INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 1974
20December
GeneraList
No. 59 20 December1974
NUCLEAR TESTS CASE
(NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)
APPLICATION BY FIJI FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE
ORDER
Present: President LACHS;Jzldges FORSTE, ROS,BENGZONP ,ETRÉN,
ONYEAMA D,ILLARDI,GNACIO-PINTO D, CASTROM , OROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DEARÉCHAGA S,ir Humphrey WALDOCKN , AGENDRA
SINGH,RUDA;Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWCK;Registrar
AQUARONE.
The International Court ofticc,
Coinposed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 48 and 62 of the Statute of the Court,
Having regard to the application of the Government of Fiji dated
18May 1973for permission to interveneinse proceedings,
Having regard to the Order of the Court in this casedated 12July 1973,
Makes the,followingOrder:
1. Whereas by a Judgment of 20December 1974in this casethe Court
finds that the claim of New Zealand no longer has any and that
the Courts therefore not called upon to give a decision thereon,
2. Whereas in consequence there will no longer be any proceedings
before the Court to which the Application for permission to intervene
could relate,536 NUCLEAR TESTS (ORDER 20 XII 74)
Unanimously,
Finds that the Application of the Governrnent of Fiji for permission to
intervene in the proceedings instituted by New Zealand against France
lapses, and that no further action thereon is called for on the part of the
Court.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of December, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, infour copies, one of which will
be deposited in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted to
the Government of Fiji,the Government of New Zealand,and the French
Government, respectively.
(Signed) Manfred LACHS,
President.
[Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.
Judge GROSmakes the following declaration:
Je vote la présente ordonnance pour des motifs différents de ceux
qu'elle indique. Le document présentépar le Gouvernement fidjien le
18mai 1973ne pouvait à aucun titre êtreconsidéré commeune demande
d'intervention au sens de l'article 62 du Statut et cettedemandeaurait dû
êtrerejetéedès l'origine.
Judge ONYEAMm Aakes the following declaration:
1 have voted in favour of the Order, although, in my view,the reason
given for it, namely that the claim of the applicant State no longer has
any object and in consequence there will no longer be any proceedings
before the Court in which intervention would be possible, carries an
implication with which 1 am unable to agree. The implication is that if
the claimhad had an object and the Court had been called upon to give a
decision thereon, there would have been a possibility of intervention in
this case.
Fiji was not, at any timematerial to these proceedings, a party to the
General Act of 1928nor to the optional clause of the Statute of the Court
on which the applicant State sought to base the Court's jurisdiction, nor 537 NUCLEAR TESTS (ORDER 20 XII 74)
has sheinvoked any basis ofjurisdiction vis-à-visFrance in her request to
intervene.
The Court should have decided upon this request itself as required by
Article62ofthe Statute ofthe Court and should, in my view,have rejected
iton the ground that the condition ofreciprocity ofan obligation to accept
the Court's jurisdiction was wholly absent between Fiji and France.
Judges DILLARD and Sir Humphrey WALDOCm Kake the following
joint declaration:
The Order states that, the Court having found that the claim of New
Zealand no longer has any object, the Court is not called upon to give a
decisionthereon and consequentlythere willno longer be anyproceedings
to which intervention can relate. The Application of the Government of
Fiji has, according to theOrder, therefore lapsed.
The conclusion flows logically from the premise. As Members of the
Court, bound by its decision in the Nuclear Tests case, we are therefore
impelled to vote in favour of the Order. It is clearly not possible for the
Government of Fiji to intervene in proceedings, when, by the Judgment of
the Court, no proceedings exist.
Having said this wefeelit incumbent on us to state that wedo not agree
with the premise which furnishes the ground on which the Court's con-
clusionrests. As indicated indetail in the dissentingopinion of ourselves
and some of oirr colleagues, we do not agree that the Court should have
decided that no further action is called for on the claim of New Zealand
against France.
If, in the case of New Zealand v. France, the views ofthe minority had
prevailed,the issueof Fiji'sintervention would have requiredexamination
in order to determine whether or not there existed a sufficient jurisdic-
tional link between Fiji and France to justify the former's intervention
under Article 62 of the Court's Statute. Furthermore, in Our view an
opportunity shouldhavebeen givento Fiji to be heard on the issue before
this determination was made.
It followsfroin what wehave said above that, whilewefeelimpelled to
votefor the Order of the Court, our reasoils for doing so differ in certain
respects from those advanced by the Court.
Judge JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA makes the following declaration:
1 have concurred in voting for the dismissal of Fiji's application to
intervene under Article 62 of the Statute for a reason other than that on
6538 NUCLEAR TESTS (ORDER 20 XII 74)
which the Order is based: because Fiji, which is not a party to the 1928
Act and to the optional clause system, has failed to invokein its applica-
tion any title ofjurisdiction in relation to France.
In my view, in order to be entitled to intervene under Article 62 of the
Statute for the purpose of asserting a right as against the respondent a
State must be in a position in which it could itself bring the respondent
before the Court.
WhenArticle 62ofthe Statute wasdrafted,its authors were proceeding
on the assumption that the intervening State would have its own title of
jurisdiction in relation to the respondent, since the draft Statute then
provided for general compulsory jurisdiction. When that system was
replaced by the optional clause, Article 62 remained untouched, but it
must be interpreted and applied as still subject to that condition. Other-
wise, unreasonable conçequences would result, in conflict with basic
principles such as those of the equality of parties before the Court and
the strict reciprocity of rights and obligations among the States which
accept itsjurisdiction. A State which cannot be brought before the Court
as a respondent by another State can neither become an applicant vis-à-
visthat State nor an interveneragainst that same State, entitled to make
independent submissions in support of an interest of its own. In my view
the provision in Article 69, paragraph 2, of theRules of Court requiring
"a statement of law and of fact justifying intervention" must in circum-
stances like those in the present case be interpreted as including the
requirement of establishing an independent jurisdictional link between
intervener and respondent.
Judge ad IzocSir Garfield BARWICK makes the following declaration:
1have voted in favour of the Order made in respect of the Application
by Fiji to intervene in these proceedings not because ofthe Order made by
the Court in the cases Australia v. France and New Zealand v. France
but solely for the reasons expressed by Judge Jiménezde Aréchagaand
Judge Onyeama in their declarations concerning the Fiji Order, with
which 1entirely agree.
(Initialled) M.L.
(Initialled) S.A.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 1974
20December
GeneraList
No. 59 20 December1974
NUCLEAR TESTS CASE
(NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)
APPLICATION BY FIJI FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE
ORDER
Present: President LACHS;Jzldges FORSTE, ROS,BENGZONP ,ETRÉN,
ONYEAMA D,ILLARDI,GNACIO-PINTO D, CASTROM , OROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DEARÉCHAGA S,ir Humphrey WALDOCKN , AGENDRA
SINGH,RUDA;Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWCK;Registrar
AQUARONE.
The International Court ofticc,
Coinposed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 48 and 62 of the Statute of the Court,
Having regard to the application of the Government of Fiji dated
18May 1973for permission to interveneinse proceedings,
Having regard to the Order of the Court in this casedated 12July 1973,
Makes the,followingOrder:
1. Whereas by a Judgment of 20December 1974in this casethe Court
finds that the claim of New Zealand no longer has any and that
the Courts therefore not called upon to give a decision thereon,
2. Whereas in consequence there will no longer be any proceedings
before the Court to which the Application for permission to intervene
could relate, COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 1974 1974
20 décembre
20 décembr1e974 Rôle général
no 59
AFFAIRE DES ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES
(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE c. FRANCE)
REQUÊTE DE FIDJI à FIN D'INTERVENTION
ORDONNANCE
Présents:M. LACHSP,résident;MM. FORSTER G,ROS,BENGZONP ,ETRÉN,
ONYEAMA D,ILLARD,IGNACIO-PINTO D, CASTROM , OROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA s,ir Humphrey WALDOCKM , M. NA-
GENDRA SINGHR, uDA,juges; sir Garfield BARWju,ge ad hoc;
M. AQUARONE G,refJier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéren chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 48 et 62 du Statut de la Cour,
Vu la requête en date du18mai 1973 par laquelle le Gouvernement
fidjien a demandéêtre autoriséà intervenir dans l'instance,
Vu l'ordonnance rendue par la Cour en l'espècele 12juillet 1973,
Rend I'orclonnnncesuivante:
1. Considérant que,par un arrêtdu 20 décembre1974en l'espèce,la
Cour dit que la demandede la Nouvelle-Zélande estdésormais sans objet
et qu'il n'y a dèslors pas lieuuer,
2. Considérant qu'encoilséquenceil n'existedésormaisplus d'instance
sur laquellela requàtfin d'intervention puisse se greffer,536 NUCLEAR TESTS (ORDER 20 XII 74)
Unanimously,
Finds that the Application of the Governrnent of Fiji for permission to
intervene in the proceedings instituted by New Zealand against France
lapses, and that no further action thereon is called for on the part of the
Court.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of December, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, infour copies, one of which will
be deposited in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted to
the Government of Fiji,the Government of New Zealand,and the French
Government, respectively.
(Signed) Manfred LACHS,
President.
[Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.
Judge GROSmakes the following declaration:
Je vote la présente ordonnance pour des motifs différents de ceux
qu'elle indique. Le document présentépar le Gouvernement fidjien le
18mai 1973ne pouvait à aucun titre êtreconsidéré commeune demande
d'intervention au sens de l'article 62 du Statut et cettedemandeaurait dû
êtrerejetéedès l'origine.
Judge ONYEAMm Aakes the following declaration:
1 have voted in favour of the Order, although, in my view,the reason
given for it, namely that the claim of the applicant State no longer has
any object and in consequence there will no longer be any proceedings
before the Court in which intervention would be possible, carries an
implication with which 1 am unable to agree. The implication is that if
the claimhad had an object and the Court had been called upon to give a
decision thereon, there would have been a possibility of intervention in
this case.
Fiji was not, at any timematerial to these proceedings, a party to the
General Act of 1928nor to the optional clause of the Statute of the Court
on which the applicant State sought to base the Court's jurisdiction, nor ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (ORDONNAN2 C0EXII 74) 536
A l'unanimité,
Dit que la requête par laquelle le Gouvernement fidjien demande à
intervenir dans l'instance introduite par la Nouvelle-Zélande contre
la France tombe et que la Cour n'a plus aucune suiteàlui donner.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le vingt décembremil neuf cent soixante-quatorze,
en quatre exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour
et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement
fidjien, au Gouvernement néo-zélandais etau Gouvernement de la
République française.
Le Président,
(Signé)Manfred LACHS.
Le Greffier.
(Signé) S. AQUARONE.
M. GROSj,uge, fait la déclaration suivante:
[Translation]
1voted in favour of the present decision for reasons other than those
stated in the Order. The document filed by the Government of Fiji on
18 May 1973 could not in any way be regarded as a request to be per-
mitted to intervene within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute, and
the request should have been dismisseinlimine.
M. ONYEAMjA u,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
(Traduction]
J'ai votépour l'ordonnance, bien que, selon moi, le motif sur lequel
elle repose,à savoir que la demande de 1'Etat requérant est désormais
sans objet et qu'en conséquence iln'existe désormaisplus d'instance sur
laquelle l'intervention puisse se greffer, implique une prémisseque je ne
suispas en mesure d'accepter. Cette prémisse estque, si la demandeavait
eu un objet et si la Cour avait étéappelée se prononcer àson égard,il
aurait existéune possibilitéd'intervention en l'espèce.
A aucun moment qui intéressela présenteinstance,Fidji n'aété.partià
l'Acte généralde 1928et n'a acceptélaclause facultative du Statut de la
Cour, qui ont étéinvoquéspar 1'Etatdemandeur pour établir la compé-
5 537 NUCLEAR TESTS (ORDER 20 XII 74)
has sheinvoked any basis ofjurisdiction vis-à-visFrance in her request to
intervene.
The Court should have decided upon this request itself as required by
Article62ofthe Statute ofthe Court and should, in my view,have rejected
iton the ground that the condition ofreciprocity ofan obligation to accept
the Court's jurisdiction was wholly absent between Fiji and France.
Judges DILLARD and Sir Humphrey WALDOCm Kake the following
joint declaration:
The Order states that, the Court having found that the claim of New
Zealand no longer has any object, the Court is not called upon to give a
decisionthereon and consequentlythere willno longer be anyproceedings
to which intervention can relate. The Application of the Government of
Fiji has, according to theOrder, therefore lapsed.
The conclusion flows logically from the premise. As Members of the
Court, bound by its decision in the Nuclear Tests case, we are therefore
impelled to vote in favour of the Order. It is clearly not possible for the
Government of Fiji to intervene in proceedings, when, by the Judgment of
the Court, no proceedings exist.
Having said this wefeelit incumbent on us to state that wedo not agree
with the premise which furnishes the ground on which the Court's con-
clusionrests. As indicated indetail in the dissentingopinion of ourselves
and some of oirr colleagues, we do not agree that the Court should have
decided that no further action is called for on the claim of New Zealand
against France.
If, in the case of New Zealand v. France, the views ofthe minority had
prevailed,the issueof Fiji'sintervention would have requiredexamination
in order to determine whether or not there existed a sufficient jurisdic-
tional link between Fiji and France to justify the former's intervention
under Article 62 of the Court's Statute. Furthermore, in Our view an
opportunity shouldhavebeen givento Fiji to be heard on the issue before
this determination was made.
It followsfroin what wehave said above that, whilewefeelimpelled to
votefor the Order of the Court, our reasoils for doing so differ in certain
respects from those advanced by the Court.
Judge JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA makes the following declaration:
1 have concurred in voting for the dismissal of Fiji's application to
intervene under Article 62 of the Statute for a reason other than that on
6 ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (ORDONNAN2 C0EXII 74)
tence de la Cour, et il n'a pas non plus invoqué un titre quelconque de
juridiction vis-à-visde la France dans sa requêtein d'intervention.
La Cour aurait dû statuer sur cette requête elle-mêmecomme le lui
prescrit l'article 62 de son Statut et aurait dû,avis, la rejeter pour
lemotif quela condition deréciprociquiaccompagnel'acceptationdela
juridiction obligatoirede la Cour n'étaitnullement remplie entre Fidji et
la France.
M. DILLARD et sir Humphrey WALDOCKj,uges, font la déclaration
commune suivante :
[Traduction]
L'ordonnance dit que la Cour, ayant considéréla demande de la
Nouvelle-Zélande commedésormais sans objet, n'a plus aucune suite à
donner à cette demande et qu'en conséquence iln'existe désormaisplus
d'instancesur laquelleune intervention puissesegreffer.De cefait,d'après
la Cour, la requête du Gouvernementfidjien tombe.
La conclusion découlelogiquement de la prémisse.En tant que mem-
bres dela Cour, liéspar la décisionrendue enl'affairedesEssais nucléaires,
nous sommes donc tenus de voter pour l'ordonnance. Il n'est manifeste-
ment pas possible quele Gouvernement fidjieninterviennà l'instance dès
lors que, en vertu de l'arrêt de la Cour, aucune instancen'existe.
Cela dit, nous nous sentons l'obligation de dire que nous n'acceptons
pas la prémissesur laquelle repose la conclusion de la Cour. Comme
l'indique de façon détailll'opinion dissidente que nous présentons avec
nos collègues,nous ne souscrivons pas à la décisionde la Cour selon
laquelle il n'y a aucune suite donner à la demande formulée par la
Nouvelle-Zélandecontre la France.
Si les vues de la minorité l'avaient emporté dans l'affairevelle-
Zélandec. France, il aurait fallu examiner la question de l'intervention de
Fidji afin de déterminer s'il existait un lien juridictionnel suffisant entre
Fidji et la France pour justifier l'intervention de Fidji en vertu de l'ar-
ticle 62 du Statut de la Cour. De plus, on aurait dû selon nous donner
Fidji la possibilitéde se faire entendre sur la question avant de prendre
une décision.
Il résultede ce qui précèdeque, tout en nous estimant tenus de voter
pour l'ordonnance que rend la Cour, nous avons pour ce faire des motifs
qui diffèrent certains égards de ceux que la Cour a avancés.
M. JIMÉNE ZE ARÉCHAGA ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
[Traduction]
J'ai votépour le rejet de la requêtepar laquelle Fidji demandait à
intervenir envertu del'article 62 du Statut, mais pour un autre motif que538 NUCLEAR TESTS (ORDER 20 XII 74)
which the Order is based: because Fiji, which is not a party to the 1928
Act and to the optional clause system, has failed to invokein its applica-
tion any title ofjurisdiction in relation to France.
In my view, in order to be entitled to intervene under Article 62 of the
Statute for the purpose of asserting a right as against the respondent a
State must be in a position in which it could itself bring the respondent
before the Court.
WhenArticle 62ofthe Statute wasdrafted,its authors were proceeding
on the assumption that the intervening State would have its own title of
jurisdiction in relation to the respondent, since the draft Statute then
provided for general compulsory jurisdiction. When that system was
replaced by the optional clause, Article 62 remained untouched, but it
must be interpreted and applied as still subject to that condition. Other-
wise, unreasonable conçequences would result, in conflict with basic
principles such as those of the equality of parties before the Court and
the strict reciprocity of rights and obligations among the States which
accept itsjurisdiction. A State which cannot be brought before the Court
as a respondent by another State can neither become an applicant vis-à-
visthat State nor an interveneragainst that same State, entitled to make
independent submissions in support of an interest of its own. In my view
the provision in Article 69, paragraph 2, of theRules of Court requiring
"a statement of law and of fact justifying intervention" must in circum-
stances like those in the present case be interpreted as including the
requirement of establishing an independent jurisdictional link between
intervener and respondent.
Judge ad IzocSir Garfield BARWICK makes the following declaration:
1have voted in favour of the Order made in respect of the Application
by Fiji to intervene in these proceedings not because ofthe Order made by
the Court in the cases Australia v. France and New Zealand v. France
but solely for the reasons expressed by Judge Jiménezde Aréchagaand
Judge Onyeama in their declarations concerning the Fiji Order, with
which 1entirely agree.
(Initialled) M.L.
(Initialled) S.A. ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (ORDONNAN2 C0EXII 74) 538
celui sur lequel se fonde I'ordonnance,à savoir que Fidji, qui n'est pas
partieà l'Actede 1928,ni au systèmede laclause facultative,n'ainvoqué,
dans sa requête, aucunlien dejuridiction avec la France.
Pour pouvoir intervenir en application de l'article 62 du Statut en vue
de faire valoir un droit contre le défendeur,un Etat doit se trouver dans
une situation qui lui permettrait d'attraire lui-mêmele défendeurdevant
la Cour.
Les rédacteurs de l'article 62 du Statut sont partis du principe que
1'Etatintervenant aurait son propre titre dejuridiction vis-à-visdu défen-
deur, carà l'époque leprojet de Statut envisageait unejuridiction obliga-
toire pour tous. Quand ce systèmea été remplacé par celui de la clause
facultative, aucun changement n'a étéapporté à l'article 62, mais, aux
finsde son interprétation et de son application, celui-cidoit êtreconsidéré
comme restant soumis à la mêmecondition. S'ilenallait autrement, il en
résulterait des conséquencesfâcheuses et incompatibles avec des prin-
cipes fondamentaux tels que ceux de l'égalitédes parties devant la Cour
ou de la réciprocitérigoureusedes droits et des obligationsentre lesEtats
qui acceptent sa compétence. Un Etat qu'un autre Etat ne peut pas
assigner comme défendeur devant la Cour ne peut pas non plus se pré-
senter comme demandeur ni comme partie intervenante contre ce même
Etat, avec la faculté de soumettre des conclusions indépendantes à
l'appui d'un intérêt propre.A mon avis, la disposition de l'article 69,
paragraphe 2, du Règlementde la Cour qui exigeque soient zxposéesles
((raisons de droit et de fait justifiant l'interve»tdoit s'entendre, en
des circonstances comme celles de la présenteespèce,comme imposant
aussil'obligation d'établirun lienjuridictionnelindépendantentrel'inter-
venant et le défendeur.
Sir Garfield BARWICK j,ge ad hoc, fait la déclaration suivante:
[Traduction]
J'ai votépour l'ordonnance relative àla requête de Fidjià fin d'inter-
vention dans la présenteinstance non pas en raison des arrêts rendus par
la Cour dans les affairesustralie c. Franceet Nouvelle-Zélandc. France
mais uniquement pour les motifs exposéspar MM. Jiménezde Aréchaga
et Onyeama dans leurs déclarations concernant l'ordonnance relative à
Fidji, quej'approuve entièrement.
(Paraphé)M.L.
(Paraphé) S.A.
Application by Fiji for Permission to Intervene
Order of 20 December 1974