COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
JUGEMENTS DU TRIBUNAL ADMIXISTRATIF DE
L'ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DU TRAVAIL
SUR REQUÊTES CONTRE L'ORGANISATION DES
NATIONS UNES POUR L'ÉDUCATION, LA SCIENCE
ET LA CULTURE
AVIS CONSULTATIFDU 23OCTOBRE 1956
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
JUDGMEKTS OF THE ADlIINISTRATIVE
TRIBUNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANISATION UPON COMPLAINTS MADE
AGAINST THE UNITED XATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
ADVISORYOPINION OF OCTOBER 23rd,1956 Le préserit avis doit êtrecité comine sui:
Jugemclzts du 7'~ibunaLadministratif de L'O.I. I'. sur requêtes
contre 1'U. N. E. S. C. O., Avis corzsuitatif du 23 octobre 1956 :
C. 1. 1. Recueil 1956,p. 77.))
This Opinioii sliould be cited as follows
"Judgrnents of theAdministrative I'rib~~~znjl the I.L.O. upon
conzplaints ?nadeagainst the U. N. E.S.C.O., Advisory Opinion of
October 23ud, r956 : I.CJ. Reports 1956, p. 77."
No de vente :
Sales number 156 / INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1956
YEAR 1956 General Lis:
No. 30
October 23rd, 1956
JUDGMENTS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE
TRIBUNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANISATION UPON COMPLAINTS MADE
AGAINST THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Iieqztest for Aduisorj~ Opinion.-Challebj~ thc ExecutivBoard
Tribu~zal of the Inter-
of Unesco of judgments of the Administrative
national Labour Organisation.-Binding characler aftributeto the
Opinion of the Court.-Equalityof Partiesin judicial proceedings.-
Tra~zsmission throztghUnesco of observatioîzs frothe oficials con-
cer~ted.-Absence of Oral Proceedirzgs.-Decisiolof the Court to
cowz~ly with Rcquest for AdvisoOpinion.
Jurisdictionof the AdministrativTribunal to heavmplai~zts alleg-
ilzgnon-observance of tevîns of appoi~ztment and of provisio~ts of the
Slag Regu1ations.-Non-renewal of fixed-tewnappointments.--4d-
nzi~zistrativc ,2.Iernorandunz of July 6th, 1954.-of deteruni~zing
the jztuisdiction of the AdministrTribunal.
Request for Opi~zio~zlinzited to consideration of the jzrrisdiction of the
.IdminisirativTribunal.-Disti~zctiobetween a requcst for Advisovy
Opinion sub~zitte01the basis of Article of thestatute of theAduzin-
istrntive Tribunaand a reqziest for AdvisOpinion szrbmitted undev
the r.12general poitieu coîzferred on Cnesco.
ADVISORY OPINION
Present: President HACKWORT ;HVice-PresidentBADAW I Judges
BASDEVANTW , INIARSKI,ZORICI~,KLAESTAD,READ,
ARMAND-UGOK NO,JEVNIKOV, SirMuhammad ZAFRULLA
KHAN,Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT M,ORENOQUINTANA,
CORDOV ;ARegistrar LOPEZOLIVAN. In the matter of Judgments Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisltion upon
complaintsmade agairist the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization by Messrs. Duberg and Leff and Mrs.
\i'ilcox and Mrs. Bernstein,
THECOURT,
composed as above,
gizlethe /0110z~ii~Agdviso~y OOpi?zion:
By a letter of Xoveinber 3oth, 1955, filed in the Registrÿ oii
December znd, the Director-Gei~eral of the Cnited Kations Educn-
tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization infornied the Court that,
by a Resoliition dated November ~Sth, 1955, the Executive Board
of that Organization, acting within the framework of Article XII of
the Statute of the Adininistrative Tribunal of the International
Labour Orga~isation, l-iaddecided to challenge the decisions rendered
by the Tribunal on Aprilz6th, 1955, in the Leff, Duberg and'iliilcox
cases, and on October zgth, 1955, in the Bernstein case, and to refer
the question of their validity to the Court ;and that, accordingly,
the Executive Board, by a Resolution dated Noveinber 25th, 1955,
a certified true copy of which the Director-General appended to his
letter, had decided to request the International Court of Justice to
ive an advisory opinion on a number of questions set out in the
afore-mentioned Reçolution, which is in the following terins :
" TJzeExzczitiz~cBoard,
Ti7izerens.byits Jiidg~ncnts Kos. 17, 18 and 19of 26 April 1955,
ailcl'go.21 of29 Ortober 1955,the Administrative Tribunal of the
Internatioiial Labour Organisation confirmed its jurisdiction in the
complaints introduced by 3fessrs. Duberg and Leff and Mrs. \Vilcor;
and Jfrs. Bernstein ftgainst the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization,
Tl~hcreashrticle XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
of the International Labour Organisatioil provides as follows :
'1. In any case in which the Executive Board of an inter-
national organization wliich has made the declaration specified
in Article II, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Tribunal chal-
lenges a decision of the Tribunal co~firming its jurisdiction, or
considers that a decision of the Tribunal is vitiated by a funda-
mental faiilt iil the procedure followed, the question of the
validity of the decision given by the Tribunal shall be submitted
by the Esecutivc Board concerned, for an advisory opinion,
to the International Court of Justice.
2. She opiniongiven by the Court shall be binding.'
TViz~.venshe Executive Board, after consideration, wishes to avail
itsclf of the provisions of the said Article,
5 Decides to submit the following legal questions to the Inter-
national Court of Justice for an advisory opinion :
Having regard to the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of
the International Labour Organisation ;
Having regard to the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation, and-to any other relevant texts ;
Havand Leff and Mrs. Wilcox and Mrs. Bernsteinof:Rlessrs.Duberg
1.-IVas the Administrative Tribunal competent, under Article II
of itsStatute, to hear the complaints introduced against the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation on 5 February 1955 by Messrs. Duberg and Leff and
Mrs. Wilcox, and on 28 June 1955hy Ilrs. Bernstein ?
11.-In the case of an affirmative answer to question 1 :
(a) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to determine
term appointments has been exercised for the good of theixed-
service and in the interest of the Organization?
(b) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to pronounce
on the attitude which the Director-General, under the terms of
and Cultural Organization, ought to maintain in his relationsc
with a Member State, particularly as regards the execution
of the policy of the Government authorities of that Membcr
State ?
III.- In any case, what is tlie validity of the decisions given by
the Administrative Tribunal in its Judgmerits Nos. 17, 18,
19and 21 ?"
In accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court, notice of the Request for an Advisory Opinion was given on
December 8th, 1955, to al1 States entitled to appear before the
Court : a copy of the letter of the Director-General with the resolu-
tion appended thereto was transmitted to those States.
The President of the Court considered that those States Members
of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation which were entitled to appear before the Court, the Interna-
tional Labour Organisation as well as the international organiza-
tions which had recognized the jurisdiction of the Administrative
Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation, namely, the
MTorld Health Organization, the International Telecomn~unication
Union, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, the World Meteorological Organization, the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European
Organization for Nuclear Research were likely to be able to furnish
informationon the questions referred to the Court. Accordingly, the
6Registrar, in pursuance of Article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
notified these States and Organizations that the Court would be
prepared to receive written statements from them within a time-
limit fixed by ail Order of December 5th, 1955, at April 3oth,
1956.
M'ithin this time-linlit, the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, which had previously transmitted to
the Court the documents likely to throw light upon the question,
together with an introductory note, submitted a written statement
with an appendix containing the observations and information
formulated by Counsel acting on behalf of the perçons in whose
favour Judgments Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the Administrative
Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation were given.
Written statements were also submitted on behalf of the Govern-
ments of the United States of America, of the French Republic, of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of
the Republic of China.
These ~ritten statements were communicated to States and Organ-
izations to whom the communication provided for in Article 66,
paragraph 2,of the Statute had been addressed. At the same time
these States and Organizations were informed that the Court did not
contemplate holding public hearings in the present case but that it
had decided to permit them to submit in writing their comments on
the written statements at any time prior to July ~st, 1956.
JVithin this time-limit the Legal Adviser of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization sent io the
Registry a letter dated June zoth, 1956,in which, referring to certain
aspects of the jurisdictional issue before the Court, he stated the
reasons why the Organization did not intend to avail itself of the
opportunity to submit further arguments tothe Court. It also trans-
mitted to the Registry supplementary observations formulated on
behalf of the persons in whose favour Judgments 17, 18, 19 and 21
were given.
In the present Opinion, the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization will be referred to as Unesco, and the
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
will be referred to asthe Administrative Tribunal.
*
* *
The Resolution of November 25th, 1955, bj7whiChthe Executive
Board of Unesco requested an Advisory Opinion of the Court, relies
on Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal which
as cited in the Resolution and as applicable to Unesco reads :
"1. In any case in whichthe Executive Board of an international
organization which has made the declaration specified inArticle II,
paragraph 5, ofthe Statute of the Tribunal challengesa decisionof
the Tribunal confirmingits jurisdiction, or considersthat a decision ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 X 56) 81
of the Tribunal is vitiated by a fundamental fault in the procedure
followed,the question of the validity of the decision given by the
Tribunal shall be submitted by the Executive Board concerned,
for an advisory opinion, to the International Court of Justice.
2. The opinion given by the Court shall be binding."
Paragraph 5 of Article II, to which reference is made in Arti-
cle XII, reads :
"5. The Tribunal shall also be competent to hear complaints
appointment of officialsand of provisions of the Staff Regulations
of any other intergovernmental international organisationapproved
by the Governing Body which has addressed to the Director-
General a declaration recognising, in accordance with its Constitu-
tion or interna1administrative rules, the jurisdiction of the Tribunal
for this purpose, as well as its Rules of Procedure."
Furthermore, Article II, paragraph 7,reads :
"7. Any dispute as to the competence of the Tribunal shall be
decided by it, subject to the provisions of Article XII."
Unesco recognised the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal
by making the declaration provided for in Article II, paragraph 5,
of the Statute of the Tribunal.
Relying on Article XII quoted above, the Resolution of the
Executive Board challenged Judgments Nos. 17, 18 and 19 given on
April 26th, 1955, in the matter of the complaints of Mr. Peter
Duberg, Mr. David Leff and Mrs. Wilcox, and Judgment Xo. 21
given on October zgth, 1955, in the matter of the complaint of
Mrs. Bernstein.
The facts underlying the complaints were essentially the same in
al1four cases and it is therefore sufficient to state them by reference
to one of the cases decided by the Tribunal, namely, that of
Mr. Peter Duberg (Judgment Xo. 17).
Duberg obtained a fixed-term appointment with Unesco on
June zznd, 1949. That appointment, subsequently renewed, was
due to expire on December 31st, 1954. In February 1953 Duberg
received from the representative of the Cnited States to Gnesco a
questionnaire to be completed and returned in pursuance of an
Executive Order of the President ofthe United States of January gtb,
1953, prescribing procedures for making available to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations certain information concerning
United States citizens employed or being considered for employ-
ment on the Secretariat of the United Nations. By virtue of Part 3
of that Order, its provisions were made applicable to Unesco. The
complainant did not answer the questionnaire. In February 1954
the complainant received a questionriaire from the International
Organizations Employees Loyalty Board of the United States Civil
8Service Commission set up by Executive Order. He did not reply to
the questionnaire. In June 1954 he received an invitation to appear
before the Loyalty Board at the 'United States Embassy in Paris.
On July 13th, 1954, the complainant informed the Director-General
of Unesco of his decision to refuse to appear before the Board and
of the reasons of conscience which caused hini to take that decision.
Previously, on July 6th., 1954, the Director-General had issued an
Administrative Memorandum on the subject of the renewal of
appointments expiring at the end of 1954. In that Memorandum the
Directo:-General had stated that "he has decided that al1 profes-
sional staff members whose contracts expire between now and
June 3oth, 1955 (inclusive), and who have achieved the required
standards of efficiency, competence and integrity and whose services
are needed, will be offered one-year renew-alsof their appointments".
By a letter dated August 13th, 1954, the Director-Generalinformed
Duberg that he would not offer him a new appointment on the
expiry of his contract. This letter stated, inter alia, as follows :
"...In the light of what 1beiieve tbe your duty to tlie Organiza-
tion, 1have considered very carefully your reasons for not appearing
before the International [Organizations] Employees Loyalty Board
where you would liave had an opportunity of dispelling suspicions
and disproving allegations which may exist regarding you.
It is witli a deep sense of my responsibilities that 1 have come
to the conclusionthat 1cannot accept your conduct as being consist-
ent with the high standards of integrity which are required of
those employed by the Organization.
1 have, therefore, to my regret, to inform you that 1 shall not
offer you a further appointment when your present appointment
expires.."
Following an unsuccessful application to the Director-General to
reconsider his decision, Duberg submitted an appeal to the Unesco
Appeals Board, asking that the decision of the Director-General be
rescinded. On November znd, 1954, the Appeals Board, by a major-
ity, expressed the opinion that the decision should be rescinded.
On November 25th, 1954, the Director-General informed the Chair-
man of the Appeals Board that he was unable to act in accordance
with its opinion. On February 5th, 1955, Duberg broiight his com-
plaint before the Adniinistrative Tribunal.
In its Judgment of April26th, 1955, the Administrative Tribunal
declared itself competent to entertain the complaint. It gave the
following reasons for its decision :
Considering that the character of a fixed-term appointment is
in no way that of a probationary appointment, that is to Say of a
trial appointment ;
g ADM. TRIBUNAI, OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 x 56) 83
That while it is the case that Unesco Staff Rule 104.6 issued 111
application of the Staff Regulations stipulates that: 'A fixed-term
appointment shall expire, without notice or indemnity, upon
completion of the fixed tem...', this text only deals with the dura-
tion of the appointment and in no way bars the Tribunal from
being seized of a complaint requesting the examination of the
validity of the positive or negative decision taken regarding the
renewal of the said appointment ;
That it is established in the case that the Director-General, by a
generalmeasure ofwhichthe wholestaff was informedon 6 July 1954,
'decided that al1professional staff members whose contracts expire
betweeil now and 30 June 1955 (inclusive) and who have achieved
the required standards of efficiency, competence and integrity and
whose services are needed, will be offered one-year renewals of their
appointments' ;
That the complainant, having been made the object of an excep-
tion to this general measure, holds that the Director-General could
iiot legitimately thus make an exception of him on the sole ground
which he invoked against him as justification for the view that he
did not possess the quality of integrity recognised in those of his
colleagues whose contracts had been renewed, and in the absence of
any contestation of his qualities of competence and efficienc;
That the complainantrequests that this decision be rescinded and,
alternatively, that an indemnity be granted ;
Considering that the question is thus a dispute coilcerning the
interpretation and application of the Staff Regulations and Rules
of the defendant Organisation ;
Tribunal is competent to hear the said dispute1;"f its Statute, the
After Iiaving declared itself competent, the Tribunal gave a
decision on the merits of the complaint. The Court is not called
upon to express an opinion on that part of the Judgment.
It appears from the terms of the Resolution requesting an
opinion and the citation, contained therein, of Article XII of the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal that the challenge raised
against the four Judgments, and th6 Request for an Advisory
Opinion related thereto, refer to the jurisdiction of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal and to the validity of the Judgments. The
challenge and the Request for an Opinion do not refer to an
allegation that these Judgments are vitiated by a fundamental
fault in the procedure followed.
In formulating the Request for an Advisory Opinion, the
Executive Board exercised a power conferred upon Unesco by
Article XI of the Agreement between that Organization and
the United Nations, approved by the General Assembly on
IO ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O.(OPINION OF 23 X 56) a4
December 14th, 1946. The General Conference, by its amendment
of Article V of the Constitution of November 16th, 1945, by which
Unesco was brought into being, authorised the Executive Board
to exercise that power between sessions of the General Conference.
The Court will consider at the outset whether it should comply
with the Request for an Opinion.
The question put to the Court is a legal question. It arose
within the scope of the activities of Unesco when the Executive
Board had to examine the measures to be taken as a result of
the four Judgments. The answer given to it will affect the result
of the challenge raised by the Executive Board with regard to
these Judgments. In submitting the Request for an Opinion the
Executive Board was seeking a clarification of the legal aspect
of a matter with which it was dealing.
Under -ArticleXII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal,
the Opinion thus requested tvill be "binding". Such effect of the
Opinion goes beyond the scope attributed by the Charter and by
the Statute of the Court to an Advisory Opinion. However, the
provision in question is nothing but a rule of conduct for the
Executive Board, a rule determining the action to be taken by
it on the Opinion of the Court. It in 110 wise affects the way in
which the Court functions ;that continues to be determined by
its Statute and its Rules. Nor does it affect the reasoning by
which the Court forms its Opinion or the content of the Opinion
itself. Accordingly, the fact that the Opinion of the Court is
accepted as binding provides no reason why the Request for an
Opinion should not be complied with.
The Court is a judicial body and, in the exercise of its advisory
functions, it is bound to remain faithful to the requirements of
its judicial character. 1s that possible in the present case ?
The four Judgments referred to in the Request for an Opinion
are, under Article VI, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Tribunal,
"final and witliout appeal". However, Article XII, paragraph 1,
of the Statute, in so far as it was relied upon by Unesco, confers
upon the Executive Board the right to challenge "a decision of
the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction" and provides that the
Executive Board shall submit its challenge to the Court by means
of a Request for an Advisory Opinion. The Executive Board has
availed itself of that right.
The advisory procedure thus brought into being appears as
serving, in a way, the object of an appeal against the four Judg-
ments, seeing that the Court is expressly invited to pronounce,
in its Opinion, vvhich will be "binding", upon the validity of
these Judgments.
Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal was
designed to provide that certain challenges relating to the validity
of Judgments rendered by the Tribunal in proceedings between
an official and the international organization concerned should
II -4DhI. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 X j6) 85
be brought before the Court and decided by it. Ho~vever, under
Article 34, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the Court "only States
may be parties in cases before the Court". In Article XII it was
s~ught to avoid this difficulty while nevertheless securing an
examination by and a decision of the Court by means of a Request,
emanating from the Executive Board, for an Advisory Opinion.
To the Executive Board-and to it alone-was given the right
of challenging a J~zdgment of the Administrative Tribunal. The
special feature of this procedure is that advisory proceedings
take the place of contentious proceedings wliich would not be
possible under the Statute of the Court.
The Court is not called upon to consider the merits of sucil a
procedure or the reasons which led to its adoption. It milst consider
only the question whether its Statute and its judicial character
do or do not stand in the way of its participating in this procedure
by complying with the Request for an Advisory Opinion.
According to generally accepted practice, legal remedies against
a judgment are equally open to either party. In this respect each
possesses equal rights for the subinission ofts case to the tribunal
called upon to examine the matter. This concept of the equali'cy
of parties to judicial proceedings finds, in a different sphere, an
expression in Article 35, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court
which, when providing that the Security Council shall lay down
thc conditions under which the Court shall be open to States
not parties to the Statute, adds "but in no case shall such con-
ditions place the parties in a position of inequality before the
Court". However, the advisory proceedings which have been
instituted in the present case involve a certain absence of equality
betn-een Unesco and the officials both in the origin and in the
progress of those proceedings.
In the first place, in challenging the four Judginents and
applying to the Court, the Executive Board availed itself of a
legal remedy which u-as open to it alone. Officials have no such
remedy against the Judgments 01 the Administrative Tribunal.
Notwilihstanding its limited scope, Article XII of the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal in this respect confers an exclusive
right on the Executive Board.
However, the inequality thus stated does not in fact constitute
ail inequality before the Court. It is antecedent to the examination
of the question by the Court. It does not affect the manner in
which the Court undertakes that examination. Also, in the present
case, that absence of equality between the parties to the Judg-
ments is somewhat nominal since the officials were successful in
the proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal and there
\vas accordingly no question of any complaint on their part. This
being so, it is not necessary for the Court to express an opinion
upon the legal merits of Article XII of the Statute of the Admin-
istrativeTribunal. The Court must confine itself to the facts of the ADM. TRIBCXAL OF I.L.O. (OPISION OF 23 X 56) 86
present case. ln this respect, it is eilough for it to state that the
circumstance that only the Executive Board \vas entitled to
institute the present proceedings does not constitute a reason for
not complying with the Request for ail Advisory Opinion.
The question of equality between Unesco and the officials
arises once more in connexion with the actual procedure before
the Court. Here the absence of equality flowsnot from any provision
of the Statute ofthe Administrative Tribunal but from the provisions
of the Statute of the Court. 111the form of advisory proceedings,
the Court has before it a challenge the result of which will affect
the right of the officials to the benefit of the Judgrnents of the
Tribunal and the obligation of Unesco to comply with them.
The judicial character of the Court requires that both sides
directly affected by these proceedings should be in a position to
submit their views and their arguments to the Court.
In the case of Unesco, the Statute and the Rules of Court
coilstitute no obstacle in this respect. Indeed, they make available
to it the ilecessary facilities. In the case of the officials, the
position is different.
It was with that difficulty that the Court \vas coilfronted. The
difficulty\vas met, on the one hand, bj- the procedure under bvhich
the observatioils of the officials were made available to the Court
through the intermediary of Vnesco and, 011 the other hand, by
dispensing with oral proceedings. The Court is not bound for the
futureby any consent which it gave or decisions which it made with
regard to the procedure thus adopted. In the present case, the
procedure which has been adopted has not given rise to any
objection on the part of those concerned. It has been consented
to by counsel for the officials in whose favour the Judgments were
given. The principle of equality of the parties follows from the
rcquirements of good administration of justice. These requirements
have not beeil impaired in the present case by the circumstance that
the written statement on behalf of the officials was submitted
through Unesco. Finally, although no oral proceedings were held,
the Court is satisfied that adequate information has been made
available to it. In view of this there tvould appear to be no compel-
ling reason why the Court should not lend its assistance in the solu-
tion of a problem confronting a specialized agency of the United
Sations authorized to ask for an Advisory Opinion of the Court.
Notwithstanding the permissive character of Article 65 of the
Statute in the matter of advisory opinions, only compelling reasons
could cause the Court to adopt in this matter a negative attitude
which would imperil the working of the régimeestablished by the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal for the judicial protection
of officials. Any seeming or nominal absence of equality ought
iiot to be allowed to obscure or to defeat that primary object. In the light of what has been said above and of the circumstances
of the present case, the Court considers that it ought to comply
with the Request for an Opinion.
The first question put to the Court is in the following terms :
"1.-Was the Ad~niriisti-ativeTribiiiial compeient, under ArticleII
of.iis Statuteto hear tiie cornplaints intfoduced against the United
Kations Educarional, Scientific and C~iltural Organization oil
j February 1955by 3lessrs. Düberg and Leff aiid 3irs. ITiilcos,and
on .îSJui;e 19j jby RIrs.Bernstein ?"
The Court is here invited to pass upon the competence of the
Administrative Tribunal. Article XII of the Statute of that
Tribunal on which the Request is based shou~s that what is
involved is the decision of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction,
that is, the operative part of its Judgment on this point. The
Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of decision
expressly invoked by the Tribunal ;it must reach its decision on
grounds which it considers decisive with regard to the jurisdiction
of the Tribunal.
The words "competent to hear" used in the Request for an
Opinion mean that the question is one of determining whether the
Administrative Tribunal was legally qualified to examine the
complaints submitted to it and to adjudicate on the merits of
the claims set out therein. The circumstance that the Tribunal
may have rightly or wrongly adjudicated on the merits or that
it may have rightly or wrongly interpreted and applied the law
for the purposes of determining the merits, in no way affects its
jurisdiction. The latter is to be judged in the light of the answer
to the question whether the complaint was one the merits of which
fell to bedetermined by the Administrative Tribunal in accordance
with the provisions governing its jurisdiction. That distinction
between jurisdiction and inerits is of great importance in the legal
régime of the Administrative Trib~~nal.Any mistakes which it may
make with regard to its jurisdiction are capable of being corrected
by the Court on a Request for an Advisory Opinion emanating from
the Executive Board. Errors of fact or of law on the part of the
Administrative Tribunal in its Judgments on the merits cannot
give rise to that procedure. The only provision which refers to its
decisions on the merits is Article VI of the Statute of the Tribunal
which provides that its judgments shall be "final and without
appeal".
Before the Administrative Tribunal the officials concerned
complained of the refusa1 to renew their fixed-term contracts, a
14refusal which they encountered in the circumstances as recalled.
They challenged before the Appeals Board the argument that the
holder of a fixed-term contract had no right to the renewal of
his contract. They alleged that, on the contrary, they had an
acquired right to the renewal of their contracts. In doing so they
relied, apart from general consideration: relating to the inter-
national civil service and the practice of international organizations,
on the position taken with regard to the renewal of fixed-term
contracts by the Director-General in the Administrative Memo-
randum of July 6th, 1954, and on a document submitted by him
to the General Conference which refers, in this connexion, to
Staff Regulation 4.5.1. Their position, on this point, before the
Administrative Tribunal appears clearly when it is borne in mind
that they had been successful before the Appeals Board and
that the latter, on this point, had given as a reason for its opinion
the meaning which it attached to Staff Regulation 4 and to Staff
Rule 52. On the other hand, the written answer of Unesco, in
challenging the case for the complainants, relied on the inter-
pretation which it put upon Staff Regulation 4.5.1, on certain
provisions of the Staff Rules, and, primarily, on the meaning
which it attributed to fixed-term contracts. All this serves to
bring out the issue of which the Administrative Tribunal was
seised. The Court has to consider whether the examination of
these complaints fell within the jurisdiction of the Administrative
Tribunal under Article II, paragraph 5, of its Statute which
provides :"The Tribunal shall ...be competent to hear complaints
alleging nod-observance, in substance or in form, of the terms
of appointment of officiais and of provisions of the Staff Regu-
lations..."
The Court cannot attach to this provision any purely forma1
meaning so as to require that the official should expressly indicate
in hiscomplaint the particular term or provision on which he intends
to rely. In the first place, what must be alleged, according to Ar-
ticle II, paragraph 5, is non-observance, namely, some act or
omission on the part of the Administration ;in the present case,
the complainant invoked the refusal to renew his contract. Secondly,
the Tribunal is entitled to ascertain and to determine what are the
texts applicable to the claim submitted to it. In order to admit
that the Tribunal had jurisdiction, it is sufficient to find that the
claims set out in the complaint are, by their nature, such as to fa11
within the framework of Article II, paragraph 5, of the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal in the sense indicatedin another part
of this Opinion.
According to the words of this provision, it is necessary, in
order to establish the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to hear a com-
plaint by an official, that he should allege non-observance of the
terms or provisions therein referred to. "Complaints alleging" is
a wider expression than "complaints based on". The latter may ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O.(OPINION OF 23 x 56)
89
be interpreted as meaning that the object of such a complaint
must be legally well-founded. Yet the Court, when confronted
with the words "claims ...based on the provisions" of a treaty,
considered that these svords "cannot be understood as meaning
claims actually supportable under that Treaty" (AmbatieLoscase,
Merits : Obligation to arbitrate, I.C.J.Reports 1953, p.17). This
is particularly true in the case of the more flexible expression
"complaints alleging". These words refer to ~vhat the complainant
alleges-to that on which he relies for the purpose of supporting
his complaint. But Article II, paragraph 5, does not mean that
a mere verbal reference to certain terms or provisions would
suffice to establish the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal.
A mere allegation by the complainant cannot be sufficient to
cause the Tribunal to accept it for the purpose of examining the
complaint. In the Judgment previously referred to, the Court,
in construing the expression "based on", said that "it is not
enough for the claimant Government to establish a remote con-
nexion between thé facts of the claim and the Treaty" invoked.
However, it proceeded to add that "it is not necessary for that
Government to show ...that an alleged treaty violation has an
unassailable legal basis" (ibid., p. 18). Similarly, in applying
Article II, paragraph 5,the Court considers that this intermediate
position must be adhered to, namely, that it is necessary that
the complaint should indicate some genuine relationship between
the complaint and the provisions invoked, but that it is not
required that the facts alleged should necessarily lead to the
results alleged by the complainants. Any such requirement would
confuse the question of jurisdiction with that of the substance.
In the cases here in question, the officials put forlvard an inter-
pretation of their contracts and of the Staff Regulations to the
effect that they had a right to the renewal of their contracts.
They alleged that the Administrative Menlorandum was com-
plementary to their contracts and to the Staff Regulations and
that it gave them a legal right to renewal. The correctness of
these allegations constitutes the substance of the issue lvhich
they subrnitted to the Tribunal. III order to determine the juris-
diction of the Tribunal, it is necessary to ascertain whether the
terms and the provisions invoked appear to have a substantial
and not merely an artificial connexi011with the refusa1 to reilesv
the contracts.
4
* -%
In the light of what has been said above, the Court will now
examine the question whether, for the purpose of accepting juris-
diction, the Administrative Tribunal was entitled to find that
there existed before it a complaint sufficient to bring it within
the scope of (a) "terms of appointment" or (b) "Staff Regu-
lations". These two aspects of the question will be considered
in turn.
16 Duberg's contract, as renewed on the last occasion, was due to
expire on December 31st, 1954. He maintained that that contract
gave him a right to a renewal of the contract. \Vas that asser-
tion sufficiently well-founded to establish the competence of the
Administrative Tribunal ? For that purpose, it \vas necessary
that the assertion should have some serious iuridical basis. The
question of renewal arose at the time when Duberg's contract
was still in force. It was in August 1954 that the decision not to
renew his contract was taken ; that decision was subsequently
confirmed and maintained after November zjth, 1954, following
upon the opinion of the Appeals Board invoked by Duberg ;
Duberg's contract did not expire until Decemher 31st, 1954.
Furthermore, the contract of employment expressly refers to the
Staff Regulations and Rules, as well as to any amendments thereto.
The expression "terms of appointment" whi'ch is used in the
English text of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal and
which also appears in the document relating to Duberg's engage-
ment-an expression which seems to be both wider and more
appropriate thari the expression "stiflulations du contrat d'efzga-
genzentH-must he understood in relation to the attitude assumed
in the matter by the Director-General. Xow the latter, in his
Administrative Memorandum of July 6th, 1954, adopted a position
uith regard to the renewal of fixed-term contracts. He announced
and brought to the knowledge of the staff his intention to offer
a renewal of these contracts under certain specifieà conditions.
This signified, on his part, a decision to recognize or establish a
link between the contracts nrhich were due to expire and their
renewal. What was the nature of that link ? Did it go so far as
to confer upon Duberg a legal right to obtain the renewal of his
contract ? These questions are sufficiently related to the inter-
pretation of the contract of employment, in terms of its observance
or non-observance, to permit a finding that they fell within the
competence of the Administrative Tribunal. In saying this, the
Court does not pass on the question whether Duberg fulfilled the
conditions required in the Administrative Memorandum for the
renewal of his contract. That question is not before the Court.
The Court cannot admit that in order to appreciate the legal
situation in thematter it is possible to attach exclusive importance
to the letter of the contracts in question and, in particular, to
the provision according to which, in case of non-renewal, these
contracts expire automatically on the date fixed. The officials
claimed to derive a right to renewal from their fixed-term contracts.
They complained of the fact that such renewal was denied to
them and it was that refusal wliich they regarded as non-observ-
ance of their contracts. It is clear that the mere expiry of the
term fixcd in the contract could not have the effect of nullifyingthis non-observance occurring, if in fact it did occur, Eefore the
expiry date and of depriving the o5cials of their right to complaiil
of it before the Administrative Tribunal. In fact, Article II, para-
graph 6, of its Statute provides : "The Tribunal shall be open :
(a) to the official, even if his employment haç ceased ..."
The Court is of the opinion that, in order to decide on the
competence of the Administrative Tribunal, it is ilecessary to
consider these contracts not only by reference to tlieir letter but
alço in relation to the actual conditicns in which they were entcred
into and the place which they occupy in the Orgailization.
In the practice of Unesco-as well as in the practice of the
United Nations and of the Specialized Agencies-fixed-terin
contracts are not like an ordinary fixed-term contract between
a private employer and a private employee. At the crucial period
a large number of the employees of Unesco held fixed-term con-
tracts. A siinilar situation seems to have obtained in the United
Nations and in the Specialized Agencies. There is ilo need here
fto go into the reasoils which have prompted that form of contracts.
The fact is that there has developed in this marter a body of
practice to the effect that holders ofixed-terin contracts, although
not assimilated to holders of permanent or indeterininate contracts,
have ofteil been treated as entitled to be considered for continued
einployment, consistently with the requirements and the general
good of the organization, in a inanner transcending the strict
~vording of the contract. In a document entitled "Personnel
Recruitment Standards and hIethods", n-hich was sribmitted,
under the authority of the Director-General, to the General
Conference at ils Eighth Session in 1954, it was stated in para-
graph 26 that "the existing Regulation 4.5.1, adopted by the
Seventh Session of the General Conference, obliges the Director-
General to give indeterminate appointments to al1 staff members
after they have satisfactorily completed a fixed-term appointment
of one to three years, unless he considers that" in the light of
programme requirements, "he should only give a further fixed-
term appointment". In paragraph 14 of the same document may
also be noted the statement thât "if a staff member has fulfilled
his duties efficiently and his conduct is satisfactory, his appoint-
ment is, in most cases, renewed". At the Seventeenth Meeting of
the Administrative Commission during the Eighth Session of the
General Conference the Director-General stated on November 29th,
1954, "that, undei- the existing paragraph 4.5.1 of the Staff Regula-
tions, he \vas under an obligation to renew a contract for an indeter-
minate period (provided the person satisfied al1the requirements),
unless he could involte programme needs as a reason for not doing
so". The practice as here surveyed is a relevant factor in the inter-
pretation of the contracts in question. It lends force to the view
that there may be circumstances in ~vhich the non-renewal of a
fixed-term contract provides a legitimate ground for cornplaint.
18 The practice referred to above should serve as a warning against
an interpretation of the contract of employment which, by consider-
ing exclusively the literal meaning of its provision relating to
duration, would mean that on the expiry of the fixed period a
fixed-term contract cannot be relied upon for the purpose of im-
pugning a refusal to renew it. Such an interpretation, moreover,
would fail to take into account the nature of renewal as understood
in the Staff Regulations to which the contract expressly refers.
This is an aspect of the matter which has to be considered in order
to determine whether, as has been argued, the holder of a fixed-
term contract is, so far as its renewal is concerned, in the same
legal position as an applicant for employment seeking to enter the
service of Unesco.
Clearly, an applicant for a new appointment who fails to obtain
it cannot properly invoke the jurisdiction of the Administrative
Tribunal. Can the same be said of an official who fails to obtain a
renewal of his fixed-term contract ?The question of the renewal of
a fixed-term contract arises for one wl-iois at the time a staff mem-
ber of Unesco. That was the position of the four complainants. The
text governing their appointments was Staff Regulation 4.5.1,
which provided as follows :
"Other staff members shall be appointed on fixed-term contracts
for an initial period of not less than one nor more than three years,
renewable either (a) without limit of time, or (b)in the light of
programme requirements, for further fixed periods of not less than
one year up to a maximum period of service of five years, at the
discretion of the Director-General. Staff members appointed before
IJanuary 1952 shall be deemed, for the purpose of this regulation,
acquired rights in other respects.", without prejudice to their
The words "fixed-term contracts ... renewable" imply that
renewal constitutes a further stage, a continuing period, of the
former contract. There is no question here of a new contract wholly
unrelated toits predecessor. That character of renewal is confirmed
by a distinction between fixed-term contracts, which may be
renewed, and temporary contracts in respect of which there is no
provision for renewal. Staff Rule 52 (d) provided as follows :
"A fixed-term appointment shall expire upon completion of the
fixed-term unless a new appointment is offered and accepted three
months before the expiry date, if the staff member has served for
19 less than one year 01-six rnoiltlis befoi-etlie expiry daif lielias
served for inore than one year."
On the other hand, Staff Rule 53 (d) said merely : "A temporary
appointment shall expire on the expiry date specified in the contract
without notice or indemnity."
From the use of the expressioil "new appointment" in Rule
52 (d), cited above, it cannot be concluded that what is currently
called "renewal" is an appointinent without any link with what
precedes it and that the officia1to whom such renewal has been
offered or refused is in the same situation as an applicant who is
new to the staff of Cnesco and wishes to enter it for the first time.
The proper meaning of the expression "new appointment" does
not lend itself to any such interpretation, and the Administration
has not understood it in that sense. In fact, the Director-General
introduced in Rule 52 (d), which has become Rule 104.6, a modifi-
cation which entered into force on November ~st, 1954, and which
consists in the substitution of the expression "renewal" for the
expression "new appointment". It is the text thus amended which
the Administrative Tribunal has cited in the reasons for itsdecision
on cornpetence.
The view that there is a link between renewal and the original
contract and that the situation here envisaged is different from that
arising in the case of granting a new contract to ail applicant
corresponds to the accurate meaning of the term "renewal". That
view is also in accordance with the fact that at the time when the
question of renewal arises the interested person is an officia1of the
Organization and not a stranger to it. This is the reason why Rule
52 (d), both in its original version and in the amended text (which
became Rule 104.6(d), then Rule 104.6(e)), after haviilg stated that
the original appointment expires on the fixed date, adds, by way
of exception, the following words: "unless a new appointment [or
renewal] is offered and accepted" and this "before the expiry date"
of the original appointment. This confirms the view that in cases
of renewal it is the initial appointment which remains in existence
and not a new appointment independent of its predecessor.
Similarly, Staff Rule 61 (which has become Rule 104.14) which
is concerned with re-employment, shows that the latter is some-
thing different from the renewal of an appointment. The renewal
of an appointment is effecteddifferently from the grant of an original
appointment. -4 comparison between paragraphs 13 and 14 of the
Personnel Recruitment Standards and llethods makes the position
clear. In paragraph 14, the following sentence occurs : "If a staff
member has fulfilled his duties efficiently and his conduct is satis-
factory, his appointment is, in most cases, renewed." The passage
quoted suggests that the renewal is something fundamentally
different from the granting of a new appointment ;at the same time it
indicates that a diligent staff member may normally expect renewal.
The use of the word "review" in the heading of the English text ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 X 56)
94
of paragraph 14 confirms the impression that the renewal is based
on an examination of the record of service of the official concerned.
The provision, quoted above, of Staff Regulation 4.5.1, .under
which a staff member appointed on a fixed-term contract cannot be
kept in that status for a period of service of more than five years,
similarly implies that it is the originalontract which continues in
existence up to that maximum period.
Reference may also be made to the forrn given by the General
Conference at its Eighth Session in 1954 to Staff Regulation 4.2,
which thereafter provided as follows :
"In appointing,transferring or promoting staff members, and iiz
renewifzgappoi.ittments,the Director-General shall aim at securing
the highest standardsofefficiency,competence and integrity."
The words in italics were added in 1954. The fact that it was
considered desirable to inake this addition indicates that the
renewal of an appointment was considered as being somewhat
different from the act of "appointing" referred to in the earlier
text. Finally-and this is more than a matter of technical detail
-it is of interest to note that the document entitled "Notice
of Personnel Action", which is attached to the original Letter
of Appointment, defines the type of action as "appointment"
whereas that attached to the second Letter of Appointment
defines the type of action as "extension of contractu-a wording
which recalls the notion of an original contract .whose duration
is simply prolonged.
Al1 this shows that there is a relationship, a legal relationship,
between the renewal and the original appointment and, conse-
quently, betsveen the renewal and the legal position of an officia1
at the moment when his claim to renewal is granted or denied.
Does that relationship go so far as t~ create in his favour, as
has been claimed, a definite right to renewal ? That is a question
which pertains to the merits and which it is not necessary for
the Court to answer. It is sufficient to note that the complaint
of the appellant was related to the link created between the
original contract and its renewal-a link clearly established by
the Staff Regulations and Rules to which the contract expressly
makes reference and which constitute the legal basis on which
the interpretation of the contract must rest. Thus the complainant,
in claiming to possess a right to renewal of his contract and in
claiming that that right had been infringed, was placing himself
on the ground of non-observance of the terms of appointment. .4D&I. TRIBUK.11- OF I.L.O.(OPIXION OF 23 X 56) 95
The legal relationship thus found to exist between a fixed-term
contract and its renewal-a relationship which constitutes the
legal basis of the complaints of the officials-shows itself once
more in the decision taken by the Director-General in the Adminis-
trative 3lemorandum of July 6th, 1954.
III this Memorandum the Director-General announced that he
had "decidtad that al1 professional staff members" who satisfied
certain conditions and whose services were needed would "be
offered one-year renewals of their appointments". It was possible
to maintain that the effect of the Iblemorandum was to create
a right to the renewal of the contracts. The Court considers that
it could reasonably be maintained that an administrative notice
framed in such general terms might be regarded as binding on
the Organization ;and that the necessity, asserted by Unesco, of an
individual offer and an individual acceptance of the offer was,
in the circumstances, a matter of form rather than of substance.
It is not necessary for the Court to decide whether the legal
consequences thus envisaged actually followed from the Adminis-
trative Memorandum. In any case, the Court considers that if
the Director-General thought fit to refuse to an officia1the benefit
of the general offer thus extended, any dispute ~vhichmight arise
with regard to the matter fell within the jurisdiction of the
Administrative Tribunal.
It follows from the preceding considerations that the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was entitled to assume that the complaints
required it to adjudicate on an alleged non-observance of the
terms of appointment, and, consequently, to declare itself com-
petent to hear them. In the course of those considerations, the
Court referred to the provisions of the Staff Regulations and of
the Staff Rules. On this ground, which constitutes a second basis
for the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal, the Court
feels it necessary to add certain observations which serve to
confirm the conclusions already reached.
Before the Administrative Tribunal, Unesco contended that the
complaints of the officials were based "on a profound ...misinter-
pretation of implications of temporary appointments" ;that they
involved a "revolution in the system of temporary contracts" ; and
that Unesco sought "to define ..the terms 'permanent contract' and
'temporary appointment' [...and. ..] the different situations to which
they correspond and their respective legal consequences". It was
thus putting itself on the ground of the provisions of the Staff
Regulations, that is, on the ground covered by the jurisdictionof the Administrative Tribunal as defined in Article II, paragraph 5,
of its Statute. Conversely, in the Duberg case the complainant
analysed under three points the arguments of the Director-
General :(1) the appellant had no acquired right to the renewal
of his contract ; (2)the Director-General was not bound to state
his reasons for non-renewal ; and (3) his decision in the matter
was not subject to the control of a jurisdictional body. The com-
plainant contested these propositions. He did so .in reliance not
only on the terms of the contract, but also of the Staff Regulations.
Under Staff Regulations 4.5.1,the renewal of fixed-term contracts
was made subject to "programme requirements". The Director-
General took the view that he could not anticipate what might
be decided with regard to this point by the General Conference,
which was to meet at the end of 1954. This fact explains why he
took no action with regard to the renewal of Duberg's contract,
which was due to expire on December 31st, 1954, before the
date fixed for this purpose by Staff Rule52 (d), which subsequently
became Rule 104.6 (d). In these circumstances, the Director-
General, believing "that there is general agreement that the
personnel policy of the Organization should be based on the
concept of an international civil service and should be aimed at
retaining on a permanent basis those staff members who achieve
the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity and
whose services are needed", issued, on July 6th, 1954, an Adminis-
trative Memorandum on the subject of "Renewal of appointments
expiring end 1954 and early 1955". In this Memorandum, the
Director-General announced that he had "decided that al1 profes-
sional staff members" whose contracts would shortly expire and
"who have achieved the required standards of efficiency, com-
petence and integrity and whose services are needed, will be
offered one-year renewals of their appointments". What was the
character of that Memorandum ? In the view of the Court it
constituted a modification of the Staff Rules then in force-a
modification which the Director-General was authorized to make
under Staff Regulation 12.2. By virtue of that modification,
Article 52 (d) of the Staff Rules was provisionally altered. Al1
officiais whose contracts would expire between July 6th, 1954,
and June 3oth, 1955, and who possessed the required qualifications,
were now informed that they would be offered a renewal of one
year. The prescribed period of three months or six months had
ceased to be relevant. The resulting situation shows that the
Administrative Memorandum was related to the application of
the Staff Regulations.
Finally, there are two other factors nrhich bring the Adminis-
trative Memorandum of July 6th, 1954, within the terms of
Article II, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal. In the first place it referred to the phrase "in thelight of programme requirements" embodied in Staff Regulation
4.5.1. In the second place, the Memorandum relied by implication
on Staff Regulation 4.2, which lays down that in appointing,
transferring or promoting staff members, the Director-General
shall aim at securing the highest standards of efficiency, com-
petence and integrity. The controversy submitted to the Admin-
istrative Tribunal centred around the notion of integrity referred
to both in the Memorandum and in Staff Regulation 4.2.Indeed
that was the crucial point in reliance on which the complaint
challenged the decision of the Director-General as open to attack.
From this point of view, the allegation of non-observance of
Staff Regulations seems clearly to fa11within the jurisdiction of
the Tribunal.
It follows from the preceding considerations that whether
looked at from the point of view of non-observance of the terins
of appointment or of that of non-observance of Staff Regulations,
the question was, as stated by the Administrative Tribunal in
the reasons which it gave for its decision in the matter of com-
petence, one of a "dispute concerning the interpretation and
application of the Staff Regulations and Rules of the defendant
Organisation" and that, in consequence, the Tribunal was justified
in confirming its jurisdiction.
The Court has not lost sight of the fact that both before the
Administrative Tribunal and in the statements subinitted to the
Court it has been contended, on the one hand, that the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was an international tribunal and, on the other
hand, that it was a Tribunal of limited jurisdiction ("juridiction
d'attribution")and not of general jurisdiction ("juridiction de droit
commun"). That contention has been put forward with a view to
achieving a restrictive interpretation of the provisions governing
the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. The Court does not deny that the
Administrative Tribunal is an international tribunal.However, the
question submitted to the Tribunal was not a dispute between
States. It was a controversy between Unesco and one of its officials.
The arguments, deduced from the sovereignty of States, which
might have been invoked in favour of a restrictive interpretation of
provisions governing the jurisdiction of a tribunal adjudicating
between States are not relevant to û situation in which a tribunal
iscalled upon to adjudicate upon a complaint of an officia1against
an international organization.
The Court recognizes that the Administrative Tribunal is a
Tribunal of limited jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Court has pro-
ceeded on the basis of the provision which confers upon the Tribunal
jurisdiction in the matter of "complaints alleging non-observ-ance, in substance or in form, of the terms of appointment of
officiais and of provisions of the Staff Regulations". The
Court has acted upon that provision and upon the other relevant
provisions of the Staff Regulations. In doing so the Court has
relied on the wording of tlie texts in question as well as on their
spirit, namely, the purpose for which they were adopted. That
purpose was to ensure to the Organization the services of a per-
sonnel possessing t-he necessary qualifications of competence and
integrity and effectively protected by appropriate guarantees in
the matter of observance of the terms of employment and of
the provisions of the Staff Regulations. It is in that way that
the Court arrived at what it considers to be the correct inter-
pretation of Article II (5) of the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal and the proper application of Chat provision to the
case submitted to it. It was not necessary for it, for that purpose,
to have recourse to any principles of either restrictive or extensive
interpretation.
The Court, having decided to give an affirmative answer to
Question 1, will now examine Question II as put to it in the
Request for an Advisory Opinion. That question is as follows :
"II.-In the case of an affirmative answer to question :
(a) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to determine
whether the powerof the Director-Generalnot to renew fixed-
term appointments has been exercised for the good of the
service and in theinterest of the Organization?
(b) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to pronounce
on the attitude which the Director-General, under the
terms ofthe Constitutioil of the United Nations Educational,
Scientificand Cultural Organization, ought to maintain in
his relations with a h4emberState, particularly as regards
the execution of thepolicy of the Government authorities of
that Member State ?"
Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
provides for a Request for an Advisory Opinion of the Court in
two clearly defined cases. The first is where the Executive Board
challenges a decision of tk,e Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction ;
the second is when the Executive Board considers that a decision
of the Tribunal is vitiated by a fundamental fault in the procedure
followed. The Request for an Advisory Opinion under Article XII
is not in the nature of an appeal on the merits of the judgment.
It is limited to a challenge of theecision of the Tribunal confirming
its jurisdiction or to cases of fundamental fault of procedure.
Apart from this, there is no remedy against the decisions of the
Administrative Tribunal. A challenge of a decision confirmirig
25 jurisdiction cannot properly be transformed into a procedure
against the manner in which jurisdiction has been exercised or
against the substance of the decision.
There is no reference in Question II either to a fundamental
fault of procedure or to the decision of the Tribunal confirming
its jurisdiction. This is so although the two parts of that question
are formulated in terms of "competence". For these arc questions
relating to the reasons given by the Tribunal for its decision on
the merits of the question submitted to it. The reasons given
by the Tribunal for its decision on the merits, after it confirmed
its jurisdiction,cannot properly form the basis of a challenge
to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. Question 1 of the present
Request for an Opinion is concerned only with a challenge of
the decision confirming jurisdiction. It does not refer to the other
ground of challenge provided for in Article XII, namely a fun-
damental fault in the procedure followed. The Çtatute of the
Administrative Tribunal could have provided for other reasons
for challenging the decision of the Tribunal than those referred
to in Article XII. It has not done so. In view of this, the Court
cannot answer Question II within the framework of Article XII
of the Statute of the Tribunal-the only Article by reference
to which the Opinion of the Court is invoked.
Undoubtedly, Unesco has the general power to ask for an Advis-
ory Opinion of the Court on questions within the scope of its
activity. But the question put to the Court has not been put in
reliance upon the general power of Unesco to ask for an Advisory
Opinion. It has been expressly linked with Article XII. In its
terms andby virtue of the place which it occupiesin the Resolution
requesting the Advisory Opinion, Question II as put to the Court
refers to the judgments which the Executive Board has challenged
in relation to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal which rendered these
judgments. It is on that basis that the question must be considered
by the Court. The Court has found that the object of that Question
is outside the matter which, in the judgments which have been
challenged, is germane to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. In the
Request for an Advisory Opinion, Question II has been placed
within the orbit of Article XII. Actually, it is outside that Article.
Accordingly, it cannot be considered by the Court for the purpose
of acting upon the request made to it.
As, for the reasons stated, the Court is not in the position to
answer Question II, it need not be concerned with some of the wider
issues argued at length before the Tribunal and in the written
statements submitted to the Court. These issues include that of the
law obtaining in various municipal systems as to the position of the
employees of the State, the nature of their employment and the
26principles of judicial review goveming the tenure and the con-
ditions of their service.These questions do not arise in the present
case.
Similarly, the Court need not consider the allegation that the
Tribunal, which was competent to hear the complaint, committed
an excess of jurisdiction and acted z~ltraaires in the decision which
it gave. Article XII of the Statute of the Tribunal only refers to a
challenge of "a decision of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction".
A Request for an Advisory Opinion based on that Article cannot,
contrary to the contention of Unesco, extend to an allegation
that the Tribunal "went beyond the bounds of its competence in
its consideration of the disputes". Any such allegation, even if it
were well-founded, could not lead to the conclusion that the Tri-
bunal \Irasnot com~etent to hear the com~laint.
In view of this the Court need not exLmine the allegation that
the validity of the judgments of the Tribunal is vitiated by cxcess
of jurisdiction on the ground that it awarded compensation ex
aequoet bono.It will confineitself to stating that, in the reasons given
by the Tribunal in support of its decision on the merits, the Tri-
bunal said :"That redress will be ensured ex aequo et bono by the
granting to the cornplainant of the sunî set forth below." It does
not appear from the context of the judgment that the Tribunal
thereb- intended to depart from principles of law. The apparent
intention \vas to say that, as the precise determination of the
actual amount to be awarded could not be based on any specific
rule of law-, the Tribunal fixed what the Court, in other circum-
stances, has described as the true measure of compensation and the
reasonable figure of such compensation (Corfu Channel case, Jzidg-
ment of December 15th, 1949, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 249).
Question III submitted to the Court is as follows :
by the Administrative Tribunal in its Judgments Nos.cis17,18, 19n
and ZI?"
Under Article VI of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal, its
judgments "shall be final and without appeal". However,Article XII
authorizes the Executive Board to challenge those judgments,
but only on the ground of lack of jurisdiction or of fundamental
fault in the procedure followed. In case of such a challenge, it is
for the Court to pass, by means of an Opinion having binding force,
upon the challenge thus raised and, consequently,upon the validity
of the judgment challenged. The four judgmentshave been challenged
only in respect of the competence of the Administrative Tribunal
which rendered them. If the Court had upheld this challenge it
would have had to declare the judgments invalid. The Court,having
rcjected the contention relating to jurisdiction, the only contentionraised by the Executive Board, will consequently answer Ques-
tion III by a finding in favour of the validity of the four judgments.
For these reasons,
by nine votes to four,
to comply with the Request for an Advisory Opinion ;
With regardto QuestionI :
by ten votes to three,
that the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour
Organisation was competent, under Article II of its Statute, to hear
the complaints introduced against the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization on February 5th, 1955, by
Messrs. Duberg and Leff and Mrs. Wilcox, and on June 28th, 1955,
by Mrs. Bernstein ;
With regardto QuestionII :
by nine votes to four,
that this question does not cal1for an answer by the Court ;
With regardto QuestionIII :
by ten votes to three,
that the validity of the decisions given by the Administrative
Tribunal in its Judgments Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 21 is no longer open
to challenge. ADM. TRIBUNAI, OF I.L.O. (OPINIO~YOF 23 X 56) IO2
Done in French and English, the French test being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-third day of October,
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-six, in two copies, one of which
~villbe placed in the Archives of the Court and the other transmitted
to the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization.
(Signed) GREENH. HACI~WORTH,
President.
(Siggzed) J. LOPEZOLIVAX,
Registrar.
Judge KOJEVNIKOV makes the following declaration :
IVhilst voting in favour of the decision of the Court to comply
with the Request for an A-dviîory Opinion submitted by Unesco,
and of the final part of the Opinion itself with regard to Questions
and III, put by Unesco on Xovember 25th, 1955-although 1 do
not agree with certain aspects and data relatjng to the reasoning
of thut decision and of that Opinion-1 am nevertheless unable
to concur in the view of the Court on Question II.
In my opinion, the Court, having recognized the competence
of the Administrative Tribunal, the v.îlidity and consequently the
binding force of the Judgments given by it,it ought also to have
dealt with Question II and çiven it an affirmative answer.
Indeed, the Administrative Tribunal had to decide whether the
action of the Director-Gencral was dictated by the interests of
Unesco and whether his attitude correspondcd to the provisions
of the statute of that Organization.
Without a solution to those questions, the Administrative
Tribunal was not in a position to give a decision on the merits
of the case and to find that the dismissal ofthe officials concerned
\vas due solely to their refusal to appear before the Loyalty Board
of the CTnited States.
Accordingly, the Administrative Tribunal was competent to
hear the coniplaints introduced against Unesco by the officials ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINIONOF 23 X 56) IO3
concerned and the decisions given by the Administrative Tribunal
in its Judgments Nos. 17, 119 and 21are perfectly well-founded,
valid and binding upon Unesco and effect must be given to them
by the Organization.
Judges WINIARSKIK , LAESTAD and Sir Muhammad ZAFRULLA
KHAN, availing themselves of the right conferred on them by
-4rticles 57 and 68 of the Statute, append to the Opinion of the
Court statements of their separate Opinions.
PresidentHACKWORT VHce-PresidentBADAW and Judges READ
and CORDOVA a,ailing themselves of the right conferred on them
by Articles 57 and 68 of the Statute, append to the Opinion of the
Court statements of their dissenting Opinions.
(Initialled)G. H. H.
(Initialled)J. L. O.
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
JUGEMENTS DU TRIBUNAL ADMIXISTRATIF DE
L'ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DU TRAVAIL
SUR REQUÊTES CONTRE L'ORGANISATION DES
NATIONS UNES POUR L'ÉDUCATION, LA SCIENCE
ET LA CULTURE
AVIS CONSULTATIFDU 23OCTOBRE 1956
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
JUDGMEKTS OF THE ADlIINISTRATIVE
TRIBUNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANISATION UPON COMPLAINTS MADE
AGAINST THE UNITED XATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
ADVISORYOPINION OF OCTOBER 23rd,1956 Le préserit avis doit êtrecité comine sui:
Jugemclzts du 7'~ibunaLadministratif de L'O.I. I'. sur requêtes
contre 1'U. N. E. S. C. O., Avis corzsuitatif du 23 octobre 1956 :
C. 1. 1. Recueil 1956,p. 77.))
This Opinioii sliould be cited as follows
"Judgrnents of theAdministrative I'rib~~~znjl the I.L.O. upon
conzplaints ?nadeagainst the U. N. E.S.C.O., Advisory Opinion of
October 23ud, r956 : I.CJ. Reports 1956, p. 77."
No de vente :
Sales number 156 / COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
1956
Le 23 octobre
Rôlegénéral
no30
23 octobre 1956
JUGEMENTS DU TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF DE
L'ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DU TRAVAIL
SUR REQUETES CONTRE L'ORGANISATION DES
NATIONS UNIES POUR L'ÉDUCATION, LA SCIENCE
ET LA CULTURE
Demande d'avis consztltat-f. Contestation par le Coîzseil exécutif
de l'Unesco de jugements du Tribztnal administrade l'Organisation
inter~zationale dzt Travail. Force obligatoire donnée à l'avis de la
Coztr. - Égalité des parties devantle juge. - Transnzissionpar
l'intermédiaire de l'Unesco des observations émanant des fonctionnaires
intéressés. -Absence de procédure orale. -Décision de la Coztr de
répondre à zcne demande d'acis.
Compétertce dzt Tribunaladministratif pourconnaître de requêtes
inzloquarat l'inobservation des stipu1ation.s dtt contrat d'engagement ou
des dispositionsdu Statut du personnel. - Non-renouvellement de
contrats de durée définie. Note administrativdu 6 juille1954. -
Mode de détevmination de la conzpétence du Tribunal admiizistratif.
Demande d'avis limitée à l'examen de la compétence du Tribunal
adnziîaistrat-f. Distinctiond'une demande d'avis présentée sur la
base de l'articleII dzr Statutdu Tribunal administratifet d'une
demande d'avis présentéesur la base du pouvoir Plus généralconféré
à l'U?zesco.
AVIS CONSULTATIF
Présents : RI.HACKWORTH Pr,ésident;M.BADAWIV ,ice-Président ;
MM. BASDEVANTW , INIARSKI,ZORICIC, KLAESTAD,
READ, ARMAND-UGON I, OJEVNIKOVS ,ir Muhammad
ZAFRULLAKHAN, Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT, MM.
MORENO QUINTANA C,ORDOVA J,ges; M.LOPEZOLIVAN,
Gregier. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1956
YEAR 1956 General Lis:
No. 30
October 23rd, 1956
JUDGMENTS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE
TRIBUNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANISATION UPON COMPLAINTS MADE
AGAINST THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Iieqztest for Aduisorj~ Opinion.-Challebj~ thc ExecutivBoard
Tribu~zal of the Inter-
of Unesco of judgments of the Administrative
national Labour Organisation.-Binding characler aftributeto the
Opinion of the Court.-Equalityof Partiesin judicial proceedings.-
Tra~zsmission throztghUnesco of observatioîzs frothe oficials con-
cer~ted.-Absence of Oral Proceedirzgs.-Decisiolof the Court to
cowz~ly with Rcquest for AdvisoOpinion.
Jurisdictionof the AdministrativTribunal to heavmplai~zts alleg-
ilzgnon-observance of tevîns of appoi~ztment and of provisio~ts of the
Slag Regu1ations.-Non-renewal of fixed-tewnappointments.--4d-
nzi~zistrativc ,2.Iernorandunz of July 6th, 1954.-of deteruni~zing
the jztuisdiction of the AdministrTribunal.
Request for Opi~zio~zlinzited to consideration of the jzrrisdiction of the
.IdminisirativTribunal.-Disti~zctiobetween a requcst for Advisovy
Opinion sub~zitte01the basis of Article of thestatute of theAduzin-
istrntive Tribunaand a reqziest for AdvisOpinion szrbmitted undev
the r.12general poitieu coîzferred on Cnesco.
ADVISORY OPINION
Present: President HACKWORT ;HVice-PresidentBADAW I Judges
BASDEVANTW , INIARSKI,ZORICI~,KLAESTAD,READ,
ARMAND-UGOK NO,JEVNIKOV, SirMuhammad ZAFRULLA
KHAN,Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT M,ORENOQUINTANA,
CORDOV ;ARegistrar LOPEZOLIVAN. En l'affaire relative aux jugements nos 17, 18,19 et 21 rendus
par le Tribunal administratif de l'organisation internationale du
Travail sur requêtes présentées par MM. Duberg et Leff et les
Dames ~'ilcox et Bernstein contre l'Organisation des Nations
Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture,
ainsi composée,
donne L'avis consultatif suivant :
Par lettre du 30 novembre 1955, enregistrée au Greffe le 2 dé-
cembre, le Directeur généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies
pour l'éducation, la science et la culture a porté à la connaissance
de la Cour que, par une résolution du 18 novembre 1955, le Conseil
exécutif de cette Organisation, agissant dans le cadre de l'arti-
cle XII du Statut clu Tribunal administratif de l'organisation
internationale du Travail, avait décidéde contester les jugements
rendus par ce Tribunal le 26 avril 1955 dans les affaires Leff,
Duberg, Wilcox et, le 29 octobre 1955, dans l'affaire Bernstein,
et de soumettre la question de leur validité à la Cour ; et que,
en conséquence, le Conseil exécutif avait décidé,par une résolu-
tion du 25 novembre 1955 dont le Directeur générala joint une
copie certifiée conforme à sa lettre, de demander à la Cour un
avis consultatif sur plusieurs questions énoncées dans ladite
résolution, laquelle est ainsi conçue :
(Le Conseilexécutif,
Considérantque par ses jugements nos 17, 18, 19, en date du
26 avrilIgjj, et son jugement no 21,en date du 29octobre 1955,
le Tribunal administratif de l'organisation internationale du Travail
a retenu sa compétencedans lesrequêtes introduites parMBI.Duberg
et Leff, et les Dames Wilcox et Bernstein, contre l'organisation
des Nations Unies pour l'éducation,la science et la culture,
Considérantque l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif
de l'Organisation internationale du Travail prévoit:
I.Au cas où le Conseil exécutif d'une organisationinter-
nationale ayant fait la déclaration prévue à l'article II, para-
graphe 5, du Statut du Tribunal conteste une décisiondu Tri-
bunal affirmant sa compétence ou considère qu'une décision
dudit Tribunal est viciéepar une faute essentielle dans la
procédure suivie, la questionde la validitéde la décisionrendue
par le Tribunal sera soumise par ledit Conseil exécutif, pour
avis consultatifà la Cour internationale de Justice.
2. L'avis rendu p'arla Cour aura force obligatoire.»
Considérantque le Conseil exécutif, après en avoir délil)i~é,
entend se prévaloir desdispositio~~sde l'article précité,
5 In the matter of Judgments Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisltion upon
complaintsmade agairist the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization by Messrs. Duberg and Leff and Mrs.
\i'ilcox and Mrs. Bernstein,
THECOURT,
composed as above,
gizlethe /0110z~ii~Agdviso~y OOpi?zion:
By a letter of Xoveinber 3oth, 1955, filed in the Registrÿ oii
December znd, the Director-Gei~eral of the Cnited Kations Educn-
tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization infornied the Court that,
by a Resoliition dated November ~Sth, 1955, the Executive Board
of that Organization, acting within the framework of Article XII of
the Statute of the Adininistrative Tribunal of the International
Labour Orga~isation, l-iaddecided to challenge the decisions rendered
by the Tribunal on Aprilz6th, 1955, in the Leff, Duberg and'iliilcox
cases, and on October zgth, 1955, in the Bernstein case, and to refer
the question of their validity to the Court ;and that, accordingly,
the Executive Board, by a Resolution dated Noveinber 25th, 1955,
a certified true copy of which the Director-General appended to his
letter, had decided to request the International Court of Justice to
ive an advisory opinion on a number of questions set out in the
afore-mentioned Reçolution, which is in the following terins :
" TJzeExzczitiz~cBoard,
Ti7izerens.byits Jiidg~ncnts Kos. 17, 18 and 19of 26 April 1955,
ailcl'go.21 of29 Ortober 1955,the Administrative Tribunal of the
Internatioiial Labour Organisation confirmed its jurisdiction in the
complaints introduced by 3fessrs. Duberg and Leff and Mrs. \Vilcor;
and Jfrs. Bernstein ftgainst the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization,
Tl~hcreashrticle XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
of the International Labour Organisatioil provides as follows :
'1. In any case in which the Executive Board of an inter-
national organization wliich has made the declaration specified
in Article II, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Tribunal chal-
lenges a decision of the Tribunal co~firming its jurisdiction, or
considers that a decision of the Tribunal is vitiated by a funda-
mental faiilt iil the procedure followed, the question of the
validity of the decision given by the Tribunal shall be submitted
by the Esecutivc Board concerned, for an advisory opinion,
to the International Court of Justice.
2. She opiniongiven by the Court shall be binding.'
TViz~.venshe Executive Board, after consideration, wishes to avail
itsclf of the provisions of the said Article,
579 TRIBVKA4L AD3I. DE L'O. 1.T. (AVIS DU 23 X 56)
Décide!de soumettre à la Cour internationale de Justice, pour avis
consultatif, les questions juridiques ci-après :
Vu le Statut du Tribunal administratif de l'Organisation inter-
nationale du Travail ;
Vu le Statut et le Règlement du personnel de l'organisation des
Sations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture, et
tous autres instruments et textes pertinents ;
J7u les stipulations des contrats d'engagements de MhI. Duberg
et Leff et des Dames Wilcox et Bernstein :
1. -- Le Tribunal administratif était-il compétent, aux termes dc
l'article II de son Statut, pour connaître des requètes intro-
duites contre l'organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation,
la science et la culture, en date di1 j fkvrier 1955, ,par
MM. Duberg et Leff et la Dame Wilcox, et, en date di128 juin
19jj, par la Dame Bernstein ?
II. - Dans le cas d'une réponse affirmative à la question 1 :
a)Le Tribunal administratif était-il compétent pour vérifier
si le pouvoir conféréau Directeur général de lie pas renouveler
des engagements de durée définiea étéexercé1)oLlrlc bien di1
service rt l'intéret de l'Organisation ?
b) Le Tribunal administratif était-il compétent pour sc
prononcer sur l'attitude qu'aiix termes de l'Acte constitutif
de l'organisation des Satioiis Unies pour l'édiication, la
science ct ln culture, ,le Directeur général doit ohserver dans
ses relations avcc lin Etat Membre, notamment cn ce qui con-
c5rne la miséen euvre de la politicliie goii\.ernerneritale de cet
Etat Xe~nbre ?
III. - En tout état de cause, quelle est la validit6 des décisions
rendiics par le Tribunal adniinistratif dans ses jugements
nos17, 18, 19 et 21 ? »
Conformément à l'article 66, paragraphe 1, du Statut de la
Cour, la requête demandant l'avis consultatif a été notifiée le
8 décembre 1955 à tous les Etats admis à ester en justice devant
la Cour : copie dela lettre du Directeur général, avec la résolution
y annexée, a ététransmise à ces Etats.
Le Président de la Cour ayant jugé siisceptibles de fournir
des renseignements sur les questions soumises à la Cour, d'une
part les Etats Membres de l'organisation des Nations Unies pour
l'éducation, la science et la culture admis à ester devant la
Cour, et d'autre part l'organisation internationale du Trax-ail
ainsi que les organisations internationales ayant reconnu la
juridiction du Tribunal administratif de l'organisation inter-
nationale du Travail, à savoir l'organisation mondiale de la
Santé, 1'Gnioil internationale des Télécommunications, l'organi-
sation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture,
l'Organisation météorologique mondiale, l'organisation des Nations
Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, et l'organisation
6 Decides to submit the following legal questions to the Inter-
national Court of Justice for an advisory opinion :
Having regard to the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of
the International Labour Organisation ;
Having regard to the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation, and-to any other relevant texts ;
Havand Leff and Mrs. Wilcox and Mrs. Bernsteinof:Rlessrs.Duberg
1.-IVas the Administrative Tribunal competent, under Article II
of itsStatute, to hear the complaints introduced against the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation on 5 February 1955 by Messrs. Duberg and Leff and
Mrs. Wilcox, and on 28 June 1955hy Ilrs. Bernstein ?
11.-In the case of an affirmative answer to question 1 :
(a) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to determine
term appointments has been exercised for the good of theixed-
service and in the interest of the Organization?
(b) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to pronounce
on the attitude which the Director-General, under the terms of
and Cultural Organization, ought to maintain in his relationsc
with a Member State, particularly as regards the execution
of the policy of the Government authorities of that Membcr
State ?
III.- In any case, what is tlie validity of the decisions given by
the Administrative Tribunal in its Judgmerits Nos. 17, 18,
19and 21 ?"
In accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court, notice of the Request for an Advisory Opinion was given on
December 8th, 1955, to al1 States entitled to appear before the
Court : a copy of the letter of the Director-General with the resolu-
tion appended thereto was transmitted to those States.
The President of the Court considered that those States Members
of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation which were entitled to appear before the Court, the Interna-
tional Labour Organisation as well as the international organiza-
tions which had recognized the jurisdiction of the Administrative
Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation, namely, the
MTorld Health Organization, the International Telecomn~unication
Union, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, the World Meteorological Organization, the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European
Organization for Nuclear Research were likely to be able to furnish
informationon the questions referred to the Court. Accordingly, the
6européenne pour la recherche nucléaire, le Greffier a fait connaître
à ces États et Organisations, conformément à l'article 66, para-
graphe 2, du Statut, que la Cour était disposée à recevoir d'eux
des exposés écrits, dans un délai dont, par ordoniîance du 5 dé-
cembre 1955, la date d'expiration a étéfixée au 30 avril 1956.
Dans ce délai,l'organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation,
la science et la culture, qui avait auparavant fait tenir à la Cour
les documents pouvant servir à élucider la question avec une note
introductive, a présentéun exposé avec, en appendice, des obser-
vations et informations formulées au nom des bénéficiairesdes
jugements 17, 18,19 et 21 du Tribunal administratif de l'Orga-
nisation internationale du Travail par leur conseil. Des exposés
ont également étéprésentésau nom du Gouvernement des Etats-
Unis d'Amérique, du Gouvernement de la République française,
du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande du Nord et du Gouvernement de la République de
Chine.
Ces exposés ont étécommuniqués à tous les États et Organi-
sations auxquels avait étéadressée la communication prévue à
l'article 66, paragraphe 2,du Statut. Ces Etats et Organisations
ont en même temps été avisés que la Cour n'envisageait pas
d'ouvrir une procédure orale en la présente affaire mais qu'elle
avait décidéde les admettre à présenter des commentaires écrits
sur les exposés dans un délai expirant le I~~juillet 1956.
Dans ce délai, le Conseiller juridique de l'organisation des
Nations Enies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture a fait
tenir au Greffe une lettre datée du 20 juin 1gj6 dans laquelle,
se référant à certains aspects de la question de c~mpétencesoumise
à la Cour, il énonçait les raisons pour lesquelles cette Organisation
n'entendait pas se prévaloir de la faculté de présenter de nouveaux
développeinents. D'autre part, il a transmis au Greffe des obser-
vations complémentaires formulées au nom des bénéficiairesdes
jugements 17, 18, 19 et 21.
Dans le présent avis, l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour
l'éducation, la science et la culture sera dénommée Unesco, et
le Tribunal administratif de l'organisation internationale du
Travail, Tribz~nalndfninistratif.
La résolution du 25 novembre 1955 par laquelle le CoilseiI
exécutif de l'Unesco a demandé un avis consultatif à la Cour se
fonde sur l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif qui,
tel qu'il a étécité dans ladite résolution et tel qu'il est applicable
à l'Unesco, dispose :
(I.Au casoù leConseilexécutifd'uneorganisationinternationale
ayant fait la déclaration prévue à l'article II, paragraphe 5, du
Statut du Tribunal conteste une décision duTribunal affirmant sa
compétenceou considèrequ'une décision dudit Tribunal est viciéeRegistrar, in pursuance of Article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
notified these States and Organizations that the Court would be
prepared to receive written statements from them within a time-
limit fixed by ail Order of December 5th, 1955, at April 3oth,
1956.
M'ithin this time-linlit, the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, which had previously transmitted to
the Court the documents likely to throw light upon the question,
together with an introductory note, submitted a written statement
with an appendix containing the observations and information
formulated by Counsel acting on behalf of the perçons in whose
favour Judgments Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the Administrative
Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation were given.
Written statements were also submitted on behalf of the Govern-
ments of the United States of America, of the French Republic, of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of
the Republic of China.
These ~ritten statements were communicated to States and Organ-
izations to whom the communication provided for in Article 66,
paragraph 2,of the Statute had been addressed. At the same time
these States and Organizations were informed that the Court did not
contemplate holding public hearings in the present case but that it
had decided to permit them to submit in writing their comments on
the written statements at any time prior to July ~st, 1956.
JVithin this time-limit the Legal Adviser of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization sent io the
Registry a letter dated June zoth, 1956,in which, referring to certain
aspects of the jurisdictional issue before the Court, he stated the
reasons why the Organization did not intend to avail itself of the
opportunity to submit further arguments tothe Court. It also trans-
mitted to the Registry supplementary observations formulated on
behalf of the persons in whose favour Judgments 17, 18, 19 and 21
were given.
In the present Opinion, the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization will be referred to as Unesco, and the
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
will be referred to asthe Administrative Tribunal.
*
* *
The Resolution of November 25th, 1955, bj7whiChthe Executive
Board of Unesco requested an Advisory Opinion of the Court, relies
on Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal which
as cited in the Resolution and as applicable to Unesco reads :
"1. In any case in whichthe Executive Board of an international
organization which has made the declaration specified inArticle II,
paragraph 5, ofthe Statute of the Tribunal challengesa decisionof
the Tribunal confirmingits jurisdiction, or considersthat a decision81 TRIBUNAL ADM. DE L'O. 1. T. (AVIS DU 23 X 56)
par une faute essentielle dans la procéduresuivie, la question de la
validitéde la décisionrendue par le Tribunal sera soumise par ledit
Conseil exécutif,pour avis consultatifà la Cour internationale de
Justice.
2. L'avis rendu par la Cour aura force obligatoir1)
Le paragraphe 5 de l'article II, mentionné à l'article XII,
dispose :
(5. Le Tribunal connaît en outre des requêtes invoquant l'inob-
servation soit quant au fond, soit quanàla forme des stipulations
du contrat d'engagement des fonctionnaires ou des dispositions du
Statut du personnel des autres organisations internationales de
caractère interétatique agrééepar le Coiiseil d'administration qui
auront adressé auDirecteur généralune declaration reconnaissant,
conformément à leur Constitution ouà leurs règlesadministratives
internes, la compétence du Tribunal à l'effet ci-dessus, demême
que ses règles deprocédure.1)
En outre, le paragraphe 7 de l'articleII dispose :
«7. En cas de contestation sur le point desavoirs'ilest compétent,
le Tribunal décide,sous réserve desdispositions de l'article XI))
L'Unesco a accepté la compétence du Tribunal administratif
en faisant la déclaration prévue à l'article II, paragraphe 5, du
Statut de ce Tribunal.
En se fondant sur l'article XII précité,la résolution du Conseil
exécutif a contesté les jugements nos17, 18 et 19 rendus le 26 avril
1955 sur requête de M. Peter Duberg, de M. David Leff et de
Mme Wilcox et le jugement no 21 rendu le 29 octobre 1955 sur
requête de Mme Bernstein.
Les faits sur lesquels s'appuyaient les quatre requêtes sont,
dans l'essentiel, les mêmes et il suffira par conséquent de les
énoncer en se référant à l'une des affaires sur lesquelles le Tribunal
s'est prononcé, à savoir celle deM. Peter Duberg (jugement no 17).
Duberg avait obtenu un engagement de durée définieà l'Unesco
le 22 juin 1949. Cet engagement, renouvelé par la suite, venait à
expiration le 31 décembre 1954. En février 1953, Duberg reçut
du représentant des Etats-Unis à l'Unesco un questionnaire à
remplir et à retourner en application d'un Executive Order du
Président des Etats-Unis du 9 janvier 1953, prescrivant une
procédure destinée à mettre à la disposition du Secrétaire général
des Nations TJnies certains renseignements relatifs aux citoyens
des États-L'nis employés ou candidats à un emploi au Secrétariat
des Nations Unies. Les dispositions de cette Ordonnance, aux
termes de sa partie 3, s'étendent à l'Unesco. Le requérant ne
répondit pas au questionnaire. En février 1954, il reçut un ques-
tionnaire de l'International OrganizationsEmployees Loyalty Board
of the United States Civil Service Commission institué par Exe-
8 ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 X 56) 81
of the Tribunal is vitiated by a fundamental fault in the procedure
followed,the question of the validity of the decision given by the
Tribunal shall be submitted by the Executive Board concerned,
for an advisory opinion, to the International Court of Justice.
2. The opinion given by the Court shall be binding."
Paragraph 5 of Article II, to which reference is made in Arti-
cle XII, reads :
"5. The Tribunal shall also be competent to hear complaints
appointment of officialsand of provisions of the Staff Regulations
of any other intergovernmental international organisationapproved
by the Governing Body which has addressed to the Director-
General a declaration recognising, in accordance with its Constitu-
tion or interna1administrative rules, the jurisdiction of the Tribunal
for this purpose, as well as its Rules of Procedure."
Furthermore, Article II, paragraph 7,reads :
"7. Any dispute as to the competence of the Tribunal shall be
decided by it, subject to the provisions of Article XII."
Unesco recognised the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal
by making the declaration provided for in Article II, paragraph 5,
of the Statute of the Tribunal.
Relying on Article XII quoted above, the Resolution of the
Executive Board challenged Judgments Nos. 17, 18 and 19 given on
April 26th, 1955, in the matter of the complaints of Mr. Peter
Duberg, Mr. David Leff and Mrs. Wilcox, and Judgment Xo. 21
given on October zgth, 1955, in the matter of the complaint of
Mrs. Bernstein.
The facts underlying the complaints were essentially the same in
al1four cases and it is therefore sufficient to state them by reference
to one of the cases decided by the Tribunal, namely, that of
Mr. Peter Duberg (Judgment Xo. 17).
Duberg obtained a fixed-term appointment with Unesco on
June zznd, 1949. That appointment, subsequently renewed, was
due to expire on December 31st, 1954. In February 1953 Duberg
received from the representative of the Cnited States to Gnesco a
questionnaire to be completed and returned in pursuance of an
Executive Order of the President ofthe United States of January gtb,
1953, prescribing procedures for making available to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations certain information concerning
United States citizens employed or being considered for employ-
ment on the Secretariat of the United Nations. By virtue of Part 3
of that Order, its provisions were made applicable to Unesco. The
complainant did not answer the questionnaire. In February 1954
the complainant received a questionriaire from the International
Organizations Employees Loyalty Board of the United States Civil
8cutive Order. 11ne répondit pas au questionnaire. En juin 1954,
il fut invité à comparaître devant ledit Loyalty Board siégeant
à l'ambassade des Etats-Unis à Paris. Le 13 juillet1954, le
requérant fit connaître au Directeur général de l'Unesco sa décision
de refuser de comparaître devant le Loyalty Board et les motifs
de conscience qui l'avaient anlené à prendre cette décision.
Auparavant, le 6 juillet 1954, le Directeur général avait publié
une Note administrative au sujet du renouvellement dès contrats
d'engagement venant à expiration à la fin de 1954. Dans cette
Note. le Directeur généralex~osait au'((il a décidéd'offrir à tous
les fonctionnaires de [la] catigorie [hes services organiques] dont
les contrats viennent à expiration entre la date de la présente
Note et le 30 juin 1955 inclus, qui possèdent les qualités requises
de travail, de compétence et d'intégrité et dont les services sont
nécessaires, le renouvellement de leur engagement pour une durée
d'un an ». Par lettre du 13 août 1954, le Directeur général afait
savoir à Duberg qu'il ne lui offrirait pas de nouvel engagement
quand le sien viendrait à expiration. Cette lettre énonçait entre
ai~tres ce qui suit :
I...A la lumière de ce que je considèrecomme votre devoir
envers l'Organisation, j'ai examine très attentivement les raisons
quc vous avez données dene pas comparaître devant l'lntenzatio~inl
Ovga~zizatior,E~mployees Loyalty Board, où vousauriezeul'occasion
de dissiper les soupçons et de réfuter les allégations qui peuvent
avoir étéformulées à votre encontre.
C'est en pleine conscience de mes responsabilités que je suis
psrvenu à la conc!usion qu'il m'est impossible de considérervotre
conduite comme compatible avec les hautes qualités d'intégrité
exigées despersonnes cmployéespar cette Organisation.
Je regrette d'avoir à vous infcriner en conséquenceque jc ne
vous offrirai pas d'autre engagernerit lorsque votre engagement
actuel r~iendrà expiration...1)
Après avoir vainement demandé au Directeur généralde recon-
sidérer sa décision, Duberg a introduit devant le Conseil d'appel
de l'Unesco un recours tendant à ce que soit annulée la décision
du Directeur général. Le 2 novembre 1954, le Conseil d'appel,
dans une conclusion majoritaire, émit l'avis que la décision devait
être annulée. Le 25 novembre 1954, le Directeur général fit
connaître au Président du Conseil d'appel qu'il ne lui était pas
possible de suivre cet avis. Le 5 février 1955, Duberg introdilisit
sa requête devant le Tribunal administratif.
Par jugement du 26 avril 1955, le Tribunal administratif s'est
déclarécompétent pour connaître de la requête. Il a motivé sa
décision dans les termes suivants :
Attendu que le caractère d'un engagement à duréedéfinieil'cst -
nullement celui d'un engagement en stage, c'est-à-dire d'un enga-
gement à l'essa;Service Commission set up by Executive Order. He did not reply to
the questionnaire. In June 1954 he received an invitation to appear
before the Loyalty Board at the 'United States Embassy in Paris.
On July 13th, 1954, the complainant informed the Director-General
of Unesco of his decision to refuse to appear before the Board and
of the reasons of conscience which caused hini to take that decision.
Previously, on July 6th., 1954, the Director-General had issued an
Administrative Memorandum on the subject of the renewal of
appointments expiring at the end of 1954. In that Memorandum the
Directo:-General had stated that "he has decided that al1 profes-
sional staff members whose contracts expire between now and
June 3oth, 1955 (inclusive), and who have achieved the required
standards of efficiency, competence and integrity and whose services
are needed, will be offered one-year renew-alsof their appointments".
By a letter dated August 13th, 1954, the Director-Generalinformed
Duberg that he would not offer him a new appointment on the
expiry of his contract. This letter stated, inter alia, as follows :
"...In the light of what 1beiieve tbe your duty to tlie Organiza-
tion, 1have considered very carefully your reasons for not appearing
before the International [Organizations] Employees Loyalty Board
where you would liave had an opportunity of dispelling suspicions
and disproving allegations which may exist regarding you.
It is witli a deep sense of my responsibilities that 1 have come
to the conclusionthat 1cannot accept your conduct as being consist-
ent with the high standards of integrity which are required of
those employed by the Organization.
1 have, therefore, to my regret, to inform you that 1 shall not
offer you a further appointment when your present appointment
expires.."
Following an unsuccessful application to the Director-General to
reconsider his decision, Duberg submitted an appeal to the Unesco
Appeals Board, asking that the decision of the Director-General be
rescinded. On November znd, 1954, the Appeals Board, by a major-
ity, expressed the opinion that the decision should be rescinded.
On November 25th, 1954, the Director-General informed the Chair-
man of the Appeals Board that he was unable to act in accordance
with its opinion. On February 5th, 1955, Duberg broiight his com-
plaint before the Adniinistrative Tribunal.
In its Judgment of April26th, 1955, the Administrative Tribunal
declared itself competent to entertain the complaint. It gave the
following reasons for its decision :
Considering that the character of a fixed-term appointment is
in no way that of a probationary appointment, that is to Say of a
trial appointment ;
g 8-3 TRIBUNAL ADRI. DE L'O. 1. T. (AVIS DU 23 X 56)
Que, s'il est exact que la disposition 104.6 du Règlement du Per-
sonnel de l'organisation défenderesseédictéen application du Statut
du Personnel stipule que : (un engagement de duréedéfinieprend
fin àl'échéance fixée s,ans préavis niindemnité ..»,ce texte ne vise
que la duréede l'engagement et n'empêche nullementque le Tribunal
administratif soit saisi d'une requête tendant à l'examen de la
validité de la décision positive ou négative prise en vue de son
renouvellement ;
Qu'il est constant en la cause que le Directeur général,par une
mesure d'ensemble portéele 6 juillet 1954 à la connaissance de to~~t
le personnel, na décidé d'offrir à tous les fonctionnaires de (la)
catégorie (des services organiques) dont les contrats viennent à
expiration entre (ladite) date et l30 juin 1955inclus, qui possèdent
les qualitésrequises de travail, de compétenceet d'intégritéet dont
les services sont nécessaires,le renouvellement de leur engagement
pour une durée d'un an );
Que le requérant, ayant fait l'objet d'une exception à cette
mesure générale,soutient que le Directeur général nepouvait agir
légitimement ainsi à son égard en se fondant sur l'unique motif
invoqué contre lui pour admettre qu'il ne possède pas la qualité
d'intégritéreconnue à ses collègues dont l'engagement a étére-
nouvelé, sans d'ailleurs que lui soient contestées les qualités de
travail et de compétence ;
Que le requérant demande l'annulation de cette décisionet, sub-
sidiairement, l'allocation d'une indemnité ;
Attendu donc qu'il s'agit d'un litige portant sur l'interprétation
et l'application du Statut et du Règlement du Personnel de l'Orga-
nisation défenderesse ;
Qu'en vertu de l'article II, paragraphe I,de son propre Statut,
le Tribunal est compétent pour s'en saisir ; »
Après s'êtredéclarécompétent, le Tribunal a statué sur le fond.
La Cour n'est pas appelée à se prononcer sur cette partie du juge-
m.en t.
Il résulte des termes de la résolution énonçant la demande d'avis
et de la citation qu'elle contient de l'article XII du Statut du Tri-
bunal administratif que la contestation dont les quatre jugements
ont étél'objet etla demande d'avis qui s'y rattache se réfèrent à la
compétence du Tribunal administratif et à la validité de ces juge-
ments. La contestation et la demande d'avis ne portent pas sur
l'allégation que ces jugements seraient viciés par une faute essen-
tielle dans la procédure suivie.
En formulant la demande d'avis, le Conseil exécutif a exercé un
pouvoir conféré à l'Unesco par l'article XI de l'accord entre cette
Organisation et les Nations Unies approuvé par l'Assemblée géné-
rale le 14 décembre 1946, pouvoir que la Conférence générale, en ADM. TRIBUNAI, OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 x 56) 83
That while it is the case that Unesco Staff Rule 104.6 issued 111
application of the Staff Regulations stipulates that: 'A fixed-term
appointment shall expire, without notice or indemnity, upon
completion of the fixed tem...', this text only deals with the dura-
tion of the appointment and in no way bars the Tribunal from
being seized of a complaint requesting the examination of the
validity of the positive or negative decision taken regarding the
renewal of the said appointment ;
That it is established in the case that the Director-General, by a
generalmeasure ofwhichthe wholestaff was informedon 6 July 1954,
'decided that al1professional staff members whose contracts expire
betweeil now and 30 June 1955 (inclusive) and who have achieved
the required standards of efficiency, competence and integrity and
whose services are needed, will be offered one-year renewals of their
appointments' ;
That the complainant, having been made the object of an excep-
tion to this general measure, holds that the Director-General could
iiot legitimately thus make an exception of him on the sole ground
which he invoked against him as justification for the view that he
did not possess the quality of integrity recognised in those of his
colleagues whose contracts had been renewed, and in the absence of
any contestation of his qualities of competence and efficienc;
That the complainantrequests that this decision be rescinded and,
alternatively, that an indemnity be granted ;
Considering that the question is thus a dispute coilcerning the
interpretation and application of the Staff Regulations and Rules
of the defendant Organisation ;
Tribunal is competent to hear the said dispute1;"f its Statute, the
After Iiaving declared itself competent, the Tribunal gave a
decision on the merits of the complaint. The Court is not called
upon to express an opinion on that part of the Judgment.
It appears from the terms of the Resolution requesting an
opinion and the citation, contained therein, of Article XII of the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal that the challenge raised
against the four Judgments, and th6 Request for an Advisory
Opinion related thereto, refer to the jurisdiction of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal and to the validity of the Judgments. The
challenge and the Request for an Opinion do not refer to an
allegation that these Judgments are vitiated by a fundamental
fault in the procedure followed.
In formulating the Request for an Advisory Opinion, the
Executive Board exercised a power conferred upon Unesco by
Article XI of the Agreement between that Organization and
the United Nations, approved by the General Assembly on
IOamendant à cet effet l'article V de la Convention du 16 novembre
1945 portant création de l'Unesco, a autorisé le Conseil exécutif à
exercer dans l'intervalle des sessions de la Conférencegénérale.
La Cour recherchera tout d'abord si elle doit donner suite à la
demande d'avis.
La question posée à la Cour est une question juridique. Elle s'est
poséedans le cadre del'activité de l'Enesco, au moment où le Conseil
exécutif avait à examiner les mesures à prendre àla suite des quatre
jugements. La réponsequi lui sera donnée affectera le résultat de la
contestation élevée par le Conseil exécutifau sujet de ces jugements.
Le Conseil exécutif, en présentant la demande d'avis, a cherché à
s'éclairersur l'aspect juridique d'une affaire dont il s'occupait.
L'avis ainsi demandé aura, aux termes de l'article XII du Statut
du Tribunal administratif, (force obligatoire 1).Cette conséquence
de l'avis dépassela portée attachée par la Charte et le Statut de la
Cour à un avis consultatif. Toutefois, cette disposition n'est pas
autre chose qu'une règle de conduite pour le Conseil exécutif, règle
qui déterminera la suite à donner par liii à l'avis de la Cour. Elle
n'affecte en rien le mode selon lequel la Cour fonctionne : celui-ci
reste fixépar son Statut et son Règlement. Elle n'affecte ni le raison-
nement par lequel la Cour formera son opinion, ni le contenu de
l'avis lui-même.Par conséquent, le fait que l'avis de la Cour sera
accepté comme ayant force obligatoire ne fait pas obstacle à ce que
suite soit donnéeà la demande d'avis.
La Cour est un corps judiciaire et, dans l'exercice de sa fonction
consultative, elle doit rester fidèle aux exigences de son caractère
judiciaire. Cela est-il possible dans le cas présent?
Les quatre jugements auxquels se réfèrela demande d'avis sont,
aux termes de l'article VI, paragraphe 1,du Statut du Tribunal,
((définitifset sans appel ); toutefois l'article XII, paragraphe 1, de
ce Statut considérédans la mesure où il a étéinvoquépar l'Unesco,
confère au Conseil exécutif le droit de contester ((une décisiondu
Tribunal affirmant sa compétence »,à charge, pour le Conseil exécu-
tif, de soumettre cette contestation à la Cour par la voie d'une
demande d'avis consultatif. Le Conseil exécutif a usé de cette
faculté.
La procédureconsultative ainsiengagéese présentecomme faisant
en quelque sorte fonction de recours contre les quatre jugements,
étant donné que la Cour est expressément invitée à se prononcer,
dans son avis qui aura ((force obligatoire I)sur la validité de ces
jugements.
L'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif répond au
dessein de faire porter devant la Cour et trancher par elle certaines
contestations'relatives à la validité de jugements rendus par ce
Tribunal entre un fonctionnaire et l'Organisation internationale ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O.(OPINION OF 23 X 56) a4
December 14th, 1946. The General Conference, by its amendment
of Article V of the Constitution of November 16th, 1945, by which
Unesco was brought into being, authorised the Executive Board
to exercise that power between sessions of the General Conference.
The Court will consider at the outset whether it should comply
with the Request for an Opinion.
The question put to the Court is a legal question. It arose
within the scope of the activities of Unesco when the Executive
Board had to examine the measures to be taken as a result of
the four Judgments. The answer given to it will affect the result
of the challenge raised by the Executive Board with regard to
these Judgments. In submitting the Request for an Opinion the
Executive Board was seeking a clarification of the legal aspect
of a matter with which it was dealing.
Under -ArticleXII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal,
the Opinion thus requested tvill be "binding". Such effect of the
Opinion goes beyond the scope attributed by the Charter and by
the Statute of the Court to an Advisory Opinion. However, the
provision in question is nothing but a rule of conduct for the
Executive Board, a rule determining the action to be taken by
it on the Opinion of the Court. It in 110 wise affects the way in
which the Court functions ;that continues to be determined by
its Statute and its Rules. Nor does it affect the reasoning by
which the Court forms its Opinion or the content of the Opinion
itself. Accordingly, the fact that the Opinion of the Court is
accepted as binding provides no reason why the Request for an
Opinion should not be complied with.
The Court is a judicial body and, in the exercise of its advisory
functions, it is bound to remain faithful to the requirements of
its judicial character. 1s that possible in the present case ?
The four Judgments referred to in the Request for an Opinion
are, under Article VI, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Tribunal,
"final and witliout appeal". However, Article XII, paragraph 1,
of the Statute, in so far as it was relied upon by Unesco, confers
upon the Executive Board the right to challenge "a decision of
the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction" and provides that the
Executive Board shall submit its challenge to the Court by means
of a Request for an Advisory Opinion. The Executive Board has
availed itself of that right.
The advisory procedure thus brought into being appears as
serving, in a way, the object of an appeal against the four Judg-
ments, seeing that the Court is expressly invited to pronounce,
in its Opinion, vvhich will be "binding", upon the validity of
these Judgments.
Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal was
designed to provide that certain challenges relating to the validity
of Judgments rendered by the Tribunal in proceedings between
an official and the international organization concerned should
II intéressée.,Or selon l'article34,paragraphe 1, du Statut de la Cour
seuls les Etats ont qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour 1).Dans
l'article XII, on a cherché à surmonter cette difficultéet à aboutir
néanmoins à un examen par la Cour et à une décisionde celle-ci
par le moyen d'une demande d'avis consultatif émanant du Conseil
exécutif. A celui-ci et à lui seul est reconnue la prérogative de pou-
voir contester un jugement du Tribunal administratif. La particu-
larité de cette procédure est que la voie consultative est substituée
à la voie contentieuse que le Statut de la Courne permettait pas de
suivre.
La Cour n'a pas à apprécier les mérites d'une telle procédure ni
les motifs qui ont conduit à l'adopter. Elle doit rechercher seule-
ment si son Statut et son caractère judiciaire font ou non obstacle à
ce qu'elle se prête à l'exercice d'une telle procédure en donnant
suite à la demande d'avis.
Selon une pratique généralement acceptée,les voies de recours
contre un jugement sont ouvertes également à l'une et à l'autre
parties. Chacune de celles-ci dispose de facultés égalespour la pré-
sentation de ses moyens devant le juge appelé à en connaître. L'idée
d'égalité desparties à une instance judiciaire trouve dans une autre
matière une expression dans l'article 35, paragraphe 2, du Statutde
la Cour qui, en confiant au Conseil de Sécurité lesoin de réglerles
conditions d'accès à la Cour d'États qui ne sont pas parties au
Statut, ajoute :(sans qu'il puisse en résulter pour les parties aucune
inégalitédevant la Cour ».Or la voie consultative ici instituée corn-
porte une certaine inégalitéentre l'Unesco et les fonctionnaires
tant à son point de départ que dans sa mise en Œuvre.
Tout d'abord, en contestant les quatre jugements et en s'adres-
sant à la Cour, le Conseil exécutif a exercéun droit qui est à la dis-
position de lui seul. Les fonctionnaires ne disposent d'aucun droit
semblable à l'égard des jugements du Tribunal administratif.
Nonobstant sa portée limitée,l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal
administratif a conférésur ce point un droit exclusif au Conseil
exécutif.
L'inégalitéainsi constatée n'est pas, en réalité, une inégalité
devant la Cour. Elle est antérieure à l'examen de la question
par la Cour. Elle n'affecte pas la manière dont la Cour à
cet examen. Au surplus, en l'espèce, cette inégalité restequelque
peu théorique parce que les fonctionnaires ont eu gain de cause
devant le Tribunal administratif et qu'en conséquence ils ne
sauraient avoir de griefs à formuler. Cela étant, il n'est pas
nécessaire pour la Cour de se prononcer sur la valeur en droit
de l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif. S'en tenant
aux données de l'espèce, il lui suffit de constater que le fait que
le Conseil exécutif était seul à pouvoir ouvrir la procédure ne
12 -4DhI. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 X j6) 85
be brought before the Court and decided by it. Ho~vever, under
Article 34, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the Court "only States
may be parties in cases before the Court". In Article XII it was
s~ught to avoid this difficulty while nevertheless securing an
examination by and a decision of the Court by means of a Request,
emanating from the Executive Board, for an Advisory Opinion.
To the Executive Board-and to it alone-was given the right
of challenging a J~zdgment of the Administrative Tribunal. The
special feature of this procedure is that advisory proceedings
take the place of contentious proceedings wliich would not be
possible under the Statute of the Court.
The Court is not called upon to consider the merits of sucil a
procedure or the reasons which led to its adoption. It milst consider
only the question whether its Statute and its judicial character
do or do not stand in the way of its participating in this procedure
by complying with the Request for an Advisory Opinion.
According to generally accepted practice, legal remedies against
a judgment are equally open to either party. In this respect each
possesses equal rights for the subinission ofts case to the tribunal
called upon to examine the matter. This concept of the equali'cy
of parties to judicial proceedings finds, in a different sphere, an
expression in Article 35, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court
which, when providing that the Security Council shall lay down
thc conditions under which the Court shall be open to States
not parties to the Statute, adds "but in no case shall such con-
ditions place the parties in a position of inequality before the
Court". However, the advisory proceedings which have been
instituted in the present case involve a certain absence of equality
betn-een Unesco and the officials both in the origin and in the
progress of those proceedings.
In the first place, in challenging the four Judginents and
applying to the Court, the Executive Board availed itself of a
legal remedy which u-as open to it alone. Officials have no such
remedy against the Judgments 01 the Administrative Tribunal.
Notwilihstanding its limited scope, Article XII of the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal in this respect confers an exclusive
right on the Executive Board.
However, the inequality thus stated does not in fact constitute
ail inequality before the Court. It is antecedent to the examination
of the question by the Court. It does not affect the manner in
which the Court undertakes that examination. Also, in the present
case, that absence of equality between the parties to the Judg-
ments is somewhat nominal since the officials were successful in
the proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal and there
\vas accordingly no question of any complaint on their part. This
being so, it is not necessary for the Court to express an opinion
upon the legal merits of Article XII of the Statute of the Admin-
istrativeTribunal. The Court must confine itself to the facts of the86 TRIBUNAL ADM. DE L'O.I. T. (AVIS DU 23 x 56)
constitue pas un motif pour écarter la demande d'avis.
La question de l'égalitéentre l'lnesco et les fonctionnaires se
pose encore dans le développement de la procédure à suivre
devant la Cour. Ici, l'absence d'égalitérésulte non plus d'une
disposition du Statut du Tribunal administratif mais des dispo-
sitions du Statut de la Cour. Er1la forme d'une procédure consul-
tative, la Cour se trouve en présence d'une contestation dont la
solution affectera le droit des fonctionnaires au bénéficedes juge-
ments qu'ils ont obtenus, et l'obligation pour l'Unesco de se con-
former à ces jugements. Le caractère judiciaire de la Cour exige
que, d'un côtéet de l'autre, ceux qu'affecte directement cette pro-
céduresoient admis à soumettre à la Cour leurs vues et leurs argu-
ments.
Pour l'vnesco, le Statut et le Règlement de la Cour n'y font nul
obstacle et pourvoient mêmeà lui offrir les facilités nécessaires.
Pour les fonctionnaires il en est autrement.
La Cour s'est trouvée en face de cette difficulté. 11 y a été
pourvu, d'une part, par le procédéconsistant à faire parvenir à
la Cour les observations des fonctionnaires par l'intermédiaire
de l'Gnesco, d'autre part, en renonçant à toute procédure orale.
La Cour n'est pas liée pour l'avenir par l'assentiment qu'elle a
pu donner ou les décisions qu'elle a pu prendre au sujet de la
procédure ainsi adoptée. En l'espèce, la procédure suivie n'a pas
soulevé d'objections de la part des intéresséset elle a mêmereçu
l'assentiment du conseil des fonctionnaires bénéficiairesdes juge-
ments. Le principe de l'égalitéentre les parties découle des exigences
d'une bonne administration de la justice. Cesexigences n'ont paété
compromises en l'espèce par le fait que les observations écrites
formuléesau nom des fonctionnaires ont étéprésentéespar l'inter-
médiaire de I'Vnesco. Enfin, bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de pro-
cédure orale, la Cour constate qu'elle a reçu des informations
adéquates. II semble qu'il n'y ait pas, dans ces conditions, de
motif déterminant pour que la Cour refuse de prêterson assistance
à la solution d'un problème qui se pose pour une institution
spécialiséedes Nations Unies autorisée à demander à la Cour
un avis consultatif. Malgré le caractère permissif de l'article 65
du Statut relatif aux avis consultatifs, il faudrait des raisons
décisives pour déterminer la Cour à opposr un refus qui com-
promettrait le fonctionnement du régime établi par le Statut du
Tribunal administratif en vue de la protection juridictionnelle des
fonctionnaires. Une absence d'égalité,apparente ou théorique, ne
doit pas obscurcir ou effacer cet objet essentiel. ADM. TRIBCXAL OF I.L.O. (OPISION OF 23 X 56) 86
present case. ln this respect, it is eilough for it to state that the
circumstance that only the Executive Board \vas entitled to
institute the present proceedings does not constitute a reason for
not complying with the Request for ail Advisory Opinion.
The question of equality between Unesco and the officials
arises once more in connexion with the actual procedure before
the Court. Here the absence of equality flowsnot from any provision
of the Statute ofthe Administrative Tribunal but from the provisions
of the Statute of the Court. 111the form of advisory proceedings,
the Court has before it a challenge the result of which will affect
the right of the officials to the benefit of the Judgrnents of the
Tribunal and the obligation of Unesco to comply with them.
The judicial character of the Court requires that both sides
directly affected by these proceedings should be in a position to
submit their views and their arguments to the Court.
In the case of Unesco, the Statute and the Rules of Court
coilstitute no obstacle in this respect. Indeed, they make available
to it the ilecessary facilities. In the case of the officials, the
position is different.
It was with that difficulty that the Court \vas coilfronted. The
difficulty\vas met, on the one hand, bj- the procedure under bvhich
the observatioils of the officials were made available to the Court
through the intermediary of Vnesco and, 011 the other hand, by
dispensing with oral proceedings. The Court is not bound for the
futureby any consent which it gave or decisions which it made with
regard to the procedure thus adopted. In the present case, the
procedure which has been adopted has not given rise to any
objection on the part of those concerned. It has been consented
to by counsel for the officials in whose favour the Judgments were
given. The principle of equality of the parties follows from the
rcquirements of good administration of justice. These requirements
have not beeil impaired in the present case by the circumstance that
the written statement on behalf of the officials was submitted
through Unesco. Finally, although no oral proceedings were held,
the Court is satisfied that adequate information has been made
available to it. In view of this there tvould appear to be no compel-
ling reason why the Court should not lend its assistance in the solu-
tion of a problem confronting a specialized agency of the United
Sations authorized to ask for an Advisory Opinion of the Court.
Notwithstanding the permissive character of Article 65 of the
Statute in the matter of advisory opinions, only compelling reasons
could cause the Court to adopt in this matter a negative attitude
which would imperil the working of the régimeestablished by the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal for the judicial protection
of officials. Any seeming or nominal absence of equality ought
iiot to be allowed to obscure or to defeat that primary object. A la lumière de ce qui vient d'êtredit et des circonstances de
l'espèce, la Cour considère qu'elle doit donner suite à la demande
d'avis.
La première question poséeà la Cour est énoncéedans les termes
suivants :
(1.- Le Tribunal adniinistratif était-ilcolnpkteilt, aux ter~nesde
l'article II de son Statilt, pour corii~aîtredes requêtes introduites
contre 1'01-ganisntiondes Sations Uilics poiir l'éducation, la.
science et la culture, en date du j févrierIgjj, par MM. Duberg
et Lefi et la Dams \Vilcos, et, c:date di1 7s jiii~1gj5,par la Dam?
Bernsteiii ?))
La Cour est ici invitée à prononcer sur la con~pétencedu Tribunal
administratif. L'article XII du Statut de ce Tribunal qui est à la
base de la demande d'avis a fait apparaître que ce qui est en cause
c'est la décision du Tribunal affirmant sa compétence, donc le dis-
positif sur ce point de son jugement. La Cour n'est pas limitée à
l'examen des motifs que le Tribunal administratif a expressément
invoqués à l'appui de sa décision ; elle doit arriver, pour les motifs
qu'elle jugera déterminants, à sa propre décisionau sujet de la com-
pétence du Tribunal.
Les termes ccompétent pour connaître N einployés dans la
demande d'avis signifient qu'il s'agit de déterminer si le Tribunal
administratif était juridiquement qualifié pour examiner les re-
quêtes dont il était saisi et statuer au fond sur les prétentions qui
v étaient énoncées.Le fait que le Tribunal aurait bien ou mal
5ugéau fond, qu'il aurait bien ou ma1 interprété et appliqué le droit
pour juger au fond n'affecte pas sa compétence. Celle-ci doit être
appréciée en recherchant si la requêteétait de celles dont l'examen
au fond relève de la connaissance du Tribunal administratif selon
les dispositions gouvernant la compétence de celui-ci. Cette distinc-
tion entre la compétence et le fond est très importante dans le
régime juridique du Tribunal administratif. Les erreurs que le
Tribunal administratif peut êtreamené à commettre au sujet de sa
compétence sont susceptibles d'être redressées par la Cour sur
demande d'avis émanant du Conseil exécutif. Les erreurs de fait ou
de droit que commettrait le Tribunal administratif dans ses juge-
ments sur le fond ne peuvent pas donner lieu à une telle procédure :
à ses jugements sur le fond s'applique purement et simplement la
disposition de l'article VI du Statut du Tribunal portant que les
jugements de celui-ci sont «définitifs et sans appel n.
Devant le Tribunal administratif, les fonctionnaires intéressés se
sont plaints du refus de renouveler leur contrat de durée définie
14 In the light of what has been said above and of the circumstances
of the present case, the Court considers that it ought to comply
with the Request for an Opinion.
The first question put to the Court is in the following terms :
"1.-Was the Ad~niriisti-ativeTribiiiial compeient, under ArticleII
of.iis Statuteto hear tiie cornplaints intfoduced against the United
Kations Educarional, Scientific and C~iltural Organization oil
j February 1955by 3lessrs. Düberg and Leff aiid 3irs. ITiilcos,and
on .îSJui;e 19j jby RIrs.Bernstein ?"
The Court is here invited to pass upon the competence of the
Administrative Tribunal. Article XII of the Statute of that
Tribunal on which the Request is based shou~s that what is
involved is the decision of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction,
that is, the operative part of its Judgment on this point. The
Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of decision
expressly invoked by the Tribunal ;it must reach its decision on
grounds which it considers decisive with regard to the jurisdiction
of the Tribunal.
The words "competent to hear" used in the Request for an
Opinion mean that the question is one of determining whether the
Administrative Tribunal was legally qualified to examine the
complaints submitted to it and to adjudicate on the merits of
the claims set out therein. The circumstance that the Tribunal
may have rightly or wrongly adjudicated on the merits or that
it may have rightly or wrongly interpreted and applied the law
for the purposes of determining the merits, in no way affects its
jurisdiction. The latter is to be judged in the light of the answer
to the question whether the complaint was one the merits of which
fell to bedetermined by the Administrative Tribunal in accordance
with the provisions governing its jurisdiction. That distinction
between jurisdiction and inerits is of great importance in the legal
régime of the Administrative Trib~~nal.Any mistakes which it may
make with regard to its jurisdiction are capable of being corrected
by the Court on a Request for an Advisory Opinion emanating from
the Executive Board. Errors of fact or of law on the part of the
Administrative Tribunal in its Judgments on the merits cannot
give rise to that procedure. The only provision which refers to its
decisions on the merits is Article VI of the Statute of the Tribunal
which provides that its judgments shall be "final and without
appeal".
Before the Administrative Tribunal the officials concerned
complained of the refusa1 to renew their fixed-term contracts, a
14qui leur avait été opposédans les circonstances précédemment rap-
pelées. Ils ont contesté devant le Conseil d'appel la thèse suivant
laquellele titu!aire d'un contrat de duréedéfinien'avait aucun droit
au renouvellement de ce contrat. Ils ont invoqué,au contraire,qu'ils
avaient un droit acquis au renouvellement de leur contrat. Pour ce
faire ils ont invoqué, en dehors de considérations généralessur la
fonction publique internationale et la pratique des organisations
internationales, la position prise au sujet du renouvelleme~lt des
contrats de durée définie par le Directeur généraldans la Note
administrative du 6 juillet 1954 ainsi qu'un document soumis par
lui àla Conférencegénéralequi se réfère,3.ce propos, à l'article 4.5.1
du Statut du personnel. La position prise par eux à cet égard devant
le Tribunal administratif apparaît clairement si l'on considèrequ'ils
avaient obtenu gain de cause devant le Conseil d'appel et que celui-
ci avait, sur ce point, motivé son avis sur le sens par lui donnéaux
articles 4 du Statut et 52 du Règlement du personnel. De son côté,
le mémoire en réponse de 1''l;nescoa invoqué, pour contester la
thèse des requérants, l'interprétation qu'elle entendait donner de
l'article 4.5.1 du Statut du personnel, certaines dispositions du
Règlement du personnel et, essentiellement, le sens qu'elle attachait
aux contrats de durée limitée.Tout cela fait apparaître ce dont le
Tribunal administratif étaitsaisi. La Cour doit apprécier si l'examen
de ces requêtesrentrait dans la compétenceduTribunal administra-
tif aux termes de l'article II, paragraphe j, de son Statut, lequel
dispose :((Le Tribunal connaît ...des requêtesinvoquant l'inobser-
vation soit quant au fond, soit quant à la forme des stipulations du
contrat d'engagement des fonctionnaires oii des dispositions du
Statut du personnel ...1)
La Cour ne saurait attacher à cette disposition un sens formaliste
qui consisterait à exiger que dans sa requête, le fonctionnaire indi-
quât d'une façon expresse telle ou telle stipulation ou disposition
dont il entend se prévaloir. D'une part, ce qui doit êtreinvoquéaux
termes de l'article II, paragraphe 5, c'est une inobservation, c'est-à-
dire un acte ou une omission de l'administration ; en l'espèce, le
requérant a invoqué le refus de renouveler son contrat. D'autre
part, le Tribunal est qualifié pour rechercher et déterminer quels
sont les textes applicables à la préteytion qui lui est soumise. Pour
admettre la compétence du Tribunal, il suffit de constater que les
prétentions énoncéesdans la requêterentrent, par leur nature, dans
le cadre définipar l'article II, paragraphe 5, du Statut du Tribunal
administratif et précisédans une autre partie du présent avis.
Aux termes de cette disposition, pour que le Tribunal soit compé-
tent pour connaître de la requêted'un fonctionnaire il faut que le
fonctionnaire invoque l'inobservation des stipulations ou disposi-
tions que cet article mentionne. ((Requêtesinvoquant », cela est une
expression plus large que serait l'expression ((requêtesfondéessur )).
15refusal which they encountered in the circumstances as recalled.
They challenged before the Appeals Board the argument that the
holder of a fixed-term contract had no right to the renewal of
his contract. They alleged that, on the contrary, they had an
acquired right to the renewal of their contracts. In doing so they
relied, apart from general consideration: relating to the inter-
national civil service and the practice of international organizations,
on the position taken with regard to the renewal of fixed-term
contracts by the Director-General in the Administrative Memo-
randum of July 6th, 1954, and on a document submitted by him
to the General Conference which refers, in this connexion, to
Staff Regulation 4.5.1. Their position, on this point, before the
Administrative Tribunal appears clearly when it is borne in mind
that they had been successful before the Appeals Board and
that the latter, on this point, had given as a reason for its opinion
the meaning which it attached to Staff Regulation 4 and to Staff
Rule 52. On the other hand, the written answer of Unesco, in
challenging the case for the complainants, relied on the inter-
pretation which it put upon Staff Regulation 4.5.1, on certain
provisions of the Staff Rules, and, primarily, on the meaning
which it attributed to fixed-term contracts. All this serves to
bring out the issue of which the Administrative Tribunal was
seised. The Court has to consider whether the examination of
these complaints fell within the jurisdiction of the Administrative
Tribunal under Article II, paragraph 5, of its Statute which
provides :"The Tribunal shall ...be competent to hear complaints
alleging nod-observance, in substance or in form, of the terms
of appointment of officiais and of provisions of the Staff Regu-
lations..."
The Court cannot attach to this provision any purely forma1
meaning so as to require that the official should expressly indicate
in hiscomplaint the particular term or provision on which he intends
to rely. In the first place, what must be alleged, according to Ar-
ticle II, paragraph 5, is non-observance, namely, some act or
omission on the part of the Administration ;in the present case,
the complainant invoked the refusal to renew his contract. Secondly,
the Tribunal is entitled to ascertain and to determine what are the
texts applicable to the claim submitted to it. In order to admit
that the Tribunal had jurisdiction, it is sufficient to find that the
claims set out in the complaint are, by their nature, such as to fa11
within the framework of Article II, paragraph 5, of the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal in the sense indicatedin another part
of this Opinion.
According to the words of this provision, it is necessary, in
order to establish the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to hear a com-
plaint by an official, that he should allege non-observance of the
terms or provisions therein referred to. "Complaints alleging" is
a wider expression than "complaints based on". The latter may89 TRIBUNAL ADM. DE L'O. 1.T. (AVIS DU 23 X 56)
Cette dernière expression évoquerait l'idée qu'une telle requête
devrait être juridiquement bien fondée et cependant la Cour, en
présence desmots ((réclamations ...fondéessur les dispositions »d'un
traité, a estimé que ces mots ((ne sauraient êtreentendus comme
désignant des réclamations qui peuvent effectivement êtreétablies
Fond : Obligation
aux termes de ce traité » (Aflaire Ambatielos,
d'arbitrage, C. 1. J. RecueilIgj3, p. 17).k plus forte raison en est-il
de l'expression plus souple ((requêtesinvoquant N. Ces mots se réfè-
rent à ce que le requérant invoque, à ce sur quoi il prétend appuyer
sa requête.Mais l'article II, paragraphe 5, ne signifie pas qu'il suffi-
rait d'une ineiltion purement verbale de certaines stipulations ou
dispositions pour établir la compéteilce du Tribunal administratif.
Une simple allégation de la part du requérant ile saurait suffire pour
déterminer le Tribunal à s'incliner devant elle et à retenir l'examen
de la requête. Dans l'arrêt précédemmeilt cité, la Cour, ayant à
interpréter l'expression (fondéesur ))a dit qu'«il ne suffit pas que
le gouvernement qui présente la réclamation établisse un rapport
lointain entre les faits de la réclamation et le traité 1)invoqué ;elle
a ajouté aussitôt qu'~il n'est pas nécessaire que ce gouvernement
démontre ...qu'une prétendue violation du traité présenteun fonde-
ment juridique inattaquable ),(ibid., p. 18). Pour l'application de
l'article II, paragraphe 5,la Cour estime qu'il faut également s'en
tenir à cette position intermédiaire : exiger que la requête fasse
apparaître un rapport réelentre le grief et les dispositions invoquées,
ne pas exiger que les faits alléguésemportent nécessairement les
conséquences que les requérants prétendent y attacher : cette
secoiîde exigence confondrait l'examen de la compétenceavec celui
du fond.
Dans les affaires dont il est question ici, les fonctionnaires ont
invoqué une interprétation de leur contrat et du Statut du person-
nel selon laquelle ils auraient un droit au renouvellement de leur
contrat ;ils ont invoquéque la Xote administrative étaitun complé-
ment de leurcontrat et du Statut du personnel qui leur donnait un
droit à obtenir le renouvellement :la valeur de ces allégations est
le fond du litige soumis par eux au Tribunal. Pour déterminer la
compétence du Tribunal, il est nécessaire de rechercher si les stipu-
lations et dispositions invoquées apparaissent comme ayant un
rapport sérieuxet non factice avec le refus derenouvelerles contrats.
A la lumière de ce qui précède,la Cour examinera maintenant la
question de savoir si, pour se reconnaître compétent, le Tribunal
administratif était fondé à admettre qu'il avait devant lui une
requêterentrant dans le cadre a) des ((stipulatioils du contrat d'en-
gagement ))ou b) du ((Statut du personnel ))Ces deux aspects de la
question seront examinés successivement. ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O.(OPINION OF 23 x 56)
89
be interpreted as meaning that the object of such a complaint
must be legally well-founded. Yet the Court, when confronted
with the words "claims ...based on the provisions" of a treaty,
considered that these svords "cannot be understood as meaning
claims actually supportable under that Treaty" (AmbatieLoscase,
Merits : Obligation to arbitrate, I.C.J.Reports 1953, p.17). This
is particularly true in the case of the more flexible expression
"complaints alleging". These words refer to ~vhat the complainant
alleges-to that on which he relies for the purpose of supporting
his complaint. But Article II, paragraph 5, does not mean that
a mere verbal reference to certain terms or provisions would
suffice to establish the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal.
A mere allegation by the complainant cannot be sufficient to
cause the Tribunal to accept it for the purpose of examining the
complaint. In the Judgment previously referred to, the Court,
in construing the expression "based on", said that "it is not
enough for the claimant Government to establish a remote con-
nexion between thé facts of the claim and the Treaty" invoked.
However, it proceeded to add that "it is not necessary for that
Government to show ...that an alleged treaty violation has an
unassailable legal basis" (ibid., p. 18). Similarly, in applying
Article II, paragraph 5,the Court considers that this intermediate
position must be adhered to, namely, that it is necessary that
the complaint should indicate some genuine relationship between
the complaint and the provisions invoked, but that it is not
required that the facts alleged should necessarily lead to the
results alleged by the complainants. Any such requirement would
confuse the question of jurisdiction with that of the substance.
In the cases here in question, the officials put forlvard an inter-
pretation of their contracts and of the Staff Regulations to the
effect that they had a right to the renewal of their contracts.
They alleged that the Administrative Menlorandum was com-
plementary to their contracts and to the Staff Regulations and
that it gave them a legal right to renewal. The correctness of
these allegations constitutes the substance of the issue lvhich
they subrnitted to the Tribunal. III order to determine the juris-
diction of the Tribunal, it is necessary to ascertain whether the
terms and the provisions invoked appear to have a substantial
and not merely an artificial connexi011with the refusa1 to reilesv
the contracts.
4
* -%
In the light of what has been said above, the Court will now
examine the question whether, for the purpose of accepting juris-
diction, the Administrative Tribunal was entitled to find that
there existed before it a complaint sufficient to bring it within
the scope of (a) "terms of appointment" or (b) "Staff Regu-
lations". These two aspects of the question will be considered
in turn.
16 Le contrat de Duberg, en son dernier état, prenait fin le 31 dé-
cembre 1954. La prétention de Duberg était que de ce contrat
résultait pour lui un titre à en obtenir le renouvellement. Cette
prétention était-elle suffisamment fondée pour établir la compé-
tence du Tribunal administratif ? Pour cela, il fallait qu'elle eût
une base juridique sérieuse. La question du renouvellement s'est
posée à un moment où le contrat de Duberg étaitencore en vigueur :
c'est en août 1954 que la décisionde ne pas renouveler son contrat
a étéprise ; ultérieurement confirmée,elle a été maintenuele 25 no-
vembre 1951 après l'avis du Conseil d'appel auquel Duberg s'était
adressé ; le contrat de Duberg n'arrivait à expiration que le 31 dé-
cembre 1954. D'autre part, le contrat d'engagement fait expressé-
ment référenceau Statut et au Règlement du personnel ainsi qu'aux
amendements qui y seraient apportés. Les (terms of apflointment »,
expression employéedans le texte anglais du Statut du Tribunal et
qui se retrouve dans le document relatif à l'engagement de Duberg,
expression au surplus plus large et mieux appropriéeque l'expression
((stipulations du contrat d'engagement ))doivent êtreentendus en
rapport avec l'attitude prise à leur égardpar le Directeur général.
Or celui-ci, dans la Xote administrative du 6 juillet1954 a pris
position à l'égarddu renouvellement des contrats de duréedéfinie.
Il a énoncéet porté à la connaissance du personnel son intention
de renouveler ces contrats sous certaines conditions qu'il indiquait.
C'étaitlà, de sa part, reconnaître ou établirun lien entre les contrats
qui allaient arriver à expiration et leur renouvellement. Quelle
était la force de ce lien ?Allait-il jusqu'à donneà Duberg un droit
à obtenir le renouvellement de son contrat ? Ces auestions sont en
rapport suffisant avec l'interprétation du contrat d'engagement,
son respect ou son inobservation, pour conduire à admettre qu'elles
rentraient dans la compétence du Tribunal administratif. En
disant cela la Cour laisse entière la question de savoir si Duberg
remplissait les conditions poséespar la Note administrative pour
le renouvellement de son contrat. Cette question n'est pas soumise
à la Cour.
* * *
La Cour ne saurait admettre que pour apprécier la situ t' 1011
juridique en la matière il faudrait s'en tenir excliisivement à la
lettre des contrats et, en particulieà,la disposition d'aprèslaquelle,
àdéfautde renouvellement, ces contrats viennent automatiquement
à expiration à la date fixée.Les fonctionnaires prétendaient tirer de
leur contrat de durée définieun droit à son renouvellement. Ils se
plaignaient du fait que ce renouvellement leur avait étérefusé et
c'est en ce refus qu'ils trouvaient une inobservation de leur contrat.
Il est clair que la seule échéancedu terme fixéau contrat ne pouvait
suffireA effacer cette inobservation antérieure à cette échéancesi Duberg's contract, as renewed on the last occasion, was due to
expire on December 31st, 1954. He maintained that that contract
gave him a right to a renewal of the contract. \Vas that asser-
tion sufficiently well-founded to establish the competence of the
Administrative Tribunal ? For that purpose, it \vas necessary
that the assertion should have some serious iuridical basis. The
question of renewal arose at the time when Duberg's contract
was still in force. It was in August 1954 that the decision not to
renew his contract was taken ; that decision was subsequently
confirmed and maintained after November zjth, 1954, following
upon the opinion of the Appeals Board invoked by Duberg ;
Duberg's contract did not expire until Decemher 31st, 1954.
Furthermore, the contract of employment expressly refers to the
Staff Regulations and Rules, as well as to any amendments thereto.
The expression "terms of appointment" whi'ch is used in the
English text of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal and
which also appears in the document relating to Duberg's engage-
ment-an expression which seems to be both wider and more
appropriate thari the expression "stiflulations du contrat d'efzga-
genzentH-must he understood in relation to the attitude assumed
in the matter by the Director-General. Xow the latter, in his
Administrative Memorandum of July 6th, 1954, adopted a position
uith regard to the renewal of fixed-term contracts. He announced
and brought to the knowledge of the staff his intention to offer
a renewal of these contracts under certain specifieà conditions.
This signified, on his part, a decision to recognize or establish a
link between the contracts nrhich were due to expire and their
renewal. What was the nature of that link ? Did it go so far as
to confer upon Duberg a legal right to obtain the renewal of his
contract ? These questions are sufficiently related to the inter-
pretation of the contract of employment, in terms of its observance
or non-observance, to permit a finding that they fell within the
competence of the Administrative Tribunal. In saying this, the
Court does not pass on the question whether Duberg fulfilled the
conditions required in the Administrative Memorandum for the
renewal of his contract. That question is not before the Court.
The Court cannot admit that in order to appreciate the legal
situation in thematter it is possible to attach exclusive importance
to the letter of the contracts in question and, in particular, to
the provision according to which, in case of non-renewal, these
contracts expire automatically on the date fixed. The officials
claimed to derive a right to renewal from their fixed-term contracts.
They complained of the fact that such renewal was denied to
them and it was that refusal wliich they regarded as non-observ-
ance of their contracts. It is clear that the mere expiry of the
term fixcd in the contract could not have the effect of nullifying 9I TRIBUNAL ADM. DE L'O. 1.T. (AVIS DU 23 X 56)
elle s'était effectivement produite et à retirer aux fonctionnaires
le droit de s'en plaindre devant le Tribunal administratif. En
effet, l'article II, paragraphe 6, de son Statut dispose : c(Ont
accès au Tribunal : a) le fonctionnaire, même si son emploi
a cessé ..1)
La Cour estime que, pour apprécier la compétence du Tribunal
administratif, il est nécessaire de considérer le contrat non pas
seulement dans sa lettre mais aussi dans ses rapports avec les
conditions dans lesquelles il est intervenu etla place qu'il tient dans
l'Organisation.
Dans la pratique de l'Unesco - comme d'ailleurs dans celle de
l'organisation des Nations Unies et des Institutions soécialisées -
les Fontrats de durée définie ne sont pas l'équivalent de contrats
ordinaires de durée définieentre employeurs et employés privés.
A la date considérée,un grand nombre d'employés de l'Unesco
avaient des contrats de duréedéfinie.Une situation analogue paraît
avoir existé aux Nations Unies et dans les Institutions spécialisées.
Il est inutile d'examiner ici les raisons qui ont milité en faveur de
l'octroi de tels contrats. Le fait est au'en cette matière s'est déve-
loppéeune pratique selon laquelle les'titulaires de contrats de durée
définie, sans êtreassimilés aux titulaires de contrats permanents
ou de contrats de durée indéterminée,ont souvent ététraités comme
ayant droit à un emploi continué, dans des conditions compatibles
avec les besoins et le bien général del'organisation, cela d'une
manière dépassant les termes stricts du contrat. Dans un document
intitulé (Normes et méthodes de recrutement du personnel », que
le Directeur générala fait soumettre à la Conférencegénérale,lors
de sa huitième Session en 1954, il a étéénoncéau paragraphe 26
que cselon le texte actuel de l'article 4.5.1, adopté par la
Conférence générale ensa septième Session, le Directeur général
est tenu d'accorder des engagements de durée indéterminée à
tous les membres du personnel qui, ayant d'abord reçu des
engagements de durée définiepour une période d'iiià trois ans,
ont donné satisfaction pendant ladite période, à moins toutefois
qu'il ne juge devoir », en raison des exigences du programme
((leur accorder seuleneiît un noiivel engagement de duréedéfinie ».
Dans le paragraphe 14 du mêmedocument, on peut aussi noter
la déclaration suivante : «l1engag;ment de tout membre du
personnel qui s'est bien acquitté de ses fonctions et dont la conduite
a donné satisfaction, est la plupart du temps renouvelé N.A la
dix-septième séancetenue par la Commission administrative lors de
la huitième Session de la Conférencegénéralele 29 novembre 1954,
le Directeur générala déclaré qu'aux termes de l'alinéa 4.5.1
actuel, il est tenu de renouveler les contrats en question sans
limitation de temps (pourvu que l'intéressé remplissetoutes les
conditions requises), à moins de pouvoir affirmer que les exigences
du programme s'y opposent 1).La pratique sur laquelle on vient
de jeter les yeux est un élémentpertinent pour l'interprétationthis non-observance occurring, if in fact it did occur, Eefore the
expiry date and of depriving the o5cials of their right to complaiil
of it before the Administrative Tribunal. In fact, Article II, para-
graph 6, of its Statute provides : "The Tribunal shall be open :
(a) to the official, even if his employment haç ceased ..."
The Court is of the opinion that, in order to decide on the
competence of the Administrative Tribunal, it is ilecessary to
consider these contracts not only by reference to tlieir letter but
alço in relation to the actual conditicns in which they were entcred
into and the place which they occupy in the Orgailization.
In the practice of Unesco-as well as in the practice of the
United Nations and of the Specialized Agencies-fixed-terin
contracts are not like an ordinary fixed-term contract between
a private employer and a private employee. At the crucial period
a large number of the employees of Unesco held fixed-term con-
tracts. A siinilar situation seems to have obtained in the United
Nations and in the Specialized Agencies. There is ilo need here
fto go into the reasoils which have prompted that form of contracts.
The fact is that there has developed in this marter a body of
practice to the effect that holders ofixed-terin contracts, although
not assimilated to holders of permanent or indeterininate contracts,
have ofteil been treated as entitled to be considered for continued
einployment, consistently with the requirements and the general
good of the organization, in a inanner transcending the strict
~vording of the contract. In a document entitled "Personnel
Recruitment Standards and hIethods", n-hich was sribmitted,
under the authority of the Director-General, to the General
Conference at ils Eighth Session in 1954, it was stated in para-
graph 26 that "the existing Regulation 4.5.1, adopted by the
Seventh Session of the General Conference, obliges the Director-
General to give indeterminate appointments to al1 staff members
after they have satisfactorily completed a fixed-term appointment
of one to three years, unless he considers that" in the light of
programme requirements, "he should only give a further fixed-
term appointment". In paragraph 14 of the same document may
also be noted the statement thât "if a staff member has fulfilled
his duties efficiently and his conduct is satisfactory, his appoint-
ment is, in most cases, renewed". At the Seventeenth Meeting of
the Administrative Commission during the Eighth Session of the
General Conference the Director-General stated on November 29th,
1954, "that, undei- the existing paragraph 4.5.1 of the Staff Regula-
tions, he \vas under an obligation to renew a contract for an indeter-
minate period (provided the person satisfied al1the requirements),
unless he could involte programme needs as a reason for not doing
so". The practice as here surveyed is a relevant factor in the inter-
pretation of the contracts in question. It lends force to the view
that there may be circumstances in ~vhich the non-renewal of a
fixed-term contract provides a legitimate ground for cornplaint.
18des contrats en question. Elle vient à l'appui de l'opinion selon
laquelle il peut y avoir des circonstances dans lesquelles le non-
renouvellement d'un contrat de durée définie constitue un motif
valable de réclamation.
La pratique qui vient d'être analysée cloit mettre en garde contre
une interprétation du contrat d'engagement qui, s'attachant litté-
ralement et exclusivement à la clause de durée qu'il contient, en
déduirait que, le terme fixéétant échu, il est impossible de se pré-
valoir (ILcontrat de duréedéfiniepour critiquerle refus de renouvel-
lement de ce contrat. Au surplus, une telle interprétation ne tien-
drait pas compte de ce qu'est le renouvellement d'un contrat de
durée définietel qu'il est compris par le Statut du personnel auquel
le contrat fait expressément renvoi. C'est un aspect de la questioli
qu'il faut considérer pour déterminer si, comme on l'a prétendu, le
titulaire d'un contrat de durée définieserait, quant au renouvelle-
ment de celui-ci, dans la mêmesituation juridique que le postulant à
un emploi qui souhaite entrer au service de l'Unesco.
Il est évident que le candidat à un poste quine l'obtient pas n'est
pas fondé à invoquer la compétence du Tribunal administratif. En
\,a-t-il dc même pour un fonctioiinaire qui n'obtient pas le renou-
x~elleinent de son contrat de durée définie ? La question du renou-
vellemertt d'un contrat de durée définiese pose pour celui qui, à ce
moment, fait partie du personnel de 1"l:nesco. Les quatre requérants
se sont trouvés dans cette situation. L'article 4.5. 1u Statut du
personnel, qui régissait leurs contrats, disposait :
ILes autres membrcs du 1)ersonnelsont noinmGspar contrat de
duréedéfinie, pour une période initialed'un ail au moins et de trois
itns au plus, et renouvelablcs : a) soit sans limitation de temps,
O)soit en raison des exigences du programme, pour des périodes
déterminéesd'un an au moins et de cinq ar~sau plus, à la discrétion
cluDirecteur général.Idesmembres di1personnel nommésantérieu-
rement au ~erjanvier 1<)5zsont censés,pour l'application du présent
alinéa, avoiréténominés àcette date sans pr6judicc des droits qu'ils
ont pu acquérirpar zilleurs.»
Les mots (<contrat de duréedéfinie ...renouvelables 1,impliquent que
le renouvellement constitue un stade ultérieur, iin prolongement du
contrat antérieur. Il ne s'agit pas ici d'un nouveau contrat sans
rapport avec celui quil'a précédé.Ce caractère du renouvellement
est confirmé par la distinction entre les contrats de durée définie,
qui peuvent être renouvelés, et les contrats temporaires dont le
renouvellement n'est pas prévu. L'article 52 d) du Règlement du
personnel disposait :
IUn engagement de duréedéfinieprend fin à l'échéancefixée,à
moins qu'un nouvel engagement n'ait étéoffert à l'intéresséet
accepté par lui trois mois avant l'échéancesi l'intéresseest en The practice referred to above should serve as a warning against
an interpretation of the contract of employment which, by consider-
ing exclusively the literal meaning of its provision relating to
duration, would mean that on the expiry of the fixed period a
fixed-term contract cannot be relied upon for the purpose of im-
pugning a refusal to renew it. Such an interpretation, moreover,
would fail to take into account the nature of renewal as understood
in the Staff Regulations to which the contract expressly refers.
This is an aspect of the matter which has to be considered in order
to determine whether, as has been argued, the holder of a fixed-
term contract is, so far as its renewal is concerned, in the same
legal position as an applicant for employment seeking to enter the
service of Unesco.
Clearly, an applicant for a new appointment who fails to obtain
it cannot properly invoke the jurisdiction of the Administrative
Tribunal. Can the same be said of an official who fails to obtain a
renewal of his fixed-term contract ?The question of the renewal of
a fixed-term contract arises for one wl-iois at the time a staff mem-
ber of Unesco. That was the position of the four complainants. The
text governing their appointments was Staff Regulation 4.5.1,
which provided as follows :
"Other staff members shall be appointed on fixed-term contracts
for an initial period of not less than one nor more than three years,
renewable either (a) without limit of time, or (b)in the light of
programme requirements, for further fixed periods of not less than
one year up to a maximum period of service of five years, at the
discretion of the Director-General. Staff members appointed before
IJanuary 1952 shall be deemed, for the purpose of this regulation,
acquired rights in other respects.", without prejudice to their
The words "fixed-term contracts ... renewable" imply that
renewal constitutes a further stage, a continuing period, of the
former contract. There is no question here of a new contract wholly
unrelated toits predecessor. That character of renewal is confirmed
by a distinction between fixed-term contracts, which may be
renewed, and temporary contracts in respect of which there is no
provision for renewal. Staff Rule 52 (d) provided as follows :
"A fixed-term appointment shall expire upon completion of the
fixed-term unless a new appointment is offered and accepted three
months before the expiry date, if the staff member has served for
19 fonctionsdepuis moins d'un an ou sis mois avant cette date s'il cst
en fonctionsdepu-s pl-sd'un an. »
D'autre part, l'article 53 d) disait simplement :((Un engagement
à titre tem~oraire rend fin à la date sti~ulée au contrat. sans
préavis ni indemnité. »
L'emploi de l'expression (nouvel engagement ))dans l'article 52
d) qui vient d'êtrecité ne permet pas de conclure que ce qu'on
appelle couramment ((renouvellement 1)soit un engagement sans
aucun lien avec ce qui l'a précédéet que le fonctionnaire à qui
pareil renouvellement a étéoffert ou refusé soit dans la même
situation qu'un candidat étranger au personnel de l'Unesco qui
désire y entrer pour la première fois. Le sens propre de l'expression
((nouvel engagement ))ne se prête pas à une telle interprétation
et ce n'est pas en ce sens que l'administration l'a comprise. En
fait le Directeur général aintroduit à l'article 52 d) du Règlement
du personnel qui est devenu la disposition 104.6 une modification
qui est entrée en vigueur le I~~ novembre 1954 et qui consiste
à substituer l'expression (renouvellement ))à l'expression ((nouvel
engagement ». C'est le texte ainsi amendé que le Tribunal admi-
nistratif a citédans les motifs de sa décisionvisant sa compétence.
L'opinion qui voit un lien entre le renouvellement et le contrat
primitif et d'après laquelle la situation qu'on envisage ici est diffé-
rente de celle qui résulte de l'octroi d'un premier contrat à un pos-
tulant correspond au sens exact du terme ((renouvellement 1).Elle
est également conforme au fait qu'à l'époque où la question du
renouvellement se pose, l'intéresséest un fonctionnaire de l'organi-
sation et non Das étrange" à celle-ci. C'est la raison Dour laauelle
l'article 52 d), tant en son texte original qu'en son texte amendé
(devenu disposition 104.6 d) puis disposition 104.6 e)), après avoir
énoncéque le contrat expire à la date prévue, ajoute à titre
d'exception : «à moins qu'un nouvel engagement [ou le renou-
vellement] n'ait étéoffert ...et accepté 1et ce ((avant l'échéance »
du contrat primitif. Cela confirme l'opinion que dans les hypo-
thèses de renouvellement c'est l'engagement initial qui continue
d'exister et non pas un engagement inaépendant qui est conclu.
De mêmel'article 61 du Règlemen" du ~ersonnel (devenu dis~osi-
tion 1o4.14), qui a trait au réengagemeni, montretque celui-ii est
autre chose que le renouvellement d'un engagement. Le renouvelle-
ment d'un engagement s'opère autrement que l'octroi d'un engage-
ment initial. Une comparaison des paragraphes 13 et 14 des Normes
et Méthodesde recrutement du personnel ne laisse aucun doute à
ce sujet. Au paragraphe 14, on peut lire ce qui suit : (L'engagement
de tout membre du personnel qui s'est bien acquitté de ses fonctions
et dont la conduite a donné satisfaction, est la plupart du temps
renouvelé. ))Cette phrase montre que le renouvellement est fonciè-
rement différent de l'octroi d'un nouvel engagement ; elle indique
également-qu'un fonctionnaire consciencieux peut normalement
espérer le renouvellement de son engagement. L'emploi du mot less than one year 01-six rnoiltlis befoi-etlie expiry daif lielias
served for inore than one year."
On the other hand, Staff Rule 53 (d) said merely : "A temporary
appointment shall expire on the expiry date specified in the contract
without notice or indemnity."
From the use of the expressioil "new appointment" in Rule
52 (d), cited above, it cannot be concluded that what is currently
called "renewal" is an appointinent without any link with what
precedes it and that the officia1to whom such renewal has been
offered or refused is in the same situation as an applicant who is
new to the staff of Cnesco and wishes to enter it for the first time.
The proper meaning of the expression "new appointment" does
not lend itself to any such interpretation, and the Administration
has not understood it in that sense. In fact, the Director-General
introduced in Rule 52 (d), which has become Rule 104.6, a modifi-
cation which entered into force on November ~st, 1954, and which
consists in the substitution of the expression "renewal" for the
expression "new appointment". It is the text thus amended which
the Administrative Tribunal has cited in the reasons for itsdecision
on cornpetence.
The view that there is a link between renewal and the original
contract and that the situation here envisaged is different from that
arising in the case of granting a new contract to ail applicant
corresponds to the accurate meaning of the term "renewal". That
view is also in accordance with the fact that at the time when the
question of renewal arises the interested person is an officia1of the
Organization and not a stranger to it. This is the reason why Rule
52 (d), both in its original version and in the amended text (which
became Rule 104.6(d), then Rule 104.6(e)), after haviilg stated that
the original appointment expires on the fixed date, adds, by way
of exception, the following words: "unless a new appointment [or
renewal] is offered and accepted" and this "before the expiry date"
of the original appointment. This confirms the view that in cases
of renewal it is the initial appointment which remains in existence
and not a new appointment independent of its predecessor.
Similarly, Staff Rule 61 (which has become Rule 104.14) which
is concerned with re-employment, shows that the latter is some-
thing different from the renewal of an appointment. The renewal
of an appointment is effecteddifferently from the grant of an original
appointment. -4 comparison between paragraphs 13 and 14 of the
Personnel Recruitment Standards and llethods makes the position
clear. In paragraph 14, the following sentence occurs : "If a staff
member has fulfilled his duties efficiently and his conduct is satis-
factory, his appointment is, in most cases, renewed." The passage
quoted suggests that the renewal is something fundamentally
different from the granting of a new appointment ;at the same time it
indicates that a diligent staff member may normally expect renewal.
The use of the word "review" in the heading of the English text((review))en têtedu texte anglais du paragraphe 14 confirme l'im-
pression que le renouvellement est fondésur un examen du dossier
du fonctionnaire.
La disposition de l'article 4.5. 1u Statut du personnel précé-
demment citée et en vertu de laquelle un membre du personnel
nommépar contrat de durée définiene saurait être maintenu dans
cette situation pendant plus de cinq ans, implique également que
c'est le contrat initial qui demeure en vigueur jusqu'à l'expiration
de ce maximum.
Référencepeut aussi êtrefaite à la rédaction donnéeparla Confé-
rence générale,lors de sa huitième session, en 1954 , l'article4.2
du Statut du personnel qui a maintenant la teneur suivante :
(Les nominations, mutations et promotions de membres du per-
sonnel décidéep sar le Directeur général,nsiqueles renouvellements
d'engagementsauxquelsil $rocédev , isenà assurer à l'organisation
les services de personnesqui possèdent les plushautes qualitésde
travail, de compétenceet d'intégrité»
Les mots en italiques ont étéajoutésen 1954 .e fait qu'on ait jugé
souhaitable de les ajouter montre que l'on considéraitle renouvelle-
ment d'un engagement comme une opération différentede la (nomi-
nation », dont il était question dans le texte antérieur. Enfin - et
ce n'est pas là un simple détail technique - il est intéressant de
noter que la pièce intitulée «Notice of Personnel dction »,qui est
annexée à la lettre d'engagement initiale, définit la mesure prise
par le terme ((appointment », alors que celle qui accompagne la
deuxième lettre d'engagement définitla mesure prise par le terme
c extension of contrac»,ce qui évoque l'idéed'un contrat initial dont
la durée est simplement prolongée.
Tout cela montre qu'il existe un lien, un lien juridique, entre le
renouvellement et l'engagement initial, et en conséquence entre le
renouvellement et la situation juridique d'un fonctionnaire au
moment où il se voit accorder ou refuser le renouvellement de son
engagement. Ce lien va-t-il jusqu'à créer, comme on l'a prétendu,
un droit au renouvellement ?C'estlà une question de fond àlaquelle
la Cour n'a pas à répondre. 11suffit de noter que le requérant s'est
référé au lien crééentre le contrat initial et son renouvellement,
lien qui est nettement établi par le Statut et le Règlement du per-
sonnel auxquels le contrat fait expressément renvoi et qui consti-
tuent la base juridique sur laquelle doit s'appuyer l'interprétation
du contrat. Ainsi le requérant, en prétendant avoir un droit au
renouvellement de son contrat et en prétendant que ce droit avait
étéméconnu,s'est placésur le terrain de l'inobservation des stipu-
lations du contrat d'engagement. ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINION OF 23 X 56)
94
of paragraph 14 confirms the impression that the renewal is based
on an examination of the record of service of the official concerned.
The provision, quoted above, of Staff Regulation 4.5.1, .under
which a staff member appointed on a fixed-term contract cannot be
kept in that status for a period of service of more than five years,
similarly implies that it is the originalontract which continues in
existence up to that maximum period.
Reference may also be made to the forrn given by the General
Conference at its Eighth Session in 1954 to Staff Regulation 4.2,
which thereafter provided as follows :
"In appointing,transferring or promoting staff members, and iiz
renewifzgappoi.ittments,the Director-General shall aim at securing
the highest standardsofefficiency,competence and integrity."
The words in italics were added in 1954. The fact that it was
considered desirable to inake this addition indicates that the
renewal of an appointment was considered as being somewhat
different from the act of "appointing" referred to in the earlier
text. Finally-and this is more than a matter of technical detail
-it is of interest to note that the document entitled "Notice
of Personnel Action", which is attached to the original Letter
of Appointment, defines the type of action as "appointment"
whereas that attached to the second Letter of Appointment
defines the type of action as "extension of contractu-a wording
which recalls the notion of an original contract .whose duration
is simply prolonged.
Al1 this shows that there is a relationship, a legal relationship,
between the renewal and the original appointment and, conse-
quently, betsveen the renewal and the legal position of an officia1
at the moment when his claim to renewal is granted or denied.
Does that relationship go so far as t~ create in his favour, as
has been claimed, a definite right to renewal ? That is a question
which pertains to the merits and which it is not necessary for
the Court to answer. It is sufficient to note that the complaint
of the appellant was related to the link created between the
original contract and its renewal-a link clearly established by
the Staff Regulations and Rules to which the contract expressly
makes reference and which constitute the legal basis on which
the interpretation of the contract must rest. Thus the complainant,
in claiming to possess a right to renewal of his contract and in
claiming that that right had been infringed, was placing himself
on the ground of non-observance of the terms of appointment. Le lien jiiridique ainsi constaté entre le contrat de durée définie
et son renouvellement, lien qui constitue la hase juridique de la
réclamation du fonctionnaire, apparaît encore dans la décisionprise
par le Directeur généraldans la Note administrative du 6 juillet
1954.
Par cette Note, le Directeur généralannonçait qu'il avait ((décidé
d'offrir à tous les fonctionnaires de [la] catégorie [des services orga-
niques] )reinplissant certaines conditions et dont les services étaient
nécessaires ((le renouvellement de leur engagement pour une durée
d'un an ».Il était possible de soutenir que cette Note avait pour
effet de créerun droit au renouvellement du contrat. La Cour estime
qu'on poiivait raisonnablement soutenir qu'un avis administratif
libellé dans des termes aussi générauxpeut êtreconsidérécomme
liant 1'Organisôtiori et que la nécessitéalléguéepar l'Unesco d'une
offre individuelle et d'une acceptation individuelle de l'offre était en
l'occurrence un point de forme plutôt qiie de fond. Il n'est pas
nécessaire pour la Cour de décider si les conséquences juridiclues
ainsi envisagéesdécoulaient effectivement de laNote administrative.
En tout cas, la Cour estime que si le Directeur général jugeait à
propos de refuser à un fonctionnaire le bénéficede cette offre géiié-
rale, la contestation qui pouvait êtreélevéesur ce point tombait
dans la con~péte~-icdeu Tribunal administratif.
11résulte clesconsidérations qui précèdentque le Tribunal admi-
nistratif était fondé à admettre que les requêtes l'appelaient à sta-
tuer sur une inobservation prétendue des stipulations du contrat
d'engagement et, par suite. à se déclarer compétent pour en connaî-
tre. En présentant ces considérations, la Cour s'est référéa eux dis-
positions du Statut du personnel et du Règlement du personnel.
Sur ce terrain qui constitue un second chef de compétence du Tribu-
nal administratif, la Cour estime devoir ajouter quelques observa-
tions qui viendront confirmer les constatations déjà faites.
Devant le Tribunal administratif, l'Unesco a invoqué que les
requêtes des fonctionnaires reposaient ccsur une méconnaissance
profonde ...de la portée des engagements temporaires ); qu'elles
impliquaient iin (bouleversement de l'économie descontrats teni-
poraires »; et que l'Unesco était ainsi amenée ((à définir ... les
notions de contrat permanent et d'engagement temporaire [...
et ...] les circonstances différentes auxquelles ils répondent et les
effets juridiques respectifs qui s'y attachent D. C'était se pIacer
sur le terrain des dispositions du Statut ctn persoiinel, c'est-à-dire
2 2 .4D&I. TRIBUK.11- OF I.L.O.(OPIXION OF 23 X 56) 95
The legal relationship thus found to exist between a fixed-term
contract and its renewal-a relationship which constitutes the
legal basis of the complaints of the officials-shows itself once
more in the decision taken by the Director-General in the Adminis-
trative 3lemorandum of July 6th, 1954.
III this Memorandum the Director-General announced that he
had "decidtad that al1 professional staff members" who satisfied
certain conditions and whose services were needed would "be
offered one-year renewals of their appointments". It was possible
to maintain that the effect of the Iblemorandum was to create
a right to the renewal of the contracts. The Court considers that
it could reasonably be maintained that an administrative notice
framed in such general terms might be regarded as binding on
the Organization ;and that the necessity, asserted by Unesco, of an
individual offer and an individual acceptance of the offer was,
in the circumstances, a matter of form rather than of substance.
It is not necessary for the Court to decide whether the legal
consequences thus envisaged actually followed from the Adminis-
trative Memorandum. In any case, the Court considers that if
the Director-General thought fit to refuse to an officia1the benefit
of the general offer thus extended, any dispute ~vhichmight arise
with regard to the matter fell within the jurisdiction of the
Administrative Tribunal.
It follows from the preceding considerations that the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was entitled to assume that the complaints
required it to adjudicate on an alleged non-observance of the
terms of appointment, and, consequently, to declare itself com-
petent to hear them. In the course of those considerations, the
Court referred to the provisions of the Staff Regulations and of
the Staff Rules. On this ground, which constitutes a second basis
for the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal, the Court
feels it necessary to add certain observations which serve to
confirm the conclusions already reached.
Before the Administrative Tribunal, Unesco contended that the
complaints of the officials were based "on a profound ...misinter-
pretation of implications of temporary appointments" ;that they
involved a "revolution in the system of temporary contracts" ; and
that Unesco sought "to define ..the terms 'permanent contract' and
'temporary appointment' [...and. ..] the different situations to which
they correspond and their respective legal consequences". It was
thus putting itself on the ground of the provisions of the Staff
Regulations, that is, on the ground covered by the jurisdictionsur le terrain de la compétence du Tribunal administratif telle
qu'elle est définie par l'article II, paragraphe 5, de son Statut.
Corrélativement, dans l'affaire Duberg, le requérant analysait
en trois points les arguments du Directeur général :1) le requérant
n'avait pas un droit acquis au renouvellement de son contrat ; 2)le
Directeur généraln'était pas tenu de donner ses raisons pour le
non-renouvellement ; 3) sa décision en la matière n'était pas
soumise à un contrôle juridictionnel. Le requérant contestait ces
trois propositions. Pour ce faire, il se basait non seulement sur
les stipulations du contrat mais aussi sur le Statut du personnel.
Aux termes de l'article 4.5.1 du Statut du personnel, le renouvel-
lement d'engagements de durée définieétait subordonné aux (exi-
gences du programme D.Le Directeur général a estiméqu'il ne pou-
vait préjuger ce que déciderait sur ce point la Conférencegénérale
qui devait se réunirvers la fin de 1954. Cela explique qu'il n'ait pas
pris parti sur le renouvellement du contrat de Duberg expirant le
31 décembre 1954 avant la date fixéeà cet effet par l'article 52 ri),
devenu disposition 104.6 d), du Règlement du personnel. Dans cette
situation, le Directeur général,estimant ((que, de l'avis général, les
principes de l'organisation en matièred'administration du personnel
devraient répondre à la notion de fonction publique internationale,
et viser à donner un caractère permanent à l'emploi des membres
du personnel qui possèdent les plus hautes qualités de travail, de
compétence et d'intégritéet dont les services sont nécessaires »,
publia, leGjuillet 1954, une Note administrative au sujet du (renou-
vellement des contrats d'engagement venant à expiration en 1954
ou au débutde 1955 n.Dans cette Note, le Directeur généralannonce
qu'il a ((décidéd'offrir à tous les fonctionnaires de [la]catégorie [des
services organiques] »,dont les contrats vont venir prochainement à
expiration et <qui possèdent lesqualitésrequises de travail, de com-
pétence et d'intégritéet dont les services sont nécessaires, le renou-
vellement de leur engagement pour une duréed'un an 1)Quel était
le caractère de cette Note ?De l'avis de la Cour, elle constituait une
modification du Règlement du personnel alors en vigueur - modi-
fication que le Directeur généralavait pouvoir de faire en vertu de
l'article12.2 du Statut du personnel. En vertu de cette modifica-
tion, l'articl52 d) du Règlement du personnel était provisoirement
modifié : tous les fonctionnaires dont les contrats venaient à
échéanceentre le 6 juillet1954 et le 30 juin1955 et qui possédaient
les qualifications requises, ont étéinformésqu'ils se verraient offrir
un renouvellement d'un an. Le délaiprescrit de 3 ou 6 mois n'était
plus pertinent. La situation qui en découlait fait apparaître que la
Note administrative était en rapport avec l'application du Statut
du personnel.
Enfin, sous deux autres aspects, il apparaît que la Note adminis-
trative du 6 juillet 1954 rentre dans le cadre des dispositions de
l'article II, paragraphe 5, du Statut du Tribunal administratif.
Tout d'abord, elle se référaitaux mots : (en raison des exigences
23of the Administrative Tribunal as defined in Article II, paragraph 5,
of its Statute. Conversely, in the Duberg case the complainant
analysed under three points the arguments of the Director-
General :(1) the appellant had no acquired right to the renewal
of his contract ; (2)the Director-General was not bound to state
his reasons for non-renewal ; and (3) his decision in the matter
was not subject to the control of a jurisdictional body. The com-
plainant contested these propositions. He did so .in reliance not
only on the terms of the contract, but also of the Staff Regulations.
Under Staff Regulations 4.5.1,the renewal of fixed-term contracts
was made subject to "programme requirements". The Director-
General took the view that he could not anticipate what might
be decided with regard to this point by the General Conference,
which was to meet at the end of 1954. This fact explains why he
took no action with regard to the renewal of Duberg's contract,
which was due to expire on December 31st, 1954, before the
date fixed for this purpose by Staff Rule52 (d), which subsequently
became Rule 104.6 (d). In these circumstances, the Director-
General, believing "that there is general agreement that the
personnel policy of the Organization should be based on the
concept of an international civil service and should be aimed at
retaining on a permanent basis those staff members who achieve
the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity and
whose services are needed", issued, on July 6th, 1954, an Adminis-
trative Memorandum on the subject of "Renewal of appointments
expiring end 1954 and early 1955". In this Memorandum, the
Director-General announced that he had "decided that al1 profes-
sional staff members" whose contracts would shortly expire and
"who have achieved the required standards of efficiency, com-
petence and integrity and whose services are needed, will be
offered one-year renewals of their appointments". What was the
character of that Memorandum ? In the view of the Court it
constituted a modification of the Staff Rules then in force-a
modification which the Director-General was authorized to make
under Staff Regulation 12.2. By virtue of that modification,
Article 52 (d) of the Staff Rules was provisionally altered. Al1
officiais whose contracts would expire between July 6th, 1954,
and June 3oth, 1955, and who possessed the required qualifications,
were now informed that they would be offered a renewal of one
year. The prescribed period of three months or six months had
ceased to be relevant. The resulting situation shows that the
Administrative Memorandum was related to the application of
the Staff Regulations.
Finally, there are two other factors nrhich bring the Adminis-
trative Memorandum of July 6th, 1954, within the terms of
Article II, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal. In the first place it referred to the phrase "in thedu programme D,tels qu'ils figuraient à l'article 4.5.1 du Statut
du personnel. D'autre part, la Note se référait implicitement
à l'article 4.2 du Statut, qui déclare que les nominations, muta-
tions et promotions de membres du personnel auxquelles pro-
cédera le Directeur général viseront à assurer les plus hautes
qualités de travail, de compétence et d'intégrité.C'est au sujet
de cette notion d'intégrité, visée tout à la fois dans la Note
et dans l'article 4.2 du Statut du personnel, qu'a surgi la contro-
verse qui a étésoumise au Tribunal administratif. Là s'est même
trouvé le point crucial sur lequel la requêtea cru pouvoir attaquer
la décision du Directeur général. A ce point de vue, l'allégation
d'inobservation du Statut du personnel parait clairement rentrer
dans la compétence du Tribunal.
Il résulte des considérations précédentesque, soit si l'on se place
sur le terrain de l'inobservation des stipulations du contrat, soit sur
celui de l'inobservation du Statut du personnel, il s'agissait, comme
l'a dit le Tribunal administratif dans les motifs de sa décisionsur
la compétence, d'un «litige portant sur l'interprétation et l'appli-
cation du Statut et du Règlement du Personnel de l'organisation
défenderesse 1et qu'en conséquencele Tribunal administratif était
fondé à affirmer sa compétence.
La Cour n'a pas perdu de vue que tant devant leTribunal adminis-
tratif que dans les observations qui lui ont étésoumises il a été
invoqué, d'une part, que le Tribunal administratif était un tribunal
international et, d'autre part, qu'il n'était pas une «juridiction de
droit commun ))mais (une juridiction d'attribution »: cela a été
invoqué en vue d'aboutir à une interprétation restrictive des dis-
positions gouvernant la compétence de ce Tribunal. La Cour ne
conteste pas que le Tribunal administratif soit un tribunal inter-
national. Mais ce qui était soumis à ce Tribunal n'était pas un
différendentre Etats. C'était un différendentre un fonctionnaire et
l'Unesco. Les considérations qui ont pu êtreinvoquées en faveur
d'une interprétation restrictive des dispositionç gouvernant la com-
pétence d'un tribunal appelé à statuer entre Etats, et déduites de
la souveraineté de ceux-ci, ne se retrouvent pas quand il s'agit d'un
tribunal appelé à statuer sur la requête d'un fonctionnaire contre
une organisation internationale.
La Cour reconnaît que le Tribunal administratif est une juridic-
tion d'attribution. Elle s'est attachée en conséquence à la disposi-
tion qui attribue compétence à ce Tribunal pour connaître des
(requêtesinvoquant l'inobservation soit quant au fond, soit quantlight of programme requirements" embodied in Staff Regulation
4.5.1. In the second place, the Memorandum relied by implication
on Staff Regulation 4.2, which lays down that in appointing,
transferring or promoting staff members, the Director-General
shall aim at securing the highest standards of efficiency, com-
petence and integrity. The controversy submitted to the Admin-
istrative Tribunal centred around the notion of integrity referred
to both in the Memorandum and in Staff Regulation 4.2.Indeed
that was the crucial point in reliance on which the complaint
challenged the decision of the Director-General as open to attack.
From this point of view, the allegation of non-observance of
Staff Regulations seems clearly to fa11within the jurisdiction of
the Tribunal.
It follows from the preceding considerations that whether
looked at from the point of view of non-observance of the terins
of appointment or of that of non-observance of Staff Regulations,
the question was, as stated by the Administrative Tribunal in
the reasons which it gave for its decision in the matter of com-
petence, one of a "dispute concerning the interpretation and
application of the Staff Regulations and Rules of the defendant
Organisation" and that, in consequence, the Tribunal was justified
in confirming its jurisdiction.
The Court has not lost sight of the fact that both before the
Administrative Tribunal and in the statements subinitted to the
Court it has been contended, on the one hand, that the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was an international tribunal and, on the other
hand, that it was a Tribunal of limited jurisdiction ("juridiction
d'attribution")and not of general jurisdiction ("juridiction de droit
commun"). That contention has been put forward with a view to
achieving a restrictive interpretation of the provisions governing
the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. The Court does not deny that the
Administrative Tribunal is an international tribunal.However, the
question submitted to the Tribunal was not a dispute between
States. It was a controversy between Unesco and one of its officials.
The arguments, deduced from the sovereignty of States, which
might have been invoked in favour of a restrictive interpretation of
provisions governing the jurisdiction of a tribunal adjudicating
between States are not relevant to û situation in which a tribunal
iscalled upon to adjudicate upon a complaint of an officia1against
an international organization.
The Court recognizes that the Administrative Tribunal is a
Tribunal of limited jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Court has pro-
ceeded on the basis of the provision which confers upon the Tribunal
jurisdiction in the matter of "complaints alleging non-observ-à la forme des stipulations du contrat d'engagement des fonction-
naires ou des dispositions du Statut du personnel )).Elle a retenu
cette disposition et les dispositions pertinentes du Statut du per-
sonnel. La Cour s'est attachée à la teneur des textes pertinents et
s'est inspiréede leur esprit, du but en vue duquel ils ont été adoptés,
à savoir l'intention d'assurer à l'organisation les services d'un per-
sonnel compétent et intègre en dotant celui-ci de garanties appro-
priéespour tout ce qui concerne l'observation des contrats d'engage-
ment et des dispositions du Statutdu persormel. C'est par cette voie
qu'elle est arrivée àdéterminer cequi lui paraîtêtrel'exacte interpré-
tation de l'article II, paragraphe 5, du Statutdu Tribunal adminis-
tratif et la juste application de cette disposition à l'espèce qui lui
était soumise. Elle n'a pas eu besoin pour cela de faire appel à des
principes d'interprétation soit restrictive soit extensive.
La Cour ayant décidéde donnerune réponse affirmative àla ques-
tion 1 se trouve placéepar la demande d'avis en face d'une seconde
question ainsi énoncée :
(II. - Dans le cas d'une réponseaffirmative à la question 1:
a) Le Tribunal administratif était-il compétent pour vérifier
si le pouvoir conféré au Directeur général dene pas renou-
veler des engagements de duréedéfiniea étéexercé pourle
bien du service et l'intérêdt e l'organisation?
b) Le Tribunal administratif était-il compétent pour se pro-
noncer sur l'attitude qu'aux termes de l'Acte constitutif
de l'organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la
science et la culture,le,Directeur généraldoit observer dans
ses relations avec un Etat Membre, notamment en ce qui
concerne la mise en Œuvre de la politique gouvernementale
de cet Etat Membre ? »
L'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif prévoit une
demande d'avis consultatif àla Cour dans deux cas clairement défi-
nis. Le premier se présente quand le Conseil exécutif conteste une
décisiondu Tribunal affirmant sa compétence ;le second quand le
Conseil exécutif considèrequ'une décisiondu Tribunal est viciéepar
une faute essentielle dans la procédure suivie. La demande d'avis
consultatif présentée conformément à l'article XII, n'est pas un
appel quant au fond du jugement. Elle se limite à une contestation
de la décisiondu Tribunal affirmant sa compétence ou à des cas de
faute essentielle dans la procédure. En dehors de cela, il n'y a aucun
recours contre les décisions du Tribunal administratif. Une contes-
tation de l'affirmation de compétence ne peut êtretransformée en
25ance, in substance or in form, of the terms of appointment of
officiais and of provisions of the Staff Regulations". The
Court has acted upon that provision and upon the other relevant
provisions of the Staff Regulations. In doing so the Court has
relied on the wording of tlie texts in question as well as on their
spirit, namely, the purpose for which they were adopted. That
purpose was to ensure to the Organization the services of a per-
sonnel possessing t-he necessary qualifications of competence and
integrity and effectively protected by appropriate guarantees in
the matter of observance of the terms of employment and of
the provisions of the Staff Regulations. It is in that way that
the Court arrived at what it considers to be the correct inter-
pretation of Article II (5) of the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal and the proper application of Chat provision to the
case submitted to it. It was not necessary for it, for that purpose,
to have recourse to any principles of either restrictive or extensive
interpretation.
The Court, having decided to give an affirmative answer to
Question 1, will now examine Question II as put to it in the
Request for an Advisory Opinion. That question is as follows :
"II.-In the case of an affirmative answer to question :
(a) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to determine
whether the powerof the Director-Generalnot to renew fixed-
term appointments has been exercised for the good of the
service and in theinterest of the Organization?
(b) Was the Administrative Tribunal competent to pronounce
on the attitude which the Director-General, under the
terms ofthe Constitutioil of the United Nations Educational,
Scientificand Cultural Organization, ought to maintain in
his relations with a h4emberState, particularly as regards
the execution of thepolicy of the Government authorities of
that Member State ?"
Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
provides for a Request for an Advisory Opinion of the Court in
two clearly defined cases. The first is where the Executive Board
challenges a decision of tk,e Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction ;
the second is when the Executive Board considers that a decision
of the Tribunal is vitiated by a fundamental fault in the procedure
followed. The Request for an Advisory Opinion under Article XII
is not in the nature of an appeal on the merits of the judgment.
It is limited to a challenge of theecision of the Tribunal confirming
its jurisdiction or to cases of fundamental fault of procedure.
Apart from this, there is no remedy against the decisions of the
Administrative Tribunal. A challenge of a decision confirmirig
25une procédure contre la façon dont la compétence a étéexercéeou
contre le fond de la décision.
La question II ne se réfèreni à une faute essentielle dans la
procédure suivie ni à une décisiondu Tribunal affirmant sa com-
pétence. Il en est ainsi, quoique les deux parties de cette question
emploient le terme « compétence ».Les questions qui y sont énon-
céesse réfèrent en effet aux motifs donnés par le Tribunal pour
aboutir à sa décisionquant au fond de l'affaire. Les motifs donnés
par le Tribunal pour arriver à sa décision au fond ne peuvent
légitimement servir de base à une contestation de la compétence
de ce Tribunal. La question 1 énoncéedans la présente demande
d'avis concerne seulement une contestation de la décisionaffirmant
la compétence. Elle ne se réfèrepas à l'autre chef de contestation
prévu à l'article XII, à savoir la faute essentielle dans la procédure
suivie. Le Statut du Tribunal administratif aurait pu prévoir
d'autres raisons de contester la décision du Tribunal que celles
énoncéesdans l'article XII. Il ne l'a pas fait. C'est la raison pour
laquelle, en conséquence, la Cour, dans le cadre de cet article -
le seul article auquel il est fait référencedans la demande d'avis
consultatif -, ne peut répondre à la question II.
Assurément, l'Unesco a le pouvoir général dedemander à la
Cour des avis consultatifs sur les questions qui se posent dans le
cadre de son activité. Mais la question soumise à la Cour n'a
pas étéposée en invoquant le pouvoir général del'Unesco de
demander un avis consultatif. Elle a étéexpressément rattachée
à l'article XII. La question II, telle qu'elle est poséeà la Cour, se
réfère,par ses termes et par la place qu'elle occupe dans la réso-
lution portant demande d'avis, aux jugements contestés par le
Conseil exécutifquant àla compétencedu Tribunal qui les a rendus.
C'est sur ce terrain qu'elle doit êtreconsidéréepar la Cour. Or la
Cour vient de constater que l'objet de cette question est en dehors
de ce qui, dans les jugements attaqués, concerne la compétence du
Tribunal. La demande d'avis a placéla question II dans le cadre
définipar l'article XII. En réalité,cette question est en dehors de
ce cadre. En conséquence, elle n'a pas à êtreretenue par la Cour
en vue d'une réponse à la présente demande d'avis.
La Cour n'étant pas en mesure, pour les raisons indiquées, de
répondre à la question II, elle n'a pas à s'occuper de quelques-unes
des questions plus larges longuement discutées devant le Tribunal
et dans les exposésécrits présentés à la Cour. Parmi ces questions
figurent celles du droit applicable dans divers systèmes de droit
interne à la situation des foilctionnaires de l'Etat, de la nature
26 jurisdiction cannot properly be transformed into a procedure
against the manner in which jurisdiction has been exercised or
against the substance of the decision.
There is no reference in Question II either to a fundamental
fault of procedure or to the decision of the Tribunal confirming
its jurisdiction. This is so although the two parts of that question
are formulated in terms of "competence". For these arc questions
relating to the reasons given by the Tribunal for its decision on
the merits of the question submitted to it. The reasons given
by the Tribunal for its decision on the merits, after it confirmed
its jurisdiction,cannot properly form the basis of a challenge
to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. Question 1 of the present
Request for an Opinion is concerned only with a challenge of
the decision confirming jurisdiction. It does not refer to the other
ground of challenge provided for in Article XII, namely a fun-
damental fault in the procedure followed. The Çtatute of the
Administrative Tribunal could have provided for other reasons
for challenging the decision of the Tribunal than those referred
to in Article XII. It has not done so. In view of this, the Court
cannot answer Question II within the framework of Article XII
of the Statute of the Tribunal-the only Article by reference
to which the Opinion of the Court is invoked.
Undoubtedly, Unesco has the general power to ask for an Advis-
ory Opinion of the Court on questions within the scope of its
activity. But the question put to the Court has not been put in
reliance upon the general power of Unesco to ask for an Advisory
Opinion. It has been expressly linked with Article XII. In its
terms andby virtue of the place which it occupiesin the Resolution
requesting the Advisory Opinion, Question II as put to the Court
refers to the judgments which the Executive Board has challenged
in relation to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal which rendered these
judgments. It is on that basis that the question must be considered
by the Court. The Court has found that the object of that Question
is outside the matter which, in the judgments which have been
challenged, is germane to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. In the
Request for an Advisory Opinion, Question II has been placed
within the orbit of Article XII. Actually, it is outside that Article.
Accordingly, it cannot be considered by the Court for the purpose
of acting upon the request made to it.
As, for the reasons stated, the Court is not in the position to
answer Question II, it need not be concerned with some of the wider
issues argued at length before the Tribunal and in the written
statements submitted to the Court. These issues include that of the
law obtaining in various municipal systems as to the position of the
employees of the State, the nature of their employment and the
26de leur engagement et des principes qui régissent le contrôle judi-
ciaire de leur statut et des conditions de leur service. Ces questions
ne se posent pas dans le cas actuel.
De mêmela Cour n'a pas à retenir l'allégation suivant laquelle
le Tribunal compétent pour connaître de la requêteaurait, dans sa
décision rendue sur elle, commis un dépassement de compétence
(excess of jurisdiction) ou excèsde pouvoir. L'article XII du Statut
du Tribunal ne vise que la contestation d'ccune décisiondu Tribunal
affirmant sa compétence ». La demande d'avis fondée sur cet
articlene peut, contrairement à ce qu'a soutenu ll'CTnescbs,'étendre
au grief selon lequel le Tribunal aurait cdépasséles limites de sa
compétence ...dans l'examen des litiges D.Ce grief, à le supposer
admis, ne saurait conduire à dire que le Tribunal n'étaitpas compé-,
tent pour connaître de la requête.
Dans ces conditions, la Cour n'a pas à examiner la prétention
selon laquelle la validité des jugements du Tribunal serait viciéepar
un dépassement de compétencedu fait qu'il a étéaccordédesindem-
nités ex aequoet bono.Elle se bornera à dire que si le Tribunal, dans
les motifs de sa décisionsur le fond, a dit « que la réparation sera
assurée ex aequoet bonopar l'allocation au requérant du montant
ci-après D,le contexte ne fait nullement apparaître que le Tribunal
ait entendu par là se départir des principes du droit. Il a voulu
seulement énoncer que, le calcul du montant de l'indemnité ne
pouvant pas êtredéduit de règles de droit posées à cet effet, il
entendait fixer ce que la Cour a, en d'autres circoiistances, appelé
la juste mesure de la réparation, le chiffre raisonnable de celle-ci
(Aflaire du Détroitde Corfozt,arrêt du 15 décembre 1949, C. 1. J.
Recueil 1949, p. 249).
La question III présentée à la Cour est ainsi énoncée:
cIII.- En tout étatde cause,quelleest la validitédes décisions
rendues par le Tribunal administratif dans sesjugementsnos 17,IS,
19et 21 ?1)
Aux termes de l'article VI du Statut du Tribunal administratif,
les jugements rendus par celui-ci (sont définitifs et sans appel N.
Toutefois l'article XII autorise le Conseil exécutif à les contester
mais seulement pour incompétence ou pour faute essentielle dans
la procédure suivie. .4u cas où une telle contestation est élevée,
il appartient à la Cour de prononcer par un avis ayant force obliga-
toire sur cette contestation et, par voie de conséquences, sur la
validité du jugement contesté. Les quatre jugements n'ont été
contestés que sur le terrain de la compétence du Tribunal admi-
nistratif qui les a rendus. Si la Cour avait reconnu fondée cette
contestation, elle aurait été amenée à prononcer l'invalidité des
jugements. La Cour ayant écarté le grief d'incompétence seulprinciples of judicial review goveming the tenure and the con-
ditions of their service.These questions do not arise in the present
case.
Similarly, the Court need not consider the allegation that the
Tribunal, which was competent to hear the complaint, committed
an excess of jurisdiction and acted z~ltraaires in the decision which
it gave. Article XII of the Statute of the Tribunal only refers to a
challenge of "a decision of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction".
A Request for an Advisory Opinion based on that Article cannot,
contrary to the contention of Unesco, extend to an allegation
that the Tribunal "went beyond the bounds of its competence in
its consideration of the disputes". Any such allegation, even if it
were well-founded, could not lead to the conclusion that the Tri-
bunal \Irasnot com~etent to hear the com~laint.
In view of this the Court need not exLmine the allegation that
the validity of the judgments of the Tribunal is vitiated by cxcess
of jurisdiction on the ground that it awarded compensation ex
aequoet bono.It will confineitself to stating that, in the reasons given
by the Tribunal in support of its decision on the merits, the Tri-
bunal said :"That redress will be ensured ex aequo et bono by the
granting to the cornplainant of the sunî set forth below." It does
not appear from the context of the judgment that the Tribunal
thereb- intended to depart from principles of law. The apparent
intention \vas to say that, as the precise determination of the
actual amount to be awarded could not be based on any specific
rule of law-, the Tribunal fixed what the Court, in other circum-
stances, has described as the true measure of compensation and the
reasonable figure of such compensation (Corfu Channel case, Jzidg-
ment of December 15th, 1949, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 249).
Question III submitted to the Court is as follows :
by the Administrative Tribunal in its Judgments Nos.cis17,18, 19n
and ZI?"
Under Article VI of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal, its
judgments "shall be final and without appeal". However,Article XII
authorizes the Executive Board to challenge those judgments,
but only on the ground of lack of jurisdiction or of fundamental
fault in the procedure followed. In case of such a challenge, it is
for the Court to pass, by means of an Opinion having binding force,
upon the challenge thus raised and, consequently,upon the validity
of the judgment challenged. The four judgmentshave been challenged
only in respect of the competence of the Administrative Tribunal
which rendered them. If the Court had upheld this challenge it
would have had to declare the judgments invalid. The Court,having
rcjected the contention relating to jurisdiction, the only contentionrelevépar le Conseil exécutif répondra en conséquence à la ques-
tion III en reconnaissant la validité des quatre jugements.
Par ces motifs,
par neuf voix contre quatre,
de donner suite à la demande d'avis ;
Sur la question I :
par dix voix contre trois,
que le Tribunal administratif de l'organisation internationale
du Travail était compétent, aux termes de l'article II de son Statut,
pour connaître des requêtes introduites contre l'Organisation des
Nations Unies pour l'éducation,la science et la culture, le 5 février
1955, par MM. Duberg et Leff et la DameWilcox, et, le 28 juin1955,
par la Dame Bernstein ;
Sur la question.II :
par neuf voix contre quatre,
que la question n'appelle aucune réponse de sa part ;
Sur la questionIII :
par dix voix contre trois,
que la validité des décisions rendues par le Tribunal adminis-
tratif dans ses jugements nos 17, 18, 19 et 21 n'est plus sujette à
contestation.raised by the Executive Board, will consequently answer Ques-
tion III by a finding in favour of the validity of the four judgments.
For these reasons,
by nine votes to four,
to comply with the Request for an Advisory Opinion ;
With regardto QuestionI :
by ten votes to three,
that the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour
Organisation was competent, under Article II of its Statute, to hear
the complaints introduced against the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization on February 5th, 1955, by
Messrs. Duberg and Leff and Mrs. Wilcox, and on June 28th, 1955,
by Mrs. Bernstein ;
With regardto QuestionII :
by nine votes to four,
that this question does not cal1for an answer by the Court ;
With regardto QuestionIII :
by ten votes to three,
that the validity of the decisions given by the Administrative
Tribunal in its Judgments Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 21 is no longer open
to challenge.102 TRIBUNAL ADM. DE L'O. 1.T.(AVIS DU 23 X 56)
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix,à La Haye, le vingt-trois octobre mil neuf cent
cinquante-six, en deux exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux
archives de la Cour et dont l'autre sera transmis au Directeur
généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la
science et la culture.
Le Président,
(Signé G)REEN H. HACKWORTH.
Le Greffier,
(Signé J).LOPEZ@LIVAS.
M. KOJEVNIKOVj,uge, fait la déclaration suivante :
En votant en faveur de la décisionde la Cour de donner suite
à la demande d'avis consultatif adressée par l'Unesco, ainsi qu'en
faveur de la partie finale de l'avis mêmesur les questio1set III,
poséespar l'Unesco le 25 novembre 1955 - bien que je ne sois
pas d'accord avec certains aspects et données des motifs de cette
décisionet de cet avis -, je ne puis cependant me rallierà l'avis
de la Cour sur la deuxième question.
Selon moi1 opinion, la Cour, ayant reconnu la compétence du
Tribunal administratif, la validité et par conséquent la force
obligatoire des jugements qu'il a rendus, devait entreprendre
également l'examen de la deuxième question, et y donner une
réponse affirmative.
En effet, le Tribunal administratif devait décider si l'action
du Directeur généralétait dictée par les intérêtsde l'Unesco et
si son attitude correspondait aux dispositions du statut de cette
Organisation.
Sans la solution desdites questions, le Tribunal admiriistratif
n'était pasà mêmede prendre une décisionsur le fond de l'affaire
et de constater que le licenciement des intéressésétait dû unique-
ment à leur refus de se présenter devant le Comitéd'enquête du
loyalisme des Etats-Unis.
Ainsi le Tribunal administratif était compétent de connaître
des requêtesintroduites contre l'Unesco par les intéressés,et les ADM. TRIBUNAI, OF I.L.O. (OPINIO~YOF 23 X 56) IO2
Done in French and English, the French test being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-third day of October,
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-six, in two copies, one of which
~villbe placed in the Archives of the Court and the other transmitted
to the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization.
(Signed) GREENH. HACI~WORTH,
President.
(Siggzed) J. LOPEZOLIVAX,
Registrar.
Judge KOJEVNIKOV makes the following declaration :
IVhilst voting in favour of the decision of the Court to comply
with the Request for an A-dviîory Opinion submitted by Unesco,
and of the final part of the Opinion itself with regard to Questions
and III, put by Unesco on Xovember 25th, 1955-although 1 do
not agree with certain aspects and data relatjng to the reasoning
of thut decision and of that Opinion-1 am nevertheless unable
to concur in the view of the Court on Question II.
In my opinion, the Court, having recognized the competence
of the Administrative Tribunal, the v.îlidity and consequently the
binding force of the Judgments given by it,it ought also to have
dealt with Question II and çiven it an affirmative answer.
Indeed, the Administrative Tribunal had to decide whether the
action of the Director-Gencral was dictated by the interests of
Unesco and whether his attitude correspondcd to the provisions
of the statute of that Organization.
Without a solution to those questions, the Administrative
Tribunal was not in a position to give a decision on the merits
of the case and to find that the dismissal ofthe officials concerned
\vas due solely to their refusal to appear before the Loyalty Board
of the CTnited States.
Accordingly, the Administrative Tribunal was competent to
hear the coniplaints introduced against Unesco by the officialsdécisionsrendues par le Tribunal administratidans ses jugements
nos 17, 18, 19 et 21 sont parfaitement fondées, va,lables et obli-
gatoires pour l'Unesco et doivent être exécutéespar elle.
MM. WINIARSKI, KLAESTADet Sir Muhammad ZAFRÇLLA
KHAN,juges, se prévalant du droit que leur confèrent les arti57es
et 68 du Statut, joignent à l'avis les exposés de leur opinion
individuelle.
MM. HACKWORTH P,ésident, BADAWI, Vice-Président, READ
et CORDOVA j, ges, se prévalant du droit que leur confèrent les
articles57 et 68 du Statut, joignent à l'avis les exposés de leur
opinion dissidente. ADM. TRIBUNAL OF I.L.O. (OPINIONOF 23 X 56) IO3
concerned and the decisions given by the Administrative Tribunal
in its Judgments Nos. 17, 119 and 21are perfectly well-founded,
valid and binding upon Unesco and effect must be given to them
by the Organization.
Judges WINIARSKIK , LAESTAD and Sir Muhammad ZAFRULLA
KHAN, availing themselves of the right conferred on them by
-4rticles 57 and 68 of the Statute, append to the Opinion of the
Court statements of their separate Opinions.
PresidentHACKWORT VHce-PresidentBADAW and Judges READ
and CORDOVA a,ailing themselves of the right conferred on them
by Articles 57 and 68 of the Statute, append to the Opinion of the
Court statements of their dissenting Opinions.
(Initialled)G. H. H.
(Initialled)J. L. O.
Advisory opinion of 23 October 1956<br><i>(including the text of the declaration of Judge Kojevnikov)</i>