent accord. Au cas où,dans le délaid'un an,
les négociations n'aboutiraient pas à une entente, le présent accord
peut êtredénoncépar l'une ou l'autre partie moyennant un préavisde
deux ans. ))
Les ((divergences de kues r)qui se sont fait jour àl'Assembléemondiale de
la Santé au sujet de l'applicabilité de ces dispositions à un transfert du
Bureau régional hors d'Egypte, divergences mentionnées dans le préam-
bule de la résolution, portaient sur divers points. Il s'agissait d'abord de
savoir si un transfert du siègedu Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte est régiou
non par les dispositions de l'accord de 1951,qui portent en grande partie
sur les privilkges, immunitéset facilités.II s'agissait aussi de déterminer si
les dispositions dela section 37visent uniquement lecas où l'une ou l'autre
partie demande la revision de clauses de l'accord relatives àla question des
privilèges,immunitéset facilitésou sielles peuventégalements'appliquer à
sa revision totale ou àsa dénonciation pure et simple. Mais les divergences
de vues portaient encore surd'autres points, comme il ressort des débatset
des explications donnéespar le directeur de la division juridique de l'OMS
à la séance tenue par l'Assemblée mondiale de la Santé le 20 mai. En
réponse à une question posée par le délégué de la Jordanie au sujet du
préavis de deux ans prévu par la section 37, le directeur de la division
juridique a indiquéque l'on pourrait obtenir des éclaircissements àce sujet
en procédant à une comparaison avec les dispositions d'autres accords de
siège.Il a signaléaussi la possibilité de se reporter aux principes généraux
applicables du droit international, soulignant la pertinence à cet égard de
l'article 56du projet clela Commission du droit international sur les traités
conclus entre Etats et organisations internationales ou entre organisations
internationales.
35. Il appert donc que. bien que les questions de la requête soient
formulées uniquement en fonction de la section 37, la véritable question
juridique qui sepose à1'Assembléemondiale de laSantéest celle-ci :Quels
sont les principes et les règlesjuridiques applicables àla question de savoir
selon quelles conditions et selon quelles modalités peut êtreeffectué un
transfert du Bureau régional hors d'Egypte ? De l'avis de la Cour, c'est
aussi cet énoncé quicloitêtre considéré comme la questionjuridique àelle
soumise par la requête. La Cour souligne que, pour rester fidèle aux
exigences de son caractère judiciaire dans l'exercice de sa compétence
consultative, elle d0i.t rechercher quelles sont véritablement les questions
juridiques que soulè\~entles demandes formulées dans une requête (voir
par exemple Admissibilitéde l'audition de pétitionnairespar le Comitédu
Sud-Ouest ufricain, avisconsultatif, C. I.J.Recueil I956, p. 26et aussi p. 37 ;89 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
Charter),Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1962,pp. 156-158).It also points
out in thisconnection that the Permanent Court of International Justice, in
replying to requests for an advisory opinion, likewise found it necessary in
some cases first to ascertain what were the legal questions really in issuein
the questions posed in the request (cf.Jaworzina, Advisory Opinion, 1923,
P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 8,p. 282 ; Interpretation of the Greco-TurkishAgree-
ment of 1 Decemher 1926,AdvisoryOpinion,1928, P.C.I.J., Series B,No. 16,
pp. 5-16).Furthermore, as the Court has stressed earlier in this Opinion, a
reply to questions of the kind posed in the present request may, if incom-
plete, bé not only ineffectual but actually misleading as to the legal rules
applicable to the matter under consideration by the requesting Organiza-
tion. For this reason, the Court could not adequately discharge the obli-
gation incumbent upon it in the present case if, in replying to the request,it
did not take into consideration al1the pertinent legalissuesinvolved in the
matter to which the questions are addressed.
36. The Court will therefore now proceed to consider its replies to the
questionsformulated in therequest on thebasis that the true legal question
submitted to the Court is :What are the legal principles and rules appli-
cable to the question under what conditions and in accordance with
what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may be
effected ?
37. The Court thinks it necessary to underline at the outset that the
question before it is not whether, in general, an organization has the right
to select the location of the seat of its headquarters or of a regional office.
On that question there has been no difference of view in the present case,
and there can be no doubt that an international organization does have
such a right. The question before the Court is the different one of whether,
in the present case, the Organization's power to exercise that right is or is
not regulated by reason of the existence of obligations vis-à-vis Egypt. The
Court notes that in the World Health Assembly and in some of thewritten
and oral statements before the Court there seems to have been a disposi-
tion to regard international organizations as possessing some form of
absolute power to determine and, ifneed be, change the location of the
sites of their headquarters and regional offices. But States for their part
possess a sovereign power of decision with respect to their acceptance of
the headquarters or a regional office of an organization within their ter-
ritories ; and an organization's power of decision is no more absolute in
this respect than is that of aState. Aswas pointed out by the Court in one of
its early Advisory Opinions, there is nothing in the character of interna-
tional organizations to justify their being considered as some form of
"super-State" (Reparationsfor Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United
Nations, Advisoty Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 179). International
organizations are subjects of international law and, as such, arebound byCertaines dépenses desNations Unies(urticle 1 7,parugruphe 2,de lu Churte),
uvis consultutifC. I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 156à 158).Elle souligneégalement à
ce propos qu'en réponse à des requêtespour avis consultatif la Cour
permanentede Justice internationale a elle aussijugé parfoisnécessairede
déterminer quels points de droit étaient véritablement mis en jeu par les
- -
questions dans la requête(voir Ja~~orrinu,uvis corzsultutif, 1923,
C.P.J.I. série B t1,8, p. 282 ; Interprétution de 1'uc.cordgreco-turc du
1t.décenlhre1926.uvisc.onsultutiJ1928,C.P.J.1.série B t1(16,p. 5 à 16).En
outre, comme la Cour l'a relevéplus haut dans le présent avis consultatif,
une réponse incornplPte à des questions comme celles de la requêtepeut
non seulement êtreinefficace mais induire réellement en erreur sur les
règlesjuridiques qui régissent lesujet examinépar l'organisation requé-
rante. Aussi la Cour ne pourrait-elle s'acquitter convenablement de I'obli-
gation qui lui incombe en l'espèce si,dans sa réponse à la requête.elle ne
prenait pas en considkration tous les aspects juridiques pertinents du sujet
sur lequel portent les questions.
36. La Cour se propose donc maintenant d'étudier les réponses aux
demandes formuléesdans la requêteen partant de l'idéeque la véritable
questionjuridique qui lui est soumise est celle-ci : Quels sont les principes
et les règlesjuridiques applicables à la question de savoir selon quelles
conditions et selon qluelles modalités peut êtreeffectué un transfert du
Bureau régional hors d'Egypte ?
37. LaCour estimt: nécessairede souligner dèsledépartque la question
dont elle est saisie n'est pas de savoir si en généralune organisation a le
droit de cholsir 1'emp:lacementde son siègeou d'un bureau régional.11n'ya
pas eu de divergences de vues àcetégarden la présenteespèceet iln'estpas
douteux qu'une organisation internationale jouit de ce droit. La question
posée à la Cour est différente ; elle est de savoir si, en l'occurrence, le
pouvoir que possède l'organisation d'exercer cedroit est ou non soumis à
des règles, du fait de l'existence d'obligations dont l'organisation serait
tenue envers 1'Egypte. La Cour constate que. au sein de l'Assemblée
mondiale de la Santécomme dans certainsdes exposésécritsou oraux qui
lui ont étéprésentés,on paraît avoir eu tendance à considérer que les
organisatioris internationales jouissent d'une sorte de pouvoir absolu de
déterminer ou éventuellement de changer l'emplacement de leur siègeou
de leurs bureaux régionaux. Mais les Etats aussi possèdent un pouvoir
souverain de décision pour ce qui est d'accueillir le siègeou un bureau
régional d'une organisation sur leur territoire ;et le pouvoir de décision
d'une organisation à cet égard n'est pas plus absolu que celui d'un Etat.
Ainsi que la Cour l'a soulignédans l'un de ses premiers avis consultatifs,
rien dans lecaractère d'une organisationinternationale nejustifie qu'on la
considère comme unle sorte de <<super-Etat ))(Réparutiondes doninluges
suhisuuservicedes NutionsUnies,uvisconsultatif,C.I.J. Recueil1949,p. 179).
L'organisation internationale est un sujet de droit international liéen tant90 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
any obligations incumbent upon them under general rules of international
law, under their constitutions or under international agreements to which
they are parties. Accordingly, itprovides no answer to the questions sub-
mitted to the Court simply to refer to the right of an international organiza-
tion to determine the location of the seat of its regional offices.
38. The "differing views" expressed in the World Health Assembly
regarding the relevance of theAgreement of 25 March 1951,and regarding
the question whether the terms of Section 37 of the Agreement are appli-
cable in the event of any transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt, were
repeated and further developed in the written and oral statements sub-
mitted to the Court. As to the relevance of the 1951 Agreement in the
present connection, the view advanced on one side has been that the
establishment of the Regional Office in Alexandria took place on 1July
1949, pursuant to an agreement resulting either from Egypt's offer to
transfer the operation of the Alexandria Bureau to the WHO and the
latter's acceptance of that offer, or from Egypt's acceptance of a unilateral
act of the competent organs of the WHO determining the site of the
Regional Office. Proponents of this view maintain that the 1951 Agree-
ment was a separate transaction concluded after the establishment of the
Regional Office in Egypt had been completed and the terms of whch only
provide for the immunities, privileges and facilities of the Regional Office.
They point to the fact that some other host agreements of a similar kind
contain provisions expressly for the establishment of the seat of the
Regional Office and stress the absence of such a provision in the 1951
Agreement. This Agreement, they argue, although it may contain refer-
ences to the seat of the Regional Office in Alexandria, does not provide for
its location there. On thisbasis, and on thebasis of their understanding of
the object of the 1951 Agreement deduced from its title, preamble. and
text, they maintain that the Agreement has no bearing on the Organiza-
tion's right to remove the Regional Office from Egypt. They also contend
that the 195 1Agreement was not limited to the privileges. immunities and
facilities granted only to the Regional Office, but had a more general
purpose, namely, to regulate the above-mentioned questions between
Egypt and the WHO in general.
39. Proponents of the opposing view say that the establishment of the
Regional Office and the integration of the Alexandria Bureau with the
WHO were not completed in 1949 ;they were accomplished by a series of
acts in a composite process, the final and definitive step in which was the
conclusion of the 1951host agreement. To holders of this view, the act of
transferring the operation of the Alexandria Bureau to the WHO in 1949
and the host agreement of 1951are closely related parts of a single trans-
action whereby it was agreed to establish the Regional Office at Alexan-
dria. Stressing the several references in the 1951Agreement to thelocation
of the Office in Alexandria, they argue that the absence of a specific
provision regarding its establishment there is due to the fact that thisque tel par toutes les obligations que lui imposent les règles généralesdu
droit international, son acte constitutif ou les accords internationaux
auxquels il est partie. Dès lors, se contenter d'invoquer le droit que pos-
sèdeune organisation. internationale de déterminer le siègede sesbureaux
régionaux ne fournit aucune réponse aux questions poséesà la Cour.
38. Les <(divergences de vues )>qui se sont fait jour à l'Assemblée
mondiale de la Santéau sujet de la pertinence de l'accord du 25 mars 195 1
et de l'applicabilité des termes de sa section 37 dans l'éventualitéd'un
transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte se retrouvent et s'accusent dans
les exposésécritsetoraux présentésàla Cour. A propos de la pertinence de
I'accord de 195 1 en l'espèce,l'une des thèses soutenues est que le Bureau
régional a étéétabli à Alexandrie le Ierjuillet 1949 en vertu d'un accord
consistant, ou bien dans l'offre faite par I'Egyptedetransférer les fonctions
du Bureau d'Alexandrie à I'OMS suivie de l'acceptation de cette offre par
I'OMS, ou bien dans l'acceptation par 1'Egypte d'un acte unilatéral des
organes compétents del'OMS déterminant le siègedu Bureau régional.Les
tenants de cette thèse maintiennent que I'accord de 195 1 représente une
transaction distincte, consécutive à l'établissement du Bureau régional en
Egypte et qui concerne uniquement les immunités, les privilèges et les
facilitésaccordésàce Bureau. Ils font observer quecertains autres accords
comparab1e:i contiennent des dispositions fixant expressément le siègedu
Bureau régional et ils soulignent l'absence d'une disposition à cet effet
dans I'accord de 195 1. Ils font valoir que, si celui-ci mentionne le siègedu
Bureau régionalàAlexandrie, aucune de sesdispositions ne spécifieque ce
siègey est situé.Ils se fondent sur cette constatation et sur la manière dont
ils comprennent l'objet de I'accord de 1951 d'après son titre, son préam-
bule et son texte pour soutenir que cet accord ne touche en rien le droit que
possède l'Organisation de transférer le Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte. Ils
soutiennent aussi que l'accord de 1951 ne se limitait pas aux privilèges,
immunitéset facilitésaccordés auseul Bureau régional, mais qu'il avait un
objet plus large, à sa.voir qu'il réglait d'unefaçon généraleles questions
susmentionnées entre 1'Egypte et l'OMS.
39. D'après les partisans de la thèse contraire, l'établissement du
Bureau régionalet l'intégration du Bureaud'Alexandrie dans l'OMS n'ont
pas étéachevés en 1949; ils sont le résultat d'un processus complexe,
comportant une série d'actes,dont l'étapedéfinitive a étéla conclusion de
l'accord de siègede 1951.Pour ceux qui défendent cette thèse, le transfert
effectif des fonctions. du Bureau d'Alexandrie àl'OMS en 1949et I'accord
de 195 1 sont des éléments intimement liésd'une transaction unique par
laquelle il a été convenu d'établirle Bureau régional à Alexandrie. Rap-
pelant que I'accord die1951fait à plusieurs reprises mention d'Alexandrie
comme siègedu Bureau, ils soutiennent que l'absence d'une disposition
prévoyant expressénient son établissement dans cette ville tient à ce queAgreement was dealing with a pre-existing Sanitary Bureau already estab-
lished in Alexandria. In general, they emphasize the significance of the
character of the 195 1 Agreement as a headquarters agreement, and of the
constant references to it as such in the records of the WHO and in officia1
acts of the Egyptian State.
40. The differences regarding the application of Section 37 of the
Agreement to a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt have turned on
the meaning of the word "revise" in the first sentence and on the inter-
pretation then to be given to the two following sentences of the Section.
According to one view the word "revise" can cover only modifications of
particular provisions of the Agreement and cannot cover a termination or
denunciation of the Agreement, such as would be involved in the removal
of the seat of the Office from Egypt : and this is the meaning given to the
word "revise" in law dictionaries. On that assumption, and on the basis of
what they consider to be the general character of the 1951Agreement, they
consider al1the provisions of the Section,including the right of denuncia-
tion in the third sentence, to apply only in cases where a request has been
made by one or other party for a partial modification of the terms of the
Agreement. They conclude that, in consequence, the 1951 Agreement
contains no general right of denunciation and invoke the general rules
expressed in the first paragraph of Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties and the corresponding provision of the International
Law Commission's draft articles on treaties concluded between States and
international organizations or between international organizations. Under
those articles a treaty, "which contains no provision regarding its termi-
nation and which does not provide fordenunciation or withdrawal" is not
subject todenunciation or withdrawal unless, inter uliu,such aright may be
implied by the nature of the treaty. Referring to opinions expressed in the
International Law Commission that headquarters agreements of interna-
tional organizations are by their nature agreements in which a right of
denunciation may be implied under the articles in question, they then
maintain that such a general right of denunciation is to be implied in the
195 1 Agreement. The proponents of this view go on to argue that in any
case the transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt is not a matter which
can be said to fa11within the provisions of Section37,and that the removal
of the seat of the Office from Egypt would not necessarily mean the
denunciation of the 1951 Agreement.
41. Opponents of the viewjust described insist, however, that the word
"revise" may also have the wider meaning of "review" and cover a general
or total revision of an agreement, including its termination. According to
them, the word has not infrequently been used with that meaning in
treaties and was so used in the 1951Agreement.They maintain that this is
confirmed by the travauxpréparatoires of Section 37,which are to befound
in negotiations between representatives of the Swiss Government and the
IL0 concerning the latter's headquarters agreement with Switzerland.
These negotiations, they consider, concern the specific question of theI'accord concernait uri bureau sanitaire préexistant et qui s'ytrouvait déjà
installé. D'une façon généraleils soulignent l'importance du caractère
d'accord de siège de l'accord de 1951 et du fait qu'il est constamment
désignépar cette expression dans les documents de I'OMS et dans les actes
officiels de I'Etat égyptien.
40. Les divergences sur I'applicabilitéde la section 37 de l'accord à un
transfert du Bureau rligional hors d'Egypte portent essentiellement sur la
signification du verbe reviser employé dans la première phrase et par
conséauent sur l'intemrétation à donner aux deux ~hrases suivantes de
ladite section. Une thèse voudrait que le mot reviser puisse seulement
s'appliquer à des mod.jfications de dispositions particulières de I'accord et
non à l'extinction ou ,àla dénonciation de celui-ci qu'entraînerait le trans-
fert du Bureau hors d'Egypte ; c'est d'ailleurs le sens que les dictionnaires
de droit donnent au rriot reviser.Partant de là et de ce qu'ilsestiment êtrele
caractère généralde I'accord de 195 1,les tenants decette thèseconsidèrent
que toutes lesdisposit.ions de la section, y compris le droit de dcnonciation
prévu à la troisième phrase, ne s'appliquent que si l'une des parties
deniande une modification partielle des termes de l'accord. Ils en con-
cluent que l'accord de 1951 ne prévoit donc aucun droit généralde
dénonciation et ils invoquent les règlesgénéralesénoncéesdans le para-
graphe 1de l'article 56de la convention de Vienne sur ledroit des traites et
dans la disposition correspondante du projet d'articles de la Commission
du droit international sur les traités conclus entre Etats et organisations
internationales ou entre oruanisations internationales. En vertu de ces
textes, un traité qui ne contient pas de dispositions relatives à son
extinction et ne prévoit pas qu'on puisse le dénoncer ou s'en retirer >)ne
peut faire l'objet d'une dénonciation ou d'un retrait à moins notamment
que ce droit ne puisse être déduitde la nature du traité. S'appuyant sur
certaines opinions exprimées à la Commission du droit international,
suivant lesquelles les accords de siège des organisations internationales
sont par nature des accords comportant implicitement un droit de dénon-
ciation en vertu des textes susvisés. les artisans de cette thèse affirment
, r
qu'un tel droit généralde dénonciation doit êtredéduit dans le cas de
I'accord de 1951.Ils poursuivent en faisant valoir qu'en tout étatde cause
le transfert du Bureau régional hors d'Egypte ne saurait êtreconsidéré
comme entrant dans le cadre de la section 37 et que le retrait d'Egypte du
siègedu Bureau régional n'emporterait pas nécessairement dénonciation
de I'accord de 1951.
41. Les adversaires de la thèse qui vient d'êtreexposée insistent en
revanche sur lefait que leverbe reviserpeut aussi avoir le sens plus large de
revoir et désignerune revision totale ou généralede l'accord, y compris son
extinction. D'après eux, ce terme a assez souventétéutilisé en ce sensdans
des traitéset il possède cette acception dans I'accord de 1951.Ils en voient
la confirmation dans les travaux préparatoires de la section 37, qui sont
consignésdans le compte rendu desnégociations entre les représentants du
Gouvernement suisse et de I'OIT au sujet de I'accord de siègedéjàmen-
tionné de I'OIT avec la Suisse. Ils considèrent que ces négociations ontestablishment of the ILO'sseatinGeneva and, whileSwitzerlandwishedin
this connection to include a provision for denunciation in the agreement,
the IL0 did not. The result, they say, was the compromise formula,
subsequently introduced into WHO host agreements, which provides for
thepossibility ofdenunciation,but only after consultation and negotiation
regarding the revision of the instrument. In their view, therefore, the
truvuuxprépamtoires confirm that the formula in Section 37was designed
to cover revisionof the location of the Regional Office'sseat at Alexandna,
including the possibility of its transfer outside Egypt. They further argue
that this interpretation is one required by the object and purpose of
Section 37 which, they say, was clearly meant to preclude either of the
parties to the Agreement from suddenly and precipitately terminating the
legal régimeit created. The proponents of this viewof Section 37also take
the position that, even if it were to be rejected and the Agreement inter-
preted as also including a general right of denunciation, Egypt would still
be entitled to notice under the general rules of international law. In this
connection, they point to Article 56of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties and the corresponding article in the International Law Com-
mission's draft articles on treaties concluded between States and interna-
tional organizations or between international organizations. In both
articles paragraph 2 specifically provides that in any case where a right of
denunciation or withdrawal isimplied in a treaty aparty shall givenot less
than twelve months' notice of its intention to exercise the right.
42. The Court has described the differences of view regarding the
application of Section 37 to a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt
only in a broad outline which does not reproduce al1the refinements with
which they have been expressed nor al1the considerations by which they
have been supported. If it has done this, it is because it considers that the
emphasis placed on Section 37 in the questions posed in the request dis-
torts in some measure the general legal framework in which the true legal
issuesbefore the Court have tobe resolved.Whatever viewmaybe held on
the question whether theestablishment and location of the Regional Office
in Alexandria are embraced within the provisions of the 1951Agreement,
and whatever view may be held on the question whether the provisions of
Section 37are applicable to the caseof a transfer of the Officefrom Egypt,
thefact remains that certain legalpnnciples and rules are applicable in the
case of such a transfer. These legal principles and rules the Court must,
therefore, now examine.
43. By the mutual understandings reached between Egypt and the
Organization from 1949to 1951with respect to the Regional Office of the
Organization inEgypt,whether they areregarded asdistinct agreements or
as separate parts of one transaction, acontractual legal régimewascreatedprécisémentportésur la question de l'établissementdu siègede l'OIT à
Genève ;la Suissesouhaitait àce propos insérerdans l'accord une clause
de dénonciation, l'OIT ne le souhaitait pas. 11en est résulté, disent-ils,la
formule de compromjs ultérieurement introduite dans les accords de siège
de l'OMS,formule qui prévoitla possibilitéde dénoncermais uniquement
aprèsconsultations et négociations portant surla revision de l'instrument.
A leur avis, les travaux préparatoires confirment donc que les termes de la
section 37étaient conlps comme s'appliquant àune revision concernant la
localisation du Bureau régional d'Alexandrie,y compris l'éventualitéde
sontransfert hors d'Egypte. Ils font valoir en outre que cette interprétation
est imposée par l'objet et le but de la section 37 qui, selon eux, visait
clairement à éviterque l'une des partiesà l'accord puisse mettre fin d'une
manière soudaine et ]précipitéeau régimejuridique créépar celui-ci. Les
partisans de cette façon d'envisager la section 37 sont d'autre part d'avis
que, mêmesi elle devait êtrerejetéeet si l'accord devait êtreinterprété
comme comportant aüssi un droit généralde dénonciation,1'Egypten'en
aurait pas moins droit à un préavisen application des règlesgénéralesdu
droit international.A cet égardils invoquent l'article 56 de la convention
de Vienne sur ledroitdes traitésetladispositioncorrespondante du projet
d'articles de la Comrnission du droit international sur les traitésconclus
entre Etats et organisations internationales ou entre organisations inter-
nationales. Dans ces deux textes, le paragraphe 2 prévoit expressément
que,lorsque, dans un traité,le droitde dénonciation ou deretrait peut être
déduit, unepartie doit notifier au moins douze mois à l'avance son inten-
tion d'exercer ce droit.
42. La Cour a exposé les divergencesde vues sur l'applicabilitéde la
section 37 àun transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte dans des termes
très générauxquine rendent pas toutes les nuances des thèsesen présence
ni toutes les considér;~tionssur lesquelleselles s'appuient. Sielleaprocédé
ainsi, c'estparce qu'elleconsidèreque l'accent placésur la section 37dans
les questions énoncéesdansla requête faussedans une certaine mesure le
contextejuridique gknéraldans lequel doivent êtrerésolus les véritables
problèmes de droit qui lui sont soumis. Quoi que l'on puisse penser de la
question de savoir si les dispositions de l'accord de 1951régissent I'éta-
blissement et lesiègedu Bureau régional à Alexandrie, oude I'applicabilité
dela section 37dans l'hypothèsed'un transfert du Bureau hors d'Egypte,il
reste que certains principes et règlesjuridiques s'appliquent dans cette
hypothèse. La Cour doit donc maintenant en venir à l'examen de ces
principes et règlesjuridiques.
43. En vertu des ententes auxquelles 1'Egypte et l'organisation sont
parvenues de 1949 à 1951au sujet du Bureau régionalde l'organisation,
qu'on les considèrecomme des accords distincts ou comme des éléments
d'une seuleet mêmetransaction, un régimejuridique contractuel a été créé93 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
between Egypt and the Organization which remains the basis of their legal
relations today. Moreover, Egypt was a member - a founder member - of
the newly created World Health Organization when, in 1949,it transferred
the operation of theAlexandria Sanitary Bureau to the Organization ; and
it has continued to be a member of the Organization ever since. The very
fact of Egypt's membership of the Organization entails certain mutual
obligations of co-operation and good faith incumbent upon Eg~pt and
upon the Organization. Egypt offered to become host to the Regional
Office in Alexandna and the Organization accepted that offer :Egypt
agreed to provide the pnvileges, immunities and facilities necessary for the
independence and effectiveness of the Office. As a result the legal rela-
tionship between Egypt and the Organization became, and now is, that of a
host State and an international organization, the very essence of which is a
body of mutual obligations of co-operation and good faith. In the present
instance Egypt became host to the Organization's Regional Office, with its
attendant advantages, and the Organization acquired a valuable seat forits
office by the handing over to the Organization of an existing Egyptian
Sanitary Bureau established inAlexandria, and theelement of mutuality in
the legal régimethus created between Egypt and the WHO isunderlined by
the fact that this was effected through common action based on mutual
consent. This special legal régimeof mutual rights and obligations has been
in force between Egypt and WHO for over thirty years. The result is that
there now exists in Alexandria a substantial WHO institution employing a
large staff and discharging health functions important both to the Orga-
nization and to Egypt itself. In consequence, any transfer of the WHO
Regional Office from the territory of Egypt necessarily raises practical
problems of some importance. These problems are, of course, the concern
of the Organization and of Egypt rather than of the Court. But they also
concem the Court to the extent that they may have a bearing on the legal
conditions under which a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may
be effected.
44. The problems were studied by the Working Group set up by the
Executive Board of WHO in 1979,and it is evident from the report of that
Working Group that much care and CO-operationbetween the Organiza-
tion and Egypt is needed if the risk of serious disruption to the health work
of the Regional Office is to be avoided. It is also apparent that a reasonable
period of time would be required to effect an orderly transfer of the
operation of the Office from Alexandnato the new sitewithout disruption
to the work. Precisely what period of time would be required is a matter
which can only be finally determined by consultation and negotiation
between WHO and Egypt. It is, moreover, evident that during this period
the Organization itself would need to make full use of the privileges,
immunities and facilities provided in the Agreement of 25 March 1951in
order to ensure a smooth and orderly transfer of the Office from Egypt to
its new site. In short, the situation arising in the event of a transfer of theentre I'Egypte et I'Organisation, qui constitue aujourd'hui encore le fon-
dement de leurs relationsjuridiques. Au surplus, au moment où en 1949
elle a transféréàI'Organisation les fonctions du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexan-
drie, I'Egypte était rnembre - membre fondateur - de I'Organisation
mondiale de la Santéqui venait d'être créé eet elle n'a pas cessédepuis lors
d'en êtremembre. Le simple fait d'être membrede l'organisation entraîne
certaines obligations réciproques de coopération et de bonne foi qui
incombent à 1'Egypteet à l'organisation. L'Egypte a offert d'accueillir le
Bureau régional à Alexandrie et l'Organisation a accepté cette offre ;
I'Egypte a accepté d'accorder les privilèges, immunités et facilitésnéces-
saires à l'indépendance et a l'efficacitédu Bureau. En conséquence les
relations juridiques entre YEgypte et l'organisation sont devenues et
demeurent celles d'uriEtat hôte et d'une organisation internationale, c'est-
à-dire des relations dont l'essence mêmeconsiste en un ensemble d'obli-
gations réciproquesde coopérationet de bonne foi. En l'espèceI'Egypte est
devenue 1'Etathôte du Bureau régional de l'organisation, avec les avan-
tages qui en découlent, et I'Organisation a ainsi oénéficié d'excellentes
installations grâce auitransfert à l'Organisation du Bureau sanitaire égyp-
tien existant àAlexandrie ;le caractère de réciprocitédu régimejuridique
ainsi crééentre I'EgJipte et I'OMS est soulignépar le fait que cette opé-
ration a étéeffectuéepar une action commune, baséesur le consentement
mutuel. Ce régimejuridique spécial,comportant des droits et obligations
réciproques, est en vigueur entre I'Egypte et I'OMS depuis plus de trente
ans. Il en résulte qu'il existeaujourd'hui à Alexandrie une institution de
l'OMS qui emploie un personnel nombreux et s'acquitte de fonctions
sanitairesimportantes pour I'Organisation comme pour I'Egypte. Dans ces
conditions tout transfert du Bureau régional de I'OMS hors du territoire
égyptien pose nécessairement des problèmes pratiques d'une certaine
ampleur. Certes ces problèmes sont du ressort de l'organisation et de
I'Egypte pliitôt quede laCour. Mais ilsconcernent égalementlaCour dans
la mesure où ils sont susceptibles d'influer sur les conditions juridiques
selon lesquelles un transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte pourrait se
réaliser.
44. Ces problèmes ont été étudiépsar le groupe de travail constitué en
1979 par le Conseil exécutif de I'OMS, et il ressort comme une donnée
d'évidencedu rapport de ce groupe que I'Organisation et 1'Egyptedoivent
agir avec beaucoup de précaution et coopérer étroitementsil'on veut éviter
tout risque de perturbation grave des travaux sanitaires du Bureau régio-
nal. Il est non moins évident qu'il faudrait prévoir un laps de temps
raisonnable pour que les fonctions du Bureau d'Alexandrie soient trans-
féréesde façon ordonnée au nouveau siègesans que les travaux en souf-
frent. Quant à la détermination du délai précis à observer, c'est là une
question qui ne peut: être finalement résolueque par des consultations et
des négociations entre I'OMS et I'Egypte. Il est par ailleurs évident que
pendant ce délail'organisation elle-mêmeaurait besoin de tous les privi-
lèges,immunitéset facilitésprévusdans l'accord du 25 mars 195 1 pour que
le déménagementdi1Bureau hors d'Egypte puisse s'opéreren bon ordre. INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORO YPINION)
94
Regional Office from Egypt is one which, by its very nature, demands
consultation, negotiation and CO-operationbetween the Organization and
E~YP~.
45. The Court's attention has been drawn to a considerablenumber of
host agreements of different kinds, concluded by States with various
international organizations and containing varying provisions regarding
the revision, termination or denunciation of the agreements. These agree-
ments fall into two main groups :(1) those providing the necessary régime
for the seat of aheadquarters orregional officeof amore or lesspermanent
character, and (2) those providing a régimefor other offices set upad hoc
andnot envisaged asof apermanent character. As to thefirst group, which
includes agreements concluded by the IL0 and the WHO, their provisions
take different forms. The headquarters agreement of the United Nations
itself,with the United States, whichleavesto the former, theright toecide
on its removal, provides for its termination if the seat isremoved from the
United States "except for such provisions as may be applicable in con-
nection with the orderly termination of the operations of the United
Nations at its seat in the United States and the disposition of its property
therein". Other agreements similarly provide for cessation of the host
agreement upon the removal of the seat, subject to arrangements for the
orderly termination of the operations, while others, for example, provide
for one year's or six months' notice of termination or denunciation, and
there areother variants. The ad hoctype of agreement, on the other hand,
commonly provides for termination on short periods of notice or by
agreement or simply on cessation of the operations subject to orderly
arrangements for bringing them to an end.
46. In considering these provisions, the Court feels bound to observe
that in future closer attention might with advantage be given to their
drafting. Nevertheless,despite their variety and imperfections, the provi-
sions of host agreements regarding their revision, termination or denun-
ciation are not without significance in the present connection. In the first
place, they confirm the recognition by international organizations and
host States of the existence ofutual obligations incumbentupon them to
resolve the problems attendant upon a revision, termination or denuncia-
tion of ahost agreement. But theydo more, sincethey must bepresumed to
reflect the viewsoforganizations and host Statesas to the implications of
those obligations in the contexts in whch the provisions are intended to
apply. In the view of the Court, therefore, they provide certain general
indications ofwhat the mutual obligations oforganizations and hostStates
to CO-operatein good faith may involve in situations such as the one with
which the Court is here concerned.
47. A further general indicationas to what those obligations may entail
is to be found in the second paragraph of Article 56 of the Vienna Con-Bref, en cas de transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte, la situation, par
sa nature même,nécessiterait des consultations, des négociations et une
coopération entre l'Organisation et I'Egypte.
*
45. L'attention de la Cour a étéattirée sur un nombre considérable
d'accords de siègede types différents, conclus par des Etats avec diverses
organisations internationales et contenant des dispositions variées rela-
tives à leur revision,iileur extinction ou àleur dénonciation. Ces accords
relèvent de deux catkgories principales : 1) ceux qui prévoient le régime
nécessairepour le sièged'une organisation ou celuid'un bureau régionalde
caractère plus ou moins permanent ; 2) ceux qui définissent le régime
applicable à d'autres bureaux établis sur une base adhoc et qui ne sont pas
conçus comme étantde caractère permanent.Pour cequi est dela première
catégorie, qui comprend les accords conclus par l'OIT et par l'OMS, les
dispositions revêtent diverses formes. L'accord de siègede l'organisation
des Nations Unies elle-même aveclesEtats-Unis, qui laisse àla première le
droit de déciderdu transfert, dispose qu'il peut prendre fin si le siège est
transféré hors des Etats-Unis exception faite toutefois de celles de ses
dispositions qui seraient nécessaires pour la terminaison régulièredes
activités de l'organisation des Nations Unies dans son siège des Etats-
Unis et pour la disposition de celles de ses propriétésqui s'y trouvent )>.
D'autres accords prkvoient de mêmeleur extinction en cas de retrait du
siège,sous réserve desarrangements prévuspour la liquidation ordonnée
des opérations ; d'autres envisagent par exemple un préavisde dénoncia-
tion ou de résiliatioind'un an ou de six mois ; il existe encore d'autres
variantes. En revanche ilest couramment prévudans lesaccords adhoc que
ces accords peuvent .prendrefin moyennant un court préavis,par consen-
tement mutuel ou palrla simple cessation des opérations sous réservedes
arrangements destinés à en assurer l'achèvement dans l'ordre.
46. S'agissant de ces dispositions, la Cour se voit obligéede relever qu'à
l'avenir il pourraity avoir avantage à prêterplus d'attention à leur rédac-
tion. Néanmoins, malgréleur diversité et leurs imperfections, les disposi-
tions des accords de siègeconcernant leur revision, leur extinction ou leur
dénonciation ne sontpasen l'occurrence sansintérêt.Elles confirment tout
d'abord que les organisationsinternationales et les Etats hôtes reconnais-
sent êtretenus de l'obligation réciproque de résoudre les problèmes que
peuvent soulever la rlevision,l'extinction ou la dénonciation d'un accord de
siège. Elles font m&me plus que cela, puisqu'il faut présumer qu'elles
traduisent les vues des organisations et des Etats hôtes sur ce que cette
obligation implique dans les circonstances où les dispositions sont desti-
néesàjouer. La Couirest donc d'avis qu'ils'endégagecertainesindications
généralesquant à ce quepeut impliquer l'obligation réciproque des orga-
nisations et des Eta1.shôtes de coopérer de bonne foi dans des situations
comme celle dont IZLCour connaît en l'espèce.
47. Une autre indication généralede ce que peut impliquer cette obli-
gation est fournie par le paragraphe 2 de l'article 56 de la convention de95 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISORY OPINION)
vention on the Law of Treaties and the corresponding provision in the
International Law Commission's draft articles on treaties between States
and international organizations or between international organizations.
Those provisions, as has been mentioned earlier, specificallyprovide that,
when a right of denunciation is implied in a treaty by reason of itsnature,
the exercise of that right is conditional upon notice, and that of not less
than twelve months. Clearly, these provisions also are based on an obli-
gation to actin good faith and have reasonable regard to the interests of the
other party to the treaty.
48. In the present case, as the Court has pointed out, the tme legal
question submitted toit in the request is:What are the legalprinciples and
rules applicable to the question under what conditions and in accordance
with what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may be
effected ? Moreover, as it has also pointed out, differing viewshave been
expressed concerning both the relevance in this connection of the 1951
Agreement and the interpretation of Section 37 of that Agreement.
Accordingly, in formulatingits reply to the request, the Court takes as its
starting point the mutual obligations incumbent upon Egypt and the
Organization to CO-operatein good faith with respect to the implications
and effects of the transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt. The Court
does so the more readily as it considers those obligations to be the very
basis of the legal relations between the Organization and Egypt under
general international law, under the Constitution of the Organization and
under the agreements in force between Egypt and the Organization. The
essential task of the Court in replying to the request is, therefore, to
determine the specific legalimplications of the mutual obligations incum-
bent upon Egypt and the Organization in the event of either of them
wishng to have the Regional Office transferred from Egypt.
49. The Court considers that in the context of the present case the
mutual obligations of the Organization and the host State to CO-operate
under the applicable legal pnnciples and rules are as follows :
In the first place, those obligations place a duty both upon the Orga-
nization and upon Egypt to consult together in good faith as to the
question under what conditionsand inaccordance withwhat modalities
a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may be effected.
Secondly, in the event of its being finally decided that the Regional
Office shall be transferred from Egypt, their mutual obligations of
CO-operationplace a duty upon the organization and ~~~~tto consult
together and to negotiate regardingthe various arrangements needed to
effect the transfer from the existing to the newsitein an orderly manner
and with a minimum of prejudice to the work of the Organization and
the interests of Egypt.
Thirdly, those mutual obligations place a duty upon the party whichVienne sur le droit des traités et par la disposition correspondante du
projet d'articles de la Commission du droit international sur les traités
entre Etats et organisations internationales ou entre organisations inter-
nationales. Ces dispo:sitions, comme la Cour l'a déjàmentionné, prévoient
expressémerit que, quand un droit de dénonciation peut êtredéduit de la
nature d'un traité,ce droit ne peut êtreexercéque moyennant un préavis,
lequel doit étrede douze mois au moins. Il est clair que ces dispositions
supposent elles aussi une obligation d'agir de bonne foi et de tenir rai-
sonnablement compte des intérêts de l'autre partieau traité.
48. En la présente espèce, ainsi que la Cour l'a souligné,la véritable
questionjuridique qui lui est soumise dans la requêteest celle-ci :Quels
sont les principes et les règlesjuridiques applicables àla question de savoir
selon quelles conditions et selon quelles modalités peut êtreeffectuéun
transfert du Bureau régional hors d'Egypte ? De plus, comme la Cour l'a
également rappelé, desvues divergentes ont étéexpriméesau sujet tant de
la pertinence à cet égardde l'accord de 1951que de l'interprétation de sa
section 37. En conséquence,pour formuler sa réponseàla requête,la Cour
prend commepoint dedépart les obligations réciproquesde 1'Egypteet de
l'organisation, qui sont tenues de coopérer de bonne foi relativement aux
implications et aux effets d'un transfert du Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte.
Cette méthode lui paraît d'autant plus opportune qu'elle considère ces
obligations comme le fondement mêmedes relations juridiques entre
l'organisation et I'Egypte en vertu du droit international général, dela
Constitution de l'Organisation et des accords en vigueur entre elle et
I'Egypte. Pourrépondre àla requête,la tâche essentielle de laCour est donc
de déterminer quelle:; sont les implicationsjuridiques précisesdes obliga-
tions réciproques inccombantà1'Egypteet à l'organisation au cas où l'une
ou l'autre souhaite que le Bureau régional soit transféréhors d'Egypte.
49. La Cour considère que, dans le contexte de la présente espèce, les
obligations réciproq~iesde coopérerdont l'organisation et I'Etat hôtesont
tenus en vertu des p.rincipes et règlesjuridiques applicables sont les sui-
vantes :
- En premier lieu, l'organisation et 1'Egypte doivent se consulter de
bonne foi au sujei:de la question de savoir selon quelles conditions et
selon quelles modalités peut êtreeffectué untransfert du Bureau régio-
nal hors d'Egypte.
- En deuxième lieu, s'il était finalement décidé de transférerle Bureau
régional hors d'Egypte, leurs obligations réciproques de coopération
leur imposeraient de se consulter et de négocier au sujet des diverses
dispositions à prendre pour que le transfert de l'ancien au nouvel
emplacement s'effectue en bon ordre et nuise le moins possible aux
travaux de l'organisation et aux intérêtsde 1'Egypte.
En troisième lieu, ces obligations réciproques imposent à la partie qui96 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISOR YPINION)
wishes to effect the transferto give a reasonable period of notice to the
other party for the termination of the existing situation regarding the
Regional Office at Alexandria, taking due account of al1the practical
arrangements needed to effect an orderly and equitable transfer of the
Office to its new site.
Those, in the view of the Court, are the implications of the general legal
principles and rules applicable in the eventof the transfer of the seat of a
Regional Office from the territory of a host State. Precisely what periods of
time may be involved in the observance of the duties to consult and
negotiate, and what period of notice of termination should be given, are
matters whch necessarily Vary according to the requirements of the par-
ticular case. In principle, therefore, it is for the parties in each case to
determine the length of those periods by consultation and negotiation in
good faith. Some indications as to the possible periods involved, as the
Court has said, can be seen in provisions of host agreements, including
Section 37 of the Agreement of 25 March 195 1,as well as in Article 56 of
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and in the corresponding
article of the International Law Commission's draft articles on treaties
between States and international organizations or between international
organizations. But what is reasonable and equitable in any givencase must
depend on its particular circumstances. Moreover, the paramount consid-
eration both for the Organization and the host State in every case must be
their clear obligation to CO-operatein good faith to promote the objectives
and purposes of theOrganization asexpressed initsConstitution ;and this
too means that they must in consultationdetermine a reasonable period of
time to enable them to achieve an orderly transfer of the Office from the
territory of the host State.
50. It follows that the Court's reply to the second question is that the
legal responsibilities of theOrganization and Egypt during the transitional
period between the notification of the proposed transfer of the Office and
the accomplishment thereof would be to fulfil in good faith the mutual
obligations which the Court has set out in answenng the first question.
51. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
1. By twelve votes to one,
Decides to comply with the request for an advisory opinion ;
IN FAVOUR : President SirHumphreyWddock ;Vice-PresidentElias Judges
Forster, Gros, Lachs, Nagendra Singh,Ruda, Mosler,Oda, Ago,El-Enan
and Sette-Camara ;
AGAINST : Judge Morozov ; souhaite le transfert de donner à l'autre un préavis raisonnable pour
mettre fin à la situation actuelle du Bureau régional à Alexandrie,
compteétant dûment tenu de toutes lesdispositions pratiques àprendre
pour que le transfe:rt au nouvel emplacement s'effectue dans l'ordre et
dans des conditioris équitables.
Telles sont, selon laCour, lesimplications des principes et règlesjuridiques
généraux applicablesen casde transfert du sièged'un bureau régional hors
du territoire d'un Etat hôte. Les délaisprécisqui peuvent êtrenécessaires
pour s'acquitter des obligations de consultation et de négociation et le
préavis de dénonciation exact qui doit être donnévarient forcément en
fonctiondes nécessitésde l'espèce.En principe, c'estdonc auxparties qu'il
appartient de déterminer dans chaque cas la duréede ces délaisen pro-
cédant debonne foi à des consultations et à des négociations. Ainsi que la
Cour l'a noté, on peut trouver certaines indications à ce sujet dans les
dispositions des accords de siège, y compris la section 37 de l'accord du
25 mars 1951,dans l'article 56 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des
traitéset dais l'article correspondant du projet de la Commission du droit
international sur les traités entre Etats et organisations internationalesou
entre organisations internationales. Mais ce qui est raisonnable et équi-
table dans un cas donné dépend nécessairement des circonstances. De
plus,la considération primordiale aussi bien pour l'organisation que pour
1'Etathôte doit être dans tous les cas leur évidente obligation de coopérer
de bonne foi pour servir les buts et objectifs de l'organisation tels qu'ils
s'expriment dans son acte constitutif ; ce qui signifie qu'ils doivent se
consulter pour déterminer un délai raisonnable devant leur permettre de
réaliser le transfert en bon ordre du Bureau hors du territoire de 1'Etat
hôte.
50. Ilen découleque la réponsede laCour àla secondequestion estque,
au cours de la période transitoire séparantla notification du préavispour le
transfert projeté du Bureau et l'accomplissement de ce transfert, l'Orga-
nisation et I'Egypte auraient la responsabilité juridique de s'acquitter de
bonne foi des obligaltions réciproques que la Cour a énoncéesdans sa
réponse à la première question.
51. Par ces motifs,
1. Par douze voix contre une,
Décid ee donner suite à la requêtepour avis consultatif ;
POUR : Sir Humphrey Waldock, Président ; M. Elias, Vice-Présiderit ;
MM. Forster, Gros, Lachs. Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Mosler, Oda, Ago,
El-Enan, Sette-Camara,juges :
CONTRE : M. Morozov,juge : 2. With regard to Question 1,
By twelve votes to one,
Is oftheopinion that in the event specified in the request, the legal
principles and rules, and the mutual obligations whch they imply, regard-
ingconsultation, negotiation and notice, applicable as between the World
Health Organization and Egypt are those which have been set out in
paragraph 49 of this Advisory Opinion and in particular that :
(a) their mutual obligations under those legal principles and rules place a
dutyboth upon the Organization and upon Egypt toconsult together in
good faith as to the question under what conditionsand in accordance
with what modalities a transfer of the Regional Office from Egypt may
be effected ;
(b) in the event of its being finally decided that the Regional Office shall be
transferred from Egypt, their mutual obligations of CO-operationplace
a duty upon the Organization and Egypt to consult together and to
negotiate regarding the various arrangements needed to effect the
transferfrom theexisting to the new sitein anorderly manner and witha
minimum of prejudice to the work of theOrganization and theinterests
of Egypt ;
(c) their mutual obligations under those legal principles and rules place
a duty upon the party which wishes to effect the transfer to give a
reasonable period of notice to the other party for the termination of
the existing situation regarding the Regional Office at Alexandria,
taking due account of al1the practical arrangements needed to effect
an orderly and equitable transfer of the Office to its new site ;
IN FAVOUR :President SirHumphreyWaldock ; Vice-PresidentElias ;Judges
Forster, Gros, Lachs, Nagendra Singh,Ruda, Moslcr,Oda, Ago, El-Erian
and Sette-Camara ;
AGAINST : Judge Morozov ;
3. With regard to Question 2.
By eleven votes to two,
Is ofthe opiniotn hat, in the event of a decision that the Regional Office
shall be transferred from Egypt, the legal responsibilities of the World
Health Organization and Egypt during the transitional period between the
notification of the proposed transfer of the Office and the accomplishment
thereof areto fulfil in good faith the mutual obligations which the Courthas
set out in answering Question 1 ;
IN FAVOUR :President SirHumphreyWaldock ; Vice-PresidentElias ;Judges
Forster, Gros, Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Mosler, Oda, Ago, El-Erian and
Sette-Camara :
AGAINST : Judges Lachs and Morozov. 2. En ce qui concerne la question 1,
Par douze voix contre une,
F,'std'uvisque, dans l'éventualitéspécifiéedans la requête, les principes
et règlesjuridiques et les obligations réciproques qui en découlent, appli-
cables en matière de consultation, de négociation et de préavis entre l'Or-
ganisation niondiale de la Santéet l'Egypte, sont ceux qui ont étéénoncés
au paragraphe 49 du présent avis consultatif, et en particulier que :
a) leurs obligations réciproques en vertu de ces principes et règlesjuridi-
ques imposent a 1"Organisation et à I'Egypte de se consulter de bonne
foi au sujet de la question de savoir selon quelles conditions et selon
quelles modalités peut être effectué un transfert du Bureau régional
hors du territoire égyptien ;
h) au cas oii il serait finalement décidéde transférer le Bureau régional
hors d'Egypte, leursobligations réciproques decoopération leur impo-
'seraient de se consulter et de négocier ausujet des diverses dispositions
a prendre pour que le transfert de l'ancien au nouvel emplacement
s'effectue en bon ordre et nuise le moins possible aux travaux de
l'organisation et aux intérêts de 1'Egypte ;
c) leurs obligations réciproques en vertu de ces principes et règlesjuridi-
quesimposent àla1partie quisouhaite le transfert de donner àl'autre un
préavis raisonnable pour mettre fin a la situation actuelle du Bureau
régional à Alexandrie, compte étant dûment tenu de toutes les dispo-
sitions pratiques à prendre pour que le transfert du Bureau en son
nouvel emplacerrient s'effectue dans l'ordre et dans des conditions
équitables ;
POUR : Sir Humphrey Waldock, Président: M. Elias, Vice-President ;
MM. Forster, G~os, Lachs. Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Mosler, Oda, Ago.
El-Erian, Sette-Camara. juges :
CONTRE : M. Morozov.juge :
3. En ce qui concerne la question 2,
Par onze voix contre deux,
Est d'uvis que, daris l'éventualitéd'une décision tendant à transférer le
Bureau régional hors d'Egypte, les responsabilités juridiques de I'Organi-
sation mondiale de la Santéet de l'Egypte, au cours de la période transi-
toire séparant la notification du préavispour le transfertprojeté du Bureau
et I'accomplissemeni de ce transfert, consisteraient a s'acquitter de bonne
foi des obligations réciproques quela Cour a énoncéesdanssa réponse àla
question 1 ;
POUR : Sir Humplîrey Waldock, Président: M. Elias, Vice-Président ;
MM. Forster. Gros, Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Mosler, Oda. Ago. El-Enan,
Sette-Camara, juges :
CONTRE : MM. Lachs et Morozov,juges.98
INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (ADVISOR OYPINION)
Done inEnglish andin French,the Englishtextbeingauthontative,at the
Peace Palace, The Hague,this twentieth day of December, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty, in three copies, ofwhch one will be placed in the
archives of the Court,and the others transmitted to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations and to the Director-General of the World Health
Organization, respectively.
(Signed)Humphrey WALDOCK,
President.
(Signed)Santiago TORRES BERNARDEZ,
Registrar.
Judges GROS,LACHSR , UDA,MOSLERO , DA,AGO,EL-ERIAN a,ndSETTE-
CAMARA append separate opinions to the Opinion of the Court.
Judge Mo~ozov appends a dissenting opinion to the Opinion of the
Court.
(InitialleH.W.
(InitialleS.T.B. Fait en anglaiseten français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix, à La Ilaye, le vingt décembre mil neuf cent quatre-vingt, en trois
exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et dont les
autresseront transmis au Secrétairegénéralde l'organisation des Nations
Unies et au Directeur généralde l'organisation mondiale de la Santé.
Le Président,
(Signé)Humphrey WALDOCK,
Le Greffier,
(Signé)Santiago TORRESBERNARDEZ.
MM. GROS,LACHS,RUDA,MOSLER,ODA, AGO, EL-ERIANet SETTE-
CAMARAj,uges, joignent à l'avis consultatif les exposés de leur opinion
individuelle.
M. Mo~ozov, juge, joint à l'avis consultatif l'exposéde son opinion
dissidente.
(Paraphé) H.W.
(Paraphé) S.T.B.
Advisory Opinion of 20 December 1980