Order of 22 September 1995

Document Number
097-19950922-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DEMANDE D'EXAMEN DE LA SITUATION
AU TITRE DU PARAGRAPHE 63 DE L'ARRÊT

RENDU PAR LA COUR LE 20 DÉCEMBRE 1974
DANS L'AFFAIRE DES ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES
(NO UVELLE-ZÉLANDE C.FRANCE)

ORDONNANCEDU 22 SEPTEMBRE1995

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

REQUEST FOR AN EXAMINATION
OF THE SITUATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH

PARAGRAPH 63OF THE COURT'SJUDGMENT
OF 20 DECEMBER 1974IN THE NUCLEAR
TESTS (NEW ZEALAND v.FRANCE) CASE

ORDEROF 22 SEPTEMBER1995 Mode officielde citation:
Demande d'examen de la situation au titre duparagraphe 63
de l'arrêtrendupar la Cour le 20 décembre 1974
dans l'affaire des Essais nucléaires (Nouve. rance),de cF
C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 288

Officia1citation:
Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance
with Paragraph 63 of theSCJudgment of 20 December 1974
in the Nuclear Tests (New Zv.France) Case,
I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 288

NOde ente: 666 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number
ISBN 92-1-070730-3 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1995 1995
22 September
General List
22 September1995 NO.97

REQUEST FOR AN EXAMINATION

OF THE SITUATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH

PARAGRAPH 63 OF THE COURT'SJUDGMENT
OF 20 DECEMBER 1974IN THE NUCLEAR

TESTS (NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE) CASE

ORDER

Present: President BEDJAO;ice-President SCHWEBJ;dges ODA,
GUILLAUM SH,AHABUDDE WENE,RAMANTRRAY, JEA, RCZEGH,
SHI,FLEISCHHAUKER,ROMAV, ERESHCHETF E,RRARBIRAVO,
HIGGINS;udgead hoc SirGeoffreyPALR;egistrarVALENCIA-
OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed asabove,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Article 48 of the of the Court,
Having regard to the Judgment delivered by the Court on
ber 1974in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case, and in par-
ticular its paragraph 63,

Makes thefollowing Order:
1. Whereas on 21 August 1995the New Zealand Government filed in
the Registry a "Request for an Examination of the Situation"
is indicated therein that the Request concerned "aris[es] out of a pro-posed action announced by France which will, if carried out, affect the
basis of the Judgment rendered by the Court on 20 December 1974in the
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case"; and it is stated therein
that "the irnmediate circumstance giving rise to the present phase of the
Case is a decision announced by France in a media statement of 13June
1995" by the President of the French Republic, according to which
"France would conduct a final seriesof eight nuclear weapons tests in the
South Pacific starting in September 1995";
2. Whereas in that "Request for an Examination of the Situation" it is
recalled that the Court, at the end of its Judgment of 20 December 1974,
found that it was not called upon to givea decision on the claim submit-
ted by New Zealand in 1973,that claim no longer having any object, by
virtue of the declarations by which France had undertaken not to carry
out further atmospheric nuclear tests; and whereas, moreover, New Zea-
land emphasizes therein that the Court included in that Judgment para-
graph 63 "to cover the possibility that France might subsequently cease

to comply with its undertakings regarding atmospheric testing or that
something else underlying the Court's Judgment was no longer appli-
cable" ;
3. Whereas New Zealand expresslyfounds its "Request for an Exami-
nation of the Situation" on paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 Decem-
ber 1974,worded as follows:
"Once the Court has found that a State has entered into a com-
mitment concerningits future conduct it is not the Court's function

to contemplate that it will not comply with it. However, the Court
observes that if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected, the
Applicant could request an examination of the situation in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Statute; the denunciation by France,
by letter dated 2 January 1974, of the General Act for the Pacific
Settlement of International Disputes, which is relied on as a basis
of jurisdiction in the present case, cannot constitute by itself an
obstacle to the presentation ofsuch a request" (I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 477);

whereas it asserts that this paragraph givesit the "right", inuch circum-
stances, to request "the resumption of the case begun by Application on
9 May 1973"; and whereas it observes that the operative part of the
Judgment concerned cannot be construed as showing any intention on
the part of the Court definitivelyto close the case;
4. Whereas in its "Request for an Examination of the Situation" New
Zealand argues that the key passage in paragraph 63 of the Judgment of
20 December 1974 is the phrase "if the basis of this Judgment were to be
affected, the Applicant could request an examination of the situation in
accordance with the provisions of the Statute"; that, although this pas-
sage does not expresslyidentify the "basis" of the Court's Judgment, it is
most likely that the Court intended to refer to the declarations constitut-
ing legal obligations, by which France had entered into a binding com-mitment not to carry out further atmospheric nuclear tests in the South
Pacific region; that, however, it was stated in the Application of 1973
that the dispute concerned nuclear contamination of the environment
arising from nuclear testing of whatever nature; that the scope of the
Judgment of 1974 must be measured not by reference to atmospheric
testingas such, but rather by reference to the true and stated object of the
Application; that in 1974the only mode of testing used by France in the
Pacific wasatmospheric and such tests were then New Zealand's primary
concern; that the Court had therefore "matched" the French undertaking
with New Zealand's primary concern and had felt able to treat the dis-
pute as resolved, but that the "matching" would doubtlessnot have been
made had it realized, in 1974,that a shift to underground testing would
not remove the risks of contamination; that, according to a variety of
scientific evidence, underground nuclear testing at Mururoa and Fanga-

taufa has already led to some contamination of the marine environment
and risks leading to further, potentially significant, contamination; that
the basis of the 1974Judgment has therefore been altered and that, con-
sequently, New Zealand is entitled to seek a resumption of the proceed-
ings instituted in 1973,the bases of thejurisdiction of the Court remain-
ing the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
of 26 September 1928, as well as France's acceptance of the Optional
Clause as it stood at the time of the original Application;

5. Whereas in its "Request for an Examination of the Situation" New
Zealand contends that, both by virtue of specifictreaty undertakings (in
the Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Envi-
ronment of the South Pacific Region of 25 November 1986or "Noumea
Convention") and customary international law derived from widespread
international practice, France has an obligation to conduct an environ-

mental impact assessmentbefore carrying out any further nuclear tests at
Mururoa and Fangataufa; and it further contends that France's conduct
is illegal in that it causes, or is likely to cause, the introduction into the
marine environment of radioactive material, France being under an obli-
gation, before carrying out its new underground nuclear tests, to provide
evidence that they will not result in the introduction of such material to
that environment, in accordance with the "precautionary principle" very
widely accepted in contemporary international law;

6. Whereas at the end of its "Request for an Examination of the Situa-
tion" New Zealand states that the rights for which it seeksprotection al1
fa11within the scope of the rights invoked in paragraph 28 of the 1973
Application, but that, at the present time, it seeks recognition only of
those rights that would be adversely affected by entry into the marine
environment of radioactive material as a result of the further tests to be
carried out at Mururoa or Fangataufa Atolls, and of its entitlement toprotection and to the benefit of a properly conducted Environmental
Impact Assessment; and whereas, within these limits, New Zealand asks
the Court to adjudge and declare:

"(i) that the conduct of the proposed nuclear tests will constitute a
violation of the rightsnder international law of New Zealand,
as well as of other States;
further or in the alternative;

(ii) that it is unlawful for France to conduct such nuclear tests
before it has undertaken an Environmental Impact Assessment
according to accepted international standards. Unless such an
assessmentestablishesthat the tests willnot giverise, directly or
indirectly, to radioactive contamination of the marine environ-
ment the rights under international law of NewZealand, as well
as the rights of other States, will beviolated";

7. Whereas the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" sub-
mitted by New Zealand was accompanied by a letter dated 21 August
1995from the Ambassador of New Zealand to the Netherlands, by which
the Registrar was informed of the appointment by New Zealand of an
Agent and two Co-Agentsand also of the resignation of the Right Hon-
ourable Sir Garfield Barwick, Judge ad hoc chosen by New Zealand in
1973, and the choice of the Right Honourable Sir Geoffrey Palmer to
replace him;
8. Whereas, in addition to its "Request for an Examination of the
Situation", the New Zealand Government also filed in the Registry, on

21 August 1995, a "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional
Measures", in which reference is made, inter aliato the preceding docu-
ment, as well as to theOrder for the Indication of Provisional Measures
made by the Court on 22 June 1973;whereas in that new document the
followingprovisional measures are requested "as a matter of priority and
urgency", in accordance with Article 33 of the General Act of 26 Sep-
tember 1928and Article 41 of the Statute of the Court:

"(1) that France refrain from conducting any further nuclear tests
at Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls;
(2) that France undertake an environmental impact assessment of
the proposed nuclear tests according to accepted international
standards and that, unless the assessment establishes that the
tests will not give rise to radioactive contamination of the
marine environment, France refrain from conducting the tests;

(3) that France and New Zealand ensure that no action of any
kind is taken which might aggravate or extend the dispute sub-
rnitted to the Court or prejudice the rights of the other Party in respect of the carrying out of whatever decisionsthe Court may
givein this case";

and whereas at the end of that document New Zealand "separately
request[s] the President of the.Court to exercise his powers under the
Rules pending the exerciseby the Court of its powers";
9. Whereas the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional
Measures" submitted by New Zealand was accompanied by two letters
dated 21August 1995,one from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of New
Zealand, and the other from the Ambassador of New Zealand to the
Netherlands, in which the urgency of the situation was referred to and
the President was also asked to exercise the powers provided for under
Article 66,paragraph 3, of the 1972Rules of Court, "in force at the time
of the institution of the proceedings in 1973";

10. Whereas the same day the Registrar transmitted a copy of al1those
letters and documents to the French Government; whereas he transmitted
a copy of the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" and of the
"Further Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures" to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations; and whereas he notified al1
States entitled to appear before the Court of the filingof those documents;
11. Whereas on 23 August 1995,the Australian Government filed in
the Registry a document entitled "Application for Permission to Inter-
vene under the Terms of Article 62 of the Statute Submitted by the Gov-
ernment of Australia"; whereas on 24 August 1995 the Governments
of Samoa and Solomon Islands each filed a document, similar in con-
tent, entitled "Application for Permission to Intervene under Ar-
ticle62iDeclaration of Intervention under Article 63"; and whereas on
25 August 1995 similar documents bearing the same titles were filed,
respectively, by the Government of the Marshall Islands and the Gov-
ernment of the Federated States of Micronesia; and whereas these five
documents refer both to the "Request for an Examination of the Situa-

tion" and to the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional
Measures" submitted by New Zealand;
12. Whereas the Registrar transmitted copies of these documents to
the Governments of New Zealand and France, as well as to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations, and notified al1 States entitled to
appear before the Court of the filing ofthose documents;
13. Whereas by letter dated 28 August 1995, receivedin the Registry
the same day, the Ambassador of France to the Netherlands, referring to
the two Requestssubmitted byNew Zealand on 21August 1995,informed
the Court, among other things, that his Government considered that no
basis existed whichmight found, even if only prima facie, thejurisdiction
of the Court to entertain those Requests; that the action by New Zealand
did not fa11within the framework of the case which hacibeen the object
of the Judgment of 20 December 1974, since that case related exclu-
sively,as the Court itself emphasized in paragraph 29 of that Judgment,
to atmospheric tests; that since the Court considered, following theannouncement of the decision taken by France to terminate atmospheric
tests and pass to the stage of underground testing, that the claim submit-
ted by New Zealand in 1973had no object, that claim no longer existed
and New Zealand's action of 21 August 1995 could not therefore be
linked to it; that as the Court manifestly lacked jurisdiction in the
absence of the consent of France, neither the question of the choice of a
judge ad hoc, nor that of the indication of provisional measures, arose;
and that, lastly, the action of New Zealand could not properly be the

object of entry in the General List;
14. Whereas a copy of that letter was immediately transmitted by the
Registrar to the Government of New Zealand;
15. Whereas, during a meeting held by the President of the Court on
30August 1995with the representatives of NewZealand and France, the
latter expressedviewswhichfrom the outset were verydifferent regarding
the legal nature of the New Zealand Requests and of their effects; and
whereas the President invited the two States, if they so wished, to assist
the Court by briefly presenting, in an "informa1 aide-mémoire",their
positions on the points discussed at the meeting;
16. Whereas New Zealand filed its aide-mémoirein the Registry on
5 September 1995,stressingits non-officia1character and declaring that it
was not a completerestatement of its position and could not be regarded
as sufficient tomeet New Zealand's entitlement to a forma1 and public

presentation of its position in relation to the issues raised by the Presi-
dent and by the letter from the French Ambassador dated 28 August
1995;
17. Whereas in that aide-mémoireNew Zealand recalls that the Court
concluded, in its Order for the Indication of Provisional Measures of
22 June 1973, that "the provisions invoked by the Applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court might
be founded" (1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 138,para. 18); whereas New Zea-
land indicates that the additional question whether the present proceed-
ings are a continuation of those to which that findingof the Court applies
must itself beconsidered as a question ofjurisdiction - or as analogous
to one - and can therefore be determined by reference to the same cri-
teria as are applied to other questions of jurisdiction in the context of
proceedings for the indication of provisional measures; and whereas it

concludes therefrom that, sincein this instance the Court is seisedwith a
new request for the indication of provisional measures, it only has to
determine, at the stage under consideration, whether there is a prima
facie case of continuity of the proceedings comrnenced on 9 May 1973;
18. Whereas in its aide-mémoireNew Zealand contends that such
prima facie continuity is established; that paragraph 63 of the Judgment
of 20 December 1974confers upon it a right to resume the 1973proceed-
ings and that its wording clearly showsthat the Court had no intention to
close the case, as evinced, in particular, by the statement that thedenun-
ciation by France of the General Act of 1928could not by itself consti-
tute an obstacle to the presentation of a request for an examination of thesituation;that the effectupon the "basis" ofthe Judgment, whichthe para-
graph concerned sets as a condition of the resumption of the case, does
not relate only to the possible resumption by France of atmospheric
nuclear tests, but also to "any developments that might reactivate New
Zealand's concern that French testing could produce contamination of
the Pacific marine environment by any artificial radioactive material";
and that such "developments" exist in this instance, since France has not
shown, as it has a duty to do under the conventional and customary rules
of contemporaryinternational environmental law, that no contamination

of the marine environment will result from the new tests despite the
cumulative damage to the atolls;

19. Whereas at the end of its aide-mémoireNew Zealand states that, in
view of the - at least presumed - continuity of the proceedings and of
the principle of the equality of the Parties, it is entitled to choose a new
judge ad hoc, who must be admitted to the bench forthwith; and whereas
it adds that the continuity of the proceedings also implies the mainte-
nance of the jurisdictional basis relied on in 1973,the resumption of the
case at the procedural stage which it had reached on 20 December 1974,
and the application of the Rules of Court adopted on 6 May 1946 as
amended on 10 May 1972;
20. Whereas a copy of the aide-mémoireof New Zealand was trans-

mitted to France by the Registrar;
21. Whereas France filed its aide-mémoirein the Registry on 6 Sep-
tember 1995,indicating that the document submitted in no way formed
part of proceedings governed by the Statute and Rules of Court, in no
way constituted acceptance by the French Government of thejurisdiction
of the Court and in no way prejudiced its future position;

22. Whereas in its aide-mémoireFrance contends initially that the case
instituted by the Application of 9 May 1973wasdefinitivelyclosedby the
Judgment of 20 December 1974and that the "Request for an Examina-
tion of the Situation" submitted by New Zealand on 21 August 1995has
no connection with the operative part of the Judgment of 20 December
1974; that the allegations of New Zealand that the case is not closed

because, on the one hand, the initial Application was not limited to
atmospheric tests and, on the other hand, the Court could not at the time
envisage the negative effects of underground tests, are manifestly incom-
patible with the reasoning followed by the Court in itsJudgment of 1974;
that both the structure and the terms of that Judgment (in particular, the
terms of its paragraph 29) show that the Court considered that the dis-
pute between the two States related exclusivelyto atmospheric tests, and
that that view was shared not only by the Judges having appended a dis-
senting opinion to the Judgment, but also, at the time, by New Zealand
itself; that paragraph 63 of the Judgment limits the possibility of a
request for an examination of the situation to the eventuality of "the
basis of [the]Judgment [being]affected" and that in the light of the con-text of that paragraph, the "basis" can be understood only as "the

'match'between [the]cornrnitment by the French authorities to hold no
further tests in the atmosphere and New Zealand's claims to that effect";
that underground tests are outside the scope of New Zealand's Applica-
tion of 1973 and of the Court's Judgment of 1974, and that it was
France's cornrnitmentto undertake no further atmospheric tests, indisso-
ciably linked to its announcement of its intention to carry out under-
ground tests, which constituted the ratio decidendiof the Court's decision
to the effectthat the object of the dispute had disappeared; and that con-
sequently, as the New Zealand Request of 21 August 1995 had a new
object, it could not be linked to the Judgment of 20 December 1974;

23. Whereas in its aide-mémoireFrance further contends that New
Zealand's Request of 21 August 1995cannot be brought within any pro-
vision of theStatute; that paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December
1974is in no manner sufficientof itself and expresslystates that the pos-
sible steps to which italludes are subject to compliance with the "provi-
sions of the Statute"; that the Statute of the Court circumscribes the

powers of the Court and prescribes the conduct that Statesmust observe;
that the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" submitted by
New Zealand is not and cannot be either a request for interpretation or
an application for revision; and that even if it were a matter of a new
application, such an application would inevitably be subject to Article 38,
paragraph 5, ofthe Rules of Court, which would preclude its entry in the
General List and any procedural action "unless and until the State
against which such application is made consents to the Court's jurisdic-
tion for the purposes of the case" ;
24. Whereas at the end of its aide-mémoireFrance states that "in the
absence of a case coming within the jurisdiction of the Court, no pro-
cedural action can be taken"; that the result of this is the preclusionof any
public hearing and any incidental proceedings, and that, consequently, in
particular, the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional Meas-
ures" submitted by New Zealand cannot be examined by the Court; and
that France is not in any sensemaking preliminary objections within the
meaning of Article 79 of the Rules of Court, since the problem facing

the Court in this case is "anterior" and the solution to this problem is a
"categoricalprerequisite" not related to any incidental proceedings;

25. Whereas a copy of the French aide-mémoirewas transmitted to
New Zealand by the Registrar;
26. Whereas on 7 September 1995New Zealand filedin the Registry a
document entitled"Supplementary aide-mémoire",which contained com-
ments on certain passages in the French aide-mémoire;and whereas the
Registrar transmitted a copy of that document to the French Govern-
ment ;
27. Whereas on 8 September 1995 the Registrar addressed to New
Zealand and France identical letters worded as follows : "The Court today held a private meeting in order, inter alia, to
enable the President to consult his colleagues on various matters
relating to the submission of the documents concerned.At the close
of that meeting, it was agreed that on Monday 11September 1995at
3 p.m. the Court will hold a public sitting in order to enable New
Zealand and France to inform it of their views on the following
question: 'Do the Requests submitted to the Court by the Govem-
ment of New Zealand on 21 August 1995fa11within the provisions
of paragraph 63 of the Judgment of the Court of 20 December 1974

in the case concerning Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) ?'

For the purposes of that sitting,and bearing in mind the composi-
tion of the Court at the time when the Judgment was delivered, the
Right Honourable Sir Geoffrey Palmer, chosen to sit as Judge ad
hoc by New Zealand, will join the Court and make the necessary
solemn declaration.
The above arrangements shall in no way prejudice any decision
which the Court will subsequently take regarding the existence or
not of a case before it":

28. Whereas, at a meeting held by the President of the Court with the
representatives of New Zealand and France on 11September 1995, it was
agreed that the Court would hold three public sittings on the above-

mentioned question, each State being allotted equal speaking time and
the opportunity to present a brief reply;

29. Whereas, at the opening of the public sitting of 11September 1995
(afternoon) devoted to the above-mentioned question, the President of
the Court announced that, on 6 September 1995,he had receiveda letter
from the Prime Minister of New Zealand in which the latter, referring to
the nuclear test carried out the previous day at Mururoa by the French
Government, reiterated the Requests already made by the New Zealand
Government that the President should use the powers conferred upon
him by Article 66, paragraph 3, of the 1972Rules of Court; and whereas
the President stated that he had been fully aware of the import of those
Requests, to which he had given his full attention, but that the powers
conferredupon him by the above-mentionedprovision of the 1972 Rules

of Court, as wellas by Article 74,paragraph 4, of the Rules now in force,
expressly applied to incidental proceedings for the indication of provi-
sional measures, and that it would therefore have been difficultfor him to
accede to those Requests without necessarily prejudging the issues sub-
mitted to the Court;

30. Whereas, at the public sittings held on 11and 12 September 1995
in order to enable New Zealand and France to make known their views
on the question put by the Court, oral statements were presented:on behalf of New Zealand:
by The Honourable Paul East, Q.C., Agent,
Mr. John McGrath, Q.C.,

Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C.,
Sir Kenneth Keith, Q.C.,
Mr. Don MacKay;
on behalf of France:

by Mr. Marc Perrin de Brichambaut,
Mr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C. ;

and whereas during those sittingsquestions wereput by Judges, to which
New Zealand and France subsequently replied in writing, within the pre-
scribed time-limit;
31. Whereas in their oral statements New Zealand and France essen-
tially confirmed the views they had already expressed in writing, while
developing certain aspects of their argument;

32. Whereas in its oral statements New Zealand reiterated its essential
position, contending that paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December
1974expressly reservedto it the right, in certain circumstances, to reopen

the case instituted by the Application of 9 May 1973; that the Judgment
concerned had conclusively decided only two things, namely, that the
French statements of intention in relation to atmospherictestinghad cre-
ated binding obligations in international law and that, since the Court
had concluded from officia1NewZealand statements that those commit-
ments met and matched New Zealand's primary concerns, the case no
longer had any object; that there was thus no resjudicata in respect of
certain issuesraised in New Zealand's 1973Application and that, by vir-
tue of paragraph 63, those proceedings were not definitivelyclosed; that
the words "if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected" should be
given a broad interpretation, and that the right to return to the Court
would be activated "if a factor underlyingthe Court's Judgment of 1974
ceased to be applicable on account of future conduct by France"; that
the words "the basis of the Judgment" should not be taken to refer solely

to France's undertaking to conduct no further atmospheric tests; that
New Zealand's Application, unlike that of Australia, was not limited to
"atmospheric" testing,and the Court's conclusion,in paragraph 29 of the
Judgment of 20 December 1974, that New Zealand's claim was to be
interpreted as applying only to atmospheric tests, must be understood on
the sole basis that "no thought [had been] given at that time to whether
underground nucleartestingmight lead to some of the same environmen-
ta1 consequences that were the subject of New Zealand's Application";
that one of the assumptionsunderlyingthe Judgment was that "cessation
of atmospheric testing would end contamination of the environment byradioactive material" because in 1974 the available scientific evidence
suggestedthat whileatmospheric tests weredangerous, underground test-
ing was believedto be safe; and that, sincethis was part of the "basis" of
the Court's Judgment, if that basis were to be affected, the conditions for
New Zealand to return to the Court would have been met;

33. Whereas in its oral statements New Zealand explained in detail
that there was a growing body of recent scientificevidence of the poten-

tially adverse and detrimental effectsof underground testing in the South
Pacific regions of Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls, and that contamina-
tion of the marine environment was a real risk; that the cumulative effect
of continued testinn"on Mururoa Atoll had created a situation which
experts now believed had seriously weakened its physical structure so
that there was a risk that further tests would cause the atoll to "split open
or disintegrate insuch a way as to discharge into the ocean some part of
the quantity of radioactive waste that has accumulatedthere"; that, con-
sequently, the assumption made in the 1974Judgment that the abandon-
ment of atmospherictesting would put an end to the risks was erroneous,
and that the basis of the Judgment had been affectedby virtue of changes
in the factual situation;
34. Whereas during its oral statements New Zealand further con-
tended that changes in the law were capable of affecting the basis of the

1974Judgment, since the Court must have been aware at the time of the
Judgment in 1974of "the prospect of a significant forward surge in the
evolution of standards and procedures" in the field ofinternational envi-
ronmental law; that such an evolution had indeed taken place both in
customary international law and by virtue of the Noumea Convention;
that, under current customary law, especially stringent controls applied
to the marine environment, so that, in general,the introduction of radio-
active material into the marine environment was forbidden; and that,
specifically, "any introduction of radioactive material into the marine
environment as a result of nuclear tests" was forbidden; that the stand-
ard of proof to which New Zealand should be subject in seekingto dem-
onstrate that France was in breach of its obligations was a prima facie
test; and that by virtue of the adoption into environmental law of the
"Precautionary Principle", the burden of proof fell on a State wishing to
engage in potentially damaging environmental conduct to show in

advance that its activities would not cause contamination;

35. Whereas New Zealand reiterated in its oral statements that Ar-
ticle12 of the Noumea Convention required France to "take al1appro-
priate measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution in the Conven-
tion Area which might result from the testing of nuclear devices"; thatArticle 16 of that Convention required the carrying out of an environ-
mental impact assessment before any major project "which might affect
the marine environment" was embarked upon; that a similar obligation
existed under customary law; that, moreover, such obligation was not
subject to any exception recognized in international law concerning
national security; that the Precautionary Principle required France to
carry out such an assessment as a precondition for undertaking the
activities, and to demonstrate that there was no risk associated with
them; and that France's failure to comply with these obligations had
affected the basis of the 1974Judgment ;

36. Whereas in its oral statements, with regard to the meaning of the
words "in accordance with the provisions of the Statute" used in para-
graph 63of the Judgment of 20 December 1974,New Zealand contended

that the nature of its present Request must be distinguished from an
application for revision under Article 61 of the Statute, which would
require the discoveryof an essential fact which, had it been known at the
time, would have caused a different judgment to be made; that para-
graph 63defined the circumstancesfor its own application as a "separate
derivative proceeding" authorized by the Court in its 1974 Judgment,
without any expressbasis in the Statute, and in the exerciseof itsinherent
right to determine its own procedure; that the Court would not have
found it necessaryto express a right already provided by the Statute; and
that the correct interpretation was that the examination requested, once
allowed, "must continue in terms of the general statutory and indeed
regulatory requirements for the procedure of any case";
37. Whereas the New Zealand Government consequently concluded
that it should reply in the affirmative to the question put by the Court to
both States, as formulated in the letter from the Registrar dated 8 Sep-
tember 1995;
38. Whereas in its oral statements the French Government recalled its

essential position that the problem put to the Court, and on which New
Zealand and France had been invited to express their views,was a prob-
lem which was not even preliminary, but truly a prerequisite of any for-
mal act of procedure, the case brought before the Court by the New
Zealand Application of 9 May 1973having been definitively closedby the
Judgment of 20 December 1974,whose operative part and reasons have
the authority of resjudicata; that in reply to the arguments put forward
by New Zealand, while maintaining that this was not the subject of the
debate with which the Court should be concerned, the French Govern-
ment submitted data with a view to demonstrating, on the one hand, the
harmlessness of underground nuclear tests in the short and longer term
and to show, on the other, that France very actively endorsed the latest
requirements of international law in the field of environmental protec-
tion;
39. Whereas in its oral statements the French Government, referring
to the words "if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected" used inparagraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December 1974,contended that the
said "basis" of the 1974Judgment was determined by the subject-matter

of the New Zealand Application of 1973and by the nature of the com-
mitment entered into by France in 1974as to its future conduct; that the
New Zealand Application, as appears in particular from paragraph 29 of
the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974,wasconcerned only with the
ending of tests in the atmosphere likelyto cause fallout on the territory of
New Zealand; that New Zealand could not, without breaching the prin-
ciple of good faith, attempt unilaterally to modify, by means of a fresh
request, the meaning or scope of its 1973Application, as determined at
the time by the Court with binding force; that the cornmitment entered
into by France in 1974had two inseparable aspects, namely, on the one
hand, an end to nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and, on the other,
the shift to a new type of testing, underground testing; that the operative
part of the Judgment of 20 December 1974 found that, owing to that
commitment,the object of the New Zealand Application had been satis-
fied; that New Zealand had at that time considered itselfreassured by the
shift to underground testing because of the safety guarantees it offered
and that, in its statements, it advanced no evidenceor presumption of an

unforeseen danger recently arisingin the atolls; that the basis of the 1974
Judgment could not be affected by the resumption of underground test-
ing announced in 1995,for the very reason that it was by the shift to test-
ing of this type that the object of the New Zealand Application had been
satisfied; and that it was consequentlydemonstrated that the first condi-
tion set in paragraph 63 of the said Judgment for submission of a
"Request for an Examination of the Situation" had not, in the present
instance, been fulfilled;
40. Whereas in its oral statements France, referring to the words "in
accordance with the provisions of the Statute", used in paragraph 63 of
the 1974 Judgment, contended that the only provisions of the Statute
capable of permitting the "examination of the situation" contemplated
by paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December 1974were Article 60,
concerning the interpretation of a judgment, Article 61, relating to the
revision of a judgment, and Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute,
whereby "cases are brought before the Court", as appropriate, "by a
written application addressed to the Registrar"; that New Zealand relied

on none of those provisions; that its "Request for an Examination of the
Situation" did not constitute a request for interpretation of the Judgment
of 20 December 1974, sinceNew Zealand was not seekingthe interpreta-
tion of the said Judgment but the reopening of proceedings declared
closed by the Court; that the action by New Zealand was more akin to a
request for revision of the 1974Judgment, New Zealand insisting on the
existence of new facts, but that it was manifest that the conditions
imposed by Article 61 of the Statute had not been fulfilled,the French
decision taken in 1995to conduct a final series of underground tests not
having by definition existed prior to delivery of the Judgrnent, and the
time-limit of ten years provided for in Article 61, paragraph 5, of theStatute having expired; that the "Request for an Examination of the
Situation" submitted by New Zealand had the appearance, in regard to
its content, of an application but that New Zealand claimed, at the same
time, that there wasno newcase; that New Zealand was seeking,through
the said Request, to seisethe Court of an entirely new dispute to which,
according to New Zealand, new legal rules applied; that, in the event of
a fresh application, New Zealand would have had to indicate a "present-
day" jurisdictional link betweenitselfand France, and that, in the absence
of such indication, Article 38,paragraph 5, ofthe Rules of Court became
applicable; that, ifsuch were the case, and failing the consent of France,
the New Zealand application or request could not be entered in the Gen-

eral List and no procedural steps could be taken; that it was conse-
quently demonstrated that the second condition set in paragraph 63 of
the 1974Judgment for submission of a "request for an examination of
the situation" had not, in the present instance, been fulfilled;
41. Whereas in the course of its oral statements the French Govern-
ment also indicated that, for want of a principal proceeding, there could
not be any incidental proceedings; that the Court could not therefore
deal with the "New Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures"
submitted by New Zealand and that the conditions laid down by the
jurisprudence of the Court for the indication of provisional measures had
moreover not, in the present instance, been fulfilled; and that the Court

could not deal, either, with the "Applications for Permission to Inter-
vene" and "Declarations of Intervention" filed by five Governments in
the Registry of the Court;
42. Whereas the French Government consequently concluded that it
had to reply in the negative to the question put by the Court to both
States, as formulated in the letter from the Registrar dated 8 September
1995;
43. Whereas in the written replies given by New Zealand and France
to the questions put by the Judges during the public sittings the two
States clarified some of the arguments they had previously put forward;
and whereas, inte arlia, New Zealand, on the basis of a textual analysis of
paragraph 63 of the 1974 Judgment and referring in particular to the

position of the words "in accordance with the provisions of the Statute",
maintained that: those words could only refer to the procedure appli-
cable to an examination of the situation - and not to the need to have
recourse to one of the courses of action expresslylaid down by the Stat-
ute - and also that it would have been entitled,had it so wished, to sub-
mit its request for an examination in the form of a written application
within the meaning of Article 40 of the Statute - invoking the same
bases of jurisdiction as in its initial Application of 1973and bearing in
mind the indications given in this respect in paragraph 63 of the Judg-
ment - or in the form of a request for interpretation according to
Article 60 of the Statute; 44. Whereas New Zealand has submitted a "Request for an Examina-
tion of the Situation" under paragraph 63 of'the Judgment delivered by
the Court on 20 December 1974in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France) case; whereas such a request, even if it is disputed in limine
whether it fulfilsthe conditions set in that paragraph, must nonetheless
be the object of entry in the General List of the Court for the sole pur-
pose of enabling the latter to determine whether those conditions are ful-
filled; and whereas, consequently, the Court has instructed the Registrar,
pursuant to Article 26, paragraph 1 (b), of its Rules, to enter that
Request in the General List;

45. Whereas New Zealand bases its Request on paragraph 63 of the
Judgment of 20 December 1974,which provides:

"Once the Court has found that a State has entered into a com-
mitment concerning its future conduct it is not the Court's function
to contemplate that it will not comply with it. However, the Court
observes that if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected, the
Applicant could request an examination of the situation in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Statute; the denunciation by France,
by letter dated 2 January 1974, of the General Act for the Pacific
Settlement of International Disputes, which is relied on as a basis
of jurisdiction in the present case, cannot constitute by itself an

obstacle to the presentation of such a request";
46. Whereas, in the present instance, the following question has to be
answeredinlimine:"Do theRequestssubmittedto theCourt bytheGovern-
ment ofNew Zealand on 21August 1995fa11within the provisionsof para-
graph 63 of the Judgment of the Court of 20 December 1974in the case
concerning Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) ?"; and whereas the
Court has consequently limited the present proceedings to that question;

47. Whereas that question has two elements; whereas one concerns the
courses of procedure envisaged by the Court in paragraph 63 of its 1974
Judgment, when it stated that "the Applicant could request an examina-
tion of the situationnaccordancewith theprovisions ofthe Statute" ; and
whereasthe other concerns the question whether the "basis" of that Judg-
ment has been "affected" within the meaning of paragraph 63 thereof;

48. Whereas, as to the first elementof the question before it, New Zea-
land expressesthe following view :

"paragraph 63 is a mechanism enabling the continuation or the
resumption of the proceedings of 1973and 1974.They werenot fully
determined. The Court foresaw that the course of future events
might in justice require that New Zealand should have that oppor- tunity to continue its case, the progress of which was stopped in
1974.And to this end in paragraph 63 the Court authorized these

derivative proceedings" ;
49. Whereas New Zealand claims that it

"is given a right, in stated circumstances 'to request an examination
of the situation in accordance with the provisions of the Statute'.
Those words are only capable of meaning that the presentation of a
Request for such an examination is to be part of the same case and
not of a new one" ;

and whereas it adds, furthermore, that, in pointing to "the provisions of
the Statute", paragraph 63 could only be referring to the provisions con-
cerning the procedure applicable to the examination of the situation once
the Request is made;
50. Whereas New Zealand furthermore explicitly States that it is not
seeking an interpretation of the 1974Judgment under Article 60 of the
Statute, nor a revision of that Judgment under Article 61 ;
51. Whereas France, for its part, stated as follows:

"As the Court itself has expressly stated, the possible steps to
which it alludes are subject to compliance with the 'provisions ofthe
Statute' . . .The French Government incidentally further observes
that, even had the Court not so specified,the principle would never-
theless apply: any activity of the Court is governed by the Statute,
which circumscribes the powers of the Court and prescribes the con-
duct that States must observe without it being possible for them to
depart therefrom, even by agreement . . .as a result and afortiori,
a State cannot act unilaterally before the Court in the absence of any

basis in the Statute.
Now New Zealand does not invoke any provision of the Statute
and could not invoke any that would be capable ofjustifying its pro-
cedure in law. It is not a request for interpretation or revision . ..,
nor a new Application, whose entry in the General List would, for
that matter, be quite out of the question . ..";

52. Whereas, in expressly laying down, in paragraph 63 of its Judg-
ment of 20 December 1974, that, in the circumstances set out therein,
"the Applicant could request an examination of the situation in accord-
ance with theprovisions of theStatute", the Court cannot have intended
to limit the Applicant's access to legal procedures such as the filing of a
new application (Statute, Art. 40, para. l), a request for interpretation
(Statute, Art. 60)or a request for revision (Statute, Art. 61),which would
have been open to it in any event;
53. Whereas by inserting the above-mentioned words in paragraph 63
of its Judgment, the Court did not exclude a special procedure, in the
event that the circumstances defined in that paragraph were to arise, inother words, circumstances which "affected" the "basis" of the Judg-
ment;
54. Whereas such a procedure appears to be indissociably linked,
under that paragraph, to the existence of those circumstances; and
whereas, if the circumstances in question do not arise, that special pro-
cedure is not available;

55. Whereas the Court must now consider the second element of the
question raised and determine whether the basis of its Judgment of

20 December 1974has been affected by the facts to which New Zealand
refers and whether the Court may consequently proceed to examine the
situation as contemplated by paragraph 63 of that Judgment; and
whereas, to that end, it must first define the basis of that Judgment by an
analysis of its text;
56. Whereas the Court, in 1974,took as the point of departure of its
reasoning the Application filed by New Zealand in 1973; whereas it
affirmed in its Judgment of 20 December 1974 that it was its duty "to
isolate the real issue in the case and to identify the object of the claim";
whereas it subsequentlyadded that "it has never been contested that the
Court is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and in fact is
bound to do son, this being "one of the attributes of itsjudicial function"
(I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30); and whereas it continued as fol-
lows :

"In the circumstances of the present case, as already mentioned,
the Court must ascertain the true subject of the dispute, the object
and purpose of the claim . . In doing so it must take into account
not only the submission, but the Application as a whole, the argu-
ments of the Applicant before the Court, and other documents
referred to . .." (ibid., p. 467, para. 31);

57. Whereas, in the light of this, the Court referred, among other
things, to a statement made by the Prime Minister of New Zealand that

"[tlhe option of further atmospheric tests has been left open. Until
we have an assurance that nuclear testing of this kind is finished for
good, the dispute between New Zealand and France persists . ..";

and whereas it found that
"for purposes of the Application, the New Zealand claim is to be
interpreted as applying only to atmospheric tests, not to any other
form of testing, and as applying only to atmospheric tests so con-
ducted as to give rise to radio-activefall-out on New Zealand terri-
tory" (ibid., p. 466, para. 29); 58. Whereas on the same date, 20 December 1974,the Court further-
more delivered a Judgment in the Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France)
case, in which Australia had asked, in expressterms, that it "adjudgeand
declare that . ..the carrying out of further atmospheric nuclear weapon
tests . . .is not consistent with applicable rules of international law"
(I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 256, para. 11); whereas, having considered the
Application of Australia, the Court employed in paragraph 60 of that
Judgment a form of words identical to the one used in paragraph 63 of
the Judgment in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case and
adopted, in both Judgments, operative parts with the same content; and
whereas for the Court the two casesappeared identicalas to their subject-
matter which concerned exclusivelyatmospheric tests;

59. Whereas the Court, in making these findings in 1974, had dealt
with the question whether New Zealand, when filing its Application of
1973instituting proceedings, might have had broader objectivesthan the
cessation of atmospheric nuclear tests - the "primary concern" of the

Government of New Zealand, as it now puts it; and whereas, since the
current task of the Court is lirnited to an analysis of the Judgment of
1974,it cannot now reopen this question;

60. Whereas, moreover, the Court, at that time, took note of the com-
muniquéissued by the Office ofthe President of the French Republic on
8 June 1974,stating that
"in view of the stage reached in carrying out the French nuclear

defence programme France will be in a position to pass on to the
stage of underground explosionsas soon as the seriesoftestsplanned
for this summer is completed" (ibid., p. 469, para. 35);
whereas it likewise referred to other officia1declarations of the French
authorities on the same subject; and whereas it concluded, with reference
to al1those statements, that

"they must be held to constitute an engagement of the State, having
regard to their intention and to the circumstances in which they were
made" (ibid., p. 474, para. 51);

61. Whereas the unilateral declarations of the French authorities were
made publicly outside the Court and erga omnes, and expressed the
French Government's intention to put an end to its atmospheric tests;
whereas the Court, comparing the undertaking entered into by France
with the claim asserted by New Zealand, found that it faced "a situation
in which the objectiveof the Applicant [had]in effect beenaccomplished"
(ibid., p. 475,para. 55); and accordingly indicated that "the object of the
claim having clearly disappeared, there is nothing on which to give judg-
ment" (ibid., p. 477, para. 62);
62. Whereas the basis of the Judgment delivered by the Court in the
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case was consequentlyFrance'sundertaking not to conduct any further atmospheric nuclear tests;
whereas it was only, therefore, in the event of a resumption of nuclear
tests in the atmosphere that that basis of the Judgment would have been
affected; and whereas that hypothesis has not materialized;
63. Whereas, in analysingits Judgment of 1974,the Court has reached
the conclusion that that Judgment dealt exclusively with atmospheric
nuclear tests; whereas consequentlyit is not possible for the Court now

to take into consideration questions relating to underground nuclear
tests; and whereas the Court cannot, therefore, take account of the argu-
ments derived by New Zealand, on the one hand from the conditions in
which France has conducted underground nuclear tests since 1974,and
on the other from the development of international law in recent decades
- and particularly the conclusion,on 25November 1986,ofthe Noumea
Convention - any more than of the arguments derived by France from
the conduct of the New Zealand Government since 1974;

64. Whereas moreover the present Order is without prejudice to the
obligations of States to respect and protect the natural environment,obli-

gations to which both New Zealand and France have in the present
instance reaffinned their cornmitment;
65. Whereasthe basis of the Judgment delivered on 20December 1974
in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) casehas not been affected;
whereas the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" submitted by
New Zealand on 21 August 1995 does not therefore fa11within the pro-
visions of paragraph 63 of that Judgment; and whereas that Request
must consequently be dismissed;
66. Whereas, as indicated in paragraph 44 above, the "Request for an
Examination of the Situation" submitted by New Zealand in accordance
with paragraph 63 of the 1974Judgment has been entered in the General
List for the solepurpose of allowing the Court to determine whether the

conditions laid down in that text have been fulfilledin the present case;
and whereas, following the present Order, the Court has instructed
the Registrar, acting pursuant to Article 26, paragraph 1 (b), of the
Rules, to remove that Request from the General List as of 22 September
1995;

67. Whereas it follows from the conclusions reached by the Court in

paragraph 65 above that it must likewise dismiss the "Further Request
for the Indication of Provisional Measures" submitted by New Zealand,
as well as the "Application for Permission to Intervene" submitted by
Australia, and the "Applications for Permission to Intervene" and "Dec-
larations of Intervention" submitted by Samoa, Solomon Islands, the
Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia - al1of which
are proceedings incidental to the "Request for an Examination of theSituation" submitted by New Zealand; and whereas the Court has
instructed the Registrar to so inform the States concerned in notifying
them of the text of the present Order;

68. Accordingly,

(1) By twelve votes to three,
Finds that the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" in

accordance with paragraph 63 of the Judgment of the Court of 20 De-
cember 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case; sub-
mitted by New Zealand on 21 August 1995,does not fa11within the pro-
visions of thesaid paragraph 63 and must consequently be dismissed;
IN FAVOUR P:resident Bedjaoui; Vice-President Schwebel; Judges Oda,

Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,Higgins;
AGAINST :Judges Weeramantry, Koroma ; Judge ad hoc SirGeoffreyPalmer;

(2) By twelve votes to three,
Finds that the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional

Measures" submitted by New Zealand on the same date must be dis-
missed ;
IN FAVOUR: President Bedjaoui; Vice-President Schwebel; Judges Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo, Higgins;

AGAINS Tudges Weeramantry,Koroma; Judge ad hocSir GeoffreyPalmer;
(3) By twelve votes to three,

Finds that the "Application for Permission to Intervene" submitted by
Australia on 23 August 1995, and the "Applications for Permission to
Intervene" and "Declarations of Intervention" submitted by Samoa and

Solomon Islands on 24 August 1995,and by the Marshall Islands and the
Federated States of Micronesia on 25 August 1995,must likewise be dis-
missed.
IN FAVOUR : President Bedjaoui ; Vice-President Schwebel; Judges Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,Higgins;

AGAINST: Judges Weeramantry,Koroma; Judge ad hoc SirGeoffreyPalmer.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of September, one
thousand nine hundred and ninety-five, in three copies, one of which willbe placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to
the Government of New Zealand and the Government of the French
Republic, respectively.

(Signed) Mohammed BEDJAOUI,
President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Vice-President SCHWEBEJLu,dges ODAand RANJEVA append declara-
tions to the Order of the Court.

Judge SHAHABUDDE apNends a separate opinion to the Order of the
Court.

JudgesWEERAMANTR KO,ROMA and Judge adhocSirGeoffreyPALMER
append dissenting opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) M.B.

(Initialled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DEMANDE D'EXAMEN DE LA SITUATION
AU TITRE DU PARAGRAPHE 63 DE L'ARRÊT

RENDU PAR LA COUR LE 20 DÉCEMBRE 1974
DANS L'AFFAIRE DES ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES
(NO UVELLE-ZÉLANDE C.FRANCE)

ORDONNANCEDU 22 SEPTEMBRE1995

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

REQUEST FOR AN EXAMINATION
OF THE SITUATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH

PARAGRAPH 63OF THE COURT'SJUDGMENT
OF 20 DECEMBER 1974IN THE NUCLEAR
TESTS (NEW ZEALAND v.FRANCE) CASE

ORDEROF 22 SEPTEMBER1995 Mode officielde citation:
Demande d'examen de la situation au titre duparagraphe 63
de l'arrêtrendupar la Cour le 20 décembre 1974
dans l'affaire des Essais nucléaires (Nouve. rance),de cF
C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 288

Officia1citation:
Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance
with Paragraph 63 of theSCJudgment of 20 December 1974
in the Nuclear Tests (New Zv.France) Case,
I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 288

NOde ente: 666 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number
ISBN 92-1-070730-3 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1995 ANNÉE 1995
22 septembre
Rôle général
n97 22 septembre1995

DEMANDE D'EXAMEN DE LA SITUATION
AU TITRE DU PARAGRAPHE 63 DE L'ARRÊT

RENDU PAR LA COUR LE 20 DÉCEMBRE 1974
DANS L'AFFAIRE DES ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES

(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE C. FRANCE)

ORDONNANCE

Présents: M. BEDJAOUIP, résident; M. SCHWEBEL,ice-Président;
MM.ODAG , UILLAUMSH,AHABUDDW EENE, AMANTRRYN, JEVA,
HERCZEGHS , HI, FLEISCHHAUERO,ROMA, VERESHCHETIN,
FERRARB I RAVO,meHIGGINSju, ges; sir Geoffrey PALMER,
juge ad hoc; M. VALENCIA-OSPGAre,f$er.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéen chambre du conseil,
Vu l'articledu Statut de la Cour,

Vu l'arrêtrendu par la Cour le 20 décembre 1974 en l'affaire des
Essaisnucléaires(Nouvelle-Zéc.France), et en particulier son para-
graphe63,
Rend l'ordonnance suivante:

1. Considérantque, le 21 août 1995,leGouvernement néo-zélandaisa
déposéau Greffe une ((Demande d'examen de la situation)); qu'il
indiqué que la demande en question ar origine un projet d'action INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1995 1995
22 September
General List
22 September1995 NO.97

REQUEST FOR AN EXAMINATION

OF THE SITUATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH

PARAGRAPH 63 OF THE COURT'SJUDGMENT
OF 20 DECEMBER 1974IN THE NUCLEAR

TESTS (NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE) CASE

ORDER

Present: President BEDJAO;ice-President SCHWEBJ;dges ODA,
GUILLAUM SH,AHABUDDE WENE,RAMANTRRAY, JEA, RCZEGH,
SHI,FLEISCHHAUKER,ROMAV, ERESHCHETF E,RRARBIRAVO,
HIGGINS;udgead hoc SirGeoffreyPALR;egistrarVALENCIA-
OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed asabove,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Article 48 of the of the Court,
Having regard to the Judgment delivered by the Court on
ber 1974in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case, and in par-
ticular its paragraph 63,

Makes thefollowing Order:
1. Whereas on 21 August 1995the New Zealand Government filed in
the Registry a "Request for an Examination of the Situation"
is indicated therein that the Request concerned "aris[es] out of a pro-annoncépar la France qui, s'ilse réalise, remettraen cause le fondement
de l'arrêt rendupar la Cour le 20 décembre1974dans l'affaire des Essais
nucléaires(Nouvelle-Zélandec. France)»;et qu'il y est précisé que «[l]e
fait immédiatdonnant lieu à la présente phase de l'affaire est une déci-
sion annoncéepar la France dans une déclaration aux médiasfaite le
13juin 1995))par le président dela République française,selon laquelle
«la France procéderait à une dernière série dehuit essais d'armes nu-
cléairesdans le Pacifique Sud à partir de septembre 1995));
2. Considérant que,dans ladite «Demande d'examen de la situation)),
il est rappelé que la Cour, au terme de son arrêtdu 20 décembre1974,a
décidéqu'il n'y avait pas lieu de statuer sur la demande soumise par la
Nouvelle-Zélande en 1973, cette demande étant devenue sans objet du
fait des déclarationspar lesquellesla France s'était engagéene pas pro-

céder à de nouveaux essais nucléairesdans l'atmosphère; et considérant
qu'ily est par ailleurs soulignéque la Cour a inclus dans lemêmearrêtun
paragraphe 63 «pour le cas où la France cesserait éventuellementpar la
suite de se conformer à ses engagements relatifs aux essais dans l'atmo-
sphère,ou que l'un des fondementsde l'arrêtvienne à cesserd'être appli-
cable));
3. Considérant que la Nouvelle-Zélande fonde expressément sa
((Demande d'examen dela situation)) sur le paragraphe 63 de l'arrêt du
20 décembre1974,ainsi libellé :

«Dèslors que la Cour a constaté qu'unEtat a pris un engagement
quant à son comportement futur, il n'entre pas dans sa fonction
d'envisager que cet Etat ne le respecte pas. La Cour fait observer
que, si lefondement du présentarrêtétaitremis en cause, le requé-
rant pourrait demander un examen de la situation conformément
aux dispositionsdu Statut; la dénonciationpar la France, dans une
lettre du 2janvier 1974,del'Actegénérap lour le règlementpacifique
des différendsinternationaux, qui est invoquécomme l'un desfon-
dements de la compétence dela Cour en l'espèce, nesaurait en soi
faire obstacle la présentation d'unetelle demande)) (C.I.J. Recueil
1974, p. 477);

qu'elleaffirme tenir de ce paragraphe le«droit» de solliciter, dans le cas
prévu, «la reprise de l'affaire introduite par la requêtedu 9 mai 1973));et
qu'elle observe quele dispositif de l'arrêtconsidéne peut être interprété
comme révélant dela part de la Cour une intention de clore définitive-
ment l'instance;
4. Considérant que, dans sa «Demande d'examen de la situation)), la
Nouvelle-Zélandefait valoir que le passage clef du paragraphe 63 de
l'arrêtdu 20 décembre1974est le membre de phrase «si le fondement

du présentarrêtétaitremis en cause, le requérantpourrait demander un
examen de la situation conformément aux dispositions du Statut)); que,
bien que le ((fondement»de l'arrêtde la Cour n'y soit pas expressément
déterminéi.l est trèsrobable aue la Cour a entendu seréférer aux décla-
rations assorties d'effets juridiques par lesquelles la France avait prisposed action announced by France which will, if carried out, affect the
basis of the Judgment rendered by the Court on 20 December 1974in the
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case"; and it is stated therein
that "the irnmediate circumstance giving rise to the present phase of the
Case is a decision announced by France in a media statement of 13June
1995" by the President of the French Republic, according to which
"France would conduct a final seriesof eight nuclear weapons tests in the
South Pacific starting in September 1995";
2. Whereas in that "Request for an Examination of the Situation" it is
recalled that the Court, at the end of its Judgment of 20 December 1974,
found that it was not called upon to givea decision on the claim submit-
ted by New Zealand in 1973,that claim no longer having any object, by
virtue of the declarations by which France had undertaken not to carry
out further atmospheric nuclear tests; and whereas, moreover, New Zea-
land emphasizes therein that the Court included in that Judgment para-
graph 63 "to cover the possibility that France might subsequently cease

to comply with its undertakings regarding atmospheric testing or that
something else underlying the Court's Judgment was no longer appli-
cable" ;
3. Whereas New Zealand expresslyfounds its "Request for an Exami-
nation of the Situation" on paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 Decem-
ber 1974,worded as follows:
"Once the Court has found that a State has entered into a com-
mitment concerningits future conduct it is not the Court's function

to contemplate that it will not comply with it. However, the Court
observes that if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected, the
Applicant could request an examination of the situation in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Statute; the denunciation by France,
by letter dated 2 January 1974, of the General Act for the Pacific
Settlement of International Disputes, which is relied on as a basis
of jurisdiction in the present case, cannot constitute by itself an
obstacle to the presentation ofsuch a request" (I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 477);

whereas it asserts that this paragraph givesit the "right", inuch circum-
stances, to request "the resumption of the case begun by Application on
9 May 1973"; and whereas it observes that the operative part of the
Judgment concerned cannot be construed as showing any intention on
the part of the Court definitivelyto close the case;
4. Whereas in its "Request for an Examination of the Situation" New
Zealand argues that the key passage in paragraph 63 of the Judgment of
20 December 1974 is the phrase "if the basis of this Judgment were to be
affected, the Applicant could request an examination of the situation in
accordance with the provisions of the Statute"; that, although this pas-
sage does not expresslyidentify the "basis" of the Court's Judgment, it is
most likely that the Court intended to refer to the declarations constitut-
ing legal obligations, by which France had entered into a binding com-l'engagement contraignant de ne plus procéder à des essais nucléaires
dans l'atmosphère dans la régiondu Pacifique Sud; que, cependant, il
étaitprécisédans la requêtede 1973que le différendportait sur la conta-
mination radioactive de l'environnement causéepar des essais nucléaires
de quelque nature que ce soit; que le champ d'application de l'arrêtde
1974doit être appréhendé non pas au regard des essais atmosphériques
en tant que tels, mais plutôt au regard de l'objet réel etdéclaré dela
requête; qu'en1974la France procédait uniquement,dans le Pacifique, à
des essais atmosphériqueset que ceux-ci constituaient alors la principale
préoccupation de la Nouvelle-Zélande; que la Cour avait donc «fait
correspondre)) l'engagement de la France àla principale préoccupation
dela Nouvelle-Zélandeet avaitcrupouvoir considérerledifférend comme

réglém, ais qu'ellen'aurait certainement pas établiune telle ((correspon-
dance)) si elleavait pu prévoir, en 1974,que le passage aux essais souter-
rains ne ferait pas disparaître les risques de contamination; que, selon
divers éléments de preuve scientifiques,les essais nucléairessouterrains
Mururoa et à Fangataufa ont déjàentraînéune certaine contamination
du milieu marin et risquent de donner lieà une nouvelle contamination,
potentiellement importante; que le fondement de l'arrêtde 1974 s'en
trouve modifiéet qu'en conséquence laNouvelle-Zélandeest en droit de
demander la reprise de l'instance introduite en 1973,les bases de compé-
tence de la Cour demeurant l'Actegénéraldu 26 septembre 1928 pour le
règlement pacifiquedes différendsinternationaux ainsi que l'acceptation
par la France de la clause facultative telle que formuléeau moment du
dépôt de la requête initiale;
5. Considérant que, dans sa ((Demande d'examen de la situation)), la

Nouvelle-Zélandesoutient qu'en vertu tant de dispositions convention-
nelles expresses (cellesde la convention sur la protection des ressources
naturelles et de l'environnement de la région du Pacifique Sud du
25 novembre 1986,ou ((conventionde Nouméa))) que du droit interna-
tional coutumier issu d'une pratique largement répandue la France est
tenue d'effectuer uneétude d'impact sur l'environnement avant de pro-
céder à tout nouvel essai nucléairàMururoa et à Fangataufa; et qu'elle
soutient en outre que la conduite de la France est illiciteen ce qu'ellepro-
voque ou a des chances de provoquer l'introduction de matières radio-
actives dans le milieu marin, la France étanttenue, avant de procéderà
ses nouveaux essais nucléairessouterrains, d'apporter la preuve qu'ils
n'auront pas pour effet d'introduire de telles matières dans ce milieu,
conformémentau ((principede précaution)) très largement acceptédans

le droit international contemporain;
6. Considérant qu'au terme de sa ((Demande d'examen de la situa-
tion)) la Nouvelle-Zélandepréciseque les droits dont elle demande la
protection entrent tous dans le cadre des droits invoqués au para-
graphe 28 de sa requêtede 1973,mais que, pour lemoment, elledemande
seulement la reconnaissancedes droits qui seraient affectésde façon pré-
judiciable par la pénétration dansle milieu marin de substances radio-
actives en conséquencedes nouveaux essaisqui doivent êtreeffectuésauxmitment not to carry out further atmospheric nuclear tests in the South
Pacific region; that, however, it was stated in the Application of 1973
that the dispute concerned nuclear contamination of the environment
arising from nuclear testing of whatever nature; that the scope of the
Judgment of 1974 must be measured not by reference to atmospheric
testingas such, but rather by reference to the true and stated object of the
Application; that in 1974the only mode of testing used by France in the
Pacific wasatmospheric and such tests were then New Zealand's primary
concern; that the Court had therefore "matched" the French undertaking
with New Zealand's primary concern and had felt able to treat the dis-
pute as resolved, but that the "matching" would doubtlessnot have been
made had it realized, in 1974,that a shift to underground testing would
not remove the risks of contamination; that, according to a variety of
scientific evidence, underground nuclear testing at Mururoa and Fanga-

taufa has already led to some contamination of the marine environment
and risks leading to further, potentially significant, contamination; that
the basis of the 1974Judgment has therefore been altered and that, con-
sequently, New Zealand is entitled to seek a resumption of the proceed-
ings instituted in 1973,the bases of thejurisdiction of the Court remain-
ing the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
of 26 September 1928, as well as France's acceptance of the Optional
Clause as it stood at the time of the original Application;

5. Whereas in its "Request for an Examination of the Situation" New
Zealand contends that, both by virtue of specifictreaty undertakings (in
the Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Envi-
ronment of the South Pacific Region of 25 November 1986or "Noumea
Convention") and customary international law derived from widespread
international practice, France has an obligation to conduct an environ-

mental impact assessmentbefore carrying out any further nuclear tests at
Mururoa and Fangataufa; and it further contends that France's conduct
is illegal in that it causes, or is likely to cause, the introduction into the
marine environment of radioactive material, France being under an obli-
gation, before carrying out its new underground nuclear tests, to provide
evidence that they will not result in the introduction of such material to
that environment, in accordance with the "precautionary principle" very
widely accepted in contemporary international law;

6. Whereas at the end of its "Request for an Examination of the Situa-
tion" New Zealand states that the rights for which it seeksprotection al1
fa11within the scope of the rights invoked in paragraph 28 of the 1973
Application, but that, at the present time, it seeks recognition only of
those rights that would be adversely affected by entry into the marine
environment of radioactive material as a result of the further tests to be
carried out at Mururoa or Fangataufa Atolls, and of its entitlement to291 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNAN2 C2EIX 95)

atolls de Mururoa ou de Fangataufa, et de son droit à être protégée eàt
bénéficierd'une évaluation correctement réaliséede l'impact sur I'envi-
ronnement ;et considérant que, dansceslimites,la Nouvelle-Zélande prie
la Cour de dire et juger:

«i) que la réalisationdes essais nucléairesenvisagésconstituera une
violation des droits de la Nouvelle-Zélande,ainsi que d'autres
Etats, au regard du droit international;

en outre et subsidiairement;
ii) que la France n'a pas le droit d'effectuer detels essaisnucléaires
avant d'avoir procédé à une évaluation de l'impact sur l'envi-
ronnement conformément à des normes internationales recon-

nues. Les droits dela Nouvelle-Zélande,ainsique d'autres Etats,
au regard du droit international, seront enfreints si cetteévalua-
tion ne démontre pas que les essais ne provoqueront, directe-
ment ou indirectement, aucune contamination radioactive du
milieu marin»;

7. Considérant que la ((Demande d'examen de la situation)) présentée
par la Nouvelle-Zélandeétaitaccompagnéed'une lettre de l'ambassadeur
de Nouvelle-Zélandeaux Pays-Bas datéedu 21 août 1995,par laquelle le
Greffier était informé, d'une part, de la désignation par la Nouvelle-
Zélanded'un agent et de deuxcoagentset, d'autre part, de la démissiondu
trèshonorable sir GarfieldBanvick,juge ad hoc désigné par la Nouvelle-
Zélandeen 1973,et de la désignation,pour le remplacer, du trèshonorable
sir GeoffreyPalmer ;
8. Considérant qu'outre sa «Demande d'examen de la situation)) le

Gouvernement néo-zélandaisa aussi déposéau Greffe, le 21 août 1995,
une «Nouvelle demande en indication de mesures conservatoires», dans
laquelleil est notamment fait référencau documentprécédent,ainsiqu'à
l'ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoiresrendue par la Cour
le 22juin 1973;considérant que, dans ce nouveau document, les mesures
conservatoires ci-après sont demandées «à titre prioritaire et vu I'ur-
gente)),en application des articles 33 de l'Acte généraldu 26 septembre
1928et 41 du Statut de la Cour:

((1) que la France s'abstienne de procéder à de nouveaux essais
nucléairesaux atolls de Mururoa et de Fangataufa;
2) que la France procède, à l'égard desessais nucléaires qu'ellese
propose d'effectuer,à une évaluationde l'impact sur l'environ-
nement conformément à des normes internationales reconnues
et qu'elles'abstienne de procéder cesessais, si cette évaluation
ne démontre pas que lesdits essais ne provoqueront aucune

contamination radioactive du milieu marin ;
3) que la France et la Nouvelle-Zélandeveillent à ce qu'aucune
mesure ne soit prise qui soit susceptible d'aggraver ou d'étendre
le différend soumisàla Cour, ou de porter atteinte aux droits deprotection and to the benefit of a properly conducted Environmental
Impact Assessment; and whereas, within these limits, New Zealand asks
the Court to adjudge and declare:

"(i) that the conduct of the proposed nuclear tests will constitute a
violation of the rightsnder international law of New Zealand,
as well as of other States;
further or in the alternative;

(ii) that it is unlawful for France to conduct such nuclear tests
before it has undertaken an Environmental Impact Assessment
according to accepted international standards. Unless such an
assessmentestablishesthat the tests willnot giverise, directly or
indirectly, to radioactive contamination of the marine environ-
ment the rights under international law of NewZealand, as well
as the rights of other States, will beviolated";

7. Whereas the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" sub-
mitted by New Zealand was accompanied by a letter dated 21 August
1995from the Ambassador of New Zealand to the Netherlands, by which
the Registrar was informed of the appointment by New Zealand of an
Agent and two Co-Agentsand also of the resignation of the Right Hon-
ourable Sir Garfield Barwick, Judge ad hoc chosen by New Zealand in
1973, and the choice of the Right Honourable Sir Geoffrey Palmer to
replace him;
8. Whereas, in addition to its "Request for an Examination of the
Situation", the New Zealand Government also filed in the Registry, on

21 August 1995, a "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional
Measures", in which reference is made, inter aliato the preceding docu-
ment, as well as to theOrder for the Indication of Provisional Measures
made by the Court on 22 June 1973;whereas in that new document the
followingprovisional measures are requested "as a matter of priority and
urgency", in accordance with Article 33 of the General Act of 26 Sep-
tember 1928and Article 41 of the Statute of the Court:

"(1) that France refrain from conducting any further nuclear tests
at Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls;
(2) that France undertake an environmental impact assessment of
the proposed nuclear tests according to accepted international
standards and that, unless the assessment establishes that the
tests will not give rise to radioactive contamination of the
marine environment, France refrain from conducting the tests;

(3) that France and New Zealand ensure that no action of any
kind is taken which might aggravate or extend the dispute sub-
rnitted to the Court or prejudice the rights of the other Party in292 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNAN2C 2EIX 95)

l'autre Partie pour ce qui est de mettre en Œuvreles décisions
que la Cour pourra prendre en l'espèce»;

et considérant qu'au terme du mêmedocument la Nouvelle-Zélande
((priepar ailleurs le Présidentde la Cour d'exercerlespouvoirs qu'il tient

du Règlement, enattendant que la Cour exerce ses propres pouvoirs));
9. Considérant que la ((Nouvelledemande en indication de mesures
conservatoires» présentée par la Nouvelle-Zélandeétaitaccompagnée de
deux lettres en date du 21 août 1995,'une du ministre des affaires étran-
gères de Nouvelle-Zélande et l'autre de l'ambassadeur de Nouvelle-
Zélande aux Pays-Bas, dans lesquelles l'urgence de la situation était
invoquéeet lePrésidentétaitégalement prié d'exercelres pouvoirs prévus
au paragraphe 3 de l'article 66 du Règlement de 1972, «en vigueur à
l'époque de l'introductionde l'instance en 1973));
10. Considérant quele Greffier a fait tenir lejour mêmeune copie de
l'ensemble deces lettres et documents au Gouvernement français; qu'il a
transmis une copie de la ((Demande d'examen de la situation)) et de la

«Nouvelle demande en indication de mesures conservatoires» au Secré-
taire général del'Organisation des Nations Unies; et qu'il a avisédu
dépôt deces documents tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour;
11. Considérant que, le 23 août 1995, le Gouvernement australien a
déposé au Greffeun document intitulé ((Requête àfin d'intervention pré-
sentéepar le Gouvernement australien au titre de l'article 62 du Statut));
que, le24 août 1995, les Gouvernements du Samoa et des Iles Salomon
ont déposé l'un et l'autre un documentintitulé ((Requête fin d'interven-
tion fondée surl'article 62 Déclaration d'intervention fondée sur l'ar-
ticle63))dont les termes étaient analogues; et que, le 25août 1995, des
documents analogues portant le mêmetitre ont été déposés, respective-
ment, par le Gouvernement des Iles Marshall et le Gouvernement des

Etats fédérés dMe icronésie;et considérant quecescinq documents seré-
fèrenttant à la ((Demande d'examen de la situation)) qu'à la ((Nouvelle
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires)) présentéespar la
Nouvelle-Zélande ;
12. Considérantque le Greffier a fait tenir copie de ces documentsaux
Gouvernements néo-zélandaiset français, ainsi qu'au Secrétairegénéral
de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, et qu'il a avisédu dépôt desdits
documents tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour;
13. Considérant que,par une lettre en date du28 août 1995,reçue au
Greffe le mêmejour, l'ambassadeur de France aux Pays-Bas, se référant
aux deux demandes présentées par la Nouvelle-Zélandele 21août 1995,a

notamment fait savoir à la Cour que son gouvernement considérait
qu'aucune base ne pouvait fonder, ne fût-ce que prima facie, la compé-
tence de la Cour pour connaître de ces demandes; que la démarche de la
Nouvelle-Zélandene s'inscrivaitpas dans le cadre de l'affaire ayant fait
l'objet de l'arrêt du20 décembre1974,car cette affaire portait exclusive-
ment, comme la Cour l'a soulignéelle-mêmeau paragraphe 29 dudit
arrêt, surdes essaisatmosphériques; que, la Cour ayant jugéà la suite de respect of the carrying out of whatever decisionsthe Court may
givein this case";

and whereas at the end of that document New Zealand "separately
request[s] the President of the.Court to exercise his powers under the
Rules pending the exerciseby the Court of its powers";
9. Whereas the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional
Measures" submitted by New Zealand was accompanied by two letters
dated 21August 1995,one from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of New
Zealand, and the other from the Ambassador of New Zealand to the
Netherlands, in which the urgency of the situation was referred to and
the President was also asked to exercise the powers provided for under
Article 66,paragraph 3, of the 1972Rules of Court, "in force at the time
of the institution of the proceedings in 1973";

10. Whereas the same day the Registrar transmitted a copy of al1those
letters and documents to the French Government; whereas he transmitted
a copy of the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" and of the
"Further Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures" to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations; and whereas he notified al1
States entitled to appear before the Court of the filingof those documents;
11. Whereas on 23 August 1995,the Australian Government filed in
the Registry a document entitled "Application for Permission to Inter-
vene under the Terms of Article 62 of the Statute Submitted by the Gov-
ernment of Australia"; whereas on 24 August 1995 the Governments
of Samoa and Solomon Islands each filed a document, similar in con-
tent, entitled "Application for Permission to Intervene under Ar-
ticle62iDeclaration of Intervention under Article 63"; and whereas on
25 August 1995 similar documents bearing the same titles were filed,
respectively, by the Government of the Marshall Islands and the Gov-
ernment of the Federated States of Micronesia; and whereas these five
documents refer both to the "Request for an Examination of the Situa-

tion" and to the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional
Measures" submitted by New Zealand;
12. Whereas the Registrar transmitted copies of these documents to
the Governments of New Zealand and France, as well as to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations, and notified al1 States entitled to
appear before the Court of the filing ofthose documents;
13. Whereas by letter dated 28 August 1995, receivedin the Registry
the same day, the Ambassador of France to the Netherlands, referring to
the two Requestssubmitted byNew Zealand on 21August 1995,informed
the Court, among other things, that his Government considered that no
basis existed whichmight found, even if only prima facie, thejurisdiction
of the Court to entertain those Requests; that the action by New Zealand
did not fa11within the framework of the case which hacibeen the object
of the Judgment of 20 December 1974, since that case related exclu-
sively,as the Court itself emphasized in paragraph 29 of that Judgment,
to atmospheric tests; that since the Court considered, following thel'annonce de la décision prisepar la France de mettre fin aux essais
atmosphériques et de passer au stade des essais souterrains, que la
demande de la Nouvelle-Zélande de1973était sans objet, ladite demande
n'existait pluset la démarchenéo-zélandaisedu 21 août 1995ne pouvait
dès lors pas s'yrattacher; que, la Cour n'ayant manifestement pas com-
pétence en l'absence deconsentement de la France, ni la question de la
désignation d'unjuge ad hoc ni cellede l'indication de mesures conser-
vatoires ne se posaient; et qu'enfin la démarchede la Nouvelle-Zélande
ne pouvait faire l'objet d'une inscription au rôle général dela Cour;
14. Considérant que copie de cette lettre a immédiatement été trans-
mise par le Greffier au Gouvernement néo-zélandais;

15. Considérant qu'au cours d'une réunion quele Présidentde la Cour
a tenue le 30 août 1995avec les représentantsde la Nouvelle-Zélandeet
de la France, ceux-ci ont exprimé despoints de vue d'embléetrès diffé-
rents au sujet de la nature juridique des demandes néo-zélandaiseset de
leurseffets;et que le Présidenta invitélesdeux Etats, s'ilsle souhaitaient,
à assister la Cour en lui faisant brièvementconnaître leur position, dans
un ((aide-mémoireinformel », sur les points discutéslors de la réunion;
16. Considérant que la Nouvelle-Zélandea déposéson aide-mémoire
au Greffe le 5 septembre 1995,en en soulignant le caractère officieuxet
en précisant qu'ilne constituait pas un nouvel exposécomplet de sa posi-
tion et ne pouvait êtreconsidéré commeépuisant son droit d'exposer
officiellement etpubliquement ses vues sur les questions soulevéespar le
Président etpar la lettre de l'ambassadeur de France en date du 28 août
1995;
17. Considérant que, dans ledit aide-mémoire,la Nouvelle-Zélande

rappelle que la Cour a conclu, dans son ordonnance en indication de
mesures conservatoires du 22 juin 1973,que «les dispositions invoquées
par le demandeur seprésententcomme constituant, primafacie, une base
sur laquelle la compétence de la Cour pourrait être fondée» (C.Z.J.
Recueil 1973, p. 138, par. 18); que la Nouvelle-Zélandeindique que la
question supplémentairede savoir si l'instance en cours est la continua-
tion de cellea laquelle s'applique cette conclusion de la Cour doit elle-
mêmeêtreconsidérée comme unequestion de compétence - ou s'y
apparentant - et peut dèslors être tranchésur la base descritèresappli-
qués aux autres questions de compétencedans le cadre d'une procédure
de demande de mesures conservatoires; et qu'elleen conclut qu'étanten
l'espèce saisied'une nouvelle demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires la Cour doit seulement rechercher, au stade considéré,s'il y a
continuitéprima facie de l'instance introduite le 9 mai 1973;

18. Considérant que, dans son aide-mémoire, la Nouvelle-Zélande
soutient qu'une telle continuité prima facie est établie; que le para-
graphe 63 de l'arrêt du20 décembre1974 lui confère un droit de re-
prendre l'instance de 1973et qu'il découle clairement deson libelléque
la Cour n'avait pas l'intention de clorel'affaire, comme l'atteste en parti-
culier l'indication selon laquelle la dénonciationpar la France de l'Acte
général de1928ne saurait en soi faire obstacle à la présentation d'uneannouncement of the decision taken by France to terminate atmospheric
tests and pass to the stage of underground testing, that the claim submit-
ted by New Zealand in 1973had no object, that claim no longer existed
and New Zealand's action of 21 August 1995 could not therefore be
linked to it; that as the Court manifestly lacked jurisdiction in the
absence of the consent of France, neither the question of the choice of a
judge ad hoc, nor that of the indication of provisional measures, arose;
and that, lastly, the action of New Zealand could not properly be the

object of entry in the General List;
14. Whereas a copy of that letter was immediately transmitted by the
Registrar to the Government of New Zealand;
15. Whereas, during a meeting held by the President of the Court on
30August 1995with the representatives of NewZealand and France, the
latter expressedviewswhichfrom the outset were verydifferent regarding
the legal nature of the New Zealand Requests and of their effects; and
whereas the President invited the two States, if they so wished, to assist
the Court by briefly presenting, in an "informa1 aide-mémoire",their
positions on the points discussed at the meeting;
16. Whereas New Zealand filed its aide-mémoirein the Registry on
5 September 1995,stressingits non-officia1character and declaring that it
was not a completerestatement of its position and could not be regarded
as sufficient tomeet New Zealand's entitlement to a forma1 and public

presentation of its position in relation to the issues raised by the Presi-
dent and by the letter from the French Ambassador dated 28 August
1995;
17. Whereas in that aide-mémoireNew Zealand recalls that the Court
concluded, in its Order for the Indication of Provisional Measures of
22 June 1973, that "the provisions invoked by the Applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court might
be founded" (1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 138,para. 18); whereas New Zea-
land indicates that the additional question whether the present proceed-
ings are a continuation of those to which that findingof the Court applies
must itself beconsidered as a question ofjurisdiction - or as analogous
to one - and can therefore be determined by reference to the same cri-
teria as are applied to other questions of jurisdiction in the context of
proceedings for the indication of provisional measures; and whereas it

concludes therefrom that, sincein this instance the Court is seisedwith a
new request for the indication of provisional measures, it only has to
determine, at the stage under consideration, whether there is a prima
facie case of continuity of the proceedings comrnenced on 9 May 1973;
18. Whereas in its aide-mémoireNew Zealand contends that such
prima facie continuity is established; that paragraph 63 of the Judgment
of 20 December 1974confers upon it a right to resume the 1973proceed-
ings and that its wording clearly showsthat the Court had no intention to
close the case, as evinced, in particular, by the statement that thedenun-
ciation by France of the General Act of 1928could not by itself consti-
tute an obstacle to the presentation of a request for an examination of thedemande d'examen dela situation; que la ((remiseen cause))du ((fonde-
ment »de l'arrêt, queledit paragraphe pose comme condition à la reprise
de l'instance, ne visepas seulement la reprise éventuellepar la France
d'essaisnucléairesdans l'atmosphère,mais ((tous faits nouveaux suscep-
tibles de réveillerles craintes de la Nouvelle-Zélandede voir des subs-
tances radioactives artificiellesprovenant des essais français contaminer
le milieumarin du Pacifique));et que de tels(faitsnouveaux)) existent en
l'espècecar la France n'a pas établi,comme elle ena l'obligation en vertu
desrèglesconventionnelleset coutumièresdu droit international de l'envi-
ronnement contemporain, qu'aucune contamination du milieu marin ne
résulterades nouveaux essais en dépitdes dommages subis cumulative-
ment par les atolls;
19. Considérant qu'au terme de son aide-mémoire la Nouvelle-

Zélande déclareque, eu égard à la continuité au moins présumée de
l'instance et au principe de l'égalité desparties, elle est en droit de
désignerun nouveau juge ad hoc, qui doit être immédiatement admis à
siéger; etqu'elle ajoute que la continuitéde l'instance implique aussi le
maintien de la base de compétence invoquée en 1973, la reprise de
l'affaire au stade de la procédure qu'elle avait atteint au 20 décembre
1974, et l'application du Règlement de la Cour adopté le 6 mai 1946,
tel que reviséle 10mai 1972;
20. Considérant que copiede l'aide-mémoire dela Nouvelle-Zélandea
ététransmise àla France par le Greffier;
21. Considérant que la France a déposé son aide-mémoireau Greffe le
6 septembre 1995 en précisant que la présentationde ce document ne
s'inscrivait nullementdans le cadre d'une procédurerégiepar le Statut et
le Règlement dela Cour, ne constituait en aucune manière l'acceptation
de la part du Gouvernement français de la juridiction de la Cour, et ne

préjugeait en rien deson attitude ultérieure;
22. Considérant que, dans son aide-mémoire, la France soutient
d'abord que l'affaire introduite par la requête du9 mai 1973a étédéfi-
nitivement close par l'arrêt du20 décembre1974 et que la ((Demande
d'examen de la situation» présentéepar la Nouvelle-Zélandele 21 août
1995n'a aucun rapport avec le dispositif de l'arrêt du20 décembre 1974;
que les allégations de la Nouvelle-Zélande selon lesquelles l'affairene
seraitpas closeparce que, d'une part, la requêteinitialen'était limitée
aux essais atmosphériqueset,d'autre part, la Cour ne pouvait àl'époque
envisager les effets négatifs qu'auraientles essaissouterrains, sont mani-
festement incompatibles avec le raisonnement suivipar la Cour dans son
arrêtde 1974;qu'il résultetant de la structure que des termesudit arrêt
(en particulier des termes de son paragraphe 29) que la Cour a considéré
que le différendentre les deux Etats portait exclusivement sur les essais
atmosphériques,et que cette position a étépartagéenon seulement par

lesjuges ayant jointàl'arrêtune opinion dissidentemais aussià l'époque,
par la Nouvelle-Zélande elle-mêmeq ; ue le paragraphe 63 de l'arrêt
limite l'éventualitd'une demande d'examen dela situation à l'hypothèse
dans laquelle «le fondement [del']arrêt[serait]remis en cause))et queàsituation;that the effectupon the "basis" ofthe Judgment, whichthe para-
graph concerned sets as a condition of the resumption of the case, does
not relate only to the possible resumption by France of atmospheric
nuclear tests, but also to "any developments that might reactivate New
Zealand's concern that French testing could produce contamination of
the Pacific marine environment by any artificial radioactive material";
and that such "developments" exist in this instance, since France has not
shown, as it has a duty to do under the conventional and customary rules
of contemporaryinternational environmental law, that no contamination

of the marine environment will result from the new tests despite the
cumulative damage to the atolls;

19. Whereas at the end of its aide-mémoireNew Zealand states that, in
view of the - at least presumed - continuity of the proceedings and of
the principle of the equality of the Parties, it is entitled to choose a new
judge ad hoc, who must be admitted to the bench forthwith; and whereas
it adds that the continuity of the proceedings also implies the mainte-
nance of the jurisdictional basis relied on in 1973,the resumption of the
case at the procedural stage which it had reached on 20 December 1974,
and the application of the Rules of Court adopted on 6 May 1946 as
amended on 10 May 1972;
20. Whereas a copy of the aide-mémoireof New Zealand was trans-

mitted to France by the Registrar;
21. Whereas France filed its aide-mémoirein the Registry on 6 Sep-
tember 1995,indicating that the document submitted in no way formed
part of proceedings governed by the Statute and Rules of Court, in no
way constituted acceptance by the French Government of thejurisdiction
of the Court and in no way prejudiced its future position;

22. Whereas in its aide-mémoireFrance contends initially that the case
instituted by the Application of 9 May 1973wasdefinitivelyclosedby the
Judgment of 20 December 1974and that the "Request for an Examina-
tion of the Situation" submitted by New Zealand on 21 August 1995has
no connection with the operative part of the Judgment of 20 December
1974; that the allegations of New Zealand that the case is not closed

because, on the one hand, the initial Application was not limited to
atmospheric tests and, on the other hand, the Court could not at the time
envisage the negative effects of underground tests, are manifestly incom-
patible with the reasoning followed by the Court in itsJudgment of 1974;
that both the structure and the terms of that Judgment (in particular, the
terms of its paragraph 29) show that the Court considered that the dis-
pute between the two States related exclusivelyto atmospheric tests, and
that that view was shared not only by the Judges having appended a dis-
senting opinion to the Judgment, but also, at the time, by New Zealand
itself; that paragraph 63 of the Judgment limits the possibility of a
request for an examination of the situation to the eventuality of "the
basis of [the]Judgment [being]affected" and that in the light of the con-la lumièredu contexte dans lequel s'inscrit ce paragraphe, ledit ((fonde-
ment)) ne peut êtrecompris que comme étant «la coïncidence entre
[l']engagement desautorités françaises de ne plus procéder à des essais
atmosphériqueset les demandes en ce sens de la Nouvelle-Zélande»;que
les essais souterrains sont en dehors du champ de la requêtenéo-
zélandaisede 1973et de l'arrêtde la Cour de 1974,et que c'estl'engage-
ment de la France de ne plus procéderà des essaisatmosphériques,indis-

sociablement liéa l'annonce faite par ellede son intention de procédeà
des essais souterrains, qui a constituéla ratio decidendide la décision de
la Cour selonlaquellel'objet du différendavait disparu; et que, en consé-
quence, la demande néo-zélandaisedu 21 août 1995ayant un objet nou-
veau, elle ne saurait être rattachéel'arrêtdu 20 décembre 1974;
23. Considérant que, dans son aide-mémoire, la France soutient en
outre que la demande néo-zélandaisedu 21 août 1995ne peut êtreratta-
chée à aucune disposition du Statut; que le paragraphe 63 de l'arrêt du
20 décembre1974ne sesuffit en aucune manière à lui-mêmeet indique
expressémentque la démarchedont il évoque la possibilité estsubor-
donnéeau respect des ((dispositions du Statut)); que le Statut de la Cour

circonscrit les pouvoirs de celle-ci et prescrit la conduite que les Etats
doivent tenir; que la ((Demande d'examen de la situation)) présentépar
la Nouvelle-Zélanden'est et ne peut être niune demande en interpréta-
tion ni une demande en revision; et que, mêmes'il s'agissait d'une
requête nouvelle, unetelle requêtetomberaitinévitablement sousle coup
du paragraphe 5 de l'article38du Règlement dela Cour qui exclurait son
inscription au rôle généralet tout acte de procédure «tant que 1'Etat
contre lequel la requêteest formée n'a pas accepté la compétencede la
Cour aux fins de l'affaire));
24. Considérant qu'au terme de son aide-mémoire la France déclare
que, «[flauted'affaire relevant de lajuridiction de la Cour, aucun acte de
procédure ne peut êtreeffectué)); qu'il s'ensuitl'exclusion de toute
audience publique et de toute procédure incidente, et qu'il en résulteen

particulier que la«Nouvelle demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires))présentéepar la Nouvelle-Zélandene saurait êtreexaminéepar
la Cour; et que la France ne soulèveaucune sorte d'exceptions prélimi-
naires au sens de l'article 79 du Règlementde la Cour, le problème posé
en l'es~èceà la Cour se situant «en amont)) et la solutionde ce ~roblème
constituant un ((préalablecatégorique))qui ne relèved'aucune procédure
incidente;
25. Considérant que copie de l'aide-mémoirede la France a ététrans-
mise à la Nouvelle-Zélandepar le Greffier;
26. Considérantque,le 7septembre 1995,laNouvelle-Zélandea déposé
au Greffe un document intitulé ((Aide-mémoiresupplémentaire))dans
lequel étaient commentés certains passages de l'aide-mémoire de la
France; et que le Greffier a fait tenir copie de ce document au Gouver-

nement français ;
27. Considérant que, le 8 septembre 1995, le Greffier a adressé à la
Nouvelle-Zélande et à la France des lettres identiques ainsi libellées:text of that paragraph, the "basis" can be understood only as "the

'match'between [the]cornrnitment by the French authorities to hold no
further tests in the atmosphere and New Zealand's claims to that effect";
that underground tests are outside the scope of New Zealand's Applica-
tion of 1973 and of the Court's Judgment of 1974, and that it was
France's cornrnitmentto undertake no further atmospheric tests, indisso-
ciably linked to its announcement of its intention to carry out under-
ground tests, which constituted the ratio decidendiof the Court's decision
to the effectthat the object of the dispute had disappeared; and that con-
sequently, as the New Zealand Request of 21 August 1995 had a new
object, it could not be linked to the Judgment of 20 December 1974;

23. Whereas in its aide-mémoireFrance further contends that New
Zealand's Request of 21 August 1995cannot be brought within any pro-
vision of theStatute; that paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December
1974is in no manner sufficientof itself and expresslystates that the pos-
sible steps to which italludes are subject to compliance with the "provi-
sions of the Statute"; that the Statute of the Court circumscribes the

powers of the Court and prescribes the conduct that Statesmust observe;
that the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" submitted by
New Zealand is not and cannot be either a request for interpretation or
an application for revision; and that even if it were a matter of a new
application, such an application would inevitably be subject to Article 38,
paragraph 5, ofthe Rules of Court, which would preclude its entry in the
General List and any procedural action "unless and until the State
against which such application is made consents to the Court's jurisdic-
tion for the purposes of the case" ;
24. Whereas at the end of its aide-mémoireFrance states that "in the
absence of a case coming within the jurisdiction of the Court, no pro-
cedural action can be taken"; that the result of this is the preclusionof any
public hearing and any incidental proceedings, and that, consequently, in
particular, the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional Meas-
ures" submitted by New Zealand cannot be examined by the Court; and
that France is not in any sensemaking preliminary objections within the
meaning of Article 79 of the Rules of Court, since the problem facing

the Court in this case is "anterior" and the solution to this problem is a
"categoricalprerequisite" not related to any incidental proceedings;

25. Whereas a copy of the French aide-mémoirewas transmitted to
New Zealand by the Registrar;
26. Whereas on 7 September 1995New Zealand filedin the Registry a
document entitled"Supplementary aide-mémoire",which contained com-
ments on certain passages in the French aide-mémoire;and whereas the
Registrar transmitted a copy of that document to the French Govern-
ment ;
27. Whereas on 8 September 1995 the Registrar addressed to New
Zealand and France identical letters worded as follows :296 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNAN2C 2EIX 95)

((La Cour a tenu cejour une séance privéeaux fins, notamment,
de permettre au Président de consulter ses collègues sur diverses
questions afférentesà la présentation desdits documents. A l'issue
de cette réunion, il a été convenu que laCour tiendra le lundi
11 septembre 1995 à 15heures une séancepublique à l'effetde per-
mettre à la Nouvelle-Zélandeet à la France de lui faire connaître
leurs vues sur la question suivante:Les demandes présentées à la
Cour par le Gouvernement néo-zélandaisle 21 août 1995 entrent-
elles dans les prévisionsdu paragraphe 63 de l'arrêtde la Cour du

20 décembre 1974 en l'affaire des Essais nucléaires(Nouvelle-
Zélandec. France) ?))
Aux fins de cette séance,et compte tenu de la composition qui
étaitcelle de la Cour au moment du prononcé dudit arrêt,le très
honorable sir Geoffrey Palmer, désignépour siégeren qualité de
juge ad hocpar la Nouvelle-Zélande,viendra compléter la Cour et
prendra l'engagement solennelrequis.
Les arrangements sus-indiqués ne doivent en rien préjuger de
toute décision quela Cour prendra ultérieurement quant à l'exis-
tence ou non d'une affaire devantelle));

28. Considérant que, au cours d'une réunion quele Président dela

Cour a tenue avec les représentants de la Nouvelle-Zélande et de la
France le 11septembre 1995,il a été convenu que laCour tiendrait trois
séancespubliques sur la question susmentionnée,chaque Etat disposant
d'un temps de parole égalet ayant la possibilité deprésenterune brève
réponse ;
29. Considérant que, à l'ouverture de la séancepublique du 11 sep-
tembre 1995(après-midi)consacrée à la question sus-indiquée,lePrésident
de la Cour a annoncé que,le 6 septembre 1995,il avait reçu une lettre
du premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande,dans laquelle celui-ci, se réfé-
rant à l'essainucléaire effectla veillà Mururoa par le Gouvernement
français, réitéraitles demandes déjà formulées précédemmenp t ar le
Gouvernement néo-zélandais,qui tendaient à ce que le Président use
des pouvoirs qui lui sont reconnus au paragraphe 3 de l'article 66 du

Règlement de 1972;et considérant quele Présidenta déclaréqu'il avait
étéextrêmement sensible à ces demandes et que celles-ciavaient retenu
toute son attention, mais que les pouvoirs qui lui sont reconnus par la
disposition susmentionnée du Règlement de 1972, comme par le para-
graphe 4 de l'article 74 du Règlement en vigueur, s'inscrivent expressé-
ment dans le cadre d'une procédure incidenteen indication de mesures
conservatoires, et qu'il lui eût étédèslors difficilede donner suitex-
dites demandes sans nécessairementpréjugerdes questions soumises à la
Cour ;
30. Considérant que, lorsdes séancespubliques tenues les 11et 12sep-
tembre 1995pour permettre à la Nouvelle-Zélandeet à la France de faire
connaître leurs vues sur la question poséepar la Cour, des exposésoraux

ont étéprésentés: "The Court today held a private meeting in order, inter alia, to
enable the President to consult his colleagues on various matters
relating to the submission of the documents concerned.At the close
of that meeting, it was agreed that on Monday 11September 1995at
3 p.m. the Court will hold a public sitting in order to enable New
Zealand and France to inform it of their views on the following
question: 'Do the Requests submitted to the Court by the Govem-
ment of New Zealand on 21 August 1995fa11within the provisions
of paragraph 63 of the Judgment of the Court of 20 December 1974

in the case concerning Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) ?'

For the purposes of that sitting,and bearing in mind the composi-
tion of the Court at the time when the Judgment was delivered, the
Right Honourable Sir Geoffrey Palmer, chosen to sit as Judge ad
hoc by New Zealand, will join the Court and make the necessary
solemn declaration.
The above arrangements shall in no way prejudice any decision
which the Court will subsequently take regarding the existence or
not of a case before it":

28. Whereas, at a meeting held by the President of the Court with the
representatives of New Zealand and France on 11September 1995, it was
agreed that the Court would hold three public sittings on the above-

mentioned question, each State being allotted equal speaking time and
the opportunity to present a brief reply;

29. Whereas, at the opening of the public sitting of 11September 1995
(afternoon) devoted to the above-mentioned question, the President of
the Court announced that, on 6 September 1995,he had receiveda letter
from the Prime Minister of New Zealand in which the latter, referring to
the nuclear test carried out the previous day at Mururoa by the French
Government, reiterated the Requests already made by the New Zealand
Government that the President should use the powers conferred upon
him by Article 66, paragraph 3, of the 1972Rules of Court; and whereas
the President stated that he had been fully aware of the import of those
Requests, to which he had given his full attention, but that the powers
conferredupon him by the above-mentionedprovision of the 1972 Rules

of Court, as wellas by Article 74,paragraph 4, of the Rules now in force,
expressly applied to incidental proceedings for the indication of provi-
sional measures, and that it would therefore have been difficultfor him to
accede to those Requests without necessarily prejudging the issues sub-
mitted to the Court;

30. Whereas, at the public sittings held on 11and 12 September 1995
in order to enable New Zealand and France to make known their views
on the question put by the Court, oral statements were presented:297 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNANCE 22 IX 95)

au nom de la Nouvelle-Zélande:
par l'honorable Paul East, Q.C., agent,
M. John McGrath, Q.C.,
M. Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C.,

sirKenneth Keith, Q.C.,
M. Don MacKay ;
au nom de la France:

par M. Marc Perrin de Brichambaut,
M. Pierre-Marie Dupuy,
M. Alain Pellet,
sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C. ;

et considérant qu'au coursdesdites séancesdes questions ont étéposées
par des juges, auxquelles la Nouvelle-Zélandeet la France ont ultérieu-
rement répondu par écrit,dans le délaiprévu;
31. Considérant qu'au cours de leurs exposés oraux la Nouvelle-
Zélandeet la Franceont essentiellementconfirméles vuesqu'ellesavaient
déjà expriméespar écrit,tout en développant certains aspects de leur
argumentation ;
32. Considérant que, dans ses exposésoraux, la Nouvelle-Zélandea
réitérésa position fondamentale en soutenant que leparagraphe 63del'ar-

rêtdu 20décembre1974lui réservait expressémen lt droit de rouvrir,dans
certaines circonstances,l'instanceintroduite par la requêtedu 9 mai 1973;
que ledit arrêtn'avait statué de manière décisiveque sur deux points,
à savoir que les déclarations d'intentionde la France a propos des essais
nucléaires en atmosphère avaient créé desobligations internationales,
et que, la Cour ayant déduitde déclarationsofficiellesde la Nouvelle-
Zélande que cesengagements répondaient et correspondaient aux princi-
palespréoccupationsnéo-zélandaisesl,'affairene comportait plus d'objet;
qu'iln'yavait doncpas chosejugéeen ce qui concernecertainesquestions
soulevéesdans la requêtenéo-zélandaise de1973et que l'effet du para-
graphe 63étaitde ne pas clore définitivementcetteinstance; que l'expres-
sion «si le fondement du présent arrêtétaitremis en cause» devait être
interprétéeau sens large et que le droit de revenir devant la Cour serait

activé«si un facteur sur lequel reposait son arrêtde 1974cessait d'être
applicable par suite de la conduite future de la France»; que l'expression
«le fondement de l'arrêt»ne devait pas être interprétée comme visant
exclusivement l'engagement dela France de ne pas procéder à de nou-
veaux essais dans l'atmosphère; que la requêtede la Nouvelle-Zélande, à
la différence decelle de l'Australie, ne se limitait pas aux essais «atmo-
sphériques))et quela conclusion formuléepar la Cour au paragraphe 29
de l'arrêt du20 décembre1974,selon laquellela demandede la Nouvelle-
Zélande devait s'interprétercomme uniquement applicable aux essais en
atmosphère, ne pouvait être comprisequ'à la lumièredu fait que «per-
sonne ne s'[était]interrogéà l'époque surle point de savoir si les essais
nucléairessouterrains pouvaient avoir le mêmegenre de conséquenceson behalf of New Zealand:
by The Honourable Paul East, Q.C., Agent,
Mr. John McGrath, Q.C.,

Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C.,
Sir Kenneth Keith, Q.C.,
Mr. Don MacKay;
on behalf of France:

by Mr. Marc Perrin de Brichambaut,
Mr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C. ;

and whereas during those sittingsquestions wereput by Judges, to which
New Zealand and France subsequently replied in writing, within the pre-
scribed time-limit;
31. Whereas in their oral statements New Zealand and France essen-
tially confirmed the views they had already expressed in writing, while
developing certain aspects of their argument;

32. Whereas in its oral statements New Zealand reiterated its essential
position, contending that paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December
1974expressly reservedto it the right, in certain circumstances, to reopen

the case instituted by the Application of 9 May 1973; that the Judgment
concerned had conclusively decided only two things, namely, that the
French statements of intention in relation to atmospherictestinghad cre-
ated binding obligations in international law and that, since the Court
had concluded from officia1NewZealand statements that those commit-
ments met and matched New Zealand's primary concerns, the case no
longer had any object; that there was thus no resjudicata in respect of
certain issuesraised in New Zealand's 1973Application and that, by vir-
tue of paragraph 63, those proceedings were not definitivelyclosed; that
the words "if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected" should be
given a broad interpretation, and that the right to return to the Court
would be activated "if a factor underlyingthe Court's Judgment of 1974
ceased to be applicable on account of future conduct by France"; that
the words "the basis of the Judgment" should not be taken to refer solely

to France's undertaking to conduct no further atmospheric tests; that
New Zealand's Application, unlike that of Australia, was not limited to
"atmospheric" testing,and the Court's conclusion,in paragraph 29 of the
Judgment of 20 December 1974, that New Zealand's claim was to be
interpreted as applying only to atmospheric tests, must be understood on
the sole basis that "no thought [had been] given at that time to whether
underground nucleartestingmight lead to some of the same environmen-
ta1 consequences that were the subject of New Zealand's Application";
that one of the assumptionsunderlyingthe Judgment was that "cessation
of atmospheric testing would end contamination of the environment byécologiquesque cellesqui faisaientl'objet de la requête néo-zélandaise));
que l'un des postulats de l'arrêt était «que mettre fin aux essais dans
l'atmosphère ferait cesser la contamination de l'environnement par des
déchetsradioactifs »étantdonné que lespreuves scientifiquesdisponibles
en 1974indiquaient que lesessaisatmosphériquesétaient dangereuxmais

que les essais souterrains pouvaient être considérés commeinoffensifs;
et que, s'agissant là d'un élémend t u ((fondement))de l'arrêtde la Cour,
si ce fondement devait êtreremis en cause, les conditions nécessaires
pour que la Nouvelle-Zélandepuisse revenir devant la Cour seraient rem-
plies;
33. Considérant que, dans ses exposésoraux, la Nouvelle-Zélandea
expliquédans le détail que despreuves scientifiquesrécentes ennombre
de plus en plus grand démontraient les effetspotentiellement nuisibles et
dommageables des essais souterrains dans les régionsdu Pacifique Sud
proches des atolls de Mururoa et de Fangataufa, ainsi que la réalité du
danger de contamination du milieumarin; que, selon lesexperts, la pour-

suite ininterrompue des essais avait eu pour effet cumulatif d'affaiblir si
sérieusementla structure de l'atoll de Mururoa qu'à la suite de nouveaux
essaisl'atoll ((pourrait soit s'ouvrir en deux soit se désintégrer d'untelle
façon qu'il déverseraitdans l'océan une partie desdéchetsradioactifs qui
s'y sont accumulés»; que, par conséquent, était erronéle postulat de
l'arrêtde 1974selon lequel l'abandon desessaisatmosphériquesréduirait
lesrisques à néant;et que le fondement de l'arrêt avaitainsi étéremis en
cause par des changementsintervenus dans les faits;
34. Considérant qu'au coursde ses exposésoraux la Nouvelle-Zélande
a soutenu en outre que l'évolution du droit pouvait remettre en cause le

fondement de l'arrêt de1974,étantdonné que la Cour, au moment du
prononcé decet arrêt, ne pouvait ignorerlessignesqui laissaient présager
«une avancéeappréciabledansl'évolution desnormes et desprocédures ))
dans le domaine du droit international de l'environnement; que cette
évolution étaiteffectivement survenue dans le droit international coutu-
mier et du fait de la convention de Nouméa: aue,lA droit coutumier en
vigueur appliquait au milieu marin des mesures de contrôle spécialement
rigoureuses qui, en règlegénérale, y interdisaient l'introduction de ma-
tièresradioactives,et que, plus spécifiquement« , était interditetoute intro-
duction dans le milieu marin de matières radioactives résultant d'essais

nucléaires));que la Nouvelle-Zélanden'était astreintequ'à une norme de
preuve primafacie lorsqu'ellecherchait à démontrer quela France violait
ses obligations; et que l'adoption, dans le droit de l'environnement, du
((principede précaution» avait pour effet d'imposer, à l'Etat désirantse
comporter d'une manière susceptible d'avoir des effets dommageables
pour l'environnement, la charge de prouver au préalableque sesactivités
ne provoqueraient pas de contamination;
35. Considérantque la Nouvelle-Zélandea fait valoir de nouveau, dans
ses exposésoraux, que l'article 12 de la convention de Nouméa faisait
obligation à la France de (([prendre]toutes les mesures appropriéespour

prévenir, réduireet combattre la pollution de la zone d'application de laradioactive material" because in 1974 the available scientific evidence
suggestedthat whileatmospheric tests weredangerous, underground test-
ing was believedto be safe; and that, sincethis was part of the "basis" of
the Court's Judgment, if that basis were to be affected, the conditions for
New Zealand to return to the Court would have been met;

33. Whereas in its oral statements New Zealand explained in detail
that there was a growing body of recent scientificevidence of the poten-

tially adverse and detrimental effectsof underground testing in the South
Pacific regions of Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls, and that contamina-
tion of the marine environment was a real risk; that the cumulative effect
of continued testinn"on Mururoa Atoll had created a situation which
experts now believed had seriously weakened its physical structure so
that there was a risk that further tests would cause the atoll to "split open
or disintegrate insuch a way as to discharge into the ocean some part of
the quantity of radioactive waste that has accumulatedthere"; that, con-
sequently, the assumption made in the 1974Judgment that the abandon-
ment of atmospherictesting would put an end to the risks was erroneous,
and that the basis of the Judgment had been affectedby virtue of changes
in the factual situation;
34. Whereas during its oral statements New Zealand further con-
tended that changes in the law were capable of affecting the basis of the

1974Judgment, since the Court must have been aware at the time of the
Judgment in 1974of "the prospect of a significant forward surge in the
evolution of standards and procedures" in the field ofinternational envi-
ronmental law; that such an evolution had indeed taken place both in
customary international law and by virtue of the Noumea Convention;
that, under current customary law, especially stringent controls applied
to the marine environment, so that, in general,the introduction of radio-
active material into the marine environment was forbidden; and that,
specifically, "any introduction of radioactive material into the marine
environment as a result of nuclear tests" was forbidden; that the stand-
ard of proof to which New Zealand should be subject in seekingto dem-
onstrate that France was in breach of its obligations was a prima facie
test; and that by virtue of the adoption into environmental law of the
"Precautionary Principle", the burden of proof fell on a State wishing to
engage in potentially damaging environmental conduct to show in

advance that its activities would not cause contamination;

35. Whereas New Zealand reiterated in its oral statements that Ar-
ticle12 of the Noumea Convention required France to "take al1appro-
priate measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution in the Conven-
tion Area which might result from the testing of nuclear devices"; thatconvention quipourrait résulterde l'expérimentation d'enginsnucléaire»;
que l'article 16de ladite convention prescrivait de procédàrune évalua-
tion de l'impact sur l'environnement avant d'entreprendre tous grands
projets «qui pourraient avoir une incidence sur le milieu marin)); que le
droit coutumier imposait une obligation analogue; que, de plus, cette
obligation ne faisait l'objetd'aucune exceptionreconnuepar ledroit inter-
national et concernant la sécuritnationale; que leprincipe de précaution
obligeait la France à procéder à une évaluation de cettenature avant
d'entreprendre les activitésen question, ainsi qu'à démontrer qu'iln'exis-
tait aucun risque liéuxdites activités;et que l'inexécution deces obliga-

tions par la France avait remis en cause le fondement de l'arrêt de 1974;
36. Considérantque, dans ses exposésoraux, la Nouvelle-Zélande, en
ce qui concerne la signification de l'expression ((conformémentaux dis-
positions du Statut)), utiliséeau paragraphe 63 de l'arrêtdu 20 décembre
1974,a avancéque sa demande actuelle ne saurait être confondueavec
une demande de revision au titre de l'article 61 du Statut, qui exigerait
qu'ait été découveu rtn fait essentiel qui, s'ilavait étéconnul'époque,
aurait eu pour effet qu'un arrêtdifférentaurait étéprononcé; que le
paragraphe 63 définissait lui-mêmlees circonstances de son application,
à titre de ((procéduredérivéedistincte))autoriséepar la Cour dans l'arrêt
de 1974 sans aucune base statutaire et dans l'exercice de son pouvoir
inhérent de déterminersa propre procédure; que la Cour n'aurait pas
jugé utile d'affirmer un pouvoir prévu dans le Statut; et que, selon

l'interprétation correcte, une foisautorisé, l'examen demandé «doit se
poursuivre dans le cadre des dispositions généralesdu Statut et aussi du
Règlement, régissant la procédure dans toute affaire));
37. Considérant quele Gouvernement néo-zélandais a en conséquence
conclu qu'il devait répondrepar l'affirmativeà la question poséepar la
Cour aux deux Etats, telle que formuléedans la lettre du Greffieren date
du 8 septembre 1995;
38. Considérant que, danssesexposésoraux, le Gouvernement français
a rappelésa position fondamentale suivant laquellele problème posé à la
Cour, et sur lequel la Nouvelle-Zélande et laFrance avaient été invitées
s'exprimer, était un problème qui n'étaitpas mêmepréliminaire, mais
véritablement préalable àtout acte de procédure formelle, l'affaireintro-
duite devant la Cour par la requête néo-zélandais deu 9 mai 1973ayant

été définitivementclospear l'arrêtdu 20 décembre1974dont le dispositif
et les motifs possèdent l'autorité dela chose jugée; qu'en réponse à
l'argumentation de la Nouvelle-Zélande, et tout en précisant que tel
n'étaitpas l'objet desdébats quidevaient occuper la Cour, le Gouverne-
ment français a présenté des donnéea sux fins, d'une part, de démontrer
l'innocuitéà court et àplus long terme des essais nucléairessouterrains
et, d'autre part, d'établirque la France souscrivait très activementaux
exigenceslesplus récentesdu droit international en matièredeprévention
des dommages à l'environnement ;
39. Considérant que,dans sesexposésoraux, leGouvernementfrançais,
se référantaux mots «si le fondement du présentarrêtétait remis enArticle 16 of that Convention required the carrying out of an environ-
mental impact assessment before any major project "which might affect
the marine environment" was embarked upon; that a similar obligation
existed under customary law; that, moreover, such obligation was not
subject to any exception recognized in international law concerning
national security; that the Precautionary Principle required France to
carry out such an assessment as a precondition for undertaking the
activities, and to demonstrate that there was no risk associated with
them; and that France's failure to comply with these obligations had
affected the basis of the 1974Judgment ;

36. Whereas in its oral statements, with regard to the meaning of the
words "in accordance with the provisions of the Statute" used in para-
graph 63of the Judgment of 20 December 1974,New Zealand contended

that the nature of its present Request must be distinguished from an
application for revision under Article 61 of the Statute, which would
require the discoveryof an essential fact which, had it been known at the
time, would have caused a different judgment to be made; that para-
graph 63defined the circumstancesfor its own application as a "separate
derivative proceeding" authorized by the Court in its 1974 Judgment,
without any expressbasis in the Statute, and in the exerciseof itsinherent
right to determine its own procedure; that the Court would not have
found it necessaryto express a right already provided by the Statute; and
that the correct interpretation was that the examination requested, once
allowed, "must continue in terms of the general statutory and indeed
regulatory requirements for the procedure of any case";
37. Whereas the New Zealand Government consequently concluded
that it should reply in the affirmative to the question put by the Court to
both States, as formulated in the letter from the Registrar dated 8 Sep-
tember 1995;
38. Whereas in its oral statements the French Government recalled its

essential position that the problem put to the Court, and on which New
Zealand and France had been invited to express their views,was a prob-
lem which was not even preliminary, but truly a prerequisite of any for-
mal act of procedure, the case brought before the Court by the New
Zealand Application of 9 May 1973having been definitively closedby the
Judgment of 20 December 1974,whose operative part and reasons have
the authority of resjudicata; that in reply to the arguments put forward
by New Zealand, while maintaining that this was not the subject of the
debate with which the Court should be concerned, the French Govern-
ment submitted data with a view to demonstrating, on the one hand, the
harmlessness of underground nuclear tests in the short and longer term
and to show, on the other, that France very actively endorsed the latest
requirements of international law in the field of environmental protec-
tion;
39. Whereas in its oral statements the French Government, referring
to the words "if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected" used in300 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNANCE 22 IX 95)

cause)), utilisésau paragraphe 63 de l'arrêtdu 20 décembre1974,a sou-
tenu que ledit «fondement» de l'arrêtde 1974était déterminépar l'objet
de la requêtenéo-zélandaise de1973et par la nature de l'engagement pris
par la France en 1974quant à son comportement futur; que la requête
néo-zélandaise, ainsiqu'il résultait notamment du paragraphe 29 de
l'arrêtde la Cour du 20 décembre1974, ne visait que la cessation des
essais dans l'atmosphère susceptibles de provoquer des retombées surle
territoire de la Nouvelle-Zélande; que la Nouvelle-Zélandene saurait,
sans porter atteinte au principe de la bonne foi, tenter de modifier uni-
latéralement,par une nouvelle demande, le senset la portéede sa requête

de 1973,tels que déterminés à l'époquepar la Cour avec force obliga-
toire; que l'engagement pris par la France en 1974 comprenait deux
volets indissociables, savoir, d'une part, la fin des tirs nucléairesdans
l'atmosphèreet, d'autre part, le passageun autre type d'essais,lesessais
souterrains; que le dispositif de l'arrêt du20 décembre 1974 consta-
tait que, du fait de cet engagement, il avait étésatisfaitbjet de la re-
quête néo-zélandaise; que la Nouvelle-Zélandes'étaitestiméeapaisée à
l'époquepar le passage aux essais souterrains en raison des garanties de
sécuritéoffertes par ceux-ci et que, dans ses dépositions,elle n'apportait
aucune preuve ou présomptiond'un danger imprévuapparu récemment
dans les atolls; que le fondement de l'arrêtde 1974ne pouvait êtreremis
en cause par la reprise d'essais souterrains annoncéeen 1995,car c'était

du fait mêmedu passage à ce type d'essaisque l'objet dela requête néo-
zélandaiseavait étésatisfait; et qu'il était dès lors démontré que la pre-
mière condition posée au paragraphe 63 dudit arrêt pour qu'une
((demanded'examen de la situation)) puisse êtreprésentéen'était pas,en
l'espèce,remplie;
40. Considérant que, dans ses exposésoraux, la France, se référant
aux mots «conformément aux dispositions du Statut)) utilisésau para-
graphe 63 de l'arrêt de1974, a soutenu que les seules dispositions du
Statut de nature à permettre l'«examen de la situation)) envisagéau
paragraphe 63 de l'arrêtdu 20décembre1974étaient l'article 60,qui vise
l'interprétation d'un arrêt, l'arte1,relatif la revision d'un arrêt,et le
paragraphe 1 de l'article 40 du Statut, aux termes duquel «les affaires

sont portées devant la Cour», le cas échéant,«par une requêteadressée
au Greffier»; que la Nouvelle-Zélanden'invoquait aucune de ces dispo-
sitions; que sa ((Demande d'examen de la situation)) ne constituait pas
unedemanded'interprétation del'arrêt du 20décembre1974,la Nouvelle-
Zélande sollicitant non l'interprétationudit arrêt,mais la réouverture
d'une instancedéclaréeclospear la Cour; quela démarchedelaNouvelle-
Zélande s'apparentait davantage à une demande de revision de l'arrêtde
1974,cet Etat insistant sur l'existence defaits nouveaux, mais qu'il était
manifesteque lesconditions poséespar l'article 61du Statut n'étaient pas
remplies, la décisionfrançaise prise en 1995 de procéder à une ultime
série d'essaissouterrains n'ayant par définition pas existé avant le
prononcé de l'arrêt,et le délai dedix ans prévu au paragraphe 5 de

l'article 61 du Statut ayant expiré; que la ((Demande d'examen de laparagraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December 1974,contended that the
said "basis" of the 1974Judgment was determined by the subject-matter

of the New Zealand Application of 1973and by the nature of the com-
mitment entered into by France in 1974as to its future conduct; that the
New Zealand Application, as appears in particular from paragraph 29 of
the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974,wasconcerned only with the
ending of tests in the atmosphere likelyto cause fallout on the territory of
New Zealand; that New Zealand could not, without breaching the prin-
ciple of good faith, attempt unilaterally to modify, by means of a fresh
request, the meaning or scope of its 1973Application, as determined at
the time by the Court with binding force; that the cornmitment entered
into by France in 1974had two inseparable aspects, namely, on the one
hand, an end to nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and, on the other,
the shift to a new type of testing, underground testing; that the operative
part of the Judgment of 20 December 1974 found that, owing to that
commitment,the object of the New Zealand Application had been satis-
fied; that New Zealand had at that time considered itselfreassured by the
shift to underground testing because of the safety guarantees it offered
and that, in its statements, it advanced no evidenceor presumption of an

unforeseen danger recently arisingin the atolls; that the basis of the 1974
Judgment could not be affected by the resumption of underground test-
ing announced in 1995,for the very reason that it was by the shift to test-
ing of this type that the object of the New Zealand Application had been
satisfied; and that it was consequentlydemonstrated that the first condi-
tion set in paragraph 63 of the said Judgment for submission of a
"Request for an Examination of the Situation" had not, in the present
instance, been fulfilled;
40. Whereas in its oral statements France, referring to the words "in
accordance with the provisions of the Statute", used in paragraph 63 of
the 1974 Judgment, contended that the only provisions of the Statute
capable of permitting the "examination of the situation" contemplated
by paragraph 63 of the Judgment of 20 December 1974were Article 60,
concerning the interpretation of a judgment, Article 61, relating to the
revision of a judgment, and Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute,
whereby "cases are brought before the Court", as appropriate, "by a
written application addressed to the Registrar"; that New Zealand relied

on none of those provisions; that its "Request for an Examination of the
Situation" did not constitute a request for interpretation of the Judgment
of 20 December 1974, sinceNew Zealand was not seekingthe interpreta-
tion of the said Judgment but the reopening of proceedings declared
closed by the Court; that the action by New Zealand was more akin to a
request for revision of the 1974Judgment, New Zealand insisting on the
existence of new facts, but that it was manifest that the conditions
imposed by Article 61 of the Statute had not been fulfilled,the French
decision taken in 1995to conduct a final series of underground tests not
having by definition existed prior to delivery of the Judgrnent, and the
time-limit of ten years provided for in Article 61, paragraph 5, of the301 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNANCE 22 IX 95)

situation)) soumise par la Nouvelle-Zélande présentait, quant à son
contenu, les apparences d'une requête, mais que la Nouvelle-Zélande
prétendaiten mêmetemps qu'il n'y avait pas de nouvelle affaire; que la
Nouvelle-Zélande entendait, par ladite demande, saisir la Cour d'un
différendentièrementnouveau auquel seraient, selon elle,applicables des
règlesjuridiques nouvelles;que, dans l'hypothèsed'une requêtenouvelle,
la Nouvelle-Zélandeaurait dû indiquer un lien juridictionnel «actuel»
entre elle-même et la France, et que, en l'absencede pareille indication, il
y avait lieu d'appliquer le paragraphe 5de l'article 38du Règlement dela

Cour; que, si tel étaitle cas, et faute de consentement de la France, la
requête ou demandenéo-zélandaise ne pourrait êtreinscrite au rôle géné-
ral de la Cour et qu'aucun acte de procédurene pourrait être effectué;et
qu'il était dès lors démontré quela seconde condition poséeau para-
graphe 63de l'arrêtde 1974pour qu'une ((demanded'examen dela situa-
tion» puisse êtreprésentéen'était pas,en l'espèce,remplie;
41. Considérant qu'au cours de ses exposésoraux le Gouvernement
français a par ailleurs indiqué que, faute de procédure principale, il ne
saurait y avoir de procédures incidentes; que la Cour ne saurait par suite
connaître de la ((Nouvelledemande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires» présentéepar la Nouvelle-Zélande et que, au demeurant, les
conditions auxquelles la jurisprudence de la Cour soumet l'indication de

mesures conservatoiresn'étaientpas, en l'espèce,remplies; et que la Cour
ne saurait davantage connaître des ((requêtes à fin d'intervention)) et
((déclarationsd'intervention»déposéep sar cinq gouvernementsau Greffe
de la Cour;
42. Considérant que le Gouvernement français a en conséquence
conclu qu'il devait répondrepar la négative à la question poséepar la
Cour aux deux Etats, telle que formuléedans la lettre du Greffier en date
du 8 septembre 1995;
43. Considérant que, danslesréponses écriteq sue la Nouvelle-Zélande
et la France ont apportées à des questions poséespar desjuges au cours
des séancespubliques, les deux Etats ont précisécertaines des thèses
qu'ilsavaient antérieurementexposées; et considérant notammentque la

Nouvelle-Zélande,sur la base d'une analyse textuelle du paragraphe 63
de l'arrêt de1974,et en se référanten particulier à la position des mots
((conformémentaux dispositions du Statut)),a insisté d'unepart sur le
fait que ces mots ne pouvaient que se référerà la procédure applicableà
l'examen de la situation - et non à la nécessitéde recourir à une des
voies expressément prévuespar le Statut -, et d'autre part sur le fait
qu'elleaurait été endroit, si elle l'avait voulu, de présentersa demande
d'examen sous la forme d'une requêteau sens de l'article 40du Statut -
en invoquant lesmêmes basesde compétence quedans sa requête initiale
de 1973 et compte tenu des indications données à cet égardau para-
graphe 63 de l'arrêt- ou sous la forme d'une demande d'interprétation

au titre de l'article 60dit Statut;Statute having expired; that the "Request for an Examination of the
Situation" submitted by New Zealand had the appearance, in regard to
its content, of an application but that New Zealand claimed, at the same
time, that there wasno newcase; that New Zealand was seeking,through
the said Request, to seisethe Court of an entirely new dispute to which,
according to New Zealand, new legal rules applied; that, in the event of
a fresh application, New Zealand would have had to indicate a "present-
day" jurisdictional link betweenitselfand France, and that, in the absence
of such indication, Article 38,paragraph 5, ofthe Rules of Court became
applicable; that, ifsuch were the case, and failing the consent of France,
the New Zealand application or request could not be entered in the Gen-

eral List and no procedural steps could be taken; that it was conse-
quently demonstrated that the second condition set in paragraph 63 of
the 1974Judgment for submission of a "request for an examination of
the situation" had not, in the present instance, been fulfilled;
41. Whereas in the course of its oral statements the French Govern-
ment also indicated that, for want of a principal proceeding, there could
not be any incidental proceedings; that the Court could not therefore
deal with the "New Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures"
submitted by New Zealand and that the conditions laid down by the
jurisprudence of the Court for the indication of provisional measures had
moreover not, in the present instance, been fulfilled; and that the Court

could not deal, either, with the "Applications for Permission to Inter-
vene" and "Declarations of Intervention" filed by five Governments in
the Registry of the Court;
42. Whereas the French Government consequently concluded that it
had to reply in the negative to the question put by the Court to both
States, as formulated in the letter from the Registrar dated 8 September
1995;
43. Whereas in the written replies given by New Zealand and France
to the questions put by the Judges during the public sittings the two
States clarified some of the arguments they had previously put forward;
and whereas, inte arlia, New Zealand, on the basis of a textual analysis of
paragraph 63 of the 1974 Judgment and referring in particular to the

position of the words "in accordance with the provisions of the Statute",
maintained that: those words could only refer to the procedure appli-
cable to an examination of the situation - and not to the need to have
recourse to one of the courses of action expresslylaid down by the Stat-
ute - and also that it would have been entitled,had it so wished, to sub-
mit its request for an examination in the form of a written application
within the meaning of Article 40 of the Statute - invoking the same
bases of jurisdiction as in its initial Application of 1973and bearing in
mind the indications given in this respect in paragraph 63 of the Judg-
ment - or in the form of a request for interpretation according to
Article 60 of the Statute;302 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNANCE 22 IX 95)

44. Considérant que la Nouvelle-Zélande présente une«Demande
d'examen dela situation)) au titre du paragraphe 63 de l'arrêt rendupar
la Cour le 20 décembre1974en l'affaire des Essais nucléaires(Nouvelle-
Zélande c. France); qu'une telle demande, mêmes'il est contesté in
limine qu'elle réponde aux conditions poséesaudit paragraphe, ne doit
pas moins faire l'objet d'une inscription au rôle généralde la Cour, à
seule fin de permettre à celle-ci de déterminer si ces conditions sont
remplies; et qu'en conséquencela Cour a donné instruction au Greffier
de procéder, conformémentau paragraphe 1 b) de l'article 26 du Règle-
ment, à l'inscription de cette demande au rôle général dela Cour;

45. Considérantquela Nouvelle-Zélandefonde sa demandesur lepara-
graphe 63 de l'arrêt du20 décembre1974aux termes duquel:
«Dèslors que la Cour a constaté qu'unEtat a pris un engagement
quant à son comportement futur, il n'entre pas dans sa fonction
d'envisager que cet Etat ne le respecte pas. La Cour fait observer
que, si lefondement du présent arrêtétaitremis en cause, le requé-

rant pourrait demander un examen de la situation conformément
aux dispositionsdu Statut; la dénonciationpar la France, dans une
lettre du 2janvier 1974,del'Actegénérap lour le règlement pacifique
des différendsinternationaux, qui est invoquécomme l'un des fon-
dements de la compétence dela Cour en l'espèce, nesaurait en soi
faire obstacle la présentation d'unetelle demande»;

46. Considérant qu'il convient en l'espècede répondre in limine à la
question suivante: «les demandes présentées à la Cour par le Gouverne-
ment néo-zélandaisle 21 août 1995entrent-elles dans les prévisionsdu
paragraphe 63 de l'arrêtde la Cour du 20 décembre1974en l'affaire des
Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-Zélande c.France)?)); et que la Cour a par
suite limitéla présenteprocédure à ladite question;
47. Considérant que cette question comporte deux volets; que l'un a
trait aux voies procéduralesenvisagéespar la Cour au paragraphe 63 de
son arrêtde 1974 lorsqu'elle y a préciséque «le requérant pourrait
demander un examen de la situation conformémentaux dispositions du
Statut»;et que l'autre volet a trait au point de savoir si le((fondement»
de cet arrêt aété«remis en cause» au sens de son paragraphe 63;

48. Considérant que,s'agissant du premier volet de la question posée,
la Nouvelle-Zélande s'exprimedans les termes suivants:
«le paragraphe 63 est un mécanismequi permet la continuation ou
la reprise de l'instance de 1973et 1974.La Cour alors n'a pas statué
de manièrecomplèteet définitive.LaCour prévoyaitque la suite des
événementspourrait, en bonne justice, exiger que la Nouvelle- 44. Whereas New Zealand has submitted a "Request for an Examina-
tion of the Situation" under paragraph 63 of'the Judgment delivered by
the Court on 20 December 1974in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France) case; whereas such a request, even if it is disputed in limine
whether it fulfilsthe conditions set in that paragraph, must nonetheless
be the object of entry in the General List of the Court for the sole pur-
pose of enabling the latter to determine whether those conditions are ful-
filled; and whereas, consequently, the Court has instructed the Registrar,
pursuant to Article 26, paragraph 1 (b), of its Rules, to enter that
Request in the General List;

45. Whereas New Zealand bases its Request on paragraph 63 of the
Judgment of 20 December 1974,which provides:

"Once the Court has found that a State has entered into a com-
mitment concerning its future conduct it is not the Court's function
to contemplate that it will not comply with it. However, the Court
observes that if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected, the
Applicant could request an examination of the situation in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Statute; the denunciation by France,
by letter dated 2 January 1974, of the General Act for the Pacific
Settlement of International Disputes, which is relied on as a basis
of jurisdiction in the present case, cannot constitute by itself an

obstacle to the presentation of such a request";
46. Whereas, in the present instance, the following question has to be
answeredinlimine:"Do theRequestssubmittedto theCourt bytheGovern-
ment ofNew Zealand on 21August 1995fa11within the provisionsof para-
graph 63 of the Judgment of the Court of 20 December 1974in the case
concerning Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) ?"; and whereas the
Court has consequently limited the present proceedings to that question;

47. Whereas that question has two elements; whereas one concerns the
courses of procedure envisaged by the Court in paragraph 63 of its 1974
Judgment, when it stated that "the Applicant could request an examina-
tion of the situationnaccordancewith theprovisions ofthe Statute" ; and
whereasthe other concerns the question whether the "basis" of that Judg-
ment has been "affected" within the meaning of paragraph 63 thereof;

48. Whereas, as to the first elementof the question before it, New Zea-
land expressesthe following view :

"paragraph 63 is a mechanism enabling the continuation or the
resumption of the proceedings of 1973and 1974.They werenot fully
determined. The Court foresaw that the course of future events
might in justice require that New Zealand should have that oppor- Zélande ait lapossibilité depoursuivre l'affaire qu'elleavait engagée
et dont le déroulementavaitété interrompu en 1974. A cette fin, elle
a autoriséau paragraphe 63 cette procéduredérivée));

49. Considérantque la Nouvelle-Zélandeprétend que

«le paragraphe 63 [lui] donne ...le droit, dans des circonstances
déterminées,«de demander un examen de la situation conformé-
ment aux dispositions du Statut » [et que] ces mots indiquent claire-
ment que la présentation d'une demande aux fins d'un tel examen
s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mêmeaffaire et ne constitue pas une
affaire nouvelle));

et qu'elle ajoute par ailleurs qu'en visant «les dispositions du Statut)) le
paragraphe 63 ne pouvait que se référeraux dispositions concernant la
procédure applicable à l'examen de la situation une fois la demande
introduite ;
50. Considérant que la Nouvelle-Zélandeindique en outre explicite-
ment qu'ellene recherche ni l'interprétationde l'arrêtde 1974au titre de
l'article 60 du Statut, ni sarevision au titre de l'article ;1
51. Considérant que la France, quant a elle, fait valoir ce qui suit:

«comme la Cour elle-mêmel'a expressément précisél,a démarche
dont elle évoquela possibilitéest subordonnéeau respect des «dis-
positions du Statut)) ... Le Gouvernement français remarque
d'ailleurs incidemment que, quand bien mêmela Haute Juridiction
ne l'eût pas spécifiél,e principe ne s'en serait pas moins imposé:
toute l'activitéde la Cour est gouvernéepar le Statut qui circonscrit
les pouvoirs de la Cour et prescrit la conduite que les Etats doivent
tenir, sans qu'il leur soit possible d'y déroger,fût-ce par voie d'ac-
cord ...il en résulteà fortiori qu'un Etat ne saurait agir unilatérale-
ment devant la Cour en l'absencede toute base statutaire.
Or la Nouvelle-Zélande n'invoqueaucune disposition du Statut et
ne saurait en invoquer aucune qui soit susceptible de fonder sa dé-
marche en droit: il ne s'agit ni d'une demande en interprétation ou

en revision ...ni d'une requêtenouvelle, dont l'inscription au rôle
général dela Cour serait, au demeurant, totalement exclue...»;
52. Considérantqu'en prévoyantexpressément,au paragraphe 63 de
son arrêtdu 20 décembre1974, que, dans les circonstances qui y sont
précisées,«le requérant pourrait demander un examen de la situation
corformémentaux dispositionsdu Statut», la Cour ne peut avoir entendu
limiter l'accèsdu requérant à des voies procédurales qui, telles le dépôt

d'une nouvellerequête (Statut,art. 40, par. l), d'une demande en inter-
prétation (Statut, art. 60) ou d'une demande en revision (Statut, art. 61),
lui auraient en tout étatde cause étéouvertes;
53. Considérantqu'eninsérantlemembredephrasesus-indiquéaupara-
graphe 63 de son arrêtla Cour n'a pas exclu l'organisation d'une procé-
dure spécialepour le cas où les circonstances définiesaudit paragraphe, tunity to continue its case, the progress of which was stopped in
1974.And to this end in paragraph 63 the Court authorized these

derivative proceedings" ;
49. Whereas New Zealand claims that it

"is given a right, in stated circumstances 'to request an examination
of the situation in accordance with the provisions of the Statute'.
Those words are only capable of meaning that the presentation of a
Request for such an examination is to be part of the same case and
not of a new one" ;

and whereas it adds, furthermore, that, in pointing to "the provisions of
the Statute", paragraph 63 could only be referring to the provisions con-
cerning the procedure applicable to the examination of the situation once
the Request is made;
50. Whereas New Zealand furthermore explicitly States that it is not
seeking an interpretation of the 1974Judgment under Article 60 of the
Statute, nor a revision of that Judgment under Article 61 ;
51. Whereas France, for its part, stated as follows:

"As the Court itself has expressly stated, the possible steps to
which it alludes are subject to compliance with the 'provisions ofthe
Statute' . . .The French Government incidentally further observes
that, even had the Court not so specified,the principle would never-
theless apply: any activity of the Court is governed by the Statute,
which circumscribes the powers of the Court and prescribes the con-
duct that States must observe without it being possible for them to
depart therefrom, even by agreement . . .as a result and afortiori,
a State cannot act unilaterally before the Court in the absence of any

basis in the Statute.
Now New Zealand does not invoke any provision of the Statute
and could not invoke any that would be capable ofjustifying its pro-
cedure in law. It is not a request for interpretation or revision . ..,
nor a new Application, whose entry in the General List would, for
that matter, be quite out of the question . ..";

52. Whereas, in expressly laying down, in paragraph 63 of its Judg-
ment of 20 December 1974, that, in the circumstances set out therein,
"the Applicant could request an examination of the situation in accord-
ance with theprovisions of theStatute", the Court cannot have intended
to limit the Applicant's access to legal procedures such as the filing of a
new application (Statute, Art. 40, para. l), a request for interpretation
(Statute, Art. 60)or a request for revision (Statute, Art. 61),which would
have been open to it in any event;
53. Whereas by inserting the above-mentioned words in paragraph 63
of its Judgment, the Court did not exclude a special procedure, in the
event that the circumstances defined in that paragraph were to arise, in304 DEMANDE D'EXAMEN (ORDONNAN2C 2EIX 95)

c'est-à-dire une «remise encause))du «fondement» de l'arrêt,se présen-
teraient;
54. Considérant que l'organisation d'une telle procédure apparaît
comme indissociablement liée,aux termes de ce paragraphe, à l'existence
desdites circonstances; et que, si les circonstances en question ne se pro-
duisent pas, cette procédurespécialene peut être ouverte;

55. Considérant que la Cour doit maintenant sepencher sur le second
volet de la question posée et déterminer si lefondement de son arrêtdu
20 décembre 1974 a été remie sn causepar les faits auxquels la Nouvelle-
Zélande se réfère,et si la Cour peut en conséquence procéder à un
examen dela situation au sensdu paragraphe 63 dudit arrêt;et que, pour
ce faire, elle doit au préalablepréciserquel est le fondement de cet arrêt
en procédant à l'analyse de son texte;

56. Considérantque la Cour, en 1974,a pris commepoint de départde
son raisonnement la requête déposéepar la Nouvelle-Zélandeen 1973;
qu'elle a affirmédans son arrêtdu 20 décembre1974qu'il étaitde son
devoir «de circonscrire le véritable problèmeen cause et de préciser
l'objet de la demande)); qu'elle a ensuite ajoutéqu'«[il1n'a jamais été
contestéque la Cour est en droit et qu'ellea même ledevoir d'interpréter
les conclusions des parties)), cela étant'un des attributs de sa fonction
judiciaire)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1974p. 466, par. 30); et qu'elle a poursuivi
comme suit :

«Dans les circonstances de l'espèce,il appartientà la Cour, ainsi
qu'il a étémentionné,de s'assurer de l'objet véritabledu différend,
de l'objet et du but de la demande..Pour ce faire, elle doit prendre
en considération non seulement les conclusions du demandeur mais
l'ensemble dela requête,les arguments qu'il a développés devant la
Cour et les autres documents dont il a étéfait état...))id., p. 467,
par. 31);
57. Considérant que, dans cette perspective, la Cour s'est notamment

référéeà une déclarationdupremier ministre néo-zélandaisselonlaquelle
«la possibilitéde nouveaux essais atmosphériquesdemeure ouverte.
Tant que nous n'avons pas l'assurance que les essais nucléairesde
cette nature ont définitivementpris fin,le différendentre la Nouvelle-
Zélandeet la France subsiste..»;

et qu'ellea conclu
((qu'aux fins de la requête lademande de la Nouvelle-Zélandedoit
s'interpréter comme uniquement applicable aux essais atmosphé-
riques, et non à des essais d'un autre type, et comme uniquement

applicableà des essais en atmosphère réalisés defaçon à provoquer
des retombées radioactives sur le territoire néo-zélandais)) (Ibid.,
p. 466, par. 29);other words, circumstances which "affected" the "basis" of the Judg-
ment;
54. Whereas such a procedure appears to be indissociably linked,
under that paragraph, to the existence of those circumstances; and
whereas, if the circumstances in question do not arise, that special pro-
cedure is not available;

55. Whereas the Court must now consider the second element of the
question raised and determine whether the basis of its Judgment of

20 December 1974has been affected by the facts to which New Zealand
refers and whether the Court may consequently proceed to examine the
situation as contemplated by paragraph 63 of that Judgment; and
whereas, to that end, it must first define the basis of that Judgment by an
analysis of its text;
56. Whereas the Court, in 1974,took as the point of departure of its
reasoning the Application filed by New Zealand in 1973; whereas it
affirmed in its Judgment of 20 December 1974 that it was its duty "to
isolate the real issue in the case and to identify the object of the claim";
whereas it subsequentlyadded that "it has never been contested that the
Court is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and in fact is
bound to do son, this being "one of the attributes of itsjudicial function"
(I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30); and whereas it continued as fol-
lows :

"In the circumstances of the present case, as already mentioned,
the Court must ascertain the true subject of the dispute, the object
and purpose of the claim . . In doing so it must take into account
not only the submission, but the Application as a whole, the argu-
ments of the Applicant before the Court, and other documents
referred to . .." (ibid., p. 467, para. 31);

57. Whereas, in the light of this, the Court referred, among other
things, to a statement made by the Prime Minister of New Zealand that

"[tlhe option of further atmospheric tests has been left open. Until
we have an assurance that nuclear testing of this kind is finished for
good, the dispute between New Zealand and France persists . ..";

and whereas it found that
"for purposes of the Application, the New Zealand claim is to be
interpreted as applying only to atmospheric tests, not to any other
form of testing, and as applying only to atmospheric tests so con-
ducted as to give rise to radio-activefall-out on New Zealand terri-
tory" (ibid., p. 466, para. 29); 58. Considérant que la Cour a d'ailleurs rendu à la mêmedate, le

20 décembre1974,un arrêten l'affaire des Essais nucléaires(Australie
c. France), dans laquelle l'Australie luiavait demandé,en termes exprès,
«de dire et juger que ...la poursuite des essais atmosphériquesd'armes
nucléaires... n'est pas compatible avec les règlesapplicables du droit
international))(C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 256, par. 11);qu'après avoirexa-
minéla requêtede l'Australie la Cour a utilisé,au paragraphe 60 dudit
arrêt,un libelléidentique à celui du paragraphe 63 de l'arrêt renduen
l'affaire desEssais nucléaires(Nouvelle-Zélande c. France) et qu'elle a
adopté, dansles deux arrêts,des dispositifs de la mêmeteneur; et qu'ilen
découleque, pour la Cour, les deux affaires se présentaientcomme iden-
tiques par leur objet, qui concernait exclusivement des essais atmosphé-
riques ;
59. Considérant que la Cour, en formulant ces conclusions en 1974,
avait traitéla question de savoir si la Nouvelle-Zélandeavait pu, lors du

dépôt desa requête introductive d'instance de 1973,viser des objectifs
plus larges que la cessation des essais nucléairesdans l'atmosphère -
((principale préoccupation» du Gouvernement néo-zélandais, selonles
termes qu'il emploie aujourd'hui; et que, la tâche actuelle de la Cour
se limitant à l'analyse del'arrêtde 1974, ellene peut rouvrir cette ques-
tion;
60. Considéranten outre que la Cour a pris connaissance, à l'époque,
du communiquépubliéle 8juin 1974par la présidence dela République
française, par lequel celle-cidéclarait

((qu'au point où en est parvenue l'exécution deson programme de
défenseen moyens nucléairesla France sera en mesure de passer au
stade des tirs souterrains aussitôt que la série d'expériences prévues
pour cet étésera achevée)) (ibid., p. 469, par. 35);
qu'elle s'estégalement référée à d'autres déclarations officiellesdes auto-

rités françaisessur le mêmesujet; et qu'elle a conclu, au sujet de l'en-
semble de ces déclarations,
(([qu'il] convient de les considérercomme constituant un engage-
ment de l'Etat, étantdonné leur intention et les circonstancesdans
lesquelleselles sont intervenues))(ibid., p. 474, par. 51);

61. Considérant que les déclarations unilatéralesdes autorités fran-
çaisesont été faitespubliquement,en dehors de laCour, et evgaomnes, et
ont exprimél'intention du Gouvernement français de mettre fin à ses
essais atmosphériques; qu'en comparant l'engagement prispar la France
avec la demande formuléepar la Nouvelle-Zélandela Cour a constaté
qu'elle était«en présenced'une situation où l'objectif du demandeur
[avait] été effectivemenattteint)) (ibid., p. 475, par. 55); et qu'en consé-
quence elle a indiqué que,«la demande ayant manifestement perdu son
objet, il n'y a rien juger)) (ibid., p. 477, par. 62);

62. Considérant quele fondement de l'arrêt que laCour a rendu dans
l'affaire des Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-Zélande c. France) était en 58. Whereas on the same date, 20 December 1974,the Court further-
more delivered a Judgment in the Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France)
case, in which Australia had asked, in expressterms, that it "adjudgeand
declare that . ..the carrying out of further atmospheric nuclear weapon
tests . . .is not consistent with applicable rules of international law"
(I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 256, para. 11); whereas, having considered the
Application of Australia, the Court employed in paragraph 60 of that
Judgment a form of words identical to the one used in paragraph 63 of
the Judgment in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case and
adopted, in both Judgments, operative parts with the same content; and
whereas for the Court the two casesappeared identicalas to their subject-
matter which concerned exclusivelyatmospheric tests;

59. Whereas the Court, in making these findings in 1974, had dealt
with the question whether New Zealand, when filing its Application of
1973instituting proceedings, might have had broader objectivesthan the
cessation of atmospheric nuclear tests - the "primary concern" of the

Government of New Zealand, as it now puts it; and whereas, since the
current task of the Court is lirnited to an analysis of the Judgment of
1974,it cannot now reopen this question;

60. Whereas, moreover, the Court, at that time, took note of the com-
muniquéissued by the Office ofthe President of the French Republic on
8 June 1974,stating that
"in view of the stage reached in carrying out the French nuclear

defence programme France will be in a position to pass on to the
stage of underground explosionsas soon as the seriesoftestsplanned
for this summer is completed" (ibid., p. 469, para. 35);
whereas it likewise referred to other officia1declarations of the French
authorities on the same subject; and whereas it concluded, with reference
to al1those statements, that

"they must be held to constitute an engagement of the State, having
regard to their intention and to the circumstances in which they were
made" (ibid., p. 474, para. 51);

61. Whereas the unilateral declarations of the French authorities were
made publicly outside the Court and erga omnes, and expressed the
French Government's intention to put an end to its atmospheric tests;
whereas the Court, comparing the undertaking entered into by France
with the claim asserted by New Zealand, found that it faced "a situation
in which the objectiveof the Applicant [had]in effect beenaccomplished"
(ibid., p. 475,para. 55); and accordingly indicated that "the object of the
claim having clearly disappeared, there is nothing on which to give judg-
ment" (ibid., p. 477, para. 62);
62. Whereas the basis of the Judgment delivered by the Court in the
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case was consequentlyFrance'sconséquence l'engagementpris par la France de ne plus procéder à des
essais nucléairesatmosphériques; que, dèslors, ledit fondement n'aurait
été remis en cause que dans le cas d'une reprise par la France de sesessais
nucléairesdans l'atmosphère; et que cettehypothèse ne s'estpas réalisée;
63. Considérant qu'en analysant l'arrêtqu'elle a rendu en 1974 la
Cour est parvenue à la conclusion que ledit arrêt portait exclusivement
sur des essais nucléairesatmosphériques; qu'iln'est en conséquence pas
possible à la Cour de prendre maintenant en considérationdes questions
relativesà des essais nucléairessouterrains; et que la Cour ne peut dès

lors tenir compte des arguments tiréspar la Nouvelle-Zélanded'une part
des conditions dans lesquelles la France a procédé,depuis 1974, à des
essais nucléairessouterrains et d'autre part de l'évolution du droit inter-
national au cours des dernières décennies - et notamment de la conclu-
sion, le 25novembre 1986,de la convention de Nouméa -, non plus que
des arguments tiréspar la France de la conduite du Gouvernement néo-
zélandais depuis 1974 ;
64. Considérantpar ailleurs que la présente ordonnance est sans pré-
judice des obligations des Etats concernant le respect et la protection de
l'environnementnaturel, auxquelles la Nouvelle-Zélandeet la France ont
toutes deux, en l'espèce,réaffirmé leurattachement;

65. Considérantque lefondement de l'arrêt rendule 20 décembre1974
en l'affairedesEssais nucléaires(Nouvelle-Zélandec. France) n'a pas été
remis en cause; que la ((Demande d'examen de la situation» présentée
par la Nouvelle-Zélandele 21 août 1995 n'entre dès lors pas dans les
prévisionsdu paragraphe 63 dudit arrêt;et qu'elle doit par suite être
écartée;
66. Considérant que, ainsi qu'il a étéindiquéau paragraphe 44 ci-
dessus,la ((Demande d'examen dela situation))présentée par la Nouvelle-
Zélandeau titre du paragraphe 63 de l'arrêtde 1974a été inscrite au rôle
général dela Cour à seule fin de permettreà celle-cide déterminersi les
conditions fixéespar ce texte sont en l'espèceremplies;et qu'à la suite de
la présente ordonnance la Cour a donné instructionau Greffier, agissant

au titre du paragraphe 1 b) de l'article26 du Règlement, deprocéder à la
radiation de cette demande du rôle général à compter du 22 septembre
1995;

67. Considérant qu'ildécoule des conclusions auxquellesla Cour est
parvenue au paragraphe 65 ci-dessus qu'elle doit égalementécarter la
((Nouvelledemande en indication de mesures conservatoires» présentée
par la Nouvelle-Zélande, ainsi quela ((requête à fin d'intervention» pré-

sentéepar l'Australie, et lesrequêtes à fin d'intervention» et «déclara-
tions d'intervention)) présentéespar le Samoa, les Iles Salomon, les Iles
Marshall et les Etats fédérés de Micronés ie qui, toutes, serattachentà
titre incidenà la ((Demande d'examen dela situation)) présentéepar laundertaking not to conduct any further atmospheric nuclear tests;
whereas it was only, therefore, in the event of a resumption of nuclear
tests in the atmosphere that that basis of the Judgment would have been
affected; and whereas that hypothesis has not materialized;
63. Whereas, in analysingits Judgment of 1974,the Court has reached
the conclusion that that Judgment dealt exclusively with atmospheric
nuclear tests; whereas consequentlyit is not possible for the Court now

to take into consideration questions relating to underground nuclear
tests; and whereas the Court cannot, therefore, take account of the argu-
ments derived by New Zealand, on the one hand from the conditions in
which France has conducted underground nuclear tests since 1974,and
on the other from the development of international law in recent decades
- and particularly the conclusion,on 25November 1986,ofthe Noumea
Convention - any more than of the arguments derived by France from
the conduct of the New Zealand Government since 1974;

64. Whereas moreover the present Order is without prejudice to the
obligations of States to respect and protect the natural environment,obli-

gations to which both New Zealand and France have in the present
instance reaffinned their cornmitment;
65. Whereasthe basis of the Judgment delivered on 20December 1974
in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) casehas not been affected;
whereas the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" submitted by
New Zealand on 21 August 1995 does not therefore fa11within the pro-
visions of paragraph 63 of that Judgment; and whereas that Request
must consequently be dismissed;
66. Whereas, as indicated in paragraph 44 above, the "Request for an
Examination of the Situation" submitted by New Zealand in accordance
with paragraph 63 of the 1974Judgment has been entered in the General
List for the solepurpose of allowing the Court to determine whether the

conditions laid down in that text have been fulfilledin the present case;
and whereas, following the present Order, the Court has instructed
the Registrar, acting pursuant to Article 26, paragraph 1 (b), of the
Rules, to remove that Request from the General List as of 22 September
1995;

67. Whereas it follows from the conclusions reached by the Court in

paragraph 65 above that it must likewise dismiss the "Further Request
for the Indication of Provisional Measures" submitted by New Zealand,
as well as the "Application for Permission to Intervene" submitted by
Australia, and the "Applications for Permission to Intervene" and "Dec-
larations of Intervention" submitted by Samoa, Solomon Islands, the
Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia - al1of which
are proceedings incidental to the "Request for an Examination of theNouvelle-Zélande; et considérant que la Cour a donné instruction au

Greffier d'en informer les Etats concernésen leur notifiant le texte de la
présenteordonnance ;

68. En conséquence,

1) Par douze voix contre trois,

Dit que la ((Demande d'examen de la situation)) au titre du para-
graphe 63 de l'arrêt rendupar la Cour le 20 décembre1974 en l'affaire
des Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-Zélande c. France), présentéepar la
Nouvelle-Zélande le 21 août 1995, n'entre pas dans les prévisionsdudit
paragraphe 63 et doit par suite être écartée;

POUR: M. Bedjaoui, Président;M. Schwebel, Vice-Président;MM. Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,MmeHiggins, juges;
CONTRE: MM. Weeramantry,Koroma, juges;sirGeoffreyPalmer,jugeadhoc;

2) Par douze voix contre trois,

Dit que la «Nouvelle demande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires)) présentéepar la Nouvelle-Zélande à la mêmedate doit être
écartée;

POUR: M. Bedjaoui, Président;M. Schwebel, Vice-Président;MM. Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,Mm Higginsjuges;
CONTRE: MM. Weeramantry,Koroma, juges;sir GeoffreyPalmerjugeadhoc;

3) Par douze voix contre trois:

Dit que la «requêtea fin d'intervention)) présentéepar l'Australie le
23 août 1995, et les ((requêtes à fin d'intervention)) et ((déclarations
d'intervention» présentéespar le Samoa et les Iles Salomon le 24 août
1995,ainsi que par les Iles Marshall et les Etats fédérse Micronésiele
25 août 1995, doivent égalementêtreécartées.

POUR: M. Bedjaoui, Président;M. Schwebel, Vice-Président;MM. Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,Mme Higginsjuges;
CONTRE: MM. Weeramantry,Koroma, juges;sirGeoffreyPalmer,juge adhoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais
de la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-deux septembre mil neuf cent quatre-
vingt-quinze, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archivesSituation" submitted by New Zealand; and whereas the Court has
instructed the Registrar to so inform the States concerned in notifying
them of the text of the present Order;

68. Accordingly,

(1) By twelve votes to three,
Finds that the "Request for an Examination of the Situation" in

accordance with paragraph 63 of the Judgment of the Court of 20 De-
cember 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) case; sub-
mitted by New Zealand on 21 August 1995,does not fa11within the pro-
visions of thesaid paragraph 63 and must consequently be dismissed;
IN FAVOUR P:resident Bedjaoui; Vice-President Schwebel; Judges Oda,

Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,Higgins;
AGAINST :Judges Weeramantry, Koroma ; Judge ad hoc SirGeoffreyPalmer;

(2) By twelve votes to three,
Finds that the "Further Request for the Indication of Provisional

Measures" submitted by New Zealand on the same date must be dis-
missed ;
IN FAVOUR: President Bedjaoui; Vice-President Schwebel; Judges Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo, Higgins;

AGAINS Tudges Weeramantry,Koroma; Judge ad hocSir GeoffreyPalmer;
(3) By twelve votes to three,

Finds that the "Application for Permission to Intervene" submitted by
Australia on 23 August 1995, and the "Applications for Permission to
Intervene" and "Declarations of Intervention" submitted by Samoa and

Solomon Islands on 24 August 1995,and by the Marshall Islands and the
Federated States of Micronesia on 25 August 1995,must likewise be dis-
missed.
IN FAVOUR : President Bedjaoui ; Vice-President Schwebel; Judges Oda,
Guillaume, Shahabuddeen, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin,Ferrari Bravo,Higgins;

AGAINST: Judges Weeramantry,Koroma; Judge ad hoc SirGeoffreyPalmer.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of September, one
thousand nine hundred and ninety-five, in three copies, one of which willde la Cour et les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouverne-
ment de la Nouvelle-Zélande et au Gouvernement de la République
française.

Le Président,
(Signé) Mohammed BEDJAOUI.

Le Greffier,

(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

M. SCHWEBE VLi,ce-Président,et MM. ODAet RANJEju,ges,joignent
des déclarationsl'ordonnance.

M. SHAHABUDDE jENe,, joint'ordonnance l'exposé deson opinion
individuelle.

MM. WEERAMANTe RtKOROMA ju,ges, et sir Geoffrey PALj,ge
ad hoc,joignenà l'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) M.B.
(Paraphé) E.V.O.be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to
the Government of New Zealand and the Government of the French
Republic, respectively.

(Signed) Mohammed BEDJAOUI,
President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Vice-President SCHWEBEJLu,dges ODAand RANJEVA append declara-
tions to the Order of the Court.

Judge SHAHABUDDE apNends a separate opinion to the Order of the
Court.

JudgesWEERAMANTR KO,ROMA and Judge adhocSirGeoffreyPALMER
append dissenting opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) M.B.

(Initialled) E.V.O.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for an examination of the situation - Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 22 September 1995

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