Order of 1 July 2000

Document Number
116-20000701-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DES ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES
SUR LE TERRITOIRE DU CONGO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. OUGANDA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU lERJUILLET 2000

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES

ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO vUGANDA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 1 JULY 2000 Mode officielde citation:
ActivitPs urmésur le territoire du Congo (République
démocratique.dziCongo c. Ougundu), mesures conservutoires,
ordonnance du 1"'juillet 2000J.Recueil 2000p.111

Official cita:ion
Armed Activitirs on the Territory of the Congo (Drmocrutic
Republic of the Congo v. Ugundu), Provisional Measures,
Order of 1 July 2000, J.Reports 2000p. 111

Nude vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number780 1
ISBN 92-1-070854-7 1ERJUILLET 2000

ORDONNANCE

ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES
SUR LE TERRITOIRE DU CONGO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. OUGANDA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES

CONSERVATOIRES

ARMED ACTIVITIES
ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.UGANDA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

1JULY 2000

ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2000
1 July
General List
1 July2000 No. 116

CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES
ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.UGANDA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present: PrcsidentGUILLAUME Judges ODA, BEDJAOUI,RANJEVA,

HERCZEGH F,LEISCHHAUEK R, ROMAV,ERESHCHETIN H,IGGINS,
PARRA-ARANGUREN K,OOIJMANS,REZEK, AL-KHASAWNEH,
BUERGENTHAL; RegistruvCOUVREUR.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to

Articles 73, 74 and of the Rules of Court,
Mukrs thejollo~ring Order:

1. Whereas, by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
23 June 1999, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereinafter "the
Congo") instituted proceedings against the Republic of Ugandain-
after "Uganda") in respect of a dispute concerningarmed uggres-
sionperpetrated by Uganda on the territory of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, in flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and of
the Charter of the Organization of African Unity"; 2. Whereas in that Application the Congo founds the jurisdiction of
the Court on the declarations made by the two States under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute:

3. Whereas in the said Application the Congo states that the "armed
aggression by Ugandan troops on Congolese territory has involved inter
uliu violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo", and that "[tlhe extent of the invasion of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been such that it currently

involves fighting in sevei-iprovinces: Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu. Maniema,
Orientale Province, Katanga, Equateur and Kasai Oriental"; whereas the
Congo recalls "al1 the efforts undertaken by the Congolese Government
with a view to enforcing its right to secure the withdrawal of. . . foreign
troops". in particular within the United Nations and the Organization of
African Unity; and whereas the Congo observes that "[bly . . providing

unlimited aid to rebels in the form of arms and armed troops, in return
for the right to exploit the wealth of the Congo for their own benefit,
Uganda has defied the international community and created a dangerous
precedent", that "the invasion of its territory, which has required - and
still requires- inordinate financial efforts. has paralysed the majority of

the country's economic sectors, to the detriment of the Congolese people".
and that "Uganda has prevented the peaceful settlement of the rebellion
- an interna1 problem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo":

4. Whereas in its Application the Congo also contends that the "armed

aggression by Ugandan troops on Congolese territory has involved . . .
violations of international humanitarian law and massive human rights
violations"; whereas it states more particularly that "the various human
rights violations perpetrated by the Ugandan Republic" have been set
out in two White Papers prepared by the Ministry of Human Rights,
annexed to the Application: and whereas it cites massacres, rapes, abduc-

tions and murders, arrests, arbitrary detentions. inhuman and degrading
treatment, systematic looting of private and public institutions and
seizure of property of the civilian population";

5. Whereas in the Application the Congo refers to "the serious viola-

tions committed by Uganda". citing inter trliu "the major principles of
international law"; and whereas in this connection it refers to violations
of Article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter, of Articles 3 et
scJq.of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, of the rules set
out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the Interna-

tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. and of the provi-
sions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, of the Additional Protocols of
1977, of the New York Convention of 1984 against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and of the
Montreal Convention of 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts

against the Safety of Civil Aviation;
6. Whereas the Congo adds that by its Application it "seeks to securethe cessation of the acts of aggression directed against it, which constitute
a serious threat to peace and security in central Africa in general and in
the Great Lakes region in particular", and that it "also seeks reparation
for acts of intentional destruction and looting. and the restitution of
national property and resources appropriated for the benefit of Uganda" ;

7. Whereas the Congo concludes its Application with the following
submissions :

"Consequently, and whilst reserving the right to supplement and
amplify the present request in the course of the proceedings, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo requests the Court to:

Adjudge und dec1rr.c.tliuf:
((1) Uganda is guilty of an act of aggression within the meaning of
Article 1 of resolution 3314 of the General Assembly of the

United Nations of 14 December 1974 and of the jurisprudence
of the International Courtof Justice, contrary to Article2, para-
graph 4, of the United Nations Charter;
(b) further. Uganda is committing repeated violations of the
Geneva Conventions of 1949and their Additional Protocols of
1977, in flagrant disregard of the elementary rules of interna-

tional humanitarian law in conflict zones, and is also guilty of
massive human rights violations in defiance of the most basic
customary law;
(cj more specifically, by taking forcible possession of the Inga
hydroelectric dam, and deliberately and regularly causing

massive electrical power cuts, in violation of the provisions of
Article 56 of the Additional Protocol of 1977. Uganda has
rendered itself responsible for very heavy losses of life among
the 5 million inhabitants of the city of Kinshasa and the sur-
rounding area;
(dj by shooting down, on 9 October 1998 at Kindu, a Boeing 727

the property of Congo Airlines, thereby causing the death of
40 civilians, Uganda has also violated the Convention on Inter-
national Civil Aviation signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944,
the Hague Convention of 16 December 1970 for the Suppres-
sion of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the Montreal Conven-
tion of 23 September 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful

Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation.

Consrqurntly, und pursuunt to tlze aforrmrntion~r/ internutionul

Iegul obligations, to udjudgc und dec1ur.etlzut:
(1) al1 Ugandan armed forces participating in acts of aggression
shall forthwith vacate the territory of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo;

(2) Uganda shall secure the immediate and unconditional with- drawal from Congolese territory of its nationals, both natural
and legal persons;
(3) the Democratic Republic of the Congo is entitled to compensa-
tion from Uganda in respect of al1acts of looting, destruction,
removal of property and persons and other unlawful acts attrib-
utable to Uganda, in respect of which the Democratic Republic

of the Congo reserves the right to determine at a later date the
precise amount of the damage suffered, in addition to its claim
for the restitution of al1property removed";
8. Whereas on 23 June 1999 the Registrar notified the Ugandan Gov-

ernment, by facsimile and by letter, of the filing of that Application, and
a certified copy of the Application was transmitted to that Government;
whereas, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute and
Article 42 of the Rules of Court. copies of the Application were trans-
mitted to the Members of the United Nations through the Secretary-
General, as well as to the other States entitled to appear before the

Court; and whereas, by an Order of 21 October 1999, the Court fixed
21 July 2000 and 21 April 2001 as the time-limits for the filing, respec-
tively, of the Memorial of the Congo and the Counter-Memorial of
Uganda ;
9. Whereas on 19 June 2000 the Congo submitted to the Court a
request for the indication of provisional measures, citing Article 41 of the

Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court;
and whereas in that request the Congo, citing Article 74, paragraph 4, of
the Rules of Court, also asked the President of the Court to exercise the
power conferred upon him by that paragraph to "cal1 upon the Republic
of Uganda to act in such a way as will enable any order the Court may
make on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate
effects";

10. Whereas in this request for the indication of provisional measures
the Congo States that :
"[slince 5 June last, the resumption of fighting between the armed

troops of the Republic of Uganda and another foreign army has
caused substantial damage to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
and to its population";

whereas the Congo points out that "[tlhese actions have been unani-
mously condemned, in particular by the United Nations Security Coun-
cil"; whereas it contends that
"[dlespite promises and declarations of principle, the Republic of

Uganda has pursued its policy of aggression, brutal armed attacks
and acts of oppression and looting",

and that "[tlhis is, moreover, the third Kisangani war, coming after those
of August 1999 and May 2000 and having been instigated by the Repub-
lic of Uganda .. .";and whereas the Congo further observes that these ARMED ACTlVlTIES (ORDER 1 VI1 00) 115

acts "represent just one further episode constituting evidence of the mili-
tary and paramilitary intervention, and of occupation, commenced by
the Republic of Uganda in August 1998", and "reflect in particular the
conflicts between the foreign forces engaged in organized looting of
the natural resources and the assets and equipment of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo";
11. Whereas in the request for the indication of provisional measures

the Congo argues that "each passing day causes to the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo and its inhabitants grave and irreparable prejudice", and
that it is "urgent that the rights of the Democratic Republic of theCongo
be safeguarded in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and
the Statute of the Court";
12. Whereas the Congo adds that its request "is a direct outgrowth of

the dispute which it brought" before the Court, and that "[tlhere can be
no doubt as to the prima facie jurisdiction of the Court";
13. Whereas at the conclusion of its request the Congo asks the Court
to indicate as a matter of urgency the following provisional measures:

"(1) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must order its
army to withdraw immediately and completely from Kisan-

gani ;
(2) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must order its
army to cease forthwith al1fighting or military activity on the
territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and to with-
draw immediately and completely from that territory. and must
forthwith desist from providing any direct or indirect support

to any State, group, organization, movement or individual
engaged or preparing to engage in military activities on the ter-
ritory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

(3) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must take al1
measures in its power to ensure that units, forces or agents

which are or could be under its authority, or which enjoy or
could enjoy its support, together with organizations or persons
which could be under its control, authority or influence, desist
forthwith from committing or inciting the commission of war
crimes or any other oppressive or unlawful act against al1per-
sons on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

(4) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must forthwith
discontinue any act having the aim or effect of disrupting,
interfering with or hampering actions intended to give the
population of the occupied zones the benefit of their funda-
mental human rights, and in particular their rights to health

and education;
(5) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must cease forth- with al1 illegal exploitation of the natural resources of the

Democratic Republic of the Congo and al1 illegal transfer of
assets. equipment or persons to its territory;

(6) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must henceforth
respect in full the right of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo to sovereignty, political independence and territorial

integrity, and the fundamental rights and freedoms of al1per-
sons on the territory of the Democratic Republic of theCongo.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo would, at al1 events,

respectfully remind the Court of the powers conferred upon it by
Article 41 of its Statute and Article 75 of the Rules of Court,
which authorize it in the present case to indicate al1such provisional
measures as it may deem necessary in order to bring to an end the
intolerable situation which continues to obtain in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, and in particular in the Kisangani region";

14. Whereas, immediately upon receiving the text of the request for
the indication of provisional measures, the Registrar transmitted a certi-
fied copy thereof to the Agent of Uganda, in accordance with Article 73,

paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas the Registrar also noti-
fied the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the
request ;
15. Whereas, by letters dated 19 June 2000, the President of the Court
addressed the parties in the following terms:

"Acting in conformity with Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules
of Court, 1hereby draw the attention of both Parties to the need to
act in such a way as to enable any Order the Court will make on the

request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects";

16. Whereas, by letter dated 20 June 2000, the Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had designated 26 June 2000 as the date for the
opening of the hearings provided for in Article 74, paragraph 3, of the
Rules of Court, at which they would have the opportunity to present
their observations on the request for the indication of provisional
measures ;
17. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 26 and 28 June 2000, oral

observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented :

On belluIf'of'the Congo:
by Mr. Michel Lion, Agent,
H.E. Mr. She Okitundu,

Mr. Ntumba Luaba,
Mr. Olivier Corten;On belluij ofUgundu :
by H.E. Bart M. Katureebe. Agent,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler;

18. Whereas at the hearings the Congo essentially reiterated the line of
argument developed in its Application and in its request for the indica-
tion of ~rovisional measures: whereas it observed that Article 41 of the
Statute confers "a substantial power of discretion on the Court, by pro-
viding that it rriuy indicate provisional measures" and that "[tlhe only
condition expressly laid down is that the circumstances should requirc the

adoption of such measures"; whereas the Congo asserted that "this was
undeniably so in the present case having regard to the extreme gravity of
the situation on the ground", which was characterized by the military
and paramilitary presence of the Ugandan army on Congolese territory,
repeated clashes between the armed forces of Uganda and those of
another neighbouring country in the city of ~isangani, the persistence
and aggravation of economic rivalry aimed at the seizure of the wealth of

the Congo. and the persistence and aggravation of acts of oppression
directly affecting the civilian population;
19. Whereas at the hearings the Congo, citing the Court's jurispru-
dence, argued more particularly that the requirements of urgency and of
the risk of irreparable damage, conditions precedent for the indication of
provisional measures, were satisfied in the present case; whereas it stated

intcr uliu that "each passing day, the territory of the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo continues to be occupied, its resources and assets are
systematically plundered, its inhabitants abducted, injured or killed".
that "it is difficult to conceive of damage more 'irreparable' than this",
and that "[nlo form of material restitution, compensation or redress can
fully make good the deaths, suffering and humiliation undergone daily by
the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its inhabitants"; whereas it

added that "[wlhen an armed conflict develops and endangers not only
the rights and interests of the State but also the lives of its inhabitants,
the urgency of provisional measures and the irreparable nature of the
damage cannot be in doubt"; and whereas it pointed out that, "in two
recent cases, the life of u si~~gleindividual justified the indication of
measures intended to avert an irreparable event" and that "[a]jiwtiori,

measures should be indicated as a matter of urgency in circumstances
where . . . hundreds, if not thousands, of persons are being condemned
to certain death . . .";
20. Whereas the Congo further observed that "the fact that certain
Ugandan high authorities have officially stated that they agree to with-
draw their forces from the Kisangani region and that the beginnings of a
withdrawal have in fact taken place can . . . in no way cal1into question"

the need for the indication of measures as a matter of urgency, and that"these statements [did not] concern . . . the whole of Congolese terri-
tory"; and whereas it pointed out, moreover, that, under the Court's
jurisprudence, "the existence of obligations whereby one or other Party

agrees to put an immediate end to the acts underlying the request for the
indication of provisional measures does not prevent the Court from
acceding to that request";
21. Whereas at the hearings the Congo also contended that there was
"a sufficient connection between the measures requested and the rights
protected"; whereas it stated, on the basis of a comparison of the text for

the request of the indication of provisional measures with that of the
Application instituting the proceedings, that the "categories ofact referred
to are similar" and that the "rules of law applicable are similar", arguing
more particularly as follows:

"However, at this preliminary stageof a request for the indication
of provisional measures, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
not asking the Court to condemn Uganda, to require it to pay com-
pensation by way of reparation, or even to declare - at any event
not in the operative part of the order for the indication of provi-

sional measures - that Uganda has violated international law. The
withdrawal of troops, or the ending of support for irregular armed
groups, are required not as consequences of a finding that Uganda
has violated international law, but simply as measures preserving the
rights of the Democratic Republic of the Congo until the Court is
able to decide the dispute on the merits. Under such conditions, the

requests made correspond, mutatis mutandis, to those which the
Court has indicated in other precedents which are not without rele-
vance to the present case, such as those in the Military Actiilities,
Frontier Dispute and Genocidt cases. or in the Lund und Muritinle
Bounclc~rycase" :

22. Whereas at the hearings the Congo further contended that the
Court has prima facie jurisdiction "to entertain the dispute which is the
subject-matter of the Application", having regard to the declarations of

acceptance of its compulsory jurisdiction deposited by the two Parties;
and whereas in this regard it added the following:

"In the Militury Activities case, the Court found that it had prima
facie jurisdiction precisely because it was dealing with two declara-
tions of acceptance deposited under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its

Statute, even though the validity of one of these declarations (that of
Nicaragua) had been challenged and the other (that of the United
States) contained a reservation which was directly pertinent to the
case concerned (I. C.J. Reports 1984, p. 18 1,para. 26). A fortiori, the
Court must hold itself to have prima faciejurisdiction in the present

case. since it is dealing with two declarations whose validity is unquestioned and which contain no reservation which might prevent
the Court from exercising its jurisdiction";

23. Whereas at the hearings the Congo stated finally that "[tlhere is
nothing in the political and diplomatie context of the present case which
might prevent the Court from taking the measures which the circum-

stances require"; whereas it pointed out that "the Security Council has
adopted a resolution - resolution 1304 of 16 June 2000 - in which it
was demanded that Uganda withdraw its forces not only from Kisangani
but from al1 Congolese territory, without further delay"; whereas it
observed that "[tlhe withdrawal of Ugandan forces is in substance what

the Congo is asking the Court to indicate, not as a political measure with
a view to the maintenance of international peace and security, but as a
judicial measure"; and whereas, referring to the Court's jurisprudence, it
argued that "[ilt is not. however, possible to derive from these parallel
powers of the Security Council and of the Court any bar to the exercise

by the latter of its jurisdiction"; and whereas, recalling that resolution
1304 "does not concern Uganda alone, but also Rwanda", the Congo
pointed out that "although on 23 June 1999 three separate Applications
were filed, one of them against Uganda, another against Rwanda, it is
only in respect of Uganda that the Democratic Republic of the Congo
has considered it appropriate to submit a request for the indication of

provisional measures"; whereas it observed that "[tlhese particular cir-
cumstances are clearly not such as would prevent the Court from indi-
cating the provisional measures which are the subject-matter of the
present proceedings": and whereas it explained that "[tlhe Court [was]
not being asked to enjoin a State not party to the proceedings to follow

a particular course of conduct", adding the following:
"The Court is accordingly Sullyentjtled to rule on a request which

concerns the State of Uganda specifically and exclusively, even
though it is not precluded, should it see fit, from indicating proprio
motu, on its own initiative, provisional measures directed at other
States in the context of other legal disputes, provided that such legal
disputes fall within its prima faciejurisdiction":

24. Whereas at the hearings Uganda gave the following account of
events:

"The Congolese forces that overthrew President Mobutu in May
1997 were led by Mr. Kabila, the current President. At the outbreak
of the fighting, President Mobutu's army abandoned Eastern Congo,
leaving no central governmental presence or authority. At the invita-
tion of Mr. Kabila, Ugandan forces entered Eastern Congo to work

in collaboration with his forces to arrest the activities of the anti-
Uganda rebels. Ugandan forces remained in Eastern Congo after Mr. Kabila
became President in May 1997, again at his invitation. The central

Government in Kinshasa, which was in the process of creating a new
army and a police force, had no capability to exercise authority in
this remote region of the country. This arrangement with President
Kabila was formalized by written agreement dated 27 April 1998. . .
This agreement expressly recognizes the existence of armed irregu-
lars conducting military activities across the UgandanICongolese

border, and it provides for joint action by Ugandan and Congolese
armed forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to stop
them" ;

whereas it added that "Uganda has no territorial interests in the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo", that "[tlhere is a complete political

vacuum in Eastern Congo" and that "[tlhere is no one else to restrain the
anti-Uganda rebels or guarantee the security of Uganda's border"; and
whereas at the hearings Uganda stated:

"At the time of lodgingthe Application on 23 June 1999,the Gov-
ernment of Uganda and the Government of the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo, along with other parties to the conflict, were

already actively involved in direct negotiations aimed at resolving
the conflict and establishing a framework for peace in the region.
This was eventually achieved when the Lusaka Agreement was signed
. . . Uganda therefore views any moves to seek alternative ways of
solving the dispute asan act of bad faith and ultimately as a form of
undermining the entire peace process" ;

whereas it explained that "on its part, [it] has endeavoured to fulfil al1its
obligations laid down in the Lusaka Agreement", and that "with respect
to the events in Kisangani, Uganda has fully complied with the United
Nations resolutions in the matter and completely withdrawn its troops
from the city"; whereas it stated itself "ready to withdraw al1its troops
from the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in accord-

ance with the Lusaka Agreement and in accordance with the relevant
resolutions of the United Nations Security Council"; and whereas it
stressed that any immediate and unilateral withdrawal of its forces, as
now being requested by the Congo, would be in fundamental conflict
with the Lusaka Agreement and the Kampala Disengagement Agree-
ment, under which the Congo itself agreed that "foreign forces would be

withdrawn Ifrom its territory] subject to a precise timetable and following
a sequence of defined events";
25. Whereas at the hearings Uganda also asserted that "both the
Application and the request for provisional measures are based on pre-
posterous allegations that are not backed by any evidence whatsoever ARMED ACTIVITIES (ORDER 1 VI1 00) 121

before this Court", and that there was "no amassing of troops on Our
common border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo or on any
border with any of the neighbouring States"; and whereas in conse-
quence it asked the Court to

"reject the Application for interim measures so that the Parties can
concentrate on implementing the resolution of the Security Council
and in fulfilling their obligations under the Lusaka Agreement which

has gained regional and international acceptance as the most viable
means of ending the current conflict in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo";

26. Whereas at the hearings Uganda contended that "in the circum-
stances the request of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is inadmis-
sible, and this for the reason that as a matter of law the Court is pre-
vented from exercising its powers under Article 41 of the Statute";

whereas in this connection it referred to the Ordersmade by the Court on
14 April 1992 in the cases concerning Questiotzs of' Interprrtution utzd
Application of tlie 1971 Montrcul Conilention arising ,fiorn tlie Arriul
Incident crtLockcrhie (Lihjjun Aruh Jumr~hirij~u v. United Kingdotn) and
(Libyun Arub Jutnu/zirij'u V. Unit& Stufr.~(?f'At?zrriccr )and whereas it
argued that "the subject-matter of the request for interim measures is

essentially the same as the matters addressed by . . .Security Council
resolution [1304] of 16 June [2000]" and that "the principles invoked by
the Court in the Lockerhie cases of 1992 must . .. apply";
27. Whereas at the hearings Uganda argued in the alternative that

"even if the Court had a prima facie competence by virtue of
Article 41, there are concerns of propriety and judicial prudence
which strongly militate against the exercise of the discretion which
the Court has in the indication of interim measures";

whereas it pointed out that "the Congolese request has the same subject-
matter as the Security Council resolution", that "the Republic of Uganda

accepts the resolution which was, in any event, adopted in accordance
with Chapter VI1 of the Charter and is therefore binding", and that,
"pursuant to the resolution, the Republic of Uganda has withdrawn al1
its forces from Kisangani"; and whereas it accordingly concluded that
"the request has in practical terms been rendered redundant"; whereas
Uganda asserted that "al1the relevant States and other interested parties

have expressly agreed to the resolution of outstanding issues exclusively
by recourse to the modalities established by the Lusaka Agreement and
the subsequent peace process", and that "[tlhe Lusaka Agreement is the
relevant regional public order system and in the text of the Security
Council resolution this is effectively recognized"; whereas Uganda con-
tended that "the Court should not grant interim measures because
the requesting State has not complied with the normal and necessarystandards of procedural fairness"; whereas it stated that "the Court has
not yet received the Memorial of the requesting State", that "[tlhe Applica-
tion is, of course, available ...but the allegations contained in the Appli-

cation have no relation to the Republic of Uganda or its armed forces",
that "the request itselfis deficient in substance and is unsupported by any
evidence", and that there is a problem of "adequate notice to the respon-
dent State" (request submitted on 19 June 2000, Congo's argument pre-
sented on 26 June 2000); whereas it made the point, "on the question of
procedural fairness", that the "requesting State has seen fit to single

out Uganda in these proceedings", although "[the Lusaka Agreement]
was signed by six States. al1of which are bound by the provisions for dis-
engagement, not just Uganda", and "the Security Council resolution of
16 June calls on 'al1parties' . . . to cease hostilities and makes several
references to the Rwandan forces"; and whereas Uganda referred also to

the principle of the Moneturll, Gold case";

28. Whereas at the hearings Uganda stressed that "any action . . . by
[its] armed forces . . . has been in accordance with the principles of the
United Nations Charter"; and whereas it explained, with reference to
"activities of armed bands operating from Congolese territory", that "[iln

responding to these threats to its territorial integrity and security, Uganda
acted by virtue of Article 51 of the Charter";
29. Whereas at the hearings Uganda argued that there was an "absence
of any clear link between the request and the original claim", as the latter
"[did] not . . . relate to any conflict between Ugandan and Rwandan
armed forces"; and whereas it asserted that "the [Congo's] request [fails

to satisfy] the requirement of urgency or the risk of irreparable damage"
and that there cannot "be an element of urgency after the Congo has
waited for almost a year before making a complaint";
30. Whereas at the hearings Uganda stated that "the Lusaka Agree-
ment is a comprehensive system of public order, signed by the Heads of

State of six African States and the leaders of three Congolese rebel
groups", and that "it is a binding international agreement that constitutes
the governing law between and among the parties to the conflict in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and between the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo and Uganda in particular"; whereas it maintained that
"the parties to the Lusaka Agreement, including the Democratic Repub-

lic of the Congo and Uganda, continue to express their full support
for the Agreement", and that "[tlhe Security Council and the Secretary-
General have repeatedly declared that [this] Agreement is the only viable
process for achieving peace within the Democratic Republic of the Congo
and for achieving peace between the Democratic Republic of the Congo

and its neighbours"; and whereas Uganda emphasized that "the specific
interim measures requested by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
directly conflict with the Lusaka Agreement, and with the Security Coun-
cil resolutions- including resolution 1304.. . - calling for implementa-
tion of the Agreement"; 31. Whereas, in response to the arguments put forward by Uganda,
the Congo contended intcr aliu,with regard to the requirement of urgency,
that "at al1events. the fact that a reauest mav not have been submitted

cannot support a claim of lack of urgency", and pointed out that "the
three attacks on Kinsangani, one of them just weeks ago, have once again
demonstrated the dangers and irreparable risks to which its inhabitants
are exposed as a result of the continuing presence of foreign armies on
Congolese territory": whereas, as regards one of Uganda's arguments
deriving from Security Council resolution 1304, the Congo stated that

"no incompatibility can be shown between the text of the resolution and
the text of the requests"; whereas, as to Uganda's argument on the
"absence of Rwanda", the Congo observed, citing the Court's case-law,
that an applicant State is "entitled to isolate procedurally a specific rela-
tionship with another State"; and whereas, in response to Uganda's argu-
ment on the Lusaka Agreement, the Congo observed that this Agreement

"can in no circumstances negate [the rules on the prohibition of the use of
force and on the prohibition of aggression and of occupation]", and that
it "merely prescribes the procedures for a withdrawal but cannot in any
event compromise the requirement of withdrawal";

32. Whereas the two Parties have each made a declaration recognizing
the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute; whereas the declaration of Uganda was deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations on 3 October 1963 and that of

the Congo (formerly Zaire) on 8 February 1989; whereas neither of the
two declarations includes any reservation; and whereas Uganda stated in
its declaration that it was made on the sole condition of reciprocity;

33. Whereas on a request for the indication of provisional measures

the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate such
measures, finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the
case, yet it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction
of the Court might be founded:

34. Whereas the Court considers that the declarations made by the
Parties in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute consti-
tute a prima facie basis upon which its jurisdiction in the present case
might be founded ;

35. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures,
the Congo refers to resolution 1304 (2000), adopted by the UnitedNations Security Council on 16 June 2000; whereas that resolution was
adopted by the Security Council acting under Chapter VI1 of the Charter
of the United Nations; and whereas, in the said resolution, the Security
Council :

"1. Crillson al1parties to cease hostilities throughout the territory
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and to fulfil their obliga-
tions under the Ceasefire Agreement and the relevant provisions of

the 8 April 2000 Kampala disengagement plan;

2. Reitrrtrfcs its unreserved condemnation of the fighting betweeri
Ugandan and Rwandan forces in Kisangani in violation of the sov-
ereignty and territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of the
Coneo. and demantl.~that these forces and those allied to them desist

fro; fbrther fighting;
3. Dcnzurzdsthat Uga"dan and Rwandan forces as well as forces
of the Congolese armed opposition and other armed groups imme-
diately and completely withdraw from Kisangani, and cwlls on al1
parties to the Ceasefire Agreement to respect the demilitarization of
the city and its environs;
4. Further r/c>niand:.s

((1) that Uganda and Rwanda, which have violated the sovereignty
and territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, withdraw al1 their forces from the territory of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo without further delay, in

conformity with the timetable of the Ceasefire Agreement and
the 8 April 2000 Kampala disengagement plan;
(b) that each phase of withdrawal completed by Ugandan and
Rwandan forces be reciprocated by the other parties in con-
formity with the same timetable;

(c) that al1other foreign military presence and activity, direct and
indirect, in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo be brought to an end in conformity with the provisions
of the Ceasefire Agreement;
5. In this context tlemun~1.tshat al1parties abstain from any offen-

sive action during the process of disengagement and of withdrawal
of foreign forces;
6. Reyuests the Secretary-General to keep under review arrange-
mentsfor deployment of the personnel of the United Nations Organi-
zation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC),
as authorized and in conditions defined by resolution 1291(2000), to

monitor the cessation of hostilities, disengagement of forces and
withdrawal of foreign forces as described in paragraphs 1 to 5 above
and to assist in the planning of these tasks, and reyuests also the
Secretary-General to recommend any adjustment that may become
necessary in this regard;
7. Cul1.on al1parties, in complying with paragraphs 1 to5 above,to cooperate with the efforts of MONUC to monitorthe cessation of
hostilities, disengagement of forces and withdrawal of foreign forces;

8. Derrlundsthat the parties to the Ceasefire Agreement cooperate
with the deployment of MONUC to the areas of operations deemed
necessary by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General,
including by lifting restrictions on the freedom of movement of

MONUC personnel and by ensuring their security;
9. Culls on al1the Congolese Parties to engage Sullyin the National
Dialogue process as provided for in the Ceasefire Agreement, and
culls inprrrriculuron the Government of the Democratic Republic of
the Congoto reaffirm its full commitment to the National Dialogue,
to honour its obligations in this respect and to cooperate with the

Facilitator designated with the assistance of the OAU and to allow
for the full participation of political opposition and civil society
groups in the dialogue;

10. Deinunds that al1 parties cease al1 forms of assistance and
cooperation with the armed groups referred to in Annex A, Chap-

ter 9.1 of the Ceasefire Agreement;
11. Welcomcs efforts made by the parties to engage in a dialogue
on the question of disarmament, demobilization, resettlement
and reintegration of members of al1 armed groups referred to in
Annex A, Chapter 9.1 of the Ceasefire Agreement, and urges the
parties, in particular the Government of the Democratic Republic

of the Congo and the Government of Rwanda, to continue these
efforts in full cooperation;

12. Bemarzd.~ that al1parties comply in particular with the provi-
sions of Annex A, Chapter 12of the Ceasefire Agreement relating to

the normalization of the security situation along the borders of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo with its neighbours;

13. Condemns al1massacres and other atrocities carried out in the
territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and urges that
an international investigation intoal1such events be carried out with

a view to bringing to justice those responsible;
14. E'cprrsses the view that the Governments of Uganda and
Rwanda should make reparations for the loss of life and the prop-
erty damage they have inflicted on the civilian population in Kisan-
gani, and recluests the Secretary-General to submit an assessment of
the damage as a basis for such reparations;

15. Cuils on al1 the parties to the conflict in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo to protect human rights and respect inter-
national humanitarian law: 16. Culls also on al1 parties to ensure the safe and unhindered
access of relief personnel to al1those in need, and recallsthat the
parties must also provide guarantees for the safety, security and free-
dom of movement for United Nations and associated humanitarian
relief personnel;

17. F~rrthrrcalls on al1parties to cooperate with the International
Committee of the Red Cross to enable it to carry out its mandate as
well as the tasks entrusted to it under the Ceasefire Agreement;

1S. Rruffirms the importance of holding, at the appropriate time,
an international conference on peace, security, democracy and devel-
opment in the Great Lakes region under the auspices of the United
Nations and of the OAU, with the participation of al1the Govern-
ments of the region and al1others concerned;

19. E.vpresses its readiness to consider possible measures which
could be imposed in accordance with its responsibility under the
Charter of the United Nations in the case of failure by parties to
comply fully with this resolution;
20. DP~-ides to remain actively seized of the matter";

36. Whereas the Court notes Uganda's argument that the Congo's
request for the indication of provisional measures concerns essentially
the same issues as this resolution, that the said request is accordingly
inadmissible, and that the request is, moreover, moot, since Uganda
fully accepts the resolution in question and is complying with it; whereas
Security Council resolution 1304 (2000). and the measures taken in its
implementation, do not preclude the Court from acting in accordance
with its Statute and with the Rules of Court; whereas in particular, as

the Court has already had occasion to observe.
"while there is in the Charter
'a provision for a clear demarcation of functions between the Gen-
eral Assemblyand the SecurityCouncil, in respect ofany dispute or
situation, that the former should not make any recommendation

with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council
so requires, there is no similar provision anywhere in the Charter
with respect to the SecurityCouncil and the Court. The Council has
functions of a political nature assigned to it, whereas the Court
exercises purely judicial functions. Both organs can therefore per-
form their separate but complementary functions with respect to
the sameevents' (Militurj, and PrrramilitaryActiiiities inanrirrgainst
Nicuruguu (Nicaraguu v. United States of Arnrricu), Jurisdiction
und A(inzi.rsibi/itj~,Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 434-435,
para. 95)" (Application of' the Conilenfion on the Prc~ivntiotzancl
Punishnzent qf'tlie Cvimr of Cenocido, Provisionul Meusures, Order
of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19,para. 33);and whereas in the present case the Security Council has taken no deci-
sion which would prima facie preclude the rights claimed by the Congo
from "be[ing] regarded as appropriate for protection by the indication of
provisional measures" (Questions of'lnterpretation and Application of the
1971 Montrerrl Convention arising from tlze Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie

{Libyrin Arab Jut?7rlhiriya v. OS7itrdKingdom), Provisional Measures,
Order of 14 April 1992, p. 15,para. 40);

37. Whereas the Court has taken note of the Lusaka Agreement, to
which Security Council resolution 1304 (2000) refers a number of times;
whereas that Agreement constitutes an international agreement binding

upon the Parties; whereas it does not. however, preclude the Court from
acting in accordance with its Statute and with the Rules of Court;
38. Whereas, furthermore, the Court is not precluded from indicating
provisional measures in a case merely because a State which has simul-
taneously brought a number of similar cases before the Court seeks such
measures in only one of them; and whereas, pursuant to Article 75, para-
graph 1, of its Rules, the Court may in any event decide to examine

proprio tnotu whether the circumstances of the case require the indication
of provisional measures:

39. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures

under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as its object to preserve
the respective rights of the parties pending the decision of the Court, and
presupposes that irreparable prejudice shall not be caused to rights which
are the subject of dispute in judicial proceedings; whereas it follows that
the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights
which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong either to the

Applicant or to the Respondent; and whereas such measures are only
justified if there is urgency;
40. Whereas the rights which, according to the Congo's Application,
are the subject of the dispute are essentially its rights to sovereignty and
territorial integrity and to the integrity of its assets and natural resources,
and its rights to respect for the rules of international humanitarian law

and for the instruments relating to the protection of human rights; and
whereas it is upori the rights thus claimed that the Court must focus its
attention in its consideration of this request for the indication of provi-
sional measures;
41. Whereas the Court is in possession of information on the facts of
this case, and in particular that contained in the above-mentioned Secu-
rity Council resolution 1304 (2000) of 16 June 2000; whereas, however,

the Court's duty at this stage of the proceedings is limited to examining
whether the circumstances brought to its attention require the indication
of provisional measures; and whereas it cannot make definitive findings
of fact or of imputability, since the right of each of the Parties to submitarguments in respect of the merits must remain unaffected by the Court's
decision ;
42. Whereas it is not disputed that at this date Ugandan forces are
present on the territory of the Congo, that fighting has taken place on
that territory between those forces and the forces of a neighbouring
State, that the fighting has caused a large number of civilian casualties in

addition to substantial material damage, and that the humanitarian
situation remains of profound concern; and whereas it is also not dis-
puted that grave and repeated violations of human rights and inter-
national humanitarian law, including massacres and other atrocities,
have been committed on the territory of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo;

43. Whereas, in the circumstances, the Court is of the opinion that
persons, assets and resources present on the territory of the Congo, par-
ticularly in the area of conflict, remain extremely vulnerable, and that
there is a serious risk that the rights at issue in this case, as noted in para-
graph 40 above, may suffer irreparable prejudice; whereas the present
urgency in the situation cannot be in any way affected by the fact that the

Congo did not present its request for provisional measures at the same
time as its Application; and whereas the Court consequently considers
that provisional measures must be indicated as a matter of urgency in
order to protect those rights; whereas Article 75, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court empowers the Court to indicate measures that are in
whole or in part other than those requested;

44. Whereas, independently of requests for the indication of provi-
sional measures submitted by the parties to preserve specific rights, the
Court possesses by virtue of Article 41 of the Statute the power to indi-
cate provisional measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or
extension of the dispute whenever it considers that circumstances so
require (Lund und Muritirne Boundav betlileen Curneroor~und Nigcriu,

Proi~isioilalMcusures. Orrler of 15 Murch 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996,
pp. 22-23, para. 41); whereas, having regard to the information at its dis-
posai. and in particular the fact that the Security Council has determined,
in its resolution 1304 (2000), that the situation in the Congo "continues
to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region",
the Court is of the opinion that there exists a serious risk of events

occurring which might aggravate or extend the dispute or make it more
difficult to resolve;

45. Whereas, in view of the foregoing considerations, the Court finds

that the circumstances require it to indicate provisional measures, as pro-
vided for in Article 41 of the Statute of the Court;
46. Whereas a decision in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits ofthe case, or any questions relating to the merits themselves, and leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of the Congoand of Uganda to
submit arguments in respect of those questions;

47. For these reasons,

Itzdicutes, pending a decision in the proceedings instituted by the
Democratic Republic of the Congo against the Republic of Uganda, the

following provisional measures :
(1) Unanimously.

Both Parties must, forthwith, prevent and refrain from any action, and
in particular any armed action, which might prejudice the rights of the

other Party in respect of whatever judgment the Court may render in the
case, or which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or
make it more difficult to resolve;

(2) Unanimously,

Both Parties must, forthwith, take al1 measures necessary to comply
with al1of their obligations under international law, in particular those
under the United Nations Charter and the Charter of the Organization of
African Unity, and with United Nations Security Council resolution 1304
(2000) of 16 June 2000;

(3) Unanimously,

Both Parties must, forthwith, take al1measures necessary to ensure full
respect within the zone of conflict for fundamental human rights and for
the applicable provisions of humanitarian law.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this first day of July, two thousand, in

three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and
the others transmitted to the Government of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo and the Government of Uganda, respectively.

(Signrci) Gilbert GUILLAUME,

President.

(Signeu') Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar. Judges ODA and KOROMA append declarations to the Order of the
Court.

(Initiulled) G.G.

(ItzitiullrdPh.C.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DES ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES
SUR LE TERRITOIRE DU CONGO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. OUGANDA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU lERJUILLET 2000

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES

ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO vUGANDA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 1 JULY 2000 Mode officielde citation:
ActivitPs urmésur le territoire du Congo (République
démocratique.dziCongo c. Ougundu), mesures conservutoires,
ordonnance du 1"'juillet 2000J.Recueil 2000p.111

Official cita:ion
Armed Activitirs on the Territory of the Congo (Drmocrutic
Republic of the Congo v. Ugundu), Provisional Measures,
Order of 1 July 2000, J.Reports 2000p. 111

Nude vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number780 1
ISBN 92-1-070854-7 1ERJUILLET 2000

ORDONNANCE

ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES
SUR LE TERRITOIRE DU CONGO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. OUGANDA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES

CONSERVATOIRES

ARMED ACTIVITIES
ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.UGANDA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

1JULY 2000

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2000 ANNÉE 2000
1" juillet
Rôno 116éral le'juillet2000

AFFAIRE DES ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES

SUR LE TERRITOIRE DU CONGO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO c. OUGANDA)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents:M. GUILLAUME p,ésident; MM. ODA, BEDJAOUIR ,ANJEVA,
HERCZEGF HL,EISCHHAUKEOR, OMAV,ERESHCHET MIm,eHIGGINS,
MM. PARRA-ARANGUR KEN, IJMANSE, ZEK,AL-KHASAWNEH,
BUERGENTH jAge,s;. COUVREUgR r,ffîer.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré nhambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 etu Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et 75
de son Règlement,

Rend l'ordonnance suivante:

1. Considérant que, par une requêteenregistréeau Greffe de la Cour le
23juin 1999, la Républiquedémocratiquedu Congo (dénomméeci-après
le«Congo») aintroduit une instance contre la Républiquede l'Ouganda
(dénomméeci-après l'«Ouganda») au sujet d'un différend àe«desf
actes d'agression armke perpétréspar l'Ouganda sur le territoire de la
République démocratiquedu Congo en violation fiagrante dearte
des Nations Unies et de la Chartede l'organisation de l'unitéafricaine)); INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2000
1 July
General List
1 July2000 No. 116

CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES
ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO

(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v.UGANDA)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present: PrcsidentGUILLAUME Judges ODA, BEDJAOUI,RANJEVA,

HERCZEGH F,LEISCHHAUEK R, ROMAV,ERESHCHETIN H,IGGINS,
PARRA-ARANGUREN K,OOIJMANS,REZEK, AL-KHASAWNEH,
BUERGENTHAL; RegistruvCOUVREUR.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to

Articles 73, 74 and of the Rules of Court,
Mukrs thejollo~ring Order:

1. Whereas, by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
23 June 1999, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereinafter "the
Congo") instituted proceedings against the Republic of Ugandain-
after "Uganda") in respect of a dispute concerningarmed uggres-
sionperpetrated by Uganda on the territory of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, in flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and of
the Charter of the Organization of African Unity"; 2. Considérant que, dans cette requête,le Congo se réfère,pour fonder
la compétence de la Cour, aux déclarations faites par les deux Etats en
application du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut;
3. Considérant que, dans ladite requête,le Congo indique que l'«agres-

sion arméede troupes ougandaises en territoire congolais a entraînéentre
autres la violation de la souveraineté et de l'intégritéterritoriale de la
République démocratique du Congo)) et que cc[l]'invasionde la Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo s'est étendue au point que les zones de
conflit concernent actuellement sept provinces, soit le Nord-Kivu, le Sud-
Kivu, le Maniema, la Province orientale, le Katanga, I'Equateur et le

Kasaï oriental)); qu'il rappelle «tous les efforts entrepris par le Gouver-
nement congolais en vue de faire prévaloir son bon droit pour obtenir le
départ des troupes étrangères)),notamment auprès de l'organisation des
Nations Unies et de l'Organisation de l'unitéafricaine; et qu'il observe
qu'«[e]n apportant ...une aide illimitéeen armes et en troupes arméesà
des rebelles, avec en compensation l'exploitation des richesses congolaises

à leur profit, l'Ouganda a défiéla communauté internationale et crééun
dangereux précédent», que ((l'invasion de son territoire qui a nécessitéet
nécessiteencore des efforts financiers démesurésa entraîné une paralysie
de la plupart des secteurs économiques du pays préjudiciable au peuple
congolais)) et que «l'Ouganda a empêchéle règlement pacifique de la

rébellion qui est un problème interne à la République démocratique du
Congo ));
4. Considérant que, dans sa requète, le Congo soutient égalementque
l'«agression armée de troupes ougandaises en territoire congolais a
entraîné ... des violations du droit international humanitaire et des vio-
lations massives des droits de l'homme)); qu'il préciseque «[l]'ensemble

des violations successives des droits de l'homme perpétréespar la Répu-
blique ougandaise)) a fait l'objet de deux Livres blancs du ministère des
droits humains, annexés à la requête;et qu'il fait étatde massacres, viols.
tentatives d'enlèvements et d'assassinats. arrestations, détentions arbi-
traires, traitements inhumains et dégradants, pillages systématiques des
institutions publiques et privéeset expropriationsdes biens de la popula-

tion civile:
5. Considérant que, dans la requête,le Congo mentionne ((les viola-
tions graves auxquelles l'Ouganda s'est livré)),ense référantnotamment
((aux grands principes du droit international )),et qu'il citeA cet égard la
violation du paragraphe 4 de l'article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies,

des articles 3 et suivants de la Charte de l'Organisation de l'unitéafri-
caine, des règles énoncéesdans la déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme et le pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques de
1966, ainsi que des dispositions des conventions de Genève de 1949, des
protocoles additionnels de 1977, de la convention de New York de 1984
contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou

dégradants et de la convention de Montréal de 1971 pour la répression
d'actes illicites dirigéscontre la sécuritéde l'aviation civile;
6. Considérant que le Congo ajoute que, par sa requête,il «entend 2. Whereas in that Application the Congo founds the jurisdiction of
the Court on the declarations made by the two States under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute:

3. Whereas in the said Application the Congo states that the "armed
aggression by Ugandan troops on Congolese territory has involved inter
uliu violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo", and that "[tlhe extent of the invasion of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been such that it currently

involves fighting in sevei-iprovinces: Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu. Maniema,
Orientale Province, Katanga, Equateur and Kasai Oriental"; whereas the
Congo recalls "al1 the efforts undertaken by the Congolese Government
with a view to enforcing its right to secure the withdrawal of. . . foreign
troops". in particular within the United Nations and the Organization of
African Unity; and whereas the Congo observes that "[bly . . providing

unlimited aid to rebels in the form of arms and armed troops, in return
for the right to exploit the wealth of the Congo for their own benefit,
Uganda has defied the international community and created a dangerous
precedent", that "the invasion of its territory, which has required - and
still requires- inordinate financial efforts. has paralysed the majority of

the country's economic sectors, to the detriment of the Congolese people".
and that "Uganda has prevented the peaceful settlement of the rebellion
- an interna1 problem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo":

4. Whereas in its Application the Congo also contends that the "armed

aggression by Ugandan troops on Congolese territory has involved . . .
violations of international humanitarian law and massive human rights
violations"; whereas it states more particularly that "the various human
rights violations perpetrated by the Ugandan Republic" have been set
out in two White Papers prepared by the Ministry of Human Rights,
annexed to the Application: and whereas it cites massacres, rapes, abduc-

tions and murders, arrests, arbitrary detentions. inhuman and degrading
treatment, systematic looting of private and public institutions and
seizure of property of the civilian population";

5. Whereas in the Application the Congo refers to "the serious viola-

tions committed by Uganda". citing inter trliu "the major principles of
international law"; and whereas in this connection it refers to violations
of Article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter, of Articles 3 et
scJq.of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, of the rules set
out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the Interna-

tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. and of the provi-
sions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, of the Additional Protocols of
1977, of the New York Convention of 1984 against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and of the
Montreal Convention of 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts

against the Safety of Civil Aviation;
6. Whereas the Congo adds that by its Application it "seeks to securequ'il soit mis fin au plus tôt [aux]actes d'agression dont [il]est victime et
qui constituent une sérieusemenace pour la paix et la sécurité en Afrique
centrale en général et particulièrementdans la région desGrands Lacs))
et qu'il «entend égalementobtenir réparation pour les actes de destruc-
tion intentionnelle et de pillage ainsi que la restitution des biens et res-
sources nationales dérobéesau profit de l'Ouganda»;
7. Considérant qu'au terme de sa requêtele Congo conclut comme
suit:

«En conséquence,tout en se réservantle droit de compléter etpré-
ciser la présentedemande en cours d'instance, la République démo-
cratique du Congo prie la Cour de:

Dire et juger que:
a) l'Ouganda s'est rendu coupable d'un acte d'agression au sens de
l'article 1 de la résolution 3314 de l'Assemblée générald ees
Nations Unies du 14décembre1974et de lajurisprudence de la
Cour internationale de Justice, en violation de l'article 2,para-
graphe 4, de la Charte des Nations Unies;

6) de même,l'Ouganda viole continuellement les conventions de
Genèvede 1949etleursprotocoles additionnels de 1977,bafouant
ainsi les règlesélémentairesdu droit international humanitaire
dans leszones de conflits, se rendant égalementcoupable de vio-
lations massives des droits de l'homme au méprisdu droit cou-
tumier le plus élémentaire;
c) plus spécifiquement, en s'emparant par la force du barrage
hydroélectrique d'lnga, et en provoquant volontairement des
coupures électriques régulièreset importantes, au mépris du
prescrit de l'article 56 du protocole additionnel de 1977,
l'Ouganda s'est rendu responsable de très lourdes pertes hu-
maines dans la ville de Kinshasa forte de 5 millions d'habitants
et alentour;
d) en abattant à Kindu, le 9 octobre 1998,un Boeing727, propriété
de la compagnie Congo Airlines, et en provoquant ainsi la mort

de quarante personnes civiles, l'Ouganda a également violé
la convention relative à l'aviation civile internationale du 7 dé-
cembre 1944 signée à Chicago, la convention de La Haye du
16décembre1970pour la répressionde la capture illicited'aéro-
nefs et la convention de Montréal du 23 septembre 1971pour la
répressiond'actes illicites dirigéscontre la sécuritéde l'aviation
civile.
En conskquence, et conformément uu.uobligations juridiques inter-

nationules susmentionnPes, dive et juger que :
1) toute force armée ougandaise participant à l'agression doit quit-
ter sans délai le territoire de la République démocratique du
Congo ;
2) l'Ouganda a l'obligation de faire en sorte que ses ressortissants,the cessation of the acts of aggression directed against it, which constitute
a serious threat to peace and security in central Africa in general and in
the Great Lakes region in particular", and that it "also seeks reparation
for acts of intentional destruction and looting. and the restitution of
national property and resources appropriated for the benefit of Uganda" ;

7. Whereas the Congo concludes its Application with the following
submissions :

"Consequently, and whilst reserving the right to supplement and
amplify the present request in the course of the proceedings, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo requests the Court to:

Adjudge und dec1rr.c.tliuf:
((1) Uganda is guilty of an act of aggression within the meaning of
Article 1 of resolution 3314 of the General Assembly of the

United Nations of 14 December 1974 and of the jurisprudence
of the International Courtof Justice, contrary to Article2, para-
graph 4, of the United Nations Charter;
(b) further. Uganda is committing repeated violations of the
Geneva Conventions of 1949and their Additional Protocols of
1977, in flagrant disregard of the elementary rules of interna-

tional humanitarian law in conflict zones, and is also guilty of
massive human rights violations in defiance of the most basic
customary law;
(cj more specifically, by taking forcible possession of the Inga
hydroelectric dam, and deliberately and regularly causing

massive electrical power cuts, in violation of the provisions of
Article 56 of the Additional Protocol of 1977. Uganda has
rendered itself responsible for very heavy losses of life among
the 5 million inhabitants of the city of Kinshasa and the sur-
rounding area;
(dj by shooting down, on 9 October 1998 at Kindu, a Boeing 727

the property of Congo Airlines, thereby causing the death of
40 civilians, Uganda has also violated the Convention on Inter-
national Civil Aviation signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944,
the Hague Convention of 16 December 1970 for the Suppres-
sion of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the Montreal Conven-
tion of 23 September 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful

Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation.

Consrqurntly, und pursuunt to tlze aforrmrntion~r/ internutionul

Iegul obligations, to udjudgc und dec1ur.etlzut:
(1) al1 Ugandan armed forces participating in acts of aggression
shall forthwith vacate the territory of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo;

(2) Uganda shall secure the immediate and unconditional with- tant personnes physiques que morales, se retirent immédiatement
et sans condition du territoire congolais;
3) la République démocratique du Congo a droit a obtenir de
l'Ouganda le dédommagement de tous les pillages, destructions,
déportations de biens et de personnes et autres méfaitsqui sont
imputables a l'Ouganda et pour lesquels la Républiquedémocra-
tique du Congo se réservele droit de fixer ultérieurement une
évaluation précisedes préjudices,outre la restitution des biens
emportés »;

8. Considérant que, le 23juin 1999,le greffiera notifié,par télécopie et
par lettre, le dépôt de cette requêteau Gouvernement ougandais, et
qu'une copie certifiéeconforme lui en a ététransmise; que, conformé-
ment au paragraphe 3 de I'article 40 du Statut et a l'article 42du Règle-
ment, des copies de la requêteont été transmisesaux Membres des
Nations Unies, par l'entremise du Secrétairegénéral,ainsi qu'aux autres
Etats admis à ester devant la Cour; et que, par une ordonnance du
21 octobre 1999, la Cour a fixéau 21juillet 2000et au 21 avril 2001 les
dates d'expiration des délaispour le dépôtdu mémoiredu Congo et du
contre-mémoirede I'Ouganda, respectivement;

9. Considérant que, le 19juin 2000, leCongo a présenté à la Cour une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires en invoquant I'article
41 du Statut de la Cour et les articles3, 74 et 75 de son Règlement; et
considérant que, dans cette demande, le Congo, se référantau para-
graphe 4 de I'article4 du Règlement, a prié aussile présidentde la Cour
d'exercer le pouvoir qui lui est conférépar cette disposition d'inviter la
Républiquede I'Ouganda à ((agir de manièreque toute ordonnance de la
Cour sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse
avoir les effets voulus»;
10. Considérant que, dans cette demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, le Congo expose que:

«[d]epuis le 5 juin dernier, la reprise des combats opposant les
troupes arméesde la République de l'Ouganda à une autre armée
étrangère ont causé desdommages considérables à la République
démocratique du Congo et à sa population));
qu'il indique que« [clesagissements ont fait l'objet d'une condamnation

unanime, y compris par le Conseil de sécuritéde l'ONU»; qu'il soutient
que
<<[e]ndépit de la formulation de promesses et de déclarations de
principe, la République de l'Ouganda a poursuivi sa politique
d'agression, ses interventions armées brutales, ses exactions et ses
pillages

et que «[c]'est d'ailleurs la troisième guerre de Kisangani, après celle
d'août 1999 et de mai 2000, que la République de l'Ouganda a
déclenchée...»; etqu'il observe en outre que ces faits «ne constituent drawal from Congolese territory of its nationals, both natural
and legal persons;
(3) the Democratic Republic of the Congo is entitled to compensa-
tion from Uganda in respect of al1acts of looting, destruction,
removal of property and persons and other unlawful acts attrib-
utable to Uganda, in respect of which the Democratic Republic

of the Congo reserves the right to determine at a later date the
precise amount of the damage suffered, in addition to its claim
for the restitution of al1property removed";
8. Whereas on 23 June 1999 the Registrar notified the Ugandan Gov-

ernment, by facsimile and by letter, of the filing of that Application, and
a certified copy of the Application was transmitted to that Government;
whereas, in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute and
Article 42 of the Rules of Court. copies of the Application were trans-
mitted to the Members of the United Nations through the Secretary-
General, as well as to the other States entitled to appear before the

Court; and whereas, by an Order of 21 October 1999, the Court fixed
21 July 2000 and 21 April 2001 as the time-limits for the filing, respec-
tively, of the Memorial of the Congo and the Counter-Memorial of
Uganda ;
9. Whereas on 19 June 2000 the Congo submitted to the Court a
request for the indication of provisional measures, citing Article 41 of the

Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court;
and whereas in that request the Congo, citing Article 74, paragraph 4, of
the Rules of Court, also asked the President of the Court to exercise the
power conferred upon him by that paragraph to "cal1 upon the Republic
of Uganda to act in such a way as will enable any order the Court may
make on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate
effects";

10. Whereas in this request for the indication of provisional measures
the Congo States that :
"[slince 5 June last, the resumption of fighting between the armed

troops of the Republic of Uganda and another foreign army has
caused substantial damage to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
and to its population";

whereas the Congo points out that "[tlhese actions have been unani-
mously condemned, in particular by the United Nations Security Coun-
cil"; whereas it contends that
"[dlespite promises and declarations of principle, the Republic of

Uganda has pursued its policy of aggression, brutal armed attacks
and acts of oppression and looting",

and that "[tlhis is, moreover, the third Kisangani war, coming after those
of August 1999 and May 2000 and having been instigated by the Repub-
lic of Uganda .. .";and whereas the Congo further observes that thesequ'un épisode supplémentaireattestant de l'intervention militaire et para-
militaire et de l'occupation que la République de l'Ouganda a entamées
en août 1998))et ((traduisent tout particulièrement les conflits entre les
forces étrangères qui se livrent au pillage organisé des ressources natu-
relles et des biens et équipements de la République démocratique du

Congo » ;
11. Considérant que, dans ladite demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, le Congo fait valoir que <[clhaque jour qui passe cause a
la République démocratique du Congo et à ses habitants un préjudice
grave et irréparable)) et qu'il est «urgent que les droits de la République
démocratique du Congo soient garantis conformément a la Charte des

Nations Unies et au Statut de la Cour»;
12. Considérant que le Congo ajoute que sa demande «se greffe direc-
tement sur le différend qu'[il] a porté))devant la Cour, dont «[l]a com-
pétence pvinlclfucir ...ne saurait faire de doute));
13. Considérant qu'au terme de sa demande le Congo prie la Cour
d'indiquer d'urgence les mesures conservatoires suivantes:

<(1) le Gouvernement de la République de I'Ouganda doit ordonner
à son armée de se retirer immédiatement et complètement de
Kisangani ;
2) le Gouvernement de la République de I'Ouganda doit ordonner
à son armée d'arrêterimmédiatement tout combat ou activité

militaire sur le territoire de la République démocratique du
Congo, de se retirer immédiatement et complètement de ce ter-
ritoire, et doit cesser immédiatement de fournir, directement ou
indirectement, tout appui a tout Etat ou tout groupe, organisa-
tion, mouvement ou individu se livrant ou se disposant à se
livrer à des activités militaires sur le territoire de la République

démocratique du Congo;
3) le Gouvernement de la République de I'Ouganda doit prendre
toutes les mesures en son pouvoir pour que les unités, forcesou
agents qui relèvent ou pourraient relever de son autorité. qui
bénéficientou pourraient bénéficierde son appui, ainsi que les
organisations ou personnes qui pourraient se trouver sous son

contrôle, son autorité ou son influence, cessent immédiatement
de commettre ou d'inciter a commettre des crimes de guerre ou
toute autre exaction ou acte illicite à l'encontre de toutes les
personnes sur le territoire de la République démocratique du
Congo;
4) le Gouvernement de la République de l'Ouganda doit cesser

immédiatement tout acte ayant pour but ou pour effet d'inter-
rompre, d'entraver ou de gênerdes actions visant à faire béné-
ficier la population des zones occupées de leurs droits fonda-
mentaux de la personne, en particulier a la santéet a l'éducation;

5) le Gouvernement de la République de l'Ouganda doit cesser ARMED ACTlVlTIES (ORDER 1 VI1 00) 115

acts "represent just one further episode constituting evidence of the mili-
tary and paramilitary intervention, and of occupation, commenced by
the Republic of Uganda in August 1998", and "reflect in particular the
conflicts between the foreign forces engaged in organized looting of
the natural resources and the assets and equipment of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo";
11. Whereas in the request for the indication of provisional measures

the Congo argues that "each passing day causes to the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo and its inhabitants grave and irreparable prejudice", and
that it is "urgent that the rights of the Democratic Republic of theCongo
be safeguarded in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and
the Statute of the Court";
12. Whereas the Congo adds that its request "is a direct outgrowth of

the dispute which it brought" before the Court, and that "[tlhere can be
no doubt as to the prima facie jurisdiction of the Court";
13. Whereas at the conclusion of its request the Congo asks the Court
to indicate as a matter of urgency the following provisional measures:

"(1) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must order its
army to withdraw immediately and completely from Kisan-

gani ;
(2) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must order its
army to cease forthwith al1fighting or military activity on the
territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and to with-
draw immediately and completely from that territory. and must
forthwith desist from providing any direct or indirect support

to any State, group, organization, movement or individual
engaged or preparing to engage in military activities on the ter-
ritory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

(3) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must take al1
measures in its power to ensure that units, forces or agents

which are or could be under its authority, or which enjoy or
could enjoy its support, together with organizations or persons
which could be under its control, authority or influence, desist
forthwith from committing or inciting the commission of war
crimes or any other oppressive or unlawful act against al1per-
sons on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

(4) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must forthwith
discontinue any act having the aim or effect of disrupting,
interfering with or hampering actions intended to give the
population of the occupied zones the benefit of their funda-
mental human rights, and in particular their rights to health

and education;
(5) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must cease forth- immédiatement toute exploitation illégaledes ressources natu-
relles de la République démocratiquedu Congo, ainsi que tout
transfert illégalde biens. d'équipementsou de personnes à des-
tination de son territoire;
6) le Gouvernement de la Républiquede l'Ouganda doit doréna-
vant respecter pleinement le droit la souveraineté,à I'indépen-
dance politique età l'intégritéterritoriale que possèdela Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo, ainsi que les droits et libertés
fondamentales que possèdent toutes les personnes sur le terri-
toire de la République démocratiquedu Congo.

En tout étatde cause, la République démocratiquedu Congo se
permet de rappeler respectueusement à la Cour les pouvoirs qui lui
sont conféréspar les articles 41 de son Statut et 75 de son Regle-
ment, qui l'autorisent en l'espèce a indiquer toutes les mesures
conservatoires qu'elle estimerait nécessairesen vue de mettre finla
situation intolérable qui perdure en République démocratique du
Congo, et en particulier dans la régionde Kisangani));

14. Considérant que, dèsréceptiondu texte de la demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires, le greffier, conformément au para-
graphe 2 de l'article 73 du Règlement, ena fait tenir une copie certifiée
conforme au Gouvernement ougandais; et que le greffier a également
informé le Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies du
dépôt de la demande;
15. Considérant que, par des lettres en date du 19juin 2000, le prési-
dent de la Cour s'est adresséaux Parties dans les termes suivants:

((Agissant conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 4 de
l'article 74 du Règlementde la Cour, j'appelle par la présenteatten-
tion des deux Parties sur la nécessitéd'agir de manière que toute
ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires puisse avoir les effetsoulus»;

16. Considérant que, par des lettres en date du 20juin 2000, le greffier
a informé les Parties que la Cour avait fixéau 26 juin 2000 la date
d'ouverture de la procédureorale prévueau paragraphe 3 de I'article 74
du Règlement,au cours de laquelle elles pourraient présenter leurs obser-
vations sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires;

17. Considérant qu'aux audiences publiques tenues les 26 et 28 juin
2000 des observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ont étéprésentées:

uu noil?du Congo:

par Me Michel Lion, ugcnt,
S. Exc. M. She Okitundu,
M. Ntumba Luaba,
M. Olivier Corten; with al1 illegal exploitation of the natural resources of the

Democratic Republic of the Congo and al1 illegal transfer of
assets. equipment or persons to its territory;

(6) the Government of the Republic of Uganda must henceforth
respect in full the right of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo to sovereignty, political independence and territorial

integrity, and the fundamental rights and freedoms of al1per-
sons on the territory of the Democratic Republic of theCongo.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo would, at al1 events,

respectfully remind the Court of the powers conferred upon it by
Article 41 of its Statute and Article 75 of the Rules of Court,
which authorize it in the present case to indicate al1such provisional
measures as it may deem necessary in order to bring to an end the
intolerable situation which continues to obtain in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, and in particular in the Kisangani region";

14. Whereas, immediately upon receiving the text of the request for
the indication of provisional measures, the Registrar transmitted a certi-
fied copy thereof to the Agent of Uganda, in accordance with Article 73,

paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas the Registrar also noti-
fied the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of the
request ;
15. Whereas, by letters dated 19 June 2000, the President of the Court
addressed the parties in the following terms:

"Acting in conformity with Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules
of Court, 1hereby draw the attention of both Parties to the need to
act in such a way as to enable any Order the Court will make on the

request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects";

16. Whereas, by letter dated 20 June 2000, the Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had designated 26 June 2000 as the date for the
opening of the hearings provided for in Article 74, paragraph 3, of the
Rules of Court, at which they would have the opportunity to present
their observations on the request for the indication of provisional
measures ;
17. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 26 and 28 June 2000, oral

observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented :

On belluIf'of'the Congo:
by Mr. Michel Lion, Agent,
H.E. Mr. She Okitundu,

Mr. Ntumba Luaba,
Mr. Olivier Corten;au non1 de I'Ougundcl:
par S. Exc. l'honorable Bart M. Katureebe, agent,
M. Ian Brownlie,

M. Paul S. Reichler;

18. Considérant qu'à l'audience le Congo a réitérépour l'essentiel
l'argumentation développéedans sa requête etsa demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires; qu'il a observé que l'article 41 du Statut
confère «un pouvoir d'appréciation considérable à la Cour, en prévoyant

qu'ellepeut indiquer des mesures conservatoires)) etque «[I]a seule condi-
tion explicitement énoncéeest que les circonstances exigent l'adoption de
telles mesures)); qu'il a exposé que «tel était indéniablement le cas en
l'espèce eu égard à l'extrêmegravité de la situation ... sur le terrain)),
caractériséepar la présence militaire et paramilitaire de l'arméeougan-
daise sur le territoire congolais, des affrontements répétésntre les forces

armées de l'Ouganda et celles d'un autre pays voisin dans la ville de
Kisangani, la persistance et l'aggravation des rivalitéséconomiques pour
la mainmise sur les richesses du Congo, ainsi que la persistance et I'aggra-
vation des exactions touchant directement la population civile;

19. Considérant qu'à I'audience le Congo. se référant à la jurispru-

dence de la Cour, a préciséque les conditions d'urgence et de risque de
dommage irréparable auxquelles est subordonnée l'indication de mesures
conservatoires étaient réunies en l'espèce; qu'il anotamment exposéque
((chaque jour qui passe, le territoire de la République démocratique du
Congo continue d'être occupés,es ressources et ses biens font l'objet d'un
pillage organisé, ses habitants sont enlevés, blessésou tués», qu'«il est

difficile d'imaginer dommage plus ((irréparable)) que celui-là)), et
qu'«[a]ucune restitution, indemnité ou prestation matérielle quelconque
ne pourra entièrement réparer la mort, la souffrance et l'humiliation que
subissent quotidiennement la République démocratique du Congo et ses
habitants)); qu'il a ajouté que <<[l]orsqu'unconflit armé se développeet
met en danger non seulement les droits et intérêtsde I'Etat, mais aussi la

vie de ses habitants, l'urgence des mesures conservatoires et le caractère
irréparable du dommage ne sauraient faire de doute»; et qu'il a fait
valoir que, «dans deux affaires récentes,la vied'u~ seul individu a justifié
l'indication de mesures tendant à éviterque l'irréparable ne se produise))
et qu'«[à] fortiori [il faut] d'urgence indiquer des mesures lorsque ... ce
sont des centaines, voire des milliers de personnes qui sont condamnées à

une mort certaine...));
20. Considérant que le Congo a par ailleurs observéque «la circons-
tance que certaines hautes autorités ougandaises aient officiellement
déclaré accepter de retirer leurs troupes de la région de Kisangani et
qu'une amorce de retrait ait effectivement eu lieu n'est ... nullement
de nature à remettre en cause)) la nécessitéd'indiquer d'urgence desOn belluij ofUgundu :
by H.E. Bart M. Katureebe. Agent,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Mr. Paul S. Reichler;

18. Whereas at the hearings the Congo essentially reiterated the line of
argument developed in its Application and in its request for the indica-
tion of ~rovisional measures: whereas it observed that Article 41 of the
Statute confers "a substantial power of discretion on the Court, by pro-
viding that it rriuy indicate provisional measures" and that "[tlhe only
condition expressly laid down is that the circumstances should requirc the

adoption of such measures"; whereas the Congo asserted that "this was
undeniably so in the present case having regard to the extreme gravity of
the situation on the ground", which was characterized by the military
and paramilitary presence of the Ugandan army on Congolese territory,
repeated clashes between the armed forces of Uganda and those of
another neighbouring country in the city of ~isangani, the persistence
and aggravation of economic rivalry aimed at the seizure of the wealth of

the Congo. and the persistence and aggravation of acts of oppression
directly affecting the civilian population;
19. Whereas at the hearings the Congo, citing the Court's jurispru-
dence, argued more particularly that the requirements of urgency and of
the risk of irreparable damage, conditions precedent for the indication of
provisional measures, were satisfied in the present case; whereas it stated

intcr uliu that "each passing day, the territory of the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo continues to be occupied, its resources and assets are
systematically plundered, its inhabitants abducted, injured or killed".
that "it is difficult to conceive of damage more 'irreparable' than this",
and that "[nlo form of material restitution, compensation or redress can
fully make good the deaths, suffering and humiliation undergone daily by
the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its inhabitants"; whereas it

added that "[wlhen an armed conflict develops and endangers not only
the rights and interests of the State but also the lives of its inhabitants,
the urgency of provisional measures and the irreparable nature of the
damage cannot be in doubt"; and whereas it pointed out that, "in two
recent cases, the life of u si~~gleindividual justified the indication of
measures intended to avert an irreparable event" and that "[a]jiwtiori,

measures should be indicated as a matter of urgency in circumstances
where . . . hundreds, if not thousands, of persons are being condemned
to certain death . . .";
20. Whereas the Congo further observed that "the fact that certain
Ugandan high authorities have officially stated that they agree to with-
draw their forces from the Kisangani region and that the beginnings of a
withdrawal have in fact taken place can . . . in no way cal1into question"

the need for the indication of measures as a matter of urgency, and thatmesures, et que «ces déclarations ne vis[aient] ... [pas]l'ensemble du terri-
toire congolais)); et qu'il a soutenu au surplus que, conformément à la
jurisprudence de la Cour, «l'existence d'engagements par lesquels
l'une ou l'autre Partie accepterait de mettre immédiatement fin aux actes
qui sont a la base de la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
n'empêche pasla Cour d'accéder à celle-ci));

21. Considérant qu'A l'audience le Congo a également soutenu qu'il
existait«un lien adéquat entre les mesures demandées et les droits pro-
tégés));qu'il a exposé, sur la base d'une comparaison du texte de la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires et de celui de la requête
introductive d'instance, que les ((catégories de fait visées sont sem-
blables)) et que les ((règlesde droit applicables sont similaires));et qu'il

a préciséce qui suit:

«Pour autant, et a ce stade préliminaire de la demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires, la République démocratique du
Congo ne demande pas a la Cour de condamner l'Ouganda, de lui
réclamer une indemnité au titre de réparation due, ou mêmede

déclarer, en tout cas dans le dispositif de la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, que l'Ouganda a violéle droit internatio-
nal. Le retrait des troupes, ou la fin du soutien aux forces irrégulié-
res, sont prescrites non en tant que conséquences du constat de la
violation préalable du droit international par l'Ouganda, mais seu-
lement en tant que mesures préservant les droits de la République

démocratique du Congo jusqu'a ce que la Cour ait pu trancher le
différend sur le fond. Dans ces conditions, les demandes formulées
correspondent, mutcrtis mutandis, a celles que la Cour a indiquées
dans d'autres précédentsqui ne sont pas sans rapport avec la pré-
sente espèce, qu'ils'agissede I'affaire des Activités militaires, Dif
ferend frontalier, du Génocide,ou encore de la Frontière terrestre et

maritime));

22. Considérant qu'a l'audience le Congo a en outre alléguéque la
Cour a compétence primu facie «pour connaître du différend qui fait
l'objet de la requête))compte tenu des déclarations d'acceptation de sa

juridiction obligatoire déposées par les deux Parties; et qu'il a ajoutéà ce
sujet ce qui suit:

«Dans l'affaire des Actii,itt.s militaires, la Cour a affirmésa com-
pétence prima Jucie précisémentparce qu'elle était en présence de
deux déclarations d'acceptation déposéesen application de l'article
36, paragraphe 2, de son Statut, alors que l'une de ces déclarations

(celle du Nicaragua) voyait sa validitécontestée et que l'autre (celle
des Etats-Unis) contenait une réserve directement pertinente pour
l'affaire en question (C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 180,par. 26). La Cour à
fortiori doit affirmer sa compétence prinlu ,fucie dans notre affaire
puisqu'on est en présence de deux déclarations dont la validité ne"these statements [did not] concern . . . the whole of Congolese terri-
tory"; and whereas it pointed out, moreover, that, under the Court's
jurisprudence, "the existence of obligations whereby one or other Party

agrees to put an immediate end to the acts underlying the request for the
indication of provisional measures does not prevent the Court from
acceding to that request";
21. Whereas at the hearings the Congo also contended that there was
"a sufficient connection between the measures requested and the rights
protected"; whereas it stated, on the basis of a comparison of the text for

the request of the indication of provisional measures with that of the
Application instituting the proceedings, that the "categories ofact referred
to are similar" and that the "rules of law applicable are similar", arguing
more particularly as follows:

"However, at this preliminary stageof a request for the indication
of provisional measures, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
not asking the Court to condemn Uganda, to require it to pay com-
pensation by way of reparation, or even to declare - at any event
not in the operative part of the order for the indication of provi-

sional measures - that Uganda has violated international law. The
withdrawal of troops, or the ending of support for irregular armed
groups, are required not as consequences of a finding that Uganda
has violated international law, but simply as measures preserving the
rights of the Democratic Republic of the Congo until the Court is
able to decide the dispute on the merits. Under such conditions, the

requests made correspond, mutatis mutandis, to those which the
Court has indicated in other precedents which are not without rele-
vance to the present case, such as those in the Military Actiilities,
Frontier Dispute and Genocidt cases. or in the Lund und Muritinle
Bounclc~rycase" :

22. Whereas at the hearings the Congo further contended that the
Court has prima facie jurisdiction "to entertain the dispute which is the
subject-matter of the Application", having regard to the declarations of

acceptance of its compulsory jurisdiction deposited by the two Parties;
and whereas in this regard it added the following:

"In the Militury Activities case, the Court found that it had prima
facie jurisdiction precisely because it was dealing with two declara-
tions of acceptance deposited under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its

Statute, even though the validity of one of these declarations (that of
Nicaragua) had been challenged and the other (that of the United
States) contained a reservation which was directly pertinent to the
case concerned (I. C.J. Reports 1984, p. 18 1,para. 26). A fortiori, the
Court must hold itself to have prima faciejurisdiction in the present

case. since it is dealing with two declarations whose validity is saurait faire de doute et qui ne contiennent aucune réservequi serait
susceptible d'empêcherla Cour d'exercer sajuridiction));

23. Considérant qu'à l'audience le Congo a enfin indiqué qu'«[a]ucun
élémenttirédu contexte politique et diplomatiquequi entoure la présente
affaire n'est susceptible d'empêcherla Cour de prendre les mesures que

les circonstances exigent)); qu'il a fait état de ce que <<leConseil de sécu-
rité aadopté une résolution - la résolution 1304du 16juin 2000 - dans
laquelle il a exigéque I'Ouganda retire ses troupes non seulement de
Kisangani mais aussi de l'ensemble du territoire congolais, et ceci sans
plus tarder»; qu'il a exposéque «[l]e retrait des troupes ougandaises ...

est en substance ce que le Congo demande à la Cour d'indiquer, non pas
en tant que mesure politique visant au maintien de la paix et de la sécu-
ritéinternationales mais sur un plan judiciaire)); et que, se référantà la
jurisprudence de la Cour, il a observé qu'a [o]n ne peut cependant tirer de
cette compétence parallèle du Conseil et de la Cour un obstacle quel-

conque à l'exercice par celle-ci de sa juridiction)); et considérant que le
Congo, rappelant que la résolution 1304 «ne vise pas uniquement
I'Ouganda, mais aussi le Rwanda», a relevéque «si. le 23juin 1999,trois
requêtesdistinctes ont étédéposées,dont une contre I'Ouganda, et l'autre
contre le Rwanda, c'est uniquement à l'encontre de I'Ouganda que la

République démocratique du Congo a estiméopportun d'introduire une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires»; qu'il a observéque
«[cles circonstances particulières ne sont évidemment pas de nature à
empêcherla Cour d'indiquer les mesures conservatoires qui font l'objet
de la présenteinstance)); qu'il a préciséqu'«[il1ne s'agit pas de demander

à la Cour d'enjoindre à un Etat non partie a l'instance d'adopter un com-
portement donné)); et qu'il a ajouté ce qui suit:
((La Cour peut donc parfaitement se prononcer sur une demande

qui concerne spécifiquementet exclusivement I'Etat ougandais même
si, proprio rl7otude sa propre initiative, il ne serait pas exclu, si elle
l'estime opportun, qu'elle indique par ailleurs des mesures conserva-
toires A l'encontre d'autres Etats dans le cadre d'autres différends
juridiques, pourvu que ces différendsjuridiques relèvent de sa com-

pétence prinzrrjucie );

24. Considérant qu'ë l'audience l'Ouganda a expliqué cequi suit:

«Les forces congolaises qui ont renversé le président Mobutu
en mai 1997 étaient menéespar M. Kabila, l'actuel président. Au
débutdes combats, l'arméedu président Mobutu abandonna l'est du

Congo, n'y laissant aucune présence ni autorité du gouvernement
central. A l'invitation de M. Kabila, les forces ougandaises péné-
trèrent dans la régionest du Congo pour collaborer avec son armée
en vue de mettre fin aux activitésdes rebelles anti-ougandais. unquestioned and which contain no reservation which might prevent
the Court from exercising its jurisdiction";

23. Whereas at the hearings the Congo stated finally that "[tlhere is
nothing in the political and diplomatie context of the present case which
might prevent the Court from taking the measures which the circum-

stances require"; whereas it pointed out that "the Security Council has
adopted a resolution - resolution 1304 of 16 June 2000 - in which it
was demanded that Uganda withdraw its forces not only from Kisangani
but from al1 Congolese territory, without further delay"; whereas it
observed that "[tlhe withdrawal of Ugandan forces is in substance what

the Congo is asking the Court to indicate, not as a political measure with
a view to the maintenance of international peace and security, but as a
judicial measure"; and whereas, referring to the Court's jurisprudence, it
argued that "[ilt is not. however, possible to derive from these parallel
powers of the Security Council and of the Court any bar to the exercise

by the latter of its jurisdiction"; and whereas, recalling that resolution
1304 "does not concern Uganda alone, but also Rwanda", the Congo
pointed out that "although on 23 June 1999 three separate Applications
were filed, one of them against Uganda, another against Rwanda, it is
only in respect of Uganda that the Democratic Republic of the Congo
has considered it appropriate to submit a request for the indication of

provisional measures"; whereas it observed that "[tlhese particular cir-
cumstances are clearly not such as would prevent the Court from indi-
cating the provisional measures which are the subject-matter of the
present proceedings": and whereas it explained that "[tlhe Court [was]
not being asked to enjoin a State not party to the proceedings to follow

a particular course of conduct", adding the following:
"The Court is accordingly Sullyentjtled to rule on a request which

concerns the State of Uganda specifically and exclusively, even
though it is not precluded, should it see fit, from indicating proprio
motu, on its own initiative, provisional measures directed at other
States in the context of other legal disputes, provided that such legal
disputes fall within its prima faciejurisdiction":

24. Whereas at the hearings Uganda gave the following account of
events:

"The Congolese forces that overthrew President Mobutu in May
1997 were led by Mr. Kabila, the current President. At the outbreak
of the fighting, President Mobutu's army abandoned Eastern Congo,
leaving no central governmental presence or authority. At the invita-
tion of Mr. Kabila, Ugandan forces entered Eastern Congo to work

in collaboration with his forces to arrest the activities of the anti-
Uganda rebels. Les forces ougandaises restèrent dans la région est du Congo
après que M. Kabila fut devenu président en mai 1997, toujours à
l'invitation de celui-ci. Le gouvernement central de Kinshasa, qui
était occupéà créer une nouvelle armée et une nouvelle police,

n'étaitpas capable d'exercer l'autoritédans cette régionlointaine du
pays. L'arrangement ainsi conclu avec le président Kabila fut
consigné par un accord écrit daté du 27 avril 1998, qui reconnaît
expressément l'existencede bandes arméesmenant des activitésmili-
taires de part et d'autre de la frontière ougando-congolaise, et qui

prévoit que les forces arméesougandaises et congolaises agiront de
concert en République démocratique du Congo pour mettre fin à
leurs activités;)

qu'il a ajouté que «[l]'Ouganda n'a aucun d'intérêt territorialen Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo)), qu'<<[il1 y a un vide politique complet
dans la région estdu Congo)) et qu'«il n'y a personne d'autre pour conte-
nir les rebelles anti-ougandais ou garantir la sécuritéde la frontière

ougandaise »; et considérant qu'à l'audience I'Ouganda a soutenu ce qui
suit :

«Au moment où a été déposéà e la Cour la requête introductive
d'instance du 23 juin 1999, le Gouvernement de l'Ouganda et le
Gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo étaient
d'ores et déjà, avec d'autres parties au conflit, en train de participer
activement à des négociations directes visant à résoudrece conflit et

à mettre en place un cadre de paix pour la région.Cet objectif a été
finalement réaliséquand I'accord de Lusaka a étésigné... Pour
l'Ouganda par conséquent, toutes les initiatives visant à trouver
d'autres modes de solution du différendprocèdent de la mauvaise foi
et sont finalement des moyens de saper tout le processus de paix));

qu'il a préciséque «[d]e son côté, [il] a cherchéà remplir toutes les obli-
gations lui incombant en vertu de I'accord de Lusaka)), et que, (([s'l'agis-
sant des événementsde Kisangani, l'Ouganda s'est pleinement conformé

aux résolutions de l'organisation des Nations Unies sur la question et a
retirétous ses soldats de la ville)); qu'il a affirméêtre ((disposéà retirer
toutes ses troupes du territoire de la Républiquedémocratique du Congo,
conformément à l'accord de Lusaka et aux résolutions pertinentes du
Conseil de sécuritédes Nations Unies)); et qu'il a souligné que tout
retrait immédiat et unilatéral de ses troupes, tel que maintenant sollicité

par le Congo, serait fondamentalement contraire à I'accord de Lusaka et
à I'accord de désengagement de Kampala aux termes desquels le Congo
lui-même aconvenu que «le retrait des forces étrangères[de son terri-
toire] se ferait selon un calendrier précis eten fonction de la survenance
d'une sériede faits biens déterminés));
25. Considérant qu'à l'audience l'Ouganda a également fait valoir que

«[t]ant ladite requête que ladite demande reposent sur des allégations
absurdes que n'étaye pas le moindre élémentde preuve présentéà la Ugandan forces remained in Eastern Congo after Mr. Kabila
became President in May 1997, again at his invitation. The central

Government in Kinshasa, which was in the process of creating a new
army and a police force, had no capability to exercise authority in
this remote region of the country. This arrangement with President
Kabila was formalized by written agreement dated 27 April 1998. . .
This agreement expressly recognizes the existence of armed irregu-
lars conducting military activities across the UgandanICongolese

border, and it provides for joint action by Ugandan and Congolese
armed forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to stop
them" ;

whereas it added that "Uganda has no territorial interests in the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo", that "[tlhere is a complete political

vacuum in Eastern Congo" and that "[tlhere is no one else to restrain the
anti-Uganda rebels or guarantee the security of Uganda's border"; and
whereas at the hearings Uganda stated:

"At the time of lodgingthe Application on 23 June 1999,the Gov-
ernment of Uganda and the Government of the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo, along with other parties to the conflict, were

already actively involved in direct negotiations aimed at resolving
the conflict and establishing a framework for peace in the region.
This was eventually achieved when the Lusaka Agreement was signed
. . . Uganda therefore views any moves to seek alternative ways of
solving the dispute asan act of bad faith and ultimately as a form of
undermining the entire peace process" ;

whereas it explained that "on its part, [it] has endeavoured to fulfil al1its
obligations laid down in the Lusaka Agreement", and that "with respect
to the events in Kisangani, Uganda has fully complied with the United
Nations resolutions in the matter and completely withdrawn its troops
from the city"; whereas it stated itself "ready to withdraw al1its troops
from the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in accord-

ance with the Lusaka Agreement and in accordance with the relevant
resolutions of the United Nations Security Council"; and whereas it
stressed that any immediate and unilateral withdrawal of its forces, as
now being requested by the Congo, would be in fundamental conflict
with the Lusaka Agreement and the Kampala Disengagement Agree-
ment, under which the Congo itself agreed that "foreign forces would be

withdrawn Ifrom its territory] subject to a precise timetable and following
a sequence of defined events";
25. Whereas at the hearings Uganda also asserted that "both the
Application and the request for provisional measures are based on pre-
posterous allegations that are not backed by any evidence whatsoeverCour)); qu'il a ajouté qu'il n'est ((nullement en train de poster massive-
ment des soldats sur [sa] frontière commune avec la République démo-
cratique du Congo, ni sur aucune autre frontière quelconque avec les
Etats limitrophes)); et qu'il a en conséquence priéla Cour de

«rejeter la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, de
façon que les Parties puissent faire porter tous leurs efforts sur la
mise en Œuvre de la résolution du Conseil de sécuritéet l'exécution

des obligations découlant de I'accord de Lusaka qui est aujourd'hui
acceptésur le plan régionalet sur le plan international comme étant
le moyen le plus valable de mettre fin au conflit actuel dans la Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo »;

26. Considérant qu'A l'audience l'Ouganda a soutenu que, ((étant
donné les circonstances, la demande de la République démocratique du
Congo est irrecevable, et ce au motif que la Cour est empêchéeen droit
d'exercer ses pouvoirs en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut)); qu'il s'est référé
à cet égardaux ordonnances rendues par la Cour le 14avril 1992dans les
affaires desQuestions d'ir7trrpr6tationet d'(ipp1icutionde lu eunilentionde

Morztr&uIde 1971 r~;sultun~de 1I'inc.iu'.kfrienIArLockrrbie (Jumuliiri~vu
arabe libyenne c. Royuurne-U17i) (Jun~ulziriyuarabe libyenne c. Etuts-
Unisdu"Arn&riyue ;et qu'il a exposéque «[l]'objet de la demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires est identique, pour l'essentiel, aux ques-
tions abordées par la résolution [1304]du Conseil de sécuritédu 16juin
[2000]» et que «les principes invoqués par la Cour dans les affaires de
Lockcrhie de 1992 doivent ..s'appliquer));

27. Considérant qu'à I'audience l'Ouganda a fait valoir, k titre subsi-
diaire, que
((mêmesi la Cour avait une compétence prinzu Jbcie en vertu de

l'article 41, des préoccupations de réserve et de sagesse judiciaire
militent vigoureusement contre l'exercice du pouvoir discrétionnaire
de la Cour en matière d'indication de mesures conservatoires));

qu'il a observéque «la demande congolaise a le même objetque la réso-
lution du Conseil de sécurité)),que <<[l]'Ougandaaccepte la résolution
qui, en tout état de cause, a été adoptée conformément aux dispositions
du chapitre VI1 de la Charte et est donc contraignante)) et que, «[clonfor-
mément a la résolution, l'Ouganda a retiré toutes ses forces de Kisan-
gani)); et qu'il en a conclu que «la demande se trouve en pratique rendue
superflue));considérant que l'Ouganda a alléguéque «tous les Etats per-

tinents et les autres parties intéresséesont expressémentconsenti à ce que
le règlement des pendantes se fassë exclusivement en recourant
aux modalitésdéfiniespar I'accord de Lusaka et par le processus de paix
ultérieur)) et que <c[l]'accordde Lusaka représente, comme le reconnaît
effectivement la résolution du Conseil de sécurité,le mécanisme régional
pertinent pour assurer l'ordre public)); considérant que l'Ouganda a sou-
tenu que ((la Cour ne devrait pas indiquer de mesures conservatoires,

1'Etat demandeur ne s'étantpas conformé aux règles normales et néces- ARMED ACTIVITIES (ORDER 1 VI1 00) 121

before this Court", and that there was "no amassing of troops on Our
common border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo or on any
border with any of the neighbouring States"; and whereas in conse-
quence it asked the Court to

"reject the Application for interim measures so that the Parties can
concentrate on implementing the resolution of the Security Council
and in fulfilling their obligations under the Lusaka Agreement which

has gained regional and international acceptance as the most viable
means of ending the current conflict in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo";

26. Whereas at the hearings Uganda contended that "in the circum-
stances the request of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is inadmis-
sible, and this for the reason that as a matter of law the Court is pre-
vented from exercising its powers under Article 41 of the Statute";

whereas in this connection it referred to the Ordersmade by the Court on
14 April 1992 in the cases concerning Questiotzs of' Interprrtution utzd
Application of tlie 1971 Montrcul Conilention arising ,fiorn tlie Arriul
Incident crtLockcrhie (Lihjjun Aruh Jumr~hirij~u v. United Kingdotn) and
(Libyun Arub Jutnu/zirij'u V. Unit& Stufr.~(?f'At?zrriccr )and whereas it
argued that "the subject-matter of the request for interim measures is

essentially the same as the matters addressed by . . .Security Council
resolution [1304] of 16 June [2000]" and that "the principles invoked by
the Court in the Lockerhie cases of 1992 must . .. apply";
27. Whereas at the hearings Uganda argued in the alternative that

"even if the Court had a prima facie competence by virtue of
Article 41, there are concerns of propriety and judicial prudence
which strongly militate against the exercise of the discretion which
the Court has in the indication of interim measures";

whereas it pointed out that "the Congolese request has the same subject-
matter as the Security Council resolution", that "the Republic of Uganda

accepts the resolution which was, in any event, adopted in accordance
with Chapter VI1 of the Charter and is therefore binding", and that,
"pursuant to the resolution, the Republic of Uganda has withdrawn al1
its forces from Kisangani"; and whereas it accordingly concluded that
"the request has in practical terms been rendered redundant"; whereas
Uganda asserted that "al1the relevant States and other interested parties

have expressly agreed to the resolution of outstanding issues exclusively
by recourse to the modalities established by the Lusaka Agreement and
the subsequent peace process", and that "[tlhe Lusaka Agreement is the
relevant regional public order system and in the text of the Security
Council resolution this is effectively recognized"; whereas Uganda con-
tended that "the Court should not grant interim measures because
the requesting State has not complied with the normal and necessarysaires relatives a l'équitéde la procédure)); qu'il a indiquéque «[]]a Cour

n'a pas encore reçu le mémoire de 1'Etat demandeur)), que «[l]a requête
est bien entendu disponible ... mais [que] les allégations qu'elle contient
ne concernent pas l'Ouganda ou ses forces armées)),que «la demande
elle-mêmecomporte des lacunes sur des points de fond et n'est étayéepar

aucun élémentde preuve)) et que la ((notification voulue à 1'Etat défen-
deur» pose problème (demande présentéele 19juin 2000 et argumenta-
tion du Congo présentéele 26juin 2000); qu'il a exposé,((pour ce qui est
de l'équitéde la procédure)), que l'«Etat demandeur a jugé bon, dans
cette procédure, de réserverun traitement particulier iil'Ouganda», alors

que (([l'accordde Lusaka] a étésignépar six Etats qui sont tous - et non
uniquement l'Ouganda - liéspar les dispositions relatives au désenga-
gement)) et que ((la résolution du Conseil de sécuritédu 16juin demande
à «toutes les parties)) ...de mettre fin aux hostilitéset mentionne à plu-

sieurs reprises les forces rwandaises)); et qu'il s'est référé aussi au <<prin-
cipe de l'affaire de l'Or nzon6tuire));
28. Considérant qu'a I'audience l'Ouganda a soulignéque -tout-s les
actions ... [de ses] forces armées ...ont eté conformes aux principes de la
Charte des Nations Unies)); et qu'il a précisé,se référantà des ((activités

de bandes arméesopérant à partir du territoire congolais», qu'<c [e]n fai-
sant face à ces menaces à son intégrité territoriale et a sa sécurité,
l'Ouganda a agi conformément à l'article 51 de la Charte));
29. Considérant qu'à I'audience l'Ouganda a soutenu qu'il y avait

«absence de tout lien précisentre la demande et la revendication origi-
nelle)), celle-ci<(neport[ant] ... pas sur un conflit entre les forces armées
oug-ndaises et rwandaises)): et au'il a fait valoir aue «la demande
[congolaise ne] répond [pas] au critère d'urgence ou au risque de dom-
mage irréparable)) et qu'il ne peut «y avoir urgence alors que le Congo a

attendu près d'un an avant de déposer une plainte));
30. Considérant qu'a I'audience l'Ouganda a exposéque «l'accord de
Lusaka institue un mécanismeglobal pour assurer l'ordre public et ... a
étésignépar les chefs d'Etat de six pays africains et par les dirigeants de

trois groupes rebelles congolais)), et qu'«[il1 s'agit en conséquence d'un
accord international contraignant ... qui doit régir lesrelations entre les
parties au conflit dans la République démocratique du Congo, et au sein
de ces parties, et, en particulier, entre la République démocratique du
Congo et l'Ouganda»; qu'il a indiqué que «les parties a l'accord de

Lusaka, y compris la République démocratique du Congo et l'Ouganda,
continuent d'exprimer leur plein appui a l'accord...)) et que «[l]e Conseil
de sécuritéet le Secrétaire généralont déclaré à maintes reprises que
[ledit] accord ... constitue la seule voie viable pour instaurer la paix en

République démocratique du Congo, et pour instaurer la paix entre la
République démocratique du Congo et ses voisins...)); et qu'il a souligné
que les mesures conservatoires précisesque demande la Républiquedémo-
cratique du Congo sont en contradiction directe avec l'accord de Lusaka
et avec les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité - y compris la résolution

1304... - exigeant le respect de l'accord));standards of procedural fairness"; whereas it stated that "the Court has
not yet received the Memorial of the requesting State", that "[tlhe Applica-
tion is, of course, available ...but the allegations contained in the Appli-

cation have no relation to the Republic of Uganda or its armed forces",
that "the request itselfis deficient in substance and is unsupported by any
evidence", and that there is a problem of "adequate notice to the respon-
dent State" (request submitted on 19 June 2000, Congo's argument pre-
sented on 26 June 2000); whereas it made the point, "on the question of
procedural fairness", that the "requesting State has seen fit to single

out Uganda in these proceedings", although "[the Lusaka Agreement]
was signed by six States. al1of which are bound by the provisions for dis-
engagement, not just Uganda", and "the Security Council resolution of
16 June calls on 'al1parties' . . . to cease hostilities and makes several
references to the Rwandan forces"; and whereas Uganda referred also to

the principle of the Moneturll, Gold case";

28. Whereas at the hearings Uganda stressed that "any action . . . by
[its] armed forces . . . has been in accordance with the principles of the
United Nations Charter"; and whereas it explained, with reference to
"activities of armed bands operating from Congolese territory", that "[iln

responding to these threats to its territorial integrity and security, Uganda
acted by virtue of Article 51 of the Charter";
29. Whereas at the hearings Uganda argued that there was an "absence
of any clear link between the request and the original claim", as the latter
"[did] not . . . relate to any conflict between Ugandan and Rwandan
armed forces"; and whereas it asserted that "the [Congo's] request [fails

to satisfy] the requirement of urgency or the risk of irreparable damage"
and that there cannot "be an element of urgency after the Congo has
waited for almost a year before making a complaint";
30. Whereas at the hearings Uganda stated that "the Lusaka Agree-
ment is a comprehensive system of public order, signed by the Heads of

State of six African States and the leaders of three Congolese rebel
groups", and that "it is a binding international agreement that constitutes
the governing law between and among the parties to the conflict in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and between the Democratic Repub-
lic of the Congo and Uganda in particular"; whereas it maintained that
"the parties to the Lusaka Agreement, including the Democratic Repub-

lic of the Congo and Uganda, continue to express their full support
for the Agreement", and that "[tlhe Security Council and the Secretary-
General have repeatedly declared that [this] Agreement is the only viable
process for achieving peace within the Democratic Republic of the Congo
and for achieving peace between the Democratic Republic of the Congo

and its neighbours"; and whereas Uganda emphasized that "the specific
interim measures requested by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
directly conflict with the Lusaka Agreement, and with the Security Coun-
cil resolutions- including resolution 1304.. . - calling for implementa-
tion of the Agreement"; 31. Considérant qu'en réponseaux arguments avancéspar I'Ouganda,
le Congo, concernant la condition d'urgence, a fait valoir notamment
qu'«[i]l ne peut en aucun cas êtrefait référenceà une éventuelle absence
d'introduction d'une demande pour évoquerl'inexistence d'une urgence)),
et que ((Kisangani avait étéagressée ...à trois reprises...dont une ily a
quelques semaines, montr[ant] une fois de plus les dangers et les risques

irréparables qu'encouraient les habitants [du fait] d'une présencecontinue
d'armées étrangèressur le territoire [congolais]»; considérant que le
Congo, se référant à l'un des arguments tiréspar l'Ouganda de la résolu-
tion 1304du Conseil de sécurité, aindiquéqu'«on ne peut pas démontrer
une incompatibilité entre le texte de la résolution et le texte des deman-
des»; considérant que le Congo, s'agissant de l'argument ougandais rela-
tif à l'«absence du Rwanda», a observé, ense référantà la jurisprudence

de la Cour, qu'un Etat demandeur avait «la possibilité...d'isoler sur le
plan procédural une relation particulière avec un autre Etat)); et considé-
rant que le Congo, en réponseà l'argument ougandais afférentà l'accord
de Lusaka, a fait valoir que ledit accord «ne peu[t] en aucun cas contre-
dire [lesrèglesde l'interdiction du recours à la force, de l'interdiction de
l'agression et de l'occupation]» et «ne prévoi[t]que les modalités d'un

retrait mais ne peu[t], en aucun cas, transiger sur l'exigencedu retrait...));

32. Considérant que chacune des deux Parties a fait une déclaration
reconnaissant lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour conformément au para-
graphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour; que la déclaration de

l'Ouganda a étédéposéeauprès du Secrétaire générad l e l'Organisation
des Nations Unies le 3 octobre 1963et que celle du Congo (ex-Zaïre) l'a
étéle 8 février 1989; qu'aucune des deux déclarations ne comporte de
réserve; et que l'Ouganda a précisédans sa déclaration que celle-ci était
faite sous la seule condition de réciprocité;
33. Considérant qu'en présenced'une demande en indication de me-
sures conservatoires la Cour n'a pas besoin, avant de déciderd'indiquer

ou non de telles mesures de s'assurer d'une manière définitive qu'ellea
compétence quant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'elle ne peut cependant
indiquer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur
semblent pri~n ucie constituer une base sur laquelle la compétence
de la Cour pourrait être fondée;
34. Considérant que la Cour estime que les déclarations faites par les
Parties conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36de son Statut cons-

tituent prima Jiicie une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être
fondéeen l'espèce;

35. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, le Congo se réfère à la résolution 1304 (2000), adoptée par le 31. Whereas, in response to the arguments put forward by Uganda,
the Congo contended intcr aliu,with regard to the requirement of urgency,
that "at al1events. the fact that a reauest mav not have been submitted

cannot support a claim of lack of urgency", and pointed out that "the
three attacks on Kinsangani, one of them just weeks ago, have once again
demonstrated the dangers and irreparable risks to which its inhabitants
are exposed as a result of the continuing presence of foreign armies on
Congolese territory": whereas, as regards one of Uganda's arguments
deriving from Security Council resolution 1304, the Congo stated that

"no incompatibility can be shown between the text of the resolution and
the text of the requests"; whereas, as to Uganda's argument on the
"absence of Rwanda", the Congo observed, citing the Court's case-law,
that an applicant State is "entitled to isolate procedurally a specific rela-
tionship with another State"; and whereas, in response to Uganda's argu-
ment on the Lusaka Agreement, the Congo observed that this Agreement

"can in no circumstances negate [the rules on the prohibition of the use of
force and on the prohibition of aggression and of occupation]", and that
it "merely prescribes the procedures for a withdrawal but cannot in any
event compromise the requirement of withdrawal";

32. Whereas the two Parties have each made a declaration recognizing
the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute; whereas the declaration of Uganda was deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations on 3 October 1963 and that of

the Congo (formerly Zaire) on 8 February 1989; whereas neither of the
two declarations includes any reservation; and whereas Uganda stated in
its declaration that it was made on the sole condition of reciprocity;

33. Whereas on a request for the indication of provisional measures

the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate such
measures, finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the
case, yet it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction
of the Court might be founded:

34. Whereas the Court considers that the declarations made by the
Parties in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute consti-
tute a prima facie basis upon which its jurisdiction in the present case
might be founded ;

35. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures,
the Congo refers to resolution 1304 (2000), adopted by the UnitedConseil de sécurité desNations Unies le 16juin 2000; considérant que
cette résolution a étéadoptée par le Conseil de sécurité agissant en vertu
du chapitre VI1 de la Charte des Nations Unies; et considérant qu'aux
termes de ladite résolution le Conseil de sécurité:

« 1. Demande à toutes les parties de mettre fin aux hostilités sur
tout le territoire de la République démocratique du Congo et de
s'acquitter des obligations qui leur incombent en vertu de I'accord de
cessez-le-feu et des dispositions pertinentes du plan de désengage-

ment de Kampala en date du 8 avril 2000;
2. Condumne ci nouileau sans réserveles combats entre les forces
ougandaises et rwandaises a Kisangani, en violation de la souverai-
netéet de l'intégrité territorialede la République démocratique du
Congo, et exige que ces forces et celles qui leur sont alliéesmettent
fin aux affrontements;

3. Esige que les forces ougandaises et rwandaises, ainsi que les
forces de l'opposition arméecongolaise et d'autres groupes armés, se
retirent immédiatement et complètement de Kisangani, et IArrîzunu'à e
toutes les parties à l'accord de cessez-le-feu de respecter la démilita-
risation de la ville et de ses environs;
4. E'rige 6gulcrnet~:t

a) Que l'Ouganda et le Rwanda, qui ont violéla souveraineté et
l'intégrité territorialede la République démocratique du Congo,
retirent toutes leurs forces du territoire de la République démo-
cratique du Congo sans plus tarder, conformément au calendrier
prévudans I'accord de cessez-le-feu et le plan de désengagement

de Kampala en date du 8 avril 2000;
h) Que chaque étape du retrait accomplie par les forces ougandaises
et rwandaises fasse l'objet d'une action réciproque de la part des
autres parties, conformément au mêmecalendrier;
c) Qu'il soit mis fin à toute autre présence et activité militaires
étrangères, directes ou indirectes, sur le territoire de la Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo, conformément aux dispositions

de I'accord de cessez-le-feu;
5. E.xigr, dans ce contexte, que toutes les parties s'abstiennent de
toute action offensive pendant le processus de désengagement et de
retrait des forces étrangères;

6. Prie le Secrétaire généralde garder à l'étudeles arrangements
relatifs au déploiement du personnel de la mission de l'Organisation
des Nations Unies en République démocratique du Congo, comme
autorisé et dans les conditions définiespar la résolution 1291(2000),
aux fins de la surveillance de la cessation des hostilités.du désenga-
gement des forces et du retrait des forces étrangères,tels qu'ils sont
décritsaux paragraphes 1à 5 ci-dessus et d'aider à la planification de

ces tâches, et lerie <galementde recommander tout ajustement qui
pourrait devenir nécessaireà cet égard;
7. Demunclt. a toutes les parties, tout en se conformant aux dispo-Nations Security Council on 16 June 2000; whereas that resolution was
adopted by the Security Council acting under Chapter VI1 of the Charter
of the United Nations; and whereas, in the said resolution, the Security
Council :

"1. Crillson al1parties to cease hostilities throughout the territory
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and to fulfil their obliga-
tions under the Ceasefire Agreement and the relevant provisions of

the 8 April 2000 Kampala disengagement plan;

2. Reitrrtrfcs its unreserved condemnation of the fighting betweeri
Ugandan and Rwandan forces in Kisangani in violation of the sov-
ereignty and territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of the
Coneo. and demantl.~that these forces and those allied to them desist

fro; fbrther fighting;
3. Dcnzurzdsthat Uga"dan and Rwandan forces as well as forces
of the Congolese armed opposition and other armed groups imme-
diately and completely withdraw from Kisangani, and cwlls on al1
parties to the Ceasefire Agreement to respect the demilitarization of
the city and its environs;
4. Further r/c>niand:.s

((1) that Uganda and Rwanda, which have violated the sovereignty
and territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, withdraw al1 their forces from the territory of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo without further delay, in

conformity with the timetable of the Ceasefire Agreement and
the 8 April 2000 Kampala disengagement plan;
(b) that each phase of withdrawal completed by Ugandan and
Rwandan forces be reciprocated by the other parties in con-
formity with the same timetable;

(c) that al1other foreign military presence and activity, direct and
indirect, in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo be brought to an end in conformity with the provisions
of the Ceasefire Agreement;
5. In this context tlemun~1.tshat al1parties abstain from any offen-

sive action during the process of disengagement and of withdrawal
of foreign forces;
6. Reyuests the Secretary-General to keep under review arrange-
mentsfor deployment of the personnel of the United Nations Organi-
zation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC),
as authorized and in conditions defined by resolution 1291(2000), to

monitor the cessation of hostilities, disengagement of forces and
withdrawal of foreign forces as described in paragraphs 1 to 5 above
and to assist in the planning of these tasks, and reyuests also the
Secretary-General to recommend any adjustment that may become
necessary in this regard;
7. Cul1.on al1parties, in complying with paragraphs 1 to5 above,sitions des paragraphes 1à 5 ci-dessus, de coopérer aux efforts de la
MONUC pour ce qui a trait a la surveillance de la cessation des hos-
tilités, du désengagement des forces et du retrait des forces étran-
gères;
8. E'çige que les partiesi l'accord de cessez-le-feu coopèrent au

déploiementde la MONUC dans les zones d'opérationsjugéesnéces-
saires par le représentant spécialdu Secrétaire général,notamment
en levant les restrictiona la libertéde circulation du personnel de la
MONUC et en assurant sa sécurité;
9. Demunde à toutes les parties congolaises de prendre pleinement
part au dialogue national prévu dans l'accord de cessez-le-feu, et

detîiantlo et?purticulier au Gouvernement de la République démo-
cratique du Congo de réaffirmer sa volonté de voir aboutir le dia-
logue national, d'honorer ses obligations à cet égard et de coopé-
rer avec le facilitateur choisi avec l'aide de l"ornanisation de l'unité
africaine ainsi que de permettre que l'opposition et les diverses
composantes de la sociétécivile puissent pleinement participer iila

concertation ;
10. E.\-igeque toutes les parties mettent fin a toutes formes d'assis-
tance aux groupes armés visésau paragraphe 9.1 de l'annexe A de
l'accord de cessez-le-feu, ou de coopération avec eux;
I1. Accueille uilrc scrtisfirctionles efforts accomplis par les parties
afin d'engager un dialogue sur la question du désarmement, de la
démobilisation, de la réinstallation et de la réinsertion des membres

de tous les groupes armés visésau paragraphe 9.1 de I'annexe A de
l'accord de cessez-le-feu, et clemandinstut~în~cntux parties, en par-
ticulier au Gouvernement de la Républiquedémocratique du Congo
et au Gouvernement du Rwanda, de poursuivre ces efforts en étroite
coopération ;
12. Exige que toutes les parties se conforment en particulier aux

dispositions du paragraphe 12 de I'annexe A de l'accord de cessez-
le-feu, qui concerne la normalisation des conditions de sécuritéle
long des frontières entre la République démocratique du Congo et
ses voisins;
13. Conduniiw tous les massacres et autres atrocités commis sur le
territoire de la République démocratique du Congo et demcrndeins-

tanîrnenf qu'une enquête internationale sur ces événements soit
ouverte en vue de traduire les responsables en justice;
14. Est d'avis que les Gouvernements ougandais et rwandais
devraient fournir des réparations pour les pertes en vies humaines et
les dommages matériels qu'ilsont infligésà la population civile de
Kisangani, et prie le Secrétaire générad l e lui présenter une évalua-
tion des torts causés,sur la base de laquelle puissent êtredéterminées

ces réparations a prévoir;
15. Dcnzunde à toutes les parties au confit dans la République
démocratique du Congo de protégerles droits de l'homme et de res-
pecter le droit international humanitaire;to cooperate with the efforts of MONUC to monitorthe cessation of
hostilities, disengagement of forces and withdrawal of foreign forces;

8. Derrlundsthat the parties to the Ceasefire Agreement cooperate
with the deployment of MONUC to the areas of operations deemed
necessary by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General,
including by lifting restrictions on the freedom of movement of

MONUC personnel and by ensuring their security;
9. Culls on al1the Congolese Parties to engage Sullyin the National
Dialogue process as provided for in the Ceasefire Agreement, and
culls inprrrriculuron the Government of the Democratic Republic of
the Congoto reaffirm its full commitment to the National Dialogue,
to honour its obligations in this respect and to cooperate with the

Facilitator designated with the assistance of the OAU and to allow
for the full participation of political opposition and civil society
groups in the dialogue;

10. Deinunds that al1 parties cease al1 forms of assistance and
cooperation with the armed groups referred to in Annex A, Chap-

ter 9.1 of the Ceasefire Agreement;
11. Welcomcs efforts made by the parties to engage in a dialogue
on the question of disarmament, demobilization, resettlement
and reintegration of members of al1 armed groups referred to in
Annex A, Chapter 9.1 of the Ceasefire Agreement, and urges the
parties, in particular the Government of the Democratic Republic

of the Congo and the Government of Rwanda, to continue these
efforts in full cooperation;

12. Bemarzd.~ that al1parties comply in particular with the provi-
sions of Annex A, Chapter 12of the Ceasefire Agreement relating to

the normalization of the security situation along the borders of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo with its neighbours;

13. Condemns al1massacres and other atrocities carried out in the
territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and urges that
an international investigation intoal1such events be carried out with

a view to bringing to justice those responsible;
14. E'cprrsses the view that the Governments of Uganda and
Rwanda should make reparations for the loss of life and the prop-
erty damage they have inflicted on the civilian population in Kisan-
gani, and recluests the Secretary-General to submit an assessment of
the damage as a basis for such reparations;

15. Cuils on al1 the parties to the conflict in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo to protect human rights and respect inter-
national humanitarian law: 16. Demande égalenlentà toutes les parties de faire en sorte que le
personnel des organismes de secours ait accès,sans entrave ni risque
pour sa sécurité, ceux qui ont besoin d'assistance,etruppclleque les

parties doivent égalementoffrir des garanties en ce qui concerne la
protection, la sécuritéet la libertéde circulation du personnel des
Nations Unies et des organismes de secourshumanitaires apparentés;
17. Demande à toutes lesparties de coopéreravec le Comitéinter-
national de la Croix-Rouge afin de lui permettre de s'acquitter de ses
mandats ainsi que des tâches qui lui sont confiéesdans l'accord de
cessez-le-feu
18. Réaifirrne qu'il importe d'organiser, au moment opportun,
sous les auspices de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et de I'Orga-
nisation de l'unité africaine, une conférence internationale sur la
paix, la sécurité,la démocratie et le développementdans la région
des Grands Lacs, à laquelle participeraient tous les gouvernements

de la régionet toutes les autres parties concernées;
19. Se diclure prêt à examiner les mesures qui pourraient être
imposées,conformément aux attributions que lui confère la Charte
des Nations Unies, au cas où certaines parties manqueraient de se
conformer pleinement aux dispositions de la présenterésolution;
20. D2cide de demeurer activement saisi de la question.))

36. Considérant que la Cour note que l'Ouganda fait valoir que la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires du Congo porte essen-
tiellement sur les mêmesquestions que cette résolution, que ladite
demande est par suite irrecevable, et que cette demande est en outre sans
objet car l'Ouganda accepte pleinement la résolution en question et s'y
conforme; considérantque la résolution 1304(2000)du Conseil de sécu-
ritéet les mesures prises en exécutionde celle-cine sauraient empêcher la
Cour d'agir en conformitéavec son Statut et son Règlement; qu'en par-
ticulier, comme la Cour a déjàeu l'occasion de l'observer,

«mêmesi la Charte
((départagenettement les fonctions de l'Assembléegénéraleet du
Conseil de sécurité enprécisantque, i l'égardd'un différendou
d'une situation quelconque, la premièrenedoit faire aucune recom-
mandation sur ce différend ou cette situation, a moins que le
Conseil de sécuriténe le lui demande, ...aucune disposition sem-
blable ne figure dans la Charte sur le Conseil de sécuritéet la

Cour. Le Conseil a des attributions politiques; la Cour exerce des
fonctions purement judiciaires. Les deux organes peuvent donc
s'acquitter de leurs fonctions distinctes mais complén~entaires à
propos des mêmesévénements)) (Activités militaires et paratnili-
tuires uu Nicuvugua et contre celui-ci (Nicuraguu c. Etuts-Unis
d'Amérique). corn1~2tenceet recevuhilit2, urrgt, C.IJ. Recueil
1984, p. 434-4351>) (Application de lu conventiorzpour la préven-
tion et la répressiondu crirne de génocide,rnesures conservatoires.
ordonnarzcedu 8 rrvril1993, C.IJ. Recueil 1993, p. 19, par. 33); 16. Culls also on al1 parties to ensure the safe and unhindered
access of relief personnel to al1those in need, and recallsthat the
parties must also provide guarantees for the safety, security and free-
dom of movement for United Nations and associated humanitarian
relief personnel;

17. F~rrthrrcalls on al1parties to cooperate with the International
Committee of the Red Cross to enable it to carry out its mandate as
well as the tasks entrusted to it under the Ceasefire Agreement;

1S. Rruffirms the importance of holding, at the appropriate time,
an international conference on peace, security, democracy and devel-
opment in the Great Lakes region under the auspices of the United
Nations and of the OAU, with the participation of al1the Govern-
ments of the region and al1others concerned;

19. E.vpresses its readiness to consider possible measures which
could be imposed in accordance with its responsibility under the
Charter of the United Nations in the case of failure by parties to
comply fully with this resolution;
20. DP~-ides to remain actively seized of the matter";

36. Whereas the Court notes Uganda's argument that the Congo's
request for the indication of provisional measures concerns essentially
the same issues as this resolution, that the said request is accordingly
inadmissible, and that the request is, moreover, moot, since Uganda
fully accepts the resolution in question and is complying with it; whereas
Security Council resolution 1304 (2000). and the measures taken in its
implementation, do not preclude the Court from acting in accordance
with its Statute and with the Rules of Court; whereas in particular, as

the Court has already had occasion to observe.
"while there is in the Charter
'a provision for a clear demarcation of functions between the Gen-
eral Assemblyand the SecurityCouncil, in respect ofany dispute or
situation, that the former should not make any recommendation

with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council
so requires, there is no similar provision anywhere in the Charter
with respect to the SecurityCouncil and the Court. The Council has
functions of a political nature assigned to it, whereas the Court
exercises purely judicial functions. Both organs can therefore per-
form their separate but complementary functions with respect to
the sameevents' (Militurj, and PrrramilitaryActiiiities inanrirrgainst
Nicuruguu (Nicaraguu v. United States of Arnrricu), Jurisdiction
und A(inzi.rsibi/itj~,Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 434-435,
para. 95)" (Application of' the Conilenfion on the Prc~ivntiotzancl
Punishnzent qf'tlie Cvimr of Cenocido, Provisionul Meusures, Order
of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19,para. 33);et qu'en l'espèce.le Conseil de sécuritén'a pris aucune décisionqui empê-
cheraitprinzaj(~fi-l.ie les droits revendiquéspar le Congo puissent ((être
considéréscomme des droits qu'il conviendrait de protéger par l'indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires>) (Questions (('interprétutionet d'applicw-
tion u' u convention de Moritrttrl de 1971 rtsultunt de l'incidentuériende
Lockohic (Jr/~??uhirij,n ~riuhe /ihj.clnnec. Roycrunie-uni). ~?îc>s~rsiser-

vutoirrs, ordorlnunce du 14 uvril 1992. C.I.J. Recueil 1992, p. 15,
par. 40);
37. Considérant que la Cour a pris note de l'accord de Lusaka, au-
quel la résolution 1304 (2000) du Conseil de sécuritése réfèreà plusieurs
reprises; que cet accord constitue un accord international liant les
Parties; qu'il ne saurait cependant empêcherla Cour d'agir en conformité
avec son Statut et son Règlement;

38. Considérant que la Cour ne saurait davantage êtreempêchéed'indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires dans une instance au seul motif qu'un
Etat qui a porté simultanément plusieurs affaires similaires devant la
Cour ne sollicite de telles mesures que dans l'une d'entre elles; et que,
conformément au paragraphe 1 de l'article 75de son Règlement, la Cour
peut en tout étatde cause décider d'examiner d'office si les circonstances
d'une affaire exigent l'indication de mesures conservatoires;

39. Considérant que le pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l'article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder
le droit de chacune des Parties en attendant qu'elle rende sa décision,et
présuppose qu'un préjudice irréparable ne doit pas êtrecauséaux droits

en litige dans une procédure judiciaire; qu'il s'ensuit que la Cour doit se
préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l'arrêt
qu'elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait éventuellement reconnaître,
soit au demandeur, soit au défendeur; et considérant que de telles me-
sures ne sont justifiéesque s'il y a urgence;
40. Considérant que les droits qui, d'après la requêtedu Congo, cons-
tituent l'objet du litige sont essentiellement ses droits à la souveraineté et
a l'intégritéterritoriale, à l'intégritéde ses biens et de ses ressources natu-

relles, ainsi que ses droits au respect des règles du droit international
humanitaire et des instruments relatifs à la protection des droits de
l'homme; et considérant que ce sont les droits ainsi revendiqués qui
doivent retenir l'attention de la Cour dans son examen de la pré-
sente demande en indication de mesures conservatoires;
41. Considérant que la Cour dispose d'informations sur les faits de la
présente espèce, notamment celles que fournit la résolution 1304 (2000)

précitéedu Conseil de sécurité,en date du 16 juin 2000; considérant
cependant qu'à ce stade de la procédure la Cour est appelée seulement a
examiner si les circonstances portées à son attention exigent l'indication
de mesures conservatoires, et qu'elle n'est pas habilitéeà conclure défini-
tivement sur les faits ou leur imputabilité, sa décisiondevant laisser intactand whereas in the present case the Security Council has taken no deci-
sion which would prima facie preclude the rights claimed by the Congo
from "be[ing] regarded as appropriate for protection by the indication of
provisional measures" (Questions of'lnterpretation and Application of the
1971 Montrerrl Convention arising from tlze Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie

{Libyrin Arab Jut?7rlhiriya v. OS7itrdKingdom), Provisional Measures,
Order of 14 April 1992, p. 15,para. 40);

37. Whereas the Court has taken note of the Lusaka Agreement, to
which Security Council resolution 1304 (2000) refers a number of times;
whereas that Agreement constitutes an international agreement binding

upon the Parties; whereas it does not. however, preclude the Court from
acting in accordance with its Statute and with the Rules of Court;
38. Whereas, furthermore, the Court is not precluded from indicating
provisional measures in a case merely because a State which has simul-
taneously brought a number of similar cases before the Court seeks such
measures in only one of them; and whereas, pursuant to Article 75, para-
graph 1, of its Rules, the Court may in any event decide to examine

proprio tnotu whether the circumstances of the case require the indication
of provisional measures:

39. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures

under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as its object to preserve
the respective rights of the parties pending the decision of the Court, and
presupposes that irreparable prejudice shall not be caused to rights which
are the subject of dispute in judicial proceedings; whereas it follows that
the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights
which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to belong either to the

Applicant or to the Respondent; and whereas such measures are only
justified if there is urgency;
40. Whereas the rights which, according to the Congo's Application,
are the subject of the dispute are essentially its rights to sovereignty and
territorial integrity and to the integrity of its assets and natural resources,
and its rights to respect for the rules of international humanitarian law

and for the instruments relating to the protection of human rights; and
whereas it is upori the rights thus claimed that the Court must focus its
attention in its consideration of this request for the indication of provi-
sional measures;
41. Whereas the Court is in possession of information on the facts of
this case, and in particular that contained in the above-mentioned Secu-
rity Council resolution 1304 (2000) of 16 June 2000; whereas, however,

the Court's duty at this stage of the proceedings is limited to examining
whether the circumstances brought to its attention require the indication
of provisional measures; and whereas it cannot make definitive findings
of fact or of imputability, since the right of each of the Parties to submitle droit de chacune des Parties de faire valoir à cet égard ses moyens au
fond ;
42. Considérant qu'il n'est pas contestéqu'à cejour des forces ougan-

daises se trouvent sur le territoire du Congo, que des combats ont opposé
sur ce territoire ces forcesa celles d'un Etat voisin, que ces combats ont
entraîné de nombreuses pertes civiles ainsi que des dommages matériels
importants, et que la situation humanitaire demeure profondément préoc-
cupante; et considérant qu'il n'est pas davantage contesté que des viola-
tions graves et répétéed ses droits de l'homme et du droit international

humanitaire, y compris des massacres et autres atrocités, ont été com-
mises sur le territoire du Congo;

43. Considérant qu'au vu des circonstances, la Cour est d'avis que les
personnes, les biens et les ressources se trouvant sur le territoire du

Congo,en particulier dans la zone de conflit, demeurent gravement expo-
sés,et qu'il existe un risque sérieuxque les droits en litige dans la présente
espèce, telsque décritsau paragraphe 40 ci-dessus, subissent un préjudice
irréparable; considérant que l'urgence qui caractérise actuellement la
situation ne saurait en rien êtreaffectéepar le fait que le Congo n'a pas

présenté sademande de mesures conservatoires en mêmetemps que sa
requête;et considérant que la Cour estime en conséquence que des me-
sures conservatoires doivent êtreindiquées d'urgence aux fins de proté-
ger ces droits; considérant que le paragraphe 2 de I'article 75du Règle-
ment reconnaît à la Cour le pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures totalement ou
partiellement différentes de celles qui sont sollicitées;

44. Considérant aueL,indéuendamment des demandes en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentéespar les parties à l'effet de sauvegarder
des droits déterminés,la Cour dispose, en vertu de l'article 41 de son Sta-
tut, du pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires en vue d'empêcher
l'aggravation ou l'extension du différend quand elle estime que les cir-

constances l'exigent (Frontière terrestre et rnaritime entrele ~Ümerounet
le Nigériu, mesures conservutoires, ordonnurzce r/u 15 murs 1996, C.I.J.
Recueil 1996, p. 22-23, par. 41); considérant qu'eu égardaux éléments
d'information à sa disposition, et en particulier au fait que le Conseil de
sécuritéa constaté, dans sa résolution 1304 (2000), que la situation au
Congo faisait ((peser une menace sur la paix et la sécuritéinternationales

dans la région)),la Cour est d'avis qu'il existe un risque sérieux que sur-
viennent des faits de nature à aggraver ou étendre le différend ou a en
rendre la solution plus difficile;

45. Considérant que, compte tenu des considérations susmentionnées,
la Cour conclut que les circonstances exigent qu'elle indique des mesures
conservatoires, ainsi qu'il est prévu A l'article 41 de son Statut;
46. Considérant qu'une décision rendue en la présente procédure ne
préjuge en rien la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du fond dearguments in respect of the merits must remain unaffected by the Court's
decision ;
42. Whereas it is not disputed that at this date Ugandan forces are
present on the territory of the Congo, that fighting has taken place on
that territory between those forces and the forces of a neighbouring
State, that the fighting has caused a large number of civilian casualties in

addition to substantial material damage, and that the humanitarian
situation remains of profound concern; and whereas it is also not dis-
puted that grave and repeated violations of human rights and inter-
national humanitarian law, including massacres and other atrocities,
have been committed on the territory of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo;

43. Whereas, in the circumstances, the Court is of the opinion that
persons, assets and resources present on the territory of the Congo, par-
ticularly in the area of conflict, remain extremely vulnerable, and that
there is a serious risk that the rights at issue in this case, as noted in para-
graph 40 above, may suffer irreparable prejudice; whereas the present
urgency in the situation cannot be in any way affected by the fact that the

Congo did not present its request for provisional measures at the same
time as its Application; and whereas the Court consequently considers
that provisional measures must be indicated as a matter of urgency in
order to protect those rights; whereas Article 75, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court empowers the Court to indicate measures that are in
whole or in part other than those requested;

44. Whereas, independently of requests for the indication of provi-
sional measures submitted by the parties to preserve specific rights, the
Court possesses by virtue of Article 41 of the Statute the power to indi-
cate provisional measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or
extension of the dispute whenever it considers that circumstances so
require (Lund und Muritirne Boundav betlileen Curneroor~und Nigcriu,

Proi~isioilalMcusures. Orrler of 15 Murch 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996,
pp. 22-23, para. 41); whereas, having regard to the information at its dis-
posai. and in particular the fact that the Security Council has determined,
in its resolution 1304 (2000), that the situation in the Congo "continues
to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region",
the Court is of the opinion that there exists a serious risk of events

occurring which might aggravate or extend the dispute or make it more
difficult to resolve;

45. Whereas, in view of the foregoing considerations, the Court finds

that the circumstances require it to indicate provisional measures, as pro-
vided for in Article 41 of the Statute of the Court;
46. Whereas a decision in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits ofl'affaire, ni aucune question relative au fond lui-même,et qu'elle laisse

intact le droit du Gouvernement du Congo et du Gouvernement de
l'Ouganda de faire valoir leurs moyens en ces matières;

47. Par ces motifs,

Indique à titre provisoire, en attendant sa décision dans l'instance
introduite par la République démocratique du Congo contre la Répu-
blique de l'Ouganda, les mesures conservatoires suivantes:

1) A l'unanimité,

Les deux Parties doivent, immédiatement, préveniret s'abstenir de tout
acte, et en particulier de toute action armée. qui risquerait de porter
atteinte aux droits de l'autre Partie au regard de tout arrêtque la Cour
pourrait rendre en l'affaire, ou qui risquerait d'aggraver ou d'étendre le
différend portédevant elle ou d'en rendre la solution plus difficile;

2) A l'unanimité,

Les deux Parties doivent, immédiatement, prendre toutes mesures
nécessairespour se conformer à toutes leurs obligations en vertu du droit
international, en particulier en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et
de la Charte de l'organisation de l'unité africaine, ainsi qu'à la résolu-

tion 1304 (2000) du Conseil de sécuritédes Nations Unies en date du
16juin 2000;

3) A l'unanimité,
Les deux Parties doivent, immédiatement, prendre toutes mesures
nécessaires pour assurer, dans la zone de conflit, le plein respect des

droits fondamentaux de l'homme, ainsi que des règles applicables du
droit humanitaire.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de

la Paix, a La Haye, le premier juillet deux mille, en trois exemplaires,
dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République démocra-
tique du Congo et au Gouvernement de la République de l'Ouganda.

Le président,

(SignP) Gilbert GUILLAUME.

Le greffier,
(SignP) Philippe COUVREUR.the case, or any questions relating to the merits themselves, and leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of the Congoand of Uganda to
submit arguments in respect of those questions;

47. For these reasons,

Itzdicutes, pending a decision in the proceedings instituted by the
Democratic Republic of the Congo against the Republic of Uganda, the

following provisional measures :
(1) Unanimously.

Both Parties must, forthwith, prevent and refrain from any action, and
in particular any armed action, which might prejudice the rights of the

other Party in respect of whatever judgment the Court may render in the
case, or which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or
make it more difficult to resolve;

(2) Unanimously,

Both Parties must, forthwith, take al1 measures necessary to comply
with al1of their obligations under international law, in particular those
under the United Nations Charter and the Charter of the Organization of
African Unity, and with United Nations Security Council resolution 1304
(2000) of 16 June 2000;

(3) Unanimously,

Both Parties must, forthwith, take al1measures necessary to ensure full
respect within the zone of conflict for fundamental human rights and for
the applicable provisions of humanitarian law.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this first day of July, two thousand, in

three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and
the others transmitted to the Government of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo and the Government of Uganda, respectively.

(Signrci) Gilbert GUILLAUME,

President.

(Signeu') Philippe COUVREUR,
Registrar.130 ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (ORDONNANCE 1 VI100)

MM. ODA et KOROMA ju,ges, joignent des déclaraàl'ordonnance.

(Puruplzé)G.G.

(Puraphé) Ph.C. Judges ODA and KOROMA append declarations to the Order of the
Court.

(Initiulled) G.G.

(ItzitiullrdPh.C.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 1 July 2000

Links