Order of 20 December 1974

Document Number
058-19741220-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

1NTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

NUCLEARTESTSCASE

(AUSTRALIA v.FRANCE)

APPLICATION BY FIJI FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

ORDER OF 20 DECEMBER 1974

COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DES ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES
(AUSTRALIE c. FRANCE)

REQUÊTE DE FIDJI À FIN D'INTERVENTION

ORDONNANCE DU 20 DÉCEMBRE1974 Officia1cita:ion
Nirclear Tests (Austv.France), Application ta Interijene,
Order of 20 December 1974, I.C.J. Reporp. 530.,

Mode officielde citation:

Essais nucléaires(Australie c. FranceÙ,Jinquête
d'interivention,ordonna20clécembr1974,C.I.J. Recueil1p.530.

Salesnumber:
No devente: 402 1 20 DECEMBER 1974

ORDER

NUCLEAR TESTS CASE
(AUSTRALIA v.FRANCE)

APPLICATION BY FIJI FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

AFFAIRE DES ESSAlS NUCLÉAIRES
(AUSTRALIE c. FRANCE)

REQUÊTE DE FlDJI A FIN D'INTERVENTION

20DÉCEMBRE 1974

ORDONNANCE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1974

1974
20December 20 December1974
GeNo. 58st

NUCLEAR TESTS CASE

(AUSTRALIA v.FRANCE)

APPLICATION BY FIJl FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

ORDER

Present: President LACHS;Judges FORSTERG,ROS, BENGZONP , ETRÉN,
ONYEAMA D,ILLARD,IGNACIO-PINTO DE, CASTRO,MOROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA S,ir Humphrey WALDOCKN , AGENDRA
SINGH,RUDA; Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK; egistrar

AQUARONE.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 48 andof the Statute of the Court,
Having regard to the application of the Government of Fiji dated
16 May 1973for permission to intervene inse proceedings,

Having regard to theder of the Court in this case dated 12July 1973,

Makes thefollowing Order:
1. Whereas by a Judgment of 20 December 1974 inthis case the Court
finds that the claim of Australia no longer has anyt and that the
Court is therefore not called upon to give a decision thereon,
2. Whereas in consequence thereill no longer be any proceedings

before the Court to which the Application for permission to intervene
could relate, Unanimously,

Finds that the Application of the Government of Fiji for permission to
intervene in the proceedingsinstituted by Australia against France lapses,
and that no further action thereon is called for on the part of the Court.

Done in English and in French, the English text being aüthoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of December, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, in four copies, one of which
wili be deposited in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted

to the Government of Fiji, the Government of Australia, and the French
Government, respectively.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS,
President.
(Signed) S. AQUARONE,

Registrar.

Judge GROSinakes the following declaration:

Je vote la présente ordonnance pour des motifs différents de ceux
qu'elle indique. Le document présentépar le Gouvernement fidjien le
16mai 1973ne pouvait à aucun titre êtreconsidérécomme une demande
d'intervention au sens de l'article 62 du Statut et cette demande aurait
dû êtrerejetée dès l'origine.

Judge ONYEAMA makes the following declaration

1 have voted in favour of the Order, although, in my view, the reason
given for it, namely that the claim of the applicant State no longer has
any object and in consequence there will no longer be any proceedings
before the Court in which intervention would be possible, carries an
implication with which 1 am unable to agree. The implication is that if
the claim had had an object and the Court had been called upon to givca
decision thereon, there would have been a possibility of intervention in
this case.
Fiji was not, at any timematerial to these proceedings, a party to the
General Act of 1928nor to the optional clause of the Statute of the Court
on which the applicant State sought to base the Court's jurisdiction, norhas she invoked any basis of jurisdiction vis-à-vis France in her request
to intervene.
The Court should have decided upon this request itself as required by
Article 62 of the Statute of the Court and should, in my view, have
rejected iton the ground that the condition of reciprocity of an obligation
to accept the Court's jurisdiction was wholly absent between Fiji and
France.

Judges DILLARa Dnd Sir Humphrey WALDOCm Kake the followingjoint
declaration:

The Order states that, the Court having found that the claim of Austra-

lia no longer has any object, theCourt isnot called upon to givea decision
thereon and consequently there will no longer be any proceedings to
which intervention can relate. The Application of the Government of
Fiji has, according to theOrder, therefore lapsed.
The conclusion flows logically from the premise. As Members of the
Court, bound by its decision in the Nuclear Tests case, we are therefore
impelled to vote in favour of theOrder. It is clearly not possible for the
Government of Fiji to intervene in proceedings, when, by the Judgment
of the Court, no proceedings exist.
Having said this we feel it incumbent on us to state that we do not
agree with the premise which furnishes the ground on which the Court's
conclusion rests. As indicated indetail in the dissenting opinion of our-
selvesand some of our colleagues, we do not agree that the Court should
have decided that no further actionis called for on the claim of Australia

against France.
If, in the case of Austvalia v. France, the views of the minority had
prevailed, the issue of Fiji'sintervention would have required examination
in order to determine whether or not there existed a sufficientjurisdic-
tional link between Fiji and France to justify the former's intervention
under Article 62 of the Court's Statute. Furthermore, in Our view an
opportunity should have been givento Fiji to be heard on the issue before
this determination was made.
It follows from what we have said above that, while we feel impelled
to vote for the Order of the Court, our reasons for doing so differ in
certain respects from those advanced by the Court.

Judge JIMENE Z EARCCHAG inakes the following declaration:

1 have concurred in voting for the dismissal of Fiji's application to
intervene under Article 62 of the Statute for a reason other than that533 NUCLEAR TESTS(ORDER 20 XII 74)

on which the Order is based: because Fiji, which isnot a party to the 1928
Act and to the optional clause system, has failed to invoke in its applica-
tion any title of jurisdiction in relation to France.
In my view, in order to be entitled to intervene under Article 62 of the
Statute for the purpose of asserting a right as against the respondent a
State must be in a position in which it could itself bring the respondent
before the Court.
When Article 62 of the Statute was drafted,its authors wereproceeding
on the assumption that the intervening State would have its own title of
jurisdiction in relation to the respondent, since the draft Statute then
provided for general compulsory jurisdiction. When that system was
replaced by the optional clause, Article 62 remained untouched, but it
must be interpreted and applied as still subject to that condition. Other-
wise, unreasonable consequences would result, in conflict with basic
principles such as those of the equality of parties before the Court and
the strict reciprocity of rights and obligations among the States which

accept itsjurisdiction. A State which cannot be brought before the Court
asarespondent by another State can neither become an applicant vis-à-vis
that State nor an intervener against that same State, entitled to make
independent submissionsin support of an interest of its own. In my view
the provision in Article 69, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court requiring
"a statement of law and of fact justifying intervention" must in circum-
stances like those in the present case be interpreted as including the
requirement of establishing an independent jurisdictional link between
intemener and respondent.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICm Kakes the following declaration:

1 have voted in favour of the Order made in respect of the Application
by Fiji to intervene inthese proceedings not because of the Order made
by the Court in the cases Australia v. Franceand New Zealandv. France
but solely for the reasons expressed by Judge Jiménez de Aréchagaand
Judge Onyeama in their declarations concerning the Fiji Order, with
which 1entirely agree.

(Initialled) M.L.
(Initialled) S.A.

Bilingual Content

1NTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

NUCLEARTESTSCASE

(AUSTRALIA v.FRANCE)

APPLICATION BY FIJI FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

ORDER OF 20 DECEMBER 1974

COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DES ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES
(AUSTRALIE c. FRANCE)

REQUÊTE DE FIDJI À FIN D'INTERVENTION

ORDONNANCE DU 20 DÉCEMBRE1974 Officia1cita:ion
Nirclear Tests (Austv.France), Application ta Interijene,
Order of 20 December 1974, I.C.J. Reporp. 530.,

Mode officielde citation:

Essais nucléaires(Australie c. FranceÙ,Jinquête
d'interivention,ordonna20clécembr1974,C.I.J. Recueil1p.530.

Salesnumber:
No devente: 402 1 20 DECEMBER 1974

ORDER

NUCLEAR TESTS CASE
(AUSTRALIA v.FRANCE)

APPLICATION BY FIJI FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

AFFAIRE DES ESSAlS NUCLÉAIRES
(AUSTRALIE c. FRANCE)

REQUÊTE DE FlDJI A FIN D'INTERVENTION

20DÉCEMBRE 1974

ORDONNANCE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1974

1974
20December 20 December1974
GeNo. 58st

NUCLEAR TESTS CASE

(AUSTRALIA v.FRANCE)

APPLICATION BY FIJl FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

ORDER

Present: President LACHS;Judges FORSTERG,ROS, BENGZONP , ETRÉN,
ONYEAMA D,ILLARD,IGNACIO-PINTO DE, CASTRO,MOROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA S,ir Humphrey WALDOCKN , AGENDRA
SINGH,RUDA; Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK; egistrar

AQUARONE.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 48 andof the Statute of the Court,
Having regard to the application of the Government of Fiji dated
16 May 1973for permission to intervene inse proceedings,

Having regard to theder of the Court in this case dated 12July 1973,

Makes thefollowing Order:
1. Whereas by a Judgment of 20 December 1974 inthis case the Court
finds that the claim of Australia no longer has anyt and that the
Court is therefore not called upon to give a decision thereon,
2. Whereas in consequence thereill no longer be any proceedings

before the Court to which the Application for permission to intervene
could relate, COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1974
20 décembre1974 20 décembre
Rôle général
no58

AFFAIRE DES ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES

(AUSTRALIE c. FRANCE)

REQUETE DE FlDJl À FLN D'INTERVENTION

ORDONNANCE

Ptx;sents:M. LACHS, rc;sident;MM. FORSTER,ROS,BENGZONP ,ETKEN,

ONYEAMAD ,ILLARD,IGNACIO-PINTO DE CASTRO,MOROZ~V,
JIMENEZ DE ARECHAGAs,ir Humphrey WALDOCKM , M. NA-
GENDRA SINGHR , UDA,juges; sir Garfield BARWICK,ad~hoc;
M. AQUARONE G,refier.

La Co~lrinternationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéren chambre du conseil,

Vu les articles 48 et 62 du Statut deur,
Vu la requêteen date du 16 mai 1973 par laquelle le Gouvernement

fidjien a demandé être autoriàéintervenir dans l'instance,
Vu l'ordonnance rendue par la Cour en l'espècelejuillet 1973,

Reridl'ovdonnaricesuivante:
1. Considérant que, par un arrêtdu 20 décembre 1974en l'espèce, la

Cour dit que la demande de l'Australie est désormaissans objet et qu'il
n'y a dès lors pas lieuatuer,
2. Considérant qu'en conséquenceil n'existe désormaisplus d'instance
sur laquelle la requêten d'intervention puisse se greffer, Unanimously,

Finds that the Application of the Government of Fiji for permission to
intervene in the proceedingsinstituted by Australia against France lapses,
and that no further action thereon is called for on the part of the Court.

Done in English and in French, the English text being aüthoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of December, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, in four copies, one of which
wili be deposited in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted

to the Government of Fiji, the Government of Australia, and the French
Government, respectively.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS,
President.
(Signed) S. AQUARONE,

Registrar.

Judge GROSinakes the following declaration:

Je vote la présente ordonnance pour des motifs différents de ceux
qu'elle indique. Le document présentépar le Gouvernement fidjien le
16mai 1973ne pouvait à aucun titre êtreconsidérécomme une demande
d'intervention au sens de l'article 62 du Statut et cette demande aurait
dû êtrerejetée dès l'origine.

Judge ONYEAMA makes the following declaration

1 have voted in favour of the Order, although, in my view, the reason
given for it, namely that the claim of the applicant State no longer has
any object and in consequence there will no longer be any proceedings
before the Court in which intervention would be possible, carries an
implication with which 1 am unable to agree. The implication is that if
the claim had had an object and the Court had been called upon to givca
decision thereon, there would have been a possibility of intervention in
this case.
Fiji was not, at any timematerial to these proceedings, a party to the
General Act of 1928nor to the optional clause of the Statute of the Court
on which the applicant State sought to base the Court's jurisdiction, nor A l'unanimité,
Dit que la requêtepar laquelle le Gouvernement fidjien demande à

intervenir dans l'instance introduite par l'Australie contre la France
tombe et que la Cour n'a plus aucune suite a lui donner.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le 20 décembremil neuf cent soixante-quatorze, en
quatre exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et
dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement fidjien,
au Gouvernement australien et au Gouvernement de la République
française.

Le Président,

(Signé) Manfred LACHS.
Le Greffier,
(Signé) S. AQUARONE.

M. GROS,juge, fait la déclaration suivante:
[Translationj

1voted in favour of the present decision for reasons other than those
stated in the Order. The document filed by the Government of Fiji on
16May 1973could not in any way be regarded as a request to be permit-
ted to intervene, within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute, and the
request should have been dismissed in limine.

M. ONYEAMA ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:

[Traduction]

J'ai votépour l'ordonnance, bien que, selon moi, le motif sur lequel
elle repose,à savoir que la demande de 1'Etat requérant est désormais
sans objet et qu'en conséquence iln'existe désormaisplus d'instance sur
laquelle l'intervention puisse se greffer, implique uneémisseque je ne
suis pas en mesure d'accepter. Cette prémisseest que, si la demande avait
eu un objet et si la Cour avait été appelée se prononcer à son égard,il
aurait existé une possibilitéd'intervention en l'espèce.

A aucun moment qui intéresse laprésente instance, Fidji n'a été partie
à l'Acte généralde 1928et n'a acceptéla clausefacultative du Statut de la
Cour, qui ont été invoquép sar 1'Etatdemandeur pour établir la compé-has she invoked any basis of jurisdiction vis-à-vis France in her request
to intervene.
The Court should have decided upon this request itself as required by
Article 62 of the Statute of the Court and should, in my view, have
rejected iton the ground that the condition of reciprocity of an obligation
to accept the Court's jurisdiction was wholly absent between Fiji and
France.

Judges DILLARa Dnd Sir Humphrey WALDOCm Kake the followingjoint
declaration:

The Order states that, the Court having found that the claim of Austra-

lia no longer has any object, theCourt isnot called upon to givea decision
thereon and consequently there will no longer be any proceedings to
which intervention can relate. The Application of the Government of
Fiji has, according to theOrder, therefore lapsed.
The conclusion flows logically from the premise. As Members of the
Court, bound by its decision in the Nuclear Tests case, we are therefore
impelled to vote in favour of theOrder. It is clearly not possible for the
Government of Fiji to intervene in proceedings, when, by the Judgment
of the Court, no proceedings exist.
Having said this we feel it incumbent on us to state that we do not
agree with the premise which furnishes the ground on which the Court's
conclusion rests. As indicated indetail in the dissenting opinion of our-
selvesand some of our colleagues, we do not agree that the Court should
have decided that no further actionis called for on the claim of Australia

against France.
If, in the case of Austvalia v. France, the views of the minority had
prevailed, the issue of Fiji'sintervention would have required examination
in order to determine whether or not there existed a sufficientjurisdic-
tional link between Fiji and France to justify the former's intervention
under Article 62 of the Court's Statute. Furthermore, in Our view an
opportunity should have been givento Fiji to be heard on the issue before
this determination was made.
It follows from what we have said above that, while we feel impelled
to vote for the Order of the Court, our reasons for doing so differ in
certain respects from those advanced by the Court.

Judge JIMENE Z EARCCHAG inakes the following declaration:

1 have concurred in voting for the dismissal of Fiji's application to
intervene under Article 62 of the Statute for a reason other than that ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (ORDONNANC 2EXII 74) 532

tence de la Cour, et il n'a pas non plus invoquéun titre quelconque de
juridiction vis-à-vis de la France dans sa requêàefin d'intervention.
La Cour aurait dû statuer sur cette requêteelle-mêmecomme le lui
prescrit l'article 62 de son Statut et aurait dû,n avis, la rejeter pour
le motif que la condition de réciprocité qui accompagne l'acceptation de
lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour n'était nullement remplie entre Fidji
et la France.

M. DILLARD et sir Humphrey WALDOCKj,uges, font la déclaration
commune suivante :

[Traduction]
L'ordonnance dit quela Cour,ayant considéréla demande de I'Austra-
lie comme désormais sans objet, n'a plus aucune suite à donner à cette
demande et qu'en conséquenceil n'existe désormais plus d'instance sur

laquelle une intervention puisse se greffer. De ce fait, d'après la Cour, la
requêtedu Gouvernement fidjien tombe.
Laconclusion découlelogiquement de la prémisse.En tant que membres
dela Cour, liéspar ladécisionrendue en l'affaire desaisnucléairesn,ous
sommes donc tenus de voter pour I'ordonnance. Il n'est manifestement
pas possible que le Gouvernement fidjien intervienneàl'instance dèslors
que, en vertu de l'arrêtde la Cour, aucune instance n'existe.
Cela dit, nous nous sentons l'obligation de dire que nous n'acceptons
pas la prémissesur laquelle repose la conclusion de la Cour. Comme
l'indique de façon détailléel'opinion dissidente que nous présentonsavec
nos collègues, nous ne souscrivons pas à la décisionde la Cour selon
laquelle il n'ya aucune suitedonner à la demande formuléepar I'Austra-
lie contre la France.

Si les vues de la minorité l'avaient emporté dans l'affaire Australie c.
France, il aurait fallu examiner la question de l'intervention de Fidji afin
de déterminer s'il existait un lien juridictionnel suffisant entre Fidji et la
France pour justifier l'intervention de Fidji en vertu de l'article 62 du
Statut de la Cour. De plus, on aurait dû selon nous donner à Fidji la
possibilité de se faire entendre sur la question avant de prendre une
décision.
Il résultede ce qui précèdeque, tout en nous estimant tenus de voter
pour I'ordonnance que rend la Cour, nous avons pour ce faire des motifs
qui diffèrentà certains égardsde ceux que la Cour a avancés.

M. JIMÉNEZ DE ARECHAGA ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:

[Traduction]
J'ai votépour le rejet de la requêtepar laquelle Fidji demandàiinter-
venir en vertu de l'article 62 du Statut, mais pour un autre motif que celui533 NUCLEAR TESTS(ORDER 20 XII 74)

on which the Order is based: because Fiji, which isnot a party to the 1928
Act and to the optional clause system, has failed to invoke in its applica-
tion any title of jurisdiction in relation to France.
In my view, in order to be entitled to intervene under Article 62 of the
Statute for the purpose of asserting a right as against the respondent a
State must be in a position in which it could itself bring the respondent
before the Court.
When Article 62 of the Statute was drafted,its authors wereproceeding
on the assumption that the intervening State would have its own title of
jurisdiction in relation to the respondent, since the draft Statute then
provided for general compulsory jurisdiction. When that system was
replaced by the optional clause, Article 62 remained untouched, but it
must be interpreted and applied as still subject to that condition. Other-
wise, unreasonable consequences would result, in conflict with basic
principles such as those of the equality of parties before the Court and
the strict reciprocity of rights and obligations among the States which

accept itsjurisdiction. A State which cannot be brought before the Court
asarespondent by another State can neither become an applicant vis-à-vis
that State nor an intervener against that same State, entitled to make
independent submissionsin support of an interest of its own. In my view
the provision in Article 69, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court requiring
"a statement of law and of fact justifying intervention" must in circum-
stances like those in the present case be interpreted as including the
requirement of establishing an independent jurisdictional link between
intemener and respondent.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICm Kakes the following declaration:

1 have voted in favour of the Order made in respect of the Application
by Fiji to intervene inthese proceedings not because of the Order made
by the Court in the cases Australia v. Franceand New Zealandv. France
but solely for the reasons expressed by Judge Jiménez de Aréchagaand
Judge Onyeama in their declarations concerning the Fiji Order, with
which 1entirely agree.

(Initialled) M.L.
(Initialled) S.A. sur lequel se fonde l'ordonnance,à savoir que Fidji, qui n'est pas partie
àl'Actede 1928,ni au systèmede la clause facultative, n'a invoqué,dans
sa requête,aucun lien dejuridiction avec la France.
Pour pouvoir intervenir en application de l'article 62 du Statut en vue
de faire valoir un droit contre le défendeur,un Etat doit se trouver dans
une situation qui lui permettrait d'attraire lui-mêmele défendeurdevant
la Cour.
Les rédacteurs de l'article 62 du Statut sont partis du principe que

1'Etatintervenant aurait son propre titre de juridiction vis-à-vis du défen-
deur, car àl'époquele projet de Statut envisageait unejuridiction obliga-
toire pour tous. Quand ce systèmea été remplacé par celui de la clause
facultative, aucun changement n'a étéapporté à l'article 62, mais, aux
fins de son interprétation et de son application, celui-ci doit êtreconsi-
dérécommerestantsoumis à la mêmecondition. S'il en allait autrement,
il en résulterait des conséquences fâcheuseset incompatibles avec des
principes fondamentaux tels que ceux de l'égalité des parties devant la
Cour ou de la réciprocité rigoureuse desdroits et des obligations entre
les Etats qui acceptent sa compétence.Un Etat qu'un autre Etat ne peut
pas assigner comme défendeurdevant la Cour ne peut pas non plus se
présenter comme demandeur ni comme partie intervenante contre ce
mêmeEtat, avec la faculté desoumettre des conclusions indépendantes

à l'appui d'un intérêtpropre. A mon avis, la disposition de l'article 69,
paragraphe 2, du Règlement de la Cour qui exige que soient exposées les
((raisons de droit et de fait justifiant l'intervention » doit s'entendre, en
des circonstances comme celles de la présenteespèce,comme imposant
aussi l'obligation d'établirun lienjuridictionnel indépendant entre l'inter-
venant et le défendeur.

Sir GarfieldBARWICjK ug,e ad hoc,fait la déclarationsuivante

[Traduction]
J'ai votépour l'ordonnance relative à la requête de Fidjiàfin d'inter-

vention dans la présente instancenon pas en raison des arrêtsrendus par
la Cour dans lesaffairesAustraliec. Franceet Nouvelle-Zélandec. France
mais uniquement pour les motifs exposéspar MM. Jiménez de Aréchaga
et Onyeama dans leurs déclarations concernant l'ordonnance relative à
Fidji, que j'approuve entièrement.

(Paraphé)M.L.
(Paraphé) S.A.

ICJ document subtitle

Application by Fiji for Permission to Intervene

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 20 December 1974

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