Order of 17 April 2013

Document Number
152-20130417-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS

ORDER OF 17 APRIL 2013

2013

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA

LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

JONCTION D’INSTANCES

ORDONNANCE DU 17 AVRIL 2013

5 CIJ1044.indb 1 11/04/14 10:56 Official citation :
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River
(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Joinder of Proceedings,
Order of 17 April 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 184

Mode officiel de citation :

Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua c. Costa Rica), jonction d’instances,
ordonnance du 17 avril 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 184

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1044
ISBN 978-92-1-071159-3

5 CIJ1044.indb 2 11/04/14 10:56 17 APRIL 2013

ORDER

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

JONCTION D’INSTANCES

17 AVRIL 2013

ORDONNANCE

5 CIJ1044.indb 3 11/04/14 10:56 184

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2013
2013
17 April
General List 17 April 2013
No. 152

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS

ORDER

Present: President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Benfnouna, Skotnikov,

Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandarif ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume,
Simma ; Registrar Couvreur.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Arti

cle 47 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order :
Whereas :

1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 22 Dec-m
ber 2011, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter

“Nicaragua”) instituted proceedings against the Government of thef
Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa Rica”) in the case cofncerning
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicara
gua v. Costa Rica) (hereinafter referred to as the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case) for “violations of Nicaraguan sovereignty and major environmenftal

damages on its territory”, contending, in particular, that Costa Ricaf was

4

5 CIJ1044.indb 44 11/04/14 10:56 185 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

carrying out major works along most of the border area between the two
countries along the San Juan River, namely the construction of a road,

with grave environmental consequences.
2. In its Application, Nicaragua reserved the right to request the join -
der of the proceedings in the present case and the proceedings in the cafse
concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) instituted by Costa Rica against Nicaragua by

an Application dated 18 November 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the
Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case).
3. In its Application in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Costa Rica
stated that the case related to “the incursion into, occupation of anfd use
by Nicaragua’s army of Costa Rican territory”, contending, in partficular,
that Nicaragua had “in two separate incidents, occupied the territoryf of

Costa Rica in connection with the construction of a canal across Costa
Rican territory . . . and certain related works of dredging on the San Juan
River”. Costa Rica alleged breaches by Nicaragua of its obligations
towards Costa Rica under a number of treaty instruments and other
applicable rules of international law, as well as under certain arbitralf and

judicial decisions. In this regard, Costa Rica refers to the Charter of fthe
United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States ;
the Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of
15 April 1858 (hereinafter the “1858 Treaty of Limits”), namely, Arti -
cles I, II, V and IX ; the arbitral award issued by the President of the

United States of America, Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 (herein -
after the “Cleveland Award”) ; the first and second arbitral awards ren -
dered by Edward Porter Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897
and 20 December 1897 (hereinafter the “Alexander Awards”) ; the
1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (hereinafter
the “Ramsar Convention”); and the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009

in the case concerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related
Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).
4. In its Application in the present case, Nicaragua invokes, as a basis
for the jurisdiction of the Court, Article XXXI of the American Treaty
on Pacific Settlement signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the

“Pact of Bogotá”). In addition, Nicaragua seeks to found the jfurisdiction
of the Court on the declaration it made on 24 September 1929 (and
amended on 23 October 2001) under Article 36 of the Statute of the Per -
manent Court of International Justice and which is deemed, pursuant to
Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the present Court, for the period

which it still has to run, to be acceptance of the compulsory jurisdictifon
of this Court, as well as on the declaration which Costa Rica made on
20 February 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
5. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Reg -
istrar communicated a signed copy of the Application forthwith to the
Government of Costa Rica ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all

States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the filifng of the
Application.

5

5 CIJ1044.indb 46 11/04/14 10:56 186 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

6. Since the Court includes no judge of the nationality of the Parties
upon the Bench, each of them, in exercise of the right conferred by

Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, chose a judge ad hoc in the case.
Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume and Costa Rica chose
Mr. Bruno Simma.
7. By an Order of 23 January 2012, taking account of the agreement of
the Parties, the Court fixed 19 December 2012 and 19 December 2013 as

the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Nicaragua and a
Counter-Memorial by Costa Rica. Nicaragua’s Memorial was filed within
the time-limit so prescribed. In a letter dated 19 December 2012, accom -
panying its Memorial, Nicaragua asked the Court to consider the need to f
join the proceedings in the present case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case, and requested the Court to decide on this matter in the interests fof

the administration of justice.

8. By a letter dated 15 January 2013, the Registrar, on the instructions
of the President, asked the Government of Costa Rica to inform the
Court, by 18 February 2013, of its views on Nicaragua’s position regard -

ing the proposed joinder of the proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case.
9. By a letter dated 7 February 2013, Costa Rica, with regard to the
question of the proposed joinder, stated that the proceedings in the twof
cases should not be joined for the reasons previously indicated in its writ -

ten observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s counter-claims, filed
in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case on 30 November 2012. It is recalled
that in those written observations, Costa Rica argued that Nicaragua wasf
“effectively seeking the joinder of the two different cases” pfending between
both Parties before the Court and that it would be neither timely nor eqfui -
table to join the proceedings in the two cases. In particular, Costa Rica

contended that the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case concerned the exercise of
territorial sovereignty and that, in the absence of the Court’s ruling
thereon, “Costa Rica [was] prevented from exercising sovereignty overf
part of its territory”, while the present case had a different subjfect-matter.
Costa Rica underlined that, as each of the two cases has its own proce -

dural timetable, the joinder of proceedings would lead to a delay in thef
resolution of the dispute over territorial sovereignty and would thus cofn -
stitute a serious prejudice to Costa Rica. Finally, Costa Rica noted that
the composition of the Court is different in the two cases.
10. It is further recalled that in its written observations on the admis -

sibility of its counter-claims, which were filed in the context of the Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua case on 30 January 2013, Nicaragua stated that the
Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case and the present case “involve the same Par -
ties and are tightly connected both in law and in fact” and that therfe was
“therefore no reason why they could not be joined”. Nicaragua therfefore
again requested the Court to “decide the joinder of the proceedings”f in

the two cases in accordance with Article 47 of the Rules of Court.
11. In the above-mentioned letter dated 7 February 2013, Costa Rica

6

5 CIJ1044.indb 48 11/04/14 10:56 187 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

reiterated its position that it would be neither timely nor equitable tof join
the proceedings in the two cases. Costa Rica contended that there was nof

close connection between the two cases such as might justify a joinder. In
particular, according to Costa Rica, the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case con-
cerns an area which is geographically distant from the road the construcftion
of which is the subject of the present case. Costa Rica argued that “f[i]t [was]
not sufficient that both cases [were] related — although in very different

respects — to the San Juan River, which is more than 205 km in length”.

* * *

12. Under Article 47 of its Rules, “[t]he Court may at any time direct
that the proceedings in two or more cases be joined”. That provision f

leaves the Court a broad margin of discretion. Where the Court, or its
predecessor, has exercised its power to join proceedings, it has done sof in
circumstances where joinder was consonant not only with the principle off
the sound administration of justice, but also with the need for judicialf
economy (see, e.g., Legal Status of the South‑Eastern Territory of Green ‑

land, Order of 2 August 1932, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 48, p. 268 ; North
Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal
Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Order of 26 April 1968, I.C.J. Reports
1968, p. 9). Any decision to that effect will have to be taken in the light off
the specific circumstances of each case.

13. The two cases here concerned involve the same Parties and relate
to the area where the common border between them runs along the right
bank of the San Juan River.
14. Both cases are based on facts relating to works being carried out
in, along, or in close proximity to the San Juan River, namely the dredgf -

ing of the river by Nicaragua and the construction of a road along its
right bank by Costa Rica. Both sets of proceedings are about the effect of
the aforementioned works on the local environment and on the free navi -
gation on, and access to, the San Juan River. In this regard, both Partifes
refer to the risk of sedimentation of the San Juan River.

15. In the present case and in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, the
Parties make reference, in addition, to the harmful environmental effefct
of the works in and along the San Juan River on the fragile fluvial ecfosys -
tem (including protected nature preserves in and along the river).
16. In both cases, the Parties refer to violations of the 1858 Treaty of

Limits, the Cleveland Award, the Alexander Awards and the Ramsar
Convention.
17. A decision to join the proceedings will allow the Court to address
simultaneously the totality of the various interrelated and contested isfsues
raised by the Parties, including any questions of fact or law that are cfom -

mon to the disputes presented. In the view of the Court, hearing and
deciding the two cases together will have significant advantages. The f

7

5 CIJ1044.indb 50 11/04/14 10:56 188 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

Court does not expect any undue delay in rendering its Judgment in the
two cases.

18. In view of the above, the Court, in conformity with the principle of
the sound administration of justice and with the need for judicial econ -

omy, considers it appropriate to join the proceedings in the present casfe
and in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case.
19. The Court adds that the time-limit fixed in its Order of 23 Janu -
ary 2012 for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Costa Rica in the pres-
ent case, namely 19 December 2013, remains unaffected by its decision in

the current Order.

*
* *
20. For these reasons,

The Court,

By sixteen votes to one,
Decides to join the proceedings in the present case with those in the

case concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari ;
Judge ad hoc Guillaume ;

against : Judge ad hoc Simma ;
Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of April, two thousand

and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic off
Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica, respectivelyf.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,

President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Order.

(Initialled) P.T.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

8

5 CIJ1044.indb 52 11/04/14 10:56

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS

ORDER OF 17 APRIL 2013

2013

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA

LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN
(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

JONCTION D’INSTANCES

ORDONNANCE DU 17 AVRIL 2013

5 CIJ1044.indb 1 11/04/14 10:56 Official citation :
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River
(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Joinder of Proceedings,
Order of 17 April 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 184

Mode officiel de citation :

Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua c. Costa Rica), jonction d’instances,
ordonnance du 17 avril 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 184

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1044
ISBN 978-92-1-071159-3

5 CIJ1044.indb 2 11/04/14 10:56 17 APRIL 2013

ORDER

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA
ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COSTA RICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

JONCTION D’INSTANCES

17 AVRIL 2013

ORDONNANCE

5 CIJ1044.indb 3 11/04/14 10:56 184

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2013
2013
17 April
General List 17 April 2013
No. 152

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD IN COSTA RICA

ALONG THE SAN JUAN RIVER

(NICARAGUA v. COSTA RICA)

JOINDER OF PROCEEDINGS

ORDER

Present: President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Benfnouna, Skotnikov,

Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwoofd, Xue, Donoghue,
Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandarif ; Judges ad hoc Guillaume,
Simma ; Registrar Couvreur.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 48 of the Statute of the Court and to Arti

cle 47 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order :
Whereas :

1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 22 Dec-m
ber 2011, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter

“Nicaragua”) instituted proceedings against the Government of thef
Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa Rica”) in the case cofncerning
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicara
gua v. Costa Rica) (hereinafter referred to as the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case) for “violations of Nicaraguan sovereignty and major environmenftal

damages on its territory”, contending, in particular, that Costa Ricaf was

4

5 CIJ1044.indb 44 11/04/14 10:56 184

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 2013 2013
17 avril
Rôle général
17 avril 2013 n 152

CONSTRUCTION D’UNE ROUTE AU COST RAICA
LE LONG DU FLEUVE SAN JUAN

(NICARAGUA c. COSTA RICA)

JONCTION D’INSTANCES

ORDONNANCE

Présents : M. Tomka, président ; M. Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ;
MM. Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov,
Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, M mes Xue,
Donoghue, M. Gaja, M me Sebutinde, M. Bhandari, juges ;
MM. Guillaume, Simma, juges ad hoc; M. Couvreur, greffier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

Vu l’article 48 de son Statut et l’article 47 de son Règlement,

Rend l’ordonnance suivante :

Considérant que :

1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 22 décembre 2011, le
Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua (ci-après le « Nicaragua»)
a introduit contre le Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica
(ci-après le « Costa Rica») une instance en l’affaire relative à la Construc ‑
tion d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica) (ci-après l’« affaire Nicaragua c. Costa Rica ») faisant état

de «violations de la souveraineté du Nicaragua et [de] dommages impor
tants à l’environnement sur son territoire »; il faisait en particulier grief

4

5 CIJ1044.indb 45 11/04/14 10:56 185 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

carrying out major works along most of the border area between the two
countries along the San Juan River, namely the construction of a road,

with grave environmental consequences.
2. In its Application, Nicaragua reserved the right to request the join -
der of the proceedings in the present case and the proceedings in the cafse
concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) instituted by Costa Rica against Nicaragua by

an Application dated 18 November 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the
Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case).
3. In its Application in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, Costa Rica
stated that the case related to “the incursion into, occupation of anfd use
by Nicaragua’s army of Costa Rican territory”, contending, in partficular,
that Nicaragua had “in two separate incidents, occupied the territoryf of

Costa Rica in connection with the construction of a canal across Costa
Rican territory . . . and certain related works of dredging on the San Juan
River”. Costa Rica alleged breaches by Nicaragua of its obligations
towards Costa Rica under a number of treaty instruments and other
applicable rules of international law, as well as under certain arbitralf and

judicial decisions. In this regard, Costa Rica refers to the Charter of fthe
United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States ;
the Treaty of Territorial Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of
15 April 1858 (hereinafter the “1858 Treaty of Limits”), namely, Arti -
cles I, II, V and IX ; the arbitral award issued by the President of the

United States of America, Grover Cleveland, on 22 March 1888 (herein -
after the “Cleveland Award”) ; the first and second arbitral awards ren -
dered by Edward Porter Alexander dated respectively 30 September 1897
and 20 December 1897 (hereinafter the “Alexander Awards”) ; the
1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (hereinafter
the “Ramsar Convention”); and the Judgment of the Court of 13 July 2009

in the case concerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related
Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).
4. In its Application in the present case, Nicaragua invokes, as a basis
for the jurisdiction of the Court, Article XXXI of the American Treaty
on Pacific Settlement signed at Bogotá on 30 April 1948 (hereinafter the

“Pact of Bogotá”). In addition, Nicaragua seeks to found the jfurisdiction
of the Court on the declaration it made on 24 September 1929 (and
amended on 23 October 2001) under Article 36 of the Statute of the Per -
manent Court of International Justice and which is deemed, pursuant to
Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the present Court, for the period

which it still has to run, to be acceptance of the compulsory jurisdictifon
of this Court, as well as on the declaration which Costa Rica made on
20 February 1973 under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
5. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Reg -
istrar communicated a signed copy of the Application forthwith to the
Government of Costa Rica ; and, under paragraph 3 of that Article, all

States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the filifng of the
Application.

5

5 CIJ1044.indb 46 11/04/14 10:56 construction d’une rofute (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 185

au Costa Rica de réaliser, sur la majeure partie de la frontière entre les f
deux pays, le long du fleuve San Juan, de vastes travaux visant à cfonstruire

une route et ayant de graves conséquences pour l’environnement.
2. Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua se réserve le droit de demander la
jonction des instances dans la présente affaire et dans celle relatfive à
Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron▯talière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), que le Costa Rica a introduite contre lui par

requête en date du 18 novembre 2010 (ci-après l’« affaire Costa Rica c.
Nicaragua »).
3. Dans sa requête en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua, le Costa Rica
indique que celle-ci concerne « l’incursion en territoire costa-ricien de l’ar-
mée nicaraguayenne, l’occupation et l’utilisation d’une partie de celui-ci »,
alléguant notamment que le Nicaragua a, « à l’occasion de deux incidents

distincts, … occupé le sol costa-ricien dans le cadre de la construction d’un
canal à travers le territoire du Costa Rica … et de certaines activités
connexes de dragage menées dans le fleuve San Juan ». Le Costa Rica fait
grief au Nicaragua d’avoir manqué à des obligations lui incombafnt à son
égard au titre de plusieurs instruments et autres règles de droit finternatio -

nal applicables, ainsi que de certaines décisions arbitrales et judicfiaires. Le
Costa Rica invoque ainsi : la Charte des Nations Unies et la Charte de
l’Organisation des Etats américains; le traité de limites territoriales entre le
Costa Rica et le Nicaragua du 15 avril 1858 (ci-après le « traité de limites
de 1858 »), et plus spécifiquement ses articles I, II, V et IX ; la sentence

arbitrale rendue le 22 mars 1888 par le président des Etats-Unis d’Amé -
rique Grover Cleveland (ci-après la «sentence Cleveland»); les première et
deuxième sentences arbitrales rendues par Edward Porter Alexander en
date, respectivement, du 30 septembre et du 20 décembre 1897 (ci-après les
«sentences Alexander»); la convention de1971 relative aux zones humides
d’importance internationale (ci-après la «convention de Ramsar»); et l’ar -

rêt rendu par la Cour le 13 juillet 2009 en l’affaire du Différend relatif à des
droits de navigation et des droits connexes (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua).
4. Dans sa requête en la présente affaire, le Nicaragua invoque comme
base de compétence de la Cour l’article XXXI du traité américain de
règlement pacifique signé à Bogotá le 30 avril 1948 (ci-après le « pacte de

Bogotá»). Le Nicaragua entend également fonder la compétence de la
Cour sur sa déclaration faite le 24 septembre 1929 en vertu de l’article 36
du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale (puis modififée
le 23 octobre 2001) et qui, aux termes du paragraphe 5 de l’article 36 du
Statut de la présente Cour, est considérée, pour la durée lufi restant à cou -

rir, comme comportant acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour, ainsi que sur la déclaration faite le 20 février 1973 par le Costa Rica
en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut.
5. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier
a immédiatement communiqué au Gouvernement du Costa Rica une
copie signée de la requête ; en application du paragraphe 3 du même

article, tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour ont été infformés du
dépôt de la requête.

5

5 CIJ1044.indb 47 11/04/14 10:56 186 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

6. Since the Court includes no judge of the nationality of the Parties
upon the Bench, each of them, in exercise of the right conferred by

Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, chose a judge ad hoc in the case.
Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume and Costa Rica chose
Mr. Bruno Simma.
7. By an Order of 23 January 2012, taking account of the agreement of
the Parties, the Court fixed 19 December 2012 and 19 December 2013 as

the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Nicaragua and a
Counter-Memorial by Costa Rica. Nicaragua’s Memorial was filed within
the time-limit so prescribed. In a letter dated 19 December 2012, accom -
panying its Memorial, Nicaragua asked the Court to consider the need to f
join the proceedings in the present case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua
case, and requested the Court to decide on this matter in the interests fof

the administration of justice.

8. By a letter dated 15 January 2013, the Registrar, on the instructions
of the President, asked the Government of Costa Rica to inform the
Court, by 18 February 2013, of its views on Nicaragua’s position regard -

ing the proposed joinder of the proceedings in the Nicaragua v. Costa Rica
case and the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case.
9. By a letter dated 7 February 2013, Costa Rica, with regard to the
question of the proposed joinder, stated that the proceedings in the twof
cases should not be joined for the reasons previously indicated in its writ -

ten observations on the admissibility of Nicaragua’s counter-claims, filed
in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case on 30 November 2012. It is recalled
that in those written observations, Costa Rica argued that Nicaragua wasf
“effectively seeking the joinder of the two different cases” pfending between
both Parties before the Court and that it would be neither timely nor eqfui -
table to join the proceedings in the two cases. In particular, Costa Rica

contended that the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case concerned the exercise of
territorial sovereignty and that, in the absence of the Court’s ruling
thereon, “Costa Rica [was] prevented from exercising sovereignty overf
part of its territory”, while the present case had a different subjfect-matter.
Costa Rica underlined that, as each of the two cases has its own proce -

dural timetable, the joinder of proceedings would lead to a delay in thef
resolution of the dispute over territorial sovereignty and would thus cofn -
stitute a serious prejudice to Costa Rica. Finally, Costa Rica noted that
the composition of the Court is different in the two cases.
10. It is further recalled that in its written observations on the admis -

sibility of its counter-claims, which were filed in the context of the Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua case on 30 January 2013, Nicaragua stated that the
Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case and the present case “involve the same Par -
ties and are tightly connected both in law and in fact” and that therfe was
“therefore no reason why they could not be joined”. Nicaragua therfefore
again requested the Court to “decide the joinder of the proceedings”f in

the two cases in accordance with Article 47 of the Rules of Court.
11. In the above-mentioned letter dated 7 February 2013, Costa Rica

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5 CIJ1044.indb 48 11/04/14 10:56 construction d’une rofute (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 186

6. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des f
Parties, chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confèfre le para -

graphe 3 de l’article 31 du Statut de désigner un juge ad hoc pour siéger
en l’affaire. Le Nicaragua a désigné M. Gilbert Guillaume et le Costa Rica,
M. Bruno Simma.
7. Par ordonnance du 23 janvier 2012, compte tenu de l’accord des
Parties, la Cour a fixé au 19 décembre 2012 et au 19 décembre 2013, res -

pectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le dépôt d’un mémoire
par le Nicaragua et d’un contre-mémoire par le Costa Rica. Le méfmoire
du Nicaragua a été déposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit. Dfans une lettre
datée du 19 décembre 2012 accompagnant son mémoire en l’affaire Nica ‑
ragua c. Costa Rica, le Nicaragua a demandé à la Cour d’examiner la
nécessité de procéder à la jonction des instances dans l’faffaire Costa Rica

c Nicaragua et dans la présente espèce, en la priant de se prononcer sur la
question dans l’intérêt de l’administration de la justice.
8. Par lettre datée du 15 janvier 2013, le greffier a, sur les instructions
du président, demandé au Gouvernement du Costa Rica de faire part à la
Cour le 18 février 2013 au plus tard de ses vues sur la position du Nicara -

gua quant à la jonction d’instances envisagée dans les affairfes Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica et Costa Rica c. Nicaragua.
9. Par lettre datée du 7 février 2013, le Costa Rica s’est opposé à cette
jonction en renvoyant aux raisons précédemment exposées dans sefs obser -
vations écrites sur la recevabilité des demandes reconventionnellefs du

Nicaragua, déposées en l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua le 30 novembre
2012. Il est rappelé que, dans ces observations écrites, le Costa fRica sou -
tient que le Nicaragua « cherche de fait à obtenir la jonction des deux
instances» pendantes entre les Parties devant la Cour et qu’une telle jonc -
tion ne serait ni opportune au moment présent ni équitable. Il faift notam-
ment valoir que l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua concerne l’exercice de la

souveraineté territoriale et que, tant que la Cour n’aura pas statfué à cet
égard, il « se verra empêché d’exercer sa souveraineté sur une partie def
son territoire », tandis que la présente affaire a un objet différent. Le f
Costa Rica souligne que, chacune des deux affaires ayant son propre
calendrier procédural, la jonction d’instances aurait pour effetf de retarder

le règlement du différend relatif à la souveraineté territforiale et lui porte -
rait ainsi gravement préjudice. Enfin, il fait valoir que la composfition de
la Cour diffère d’une affaire à l’autre.

10. Il est également rappelé que, dans les observations écrites surf la

recevabilité de ses demandes reconventionnelles, qu’il a déposéfes dans le
cadre de l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua le 30 janvier 2013, le Nicaragua
déclare que les deux affaires « opposent les mêmes Parties et sont étroite -
ment liées, tant sur le plan du droit que sur celui des faits », et que « [r]ien
ne fait donc obstacle à leur jonction ». Aussi a-t-il à nouveau prié la Cour
d’«opérer la jonction des instances » dans les deux affaires, en application

de l’article 47 de son Règlement.
11. Dans la lettre susmentionnée du 7 février 2013, le Costa Rica réaf -

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5 CIJ1044.indb 49 11/04/14 10:56 187 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

reiterated its position that it would be neither timely nor equitable tof join
the proceedings in the two cases. Costa Rica contended that there was nof

close connection between the two cases such as might justify a joinder. In
particular, according to Costa Rica, the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case con-
cerns an area which is geographically distant from the road the construcftion
of which is the subject of the present case. Costa Rica argued that “f[i]t [was]
not sufficient that both cases [were] related — although in very different

respects — to the San Juan River, which is more than 205 km in length”.

* * *

12. Under Article 47 of its Rules, “[t]he Court may at any time direct
that the proceedings in two or more cases be joined”. That provision f

leaves the Court a broad margin of discretion. Where the Court, or its
predecessor, has exercised its power to join proceedings, it has done sof in
circumstances where joinder was consonant not only with the principle off
the sound administration of justice, but also with the need for judicialf
economy (see, e.g., Legal Status of the South‑Eastern Territory of Green ‑

land, Order of 2 August 1932, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 48, p. 268 ; North
Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal
Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Order of 26 April 1968, I.C.J. Reports
1968, p. 9). Any decision to that effect will have to be taken in the light off
the specific circumstances of each case.

13. The two cases here concerned involve the same Parties and relate
to the area where the common border between them runs along the right
bank of the San Juan River.
14. Both cases are based on facts relating to works being carried out
in, along, or in close proximity to the San Juan River, namely the dredgf -

ing of the river by Nicaragua and the construction of a road along its
right bank by Costa Rica. Both sets of proceedings are about the effect of
the aforementioned works on the local environment and on the free navi -
gation on, and access to, the San Juan River. In this regard, both Partifes
refer to the risk of sedimentation of the San Juan River.

15. In the present case and in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case, the
Parties make reference, in addition, to the harmful environmental effefct
of the works in and along the San Juan River on the fragile fluvial ecfosys -
tem (including protected nature preserves in and along the river).
16. In both cases, the Parties refer to violations of the 1858 Treaty of

Limits, the Cleveland Award, the Alexander Awards and the Ramsar
Convention.
17. A decision to join the proceedings will allow the Court to address
simultaneously the totality of the various interrelated and contested isfsues
raised by the Parties, including any questions of fact or law that are cfom -

mon to the disputes presented. In the view of the Court, hearing and
deciding the two cases together will have significant advantages. The f

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5 CIJ1044.indb 50 11/04/14 10:56 construction d’une rofute (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 187

firme qu’une telle jonction d’instances dans les deux affairesf ne serait ni

opportune au moment présent ni équitable. Il soutient qu’il n’fexiste entre
les deux affaires aucun lien étroit qui puisse justifier une joncftion. En par-
ticulier, selon lui, l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua concerne un secteur
géographiquement éloigné de la route dont la construction est efn cause
dans la présente affaire. Il estime qu’« il ne suffit pas que les deux affaires

concernent (quoique de façons très différentes) le fleuvef San Juan, qui fait
plus de 205 km de long ».

*
* *

12. Aux termes de l’article 47 de son Règlement, « [l]a Cour peut à tout
moment ordonner que les instances dans deux ou plusieurs affaires soiefnt
jointes». Cette disposition laisse à la Cour une large marge de discrétion.
Lorsqu’elle a exercé son pouvoir de joindre des instances, la Cour, ou sa
devancière, l’a néanmoins fait dans des circonstances où unef telle jonction

était conforme non seulement au principe de bonne administration de la
justice, mais aussi aux impératifs d’économie judiciaire (voirf par exemple:
Statut juridique du territoire du sud‑est du Groënland, ordonnance du
2 août 1932, C.P.J.I. série A/B n o48, p. 268 ; Plateau continental de la mer
du Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark; République fédérale

d’Allemagne/Pays‑Bas), ordonnance du 26 avril 1968, C.I.J. Recueil 1968,
p. 9). Toute décision en ce sens aura à être prise à la lumière des spécifici -
tés de chaque cas d’espèce.
13. Les deux affaires dont il s’agit ici opposent les mêmes Parties fet
portent sur la zone où la frontière commune entre celles-ci suit lfa rive

droite du fleuve San Juan.
14. Elles sont l’une et l’autre fondées sur des faits en rapport avec des
travaux exécutés sur le San Juan, le long de ce fleuve ou à proximité
immédiate de celui-ci, le Nicaragua se livrant à des activités fde dragage du
fleuve et le Costa Rica ayant entrepris de construire une route le lonfg de

sa rive droite. Les deux instances ont pour objet les conséquences def ces
travaux pour l’environnement local et la liberté de navigation surf le San
Juan et leur incidence sur l’accès au fleuve. A cet égard, lefs Parties font
l’une et l’autre état d’un risque de sédimentation du Sanf Juan.
15. Dans la présente affaire comme dans l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua,

les Parties mettent par ailleurs en avant les conséquences néfastefs qu’auraient
les travaux menés sur le San Juan ou le long de sa rive pour l’écosystème
fragile du fleuve (qui comprend des réserves naturelles protégéfes).
16. Dans les deux affaires, les Parties font état de violations du traité
de limites de 1858, de la sentence Cleveland, des sentences Alexander et

de la convention de Ramsar.
17. Une décision de joindre ces instances permettrait à la Cour d’efxa -
miner simultanément la totalité des différents points en litifge entre les
Parties, qui sont liés les uns aux autres, et notamment toutes questifons de
droit ou de fait communes aux deux différends qui lui ont étéf soumis.

Selon la Cour, le fait d’entendre et de trancher les deux affaires fensemble

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5 CIJ1044.indb 51 11/04/14 10:56 188 construction of a roadf (order 17 IV 13)

Court does not expect any undue delay in rendering its Judgment in the
two cases.

18. In view of the above, the Court, in conformity with the principle of
the sound administration of justice and with the need for judicial econ -

omy, considers it appropriate to join the proceedings in the present casfe
and in the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua case.
19. The Court adds that the time-limit fixed in its Order of 23 Janu -
ary 2012 for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Costa Rica in the pres-
ent case, namely 19 December 2013, remains unaffected by its decision in

the current Order.

*
* *
20. For these reasons,

The Court,

By sixteen votes to one,
Decides to join the proceedings in the present case with those in the

case concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari ;
Judge ad hoc Guillaume ;

against : Judge ad hoc Simma ;
Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of April, two thousand

and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic off
Nicaragua and the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica, respectivelyf.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,

President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Order.

(Initialled) P.T.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

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5 CIJ1044.indb 52 11/04/14 10:56 construction d’une rofute (ordonnance 17 IV 13) 188

présenterait de nombreux avantages. La Cour n’escompte pas qu’une telle
décision retarderait indûment la procédure au terme de laquellef elle ren -
dra son arrêt dans les deux affaires.
18. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la Cour, conformément au principfe

de bonne administration de la justice et aux impératifs d’éconofmie judi -
ciaire, estime approprié de joindre les instances dans la présentef affaire et
dans l’affaire Costa Rica c. Nicaragua.
19. La Cour ajoute que la présente décision est sans incidence sur

le délai fixé dans son ordonnance du 23 janvier 2012 pour le dépôt du
contre-mémoire du Costa Rica en l’affaire, délai qui expire le
19 décembre 2013.

*
* *

20. Par ces motifs,

La Cour,
Par seize voix contre une,

Décide de joindre l’instance dans la présente affaire à celle dans fl’affaire
relative à Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région fron ‑
talière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) ;

pour : M. Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor,vice‑président; MM. Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Green-
wood, M mesXue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, M me Sebutinde, M. Bhandari, juges ;
M. Guillaume, juge ad hoc;
contre : M.Simma, juge adhoc ;

Réserve la suite de la procédure.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palafis de la
Paix, à La Haye, le dix-sept avril deux mille treize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres fseront trans-
mis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua et

au Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica.

Le président,
(Signé) Peter Tomka.

Le greffier,

(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.

M. le juge Cançado Trindade joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son
opinion individuelle.

(Paraphé) P.T.

(Paraphé) Ph.C.

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5 CIJ1044.indb 53 11/04/14 10:56

ICJ document subtitle

Joinder of proceedings

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 17 April 2013

Links