Order of 23 January 2007

Document Number
135-20070123-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES A|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v DES USINES DE PA |TE
v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY

(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 23 JANVIER 2007

2007

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS

ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 23 JANUARY 2007 Mode officiel de citation:

Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2007,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007, p. 3

Official citation:
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay),
Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2007,
I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 3

N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441
Sales number 920
ISBN 978-92-1-071028-2 23 JANVIER 2007

ORDONNANCE

USINES DE PA|TE v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY

(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

PULP MILLS ON THE RIVER URUGUAY

(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

23 JANUARY 2007

ORDER 3

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2007 2007
23 January
General List
23 January 2007 No. 135

CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS

ON THE RIVER URUGUAY

(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL

MEASURES

ORDER

Present: President HIGGIN; Vice-President AL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges

RANJEVA,SHI,K OROMA ,BUERGENTHAL ,O WADA ,SIMMA ,ABRA -
HAM,K EITH,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV; Judges
ad hoc ORRES B ERNÁRDEZ,V INUESA; RegistrarOUVREUR .

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,

After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order:

1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
4 May 2006, the Argentine Republic (hereinafter “Argentina”) instituted
proceedings against the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (hereinafter

“Uruguay”) for the alleged breach by Uruguay of obligations under
the Statute of the River Uruguay, which was signed by Argentina and
Uruguay on 26 February 1975 and entered into force on 18 September

4 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 4

1976 (hereinafter the “1975 Statute”); whereas such breach is said to
arise from “the authorization, construction and future commissioning

of two pulp mills on the River Uruguay”, with reference in particular
“to the effects of such activities on the quality of the waters of the River
Uruguay and on the areas affected by the river”;
2. Whereas Argentina, in order to found the jurisdiction of the Court,
relied in its Application on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the

Court and on the first paragraph of Article 60 of the 1975 Statute, which
provides that any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of
the 1975 Statute “which cannot be settled by direct negotiations may be
submitted by either Party to the International Court of Justice”;

3. Whereas on the basis of the statements of facts and law alleged in
the Application, Argentina requested the Court to adjudge and declare as
follows:

“1. that Uruguay has breached the obligations incumbent upon it
under the 1975 Statute and the other rules of international law
to which that instrument refers, including but not limited to:

(a) the obligation to take all necessary measures for the opti-
mum and rational utilization of the River Uruguay;
(b) the obligation of prior notification to CARU and to Argen-
tina;
(c) the obligation to comply with the procedures prescribed in

Chapter II of the 1975 Statute;
(d) the obligation to take all necessary measures to preserve
the aquatic environment and prevent pollution and the
obligation to protect biodiversity and fisheries, including
the obligation to prepare a full and objective environmen-
tal impact study;

(e) the obligation to co-operate in the prevention of pollution
and the protection of biodiversity and of fisheries; and

2. that, by its conduct, Uruguay has engaged its international
responsibility to Argentina;
3. that Uruguay shall cease its wrongful conduct and comply
scrupulously in future with the obligations incumbent upon it;
and

4. that Uruguay shall make full reparation for the injury caused by
its breach of the obligations incumbent upon it”;
4. Whereas by a request filed in the Registry on 4 May 2006, imme-

diately after the filing of the Application, Argentina, invoking Article 41
of the Statute of the Court and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, and
relying on the facts alleged in the Application, requested that the Court
indicate the following provisional measures:

“(a) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall:

5 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 5

(i) suspend forthwith all authorizations for the construction
of the CMB and Orion mills;

(ii) take all necessary measures to suspend building work on
the Orion mill; and
(iii) take all necessary measures to ensure that the suspension
of building work on the CMB mill is prolonged beyond
28 June 2006;

(b) Uruguay shall co-operate in good faith with Argentina with a
view to ensuring the optimum and rational utilization of the
River Uruguay in order to protect and preserve the aquatic

environment and to prevent its pollution;
(c) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall refrain
from taking any further unilateral action with respect to con-
struction of the CMB and Orion mills which does not comply
with the 1975 Statute and the rules of international law neces-
sary for the latter’s interpretation and application;

(d) Uruguay shall refrain from any other action which might
aggravate or extend the dispute which is the subject-matter of
the present proceedings or render its settlement more diffi-
cult”;

5. Whereas by an Order dated 13 July 2006, the Court, after hearing
the Parties, found

“that the circumstances, as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the
Court, [were] not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures”;

and whereas by an Order of the same day, the Court fixed 15 January
2007 as the time–limit for the filing of the Memorial of Argentina and

20 July 2007 as the time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of
Uruguay;
6. Whereas on 29 November 2006, Uruguay, referring to the pending
case and invoking Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 73 of
the Rules of Court, submitted in turn to the Court a request for the indi-

cation of provisional measures;
7. Whereas in this request Uruguay stated that

“[t]he provisional measures . . . requested are urgently needed to pro-
tect the rights of Uruguay that are at issue in these proceedings from
imminent and irreparable injury, and to prevent the aggravation of
the present dispute”;

8. Whereas Uruguay explained that since 20 November 2006, “[o]rgan-
ized groups of Argentine citizens have blockaded a vital international
bridge over the Uruguay River, shutting off commercial and tourist

travel from Argentina to Uruguay”, that “the blockade . . . is planned to
continue without interruption for at least the next three months”, that is
to say during the whole of the South American summer tourist season,

6 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 6

and that the blockade “will deprive Uruguay of hundreds of millions of
dollars in foregone trade and tourism”; whereas Uruguay maintained

that “[t]he economic damage suffered by Uruguay to date as a result of
the blockades has [already] been enormous”; whereas it pointed out that
the leaders of the blockade “are planning to extend the blockades beyond
the bridges to the river itself ‘to prevent river traffic with supplies for Bot-
nia’”; whereas Uruguay added that it is not the first time that Argentina

has unlawfully allowed the blockade of international bridges; whereas it
recalled that Argentina previously “allowed a similar blockade by the
same Argentine citizen groups” for the purpose of forcing “Uruguay to
terminate construction of the cellulose plants” and specified that “[t]hat
blockade was imposed during and beyond the last summer tourist season,

between 8 December 2005 and 20 March 2006, and again from 5 April to
2 May”;

9. Whereas Uruguay contended that

“[t]he stated purpose of the blockade is to compel Uruguay to
accede to Argentina’s demand that it permanently end construction

of the Botnia cellulose plant that is the subject of this litigation, and
to prevent the plant from ever coming into operation”;

10. Whereas in the request for the indication of provisional measures,
Uruguay maintained that “the Government of Argentina has not taken
any action against the new blockade, and it appears that it has no inten-
tion to use the means at its disposal as a sovereign State to stop it”;
whereas Uruguay thus argued that “Argentina’s international responsi-

bility for [the] blockades — resulting from its allowance of them, its
acquiescence in them, and its failure to act against them — is manifest”;

11. Whereas according to Uruguay, the right which it seeks to safe-
guard by its request is “the right to carry on with the construction and

operation of the Botnia plant in conformity with the environmental
standards established under the bi-national agreement known as the
Estatuto del Río Uruguay” pending the Court’s adjudication on the
merits of the case;
12. Whereas Uruguay further claimed that it

“has a right to have [the present] dispute resolved by the Court pur-
suant to Article 60 [of the 1975 Statute], rather than by Argentina’s

unilateral acts of an extrajudicial and coercive nature”;

whereas Uruguay termed Argentina’s conduct “a contempt of court”;
whereas Uruguay submitted

“that Argentina’s conduct constitutes a flagrant violation of its obli-
gations as a Party to proceedings in this Court, which require it to
refrain from any action or omission that might irreparably harm the

7 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 7

rights claimed by Uruguay that the Court has been called upon to
adjudicate”;

whereas Uruguay further contended that Argentina’s conduct “contra-

venes the Court’s 13 July 2006 injunction to the Parties to ‘refrain from
any actions which might render more difficult the resolution of the
present dispute’”;
13. Whereas at the conclusion of its request Uruguay asked the Court
to indicate the following provisional measures:

“While awaiting the final judgment of the Court, Argentina

(i) shall take all reasonable and appropriate steps at its disposal
to prevent or end the interruption of transit between Uruguay
and Argentina, including the blockading of bridges and roads
between the two States;

(ii) shall abstain from any measure that might aggravate, extend or
make more difficult the settlement of this dispute; and
(iii) shall abstain from any other measure that might prejudice the
rights of Uruguay in dispute before the Court”;

14. Whereas the last paragraph of Uruguay’s request reads as follows:

“It is Uruguay’s strong preference that this matter be resolved dip-
lomatically and amicably between the two Parties. What Uruguay
seeks is Argentina’s agreement to end the current blockade and pre-

vent any further blockades, and its fulfilment of that agreement. If
Argentina will make such a commitment, Uruguay will accept it in
good faith and will no longer have a need for judicial intervention,
or for the provisional measures requested herein. In such circum-
stances, Uruguay would be pleased to withdraw this request”;

15. Whereas immediately upon receiving the text of the request for the

indication of provisional measures, the Registrar transmitted a certified
copy thereof to the Agent of the Republic of Argentina, in accordance
with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas the
Registrar also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of
the filing of the request;
16. Whereas by letters dated 29 November 2006, the Registrar

informed the Parties that the Court, in accordance with Article 74, para-
graph 3, of the Rules of Court, had fixed 18 December 2006 as the date
for the opening of the oral proceedings;
17. Whereas, on 14 December 2006, Uruguay transmitted to the Court
a volume of documents concerning the request for the indication of pro-

visional measures entitled “Observations of Uruguay”; and whereas a
copy of these documents was immediately sent to Argentina;
18. Whereas, on 18 December 2006, before the opening of oral pro-

8 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 8

ceedings, Argentina transmitted to the Court a volume of documents
concerning the request for the indication of provisional measures; and

whereas a copy of these documents was immediately sent to Uruguay;
19. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 18 and 19 December 2006
in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by the following representatives of the Parties:

On behalf of Uruguay: H.E. Mr. Héctor Gros Espiell, Agent,
Mr. Alan Boyle,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli;

On behalf of Argentina: H.E. Ms Susana Myrta Ruiz Cerutti, Agent,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,
Mr. Alain Pellet;

* * *

20. Whereas, at the hearings, Argentina challenged the jurisdiction of
the Court to indicate the provisional measures requested by Uruguay;
whereas it contended that

“[r]ecognition of the Court’s jurisdiction over the case brought before
it by Argentina does not imply that the Court has jurisdiction to deal
with any procedural incident such as the request for the indication of
provisional measures submitted by Uruguay”;

whereas Argentina contended that provisional measures can be indicated

by the Court only if there is
“a direct legalilk.ewn,nheoehn,heoial
measures requested and, on the other, the claims filed in the Applica-

tion, which define the subject of the case” (emphasis in the original);

whereas it argued that the request for the indication of provisional
measures has
“no link with the Statute of the River Uruguay, the only interna-

tional instrument serving as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction to
hear the case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ”,
nor, a fortiori, with Argentina’s Application by which the case was

brought before the Court; and whereas it explained that, had Uruguay
addressed the same requests to the Court “by means of a fresh applica-
tion based on Article 60 of the 1975 Statute . . . the Court [would have
declined] jurisdiction, there being no jurisdictional link”, inasmuch as
those requests are completely unrelated to the 1975 Statute;

21. Whereas Argentina contended that the real purpose of Uruguay’s
request is to obtain the removal of the roadblocks; whereas it emphasized
that none of the rights potentially affected by the aforesaid roadblocks,

9 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 9

that is the right to freedom of transport and to freedom of commerce
between the two States, are rights “governed by the Statute of the River

Uruguay”; whereas it stipulated that those rights are guaranteed by the
Treaty of Asunción which established the Southern Common Market
(hereinafter “Mercosur”); whereas Argentina indicated that Uruguay
had in fact already seised a Mercosur ad hoc Tribunal in relation to the
roadblocks and that that tribunal “handed down its decision on the case

on 6 September last . . . [and] its decision is final and binding and con-
stitutes res judicata with respect to the Parties”; whereas it noted that
Mercosur’s dispute settlement system “rule[s] out the possibility of apply-
ing to any other forum” once a specific course of action has been selected
and that, having had recourse to the Mercosur procedure, Uruguay “can-

not today back down”; and whereas it added that Uruguay, in its request
to the Court, is seeking “to obtain a new decision on the same facts that
have already been decided” and “on an issue which is neither within the
jurisdiction of the Court nor part of the case that Argentina submitted [to
it]”, thus constituting “an abuse of forum on the part of Uruguay”;

*
22. Whereas Uruguay denied that its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures seeks to obtain from the Court condemnation of the
unlawfulness of the blocking of international roads and bridges connect-

ing Argentina to Uruguay under general international law or under the
rules of the Treaty of Asunción; whereas it stated that it “is fully aware
that such breaches . . . fall outside of the jurisdiction of this Court
inasmuch as they are not covered by the Statute of the River Uruguay”
and that it “follows that the arbitration clause in Article 60 of the Statute

simply cannot be invoked in that regard”; whereas it indicated, however,
that the roadblocks constitute “unlawful acts” which “violate and threaten
irreparable harm to the very rights defended by Uruguay” in the present
case; whereas it added that “[t]he blocking of international roads and
bridges . . . is a matter directly, intimately and indissociably related to the

subject-matter of the case before the Court”; and whereas it contended
that the Court “most certainly has jurisdiction in respect of breaches by
Argentina of its obligations as a Party to this dispute”;

23. Whereas Uruguay further disputed that the measures it took within
the framework of the Mercosur institutions had any bearing whatsoever

on the Court’s jurisdiction to hear its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures; whereas it explained that the decision of the ad hoc Tri-
bunal of 6 September 2006 concerned different roadblocks — established
at another time and with a different purpose — to those referred to by its
request for provisional measures; whereas it makes clear that it has not

instituted any further proceedings within Mercosur’s dispute settlement
mechanisms with respect to the existing roadblocks and that those insti-
tutions do not in any case have the jurisdiction to address the rights con-

10 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 10

cerned by the proceedings before the Court and which Uruguay is in this
case seeking to protect;

*

24. Whereas in dealing with a request for provisional measures the

Court need not finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of
the case but will not indicate such measures unless there is, prima facie, a
basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established (see, for
example, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Applica-
tion: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional

Measures, Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 241, para. 58;
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional
Measures, Order of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , pp. 128-129,
para. 57); whereas that is so whether the request for the indication of
provisional measures is made by the applicant or by the respondent in the
proceedings on the merits;

25. Whereas in establishing the Court’s prima facie jurisdiction to deal
with the merits of the case, the question of the nature and extent of the
rights for which protection is being sought in the request for the indica-
tion of provisional measures has no bearing; whereas that latter question

will only be addressed once the Court’s prima facie jurisdiction over the
merits of the case has been established;
26. Whereas in its Order of 13 July 2006 the Court, noting that both
“Parties [were] in agreement that the Court has jurisdiction with regard
to the rights to which Article 60 of the 1975 Statute applies”, already con-

cluded that “it [had] prima facie jurisdiction under Article 60 of the
1975 Statute to deal with the merits [of the case]” (Pulp Mills on the River
Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July
2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 129, para. 59);

27. Whereas, in the course of the current proceedings, the Parties have
expressed diverging views as to whether Uruguay’s request for the indica-
tion of provisional measures aims at protecting rights which fall within
the scope of the 1975 Statute and thus within the prima facie jurisdiction
which the Court has to deal with the merits of the case; whereas the link
between the alleged rights the protection of which is the subject of the

provisional measures being sought, and the subject of the proceedings
before the Court on the merits of the case has to be examined;
28. Whereas Article 41 of the Court’s Statute authorizes it “to
indicate . . . any provisional measures which ought to be taken to pre-
serve the respective rights of either party”; and whereas the rights of the

respondent are not dependent solely upon the way in which the applicant
formulates its application;
29. Whereas the Court finds that any right Uruguay may have to con-

11 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 11

tinue the construction and to begin the commissioning of the Botnia
plant in conformity with the provisions of the 1975 Statute, pending a

final decision by the Court, effectively constitutes a claimed right in the
present case, which may in principle be protected by the indication of
provisional measures; and whereas Uruguay’s claimed right to have the
merits of the present case resolved by the Court under Article 60 of the
1975 Statute also has a connection with the subject of the proceedings on

the merits initiated by Argentina and may in principle be protected by the
indication of provisional measures;
30. Whereas the Court concludes that the rights which Uruguay
invokes in, and seeks to protect by, its request (see paragraphs 11 and 12
above) have a sufficient connection with the merits of the case for the

purposes of the current proceedings; whereas Article 60 of the 1975
Statute may thus be applicable to the rights which Uruguay invokes in
the present proceedings; whereas the rights invoked by Uruguay before
the Mercosur ad hoc Tribunal are different from those that it seeks to
have protected in the present case; and whereas it follows that the Court
has jurisdiction to address the present request for provisional measures;

* * *

31. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object to preserve the respective

rights of each party to the proceedings “[p]ending the final decision”,
providing that such measures are justified to prevent irreparable preju-
dice to the rights which are the subject of the dispute;
32. Whereas that power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
can be exercised only if there is an urgent necessity to prevent irreparable

prejudice to such rights, before the Court has given its final decision (see,
for example, Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Pro-
visional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991 ,p .,
para. 23; Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the
Congo v. France), Provisional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J.
Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22);

33. Whereas the Court thus has to consider whether the existence of
such urgent necessity to prevent irreparable prejudice to the rights which
are the subject of the present case has been shown in the current pro-
ceedings;

**

34. Whereas the Court will now turn to the first provisional measure
which Uruguay requests, namely that Argentina

“shall take all reasonable and appropriate steps at its disposal to

12 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 12

prevent or end the interruption of transit between Uruguay and
Argentina, including the blockading of bridges and roads between

the two States”;

*

35. Whereas Uruguay explained that roadblocks had been installed on

all of the bridges linking Uruguay to Argentina; whereas it specified that
the Fray Bentos bridge, which normally carries 91 per cent of Uruguay’s
exports to Argentina, was subject to a complete and uninterrupted block-
ade; whereas it added that the two other bridges linking the two coun-
tries “ha[d] at times been closed” and that there was a real risk of them

being blocked permanently; whereas it stressed the fact that these road-
blocks had an extremely serious impact on Uruguay’s economy and on
its tourist industry; whereas Uruguay recalled that “the outcome which
the blockaders wish to impose on Uruguay by taking to the streets is the
same as that pursued by Argentina in seising [the] Court”, that is, “to
compel Uruguay to halt construction of the Botnia plant”; and whereas

it believed that this shared goal explains the decision taken “at the
highest level, [by the Argentine Government,] to remain inactive, taking
care not to prevent the blockades and not to end them”;

36. Whereas Uruguay further stated that, if it were obliged to halt the

Botnia project in order to protect its tourist industry and its trade, as a
consequence of the pressure exerted upon it, the project would be lost in
its entirety and the prejudice suffered would therefore be irreparable; and
whereas it also contended that the provisional measures it has requested
the Court to indicate are urgent in view of the fact that Argentina’s

coercive manŒuvres are already under way and might be aggravated;
37. Whereas Uruguay argued that “by its behaviour in encouraging
the blockades, [Argentina] is attempting . . . to undermine the Court’s
ability to render effective justice between the Parties” and that “[i]t is in
that very direct and immediate sense that Uruguay’s right to proceed

with construction and authorization of the plant is at serious risk of
irreparable prejudice now, not merely in the future”; whereas, according
to Uruguay, in evaluating the urgency of the provisional measures
requested, the Court should take into account the “urgency or
imminence . . . of the activity causing the harm, not necessarily the harm
itself”; whereas it maintained that with the blockades “Argentina has

initiated a trend that is intended to result in irreparable harm to the
very substance of the rights in dispute” and that, accordingly, “it is the
blockades that present the urgent threat, not . . . [the] impact they may
eventually have on the Botnia plant”;

*

38. Whereas Argentina disputed the version of the facts presented by

13 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 13

Uruguay; whereas it explained that the issue is the blockade of roads in
Argentine territory and not of an international bridge and that such

roadblocks are “sporadic, partial and geographically localized”; whereas
it claimed that those blockades have had no impact on either tourism or
trade between the two countries, which, on the contrary, have both
shown growth over the first three quarters of 2006; whereas it submitted
that the aforesaid roadblocks “have not had the slightest effect on the

construction of the pulp mills”, which “has continued at its own pace”
and Argentina indicates in this respect that “the Orion mill is at 70 per cent
of the planned construction”; and whereas it insisted on the fact that it
has never encouraged the roadblocks, nor provided the blockaders with
any support, and that it “applies an active policy of persuasion but not of

repression to discourage that type of social movement”;
39. Whereas Argentina further submitted that in any case the partial
blocking of roads in Argentina is not capable of causing irreparable
prejudice to the rights which will be the subject of the decision of
the Court on the merits of the case, and that there is no urgency to the
measures which Uruguay has requested the Court to indicate; whereas

it claimed that
“[t]he possible impact of these sporadic protests on the Uruguayan

economy and tourist industry . . . has no factual or legal bearing on
the River Uruguay, the quality of its water or the construction of the
Botnia pulp mill”

and that “Uruguay has provided no evidence . . . that the disputed con-
struction works have been affected” by those protests; whereas it con-
tended moreover that any damage resulting from the interruption of the
construction works “would be perfectly ‘reparable’” and that the “right

to a judgment . . . can . . . be infringed only in the event of discontinu-
ance”, of which there is no question in the present case;

*

40. Whereas the Court, having heard the arguments of the Parties, is
of the view that, notwithstanding the blockades, the construction of the
Botnia plant progressed significantly since the summer of 2006 with two
further authorizations being granted and that it is now well advanced;
whereas the construction of the plant is thus continuing;
41. Whereas the Court, without addressing whether the roadblocks

may have caused or may continue to cause damage to the Uruguayan
economy, is not convinced, in view of the foregoing, that those blockades
risk prejudicing irreparably the rights which Uruguay claims in the
present case from the 1975 Statute as such;

42. Whereas, moreover, it has not been shown that were there such a
risk of prejudice to the rights claimed by Uruguay in this case, it is immi-
nent;

14 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 14

43. Whereas the Court consequently finds that the circumstances of
the case are not such as to require the indication of the first provisional

measure requested by Uruguay, to “prevent or end the interruption of
transit” between the two States and inter alia “the blockading of [the]
bridges and roads” linking them;

**

44. Whereas the Court will now turn to the remaining provisional
measures which Uruguay requests, namely that Argentina

“shall abstain from any measure that might aggravate, extend or
make more difficult the settlement of this dispute; and
shall abstain from any other measure that might prejudice the rights
of Uruguay in dispute before the Court”;

*

45. Whereas Uruguay maintained that the second provisional measure
is necessary to prevent the “aggravation or extension of the [present]
dispute” or to prevent rendering its settlement more difficult; whereas
Uruguay observed in this regard that

“a party to litigation before the Court, even one that has lost a pro-
visional measures application, has a duty to respect the decision of
the Court and to refrain from taking or permitting measures which

are calculated to undermine the due administration of justice”;

whereas it emphasized that the Court has already decided in the past that
it had the “power to indicate, if need be, such provisional measures as
may conduce to the due administration of justice”; whereas Uruguay
claimed that “[a]n order can be made to prevent aggravation of the dis-
pute even where the Court has found that there is no threat of irreparable

damage to the rights in dispute”; whereas Uruguay submitted that, in
casu, “the blockade of trade and traffic across the bridges over the
River Uruguay amounts to an aggravation of the dispute which threatens
the due administration of justice”;
46. Whereas Uruguay, in support of the third provisional measure it
requests, asserted that according to the Court’s jurisprudence, pendente

lite “the Court’s judgment should not be anticipated by reason of any
initiative regarding the matters in issue before the Court”, but that
Argentina’s conduct aimed “to compel Uruguay to submit at once, with-
out waiting for [the] judgment on the merits, to the claims submitted by
Argentina to the Court” and, in particular, to force it “to halt the con-

struction [of the Botnia plant] . . . when the [Court’s] Order of last July
refused to enjoin such a halt” and that Argentina is

15 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 15

“in reality seeking to obtain by anticipation and de facto what it
could only obtain at this juncture by means of a judgment in its

favour, on the merits, in other words exclusively through a judgment
recognizing its alleged ‘right of veto’ as to the construction . . .”;

whereas Uruguay moreover maintained that in conformity with the
1975 Statute and according to the Court’s Order of 13 July 2006, it has
the right to proceed with the construction and authorization of the
Botnia plant pending the hearing on the merits and that this right

should thus be protected by the Court’s Order; whereas it added that
Argentina’s conduct
“undermines the authority of the Court and prejudices the final deci-

sion [it is] to give regarding whether or not such construction is per-
mitted under the 1975 Statute in spite of Argentina’s disagreement”;

and whereas Uruguay concluded that the Court should order that Argen-
tina “shall abstain from any other measure that might prejudice the
rights of Uruguay in dispute before the Court”;

*

47. Whereas Argentina maintained that no risk of aggravation or
extension of the dispute exists given that “no right that Uruguay could
invoke before the Court in respect of the dispute before it has been
infringed”; whereas it further argued that neither the 1975 Statute nor
the Order rendered by the Court on 13 July 2006 give Uruguay a “right

to continue with the construction of the Botnia plant” capable of
benefiting from any protection by the Court at this stage of proceed-
ings; whereas it specified that by that Order the Court simply

“held that at the provisional measures stage it did not have to con-
sider the issue of whether Uruguay could implement its project in the
absence of agreement between the Parties or, failing such agreement,
pending settlement of the dispute by the Court”,

but that the Order did not create “any new right for Uruguay”; whereas,
while Argentina does not deny that Uruguay has the right to have the
Court settle the dispute between the Parties over the pulp mills, it noted

that “[n]othing in its conduct infringes Uruguay’s procedural rights” and
that “nothing and no one is endangering Uruguay’s rights to continue the
present proceedings, to deploy all its grounds of defence and to obtain a
decision of [the] Court with binding force”;

48. Whereas, finally, Argentina submitted that in the absence of any
link to the subject-matter of the proceedings before the Court, should the
Court decide not to indicate the first provisional measure, the second and

16 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 16

third provisional measures requested by Uruguay cannot be indicated
independently from the first provisional measure;

*

49. Whereas the Court has on several occasions issued provisional
measures directing the parties not to take any actions which could aggra-

vate or extend the dispute or render more difficult its settlement (see, for
example, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 15 December 1979, I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 21,
para. 47 (B); Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Pun-
ishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia

(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 24, para. 52 (B); Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional
Measures, Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 ,.p 24
para. 49 (1); Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 July

2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000 , p. 129, para. 47 (1)); whereas in those cases
provisional measures other than measures directing the parties not to
take actions to aggravate or extend the dispute or to render more difficult
its settlement were also indicated;

50. Whereas the Court has not found that at present there is an immi-
nent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of Uruguay in dispute
before it, caused by the blockades of the bridges and roads linking the
two States (see paragraphs 41-43 above); whereas the Court therefore
considers that the blockades themselves do not justify the indication of

the second provisional measure requested by Uruguay, in the absence of
the conditions for the Court to indicate the first provisional measure;

51. Whereas, for the aforementioned reasons, the Court cannot indi-

cate the third provisional measure requested by Uruguay either;

**
52. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures by

Uruguay in its entirety thus cannot be upheld;

**

53. Whereas the Court reiterates its call to the Parties made in its

Order of 13 July 2006 “to fulfil their obligations under international
law”, “to implement in good faith the consultation and co-operation pro-
cedures provided for by the 1975 Statute, with CARU [Administrative

17 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 17

Commission of the River Uruguay] constituting the envisaged forum in
this regard”, and “to refrain from any actions which might render more

difficult the resolution of the present dispute” (Pulp Mills on the River
Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July
2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 134, para. 82);

* * *

54. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the

merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of Argentina and of Uruguay to submit arguments in
respect of those questions;

55. Whereas this decision also leaves unaffected the right of Uruguay
to submit in the future a fresh request for the indication of provisional
measures under Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, based on
new facts;

* * *

56. For these reasons,

T HE C OURT ,

By fourteen votes to one,

Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to
the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges
Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc Vinuesa;

AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Torres Bernárdez.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative,

at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-third day of January, two
thousand and seven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in
the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Eastern Republic
of Uruguay, respectively.

(Signed) President. (Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,

President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.

18 PULP MILLS(ORDER 23 I 07) 18

Judges K OROMA and BUERGENTHAL append declarations to the Order

of the Court; Judge ad hoc T ORRES B ERNÁRDEZ appends a dissenting
opinion to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

19

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES A|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v DES USINES DE PA |TE
v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY

(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 23 JANVIER 2007

2007

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS

ON THE RIVER URUGUAY
(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 23 JANUARY 2007 Mode officiel de citation:

Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2007,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007, p. 3

Official citation:
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay),
Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2007,
I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 3

N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441
Sales number 920
ISBN 978-92-1-071028-2 23 JANVIER 2007

ORDONNANCE

USINES DE PA|TE v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY

(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

PULP MILLS ON THE RIVER URUGUAY

(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

23 JANUARY 2007

ORDER 3

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2007 ANNÉE 2007
23 janvier
Rôle général
no135 23 janvier 2007

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v DES USINES DE PA |TE

v PAPIER SUR LE FLEUVE URUGUAY

(ARGENTINE c. URUGUAY)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES

CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: Mme HIGGINS, président.AM L-KHASAWNEH , vice-président ;

MM. R ANJEVA,SHI,KOROMA ,BUERGENTHAL ,O WADA,S IMMA,
A BRAHAM,K EITH,SEPÚLVEDA-A MOR,B ENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV,
juges; MM. T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ,V INUES, juges ad hoc;
M. C OUVREUR, greffier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,

Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 et 74 de

son Règlement,

Rend l’ordonnance suivante:
1. Considérant que, par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 4 mai

2006, la République argentine (ci-après l’«Argentine») a introduit une
instance contre la République orientale de l’Uruguay (ci-après l’«Uru-
guay») au motif que celle-ci aurait violé des obligations lui incombant au
titre du statut du fleuve Uruguay, signé par l’Argentine et l’Uruguay le

26 février 1975 et entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1976 (ci-après le «sta-

4 3

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2007 2007
23 January
General List
23 January 2007 No. 135

CASE CONCERNING PULP MILLS

ON THE RIVER URUGUAY

(ARGENTINA v. URUGUAY)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL

MEASURES

ORDER

Present: President HIGGIN; Vice-President AL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges

RANJEVA,SHI,K OROMA ,BUERGENTHAL ,O WADA ,SIMMA ,ABRA -
HAM,K EITH,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV; Judges
ad hoc ORRES B ERNÁRDEZ,V INUESA; RegistrarOUVREUR .

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,

After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73 and 74 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order:

1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
4 May 2006, the Argentine Republic (hereinafter “Argentina”) instituted
proceedings against the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (hereinafter

“Uruguay”) for the alleged breach by Uruguay of obligations under
the Statute of the River Uruguay, which was signed by Argentina and
Uruguay on 26 February 1975 and entered into force on 18 September

44 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

tut de 1975»); que l’Argentine y affirme qu’une telle violation résulte de
«l’autorisation de construction, [de] la construction et [de] l’éventuelle

mise en service de deux usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay», en
invoquant plus particulièrement les «effets desdites activités sur la qualité
des eaux du fleuve Uruguay et sa zone d’influence»;
2. Considérant que, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour, l’Argentine
se prévaut dans sa requête du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de la

Cour et du premier paragraphe de l’article 60 du statut de 1975, lequel
dispose notamment que tout différend concernant l’interprétation ou
l’application du statut de 1975 «qui ne pourrait être réglé par négociation
directe peut être soumis par l’une ou l’autre des parties à la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice»;

3. Considérant que, sur la base de l’exposé des faits et des moyens de
droit présentés dans la requête, l’Argentine prie la Cour de dire et juger:

«1. Que l’Uruguay a manqué aux obligations lui incombant en
vertu du statut de 1975 et des autres règles de droit international
auxquelles ce statut renvoie, y compris mais pas exclusivement:

a) l’obligation de prendre toute mesure nécessaire à l’utilisa-
tion rationnelle et optimale du fleuve Uruguay;
b) l’obligation d’informer préalablement la CARU et l’Argen-
tine;
c) l’obligation de se conformer aux procédures prévues par le

chapitre II du statut de 1975;
d) l’obligation de prendre toutes mesures nécessaires pour pré-
server le milieu aquatique et d’empêcher la pollution et
l’obligation de protéger la biodiversité et les pêcheries, y
compris l’obligation de procéder à une étude d’impact sur
l’environnement complète et objective;

e) les obligations de coopération en matière de prévention de
la pollution et de la protection de la biodiversité et des
pêcheries; et

2. Que, par son comportement, l’Uruguay a engagé sa responsa-
bilité internationale à l’égard de l’Argentine;
3. Que l’Uruguay est tenu de cesser son comportement illicite et de
respecter scrupuleusement à l’avenir les obligations lui incom-
bant; et

4. Que l’Uruguay est tenu de réparer intégralement le préjudice
causé par le non-respect des obligations lui incombant»;
4. Considérant que, par une demande déposée au Greffe le 4 mai 2006,

immédiatement après le dépôt de la requête, l’Argentine, invoquant l’ar-
ticle 41 du Statut de la Cour et l’article 73 de son Règlement, et se fon-
dant sur les faits allégués dans la requête, a prié la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes:

«a) en attendant l’arrêt définitif de la Cour, l’Uruguay

5 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 4

1976 (hereinafter the “1975 Statute”); whereas such breach is said to
arise from “the authorization, construction and future commissioning

of two pulp mills on the River Uruguay”, with reference in particular
“to the effects of such activities on the quality of the waters of the River
Uruguay and on the areas affected by the river”;
2. Whereas Argentina, in order to found the jurisdiction of the Court,
relied in its Application on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the

Court and on the first paragraph of Article 60 of the 1975 Statute, which
provides that any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of
the 1975 Statute “which cannot be settled by direct negotiations may be
submitted by either Party to the International Court of Justice”;

3. Whereas on the basis of the statements of facts and law alleged in
the Application, Argentina requested the Court to adjudge and declare as
follows:

“1. that Uruguay has breached the obligations incumbent upon it
under the 1975 Statute and the other rules of international law
to which that instrument refers, including but not limited to:

(a) the obligation to take all necessary measures for the opti-
mum and rational utilization of the River Uruguay;
(b) the obligation of prior notification to CARU and to Argen-
tina;
(c) the obligation to comply with the procedures prescribed in

Chapter II of the 1975 Statute;
(d) the obligation to take all necessary measures to preserve
the aquatic environment and prevent pollution and the
obligation to protect biodiversity and fisheries, including
the obligation to prepare a full and objective environmen-
tal impact study;

(e) the obligation to co-operate in the prevention of pollution
and the protection of biodiversity and of fisheries; and

2. that, by its conduct, Uruguay has engaged its international
responsibility to Argentina;
3. that Uruguay shall cease its wrongful conduct and comply
scrupulously in future with the obligations incumbent upon it;
and

4. that Uruguay shall make full reparation for the injury caused by
its breach of the obligations incumbent upon it”;
4. Whereas by a request filed in the Registry on 4 May 2006, imme-

diately after the filing of the Application, Argentina, invoking Article 41
of the Statute of the Court and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, and
relying on the facts alleged in the Application, requested that the Court
indicate the following provisional measures:

“(a) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall:

55 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

i) suspend immédiatement toutes les autorisations pour la
construction des usines CMB et Orion;

ii) prend les mesures nécessaires pour suspendre les travaux de
construction d’Orion; et
iii) prend les mesures nécessaires pour assurer que la suspen-
sion des travaux de CMB sera prolongée au-delà du
28 juin 2006;

b) [l’]Uruguay coopère de bonne foi avec l’Argentine en vue d’assu-
rer l’utilisation rationnelle et optimale du fleuve Uruguay, afin
de protéger et préserver le milieu aquatique et d’en empêcher la

pollution;
c) [e]n attendant l’arrêt définitif de la Cour, l’Uruguay s’abstient
de prendre toute autre mesure unilatérale relative à la construc-
tion des usines CMB et Orion qui ne respecte pas le statut
de 1975 et les autres règles de droit international nécessaires
pour son interprétation et application;

d) [l’]Uruguay s’abstient de toute autre mesure qui pourrait aggra-
ver, étendre ou rendre plus difficile le règlement du différend
objet de la présente instance»;

5. Considérant que, par une ordonnance datée du 13 juillet 2006, la
Cour, après avoir entendu les Parties, a conclu

«que les circonstances, telles qu’elles se présent[ai]ent [alors] à [elle],
n[’étaient] pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir d’indiquer
des mesures conservatoires en vertu de l’article 41 du Statut»;

et que, par une ordonnance du même jour, la Cour a fixé au 15 jan-
vier 2007 la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire de

l’Argentine et au 20 juillet 2007 la date d’expiration du délai pour le
dépôt du contre-mémoire de l’Uruguay;
6. Considérant que, le 29 novembre 2006, l’Uruguay, se référant à
l’affaire pendante devant la Cour et invoquant l’article 41 de son Statut
et l’article 73 de son Règlement, a présenté à son tour une demande en

indication de mesures conservatoires à la Cour;
7. Considérant que, dans cette demande, l’Uruguay affirme que

«[d]es mesures sont requises d’urgence afin de protéger les droits de
l’Uruguay en cause dans la présente instance contre un préjudice
imminent et irréparable, et d’éviter que le différend ne s’aggrave»;

8. Considérant que l’Uruguay explique que, depuis le 20 novembre
2006, «[d]es groupes organisés de citoyens argentins ont mis en place des
barrages sur un pont international d’importance vitale qui enjambe le

fleuve Uruguay, interrompant ainsi toute circulation, à des fins commer-
ciales ou touristiques, de l’Argentine vers l’Uruguay», qu’«il est prévu
que ces barrages seront maintenus en permanence au moins pendant les

6 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 5

(i) suspend forthwith all authorizations for the construction
of the CMB and Orion mills;

(ii) take all necessary measures to suspend building work on
the Orion mill; and
(iii) take all necessary measures to ensure that the suspension
of building work on the CMB mill is prolonged beyond
28 June 2006;

(b) Uruguay shall co-operate in good faith with Argentina with a
view to ensuring the optimum and rational utilization of the
River Uruguay in order to protect and preserve the aquatic

environment and to prevent its pollution;
(c) pending the Court’s final judgment, Uruguay shall refrain
from taking any further unilateral action with respect to con-
struction of the CMB and Orion mills which does not comply
with the 1975 Statute and the rules of international law neces-
sary for the latter’s interpretation and application;

(d) Uruguay shall refrain from any other action which might
aggravate or extend the dispute which is the subject-matter of
the present proceedings or render its settlement more diffi-
cult”;

5. Whereas by an Order dated 13 July 2006, the Court, after hearing
the Parties, found

“that the circumstances, as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the
Court, [were] not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures”;

and whereas by an Order of the same day, the Court fixed 15 January
2007 as the time–limit for the filing of the Memorial of Argentina and

20 July 2007 as the time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of
Uruguay;
6. Whereas on 29 November 2006, Uruguay, referring to the pending
case and invoking Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 73 of
the Rules of Court, submitted in turn to the Court a request for the indi-

cation of provisional measures;
7. Whereas in this request Uruguay stated that

“[t]he provisional measures . . . requested are urgently needed to pro-
tect the rights of Uruguay that are at issue in these proceedings from
imminent and irreparable injury, and to prevent the aggravation of
the present dispute”;

8. Whereas Uruguay explained that since 20 November 2006, “[o]rgan-
ized groups of Argentine citizens have blockaded a vital international
bridge over the Uruguay River, shutting off commercial and tourist

travel from Argentina to Uruguay”, that “the blockade . . . is planned to
continue without interruption for at least the next three months”, that is
to say during the whole of the South American summer tourist season,

66 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

trois prochains mois», c’est-à-dire tout au long de la saison touristique
estivale en Amérique du Sud, et que le blocage de ce pont «privera l’Uru-

guay de centaines de millions de dollars de recettes commerciales et tou-
ristiques»; que l’Uruguay soutient que «[l]es dommages économiques
[qu’il] a subis jusqu’à ce jour en raison des blocages sont [déjà] considé-
rables»; considérant qu’il souligne que les meneurs du mouvement «pré-
v[oient] d’étendre les blocages au fleuve lui-même, «afin de barrer le

fleuve aux cargaisons destinées à Botnia»»; considérant que l’Uruguay
ajoute que ce n’est pas la première fois que l’Argentine permet un blocage
illicite de ponts internationaux ; qu’il rappelle qu’un an auparavant
l’Argentine «a[vait] permis aux mêmes groupes de citoyens argentins
d’établir un barrage similaire» dans le but d’obliger «l’Uruguay à mettre

un terme à la construction des usines de pâte à papier», et qu’il précise
que «[ce] barrage [était] resté en place durant toute la dernière saison tou-
ristique et au-delà, du 8 décembre 2005 au 20 mars 2006, puis du 5 avril
au 2 mai»;
9. Considérant que l’Uruguay allègue que

«[l]e but déclaré de ce blocage est de [le] contraindre ... à accéder à
l’exigence de l’Argentine tendant à ce qu’il soit mis un terme définitif

à la construction de l’usine de pâte à papier Botnia, objet de la pré-
sente affaire, et à empêcher que l’usine n’entre un jour en service»;

10. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, l’Uruguay soutient que «le Gouvernement argentin n’a pris
aucune mesure pour interdire ce nouveau blocage et [qu’]il est à craindre
qu’il n’ait aucunement l’intention d’user des moyens dont il dispose en
tant qu’Etat souverain pour y mettre fin»; qu’il affirme dès lors que «la

responsabilité internationale de l’Argentine concernant [les] barrages
— tant pour en avoir permis la mise en place que pour les avoir tolérés et
pour n’avoir rien entrepris contre eux — est manifeste»;
11. Considérant que, selon l’Uruguay, le droit qu’il cherche à voir pro-
téger par sa demande est celui «de poursuivre la construction et la mise

en service de l’usine Botnia, dans le respect des normes environnemen-
tales établies en vertu de l’accord bilatéral connu sous le nom de statut du
fleuve Uruguay», en attendant que la Cour rende une décision sur le fond
de la présente affaire;
12. Considérant que l’Uruguay avance également qu’il

«a droit à ce que le présent différend soit réglé par la Cour en vertu
de l’article 60 [du statut de 1975], et non par des actes unilatéraux de

l’Argentine, à caractère extrajudiciaire et coercitif»;

que l’Uruguay qualifie le comportement de l’Argentine d’«outrage à la
Cour»; qu’il

«soutient que la conduite de l’Argentine constitue une violation fla-
grante des obligations qui incombent à celle-ci en tant que partie à
une procédure devant la Cour [et qu’e]n cette qualité, elle doit s’abs-

7 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 6

and that the blockade “will deprive Uruguay of hundreds of millions of
dollars in foregone trade and tourism”; whereas Uruguay maintained

that “[t]he economic damage suffered by Uruguay to date as a result of
the blockades has [already] been enormous”; whereas it pointed out that
the leaders of the blockade “are planning to extend the blockades beyond
the bridges to the river itself ‘to prevent river traffic with supplies for Bot-
nia’”; whereas Uruguay added that it is not the first time that Argentina

has unlawfully allowed the blockade of international bridges; whereas it
recalled that Argentina previously “allowed a similar blockade by the
same Argentine citizen groups” for the purpose of forcing “Uruguay to
terminate construction of the cellulose plants” and specified that “[t]hat
blockade was imposed during and beyond the last summer tourist season,

between 8 December 2005 and 20 March 2006, and again from 5 April to
2 May”;

9. Whereas Uruguay contended that

“[t]he stated purpose of the blockade is to compel Uruguay to
accede to Argentina’s demand that it permanently end construction

of the Botnia cellulose plant that is the subject of this litigation, and
to prevent the plant from ever coming into operation”;

10. Whereas in the request for the indication of provisional measures,
Uruguay maintained that “the Government of Argentina has not taken
any action against the new blockade, and it appears that it has no inten-
tion to use the means at its disposal as a sovereign State to stop it”;
whereas Uruguay thus argued that “Argentina’s international responsi-

bility for [the] blockades — resulting from its allowance of them, its
acquiescence in them, and its failure to act against them — is manifest”;

11. Whereas according to Uruguay, the right which it seeks to safe-
guard by its request is “the right to carry on with the construction and

operation of the Botnia plant in conformity with the environmental
standards established under the bi-national agreement known as the
Estatuto del Río Uruguay” pending the Court’s adjudication on the
merits of the case;
12. Whereas Uruguay further claimed that it

“has a right to have [the present] dispute resolved by the Court pur-
suant to Article 60 [of the 1975 Statute], rather than by Argentina’s

unilateral acts of an extrajudicial and coercive nature”;

whereas Uruguay termed Argentina’s conduct “a contempt of court”;
whereas Uruguay submitted

“that Argentina’s conduct constitutes a flagrant violation of its obli-
gations as a Party to proceedings in this Court, which require it to
refrain from any action or omission that might irreparably harm the

77 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

tenir de tout acte ou omission susceptible de causer un préjudice
irréparable aux droits que fait valoir l’Uruguay et sur lesquels la

Cour est appelée à se prononcer»;
que l’Uruguay allègue en outre que le comportement de l’Argentine

«contrevient à l’injonction que la Cour a adressée aux Parties le
13 juillet 2006 de «s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait de rendre plus
difficile le règlement du présent différend»»;
13. Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, l’Uruguay prie la Cour d’indiquer les mesures suivantes:

«En attendant l’arrêt définitif de la Cour, l’Argentine:

i) prendra toutes les mesures raisonnables et appropriées qui sont
à sa disposition pour prévenir ou faire cesser l’interruption de la
circulation entre l’Uruguay et l’Argentine, notamment le blo-
cage de ponts et de routes entre les deux Etats;

ii) s’abstiendra de toute mesure susceptible d’aggraver ou d’étendre
le présent différend ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile; et
iii) s’abstiendra de toute autre mesure susceptible de porter atteinte
aux droits de l’Uruguay qui sont en cause devant la Cour»;

14. Considérant que le dernier paragraphe de la demande de l’Uru-
guay se lit comme suit:

«L’Uruguay préférerait vivement voir cette question réglée par la
voie diplomatique et de manière amiable entre les deux Parties.
L’Uruguay cherche à obtenir de l’Argentine qu’elle s’engage à faire

cesser le blocage en cours et à empêcher tout nouveau blocage à
l’avenir, et se conforme à cet engagement. Si l’Argentine prend un tel
engagement, l’Uruguay l’acceptera volontiers et ne verra plus la
nécessité d’une intervention judiciaire, ni des mesures conservatoires
sollicitées ici. En pareil cas, l’Uruguay retirera sans hésitation la pré-

sente demande»;
15. Considérant que, aussitôt après avoir reçu le texte de la demande

en indication de mesures conservatoires, le greffier en a adressé une copie
certifiée conforme à l’agent de la République argentine, en application du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement de la Cour; et que le greffier a
également informé le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies de ce dépôt;
16. Considérant que, par lettres en date du 29 novembre 2006, le gref-

fier a informé les Parties que la Cour, en application du paragraphe 3 de
l’article 74 de son Règlement, avait fixé au 18 décembre 2006 la date
d’ouverture de la procédure orale;
17. Considérant que, le 14 décembre 2006, l’Uruguay a fait parvenir à
la Cour un volume de documents relatifs à la demande en indication de

mesures conservatoires, intitulé «Observations de l’Uruguay»; et que
copie de ces documents a immédiatement été transmise à l’Argentine;
18. Considérant que, le 18 décembre 2006, avant l’ouverture de la pro-

8 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 7

rights claimed by Uruguay that the Court has been called upon to
adjudicate”;

whereas Uruguay further contended that Argentina’s conduct “contra-

venes the Court’s 13 July 2006 injunction to the Parties to ‘refrain from
any actions which might render more difficult the resolution of the
present dispute’”;
13. Whereas at the conclusion of its request Uruguay asked the Court
to indicate the following provisional measures:

“While awaiting the final judgment of the Court, Argentina

(i) shall take all reasonable and appropriate steps at its disposal
to prevent or end the interruption of transit between Uruguay
and Argentina, including the blockading of bridges and roads
between the two States;

(ii) shall abstain from any measure that might aggravate, extend or
make more difficult the settlement of this dispute; and
(iii) shall abstain from any other measure that might prejudice the
rights of Uruguay in dispute before the Court”;

14. Whereas the last paragraph of Uruguay’s request reads as follows:

“It is Uruguay’s strong preference that this matter be resolved dip-
lomatically and amicably between the two Parties. What Uruguay
seeks is Argentina’s agreement to end the current blockade and pre-

vent any further blockades, and its fulfilment of that agreement. If
Argentina will make such a commitment, Uruguay will accept it in
good faith and will no longer have a need for judicial intervention,
or for the provisional measures requested herein. In such circum-
stances, Uruguay would be pleased to withdraw this request”;

15. Whereas immediately upon receiving the text of the request for the

indication of provisional measures, the Registrar transmitted a certified
copy thereof to the Agent of the Republic of Argentina, in accordance
with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas the
Registrar also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of
the filing of the request;
16. Whereas by letters dated 29 November 2006, the Registrar

informed the Parties that the Court, in accordance with Article 74, para-
graph 3, of the Rules of Court, had fixed 18 December 2006 as the date
for the opening of the oral proceedings;
17. Whereas, on 14 December 2006, Uruguay transmitted to the Court
a volume of documents concerning the request for the indication of pro-

visional measures entitled “Observations of Uruguay”; and whereas a
copy of these documents was immediately sent to Argentina;
18. Whereas, on 18 December 2006, before the opening of oral pro-

88 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

cédure orale, l’Argentine a fait parvenir à la Cour un volume de docu-

ments relatif à la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires; et
que copie de ces documents a immédiatement été transmise à l’Uruguay;
19. Considérant que, au cours des audiences publiques tenues les 18 et
19 décembre 2006 en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 du Règlement
de la Cour, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de

mesures conservatoires ont été présentées par:
Au nom de l’Uruguay: S. Exc. M. Héctor Gros Espiell, agent,

M. Alan Boyle,
M. Luigi Condorelli;
Au nom de l’Argentine: S. Exc. M me Susana Myrta Ruiz Cerutti, agent,

M. Marcelo Kohen,
M. Alain Pellet;

* * *

20. Considérant que, à l’audience, l’Argentine a contesté la compé-
tence de la Cour pour indiquer les mesures conservatoires demandées par

l’Uruguay; qu’elle soutient que
«la reconnaissance de la compétence de la Cour sur l’affaire que

l’Argentine lui a soumise n’implique pas que la Cour soit compétente
pour connaître de n’importe quel incident de procédure comme la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée par
l’Uruguay»;

que l’Argentine soutient que des mesures conservatoires ne peuvent être
indiquées par la Cour que s’il existe

«un lien juridique direct ... entre, d’une part, les mesures conserva-
toires demandées et, d’autre part, les demandes formulées dans la
requête, qui circonscrivent l’objet de l’affaire» (les italiques sont
dans l’original);

qu’elle argue que cette demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
ne présente en l’espèce

«aucun lien avec le statut du fleuve Uruguay, seul instrument inter-
national qui fonde la compétence de la Cour pour connaître de
l’affaire relative aux Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay »,

ni, à fortiori, avec la requête argentine par laquelle l’affaire a été portée
devant la Cour; et qu’elle explique que, si l’Uruguay avait présenté les

mêmes demandes à la Cour «par la voie d’une nouvelle requête, fondée
sur l’article 60 du statut de 1975, ... la Cour [aurait récusé] sa compétence
faute de lien juridictionnel», dans la mesure où ces demandes n’ont
aucun rapport avec le statut de 1975;
21. Considérant que l’Argentine soutient à cet égard que le véritable

objet de la demande uruguayenne est d’obtenir la suppression des bar-
rages routiers; qu’elle souligne qu’aucun des droits éventuellement mis en

9 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 8

ceedings, Argentina transmitted to the Court a volume of documents
concerning the request for the indication of provisional measures; and

whereas a copy of these documents was immediately sent to Uruguay;
19. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 18 and 19 December 2006
in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral
observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by the following representatives of the Parties:

On behalf of Uruguay: H.E. Mr. Héctor Gros Espiell, Agent,
Mr. Alan Boyle,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli;

On behalf of Argentina: H.E. Ms Susana Myrta Ruiz Cerutti, Agent,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen,
Mr. Alain Pellet;

* * *

20. Whereas, at the hearings, Argentina challenged the jurisdiction of
the Court to indicate the provisional measures requested by Uruguay;
whereas it contended that

“[r]ecognition of the Court’s jurisdiction over the case brought before
it by Argentina does not imply that the Court has jurisdiction to deal
with any procedural incident such as the request for the indication of
provisional measures submitted by Uruguay”;

whereas Argentina contended that provisional measures can be indicated

by the Court only if there is
“a direct legalilk.ewn,nheoehn,heoial
measures requested and, on the other, the claims filed in the Applica-

tion, which define the subject of the case” (emphasis in the original);

whereas it argued that the request for the indication of provisional
measures has
“no link with the Statute of the River Uruguay, the only interna-

tional instrument serving as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction to
hear the case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ”,
nor, a fortiori, with Argentina’s Application by which the case was

brought before the Court; and whereas it explained that, had Uruguay
addressed the same requests to the Court “by means of a fresh applica-
tion based on Article 60 of the 1975 Statute . . . the Court [would have
declined] jurisdiction, there being no jurisdictional link”, inasmuch as
those requests are completely unrelated to the 1975 Statute;

21. Whereas Argentina contended that the real purpose of Uruguay’s
request is to obtain the removal of the roadblocks; whereas it emphasized
that none of the rights potentially affected by the aforesaid roadblocks,

99 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

cause par lesdits barrages, à savoir le droit de libre circulation et la liberté
de commerce entre les deux Etats, n’est un droit «régi[s] par le statut

du fleuve Uruguay»; qu’elle précise que ces droits sont garantis par le
traité d’Asunción, qui établit le Marché commun du Sud (ci-après le
«Mercosur»); considérant que l’Argentine indique que l’Uruguay a en
réalité déjà saisi un tribunal ad hoc du Mercosur concernant les barrages
routiers et que ce tribunal «s’est prononcé sur l’affaire le 6 septembre

dernier ... par une décision présent[ant] un caractère définitif ... sans
appel et [tenant lieu de] res judicata à l’égard des Parties»; qu’elle fait
observer que le système de règlement des différends du Mercosur «exclu[t]
la possibilité de s’adresser à tout autre forum», une fois qu’une voie
déterminée a été choisie et, qu’ayant eu recours au système mis en place

par le Mercosur, l’Uruguay «ne peut aujourd’hui s’en dédire»; et qu’elle
ajoute que la demande de l’Uruguay devant la Cour vise dès lors à «obte-
nir une nouvelle décision sur les mêmes faits déjà jugés» et «sur une ques-
tion qui ne relève ni de la compétence de la Cour, ni de l’affaire que
l’Argentine [lui a] soumise», ce qui constitue «un abus de forum de la
part de l’Uruguay»;

*
22. Considérant que l’Uruguay nie que sa demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires vise à faire constater par la Cour l’illicéité du blo-
cage des routes internationales et des ponts reliant l’Argentine à l’Uru-

guay au regard du droit international général ou des règles du traité
d’Asunción; qu’il déclare «[être] parfaitement conscient que ces
violations ... échappent à la compétence de la Cour dans la mesure où
elles ne sont pas couvertes par le statut du fleuve Uruguay, la clause com-
promissoire contenue dans l’article 60 de celui-ci n’étant par conséquent

nullement invocable à leur sujet»; qu’il précise toutefois que ces barrages
routiers constituent des «voies de fait» qui «violent et menacent de frap-
per de dommages irréparables [les] droits mêmes que l’Uruguay défend
devant [la] Cour» dans la présente instance; qu’il ajoute que «le blocage
des routes et des ponts internationaux ... constitue une question directe-

ment connexe, intimement et indissociablement liée à la matière du cas
soumis à la Cour»; et qu’il affirme que la Cour est «indiscutablement
compétente pour ce qui est des violations par l’Argentine de ses obliga-
tions en tant que Partie au présent différend»;
23. Considérant que l’Uruguay conteste au surplus que les démarches
qu’il a effectuées dans le cadre des institutions du Mercosur aient une

quelconque influence sur la compétence de la Cour pour connaître de sa
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires; qu’il explique que la
décision du tribunal ad hoc du 6 septembre 2006 concerne des barrages
routiers différents — mis en place à une autre période et dans un but dis-
tinct — de ceux visés par sa demande en indication de mesures conser-

vatoires; qu’il précise qu’il n’a pas introduit de nouvelle demande devant
les organes de règlement des différends du Mercosur en ce qui concerne
les barrages routiers actuels et que ces organes n’auraient en tout état de

10 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 9

that is the right to freedom of transport and to freedom of commerce
between the two States, are rights “governed by the Statute of the River

Uruguay”; whereas it stipulated that those rights are guaranteed by the
Treaty of Asunción which established the Southern Common Market
(hereinafter “Mercosur”); whereas Argentina indicated that Uruguay
had in fact already seised a Mercosur ad hoc Tribunal in relation to the
roadblocks and that that tribunal “handed down its decision on the case

on 6 September last . . . [and] its decision is final and binding and con-
stitutes res judicata with respect to the Parties”; whereas it noted that
Mercosur’s dispute settlement system “rule[s] out the possibility of apply-
ing to any other forum” once a specific course of action has been selected
and that, having had recourse to the Mercosur procedure, Uruguay “can-

not today back down”; and whereas it added that Uruguay, in its request
to the Court, is seeking “to obtain a new decision on the same facts that
have already been decided” and “on an issue which is neither within the
jurisdiction of the Court nor part of the case that Argentina submitted [to
it]”, thus constituting “an abuse of forum on the part of Uruguay”;

*
22. Whereas Uruguay denied that its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures seeks to obtain from the Court condemnation of the
unlawfulness of the blocking of international roads and bridges connect-

ing Argentina to Uruguay under general international law or under the
rules of the Treaty of Asunción; whereas it stated that it “is fully aware
that such breaches . . . fall outside of the jurisdiction of this Court
inasmuch as they are not covered by the Statute of the River Uruguay”
and that it “follows that the arbitration clause in Article 60 of the Statute

simply cannot be invoked in that regard”; whereas it indicated, however,
that the roadblocks constitute “unlawful acts” which “violate and threaten
irreparable harm to the very rights defended by Uruguay” in the present
case; whereas it added that “[t]he blocking of international roads and
bridges . . . is a matter directly, intimately and indissociably related to the

subject-matter of the case before the Court”; and whereas it contended
that the Court “most certainly has jurisdiction in respect of breaches by
Argentina of its obligations as a Party to this dispute”;

23. Whereas Uruguay further disputed that the measures it took within
the framework of the Mercosur institutions had any bearing whatsoever

on the Court’s jurisdiction to hear its request for the indication of pro-
visional measures; whereas it explained that the decision of the ad hoc Tri-
bunal of 6 September 2006 concerned different roadblocks — established
at another time and with a different purpose — to those referred to by its
request for provisional measures; whereas it makes clear that it has not

instituted any further proceedings within Mercosur’s dispute settlement
mechanisms with respect to the existing roadblocks and that those insti-
tutions do not in any case have the jurisdiction to address the rights con-

1010 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

cause pas été compétents pour connaître des droits faisant l’objet de l’ins-
tance devant la Cour, dont l’Uruguay cherche en l’occurrence la protec-

tion;

*

24. Considérant que, pour se prononcer sur une demande en indica-

tion de mesures conservatoires, la Cour n’a pas besoin de s’assurer de
manière définitive qu’elle a compétence pour connaître du fond de
l’affaire, mais qu’elle n’indiquera de telles mesures que s’il existe, prima
facie, une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée (voir
par exemple Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle

requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 241,
par. 58; Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uru-
guay), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006 , C.I.J.
Recueil 2006, p. 128-129, par. 57); et qu’il en va ainsi que la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires émane de la partie demanderesse ou

de la partie défenderesse au fond;
25. Considérant que, aux fins de l’établissement de la compétence
prima facie de la Cour pour connaître du fond de l’affaire, la question de
la nature et de l’étendue des droits dont la protection est sollicitée dans la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires est sans pertinence; que

ladite question ne sera examinée qu’une fois que la compétence prima
facie de la Cour pour connaître du fond de l’affaire aura été établie;
26. Considérant que, dans son ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006, la Cour,
notant que les deux «Parties conv[enaie]nt qu’[elle était] compétente à
l’égard des droits auxquels s’applique l’article 60 du statut de 1975», a

déjà conclu qu’«elle a[vait], en vertu de l’article 60 du statut de 1975,
compétence prima facie pour connaître du fond [de l’affaire]» (Usines de
pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006 , C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 129,
par. 59);

27. Considérant que, au cours de la présente procédure, les Parties ont
exprimé des vues divergentes quant à la question de savoir si la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée par l’Uruguay vise à
protéger des droits relevant du statut de 1975 et, par suite, entrant dans la
compétence prima facie de la Cour pour connaître du fond de l’affaire;
qu’il échet d’examiner le lien entre les droits allégués dont la protection

est recherchée par les mesures conservatoires sollicitées et l’objet de l’ins-
tance pendante devant la Cour sur le fond de l’affaire;
28. Considérant que l’article 41 du Statut autorise la Cour à «in-
diquer ... quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun doivent être
prises à titre provisoire»; et que les droits du défendeur ne dépendent pas

uniquement de la manière dont le demandeur formule sa requête;

29. Considérant que la Cour conclut que tout droit que peut avoir

11 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 10

cerned by the proceedings before the Court and which Uruguay is in this
case seeking to protect;

*

24. Whereas in dealing with a request for provisional measures the

Court need not finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of
the case but will not indicate such measures unless there is, prima facie, a
basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established (see, for
example, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Applica-
tion: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional

Measures, Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 241, para. 58;
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional
Measures, Order of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , pp. 128-129,
para. 57); whereas that is so whether the request for the indication of
provisional measures is made by the applicant or by the respondent in the
proceedings on the merits;

25. Whereas in establishing the Court’s prima facie jurisdiction to deal
with the merits of the case, the question of the nature and extent of the
rights for which protection is being sought in the request for the indica-
tion of provisional measures has no bearing; whereas that latter question

will only be addressed once the Court’s prima facie jurisdiction over the
merits of the case has been established;
26. Whereas in its Order of 13 July 2006 the Court, noting that both
“Parties [were] in agreement that the Court has jurisdiction with regard
to the rights to which Article 60 of the 1975 Statute applies”, already con-

cluded that “it [had] prima facie jurisdiction under Article 60 of the
1975 Statute to deal with the merits [of the case]” (Pulp Mills on the River
Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July
2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 129, para. 59);

27. Whereas, in the course of the current proceedings, the Parties have
expressed diverging views as to whether Uruguay’s request for the indica-
tion of provisional measures aims at protecting rights which fall within
the scope of the 1975 Statute and thus within the prima facie jurisdiction
which the Court has to deal with the merits of the case; whereas the link
between the alleged rights the protection of which is the subject of the

provisional measures being sought, and the subject of the proceedings
before the Court on the merits of the case has to be examined;
28. Whereas Article 41 of the Court’s Statute authorizes it “to
indicate . . . any provisional measures which ought to be taken to pre-
serve the respective rights of either party”; and whereas the rights of the

respondent are not dependent solely upon the way in which the applicant
formulates its application;
29. Whereas the Court finds that any right Uruguay may have to con-

1111 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

l’Uruguay de poursuivre la construction de l’usine Botnia et de mettre
celle-ci en service, conformément aux dispositions du statut de 1975, en

attendant une décision définitive de la Cour, constitue effectivement un
droit invoqué en l’espèce, pouvant en principe être protégé par l’indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires; et que le droit invoqué par l’Uruguay
de voir la Cour statuer sur le fond de la présente affaire en vertu de l’ar-
ticle 60 du statut de 1975 a également un lien avec l’objet de la procédure

sur le fond engagée par l’Argentine et peut en principe être protégé par
l’indication de mesures conservatoires;
30. Considérant que la Cour conclut que les droits que l’Uruguay in-
voque dans sa demande, et qu’il cherche à protéger aux termes de celle-
ci (voir paragraphes 11 et 12 ci-dessus), possèdent un lien suffisant, aux

fins de la présente procédure, avec le fond de l’affaire; que l’article 60 du
statut de 1975 est donc susceptible de s’appliquer aux droits que l’Uru-
guay invoque dans ladite procédure; que les droits invoqués par l’Uru-
guay devant le tribunal ad hoc du Mercosur sont différents de ceux dont
il sollicite la protection en l’espèce; et qu’il s’ensuit que la Cour est com-
pétente pour connaître de la présente demande en indication de mesures

conservatoires;

* * *

31. Considérant que le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires en vertu de l’article 41 du Statut vise à lui permettre de

sauvegarder le droit de chacune des parties à une affaire «[e]n attendant
l’arrêt définitif», pourvu que de telles mesures soient nécessaires pour
empêcher que soit causé un préjudice irréparable aux droits en litige;
32. Considérant que ce pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires ne peut être exercé que s’il y a nécessité urgente d’empê-

cher que soit causé un préjudice irréparable à de tels droits, avant que la
Cour n’ait eu l’occasion de rendre sa décision définitive (voir par exemple
Passage par le Grand-Belt (Finlande c. Danemark), mesures conserva-
toires, ordonnance du 29 juillet 1991, C.I.J. Recueil 1991 , p. 17, par. 23;
Certaines procédures pénales engagées en France (République du Congo
c. France), mesure conservatoire, ordonnance du 17 juin 2003, C.I.J.

Recueil 2003, p. 107, par. 22);
33. Considérant que la Cour doit dès lors se demander si l’existence
d’une telle nécessité urgente d’empêcher que soit causé un préjudice irré-
parable aux droits qui font l’objet de la présente affaire a été établie en
l’espèce;

**

34. Considérant que la Cour en vient à présent à la première mesure
conservatoire dont l’Uruguay sollicite l’indication, à savoir que l’Argen-
tine

«pren[ne] toutes les mesures raisonnables et appropriées qui sont à

12 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 11

tinue the construction and to begin the commissioning of the Botnia
plant in conformity with the provisions of the 1975 Statute, pending a

final decision by the Court, effectively constitutes a claimed right in the
present case, which may in principle be protected by the indication of
provisional measures; and whereas Uruguay’s claimed right to have the
merits of the present case resolved by the Court under Article 60 of the
1975 Statute also has a connection with the subject of the proceedings on

the merits initiated by Argentina and may in principle be protected by the
indication of provisional measures;
30. Whereas the Court concludes that the rights which Uruguay
invokes in, and seeks to protect by, its request (see paragraphs 11 and 12
above) have a sufficient connection with the merits of the case for the

purposes of the current proceedings; whereas Article 60 of the 1975
Statute may thus be applicable to the rights which Uruguay invokes in
the present proceedings; whereas the rights invoked by Uruguay before
the Mercosur ad hoc Tribunal are different from those that it seeks to
have protected in the present case; and whereas it follows that the Court
has jurisdiction to address the present request for provisional measures;

* * *

31. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object to preserve the respective

rights of each party to the proceedings “[p]ending the final decision”,
providing that such measures are justified to prevent irreparable preju-
dice to the rights which are the subject of the dispute;
32. Whereas that power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
can be exercised only if there is an urgent necessity to prevent irreparable

prejudice to such rights, before the Court has given its final decision (see,
for example, Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Pro-
visional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991 ,p .,
para. 23; Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the
Congo v. France), Provisional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J.
Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22);

33. Whereas the Court thus has to consider whether the existence of
such urgent necessity to prevent irreparable prejudice to the rights which
are the subject of the present case has been shown in the current pro-
ceedings;

**

34. Whereas the Court will now turn to the first provisional measure
which Uruguay requests, namely that Argentina

“shall take all reasonable and appropriate steps at its disposal to

1212 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

sa disposition pour prévenir ou faire cesser l’interruption de la cir-
culation entre l’Uruguay et l’Argentine, notamment le blocage de

ponts et de routes entre les deux Etats»;

*

35. Considérant que l’Uruguay explique que des barrages routiers ont

été mis en place sur tous les ponts entre l’Uruguay et l’Argentine; qu’il
précise que le pont de Fray Bentos, par lequel transitent en temps normal
91 % des exportations de l’Uruguay vers l’Argentine, fait l’objet d’un blo-
cage total et ininterrompu; qu’il ajoute que les deux autres ponts qui
relient les deux pays «ont, par moments, été fermés» et qu’il existe une

menace réelle qu’ils soient bloqués de manière permanente; qu’il insiste
sur le fait que ces barrages routiers ont un impact extrêmement sérieux
sur l’économie uruguayenne et son industrie touristique; qu’il rappelle
que le «but ... que les auteurs des barrages souhaitent imposer à l’Uru-
guay par leur action de rue est le même ... que [celui que] l’Argentine
poursuit par le biais de la saisine de [la] Cour», à savoir «forcer l’Uru-

guay à arrêter la construction de l’usine Botnia»; et qu’il estime que ce
but partagé explique la décision prise, «au plus haut niveau, [par le Gou-
vernement argentin,] de rester inactif en se gardant d’empêcher les bar-
rages et de les faire cesser»;
36. Considérant que l’Uruguay relève en outre que, s’il était contraint,

aux fins de protéger son tourisme et son commerce, d’arrêter le projet
Botnia à la suite des pressions exercées sur lui, ce projet se solderait par
une perte sèche et le préjudice subi serait donc irréparable; et qu’il sou-
tient par ailleurs que les mesures conservatoires dont il a requis l’indica-
tion par la Cour sont urgentes du fait que les «manŒuvres de coercition

de l’Argentine sont déjà en place et risquent de s’aggraver»;
37. Considérant que l’Uruguay prétend que «l’Argentine, en encoura-
geant les barrages, tente de ... saper la capacité de la Cour à rendre une
décision effective dans le différend opposant les Parties» et que, «[v]u de
manière aussi directe et immédiate, le droit de l’Uruguay de poursuivre la

construction de l’usine et d’en maintenir l’autorisation risque gravement
dès à présent — et pas uniquement à l’avenir — de subir un préjudice
irréparable»; que, d’après l’Uruguay, en évaluant l’urgence des mesures
conservatoires sollicitées, la Cour devrait tenir compte de «[l]’urgence ou
[de] l’imminence ... [de] l’activité qui cause le dommage et non nécessai-
rement [d]u dommage même»; qu’il soutient que, avec les barrages,

«[l]’Argentine s’est engagée dans un processus destiné à porter atteinte de
manière irréparable à la nature même des droits en litige» et que, dès
lors, «ce sont les barrages qui constituent la menace imminente, et non
les conséquences ... qu’ils pourraient avoir à terme sur l’usine Botnia»;

*

38. Considérant que l’Argentine conteste les faits tels qu’ils sont pré-

13 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 12

prevent or end the interruption of transit between Uruguay and
Argentina, including the blockading of bridges and roads between

the two States”;

*

35. Whereas Uruguay explained that roadblocks had been installed on

all of the bridges linking Uruguay to Argentina; whereas it specified that
the Fray Bentos bridge, which normally carries 91 per cent of Uruguay’s
exports to Argentina, was subject to a complete and uninterrupted block-
ade; whereas it added that the two other bridges linking the two coun-
tries “ha[d] at times been closed” and that there was a real risk of them

being blocked permanently; whereas it stressed the fact that these road-
blocks had an extremely serious impact on Uruguay’s economy and on
its tourist industry; whereas Uruguay recalled that “the outcome which
the blockaders wish to impose on Uruguay by taking to the streets is the
same as that pursued by Argentina in seising [the] Court”, that is, “to
compel Uruguay to halt construction of the Botnia plant”; and whereas

it believed that this shared goal explains the decision taken “at the
highest level, [by the Argentine Government,] to remain inactive, taking
care not to prevent the blockades and not to end them”;

36. Whereas Uruguay further stated that, if it were obliged to halt the

Botnia project in order to protect its tourist industry and its trade, as a
consequence of the pressure exerted upon it, the project would be lost in
its entirety and the prejudice suffered would therefore be irreparable; and
whereas it also contended that the provisional measures it has requested
the Court to indicate are urgent in view of the fact that Argentina’s

coercive manŒuvres are already under way and might be aggravated;
37. Whereas Uruguay argued that “by its behaviour in encouraging
the blockades, [Argentina] is attempting . . . to undermine the Court’s
ability to render effective justice between the Parties” and that “[i]t is in
that very direct and immediate sense that Uruguay’s right to proceed

with construction and authorization of the plant is at serious risk of
irreparable prejudice now, not merely in the future”; whereas, according
to Uruguay, in evaluating the urgency of the provisional measures
requested, the Court should take into account the “urgency or
imminence . . . of the activity causing the harm, not necessarily the harm
itself”; whereas it maintained that with the blockades “Argentina has

initiated a trend that is intended to result in irreparable harm to the
very substance of the rights in dispute” and that, accordingly, “it is the
blockades that present the urgent threat, not . . . [the] impact they may
eventually have on the Botnia plant”;

*

38. Whereas Argentina disputed the version of the facts presented by

1313 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

sentés par l’Uruguay; qu’elle expose que ce qui est en cause, c’est le blo-
cage des routes en territoire argentin et non pas celui d’un pont interna-

tional, et que les barrages routiers en question sont «intermittents, partiels
et géographiquement localisés»; qu’elle affirme que ces barrages n’ont eu
aucun effet, ni sur le tourisme, ni sur le commerce entre les deux pays,
qui, au contraire, ont l’un et l’autre progressé au cours des trois premiers
trimestres de 2006; qu’elle soutient que lesdits barrages «n’ont pas eu le

moindre effet sur la construction des usines de pâte à papier», qui «a
continué selon son propre rythme», l’Argentine précisant à cet égard que
«l’usine Orion est à 70 % de la construction programmée»; et qu’elle
insiste sur le fait qu’elle n’a jamais encouragé les barrages routiers ni sou-
tenu leurs auteurs, et qu’elle «applique une politique active de persuasion

[et] non de répression pour décourager ce type de mouvements sociaux»;
39. Considérant que l’Argentine fait en outre valoir qu’en tout état de
cause le barrage partiel des routes en Argentine n’est pas de nature à cau-
ser un préjudice irréparable aux droits qui feront l’objet de la décision de
la Cour sur le fond de l’affaire, et que les mesures dont l’Uruguay
demande l’indication ne revêtent aucun caractère d’urgence; qu’elle

affirme que
«[l]es effets éventuels de ces actions sporadiques pour l’économie et

le tourisme en Uruguay ... n’ont aucun lien, ni factuel, ni juridique,
avec le fleuve Uruguay, la qualité de ses eaux ou avec la construction
de l’usine Botnia»

et que l’«Uruguay n’a apporté aucun élément qui donne à penser que la
construction contestée soit affectée» par ces actions; qu’elle soutient en
outre que tout dommage éventuel découlant de l’arrêt des travaux «serait
parfaitement «réparable»» et qu’il ne pourrait «être porté atteinte [au

droit à obtenir une décision de la Cour] qu’en cas de désistement», ce
dont il n’est pas question en l’espèce;

*

40. Considérant que la Cour, ayant entendu les Parties en leurs plai-
doiries, estime que, en dépit des barrages, la construction de l’usine Bot-
nia a considérablement progressé depuis l’été 2006, deux nouvelles auto-
risations ayant été accordées, et qu’elle est à présent bien avancée; que la
construction de l’usine se poursuit donc;
41. Considérant que la Cour, sans examiner la question de savoir si les

barrages peuvent avoir causé ou peuvent continuer de causer des dom-
mages à l’économie uruguayenne, n’est pas convaincue, au vu de ce qui
précède, que ces barrages risquent de causer un préjudice irréparable aux
droits que l’Uruguay prétend en l’espèce tirer du statut de 1975 en tant
que tels;

42. Considérant, en outre, qu’il n’a pas été démontré que, quand bien
même il existerait un tel risque de préjudice aux droits allégués par l’Uru-
guay en l’espèce, celui-ci serait imminent;

14 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 13

Uruguay; whereas it explained that the issue is the blockade of roads in
Argentine territory and not of an international bridge and that such

roadblocks are “sporadic, partial and geographically localized”; whereas
it claimed that those blockades have had no impact on either tourism or
trade between the two countries, which, on the contrary, have both
shown growth over the first three quarters of 2006; whereas it submitted
that the aforesaid roadblocks “have not had the slightest effect on the

construction of the pulp mills”, which “has continued at its own pace”
and Argentina indicates in this respect that “the Orion mill is at 70 per cent
of the planned construction”; and whereas it insisted on the fact that it
has never encouraged the roadblocks, nor provided the blockaders with
any support, and that it “applies an active policy of persuasion but not of

repression to discourage that type of social movement”;
39. Whereas Argentina further submitted that in any case the partial
blocking of roads in Argentina is not capable of causing irreparable
prejudice to the rights which will be the subject of the decision of
the Court on the merits of the case, and that there is no urgency to the
measures which Uruguay has requested the Court to indicate; whereas

it claimed that
“[t]he possible impact of these sporadic protests on the Uruguayan

economy and tourist industry . . . has no factual or legal bearing on
the River Uruguay, the quality of its water or the construction of the
Botnia pulp mill”

and that “Uruguay has provided no evidence . . . that the disputed con-
struction works have been affected” by those protests; whereas it con-
tended moreover that any damage resulting from the interruption of the
construction works “would be perfectly ‘reparable’” and that the “right

to a judgment . . . can . . . be infringed only in the event of discontinu-
ance”, of which there is no question in the present case;

*

40. Whereas the Court, having heard the arguments of the Parties, is
of the view that, notwithstanding the blockades, the construction of the
Botnia plant progressed significantly since the summer of 2006 with two
further authorizations being granted and that it is now well advanced;
whereas the construction of the plant is thus continuing;
41. Whereas the Court, without addressing whether the roadblocks

may have caused or may continue to cause damage to the Uruguayan
economy, is not convinced, in view of the foregoing, that those blockades
risk prejudicing irreparably the rights which Uruguay claims in the
present case from the 1975 Statute as such;

42. Whereas, moreover, it has not been shown that were there such a
risk of prejudice to the rights claimed by Uruguay in this case, it is immi-
nent;

1414 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

43. Considérant que la Cour estime en conséquence que les circons-
tances de l’espèce ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’indication de la pre-

mière mesure conservatoire demandée par l’Uruguay, tendant à «préve-
nir ou faire cesser l’interruption de la circulation» entre les deux Etats, et
notamment le «blocage des ponts et des routes» qui les relient;

**

44. Considérant que la Cour en vient à présent aux autres mesures
conservatoires dont l’Uruguay sollicite l’indication, à savoir que l’Argen-
tine

«s’abstien[ne] de toute mesure susceptible d’aggraver ou d’étendre le
présent différend ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile; et
s’abstien[ne] de toute autre mesure susceptible de porter atteinte aux
droits de l’Uruguay qui sont en cause devant la Cour»;

*

45. Considérant que l’Uruguay soutient que la deuxième mesure
conservatoire est nécessaire pour empêcher «[l’]aggravation ou l’exten-
sion du [présent] différend» ou empêcher que son règlement soit rendu
plus difficile; qu’il fait observer à cet égard que

«une partie à un différend porté devant la Cour, quand bien même
elle aurait été déboutée d’une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, a le devoir de respecter la décision de la Cour et de

s’abstenir de prendre ou de tolérer des mesures visant à entraver la
bonne administration de la justice»;

qu’il souligne que la Cour a déjà déclaré par le passé qu’elle avait le
«pouvoir ... d’indiquer, le cas échéant, des mesures conservatoires contri-
buant à assurer la bonne administration de la justice»; que l’Uruguay
affirme qu’«[u]ne ordonnance peut être rendue en vue d’empêcher l’aggra-
vation du différend même lorsque la Cour a conclu à l’absence d’un

risque de préjudice irréparable aux droits en cause»; qu’il soutient que,
en l’espèce, «empêcher le passage de véhicules et de marchandises sur les
ponts enjambant le fleuve Uruguay revient à aggraver le différend [et] à
compromettre de ce fait la bonne administration de la justice»;
46. Considérant que l’Uruguay, à l’appui de la troisième mesure conser-
vatoire dont il demande l’indication, fait valoir que, selon la jurispru-

dence de la Cour, pendente lite, «aucune initiative concernant les ques-
tions litigieuses ne doit anticiper sur l’arrêt de la Cour», mais que
l’Argentine, par son comportement, vise à «contraindre l’Uruguay à
s’incliner tout de suite, sans attendre [la décision sur le fond], face aux
prétentions soumises par l’Argentine à la Cour» et, en particulier, à le

forcer à «arrêter la construction [de l’usine Botnia] ... alors que [la Cour,
dans son] ordonnance de juillet dernier, a refusé d’ordonner» une telle
mesure, et que l’Argentine

15 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 14

43. Whereas the Court consequently finds that the circumstances of
the case are not such as to require the indication of the first provisional

measure requested by Uruguay, to “prevent or end the interruption of
transit” between the two States and inter alia “the blockading of [the]
bridges and roads” linking them;

**

44. Whereas the Court will now turn to the remaining provisional
measures which Uruguay requests, namely that Argentina

“shall abstain from any measure that might aggravate, extend or
make more difficult the settlement of this dispute; and
shall abstain from any other measure that might prejudice the rights
of Uruguay in dispute before the Court”;

*

45. Whereas Uruguay maintained that the second provisional measure
is necessary to prevent the “aggravation or extension of the [present]
dispute” or to prevent rendering its settlement more difficult; whereas
Uruguay observed in this regard that

“a party to litigation before the Court, even one that has lost a pro-
visional measures application, has a duty to respect the decision of
the Court and to refrain from taking or permitting measures which

are calculated to undermine the due administration of justice”;

whereas it emphasized that the Court has already decided in the past that
it had the “power to indicate, if need be, such provisional measures as
may conduce to the due administration of justice”; whereas Uruguay
claimed that “[a]n order can be made to prevent aggravation of the dis-
pute even where the Court has found that there is no threat of irreparable

damage to the rights in dispute”; whereas Uruguay submitted that, in
casu, “the blockade of trade and traffic across the bridges over the
River Uruguay amounts to an aggravation of the dispute which threatens
the due administration of justice”;
46. Whereas Uruguay, in support of the third provisional measure it
requests, asserted that according to the Court’s jurisprudence, pendente

lite “the Court’s judgment should not be anticipated by reason of any
initiative regarding the matters in issue before the Court”, but that
Argentina’s conduct aimed “to compel Uruguay to submit at once, with-
out waiting for [the] judgment on the merits, to the claims submitted by
Argentina to the Court” and, in particular, to force it “to halt the con-

struction [of the Botnia plant] . . . when the [Court’s] Order of last July
refused to enjoin such a halt” and that Argentina is

1515 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

«essaye en réalité d’obtenir par anticipation et de facto ce que désor-
mais elle ne pourrait obtenir qu’au moyen d’[une décision] au fond

en sa faveur, c’est-à-dire exclusivement au moyen d’un [arrêt] qui
reconnaîtrait son prétendu «droit de veto» quant à la réalisation ...
d’ouvrages»;

considérant que l’Uruguay soutient en outre que, conformément aux dis-
positions du statut de 1975 et aux termes de l’ordonnance rendue par la
Cour le 13 juillet 2006, il a le droit de poursuivre la construction de
l’usine Botnia et d’en maintenir l’autorisation en attendant l’examen du

fond, et que ce droit devrait par conséquent être protégé par l’ordon-
nance de la Cour; qu’il ajoute que le comportement de l’Argentine
«porte atteinte à l’autorité de la Cour et préjuge la décision finale

qu’il ... appartient [à celle-ci de prendre] quant à la question de
savoir si oui ou non une telle construction est permise par le statut
de 1975 malgré le désaccord de l’Argentine»;

et considérant que l’Uruguay conclut que la Cour devrait ordonner à
l’Argentine de «s’abst[enir] de toute autre mesure susceptible de porter
atteinte aux droits de l’Uruguay qui sont en cause devant la Cour»;

*

47. Considérant que l’Argentine affirme qu’il n’existe pas de risque
d’aggravation ou d’extension du différend puisque «aucun droit dont
l’Uruguay pourrait se prévaloir devant la Cour au titre du différend
dont elle est saisie n’est atteint»; qu’elle soutient également que ni le
statut de 1975, ni l’ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 13 juillet 2006 ne

confèrent à l’Uruguay un «droit de poursuivre la construction de l’usine
Botnia» qui serait susceptible de faire l’objet d’une protection de la Cour
à ce stade de la procédure; qu’elle précise que, par cette ordonnance, la
Cour a simplement

«jugé qu’elle n’était pas tenue d’examiner au stade des mesures
conservatoires la question de savoir si l’Uruguay pouvait ou non
mettre en Œuvre son projet faute d’accord entre les Parties ou, à
défaut d’accord, avant que la Cour ne tranche le différend»,

mais que l’ordonnance n’a créé «aucun nouveau droit en faveur de l’Uru-
guay»; que, si l’Argentine ne conteste pas que l’Uruguay ait droit à ce
que la Cour tranche le différend qui oppose les Parties sur les usines de

pâte à papier, elle relève toutefois que «[r]ien dans son comportement ne
porte atteinte aux droits procéduraux de l’Uruguay» et que «rien ni per-
sonne ne met en danger les droits de l’Uruguay de poursuivre la présente
procédure, d’utiliser tous ses moyens de défense et d’obtenir une décision
ayant force obligatoire de [la] Cour»;

48. Considérant que l’Argentine soutient enfin que, faute de lien avec
l’objet de l’instance pendante devant la Cour, si celle-ci décidait de ne pas
indiquer la première mesure conservatoire, les deuxième et troisième

16 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 15

“in reality seeking to obtain by anticipation and de facto what it
could only obtain at this juncture by means of a judgment in its

favour, on the merits, in other words exclusively through a judgment
recognizing its alleged ‘right of veto’ as to the construction . . .”;

whereas Uruguay moreover maintained that in conformity with the
1975 Statute and according to the Court’s Order of 13 July 2006, it has
the right to proceed with the construction and authorization of the
Botnia plant pending the hearing on the merits and that this right

should thus be protected by the Court’s Order; whereas it added that
Argentina’s conduct
“undermines the authority of the Court and prejudices the final deci-

sion [it is] to give regarding whether or not such construction is per-
mitted under the 1975 Statute in spite of Argentina’s disagreement”;

and whereas Uruguay concluded that the Court should order that Argen-
tina “shall abstain from any other measure that might prejudice the
rights of Uruguay in dispute before the Court”;

*

47. Whereas Argentina maintained that no risk of aggravation or
extension of the dispute exists given that “no right that Uruguay could
invoke before the Court in respect of the dispute before it has been
infringed”; whereas it further argued that neither the 1975 Statute nor
the Order rendered by the Court on 13 July 2006 give Uruguay a “right

to continue with the construction of the Botnia plant” capable of
benefiting from any protection by the Court at this stage of proceed-
ings; whereas it specified that by that Order the Court simply

“held that at the provisional measures stage it did not have to con-
sider the issue of whether Uruguay could implement its project in the
absence of agreement between the Parties or, failing such agreement,
pending settlement of the dispute by the Court”,

but that the Order did not create “any new right for Uruguay”; whereas,
while Argentina does not deny that Uruguay has the right to have the
Court settle the dispute between the Parties over the pulp mills, it noted

that “[n]othing in its conduct infringes Uruguay’s procedural rights” and
that “nothing and no one is endangering Uruguay’s rights to continue the
present proceedings, to deploy all its grounds of defence and to obtain a
decision of [the] Court with binding force”;

48. Whereas, finally, Argentina submitted that in the absence of any
link to the subject-matter of the proceedings before the Court, should the
Court decide not to indicate the first provisional measure, the second and

1616 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

mesures conservatoires demandées par l’Uruguay ne sauraient être indi-
quées indépendamment de la première;

*

49. Considérant que la Cour a indiqué à plusieurs reprises des mesures
conservatoires ordonnant aux parties de s’abstenir de tous actes de

nature à aggraver ou étendre le différend ou à en rendre la solution plus
difficile (voir par exemple Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats-
Unis à Téhéran, mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 15 décembre
1979, C.I.J. Recueil 1979 , p. 21, par. 47, point B; Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bos-

nie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conser-
vatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 , p. 24, par. 52,
point B; Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria
(Cameroun c. Nigéria), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 15 mars
1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 24, par. 49, point 1);Activités armées sur
le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda),

mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 juillet 2000, C.I.J. Recueil 2000 ,
p. 129, par. 47, point 1)); considérant que, dans ces affaires, des mesures
conservatoires autres que celles ordonnant aux parties de s’abstenir de
tous actes de nature à aggraver ou étendre le différend ou à en rendre la
solution plus difficile ont été également indiquées;

50. Considérant que la Cour n’est pas parvenue à la conclusion que,
pour le moment, un risque imminent de préjudice irréparable menace les
droits de l’Uruguay qui font l’objet du différend devant la Cour, en
conséquence du blocage des ponts et des routes qui relient les deux Etats
(voir paragraphes 41-43 ci-dessus); que la Cour estime partant que les

barrages en tant que tels ne justifient pas l’indication de la deuxième
mesure conservatoire sollicitée par l’Uruguay, dès lors que les conditions
pour l’indication par la Cour de la première mesure conservatoire ne sont
pas remplies;
51. Considérant que, pour les motifs susmentionnés, la Cour ne sau-

rait pas davantage indiquer la troisième mesure conservatoire sollicitée
par l’Uruguay;

**
52. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesures conserva-

toires de l’Uruguay dans son ensemble ne saurait par suite être accueillie;

**

53. Considérant que la Cour réitère son appel aux Parties, adressé

dans son ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006, de «s’acquitter des obligations
qui sont les leurs en vertu du droit international», de «mettre en Œuvre
de bonne foi les procédures de consultation et de coopération prévues par

17 PULP MILLS (ORDER 23 I 07) 16

third provisional measures requested by Uruguay cannot be indicated
independently from the first provisional measure;

*

49. Whereas the Court has on several occasions issued provisional
measures directing the parties not to take any actions which could aggra-

vate or extend the dispute or render more difficult its settlement (see, for
example, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 15 December 1979, I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 21,
para. 47 (B); Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Pun-
ishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia

(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 24, para. 52 (B); Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional
Measures, Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 ,.p 24
para. 49 (1); Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 July

2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000 , p. 129, para. 47 (1)); whereas in those cases
provisional measures other than measures directing the parties not to
take actions to aggravate or extend the dispute or to render more difficult
its settlement were also indicated;

50. Whereas the Court has not found that at present there is an immi-
nent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights of Uruguay in dispute
before it, caused by the blockades of the bridges and roads linking the
two States (see paragraphs 41-43 above); whereas the Court therefore
considers that the blockades themselves do not justify the indication of

the second provisional measure requested by Uruguay, in the absence of
the conditions for the Court to indicate the first provisional measure;

51. Whereas, for the aforementioned reasons, the Court cannot indi-

cate the third provisional measure requested by Uruguay either;

**
52. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures by

Uruguay in its entirety thus cannot be upheld;

**

53. Whereas the Court reiterates its call to the Parties made in its

Order of 13 July 2006 “to fulfil their obligations under international
law”, “to implement in good faith the consultation and co-operation pro-
cedures provided for by the 1975 Statute, with CARU [Administrative

1717 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIER (ORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

le statut de 1975, la CARU [Commission administrative du fleuve Uru-
guay] constituant l’enceinte prévue à cet effet», et de «s’abstenir de tout

acte qui risquerait de rendre plus difficile le règlement du présent diffé-
rend» (Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uru-
guay), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006 , C.I.J.
Recueil 2006, p. 134, par. 82);

* * *

54. Considérant que la décision rendue en la présente procédure ne
préjuge en rien la question de la compétence de la Cour pour connaître

du fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la
requête ou au fond lui-même, et qu’elle laisse intacts le droit de l’Argen-
tine et celui de l’Uruguay de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières;

55. Considérant que la présente décision laisse également intact le
droit de l’Uruguay de présenter à l’avenir une nouvelle demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires fondée sur des faits nouveaux, en vertu
du paragraphe 3 de l’article 75 du Règlement;

* * *

56. Par ces motifs,

L A C OUR,

Par quatorze voix contre une,

Dit que les circonstances, telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement à la
Cour, ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir d’indiquer
des mesures conservatoires en vertu de l’article 41 du Statut.

POUR :M me Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúl-
veda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges; M. Vinuesa, juge ad hoc;

CONTRE : M. Torres Bernárdez, juge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de

la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-trois janvier deux mille sept, en trois exem-
plaires, dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République argen-
tine et au Gouvernement de la République orientale de l’Uruguay.

Le président,

(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .

18 PULP MILLS ORDER 23 I 07) 17

Commission of the River Uruguay] constituting the envisaged forum in
this regard”, and “to refrain from any actions which might render more

difficult the resolution of the present dispute” (Pulp Mills on the River
Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 July
2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 134, para. 82);

* * *

54. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way
prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the

merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves
unaffected the right of Argentina and of Uruguay to submit arguments in
respect of those questions;

55. Whereas this decision also leaves unaffected the right of Uruguay
to submit in the future a fresh request for the indication of provisional
measures under Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, based on
new facts;

* * *

56. For these reasons,

T HE C OURT ,

By fourteen votes to one,

Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to
the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under
Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges
Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc Vinuesa;

AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Torres Bernárdez.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative,

at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-third day of January, two
thousand and seven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in
the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Eastern Republic
of Uruguay, respectively.

(Signed) President. (Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,

President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.

1818 USINES DE PÂTE À PAPIERORDONNANCE 23 I 07)

MM. les juges K OROMA et BUERGENTHAL joignent des déclarations à

l’ordonnance; M. le juge ad hocORRES B ERNÁRDEZ joint à l’ordonnance
l’exposé de son opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) R.H.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.

19 PULP MILLS(ORDER 23 I 07) 18

Judges K OROMA and BUERGENTHAL append declarations to the Order

of the Court; Judge ad hoc T ORRES B ERNÁRDEZ appends a dissenting
opinion to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

19

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 23 January 2007

Links