INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REpORTS OF JUdgmENTS,
AdVISORY OpINIONS ANd ORdERS
AppLICATION OF THE INTERIm ACCORd
OF 13 SEpTEmBER 1995
(THE FORmER YUgOSLAV REpUBLIC OF mACEdONIA
v. gREECE)
JUDGMENT OF 5 DECEMBER 2011
2011
COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE
RECUEIL dES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORdONNANCES
AppLICATION dE L’ACCORd INTÉRImAIRE
dU 13 SEpTEmBRE 1995
(EX‑RÉpUBLIQUE YOUgOSLAVE dE mACÉdOINE
c. gRÈCE)
ARRÊT DU 5 DÉCEMBRE 2011
5 CIJ1026.indb 1 20/06/13 08:41 Official citation :
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995
(the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece),
Judgment of 5 December 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 644
mode officiel de citation :
Application de l’accord intérimaire du 13 septembre 1995
(ex‑République yougoslave de Macédoine c. Grèce),
arrêt du 5 décembre 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 644
Sales number
ISSN 0074‑4441 No de vente: 1026
ISBN 978‑92‑1‑071137‑1
5 CIJ1026.indb 2 20/06/13 08:41 5 dECEmBER 2011
JUdgmENT
AppLICATION OF THE INTERIm ACCORd
OF 13 SEpTEmBER 1995
(THE FORmER YUgOSLAV REpUBLIC OF mACEdONIA
v. gREECE)
AppLICATION dE L’ACCORd INTÉRImAIRE
dU 13 SEpTEmBRE 1995
(EX‑RÉpUBLIQUE YOUgOSLAVE dE mACÉdOINE
c. gRÈCE)
5 dÉCEmBRE 2011
ARRÊT
5 CIJ1026.indb 3 20/06/13 08:41 644
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2011
2011
5 december
general List
No. 142 5 December 2011
AppLICATION OF THE INTERIm ACCORd
OF 13 SEpTEmBER 1995
(THE FORmER YUgOSLAV REpUBLIC OF mACEdONIA
v. gREECE)
Historical context and origin of the dispute.
Break‑up of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia —Application for member‑
ship in United Nations submitted by Applicant on 30 July 1992 — Opposition
of Respondent to Applicant’s admission — Security Council resolution 817
(1993) — Applicant admitted to membership in United Nations under provisional
designation of “the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia” — Interim Accord
of 13 September 1995 — Applicant’s NATO candidacy considered at Bucharest
Summit on 2 and 3 April 2008 — Applicant not invited to begin talks on accession
to NATO.
*
Jurisdiction of the Court and admissibility of Application.
Scope of dispute — Article 21, paragraph 2, of Interim Accord, as a basis for
the Court’s jurisdiction.
Respondent’s first objection to jurisdiction — Contention that dispute is
excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 21, paragraph 2 — Article 21,
paragraph 2, excludes disputes regarding the difference over the definitive name —
Disputes regarding Respondent’s obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, within
the Court’s jurisdiction — Objection cannot be upheld.
Respondent’s second objection to jurisdiction — Contention that dispute relates
to conduct attributable to NATO and its member States — Applicant seeks to
challenge Respondent’s conduct and not NATO’s decision — No need to determine
responsibility of NATO or of its member States — monetary gold principle not
relevant — Objection cannot be upheld.
4
5 CIJ1026.indb 4 20/06/13 08:41 645 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Respondent’s first objection to admissibility of Application — Contention that
Judgment would be incapable of effective application — Applicant’s claims relate
to Respondent’s conduct — Judgment capable of being applied effectively by the
Parties — Objection cannot be upheld.
Respondent’s second objection to admissibility of Application — Contention
that the Court’s Judgment would interfere with ongoing diplomatic negotiations —
Settlement of disputes by the Court not incompatible with diplomatic negotia ‑
tions — Objection cannot be upheld.
The Court has jurisdiction — Application is admissible.
*
Merits of the case.
Contention by Applicant that Respondent failed to comply with the obligation
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
Meaning of first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1 — Parties did not intend to
exclude NATO from scope of that provision — Whether Respondent “objected” to
Applicant’s admission to NATO — Resolution of difference over the name was the
“decisive criterion” for Respondent to accept Applicant’s admission to NATO —
Respondent objected to Applicant’s admission to NATO.
Effect of second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1 — Ordinary meaning of
terms employed — Meaning of phrase “to the extent” — Meaning of phrase “to
be referred to . . . differently than in paragraph 2 of Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993)” — Interim Accord did not require Applicant to use provisional
designation in its dealings with Respondent — No constraint on Applicant’s prac ‑
tice of calling itself by its constitutional name — Interpretation supported by
object and purpose of Interim Accord — Subsequent practice of the Parties in
implementing Interim Accord — No objection allowed on basis that Applicant is to
refer to itself in an organization with its constitutional name — No need to address
travaux préparatoires or additional evidence regarding use of Applicant’s constitu‑
tional name — Respondent not entitled under second clause of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, to object to Applicant’s admission to NATO.
Contention of Respondent that any objection to Applicant’s membership▯ of
NATO would be justified under Article 22 of Interim Accord — Respondent’s
interpretation of Article 22 — No requirement under the North Atlantic Treaty
compelling the Respondent to object to admission of Applicant to NATO —
Respondent’s attempt to rely on Article 22 unsuccessful.
Respondent failed to comply with its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1.
*
Additional justifications invoked by Respondent.
Exceptio non adimpleti contractus — Response to a material breach of a
treaty — Countermeasures — Certain minimum conditions common to all three
arguments.
Respondent’s allegations that Applicant failed to comply with its obl▯igations
under Interim Accord — No breach by Applicant of second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1 — Alleged breach by Applicant of Article 5, paragraph 1 — Obli‑
5
5 CIJ1026.indb 6 20/06/13 08:41 646 application of interkim accord (judgment)
gation to negotiate in good faith — Respondent has not met its burden of
demonstrating that Applicant breached its obligation under Article 5, paragraph 1
— No breach by Applicant of Article6, paragraph 2, prohibiting interference in Res‑
pondent’s internal affairs — No breach by Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 1,
requiring Applicant to take effective measures to prohibit hostile activ▯ities or pro ‑
paganda by State‑controlled agencies — Alleged breach by Applicant of Article 7,
paragraph 2 — One instance in 2004 in which Applicant displayed a symbol pro ‑
hibited by Article 7, paragraph 2 — No breach by Applicant of Article 7, para ‑
graph 3, regarding procedure to be followed in cases where symbols constituting
part of one Party’s historic or cultural patrimony are being used by ▯other Party.
Conclusions concerning additional justifications invoked by Respondent — Con‑
ditions asserted by Respondent as necessary for application of the exceptio not
satisfied — Unnecessary for the Court to determine whether that doctrine forms
part of contemporary international law — Response to material breach — Display
of symbol in 2004 cannot be regarded as material breach within meaning o▯f Arti ‑
cle 60 of 1969 Vienna Convention — Failure of Respondent to show that its con ‑
duct in 2008 was a response to 2004 breach — Countermeasures — Breach of
Article 7, paragraph 2, by Applicant had ceased as of 2004 — Respondent’s objec ‑
tion cannot be justified as a countermeasure — Additional justifications submitted
by Respondent fail.
*
Interim Accord places Parties under a duty to negotiate in good faith wi▯th a
view to resolving difference over name.
*
Remedies.
Declaration that Respondent has violated its obligation to Applicant und▯er Arti‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, of Interim Accord, constitutes appropriate satisfaction — Not
necessary to order Respondent to refrain from any future conduct that vi▯olates its
obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1.
JUdgmENT
Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlvedak‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikokv, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, Xue, donoghue ; Judges ad hoc
Roucounas,Vukas ;Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning application of the Interim Accord of 13 September
1995,
6
5 CIJ1026.indb 8 20/06/13 08:41 647 application of interkim accord (judgment)
between
the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
represented by
H.E. mr. Nikola poposki, minister for Foreign Affairs of the former Yugo ‑
slav Republic of macedonia,
H.E. mr. Antonio miloshoski, Chairman of the Foreign policy Committee of
the Assembly of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
as Agents ;
H.E. mr. Nikola dimitrov, Ambassador of the former Yugoslav Republic of
macedonia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Co‑Agent ;
mr. philippe Sands, Q.C., professor of Law, University College London,
Barrister, matrix Chambers, London,
mr. Sean d. murphy, patricia Roberts Harris Research professor of Law,
george Washington University,
ms geneviève Bastid‑Burdeau, professor of Law, University of paris I, pan ‑
théon‑Sorbonne,
mr. pierre Klein, professor of International Law, director of the Centre of
International Law, Université Libre de Bruxelles,
ms Blinne Ní ghrálaigh, Barrister, matrix Chambers, London,
as Counsel ;
mr. Saso georgievski, professor of Law, University Saints Cyril and methodius,
Skopje,
mr. Toni deskoski, professor of Law, University Saints Cyril and methodius,
Skopje,
mr. Igor djundev, Ambassador, State Counsellor, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
mr. goran Stevcevski, State Counsellor, International Law directorate,
ministry of Foreign Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedo ‑
nia,
ms Elizabeta gjorgjieva, minister plenipotentiary, deputy‑Head of mission
of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia to the European Union,
ms Aleksandra miovska, Head of Co‑ordination Sector, Cabinet minister
for Foreign Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
as Advisers ;
mr. mile prangoski, Research Assistant, Cabinet of minister for Foreign
Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
mr. Remi Reichold, Research Assistant, matrix Chambers, London,
as Assistants ;
ms Elena Bodeva, Third Secretary, Embassy of the former Yugoslav Repub ‑
lic of macedonia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Liaison Officer with the International Court of Justice ;
mr. Ilija Kasaposki, Security Officer of the Foreign minister of the former
Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
7
5 CIJ1026.indb 10 20/06/13 08:41 648 application of interkim accord (judgment)
and
the Hellenic Republic,
represented by
H.E. mr. georges Savvaides, Ambassador of greece,
ms maria Telalian, Legal Adviser, Head of the public International Law
Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs of greece,
as Agents ;
mr. georges Abi‑Saab, Honorary professor of International Law, graduate
Institute of International Studies, geneva, member of the Institut de droit
international,
mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell professor of International Law,
University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,
mr. Alain pellet, professor of International Law, University of paris Ouest,
Nanterre‑La défense, member and former Chairman of the International
Law Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,k
mr. michael Reisman, myres S. mcdougal professor of International Law,
Yale Law School, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Senior Counsel and Advocates ;
mr. Arghyrios Fatouros, Honorary professor of International Law, Univer ‑
sity of Athens, member of the Institut de droit international,
mr. Linos‑Alexandre Sicilianos, professor of International Law, University
of Athens,
mr. Evangelos Kofos, former minister‑Counsellor, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of greece, specialist on Balkan affairs,
as Counsel ;
mr. Tom grant, Research Fellow, Lauterpacht Centre for International
Law, University of Cambridge,
mr. Alexandros Kolliopoulos, Assistant Legal Adviser, public International
Law Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs of
greece,
mr. michael Stellakatos‑Loverdos, Assistant Legal Adviser, public Inter‑
national Law Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs
of greece,
ms Alina miron, Researcher, Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEdIN), University of paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La défense,
as Advisers ;
H.E. mr. Ioannis Economides, Ambassador of greece to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
ms Alexandra papadopoulou, minister plenipotentiary, Head of the greek
Liaison Office in Skopje,
mr. Efstathios paizis paradellis, First Counsellor, Embassy of greece in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
mr. Elias Kastanas, Assistant Legal Adviser, public International Law
Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs of greece,
8
5 CIJ1026.indb 12 20/06/13 08:41 649 application of interkim accord (judgment)
mr. Konstantinos Kodellas, Embassy Secretary,
as diplomatic Advisers ;
mr. Ioannis Korovilas, Embassy attaché,
mr. Kosmas Triantafyllidis, Embassy attaché,
as Administrative Staff,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 17 November 2008, the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia
(hereinafter the “Applicant”) filed in the Registry of the Coukrt an Application
instituting proceedings against the Hellenic Republic (hereinafter the k“Respon ‑
dent”) in respect of a dispute concerning the interpretation and impklementation
of the Interim Accord signed by the parties on 13 September 1995, which entered
into force on 13 October 1995 (hereinafter the “Interim Accord”). In particular,
the Applicant sought
“to establish the violation by the Respondent of its legal obligationks under
Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and to ensure that the
Respondent abides by its obligations under Article 11 of the Interim Accord
in relation to invitations or applications that might be made to or by tkhe
Applicant for membership of NATO or any other international, multilaterakl
or regional organization or institution of which the Respondent is a memk ‑
ber”.
2. In its Application, the Applicant, referring to Article 36, paragraph 1, of
the Statute, relied on Article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord to found
the jurisdiction of the Court.
3. pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
communicated forthwith to the government of the Respondent by the Regis ‑
trar; and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the parties, each party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Arti‑
cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. The
Applicant chose mr. Budislav Vukas and the Respondent mr. Emmanuel Rou ‑
counas.
5. By an Order dated 20 January 2009, the Court fixed 20 July 2009 and
20 January 2010, respectively, as the time‑limits for the filing of the memorial of
the Applicant and the Counter‑memorial of the Respondent. The memorial of
the Applicant was duly filed within the time‑limit so prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 5 August 2009, the Respondent stated that, in its view,
“the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction to rule on the claims of the Applicant in
this case”, but informed the Court that, rather than raising preliminkary objec ‑
tions under Article 79 of the Rules of the Court, it would be addressing “issues
of jurisdiction together with those on the merits”. The Registrar immkediately
communicated a copy of that letter to the Applicant.
9
5 CIJ1026.indb 14 20/06/13 08:41 650 application of interkim accord (judgment)
The Counter‑memorial of the Respondent, which addressed issues relating
to jurisdiction and admissibility as well as to the merits of the case, wask duly
filed within the time‑limit prescribed by the Court in its Order of 20k January
2009.
7. At a meeting held by the president of the Court with the representatives of
the parties on 9 march 2010, the Co‑Agent of the Applicant indicated that his
government wished to be able to respond to the Counter‑memorial of the
Respondent, including the objections to jurisdiction and admissibility ckontained
in it by means of a Reply. At the same meeting, the Agent of the Respondkent
stated that her government had no objection to the granting of this request, in
so far as the Respondent could in turn submit a Rejoinder.
8. By an Order of 12 march 2010, the Court authorized the submission of a
Reply by the Applicant and a Rejoinder by the Respondent, and fixed
9 June 2010 and 27 October 2010 as the respective time‑limits for the filing of
those pleadings. The Reply and the Rejoinder were duly filed within thke
time‑limits so prescribed.
9. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court, after ascertaining the views of the parties, decided that copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public okn
the opening of the oral proceedings.
10. public hearings were held between 21 and 30 march 2011, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For the Applicant : mr. Antonio miloshoski,
mr. philippe Sands,
mr. Sean murphy,
mr. pierre Klein,
ms geneviève Bastid‑Burdeau,
mr. Nikola dimitrov.
For the Respondent : ms maria Telalian,
mr. georges Savvaides,
mr. georges Abi‑Saab,
mr. michael Reisman,
mr. Alain pellet,
mr. James Crawford.
11. At the hearings, a member of the Court put a question to the Respon ‑
dent, to which a reply was given in writing, within the time‑limit fixked by the
president in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
pursuant to Article 72 of the Rules of Court, the Applicant submitted comments
on the written reply provided by the Respondent.
*
12. In the Application, the following requests were made by the Applicant :
“The Applicant requests the Court :
(i) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ;
(ii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
10
5 CIJ1026.indb 16 20/06/13 08:42 651 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international,
multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which thke
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organizations or institutions by the designation prok‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
13. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by k
the parties :
On behalf of the Government of the Applicant,
in the memorial :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal arguments presented in this
memorial, the Applicant
Requests the Court :
(i) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ; and
(ii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international,
multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which thke
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organization or institution by the designation pro ‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
in the Reply :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal arguments presented in this Rkeply,
the Applicant
Requests the Court :
(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to the jurisdiction of the Court
and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims ;
(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ; and
(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international, mul ‑
tilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which the
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organization or institution by the designation pro ‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
11
5 CIJ1026.indb 18 20/06/13 08:42 652 application of interkim accord (judgment)
On behalf of the Government of the Respondent,
in the Counter‑memorial and in the Rejoinder :
“On the basis of the preceding evidence and legal arguments, the Respkond ‑
ent, the Hellenic Republic, requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
1
(i) that the case brought by the FYROm before the Court does not fall
within the jurisdiction of the Court and that the FYROm’s claims are
inadmissible ;
(ii) in the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction and that thke
claims are admissible, that the FYROm’s claims are unfounded.”
14. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by thek
parties :
On behalf of the Government of the Applicant,
at the hearing of 28 march 2011 :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal arguments presented in its wrkitten
and oral pleadings, the Applicant requests the Court :
(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to the jurisdiction of the Court
and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims ;
(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ; and
(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international,
multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which thke
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organization or institution by the designation pro ‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
On behalf of the Government of the Respondent,
at the hearing of 30 march 2011 :
“On the basis of the preceding evidence and legal arguments presentedk
in its written and oral pleadings, the Respondent, the Hellenic Republick,
requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
(i) that the case brought by the Applicant before the Court does not fall
within the jurisdiction of the Court and that the Applicant’s claims kare
inadmissible ;
(ii) in the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction and that thke
claims are admissible, that the Applicant’s claims are unfounded.”k
*
* *
1 The acronym “FYROm” is used by the Respondent to refer to the Applicant.
12
5 CIJ1026.indb 20 20/06/13 08:42 653 application of interkim accord (judgment)
I. Introduction
15. Before 1991, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia com ‑
prised six constituent republics, including the “Socialist Republic okf
macedonia”. In the course of the break‑up of Yugoslavia, the Assembly
of the Socialist Republic of macedonia adopted (on 25 January 1991) the
“declaration on the Sovereignty of the Socialist Republic of macedonia”,
which asserted sovereignty and the right of self‑determination. On
7 June 1991, the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of macedonia enacted
a constitutional amendment, changing the name “Socialist Republic of k
macedonia” to the “Republic of macedonia”. The Assembly then
adopted a declaration asserting the sovereignty and independence of the k
new State and sought international recognition.
16. On 30 July 1992, the Applicant submitted an application for member‑
ship in the United Nations. The Respondent stated on 25 January 1993 that
it objected to the Applicant’s admission on the basis of the Applicankt’s
adoption of the name “Republic of macedonia”, among other factors.
The Respondent explained that its opposition was based inter alia on
its view that the term “macedonia” referred to a geographical region in
south‑east Europe that included an important part of the territory and
population of the Respondent and of certain third States. The Respondentk
further indicated that once a settlement had been reached on these issues,
it would no longer oppose the Applicant’s admission to the United
Nations. The Respondent had also expressed opposition on similar
grounds to the Applicant’s recognition by the member States of the Eukro ‑
pean Community.
17. On 7 April 1993, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the
Charter, the Security Council adopted resolution 817 (1993), concerning
the “application for admission to the United Nations” of the Applikcant.
In that resolution, noting that “a difference has arisen over the name of
the [Applicant], which needs to be resolved in the interest of the maintke ‑
nance of peaceful and good‑neighbourly relations in the region”, the k
Security Council :
“1. Urge[d] the parties to continue to co‑operate with the Co‑
Chairmen of the Steering Committee of the International Conference
on the Former Yugoslavia in order to arrive at a speedy settlement
of their difference;
2. Recommend[ed] to the general Assembly that the State whose
application is contained in document S/25147 be admitted to member‑
ship in the United Nations, this State being provisionally referred
to for all purposes within the United Nations as ‘the former Yugoslav
Republic of macedonia’ pending settlement of the difference that has
arisen over the name of the State;
3. Request[ed] the Secretary‑general to report to the Council on the
outcome of the initiative taken by the Co‑Chairmen of the Steering
Committee of the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia.”
13
5 CIJ1026.indb 22 20/06/13 08:42 654 application of interkim accord (judgment)
18. On 8 April 1993, the Applicant was admitted to the United Nations,
following the adoption by the general Assembly, on the recommendation
of the Security Council, of resolution A/RES/47/225. On 18 June 1993, in
light of the continuing absence of a settlement of the difference overk the
name, the Security Council adopted resolution 845 (1993) urging the
parties “to continue their efforts under the auspices of the Secretakry‑
general to arrive at a speedy settlement of the remaining issues between
them”. While the parties have engaged in negotiations to that end, these
negotiations have not yet led to a mutually acceptable solution to the
name issue.
19. Following its admission to the United Nations, the Applicant
became a member of various specialized agencies of the United Nations
system. However, its efforts to join several other non‑United Nations k
affiliated international institutions and organizations, of which the
Respondent was already a member, were not successful. On 16 Febru ‑
ary 1994, the Respondent instituted trade‑related restrictions against the
Applicant.
20. Against this backdrop, on 13 September 1995, the parties signed
the Interim Accord, providing for the establishment of diplomatic rela ‑
tions between them and addressing other related issues. The Interim
Accord refers to the Applicant as “party of the Second part” and to the
Respondent as “party of the First part”, so as to avoid using any conten ‑
tious name. Under its Article 5, the parties
“agree[d] to continue negotiations under the auspices of the
Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to Security
Council resolution 845 (1993) with a view to reaching agreement on
the difference described in that resolution and in Security Council reso‑
lution 817 (1993)”.
21. In the Interim Accord, the parties also addressed the admission of,
and membership by, the Applicant in international organizations and
institutions of which the Respondent was a member. In this regard, Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord provides:
“Upon entry into force of this Interim Accord, the party of the
First part agrees not to object to the application by or the membership
of the party of the Second part in international, multilateral and
regional organizations and institutions of which the party of the First
part is a member ; however, the party of the First part reserves the
right to object to any membership referred to above if and to the
extent 2the party of the Second part is to be referred to in such organ‑
ization or institution differently than in paragraph 2 of United Nations
2In the French version of the Interim Accord published in the United Nations Treaty
Series the expression “if and to the extent” has been rendered by the sokle conjunction “si”.
For the purposes of this Judgment, the Court will however use, in the French text, the
expression “si [et dans la mesure où]”, which is a more literalk translation of the original
English version.
14
5 CIJ1026.indb 24 20/06/13 08:42 655 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Security Council resolution 817 (1993).” (United Nations Treaty
Series (UNTS), Vol. 1891, p. 7 ; original English.)
22. In the period following the adoption of the Interim Accord, the
Applicant was granted membership in a number of international organiza ‑
tions of which the Respondent was already a member. On the invitation
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Applicant in 1995 joined thek
Organization’s partnership for peace (a programme that promotes co‑
operation between NATO and partner countries) and, in 1999, the Organizka ‑
tion’smembership Actionplan (which assists prospective NATO members).
The Applicant’s NATO candidacy was considered in a meeting of NATO
member States in Bucharest (hereinafter the “Bucharest Summit”) kon 2 and
3 April 2008 but the Applicant was not invited to begin talks on accession
to the Organization. The communiqué issued at the end of the Summit
stated that an invitation would be extended to the Applicant “as soonk as a
mutually acceptable solution to the name issue has been reached”.
II. Jurisdiction of the Coukrt and Admissibility
of the Application
23. In the present case, the Applicant maintains that the Respondent
failed to comply with Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord. The
Respondent disagrees with this contention both in terms of the facts andk
of the law, that is, in regard to the meaning, scope and effect of cerktain
provisions of the Interim Accord. In the view of the Court, this is the k
dispute the Applicant brought before the Court, and thus the dispute in k
respect of which the Court’s jurisdiction falls to be determined.
24. The Applicant invokes as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction Arti ‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord, which reads as follows :
“Any difference or dispute that arises between the parties concern‑
ing the interpretation or implementation of this Interim Accord may
be submitted by either of them to the International Court of Justice,
except for the difference referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1.”
25. As already noted (see paragraph 6 above), the Respondent advised
the Court that, rather than raising objections under Article 79 of the
Rules of Court, it would be addressing issues of jurisdiction and admis ‑
sibility along with the merits of the present case. The Court addresses k
these issues at the outset of this Judgment.
26. The Respondent claims that the Court has no jurisdiction to enter ‑
tain the present case and that the Application is inadmissible based on kthe
15
5 CIJ1026.indb 26 20/06/13 08:42 656 application of interkim accord (judgment)
following reasons. First, the Respondent submits that the dispute con ‑
cerns the difference over the name of the Applicant referred to in Artki ‑
cle 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and that, consequently, it is
excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction by virtue of the exception provided
in Article 21, paragraph 2. Secondly, the Respondent alleges that the dis ‑
pute concerns conduct attributable to NATO and its member States,
which is not subject to the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case.k Thirdly,
the Respondent claims that the Court’s Judgment in the present case
would be incapable of effective application because it could not effkect the
Applicant’s admission to NATO or other international, multilateral ankd
regional organizations or institutions. Fourthly, the Respondent submitsk
that the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court would interfere with ongoking
diplomatic negotiations mandated by the Security Council concerning the k
difference over the name and thus would be incompatible with the Courtk’s
judicial function.
27. moreover, the Respondent initially claimed that its action cannot
fall within the jurisdiction of the Court since it did not violate any provi ‑
sion of the Interim Accord by operation of Article 22 thereof, which,
according to the Respondent, super‑ordinates the obligations which eithekr
party to the Interim Accord may have under bilateral or multilateral
agreements with other States or international organizations. Therefore, kin
the Respondent’s view, its alleged conduct could not be a source of akny
dispute between the parties. The Court notes, however, that as the pro ‑
ceedings progressed, the Respondent focused its arguments on Article 22
in its defence on the merits. Accordingly, the Court will address Articlke 22
if and when it turns to the merits of the case.
1. Whether the Dispute Is Excluded from the Court’s Jurisdiction
under the Terms of Article 21, Paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord,
Read in Conjunction with Article 5, Paragraph 1
28. Article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord (see paragraph 24
above) sets out that any “difference or dispute” as to the “kinterpretation
or implementation” of the Interim Accord falls within the jurisdictiokn of
the Court, with the exception of the “difference” referred to ink Article 5,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, which reads as follows :
“The parties agree to continue negotiations under the auspices of
the Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to Security
Council resolution 845 (1993) with a view to reaching agreement on
the difference described in that resolution and in Security Council
resolution 817 (1993).”
29. With regard to this difference, as stated above, Security Council
resolution 817, in its preambular paragraph 3, refers to “a difference
[that] has arisen over the name of the State, which needs to be resolvedk
16
5 CIJ1026.indb 28 20/06/13 08:42 657 application of interkim accord (judgment)
in the interest of the maintenance of peaceful and good‑neighbourly rela ‑
tions in the region”. This resolution “[u]rges the parties to contkinue to
co‑operate with the Co‑Chairman of the Steering Committee of the Inter ‑
national Conference on the Former Yugoslavia in order to arrive at a
speedy settlement of their difference” (operative paragraph 1).
30. Following this resolution, the Security Council adopted resolu ‑
tion 845 of 18 June 1993 which, recalling resolution 817 (1993), also
“[u]rges the parties to continue their efforts under the auspices of the
Secretary‑general to arrive at a speedy settlement of the remaining
issues between them”.
*
31. According to the Respondent’s first objection to the Court’s jurkis ‑
diction, the dispute between the parties concerns the difference over the
Applicant’s name which is excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction bky vir ‑
tue of Article 21, paragraph 2, read in conjunction with Article 5, para ‑
graph 1. The Respondent contends that this exception is broad in scope
and excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction not only any dispute regarkding
the final resolution of the name difference, but also “any disputke
the settlement of which would prejudge, directly or by implication, the
difference over the name”.
32. The Respondent maintains that the Court cannot address the
Applicant’s claims without pronouncing on the question of the non‑
resolution of the name difference since this would be the only reason kupon
which the Respondent would have objected to the Applicant’s admissionk
to NATO. The Respondent also claims that the Court cannot rule upon
the question of the Respondent’s alleged violation of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, without effectively deciding on the name difference as it would
be “putting an end to any incentive the Applicant might have had to
negotiate resolution of the difference as required by the Interim Accokrd
and the Security Council”. Finally, the Respondent maintains that thek
actual terms of the Bucharest Summit declaration and subsequent NATO
statements demonstrate that the main reason for NATO’s decision to
defer the Applicant’s accession procedure was the name difference. kThere ‑
fore, in the Respondent’s submission, the exception provided for in Akrti‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord applies.
33. The Applicant, for its part, argues that the subject of the present
dispute does not concern — either directly or indirectly — the difference
referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord. The Appli ‑
cant disagrees with the broad interpretation of the exception contained kin
Article 21, paragraph 2, proposed by the Respondent, submitting that it
would run contrary to the very purpose of the Interim Accord, and that
Article 11, paragraph 1, would be undermined if the Respondent’s argu ‑
ment were upheld. The Applicant maintains that the present dispute does
not require the Court to resolve or to express any view on the differeknce
17
5 CIJ1026.indb 30 20/06/13 08:42 658 application of interkim accord (judgment)
over the name referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1, and is consequently
not excluded by Article 21, paragraph 2. The Applicant also claims that
the statement by NATO after the Bucharest Summit indicating that mem‑
bership would be extended to the Applicant when a solution to the name
issue has been reached does not transform the dispute before the Court
into one about the name.
*
34. The Court considers that the Respondent’s broad interpretation of
the exception contained in Article 21, paragraph 2, cannot be upheld. That
provision excludes from the jurisdiction of the Court only one kind of
dispute, namely one regarding the difference referred to in Article 5, para ‑
graph 1. Since Article 5, paragraph 1, identifies the nature of that differ ‑
ence by referring back to Security Council resolutions 817 and 845 (1993),
it is to those resolutions that one must turn in order to ascertain whatk the
parties intended to exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court.
35. Resolutions 817 and 845 (1993) distinguished between the name of
the Applicant, in respect of which they recognized the existence of a dikf ‑
ference between the parties who were urged to resolve that difference by
negotiation (hereinafter the “definitive name”), and the provisional desigk ‑
nation by which the Applicant was to be referred to for all purposes
within the United Nations pending settlement of that difference. The
Interim Accord adopts the same approach and extends it to the Appli ‑
cant’s application to, and membership in, other international organiza ‑
tions. Thus Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord requires the
parties to negotiate regarding the difference over the Applicant’s dkefini ‑
tive name, while Article 11, paragraph 1, imposes upon the Respondent
the obligation not to object to the Applicant’s application to, and mkem ‑
bership in, international organizations, unless the Applicant is to be
referred to in the organization in question differently than in resoluk ‑
tion 817 (1993). The Court considers it to be clear from the text of Arti ‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, and of Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord,
that the “difference” referred to therein and which the parties intended to
exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court is the difference over the defin ‑
itive name of the Applicant and not disputes regarding the Respondent’ks
obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1. If the parties had intended to
entrust to the Court only the limited jurisdiction suggested by the Respkon ‑
dent, they could have expressly excluded the subject‑matter of Article 11,
paragraph 1, from the grant of jurisdiction in Article 21, paragraph 2.
36. Not only does the plain meaning of the text of Article 21, para ‑
graph 2, of the Interim Accord afford no support to the broad interpreta ‑
tion advanced by the Respondent, the purpose of the Interim Accord as
a whole also points away from such an interpretation. In the Court’s k
18
5 CIJ1026.indb 32 20/06/13 08:42 659 application of interkim accord (judgment)
view, one of the main objectives underpinning the Interim Accord was to k
stabilize the relations between the parties pending the resolution of the
name difference. The broad interpretation of the exception under Arti ‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord suggested by the Respondent
would result in the Court being unable to entertain many disputes relat ‑
ing to the interpretation or implementation of the Interim Accord itselfk.
As such, the name difference may be related, to some extent, to disputkes
the parties may eventually have as to the interpretation or implementa ‑
tion of the Interim Accord.
37. The fact that there is a relationship between the dispute submitted
to the Court and the name difference does not suffice to remove that dis ‑
pute from the Court’s jurisdiction. The question of the alleged violaktion
of the obligation set out in Article 11, paragraph 1, is distinct from the
issue of which name should be agreed upon at the end of the negotiationsk
between the parties under the auspices of the United Nations. Only if the
Court were called upon to resolve specifically the name difference, kor to
express any views on this particular matter, would the exception under
Article 21, paragraph 2, come into play. This is not the situation facing
the Court in the present case. The exception contained in Article 21, para‑
graph 2, consequently does not apply to the present dispute between the
parties which concerns the Applicant’s allegation that the Respondent
breached its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, as well as the Respondent’s justifications.
38. Accordingly, the Respondent’s objection to the Court’s jurisdictiokn
based on the exception contained in Article 21, paragraph 2, of the
Interim Accord cannot be upheld.
2. Whether the Dispute Relates to the Conduct of NATO or Its Member
States and whether the Court’s Decision Could Affect Their Rights
and Obligations
39. By way of objection to the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case
and the admissibility of the Application, the Respondent claims that the
object of the Application relates to the conduct of NATO and its other
member States, because the decision to defer the invitation to the Applikcant
to join the Organization was a collective decision taken by NATO “unakni ‑
mously” at the Bucharest Summit, and not an individual or autonomous
decision by the Respondent. Thus, it is argued that the act complained okf is
attributable to NATO as a whole and not to the Respondent alone. more‑
over, in the view of the Respondent, even if the decision to defer the Akpp ‑li
cant’s admission to NATO could be attributed to the Respondent, the
Court could not decide on this point without also deciding on the responksi ‑
bility of NATO or its other members, over whom it has no jurisdiction.
Accordingly, the Respondent argues that the interests of a third party
would form the subject‑matter of any decision the Court may take. The
Respondent further contends that, in accordance with the Monetary Gold
19
5 CIJ1026.indb 34 20/06/13 08:42 660 application of interkim accord (judgment)
case law, the Court “will not exercise jurisdiction where the legal iknterests
of an absent third party form ‘the very subject matter’ of the jurkisdiction”.
40. The Applicant, for its part, argues that its Application is directed
solely at the Respondent’s conduct and not at a decision by NATO or
actions of other NATO member States. The Applicant claims that the
Respondent’s conduct is distinct from any decision of NATO. It contends
that the Court does not need to express any view on the legality of
NATO’s decision to defer an invitation to the Applicant to join the
Alliance.
*
41. In order to examine the Respondent’s objection, the Court has to
consider the specific object of the Application. The Applicant claims kthat
“the Respondent, through its State organs and agents, has violated itks
obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord” and
requests the Court to make a declaration to this effect and to order tkhe
Respondent to “take all necessary steps to comply with its obligationks
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord”.
42. By the terms of the Application, the Applicant’s claim is solely
based on the allegation that the Respondent has violated its obligation k
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, which refers spe ‑
cifically to the Respondent’s conduct, irrespective of the consequeknces it
may have on the actual final decision of a given organization as to thke
Applicant’s membership. The Court notes that the Applicant is challenkg ‑
ing the Respondent’s conduct in the period prior to the taking of thek
decision at the end of the Bucharest Summit and not the decision itself.k
The issue before the Court is thus not whether NATO’s decision may bek
attributed to the Respondent, but rather whether the Respondent vio ‑
lated the Interim Accord as a result of its own conduct. Nothing in the k
Application before the Court can be interpreted as requesting the Court k
to pronounce on whether NATO acted legally in deferring the Appli ‑
cant’s invitation for membership in NATO. Therefore, the dispute doesk
not concern, as contended by the Respondent, the conduct of NATO or
the member States of NATO, but rather solely the conduct of the Respon ‑
dent.
43. Similarly, the Court does not need to determine the responsibility
of NATO or of its member States in order to assess the conduct of the
Respondent. In this respect, the Respondent’s argument that the rightks
and interests of a third party (which it identifies as NATO and/or thke
member States of NATO) would form the subject‑matter of any decision
which the Court might take, with the result that the Court should declinke
to hear the case under the principle developed in the case of the Monetary
Gold Removed from Rome in 1943, is misplaced. The present case can be
distinguished from the Monetary Gold case since the Respondent’s con ‑
duct can be assessed independently of NATO’s decision, and the rightsk
20
5 CIJ1026.indb 36 20/06/13 08:42 661 application of interkim accord (judgment)
and obligations of NATO and its member States other than greece do
not form the subject‑matter of the decision of the Court on the merits okf
the case (Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France ;
United Kingdom and United States of America), Preliminary Question,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 19 ; East Timor (Portugal v. Australia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 105, para. 34); nor would the assess ‑
ment of their responsibility be a “prerequisite for the determinationk of the
responsibility” of the Respondent (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
(Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1992, p. 261, para. 55). Therefore, the Court considers that the conduct
forming the object of the Application is the Respondent’s alleged objkec ‑
tion to the Applicant’s admission to NATO, and that, on the merits, tkhe
Court will only have to determine whether or not that conduct demon ‑
strates that the Respondent failed to comply with its obligations under k
the Interim Accord, irrespective of NATO’s final decision on the Apkpli ‑
cant’s membership application.
44. The Court accordingly finds that the Respondent’s objection based
on the argument that the dispute relates to conduct attributable to NATO
and its member States or that NATO and its member States are indis ‑
pensable third parties not before the Court cannot be upheld.
3. Whether the Court’s Judgment Would Be Incapable
of Effective Application
45. The Respondent argues that a Court ruling in the present case
would be devoid of any effect because the Court’s Judgment would nokt be
able to annul or amend NATO’s decision or change the conditions of
admission contained therein. It further contends that even if the Court
were to find in the Applicant’s favour, its Judgment would have no kprac ‑
tical effect concerning the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Accordinkgly,
the Respondent claims that the Court should refuse to exercise its jurisk ‑
diction in order to preserve the integrity of its judicial function.
46. The Applicant, for its part, submits that it is seeking a declaration
by the Court that the Respondent’s conduct violated the Interim Accorkd,
which in its view represents a legitimate request in a judicial procedure.
The Applicant argues that it is “only by misrepresenting the object okf the
Application that the respondent State can claim that a judgment of the
Court would have no concrete effect”. By contrast, the Applicant clkaims
that a judgment of the Court would have a concrete legal effect, and ikn
particular, it “would result in the applicant State once more being pklaced
in the position of candidate for NATO membership without running the
risk of once again being blocked by an objection on grounds not covered ▯in
the Interim Accord ” (emphasis in the original).
*
21
5 CIJ1026.indb 38 20/06/13 08:42 662 application of interkim accord (judgment)
47. As established in the Court’s case law, an essential element for the
proper discharge of the Court’s judicial function is that its judgments “must
have some practical consequence in the sense that [they] can affect exkisting
legal rights or obligations of the parties, thus removing uncertainty frkom
their legal relations” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v.United Kingdom),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 34).
48. In the present case, the Court recalls that, in its final submissions,k
the Applicant requests the Court,
“(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to the jurisdiction of the
Court and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims ;
(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State
organs and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord ; and
(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps
to comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of
the Interim Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any
way, whether directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other
‘international, multilateral and regional organizations and insti ‑
tutions’ of which the Respondent is a member, in circumstances
where the Applicant is to be referred to in such organization or
institution by the designation provided for in paragraph 2 of
United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993).”
49. In its request, the Applicant asks the Court to make a declaration
that the Respondent violated its obligations under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord. It is clear in the jurisprudence of the
Court and its predecessor that “the Court may, in an appropriate casek,
make a declaratory judgment” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United
Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 37).
The purpose of such declaratory judgment “is to ensure recognition ofk a
situation at law, once and for all and with binding force as between thek
parties; so that the legal position thus established cannot again be called
in question in so far as the legal effects ensuing therefrom are concekrned”
(Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judg ‑
ment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 20).
50. While the Respondent is correct that a ruling from the Court could
not modify NATO’s decision in the Bucharest Summit or create any
rights for the Applicant vis‑à‑vis NATO, such are not the requests of the
Applicant. It is clear that at the heart of the Applicant’s claims likes the
Respondent’s conduct, and not conduct attributable to NATO or its
member States. The Applicant is not requesting the Court to reverse
NATO’s decision in the Bucharest Summit or to modify the conditions
for membership in the Alliance. Therefore, the Respondent’s argument
that the Court’s Judgment in the present case would not have any prackti ‑
22
5 CIJ1026.indb 40 20/06/13 08:42 663 application of interkim accord (judgment)
cal effect because the Court cannot reverse NATO’s decision or chankge
the conditions of admission to NATO is not persuasive.
51. The Northern Cameroons case is to be distinguished from the pres ‑
ent case. The Court recalls that, in the former case, Cameroon, in its
Application, asked the Court to “adjudge and declare . . . that the United
Kingdom has, in the application of the Trusteeship Agreement of
13 december 1946, failed to respect certain obligations directly or indi ‑
rectly flowing therefrom”, and that, by the time the case was argued aknd
decided in 1963, the Agreement had already been terminated. By con ‑
trast, in the present case, Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
remains binding; the obligation stated therein is a continuing one and the
Applicant’s NATO membership application remains in place. A judg ‑
ment by the Court would have “continuing applicability” for there is an
“opportunity for a future act of interpretation or application of thakt
treaty in accordance with any judgment the Court may render” (Northern
Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judg‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, pp. 37‑38).
52. Similarly, the Respondent’s reliance on the Nuclear Tests cases does
not support its position. In these cases, the Court interpreted the Applkica ‑
tions instituting proceedings before it, filed by Australia and New Zeka ‑
land, as concerning future testing by France of nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere. On the basis of statements by France which the Court consid‑
ered to constitute an undertaking possessing legal effect not to test knuclear
weapons in the atmosphere, the Court held that there was no longer a
dispute about that matter and that the Applicants’ objective had in effect
been accomplished; thus no further judicial action was required (Nuclear
Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271,
para. 56 ;Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1974, p. 476, para. 59).
53. The present dispute is clearly different from the latter cases : the
Respondent has not taken any action which could be seen as settling the k
dispute over the alleged violation of Article 11, paragraph 1. Further ‑
more, a judgment of the Court in the present case would not be without
object because it would affect existing rights and obligations of the kparties
under the Interim Accord and would be capable of being applied effec ‑
tively by them.
54. The Court accordingly finds that the Respondent’s objection to the
admissibility of the Application based on the alleged lack of effect okf the
Court’s Judgment cannot be upheld.
4. Whether the Court’s Judgment Would Interfere
with Ongoing Diplomatic Negotiations
55. The Respondent contends that if the Court were to exercise its
jurisdiction, it would interfere with the diplomatic process envisaged bky
the Security Council in resolution 817 (1993) and this would be contrary
23
5 CIJ1026.indb 42 20/06/13 08:42 664 application of interkim accord (judgment)
to the Court’s judicial function. It argues that a judgment by the Cokurt in
favour of the Applicant “would judicially seal a unilateral practice kof
imposing a disputed name and would thus run contrary to Security Coun‑
cil resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), requiring the parties to reach a
negotiated solution on this difference”. The Respondent thus submitks
that, on the basis of judicial propriety, the Court should decline to exkercise
its jurisdiction.
56. In response, the Applicant argues that the Court, in determining the
scope of Security Council resolution 817 (1993) and of the Interim Accord,
would in no way settle the dispute over the name, or impose a conclusionk
on the ongoing negotiation process between the parties on this subject
since the object of its claim in the present case and the object of the knego ‑
tiation process are different. The Applicant contends that the Respon ‑
dent’s argument is premised on a confused understanding of the objectk of
the Applicant’s claim. The Applicant contends that the existence of nkego ‑
tiations does not preclude the Court from exercising its judicial functikon.
*
57. Regarding the issue of whether the judicial settlement of disputes
by the Court is incompatible with ongoing diplomatic negotiations, the
Court has made clear that “the fact that negotiations are being activkely
pursued during the present proceedings is not, legally, any obstacle to kthe
exercise by the Court of its judicial function” (Aegean Sea Continental
Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978, p. 12, para. 29 ;
see also United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United
States of America v. Iran), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 20, para. 37).
58. As a judicial organ, the Court has to establish
“first, that the dispute before it is a legal dispute, in the sense of a
dispute capable of being settled by the application of principles and
rules of international law, and secondly, that the Court has jurisdic ‑
tion to deal with it, and that that jurisdiction is not fettered by any k
circumstance rendering the application inadmissible” (Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 91, para. 52).
The question put before the Court, namely, whether the Respondent’s
conduct is a breach of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, is
a legal question pertaining to the interpretation and implementation of ka
provision of that Accord. As stated above, the disagreement between the
parties amounts to a legal dispute which is not excluded from the Court’ks
jurisdiction. Therefore, by deciding on the interpretation and implemen ‑
tation of a provision of the Interim Accord, a task which the parties
agreed to submit to the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 21, paragraph 2,
the Court would be faithfully discharging its judicial function.
24
5 CIJ1026.indb 44 20/06/13 08:42 665 application of interkim accord (judgment)
59. The parties included a provision conferring jurisdiction on the
Court (Art. 21) in an agreement that also required them to continue nego‑
tiations on the dispute over the name of the Applicant (Art. 5, para. 1).
Had the parties considered that a future ruling by the Court would inter ‑
fere with diplomatic negotiations mandated by the Security Council, they
would not have agreed to refer to it disputes concerning the interpretatkion
or implementation of the Interim Accord.
60. Accordingly, the Respondent’s objection to the admissibility of the
Application based on the alleged interference of the Court’s Judgmentk
with ongoing diplomatic negotiations mandated by the Security Council
cannot be upheld.
5. Conclusion concerning the Jurisdiction of the Court over the Present
Dispute and the Admissibility of the Application
61. In conclusion, the Court finds that it has jurisdiction over the legalk
dispute submitted to it by the Applicant. There is no reason for the Coukrt
to decline to exercise its jurisdiction. The Court finds the Application
admissible.
III. Whether the Respondentk Failed to Comply
with the Obligation undker Article11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord
62. The Court turns now to the merits of the case. Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord provides :
“the party of the First part [the Respondent] agrees not to object to
the application by or the membership of the party of the Second part
[the Applicant] in international, multilateral and regional organiza ‑
tions and institutions of which the party of the First part is a member ;
however, the party of the First part reserves the right to object to any
membership referred to above if and to the extent the party of the
Second part is to be referred to in such organization or institution
differently than in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council
resolution 817 (1993)”.
The parties agree that this provision imposes on the Respondent an
obligation not to object to the admission of the Applicant to internatioknal
organizations of which the Respondent is a member, including NATO,
subject to the exception in the second clause of paragraph 1.
63. The Applicant contends that the Respondent, prior to, and during,
the Bucharest Summit, failed to comply with the obligation not to objectk
contained in the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1.
64. The Respondent maintains that it did not object to the Applicant’s
admission to NATO. As an alternative, the Respondent argues that any
25
5 CIJ1026.indb 46 20/06/13 08:42 666 application of interkim accord (judgment)
objection attributable to it at the Bucharest Summit does not violate Arkti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, because it would fall within the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1. In support of this position, the Respondent
asserts that the Applicant would have been referred to in NATO “diffker ‑
ently than in” paragraph 2 of resolution 817. In addition, the Respondent
argues that, even if it is found to have objected within the meaning of k
Article 11, paragraph 1, such an objection would not have been inconsis ‑
tent with the Interim Accord because of the operation of Article 22 of the
Interim Accord.
65. The Applicant counters with the view that the Respondent’s objec ‑
tion does not fall within the scope of the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and that the obligation not to object
is not obviated by Article 22.
66. The Court will first address the two clauses of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, and then will consider the effect of Article 22.
1. The Respondent’s Obligation under Article 11, Paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord not to Object
to the Applicant’s Admission to NATO
A. The meaning of the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord
67. The first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
obliges the Respondent not to object to “the application by or memberk ‑
ship of” the Applicant in NATO. The Court notes that the parties agree
that the obligation “not to object” does not require the Respondenkt
actively to support the Applicant’s admission to international organikza ‑
tions. In addition, the parties agree that the obligation “not to object” is
not an obligation of result, but rather one of conduct.
68. The interpretations advanced by the parties diverge, however, in
significant respects. The Applicant asserts that in its ordinary meanikng,
interpreted in light of the object and purpose of the Interim Accord, thke
phrase “not to object” should be read broadly to encompass any implicit
or explicit act or expression of disapproval or opposition, in word or
deed, to the Applicant’s application to or membership in an organizatkion
or institution. In the Applicant’s view, the act of objecting is not klimited
to casting a negative vote. Rather, it could include any act or omissionk
designed to oppose or to prevent a consensus decision at an internationakl
organization (where such consensus is necessary for the Applicant to
secure membership) or to inform other members of an international orga ‑
nization or institution that the Respondent will not permit such a consen‑
sus decision to be reached. In particular, the Applicant notes that NATOk
members are admitted on the basis of unanimity of NATO member
26
5 CIJ1026.indb 48 20/06/13 08:42 667 application of interkim accord (judgment)
States, in accordance with Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. That
provision states, in the relevant part, as follows:
“The parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other Euro‑
pean State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and tok
contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this
Treaty.” (North Atlantic Treaty, 4 April 1949, Art. 10, UNTS, Vol. 34,
p. 248.)
69. The Respondent interprets the obligation “not to object” more
narrowly. In its view, an objection requires a specific, negative act, such
as casting a vote or exercising a veto against the Applicant’s admisskion to
or membership in an organization or institution. An objection does not, k
under the Respondent’s interpretation, include abstention or the withk ‑
holding of support in a consensus process. As a general matter, the
Respondent argues that the phrase “not to object” should be interpkreted
narrowly because it imposes a limitation on a right to object that the
Respondent would otherwise possess.
*
70. The Court does not accept the general proposition advanced by the
Respondent that special rules of interpretation should apply when the
Court is examining a treaty that limits a right that a party would otherkwise
have. Turning to the Respondent’s specific arguments in regard to tkhe first
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, the Court observes that nothing in the
text of that clause limits the Respondent’s obligation not to object kto orga ‑
nizations that use a voting procedure to decide on the admission of new
members. There is no indication that the parties intended to exclude from
Article 11, paragraph 1, organizations like NATO that follow procedures
that do not require a vote. moreover, the question before the Court is not
whether the decision taken by NATO at the Bucharest Summit with
respect to the Applicant’s candidacy was due exclusively, principallyk, or
marginally to the Respondent’s objection. As theparties agree, the obliga ‑
tion under the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, is one of conduct, not
of result. Thus, the question before the Court is whether the Respondentk,
by its own conduct, did not comply with the obligation not to object conk ‑
tained in Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
71. The Court also observes that the Respondent did not take the
position that any objection by it at the Bucharest Summit was based on
grounds unrelated to the difference over the name. Therefore, the Courkt
need not decide whether the Respondent retains a right to object to the
27
5 CIJ1026.indb 50 20/06/13 08:42 668 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Applicant’s admission to international organizations on such other
grounds.
B. Whether the Respondent “objected” to the Applicant’s admission ▯
to NATO
72. The Court now turns to the evidence submitted to it by the parties, in
order to decide whether the record supports the Applicant’s contention that
the Respondent objected to the Applicant’s membership in NATO. In thiks
regard, the Court recalls that, in general, it is the duty of the party kthat asserts
certain facts to establish the existence of such facts (Pulp Mills on the River
Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 71,
para. 162 ; Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 86, para. 68). Thus, the Applicant bears
the burden of establishing the facts that support its allegation that thke
Respondent failed to comply with its obligation under the Interim Accordk.
73. To support the position that the Respondent objected to its admis ‑
sion to NATO, the Applicant refers the Court to diplomatic correspon ‑
dence of the Respondent before and after the Bucharest Summit and to
statements by senior officials of the Respondent during the same periodk.
The Respondent does not dispute the authenticity of these statements.
The Court will examine these statements as evidence of the Respondent’ks
conduct in connection with the Bucharest Summit, in light of its obligatkion
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
74. The Applicant referred to diplomatic correspondence from the
Respondent to other NATO member States exchanged prior to the
Bucharest Summit. An aide‑memoire circulated by the Respondent to its
fellow NATO member States in 2007 points to the ongoing negotiations
between the parties pursuant to resolution 817 and states that “[t]he sat ‑
isfactory conclusion of the said negotiations is a sine qua non, in order to
enable greece to continue to support the Euro‑atlantic aspirations of
Skopje”. The aide‑memoire further states that the resolution of the name
issue “is going to be the decisive criterion for greece to accept an invita‑
tion to FYROm to start NATO accession negotiations”.
75. The Applicant also introduced evidence showing that, during the
same period, the Respondent’s prime minister and Foreign minister stated
publicly on a number of occasions that the Respondent would oppose the
extension of an invitation to the Applicant to join NATO at the Buchareskt
Summit unless the name issue was resolved. On 22 February 2008, the
Respondent’s prime minister, speaking at a session of the Respondent’s
parliament, made the following statement with regard to the difference
between the parties over the name: “[W]ithout a mutually acceptable solu‑
tion allied relations cannot be established, there cannot be an invitatikon to
the neighbouring country to join the Alliance. No solution means — no
invitation.” The record indicates that the prime minister reiterated this
position publicly on at least three occasions in march 2008.
28
5 CIJ1026.indb 52 20/06/13 08:42 669 application of interkim accord (judgment)
76. The Respondent’s Foreign minister also explained her govern ‑
ment’s position prior to the Bucharest Summit. On 17 march 2008, she
declared, referring to the Applicant, that “[i]f there is no compromikse, we
will block their accession”. Ten days later, on 27 march 2008, in a speech
to the governing party’s parliamentary group, she stated that until a
solution is reached, “we cannot, of course, consent to addressing an kinvi‑
tation to our neighbouring state to join NATO. No solution — no invita‑
tion. We said it, we mean it, and everyone knows it.”
77. The Applicant also points to the statement of the Respondent’s
prime minister, made on 3 April 2008 at the close of the Bucharest Sum ‑
mit in a message directed to the greek people :
“It was unanimously decided that Albania and Croatia will accede
to NATO. due to greece’s veto, FYROm is not joining NATO.
I had said to everyone — in every possible tone and in every direc ‑
tion — that ‘a failure to solve the name issue will impede their invi ‑
tation’ to join the Alliance. And that is what I did. Skopje will be kable
to become a member of NATO only after the name issue has been
resolved.”
The Applicant notes that this characterization of events at the Summit iks
corroborated by other contemporaneous statements, including that of a
NATO spokesperson.
78. In addition, the Applicant relies on diplomatic correspondence from
the Respondent after the Bucharest Summit, in which the Respondent
characterizes its position at the Summit. In particular, the Applicant iknt‑o
duced a letter, dated 14 April 2008, from the Respondent’s permanent
Representative to the United Nations to the permanent Representative of
Costa Rica to the United Nations that included the following statement:
“At the recent NATO Summit meeting in Bucharest and in view
of the failure to reach a viable and definitive solution to the name
issue, greece was not able to consent to the Former Yugoslav Repub‑
lic of macedonia being invited to join the North Atlantic Alliance.”
The Applicant asserts that the Respondent sent similar letters to all otkher
members of the United Nations Security Council and to the United Nations
Secretary‑general. The Respondent does not refute this contention.
79. On 1 June 2008, in an aide‑memoire sent by the Respondent to the
Organization of American States and its member States, the Respondent
made the following statement :
“At the NATO’s Summit in Bucharest in April 2008, allied leaders,
upon greece’s proposal, agreed to postpone an invitation to FYROm
to join the Alliance, until a mutually acceptable solution to the name
issue is reached.”
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5 CIJ1026.indb 54 20/06/13 08:42 670 application of interkim accord (judgment)
80. The Respondent stresses the absence of a formal voting mechanism
within NATO. For that reason, the Respondent asserts that, irrespective k
of the statements by its government officials, there is no means by whikch
a NATO member State can exercise a “veto” over NATO decisions. Thek
Respondent further maintains that its obligation under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, does not prevent it from expressing its views, whether negative
or positive, regarding the Applicant’s eligibility for admission to akn orga‑
nization, and characterizes the statements by its government officials kas
speaking to whether the Applicant had satisfied the organization’s keligi ‑
bility requirements, not as setting forth a formal objection. The Responk‑
dent further contends that it was “unanimously” decided at the Buckharest
Summit that the Applicant would not yet be invited to join NATO, and
thus that it cannot be determined whether a particular State “objectekd” to
the Applicant’s membership. According to the Respondent, “greece did
not veto the FYROm’s accession to NATO . . . It was a collective decision
made on behalf of the Alliance as a whole.” (Emphasis in the originakl.)
*
81. In the view of the Court, the evidence submitted to it demonstrates
that through formal diplomatic correspondence and through statements
of its senior officials, the Respondent made clear before, during and akfter
the Bucharest Summit that the resolution of the difference over the nakme
was the “decisive criterion” for the Respondent to accept the Applkicant’s
admission to NATO. The Respondent manifested its objection to the
Applicant’s admission to NATO at the Bucharest Summit, citing the fackt
that the difference regarding the Applicant’s name remained unresolkved.
82. moreover, the Court cannot accept that the Respondent’s state ‑
ments regarding the admission of the Applicant were not objections, but k
were merely observations aimed at calling the attention of other NATO
member States to concerns about the Applicant’s eligibility to join NkATO.
The record makes abundantly clear that the Respondent went beyond
such observations to oppose the Applicant’s admission to NATO on the
ground that the difference over the name had not been resolved.
83. The Court therefore concludes that the Respondent objected to the
Applicant’s admission to NATO, within the meaning of the first claukse of
Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
2. The Effect of the Second Clause of Article 11, Paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord
84. The Court turns now to the question whether the Respondent’s
objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO at the Bucharest Sum ‑
mit fell within the exception contained in the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
30
5 CIJ1026.indb 56 20/06/13 08:42 671 application of interkim accord (judgment)
85. In this clause, the parties agree that the Respondent “reserves the
right to object to any membership” by the Applicant in an internationkal,
multilateral or regional organization or institution of which the Responk‑
dent is a member “if and to the extent the [Applicant] is to be referkred to
in such organization or institution differently than in paragraph 2 of
United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993)”. The Court
recalls that paragraph 2 of resolution 817 recommends that the Applicant
be admitted to membership in the United Nations, being “provisionallyk
referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as ‘the formerk
Yugoslav Republic of macedonia’ pending settlement of the difference
that has arisen over the name of the State”.
86. The Applicant maintains that the exception in the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, applies only if the Applicant is to be referred to
by the organization itself as something other than “the former Yugoslkav
Republic of macedonia”. In its view, resolution 817 contemplated that
the Applicant would refer to itself by its constitutional name (“Republic
of macedonia”) within the United Nations. The Applicant asserts that
this has been its consistent practice since resolution 817 was adopted and
that the parties incorporated this practice into the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1. The Applicant also cites evidence contemporaneous
with the adoption of resolution 817 indicating, in its view, that it was
understood by States involved in the drafting of that resolution that the
resolution would neither require the Applicant to refer to itself by thek
provisional designation within the United Nations nor direct third States
to use any particular name or designation when referring to the Appli ‑
cant. On this basis, it is the Applicant’s position that the Respondeknt’s
right to object pursuant to Article 11, paragraph 1, does not apply to the
Applicant’s admission to NATO because the same practice would be fol ‑
lowed in NATO that has been followed in the United Nations. The
Applicant asserts that the reference to how it will be referred to “ikn” an
organization means, with respect to an organization such as NATO, inter
alia: the way that it will be listed by NATO as a member of the organiza ‑
tion; the way that representatives of the Applicant will be accredited by
NATO; and the way that NATO will refer to the Applicant in all official
NATO documents.
87. The Respondent is of the view that the Applicant’s intention to
refer to itself in NATO by its constitutional name, as well as the possikbil ‑
ity that third States may refer to the Applicant by its constitutional nkame,
triggers the exception in the second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, and
thus permitted the Respondent to object to the Applicant’s admission kto
NATO. In the Respondent’s view, resolution 817 requires the Applicant
to refer to itself as the “former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia” within
the United Nations. The Respondent does not dispute the Applicant’s
claim of consistent practice within the United Nations, but contends thakt
the Respondent engaged in a “general practice of protests” in regakrd to
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5 CIJ1026.indb 58 20/06/13 08:42 672 application of interkim accord (judgment)
use of the Applicant’s constitutional name, before and after the concklu ‑
sion of the Interim Accord. To support this assertion, the Respondent
submits evidence of eight instances during the period between the adop ‑
tion of resolution 817 and the conclusion of the Interim Accord in which
the Respondent claimed that the Applicant’s reference to itself by thke
name “Republic of macedonia” within the United Nations was inconsis ‑
tent with resolution 817.
88. With respect to the text of Article 11, paragraph 1, the Respondent
points out that the second clause of that Article applies when the Applik ‑
cant is to be referred to “in” an organization, not only when the kAppli ‑
cant is to be referred to “by” the organization in a particular waky.
moreover, the Respondent argues that the phrase “if and to the extent k
that” in the second clause means that Article 11, paragraph 1, is not
merely an “on/off switch”. Instead, in the Respondent’s view,k the phrase
“to the extent” makes clear that the Respondent may object in respkonse
to a limited or occasional use of a name other than the provisional desikg ‑
nation (such as when the Applicant “instigates the use” of a diffkerent
name by the officers of an organization or by other member States of thke
organization). In support of this interpretation the Respondent assertsk
that the phrase “if and to the extent that” would lack effet utile if it were
not interpreted as the Respondent suggests, because this would render thke
words “to the extent that” without legal content.
*
89. The Court notes that the parties agree on the interpretation of the
second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, in one circumstance : the excep ‑
tion contained in the second clause permits the Respondent to object to k
the Applicant’s admission to an organization if the Applicant is to bke
referred to by the organization itself other than by the provisional deskig ‑
nation. The Respondent also asserts that it has the right to object in tkwo
other circumstances : first, if the Applicant will refer to itself in the orga‑
nization using its constitutional name and, secondly, if third States wikll
refer to the Applicant in the organization by its constitutional name. Tkhe
Applicant disagrees with both of these assertions.
90. Although the parties articulate divergent views on the interpreta ‑
tion of the clause, i.e., whether the Respondent may object if third Staktes
will refer to the Applicant using its constitutional name, the Respondenkt
does not pursue, as a factual matter, the position that any objection atk the
Bucharest Summit was made in response to the prospect that third States
would refer to the Applicant in NATO using its constitutional name.
Thus, in the present case, the Court need not decide whether the second k
clause would permit an objection based on the prospect that third Statesk
would use the Applicant’s constitutional name in NATO. On the other
32
5 CIJ1026.indb 60 20/06/13 08:42 673 application of interkim accord (judgment)
hand, the parties agree that the Applicant intended to refer to itself within
NATO, once admitted, by its constitutional name, not by the provisional k
designation set forth in resolution 817. Thus, the Court must decide
whether the second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, permitted the
Respondent to object in that circumstance.
91. The Court will interpret the second clause of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord, in accordance with Articles 31 and 32 of
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (hereinafter the
“1969 Vienna Convention”), to which both the Applicant and the Rekspon ‑
dent are parties. The Court will therefore begin by considering the ordik ‑
nary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context andk in
light of its object and purpose.
92. The Court observes that the parties formulated the second clause
using the passive voice : “if and to the extent the [Applicant] is to be
referred to . . . differently than in” paragraph 2 of resolution 817. The use
of the passive voice is difficult to reconcile with the Respondent’sk view
that the clause covers not only how the organization is to refer to the
Applicant but also the way that the Applicant is to refer to itself. As kto
the inclusion of the phrase “to the extent”, the Court recalls thek Respon ‑
dent’s contention that the phrase lacks legal effect (“effet kutile”) unless it
is interpreted to mean that the Respondent’s right to object is triggkered
not only by the anticipated practice of the organization, but also by the
use of the constitutional name by others. The Court cannot agree that thke
phrase would have legal effect only if interpreted as the Respondent skug ‑
gests. The phrase would still have a legal significance, for example, kif it
were interpreted to mean that the Respondent has a right to object for sko
long as the organization refers to the Applicant by the constitutional
name. Accordingly, the Court rejects the Respondent’s contention that
the phrase “to the extent” is without legal effect unless the sekcond clause
of Article 11, paragraph 1, permits the Respondent to object to admission
to an organization if the Applicant is to refer to itself in the organizkation
by its constitutional name.
93. As for the phrase “to be referred to . . . differently than in para ‑
graph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993)”, it will
be recalled that the relevant text of that resolution recommends that the
Applicant be admitted to membership in the United Nations, being “prok ‑
visionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as ‘kthe
former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia’” pending settlement of the dif ‑
ference over the name. Thus, a central question for the Court is whetherk
the prospect that the Applicant would refer to itself in NATO by its conk ‑
stitutional name means that the Applicant is “to be referred to . . . differ ‑
ently than in paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 817 (1993)”. The
Court therefore examines the text of resolution 817 in relation to the
second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1. That resolution was adopted
33
5 CIJ1026.indb 62 20/06/13 08:42 674 application of interkim accord (judgment)
pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations,
which states that admission of a State to membership in the Organizationk
is effected by a decision of the general Assembly upon the recommenda ‑
tion of the Security Council. Thus, it could be argued that paragraph 2 of
resolution 817 is directed primarily to another organ of the United
Nations, namely the general Assembly, rather than to individual mem ‑
ber States. On the other hand, the wording of paragraph 2 of resolu ‑
tion 817 is broad — “for all purposes” — and thus could be read to
extend to the conduct of member States, including the Applicant, within
the United Nations.
94. Bearing in mind these observations regarding the text of the second
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, and of resolution 817, the Court will
now proceed to ascertain the ordinary meaning of the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, in its context and in light of the treaty’s object
and purpose. To this end, the Court will examine other provisions of the
treaty and a related and contemporaneous agreement between the parties.
95. Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, provides that the
Respondent will recognize the Applicant as an “independent and sover ‑
eign state” and that the Respondent will refer to it by a provisionalk desig ‑
nation (as “the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia”). Nowhere,
however, does the Interim Accord require the Applicant to use the provi ‑
sional designation in its dealings with the Respondent. On the contrary,k
the “memorandum on ‘practical measures’ Related to the Interim
Accord”, concluded by the parties contemporaneously with the entry into
force of the Interim Accord, expressly envisages that the Applicant willk
refer to itself as the “Republic of macedonia” in its dealings with the
Respondent. Thus, as of the entry into force of the Interim Accord, the
Respondent did not insist that the Applicant forbear from the use of itsk
constitutional name in all circumstances.
96. The Court also contrasts the wording of the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, to other provisions of the treaty that impose express
limitations on the Applicant or on both parties. In Article 7, paragraph 2,
for example, the Applicant agrees to “cease” the use of the symbolk that it
had previously used on its flag. This provision thus contains a requiremeknt
that the Applicant change its existing conduct. Additional provisions
under the general heading of “friendly relations and confidence‑
building measures” — namely, the three paragraphs of Article 6 — are
also framed entirely as commitments by the Applicant. By contrast,
although the parties were aware of the Applicant’s consistent use of
its constitutional name in the United Nations, the parties drafted the
second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, without using language that calls
for a change in the Applicant’s conduct. If the parties had wanted the
Interim Accord to mandate a change in the Applicant’s use of its con‑
stitutional name in international organizations, they could have included
34
5 CIJ1026.indb 64 20/06/13 08:42 675 application of interkim accord (judgment)
an explicit obligation to that effect as they did with the correspondikng
obligations in Article 6 and Article 7, paragraph 2.
97. The significance of this comparison between the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, and other provisions of the Interim Accord is
underscored by consideration of the overall structure of the treaty and k
the treaty’s object and purpose. While each party emphasizes different
aspects of the treaty in describing its object and purpose, they appear kto
hold a common view that the treaty was a comprehensive exchange with
the overall object and purpose of : first, providing for the normalization
of the parties’ relations (bilaterally and in international organizations) ;
secondly, requiring good‑faith negotiations regarding the difference over
the name ; and, thirdly, agreeing on what the Respondent called “assur ‑
ances related to particular circumstances”, e.g., provisions governinkg the
use of certain symbols and requiring effective measures to prohibit pokliti ‑
cal interference, hostile activities and negative propaganda. Viewed
together, the two clauses of Article 11, paragraph 1, advance the first of
these objects by specifying the conditions under which the Respondent isk
required to end its practice of blocking the Applicant’s admission tok orga ‑
nizations. Another component of the exchange — the provisions contain ‑
ing assurances, including those that impose obligations on the Applicantk
to change its conduct — appears elsewhere in the treaty. In light of the
structure and the object and purpose of the treaty, it appears to the Cokurt
that the parties would not have imposed a significant new constraint on
the Applicant — that is, to constrain its consistent practice of calling
itself by its constitutional name — by mere implication in Article 11,
paragraph 1. Thus, the Court concludes that the structure and the object
and purpose of the treaty support the position taken by the Applicant.
98. Taken together, therefore, the text of the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, when read in context and in light of the object and
purpose of the treaty, cannot be interpreted to permit the Respondent tok
object to the Applicant’s admission to or membership in an organization
because of the prospect that the Applicant would refer to itself in thatk
organization using its constitutional name.
99. The Court next examines the subsequent practice of the parties in
the application of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, in
accordance with Article 31, paragraph 3 (b), of the 1969 Vienna Conven ‑
tion. The Applicant asserts that between the conclusion of the Interim
Accord and the Bucharest Summit, it joined at least 15 international
organizations of which the Respondent was also a member. In each case,
the Applicant was admitted under the provisional designation prescribed
by paragraph 2 of resolution 817 and has been referred to in the organiza ‑
35
5 CIJ1026.indb 66 20/06/13 08:42 676 application of interkim accord (judgment)
tion by that name. However, the Applicant has continued to refer to itseklf
by its constitutional name in its relations with and dealings within those
international organizations and institutions. The Court notes, in particku‑
lar, the Applicant’s assertion that the Respondent did not object to kits
admission to any of these 15 organizations. This point went unchallenged
by the Respondent. Although there is no evidence that the Respondent
ever objected to admission or membership based on the prospect that the k
Applicant would use its constitutional name in such organizations, the
Respondent does identify one instance in which it complained about the
Applicant’s use of its constitutional name in the Council of Europe akfter
the Applicant had already joined that organization. The Respondent
apparently raised its concerns for the first time only in december 2004,
more than nine years after the Applicant’s admission, returning to the
subject once again in 2007.
100. The Court also refers to evidence of the parties’ practice in respect
of NATO prior to the Bucharest Summit. For several years leading up to
the Bucharest Summit, the Applicant consistently used its constitutionalk
name in its dealings with NATO, as a participant in the NATO partner ‑
ship for peace and the NATO membership Action plan. despite the
Applicant’s practice of using its constitutional name in its dealingsk with
NATO, as it did in all other organizations, there is no evidence that thke
Respondent, in the period leading up to the Bucharest Summit, ever
expressed concerns about the Applicant’s use of the constitutional nakme
in its dealings with NATO or that the Respondent indicated that it wouldk
object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO based on the Applicant’ks
past or future use of its constitutional name. Instead, as detailed abovke,
the evidence makes clear that the Respondent objected to the Applicant’ks
admission to NATO in view of the failure to reach a final settlement okf
the difference over the name.
101. Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court concludes that the
practice of the parties in implementing the Interim Accord supports the
Court’s prior conclusions (see paragraph 98) and thus that the second
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, does not permit the Respondent to
object to the Applicant’s admission to an organization based on the pkros ‑
pect that the Applicant is to refer to itself in such organization with kits
constitutional name.
102. The Court recalls that the parties introduced extensive evidence
related to the travaux préparatoires of the Interim Accord and of resolu ‑
tion 817. In view of the conclusions stated above (see paragraphs 98
and 101), however, the Court considers that it is not necessary to address k
this additional evidence. The Court also recalls that each party referred to
additional evidence regarding the use of the Applicant’s constitutional
name, beyond the evidence related to the subsequent practice under the
Interim Accord, which is analysed above. This evidence does not bear
directly on the question whether the Interim Accord permits the Respon ‑
dent to object to the Applicant’s admission to or membership in an orkga‑
36
5 CIJ1026.indb 68 20/06/13 08:42 677 application of interkim accord (judgment)
nization based on the Applicant’s self‑reference by its constitutional
name, and accordingly the Court does not address it.
*
103. In view of the preceding analysis, the Court concludes that the
Applicant’s intention to refer to itself in an international organizaktion by
its constitutional name did not mean that it was “to be referred to”k in
such organization “differently than in” paragraph 2 of resolution 817.
Accordingly, the exception set forth in the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord did not entitle the Respondent to
object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO.
3. Article 22 of the Interim Accord
104. Article 22 of the Interim Accord provides :
“This Interim Accord is not directed against any other State or
entity and it does not infringe on the rights and duties resulting from k
bilateral or multilateral agreements already in force that the parties
have concluded with other States or international organizations.”
105. The Applicant maintains that Article 22 “is simply a factual state‑
ment”. It “does not address the rights and duties of the Respondenkt : it
merely declares that the Interim Accord as a whole does not infringe on k
the rights and duties of third States or other entities”. According tko the
Applicant, Article 22 expresses “the rule set forth in Article 34 of the 1969
Vienna Convention . . . that ‘[a] treaty does not create either obligations
or rights for a third State without its consent’”. The Applicant nkotes that
the Respondent’s interpretation would render Article 11, paragraph 1,
meaningless by allowing the Respondent to object simply by invoking an
alleged right or duty under another agreement.
106. The Respondent takes the position that, even assuming that the
Court were to conclude that the Respondent had objected to the Appli ‑
cant’s admission to NATO, in contravention of Article 11, paragraph 1,
such objection would not breach the Interim Accord, because of the effect
of Article 22. In the written proceedings, the Respondent construed Arti ‑
cle 22 to mean that both the rights and the duties of a party to the Interimk
Accord under a prior agreement prevail over that party’s obligations kin
the Interim Accord. In particular, the Respondent argued that it was freke
to object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO because “any rightsk of
greece under NATO, and any obligations owed to NATO or to the other
NATO member States must prevail in case of a conflict” with the restrikc‑
tion on the Respondent’s right to object under Article 11, paragraph 1.
The Respondent relied on its right under Article 10 of the North Atlantic
37
5 CIJ1026.indb 70 20/06/13 08:42 678 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Treaty to consent (or not) to the admission of a State to NATO and its
“duty to engage actively and promptly in discussions of concern to the
Organization”. The Respondent argues that Article 22 “is a legal provi ‑
sion” (emphasis in the original) and not “simply a factual statekment” and
that the Applicant’s interpretation of Article 22 — that it restates the rule
in Article 34 of the [1969 Vienna Convention] — “would render Article 22
essentially an exercise in redundancy”.
107. In the course of the oral proceedings, however, the Respondent
appears to have narrowed its interpretation of Article 22, stating that it
has a right to object “if, and only if, the rules and criteria of thokse orga ‑
nizations require objection in the light of the circumstances of the applica‑
tion for admission” (emphasis added). From the fact that NATO is a
“limited‑membership organization” with the specific objective ofk mutual
defence, the Respondent also infers a duty “to exercise plenary judgmkent
in each membership decision”. In the Respondent’s view, each membekr
State thus has not only a right but also a duty to raise its concerns ifk it
believes that an applicant does not fulfil the organization’s accesksion cri ‑
teria. With respect to the content of those accession criteria as they rkelate
to the Applicant, the Respondent relies principally on a NATO press
release entitled “membership Action plan (mAp)”, adopted at the close
of the Washington, d.C. NATO Summit on 24 April 1999, stating that
aspiring members would be expected, inter alia, “to settle ethnic disputes
or external territorial disputes including irredentist claims . . . by peaceful
means” and “to pursue good neighbourly relations”.
*
108. The Court first observes that if Article 22 of the Interim Accord is
interpreted as a purely declaratory provision, as the Applicant suggestsk,
that Article could under no circumstances provide a basis for the Responk ‑
dent’s objection.
109. Turning to the Respondent’s interpretation of Article 22, the
Court notes the breadth of the Respondent’s original contention that kits
“rights” under a prior agreement (in addition to its “duties”) take precek ‑
dence over its obligation not to object to admission by the Applicant tok
an organization within the terms of Article 11, paragraph 1. That inter ‑
pretation of Article 22, if accepted, would vitiate that obligation, because
the Respondent normally can be expected to have a “right” under prior
agreements with third States to express a view on membership decisions. k
The Court, considering that the parties did not intend Article 22 to ren ‑
der meaningless the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, is therefore
unable to accept the broad interpretation originally advanced by the
Respondent. In this regard, the Court notes that the Court of Justice ofk
the European Communities has rejected a similar argument. In particu ‑
38
5 CIJ1026.indb 72 20/06/13 08:42 679 application of interkim accord (judgment)
lar, that court has interpreted a provision of the Treaty establishing tkhe
European Economic Community which states that “rights and obliga ‑
tions” under prior agreements “shall not be affected by” the kprovisions of
the treaty. The European Court has concluded that this language refers tko
the “rights” of third countries and the “obligations” of trekaty parties,
respectively (see Case 10/61 Commission v. Italy [1962] ECR, p. 10; see
also Case C‑249/06 Commission v. Sweden [2009] ECR I‑1348, para. 34).
110. The Court thus turns to the Respondent’s narrower interpretation
of Article 22, i.e., that “duties” under a prior treaty would take prece ‑
dence over obligations in the Interim Accord. Accepting, arguendo, that
narrower interpretation, the next step in the Court’s analysis would kbe to
evaluate whether the Respondent has duties under the North Atlantic
Treaty with which it cannot comply without being in breach of its obliga ‑
tion not to object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Thus, to evaklu ‑
ate the effect of Article 22, if interpreted in the manner suggested by the
Respondent in the narrower and later version of its argument, the Court k
must also examine whether the Respondent has established that the
North Atlantic Treaty imposed a duty on it to object to the Applicant’ks
admission to NATO.
111. The Respondent offers no persuasive argument that any provision
of the North Atlantic Treaty required it to object to the Applicant’sk mem ‑
bership. Instead the Respondent attempts to convert a general “right”k to
take a position on membership decisions into a “duty” by assertingk a
“duty” to exercise judgment as to membership decisions that frees kthe
Respondent from its obligation not to object to the Applicant’s admisk ‑
sion to an organization. This argument suffers from the same deficiency
as the broader interpretation of Article 22 initially advanced by the
Respondent, namely, that it would erase the value of the first clause kof
Article 11, paragraph 1. Thus, the Court concludes that the Respondent
has not demonstrated that a requirement under the North Atlantic Treaty
compelled it to object to the admission of the Applicant to NATO.
112. As a result of the foregoing analysis, the Court concludes that the
Respondent’s attempt to rely on Article 22 is unsuccessful. Accordingly,
the Court need not decide which of the two parties’ interpretations is the
correct one.
4. Conclusion concerning whether the Respondent Failed
to Comply with Article 11,
Paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
113. Thus, the Court concludes that the Respondent failed to comply
with its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
by objecting to the Applicant’s admission to NATO at the Bucharest
39
5 CIJ1026.indb 74 20/06/13 08:42 680 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Summit. The prospect that the Applicant would refer to itself in NATO
using its constitutional name did not render that objection lawful under
the exception contained in the second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1.
In the circumstances of the present case, Article 22 of the Interim Accord
does not provide a basis for the Respondent to make an objection that isk
inconsistent with Article 11, paragraph 1.
IV. Additional Justificatkions Invoked by the Respkondent
114. As an alternative to its main argument that the Respondent com ‑
plied with its obligations under the Interim Accord, the Respondent con ‑
tends that the wrongfulness of any objection to the admission of the
Applicant to NATO is precluded by the doctrine of exceptio non adimpleti
contractus. The Respondent also suggests that any failure to comply with
its obligations under the Interim Accord could be justified both as a k
response to a material breach of a treaty and as a countermeasure under
the law of State responsibility. The Court will begin by summarizing thek
parties’ arguments with respect to those three additional justificatkions.
1. The Parties’ Arguments with regard
to the Respondent’s Additional Justifications
A. The Parties’ arguments with regard to the exceptio non adimpleti
contractus
115. The Respondent states that the exceptio non adimpleti contractus
is a general principle of international law that permits the Respondent k“to
withhold the execution of its own obligations which are reciprocal to
those not performed by [the Applicant]”. According to the Respondent,k
the exceptio would apply in respect of the failure of one party to perform
a “fundamental provision” of the Interim Accord. In the view of thke
Respondent, the exceptio permits a State suffering breaches of treaty
commitments by another State to respond by unilaterally suspending or
terminating its own corresponding obligations. In particular, the Responk ‑
dent contends that its obligation not to object (under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1) is linked in a synallagmatic relationship with the obligations of
the Applicant in Articles 5, 6, 7 and 11 of the Interim Accord, and thus
that under the exceptio, breaches by the Applicant of these obligations
preclude the wrongfulness of any non‑performance by the Respondent of
its obligation not to object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO.
116. The Respondent also states that “the conditions triggering the
exception of non‑performance are different from and less rigid than thke
conditions for suspending a treaty or precluding wrongfulness by way of k
countermeasures”. According to the Respondent, the exceptio “does not
40
5 CIJ1026.indb 76 20/06/13 08:42 681 application of interkim accord (judgment)
have to be notified or proven beforehand . . . There are simply no proce ‑
dural requirements to the exercise of the staying of the performance
through the mechanism of the exceptio.” The Respondent also points to
several situations in which it maintains that it complained to the Applik ‑
cant about the Applicant’s alleged failure to comply with its obligatkions
under the Interim Accord.
117. The Applicant asserts that the Respondent has failed to demon ‑
strate that the exceptio is a general principle of international law. The
Applicant also argues that Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Convention pro ‑
vides a complete set of rules and procedures governing responses to matek ‑
rial breaches under the law of treaties and that the exceptio is not
recognized as justifying non‑performance under the law of State respon ‑
sibility. The Applicant further disputes the Respondent’s contention kthat
the Applicant’s obligations under Articles 5, 6 and 7 of the Interim
Accord are synallagmatic with the Respondent’s obligation not to objekct
in Article 11, paragraph 1. The Applicant also takes the position that the
Respondent did not raise the breaches upon which it now relies until aftker
the Respondent objected to the Applicant’s admission to NATO.
B. The Parties’ arguments with regard to a response to material breach
118. The Respondent maintains that any disregard of its obligations
under the Interim Accord could be justified as a response to a materiakl
breach of a treaty. The Respondent initially stated that it was not seekking
to suspend the Interim Accord in whole or in part pursuant to the
1969 Vienna Convention, but later took the position that partial suspen ‑
sion of the Interim Accord is “justified” under Article 60 of the
1969 Vienna Convention (to which both the Applicant and Respondent
are parties) because the Applicant’s breaches were material. The Respon ‑
dent took note of the procedural requirements contained in Article 65 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention, but asserted that, if a State is suspending k
part of a treaty “in answer to another party . . . alleging its violation”, ex
ante notice is not required.
119. The Applicant contends that the Respondent never alerted the Ap‑pli
cant to any alleged material breach of the Interim Accord and never sougkht
to invoke a right of suspension under Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Con‑
vention. The Applicant notes that the Respondent confirmed its non‑relkiance
on Article 60 in the Counter‑memorial. In addition, the Applicant calls atten ‑
tion to the “specific and detailed” procedural requirements of Akrticle 65 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention and asserts that the Respondent has not met
those. The Applicant further contends that prior to the Bucharest Summitk,
the Respondent never notified the Applicant of any ground for suspensikon
41
5 CIJ1026.indb 78 20/06/13 08:42 682 application of interkim accord (judgment)
of the Interim Accord, of its view that the Applicant had breached the Intkerim
Accord or that the Respondent was suspending the Interim Accord.
C. The Parties’ arguments with regard to countermeasures
120. The Respondent also argues that any failure to comply with its
obligations under the Interim Accord could be justified as a counter‑
measure. As with the Respondent’s argument regarding suspension in
response to a material breach, the Respondent’s position on counter‑
measures evolved during the proceedings. Initially, the Respondent stated
that it did not claim that any objection to the Applicant’s admission to
NATO was justified as a countermeasure. Later, the Respondent stated
that its “supposed objection would fulfil the requirements for counkter ‑
measures”. The Respondent described the defence as “doubly subsid ‑
iary”, meaning that it would play a role only if the Court found the k
Respondent to be in breach of the Interim Accord and if it concluded thakt
the exceptio did not preclude the wrongfulness of the Respondent’s
conduct.
121. The Respondent discusses countermeasures with reference to
the requirements reflected in the International Law Commission Articles
on State Responsibility (Annex to general Assembly resolution 56/83,
12 december 2001, hereinafter referred to as “the ILC Articles on State
Responsibility”). It asserts that the Applicant’s violations were serious
and that the Respondent’s responses were consistent with the conditions
reflected in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, which it describesk as
requiring that countermeasures be proportionate, be taken for the pur ‑
pose of achieving cessation of the wrongful act and be confined to thek
temporary non‑performance of the Respondent’s obligation not to objeckt.
The Respondent also states that the Applicant was repeatedly informed
of the Respondent’s positions.
122. The Applicant calls attention to the requirements in the ILC Arti ‑
cles on State Responsibility that countermeasures must be taken in
response to a breach by the other State, must be proportionate to those k
breaches and must be taken only after notice to the other State. In the k
view of the Applicant, none of these requirements were met. The Appli ‑
cant further states its view that the requirements for the imposition ofk
countermeasures contained in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility
reflect “general international law”.
2. The Respondent’s Allegations
that the Applicant Failed to Comply
with Its Obligations under the Interim Accord
123. The Court observes that while the Respondent presents separate
arguments relating to the exceptio, partial suspension under Article 60 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention, and countermeasures, it advances certain
minimum conditions that are common to all three arguments. First, the
42
5 CIJ1026.indb 80 20/06/13 08:42 683 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Respondent bases each argument on the allegation that the Applicant
breached several provisions of the Interim Accord prior to the Respon ‑
dent’s objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Secondly, ekach
argument, as framed by the Respondent, requires the Respondent to
show that its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO was madek
in response to the alleged breach or breaches by the Applicant, in otherk
words, to demonstrate a connection between any breach by the Applicant
and any objection by the Respondent. With these conditions in mind, the k
Court turns to the evidence regarding the alleged breaches by the Appli ‑
cant. As previously noted (see paragraph 72), it is in principle the duty of
the party that asserts certain facts to establish the existence of such kfacts.
A. Alleged breach by the Applicant of the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1
124. The Court begins with the Respondent’s claim that the second
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, imposes an obligation on the Applicant
not to be referred to in an international organization or institution byk any
reference other than the provisional designation (as “the former Yugkoslav
Republic of macedonia”). The Respondent alleges that the Applicant has
failed to comply with such an obligation.
125. The Applicant, for its part, asserts that the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, does not impose an obligation on the Applicant, but
instead specifies the single circumstance under which the Respondent mkay
object to admission.
126. The Court notes that on its face, the text of the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, does not impose an obligation upon the Appli ‑
cant. The Court further notes that, just as other provisions of the Intekrim
Accord impose obligations only on the Applicant, Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, imposes an obligation only on the Respondent. The second
clause contains an important exception to this obligation, but that doesk
not transform it into an obligation upon the Applicant. Accordingly, thek
Court finds no breach by the Applicant of this provision.
B. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 5, paragraph 1
127. The Court next considers the Respondent’s allegation that the
Applicant breached its obligation to negotiate in good faith. It will bek
recalled that Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord provides :
“The parties agree to continue negotiations under the auspices of
the Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to Security
Council resolution 845 (1993) with a view to reaching agreement on
the difference described in that resolution and in Security Council
resolution 817 (1993).”
43
5 CIJ1026.indb 82 20/06/13 08:42 684 application of interkim accord (judgment)
128. The Respondent asserts that the parties understood that the nego‑
tiations pursuant to Article 5, paragraph 1, have always been meant to
reach agreement on a single name that would be used for all purposes.
The Respondent contends that the Applicant has departed from this
understanding by pressing for a “dual formula” whereby the negotiaktions
are “limited solely to finding a name for use in the bilateral relations of
the parties” and thus has attempted “unilaterally to redefine the objkect
and purpose of [the] negotiations”. The Respondent further contends tkhat
the Applicant’s continuous use of its constitutional name to refer tok itself
and its policy of securing third‑State recognition under that name deprikves
the negotiations of their object and purpose. The Respondent also makes k
the more general allegation that the Applicant has adopted an intransi ‑
gent and inflexible stance during the negotiations over the name.
129. The Applicant, on the other hand, is of the view that it “gave no
undertaking under resolution 817, the Interim Accord or otherwise to call
itself by the provisional reference” (emphasis in the original) and main ‑
tains that its efforts to build third‑State support for its constitutikonal
name do not violate its obligation to negotiate in good faith, as requirked
by Article 5, paragraph 1. The Applicant contends that the Interim
Accord did not prejudge the outcome of the negotiations required by
Article 5, paragraph 1, by prescribing that those negotiations result in a
single name to be used for all purposes. In addition, the Applicant argukes
that it showed openness to compromises and that it was the Respondent
that was intransigent.
130. The Court observes that it is within the jurisdiction of the Court
to examine the question raised by the Respondent of whether the parties
were engaged in good faith negotiations pursuant to Article 5, para ‑
graph 1, without addressing the substance of, or expressing any views on,
the name difference itself, which is excluded from the Court’s juriksdiction
under Article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord (see paragraphs 28
to 38 above).
131. At the outset, the Court notes that although Article 5, paragraph 1,
contains no express requirement that the parties negotiate in good faith,
such obligation is implicit under this provision (see 1969 Vienna Conven ‑
tion, Art. 26; see also Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
Maine Area (Canada/United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports▯
1984, p. 292, para. 87 ; Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 33‑34, paras. 78‑79 ; Fisheries
Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 202, para. 69 ; Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 268, para. 46 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zea ‑
land v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 473, para. 49; North Sea
Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal Rep‑
ublic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, pp. 46‑47,
para. 85).
44
5 CIJ1026.indb 84 20/06/13 08:42 685 application of interkim accord (judgment)
132. The Court notes that the meaning of negotiations for the pur ‑
poses of dispute settlement, or the obligation to negotiate, has been clkari‑
fied through the jurisprudence of the Court and that of its predecessor, as
well as arbitral awards. As the permanent Court of International Justice
already stated in 1931 in the case concerning Railway Traffic between
Lithuania and Poland, the obligation to negotiate is first of all “not only
to enter into negotiations, but also to pursue them as far as possible, kwith
a view to concluding agreements”. No doubt this does not imply “ank obli ‑
gation to reach an agreement” (Railway Traffic between Lithuania and
Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1931, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116 ; see
also Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 68, para. 150), or that lengthy negotiations
must be pursued of necessity (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judg ‑
ment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 13). However, States must
conduct themselves so that the “negotiations are meaningful”. Thisk
requirement is not satisfied, for example, where either of the parties
“insists upon its own position without contemplating any modificatikon of
it” (North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ;
Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1969, p. 47, para. 85 ; see also Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argen ‑
tina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 67, para. 146) or
where they obstruct negotiations, for example, by interrupting communi ‑
cations or causing delays in an unjustified manner or disregarding thek
procedures agreed upon (Lake Lanoux Arbitration (Spain/France)
(1957), Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA), Vol. XII,
p. 307). Negotiations with a view to reaching an agreement also imply
that the parties should pay reasonable regard to the interests of the otkher
(Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 33, para. 78). As for the proof required for finding
of the existence of bad faith (a circumstance which would justify either
party in claiming to be discharged from performance), “something morek
must appear than the failure of particular negotiations” (Arbitratiokn on
the Tacna‑Arica Question (Chile/Peru) (1925), RIAA, Vol. II, p. 930). It
could be provided by circumstantial evidence but should be supported
“not by disputable inferences but by clear and convincing evidence whkich
compels such a conclusion” (ibid.).
133. The Court turns to examine whether the obligation to negotiate in
good faith was met in the present case in light of the standards set outk
above.
134. The Court observes that the failure of the parties to reach agree ‑
ment, 16 years after the conclusion of the Interim Accord, does not itself
establish that either party has breached its obligation to negotiate in good
faith. Whether the obligation has been undertaken in good faith cannot
be measured by the result obtained. Rather, the Court must consider
whether the parties conducted themselves in such a way that negotiations
may be meaningful.
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5 CIJ1026.indb 86 20/06/13 08:42 686 application of interkim accord (judgment)
135. The record indicates that, during the course of the negotiations
pursuant to Article 5, paragraph 1, the Applicant had resisted suggestions
that it depart from its constitutional name and that the Respondent had k
opposed the use of “macedonia” in the name of the Applicant. In addi ‑
tion, the record reveals that political leaders of both parties at times made
public statements that suggested an inflexible position as to the name
difference, including in the months prior to the Bucharest Summit.
Although such statements raise concerns, there is also evidence that thek
United Nations mediator presented the parties with a range of proposals
over the years and, in particular, expressed the view that, in the time
period prior to the Bucharest Summit, the parties were negotiating in
earnest. Taken as a whole, the evidence from this period indicates that k
the Applicant showed a degree of openness to proposals that differed
from either the sole use of its constitutional name or the “dual formkula”,
while the Respondent, for its part, apparently changed its initial position
and in September 2007 declared that it would agree to the word “mace ‑
donia” being included in the Applicant’s name as part of a compounkd
formulation.
136. In particular, in march 2008, the United Nations mediator pro ‑
posed that the Applicant adopt the name “Republic of macedonia
(Skopje)” for all purposes. According to the record before the Court,k
the Applicant expressed a willingness to put this name to a referendum.
The record also indicates that it was the Respondent who rejected this
proposed name.
137. The Court also notes that the United Nations mediator made
comments during the period January‑march 2008 that characterized the
negotiations in positive terms, noting the parties’ obvious desire to settle
their differences.
138. Thus, the Court concludes that the Respondent has not met its
burden of demonstrating that the Applicant breached its obligation to
negotiate in good faith.
C. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 6, paragraph 2
139. Article 6, paragraph 2, provides:
“The party of the Second part hereby solemnly declares that noth ‑
ing in its Constitution, and in particular in Article 49 as amended, can
or should be interpreted as constituting or will ever constitute the baskis
for the party of the Second part to interfere in the internal affairs of
another State in order to protect the status and rights of any persons
in other States who are not citizens of the party to the Second part.”
140. The Respondent’s allegations under this heading relate principally
to the Applicant’s efforts to support or to advocate on behalf of pkersons
now resident in the Applicant’s territory (who are also, in some caskes, the
46
5 CIJ1026.indb 88 20/06/13 08:42 687 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Applicant’s nationals) who left or were expelled from the Respondentk’s
territory in connection with its civil war in the 1940s (or who are thek des‑
cendants of such persons) and who assert claims in relation to, among okther
things, abandoned property in the Respondent’s territory. Some allegaktions
on which the Respondent relies refer to events subsequent to the Bucharest
Summit. Thus, the objection at the Summit could not have been a responsek
to them. The Respondent also complains about the Applicant’s alleged
efforts to support a “macedonian minority” in the Respondent’s territory
made up of persons who are also the Respondent’s nationals.
141. For its part, the Applicant asserts that its concern for the human
rights of minority groups in the Respondent’s territory and for the hkuman
rights of its own citizens cannot reasonably be viewed as constituting
interference in the Respondent’s internal affairs.
142. The Court finds that the allegations on which the Respondent
relies appear to be divorced from the text of Article 6, paragraph 2, which
addresses only the Applicant’s interpretation of its Constitution. The
Respondent has presented no convincing evidence to suggest that the
Applicant has interpreted its Constitution as providing a right to interkfere
in the Respondent’s internal affairs on behalf of persons not citizkens of
the Applicant. The Court therefore does not find that the Applicant
breached Article 6, paragraph 2, prior to the Bucharest Summit.
D. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 1
143. Article 7, paragraph 1, provides:
“Each party shall promptly take effective measures to prohibit hos ‑
tile activities or propaganda by State‑controlled agencies and to dis ‑
courage acts by private entities likely to incite violence, hatred or
hostility against each other.”
144. The Respondent alleges that the Applicant breached this provi ‑
sion based on its failure to take effective measures to prohibit hostikle
activities by State‑controlled agencies, citing, for example, allegationks
relating to the content of school textbooks. In that respect, the Responk ‑
dent refers to history textbooks used in the Applicant’s schools that
depict a historic “greater macedonia” and that present certain historical
figures as the ancestors of the Applicant’s current population. Acckording
to the Respondent, these and other examples demonstrate that the
Applicant has taken no measures to prohibit hostile activities directed k
against the Respondent and has actively engaged in such propaganda.
145. The Respondent also alleges that the Applicant breached a
second obligation set forth in Article 7, paragraph 1: the obligation to dis‑
courage acts by private entities likely to incite violence, hatred or hokstility
47
5 CIJ1026.indb 90 20/06/13 08:42 688 application of interkim accord (judgment)
against the Respondent. In particular, the Respondent cites an incident k
on 29 march 2008 (in the days prior to the Bucharest Summit) in which
several outdoor billboards in Skopje depicted an altered image of the
Respondent’s flag. In addition, the Respondent alleges a consistent fakil ‑
ure by the Applicant to protect the premises and personnel of the Respon‑k
dent’s Liaison Office in Skopje.
146. For its part, the Applicant asserts that the school textbooks reflect
differences concerning the history of the region. It further claims thkat the
billboards in Skopje in march 2008 were erected by private individuals
and that it acted promptly to have them removed. The Applicant denies
the allegations regarding the Respondent’s diplomatic staff and prekmises
and refers the Court to documents relating to its efforts to provide akde ‑
quate protection to those diplomatic staff and premises and to investigate
the incidents alleged by the Respondent.
147. Based on its review of the parties’ arguments and the extensive
documentation submitted in relation to these allegations, the Court fiknds
that the evidence cannot sustain a finding that the Applicant committekd a
breach of Article 7, paragraph 1, prior to the Bucharest Summit. The
textbook content described above does not provide a basis to conclude
that the Applicant has failed to prohibit “hostile activities or propka ‑
ganda”. Furthermore, the Respondent has not demonstrated convinc ‑
ingly that the Applicant failed “to discourage” acts by private enktities
likely to incite violence, hatred or hostility towards the Respondent. Tkhe
Applicant’s assertion that it took prompt action in response to the march
2008 billboards was not challenged by the Respondent, and the evidence
shows that, at a minimum, the Applicant issued a statement seeking to
distance itself from the billboards. The Court notes the obligation to pkro ‑
tect the premises of the diplomatic mission and to protect any disturbankce
of the peace or impairment of its dignity contained in Article 22 of the
Vienna Convention on diplomatic Relations, and observes that any inci ‑
dent in which there is damage to diplomatic property is to be regretted.k
Nonetheless, such incidents do not ipso facto demonstrate a breach by the
Applicant of its obligation under Article 7, paragraph 1, “to discourage”
certain acts by private entities. moreover, the Applicant introduced evi ‑
dence demonstrating its efforts to provide adequate protection to the k
Respondent’s diplomatic staff and premises.
E. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 2
148. Article 7, paragraph 2, provides:
“Upon entry into force of this Interim Accord, the party of the
Second part shall cease to use in any way the symbol in all its forms
displayed on its national flag prior to such entry into force.”
48
5 CIJ1026.indb 92 20/06/13 08:42 689 application of interkim accord (judgment)
149. The Respondent asserts that the Applicant has used the symbol
described in Article 7, paragraph 2, in various ways since the Interim
Accord entered into force, thus violating this provision.
150. The Respondent does not dispute that the Applicant has changed
its flag, as required. The Respondent’s allegations relate to the use kof the
symbol in other contexts, including an alleged use by a regiment of the k
Applicant’s army depicted in a publication of the Applicant’s ministry of
defence in 2004. The record indicates that the Respondent raised its con ‑
cerns to the Applicant about that use of the symbol at that time and thek
Applicant does not refute the claim that the regiment did use the symbolk.
151. The Applicant asserts that the regiment in question was disbanded
in 2004 (an assertion left unchallenged by the Respondent), and there kis
no allegation by the Respondent that the symbol continued to be used in k
that way after 2004.
152. The Respondent also introduces evidence with respect to fewer
than ten additional instances in which the symbol has been used in the
territory of the Applicant in various ways, mainly in connection with
either publications or public displays.
153. The Court observes that these allegations relate either to the
activities of private persons or were not communicated to the Applicant k
until after the Bucharest Summit. Nevertheless, as previously noted, thek
record does support the conclusion that there was at least one instance kin
which the Applicant’s army used the symbol prohibited by Article 7,
paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord.
F. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 3
154. Article 7, paragraph 3, provides:
“If either party believes one or more symbols constituting part of
its historic or cultural patrimony is being used by the other party, it
shall bring such alleged use to the attention of the other party, and
the other party shall take appropriate corrective action or indicate
why it does not consider it necessary to do so.”
155. The Respondent asserts that Article 7, paragraph 3, means that
each party should abstain from using the symbols referred to therein
because such conduct could undermine the objectives of the Interim
Accord. The Respondent further asserts that the Applicant has violated
this provision in a variety of ways, including by issuing stamps, erectikng
statues and renaming the airport of the capital.
156. The Court notes that in contrast to Article 7, paragraph 2, the
text of Article 7, paragraph 3, does not expressly prohibit the Applicant
from using the symbols that it describes. Rather, it establishes a procek ‑
dure for situations in which one party believes the other party to be using
its historical or cultural symbols.
49
5 CIJ1026.indb 94 20/06/13 08:42 690 application of interkim accord (judgment)
157. Because Article 7, paragraph 3, does not contain any prohibition
on the use of particular symbols, the renaming of an airport could not
itself constitute a breach. The threshold question is thus whether the
Respondent brought its concern “to the attention” of the Applicantk prior
to the Bucharest Summit. The Respondent introduced evidence showing
that in december 2006, the Respondent’s Foreign minister described the
Applicant’s conduct as “not consistent with the obligations concerkning
good neighbourly relations that emanate from the Interim Agreement”
and as not serving “Skopje’s Euro‑Atlantic aspirations”, withoukt, how ‑
ever, referring expressly to the renaming of the airport. during a parlia‑
mentary meeting in February 2007, the Respondent’s Foreign minister
expressly characterized the Applicant’s renaming of the airport as a k
breach of the Interim Accord. There is no evidence of communication to
the Applicant on this matter.
158. Although it does not appear that the Respondent brought its con‑
cern to the attention of the Applicant in a manner contemplated by Arti ‑
cle 7, paragraph 3, the Applicant was aware of the Respondent’s concern,
and the Applicant’s Foreign minister explained the rationale behind the
renaming of the airport in a January 2007 interview to a greek newspaper.
159. On the basis of this record, the Court concludes that the Respon ‑
dent has not discharged its burden to demonstrate a breach of Article 7,
paragraph 3, by the Applicant.
*
160. In light of this analysis of the Respondent’s allegations that the
Applicant breached several of its obligations under the Interim Accord, k
the Court concludes that the Respondent has established only one such
breach. Namely, the Respondent has demonstrated that the Applicant
used the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Interim
Accord in 2004. After the Respondent raised the matter with the Appli ‑
cant in 2004, the use of the symbol was discontinued during that same
year. With these conclusions in mind, the Court will next state its fikndings
regarding each of the three justifications advanced by the Respondent.k
3. Conclusions concerning the Respondent’s Additional Justifications
A. Conclusion concerning the exceptio non adimpleti contractus
161. Having reviewed the Respondent’s allegations of breaches by the
Applicant, the Court returns to the Respondent’s contention that the k
exceptio, as it is defined by the Respondent, precludes the Court from
finding that the Respondent breached its obligation under Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord. The Court recalls that in all but one
instance (the use of the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2 (see
50
5 CIJ1026.indb 96 20/06/13 08:42 691 application of interkim accord (judgment)
paragraph 153)), the Respondent failed to establish any breach of the
Interim Accord by the Applicant. In addition, the Respondent has failed k
to show a connection between the Applicant’s use of the symbol in 200k4
and the Respondent’s objection in 2008 — that is, evidence that when the
Respondent raised its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO, it
did so in response to the apparent violation of Article 7, paragraph 2, or,
more broadly, on the basis of any belief that the exceptio precluded the
wrongfulness of its objection. The Respondent has thus failed to establiksh
that the conditions which it has itself asserted would be necessary for kthe
application of the exceptio have been satisfied in this case. It is, therefore,
unnecessary for the Court to determine whether that doctrine forms part k
of contemporary international law.
B. Conclusion concerning a response to material breach
162. As described above (see paragraph 118), the Respondent also sug‑
gested that its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO could k
have been regarded as a response, within Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna
Convention, to material breaches of the Interim Accord allegedly com ‑
mitted by the Applicant. Article 60, paragraph 3 (b), of the 1969 Vienna
Convention provides that a material breach consists in “the violationk of a
provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of thke
treaty”.
163. The Court recalls its analysis of the Respondent’s allegations of
breach at paragraphs 124 to 159 above and its conclusion that the only
breach which has been established is the display of a symbol in breach okf
Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord, a situation which ended in
2004. The Court considers that this incident cannot be regarded as a
material breach within the meaning of Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Con ‑
vention. moreover, the Court considers that the Respondent has failed to
establish that the action which it took in 2008 in connection with the
Applicant’s application to NATO was a response to the breach of Arti ‑
cle 7, paragraph 2, approximately four years earlier. Accordingly, the
Court does not accept that the Respondent’s action was capable of falkling
within Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Convention.
C. Conclusion concerning countermeasures
164. As described above (see paragraphs 120 and 121), the Respondent
also argues that its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO ckould
be justified as a proportionate countermeasure in response to breachesk of
the Interim Accord by the Applicant. As the Court has already made cleark,
the only breach which has been established by the Respondent is the Applki ‑
cant’s use in 2004 of the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2, of the
Interim Accord. Having reached that conclusion and in the light of its akna‑
lysis at paragraphs 72 to 83 concerning the reasons given by the Respondent
51
5 CIJ1026.indb 98 20/06/13 08:42 692 application of interkim accord (judgment)
for its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO, the Court is knot
persuaded that the Respondent’s objection to the Applicant’s admisksion
was taken for the purpose of achieving the cessation of the Applicant’s use
of the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2. As the Court noted
above, the use of the symbol that supports the finding of a breach of kArti‑
cle 7, paragraph 2, by the Applicant had ceased as of 2004. Thus, the Court
rejects the Respondent’s claim that its objection could be justifiekd as a
countermeasure precluding the wrongfulness of the Respondent’s objectkion
to the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Accordingly, there is no reasonk for
the Court to consider any of the additional arguments advanced by the
parties with respect to the law governing countermeasures.
165. For the foregoing reasons, the additional justifications submitted
by the Respondent fail.
*
* *
166. Lastly, the Court emphasizes that the 1995 Interim Accord places
the parties under a duty to negotiate in good faith under the auspices of
the Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to the pertinent
Security Council resolutions with a view to reaching agreement on the
difference described in those resolutions.
*
* *
V. Remedies
167. The Court recalls that, in its final submissions pertaining to the
merits of the present case, the Applicant seeks two remedies which it
regarded as constituting appropriate redress for claimed violations of tkhe
Interim Accord by the Respondent. First, the Applicant seeks relief in tkhe
form of a declaration of the Court that the Respondent has acted ille ‑
gally, and secondly, it requests relief in the form of an order of the Ckourt
that the Respondent henceforth refrain from any action that violates its
obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
168. As elaborated above, the Court has found a violation by the
Respondent of its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord. As to possible remedies for such a violation, the Court finds kthat
a declaration that the Respondent violated its obligation not to object kto
the Applicant’s admission to or membership in NATO is warranted.
moreover, the Court does not consider it necessary to order the Respon ‑
dent, as the Applicant requests, to refrain from any future conduct
that violates its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord. As the Court previously explained, “[a]s a general rule, therke is
no reason to suppose that a State whose act or conduct has been declared
52
5 CIJ1026.indb 100 20/06/13 08:42 693 application of interkim accord (judgment)
wrongful by the Court will repeat that act or conduct in the future, sinkce
its good faith must be presumed” (Navigational and Related Rights (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 267, para. 150).
169. The Court accordingly determines that its finding that the Respon‑
dent has violated its obligation to the Applicant under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord, constitutes appropriate satisfaction.
* * *
170. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) By fourteen votes to two,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by the
former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia on 17 November 2008 and that
this Application is admissible ;
in favour : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Can ‑
çado Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Vukas ;
against : Judge Xue ;Judge ad hoc Roucounas ;
(2) By fifteen votes to one,
Finds that the Hellenic Republic, by objecting to the admission of the
former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia to NATO, has breached its
obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord of 13 Sep‑
tember 1995 ;
in favour : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Can ‑
çado Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, Xue, donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Vukas ;
against : Judge ad hoc Roucounas ;
(3) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects all other submissions made by the former Yugoslav Republic of
macedonia.
in favour :President Owada ;Vice‑President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trin ‑
dade, Yusuf, greenwood, Xue, donoghue; Judge ad hoc Roucounas ;
against : Judge ad hoc Vukas.
done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this fifth day of december, two thousand
53
5 CIJ1026.indb 102 20/06/13 08:42 694 application of interkim accord (judgment)
and eleven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivesk of
the Court and the others transmitted to the government of the former
Yugoslav Republic of macedonia and the government of the Hellenic
Republic, respectively.
(Signed) Hisashi Owada,
president.
(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Judge Simma appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge Bennouna appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judge Xue appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judge ad hoc Roucounas appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment
of the Court; Judge ad hoc Vukas appends a declaration to the Judgment
of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) ph.C.
54
5 CIJ1026.indb 104 20/06/13 08:42
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REpORTS OF JUdgmENTS,
AdVISORY OpINIONS ANd ORdERS
AppLICATION OF THE INTERIm ACCORd
OF 13 SEpTEmBER 1995
(THE FORmER YUgOSLAV REpUBLIC OF mACEdONIA
v. gREECE)
JUDGMENT OF 5 DECEMBER 2011
2011
COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE
RECUEIL dES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORdONNANCES
AppLICATION dE L’ACCORd INTÉRImAIRE
dU 13 SEpTEmBRE 1995
(EX‑RÉpUBLIQUE YOUgOSLAVE dE mACÉdOINE
c. gRÈCE)
ARRÊT DU 5 DÉCEMBRE 2011
5 CIJ1026.indb 1 20/06/13 08:41 Official citation :
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995
(the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece),
Judgment of 5 December 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 644
mode officiel de citation :
Application de l’accord intérimaire du 13 septembre 1995
(ex‑République yougoslave de Macédoine c. Grèce),
arrêt du 5 décembre 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 644
Sales number
ISSN 0074‑4441 No de vente: 1026
ISBN 978‑92‑1‑071137‑1
5 CIJ1026.indb 2 20/06/13 08:41 5 dECEmBER 2011
JUdgmENT
AppLICATION OF THE INTERIm ACCORd
OF 13 SEpTEmBER 1995
(THE FORmER YUgOSLAV REpUBLIC OF mACEdONIA
v. gREECE)
AppLICATION dE L’ACCORd INTÉRImAIRE
dU 13 SEpTEmBRE 1995
(EX‑RÉpUBLIQUE YOUgOSLAVE dE mACÉdOINE
c. gRÈCE)
5 dÉCEmBRE 2011
ARRÊT
5 CIJ1026.indb 3 20/06/13 08:41 644
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2011
2011
5 december
general List
No. 142 5 December 2011
AppLICATION OF THE INTERIm ACCORd
OF 13 SEpTEmBER 1995
(THE FORmER YUgOSLAV REpUBLIC OF mACEdONIA
v. gREECE)
Historical context and origin of the dispute.
Break‑up of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia —Application for member‑
ship in United Nations submitted by Applicant on 30 July 1992 — Opposition
of Respondent to Applicant’s admission — Security Council resolution 817
(1993) — Applicant admitted to membership in United Nations under provisional
designation of “the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia” — Interim Accord
of 13 September 1995 — Applicant’s NATO candidacy considered at Bucharest
Summit on 2 and 3 April 2008 — Applicant not invited to begin talks on accession
to NATO.
*
Jurisdiction of the Court and admissibility of Application.
Scope of dispute — Article 21, paragraph 2, of Interim Accord, as a basis for
the Court’s jurisdiction.
Respondent’s first objection to jurisdiction — Contention that dispute is
excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 21, paragraph 2 — Article 21,
paragraph 2, excludes disputes regarding the difference over the definitive name —
Disputes regarding Respondent’s obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, within
the Court’s jurisdiction — Objection cannot be upheld.
Respondent’s second objection to jurisdiction — Contention that dispute relates
to conduct attributable to NATO and its member States — Applicant seeks to
challenge Respondent’s conduct and not NATO’s decision — No need to determine
responsibility of NATO or of its member States — monetary gold principle not
relevant — Objection cannot be upheld.
4
5 CIJ1026.indb 4 20/06/13 08:41 644
COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2011 2011
5 décembre
Rôle général
5 décembre 2011 n 142
AppLICATION dE L’ACCORd INTÉRImAIRE
dU 13 SEpTEmBRE 1995
(EX‑RÉpUBLIQUE YOUgOSLAVE dE mACÉdOINE
c. gRÈCE)
Contexte historique et origine du différend.
Dissolution de la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslav▯ie — Demande
d’admission à l’Organisation des Nations Unies présentée par le demandeur le
30 juillet 1992 — Opposition du défendeur à l’admission du demandeur — Résolu ‑
tion 817 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité — Admission du demandeur à l’Organisa ‑
tion des Nations Unies sous l’appellation provisoire d’« ex‑République yougoslave
de macédoine » — Accord intérimaire du 13 septembre 1995 — Candidature du
demandeur à l’OTAN ayant été examinée au sommet de Bucare▯st les 2 et
3 avril 2008 — Demandeur n’ayant pas été invité à entamer des discussion▯s en
vue d’adhérer à l’OTAN.
*
Compétence de la Cour et recevabilité de la requête.
Portée du différend — Paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire
comme base de compétence de la Cour.
Première exception d’incompétence soulevée par le défendeur — Argument
selon lequel le différend est exclu de la compétence de la Cour par le paragraphe 2
de l’article 21 — Paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 excluant les différends relatifs à la
divergence au sujet du nom définitif — Différends relatifs à l’obligation qu’impose
au défendeur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 entrant dans le champ de la c‑mpé
tence de la Cour — Exception ne pouvant être retenue.
Seconde exception d’incompétence soulevée par le défendeur — Argument selon
lequel le différend a trait à un comportement imputable à l’▯OTAN et à ses Etats
membres — Demandeur entendant tirer grief du comportement du défendeur et
non de la décision de l’OTAN — Nul besoin de déterminer la responsabilité de
l’OTAN ou de ses Etats membres — Principe de l’Or monétaire dépourvu de per ‑
tinence — Exception ne pouvant être retenue.
4
5 CIJ1026.indb 5 20/06/13 08:41 645 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Respondent’s first objection to admissibility of Application — Contention that
Judgment would be incapable of effective application — Applicant’s claims relate
to Respondent’s conduct — Judgment capable of being applied effectively by the
Parties — Objection cannot be upheld.
Respondent’s second objection to admissibility of Application — Contention
that the Court’s Judgment would interfere with ongoing diplomatic negotiations —
Settlement of disputes by the Court not incompatible with diplomatic negotia ‑
tions — Objection cannot be upheld.
The Court has jurisdiction — Application is admissible.
*
Merits of the case.
Contention by Applicant that Respondent failed to comply with the obligation
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
Meaning of first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1 — Parties did not intend to
exclude NATO from scope of that provision — Whether Respondent “objected” to
Applicant’s admission to NATO — Resolution of difference over the name was the
“decisive criterion” for Respondent to accept Applicant’s admission to NATO —
Respondent objected to Applicant’s admission to NATO.
Effect of second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1 — Ordinary meaning of
terms employed — Meaning of phrase “to the extent” — Meaning of phrase “to
be referred to . . . differently than in paragraph 2 of Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993)” — Interim Accord did not require Applicant to use provisional
designation in its dealings with Respondent — No constraint on Applicant’s prac ‑
tice of calling itself by its constitutional name — Interpretation supported by
object and purpose of Interim Accord — Subsequent practice of the Parties in
implementing Interim Accord — No objection allowed on basis that Applicant is to
refer to itself in an organization with its constitutional name — No need to address
travaux préparatoires or additional evidence regarding use of Applicant’s constitu‑
tional name — Respondent not entitled under second clause of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, to object to Applicant’s admission to NATO.
Contention of Respondent that any objection to Applicant’s membership▯ of
NATO would be justified under Article 22 of Interim Accord — Respondent’s
interpretation of Article 22 — No requirement under the North Atlantic Treaty
compelling the Respondent to object to admission of Applicant to NATO —
Respondent’s attempt to rely on Article 22 unsuccessful.
Respondent failed to comply with its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1.
*
Additional justifications invoked by Respondent.
Exceptio non adimpleti contractus — Response to a material breach of a
treaty — Countermeasures — Certain minimum conditions common to all three
arguments.
Respondent’s allegations that Applicant failed to comply with its obl▯igations
under Interim Accord — No breach by Applicant of second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1 — Alleged breach by Applicant of Article 5, paragraph 1 — Obli‑
5
5 CIJ1026.indb 6 20/06/13 08:41 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 645
Première exception du défendeur à la recevabilité de la requ▯ête — Argument
selon lequel l’arrêt ne serait pas susceptible d’application ef▯fective — Prétentions
du demandeur ayant trait au comportement du défendeur — Arrêt susceptible
d’application effective par les Parties — Exception ne pouvant être retenue.
Seconde exception du défendeur à la recevabilité de la requê▯te — Argument
selon lequel l’arrêt de la Cour interférerait avec les négociations diplomatiques en
cours — Règlement des différends par la Cour n’étant pas incompatibl▯e avec des
négociations diplomatiques — Exception ne pouvant être retenue.
Cour se déclarant compétente — Requête jugée recevable.
*
Fond.
Argument du demandeur selon lequel le défendeur ne s’est pas confo▯rmé à l’obli ‑
gation que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire.
Sens de la première clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 — Parties n’ayant
pas eu l’intention d’exclure l’OTAN du champ d’application d▯e cette dispo‑
sition — Question de savoir si le défendeur « s’est opposé » à l’admission du
demandeur à l’OTAN — Règlement de la divergence au sujet du nom ayant été le
« critère décisif » pour que le défendeur accepte l’admission du demandeur à
l’OTAN — Défendeur s’étant opposé à l’admission du demandeur à▯ l’OTAN.
Effet de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 — Sens ordinaire des
termes employés — Sens de l’expression «dans la mesure où » — Sens de la for ‑
mule «doit être doté[] … d’une appellation différente [de] celle prévue au para ‑
graphe 2 de la résolution 81t (1993) du Conseil de sécurité» — Accord intérimaire
n’imposant pas au demandeur d’utiliser l’appellation provisoire▯ dans ses relations
avec le défendeur — Rien ne s’opposant à la pratique du demandeur consistant à se
désigner lui‑même par son nom constitutionnel — Interprétation étayée par l’objet
et le but de l’accord intérimaire — Pratique ultérieure des Parties en ce qui concerne
l’exécution de l’accord intérimaire — Perspective que le demandeur se désigne
lui‑même dans une organisation par son nom constitutionnel n’autori▯ sant pas à s’op‑
poser à son admission — Nul besoin d’examiner les travaux préparatoires ou
d’autres éléments de preuve concernant l’utilisation par le demandeur de son nom
constitutionnel — Seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 n’autorisant pas le
défendeur à élever des objections à l’admission du demande ▯ ur à l’OTAN.
Argument du défendeur selon lequel toute objection à l’admission▯ du demandeur à
l’OTAN serait justifiée aux termes de l’article 22 de l’accord intérimaire — Inter‑
prétation de l’article 22 donnée par le défendeur — Aucune disposition du traité de
l’Atlantique Nord n’obligeant le défendeur à s’opposer à▯ l’admission du demandeur à
l’OTAN — Tentative du défendeur de se fonder sur l’article 22 ne pouvant aboutir.
Non‑respect par le défendeur de l’obligation que lui impose le par▯agraphe 1 de
l’article 11.
*
Justifications additionnelles invoquées par le défendeur.
Exceptio non adimpleti contractus — Réponse à une violation substantielle
d’un traité — Contre‑mesures — Certaines conditions minimales communes à ces
trois arguments.
Allégations du défendeur selon lesquelles le demandeur ne s’est▯ pas conformé
aux obligations que lui impose l’accord intérimaire — Demandeur n’ayant pas
contrevenu à la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 — Violation du
5
5 CIJ1026.indb 7 20/06/13 08:41 646 application of interkim accord (judgment)
gation to negotiate in good faith — Respondent has not met its burden of
demonstrating that Applicant breached its obligation under Article 5, paragraph 1
— No breach by Applicant of Article6, paragraph 2, prohibiting interference in Res‑
pondent’s internal affairs — No breach by Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 1,
requiring Applicant to take effective measures to prohibit hostile activ▯ities or pro ‑
paganda by State‑controlled agencies — Alleged breach by Applicant of Article 7,
paragraph 2 — One instance in 2004 in which Applicant displayed a symbol pro ‑
hibited by Article 7, paragraph 2 — No breach by Applicant of Article 7, para ‑
graph 3, regarding procedure to be followed in cases where symbols constituting
part of one Party’s historic or cultural patrimony are being used by ▯other Party.
Conclusions concerning additional justifications invoked by Respondent — Con‑
ditions asserted by Respondent as necessary for application of the exceptio not
satisfied — Unnecessary for the Court to determine whether that doctrine forms
part of contemporary international law — Response to material breach — Display
of symbol in 2004 cannot be regarded as material breach within meaning o▯f Arti ‑
cle 60 of 1969 Vienna Convention — Failure of Respondent to show that its con ‑
duct in 2008 was a response to 2004 breach — Countermeasures — Breach of
Article 7, paragraph 2, by Applicant had ceased as of 2004 — Respondent’s objec ‑
tion cannot be justified as a countermeasure — Additional justifications submitted
by Respondent fail.
*
Interim Accord places Parties under a duty to negotiate in good faith wi▯th a
view to resolving difference over name.
*
Remedies.
Declaration that Respondent has violated its obligation to Applicant und▯er Arti‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, of Interim Accord, constitutes appropriate satisfaction — Not
necessary to order Respondent to refrain from any future conduct that vi▯olates its
obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1.
JUdgmENT
Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlvedak‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikokv, Cançado
Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, Xue, donoghue ; Judges ad hoc
Roucounas,Vukas ;Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning application of the Interim Accord of 13 September
1995,
6
5 CIJ1026.indb 8 20/06/13 08:41 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 646
paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 qu’aurait commise le demandeur — Obligation de négo‑
cier de bonne foi — Défendeur n’ayant pas, comme il en avait la charge, démontré▯
que le demandeur avait manqué à l’obligation que lui impose le ▯paragraphe 1 de
l’article 5 — Demandeur n’ayant pas contrevenu au paragraphe 2 de l’article 6
interdisant l’intervention dans les affaires intérieures du déf▯endeur —Demandeur
n’ayant pas contrevenu au paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 qui lui impose de prendre des
mesures efficaces aux fins d’interdire des actes d’hostilité ou▯ de propagande par
des organismes d’Etat — Violation du paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 qu’aurait com ‑
mise le demandeur — Seul cas, en 2004, dans lequel le demandeur a utilisé un
symbole visé par l’interdiction figurant au paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 — Deman ‑
deur n’ayant pas contrevenu au paragraphe 3 de l’article 7, qui a trait à la procé ‑
dure devant être suivie dans les cas où des symboles faisant partie du patrimoine
historique ou culturel de l’une des Parties sont utilisés par l’▯autre Partie.
Conclusions concernant les justifications additionnelles invoquées pa▯r le défen ‑
deur — Conditions qui, selon le défendeur, sont requises pour que l’exceptio s’ap‑
plique n’ayant pas été remplies — Cour n’ayant pas besoin de déterminer si cette
théorie fait partie du droit international contemporain — Réponse à une violation
substantielle — Utilisation du symbole en 2004 ne pouvant être considérée comme
une violation substantielle au sens de l’article 60 de la convention de Vienne
de 1969 — Défendeur n’ayant pas démontré que son comportement de 2008 était
une réponse à la violation de 2004 — Contre‑mesures — Violation par le deman ‑
deur du paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 ayant pris fin en 2004 — Objection du défen ‑
deur ne pouvant se justifier comme une contre‑mesure — Justifications addition ‑
nelles invoquées par le défendeur ne pouvant être retenues.
*
Accord intérimaire mettant les Parties dans l’obligation de nég▯ocier de bonne foi
en vue de parvenir à un accord sur la divergence relative au nom.
*
Réparation.
Déclaration à l’effet que le défendeur a manqué à l▯ bligation que lui impose
envers le demandeur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire consti‑
tuant une satisfaction appropriée —Inutilité d’ordonner au défendeur de s’abstenir à
l’avenir de toute action contraire à l’obligation que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11.
ARRÊT
Présents : m. Owada, président ; m. Tomka, vice‑président ; mm. Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúklveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skoktnikov,
Cançado Trindade, Yusufk, greenwood, m mes Xue, donoghue,
juges ;mm. Roucounas, Vukas, juges ad hoc; m. Couvreur, greffier.
En l’affaire relative à l’application de l’accord intérkimaire du 13 sep ‑
tembre 1995,
6
5 CIJ1026.indb 9 20/06/13 08:41 647 application of interkim accord (judgment)
between
the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
represented by
H.E. mr. Nikola poposki, minister for Foreign Affairs of the former Yugo ‑
slav Republic of macedonia,
H.E. mr. Antonio miloshoski, Chairman of the Foreign policy Committee of
the Assembly of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
as Agents ;
H.E. mr. Nikola dimitrov, Ambassador of the former Yugoslav Republic of
macedonia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Co‑Agent ;
mr. philippe Sands, Q.C., professor of Law, University College London,
Barrister, matrix Chambers, London,
mr. Sean d. murphy, patricia Roberts Harris Research professor of Law,
george Washington University,
ms geneviève Bastid‑Burdeau, professor of Law, University of paris I, pan ‑
théon‑Sorbonne,
mr. pierre Klein, professor of International Law, director of the Centre of
International Law, Université Libre de Bruxelles,
ms Blinne Ní ghrálaigh, Barrister, matrix Chambers, London,
as Counsel ;
mr. Saso georgievski, professor of Law, University Saints Cyril and methodius,
Skopje,
mr. Toni deskoski, professor of Law, University Saints Cyril and methodius,
Skopje,
mr. Igor djundev, Ambassador, State Counsellor, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
mr. goran Stevcevski, State Counsellor, International Law directorate,
ministry of Foreign Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedo ‑
nia,
ms Elizabeta gjorgjieva, minister plenipotentiary, deputy‑Head of mission
of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia to the European Union,
ms Aleksandra miovska, Head of Co‑ordination Sector, Cabinet minister
for Foreign Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
as Advisers ;
mr. mile prangoski, Research Assistant, Cabinet of minister for Foreign
Affairs of the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
mr. Remi Reichold, Research Assistant, matrix Chambers, London,
as Assistants ;
ms Elena Bodeva, Third Secretary, Embassy of the former Yugoslav Repub ‑
lic of macedonia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Liaison Officer with the International Court of Justice ;
mr. Ilija Kasaposki, Security Officer of the Foreign minister of the former
Yugoslav Republic of macedonia,
7
5 CIJ1026.indb 10 20/06/13 08:41 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 647
entre
l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine,
représentée par
S. Exc. m. Nikola poposki, ministre des affaires étrangères de l’ex‑République
yougoslave de macédoine,
S. Exc. m. Antonio miloshoski, président de la commission de politique étran
gère de l’Assemblée de l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine,
comme agents ;
S. Exc. m. Nikola dimitrov, ambassadeur de l’ex‑République yougoslave de
macédoine auprès du Royaume des pays‑Bas,
comme coagent ;
m. philippe Sands, Q.C., professeur de droit à l’University College de
Londres, avocat, matrix Chambers (Londres),
m. Sean d. murphy, professeur de droit à la george Washington University,
titulaire de la chaire de recherche patricia Roberts Harris,
me
m geneviève Bastid‑Burdeau, professeur de droit à l’Université panthéon‑
Sorbonne (paris I),
m. pierre Klein, professeur de droit international, directeur du centre de droit
international de l’Université libre de Bruxelles,
me
m Blinne Ní ghrálaigh, avocat, matrix Chambers (Londres),
comme conseils ;
m. Saso georgievski, professeur de droit à l’Université Saints‑Cyrille‑ekt‑
méthode de Skopje,
m. Toni deskoski, professeur de droit à l’Université Saints‑Cyrille‑et‑
méthode de Skopje,
m. Igor djundev, ambassadeur, conseiller d’Etat au ministère des affairesk
étrangères de l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine,
m. goran Stevcevski, conseiller d’Etat au ministère des affaires étrankgères de
l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine, direction du droit internatio
nal,
m me Elizabeta gjorgjieva, ministre plénipotentiaire, chef adjoint de la‑mis
sion de l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine auprès de l’Union euro ‑
péenne,
me
m Aleksandra miovska, chef du département de la coordination au cabinet
du ministre des affaires étrangères de l’ex‑République youkgoslave de macé
doine,
comme conseillers ;
m. mile prangoski, assistant de recherche au cabinet du ministre des affaires
étrangères de l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine,
m. Remi Reichold, assistant de recherche, matrix Chambers (Londres),
comme assistants ;
m me Elena Bodeva, troisième secrétaire à l’ambassade de l’ex‑Répkublique
yougoslave de macédoine au Royaume des pays‑Bas,
comme attachée de liaison auprès de la Cour internationale de Justkice;
m. Ilija Kasaposki, agent chargé de la sécurité du ministre des affairkes étran
gères de l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine,
7
5 CIJ1026.indb 11 20/06/13 08:41 648 application of interkim accord (judgment)
and
the Hellenic Republic,
represented by
H.E. mr. georges Savvaides, Ambassador of greece,
ms maria Telalian, Legal Adviser, Head of the public International Law
Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs of greece,
as Agents ;
mr. georges Abi‑Saab, Honorary professor of International Law, graduate
Institute of International Studies, geneva, member of the Institut de droit
international,
mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell professor of International Law,
University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,
mr. Alain pellet, professor of International Law, University of paris Ouest,
Nanterre‑La défense, member and former Chairman of the International
Law Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,k
mr. michael Reisman, myres S. mcdougal professor of International Law,
Yale Law School, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Senior Counsel and Advocates ;
mr. Arghyrios Fatouros, Honorary professor of International Law, Univer ‑
sity of Athens, member of the Institut de droit international,
mr. Linos‑Alexandre Sicilianos, professor of International Law, University
of Athens,
mr. Evangelos Kofos, former minister‑Counsellor, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of greece, specialist on Balkan affairs,
as Counsel ;
mr. Tom grant, Research Fellow, Lauterpacht Centre for International
Law, University of Cambridge,
mr. Alexandros Kolliopoulos, Assistant Legal Adviser, public International
Law Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs of
greece,
mr. michael Stellakatos‑Loverdos, Assistant Legal Adviser, public Inter‑
national Law Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs
of greece,
ms Alina miron, Researcher, Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEdIN), University of paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La défense,
as Advisers ;
H.E. mr. Ioannis Economides, Ambassador of greece to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
ms Alexandra papadopoulou, minister plenipotentiary, Head of the greek
Liaison Office in Skopje,
mr. Efstathios paizis paradellis, First Counsellor, Embassy of greece in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
mr. Elias Kastanas, Assistant Legal Adviser, public International Law
Section of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign Affairs of greece,
8
5 CIJ1026.indb 12 20/06/13 08:41 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 648
et
la République hellénique,
représentée par
S. Exc. m. georges Savvaides, ambassadeur de grèce,
m me maria Telalian, conseiller juridique, chef de la section de droit interna ‑
tional public du département juridique du ministère des affairesk étrangères
de grèce,
comme agents ;
m. georges Abi‑Saab, professeur honoraire de droit international à l’Institutk
universitaire des hautes études internationales de genève, membre de l’Ins‑
titut de droit international,
m. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., professeur de droit international à l’kUni ‑
versité de Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, membre de l’kInstitut
de droit international,
m. Alain pellet, professeur de droit international à l’Université de paris Ouest,
Nanterre‑La défense, membre et ancien président de la Commission du
droit international, membre associé de l’Institut de droit internaktional,
m. michael Reisman, professeur de droit international à l’Universiték Yale,
titulaire de la chaire myres S. mcdougal, membre de l’Institut de droit
international,
comme conseils principaux et avocats ;
m. Arghyrios Fatouros, professeur honoraire de droit international à l’kUni‑
versité nationale d’Athènes, membre de l’Institut de droit iknternational,
m. Linos‑Alexandre Sicilianos, professeur de droit international à l’Univerk ‑
sité nationale d’Athènes,
m. Evangelos Kofos, ancien ministre conseiller du ministère des affairkes étran‑
gères de grèce, spécialiste des Balkans,
comme conseils ;
m. Tom grant, collaborateur scientifique au Lauterpacht Centre for Inter‑
national Law de l’Université de Cambridge,
m. Alexandros Kolliopoulos, conseiller juridique adjoint à la section dek droit
international public du département juridique du ministère des affkaires
étrangères de grèce,
m. michael Stellakatos‑Loverdos, conseiller juridique adjoint à la section de
droit international public du département juridique du ministère des
affaires étrangères de grèce,
me
m Alina miron, chercheur au Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEdIN), Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre‑La défense,
comme conseillers ;
S. Exc. m. Ioannis Economides, ambassadeur de grèce auprès du Royaume
des pays‑Bas,
me
m Alexandra papadopoulou, ministre plénipotentiaire, chef du bureau de
liaison de la grèce à Skopje,
m. Efstathios paizis paradellis, premier conseiller auprès de l’ambassade de
grèce à La Haye,
m. Elias Kastanas, conseiller juridique adjoint à la section de droit inte‑na
tional public du département juridique du ministère des affairesk étrangères
de grèce,
8
5 CIJ1026.indb 13 20/06/13 08:41 649 application of interkim accord (judgment)
mr. Konstantinos Kodellas, Embassy Secretary,
as diplomatic Advisers ;
mr. Ioannis Korovilas, Embassy attaché,
mr. Kosmas Triantafyllidis, Embassy attaché,
as Administrative Staff,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 17 November 2008, the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia
(hereinafter the “Applicant”) filed in the Registry of the Coukrt an Application
instituting proceedings against the Hellenic Republic (hereinafter the k“Respon ‑
dent”) in respect of a dispute concerning the interpretation and impklementation
of the Interim Accord signed by the parties on 13 September 1995, which entered
into force on 13 October 1995 (hereinafter the “Interim Accord”). In particular,
the Applicant sought
“to establish the violation by the Respondent of its legal obligationks under
Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and to ensure that the
Respondent abides by its obligations under Article 11 of the Interim Accord
in relation to invitations or applications that might be made to or by tkhe
Applicant for membership of NATO or any other international, multilaterakl
or regional organization or institution of which the Respondent is a memk ‑
ber”.
2. In its Application, the Applicant, referring to Article 36, paragraph 1, of
the Statute, relied on Article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord to found
the jurisdiction of the Court.
3. pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
communicated forthwith to the government of the Respondent by the Regis ‑
trar; and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the parties, each party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Arti‑
cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case. The
Applicant chose mr. Budislav Vukas and the Respondent mr. Emmanuel Rou ‑
counas.
5. By an Order dated 20 January 2009, the Court fixed 20 July 2009 and
20 January 2010, respectively, as the time‑limits for the filing of the memorial of
the Applicant and the Counter‑memorial of the Respondent. The memorial of
the Applicant was duly filed within the time‑limit so prescribed.
6. By a letter dated 5 August 2009, the Respondent stated that, in its view,
“the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction to rule on the claims of the Applicant in
this case”, but informed the Court that, rather than raising preliminkary objec ‑
tions under Article 79 of the Rules of the Court, it would be addressing “issues
of jurisdiction together with those on the merits”. The Registrar immkediately
communicated a copy of that letter to the Applicant.
9
5 CIJ1026.indb 14 20/06/13 08:41 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 649
m. Konstantinos Kodellas, secrétaire d’ambassade,
comme conseillers diplomatiques ;
m. Ioannis Korovilas, attaché d’ambassade,
m. Kosmas Triantafyllidis, attaché d’ambassade,
comme personnel administratif,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 17 novembre 2008, l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine (ci‑après
dénommée le « demandeur») a déposé au greffe de la Cour une requête intro ‑
ductive d’instance contre la République hellénique (ci‑aprèks dénommée le
«défendeur») au sujet d’un différend concernant l’interprétationk et l’exécution
de l’accord intérimaire signé par les parties le 13 septembre 1995 et entré en
vigueur le 13 octobre 1995 (ci‑après l’« accord intérimaire »). En particulier, le
demandeur cherche
«à établir que le défendeur a manqué aux obligations qui lui kincombent
aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et à obte ‑
nir que celui‑ci respecte ses obligations découlant de l’article 11 de l’accord
intérimaire dans les cas où le demandeur serait invité à adhérer à l’OTAN
ou à toute autre organisation ou institution internationale, multilatkérale ou
régionale dont est membre le défendeur ou présenterait une demaknde d’ad ‑
mission à l’une d’elles ».
2. dans sa requête, le demandeur, se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36
du Statut, invoque, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour, le paragrapkhe 2 de
l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire.
3. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, la requête a été
immédiatement communiquée au gouvernement du défendeur par le greffier ;
conformément au paragraphe 3 de cet article, tous les Etats admis à ester devant
la Cour ont par ailleurs été informés de la requête.
4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des kparties,
chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le pkaragraphe 3 de l’ar ‑
ticle 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en
l’affaire. Le demandeur a désigné m. Budislav Vukas et le défendeur, m. Emma ‑
nuel Roucounas.
5. par ordonnance en date du 20 janvier 2009, la Cour a fixé au 20 juil ‑
let 2009 et au 20 janvier 2010, respectivement, les dates d’expiration du délai
pour le dépôt du mémoire du demandeur et du contre‑mémoire dku défendeur ;
le mémoire du demandeur a été dûment déposé dans le déklai ainsi prescrit.
6. par lettre datée du 5 août 2009, le défendeur a indiqué avoir « acquis la
conviction que la Cour n’a[vait] manifestement pas compétence pour se pronon ‑
cer sur les demandes de l’Etat requérant dans cette affaire », ajoutant cependant
que, plutôt que de soulever des exceptions préliminaires au titre kde l’article 79
du Règlement de la Cour, il « aborder[ait] les questions de compétence conjoin ‑
tement avec celles relatives au fond ». Le greffier a immédiatement transmis une
copie de cette lettre au demandeur.
9
5 CIJ1026.indb 15 20/06/13 08:41 650 application of interkim accord (judgment)
The Counter‑memorial of the Respondent, which addressed issues relating
to jurisdiction and admissibility as well as to the merits of the case, wask duly
filed within the time‑limit prescribed by the Court in its Order of 20k January
2009.
7. At a meeting held by the president of the Court with the representatives of
the parties on 9 march 2010, the Co‑Agent of the Applicant indicated that his
government wished to be able to respond to the Counter‑memorial of the
Respondent, including the objections to jurisdiction and admissibility ckontained
in it by means of a Reply. At the same meeting, the Agent of the Respondkent
stated that her government had no objection to the granting of this request, in
so far as the Respondent could in turn submit a Rejoinder.
8. By an Order of 12 march 2010, the Court authorized the submission of a
Reply by the Applicant and a Rejoinder by the Respondent, and fixed
9 June 2010 and 27 October 2010 as the respective time‑limits for the filing of
those pleadings. The Reply and the Rejoinder were duly filed within thke
time‑limits so prescribed.
9. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court, after ascertaining the views of the parties, decided that copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public okn
the opening of the oral proceedings.
10. public hearings were held between 21 and 30 march 2011, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For the Applicant : mr. Antonio miloshoski,
mr. philippe Sands,
mr. Sean murphy,
mr. pierre Klein,
ms geneviève Bastid‑Burdeau,
mr. Nikola dimitrov.
For the Respondent : ms maria Telalian,
mr. georges Savvaides,
mr. georges Abi‑Saab,
mr. michael Reisman,
mr. Alain pellet,
mr. James Crawford.
11. At the hearings, a member of the Court put a question to the Respon ‑
dent, to which a reply was given in writing, within the time‑limit fixked by the
president in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
pursuant to Article 72 of the Rules of Court, the Applicant submitted comments
on the written reply provided by the Respondent.
*
12. In the Application, the following requests were made by the Applicant :
“The Applicant requests the Court :
(i) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ;
(ii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
10
5 CIJ1026.indb 16 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 650
Le contre‑mémoire du défendeur, qui traite de questions relatives ktant à la
compétence et à la recevabilité qu’au fond, a été dûment déposé dans le délai
prescrit par la Cour dans son ordonnance du 20 janvier 2009.
7. Au cours d’une réunion que le président de la Cour a tenue le 9k mars 2010
avec les représentants des parties, le coagent du demandeur a indiqué que son
gouvernement désirait pouvoir répondre au contre‑mémoire du dékfendeur, et
notamment aux exceptions d’incompétence et d’irrecevabilité kqu’il contient,
dans une réplique. Lors de la même réunion, l’agent du dékfendeur a déclaré que
son gouvernement n’avait pas d’objection à ce qu’il soit acckédé à cette demande,
pour autant que le défendeur puisse en réponse présenter une dukplique.
8. par ordonnance en date du 12 mars 2010, la Cour a autorisé la présenta ‑
tion d’une réplique par le demandeur et d’une duplique par le défendeur, et fixé
au 9 juin 2010 et au 27 octobre 2010, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des
délais pour le dépôt de ces pièces. La réplique et la dupklique ont été dûment
déposées dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
9. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour,
après s’être renseignée auprès des parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des
pièces de procédure et documents annexés seraient rendus accesskibles au public
à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
10. des audiences publiques ont été tenues du 21 au 30 mars 2011, au cours
desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses :
Pour le demandeur : m. Antonio miloshoski,
m. philippe Sands,
m. Sean murphy,
m. meerre Klein,
m geneviève Bastid‑Burdeau,
m. Nikola dimitrov.
me
Pour le défendeur : m maria Telalian,
m. georges Savvaides,
m. georges Abi‑Saab,
m. michael Reisman,
m. Alain pellet,
m. James Crawford.
11. A l’audience, un membre de la Cour a posé une question au défendeur
qui y a répondu par écrit, dans le délai fixé par le préksident conformément au
paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du Règlement. En application de l’article 72 du
Règlement, le demandeur a présenté des observations sur la rékponse écrite don ‑
née par le défendeur.
*
12. dans la requête, les demandes ci‑après ont été formulées par le deman ‑
deur :
«Le demandeur prie la Cour :
i) de dire et juger que le défendeur, par l’intermédiaire de ses okrganes
d’Etat et de ses agents, a manqué aux obligations que lui impose lke
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire ;
ii) d’ordonner au défendeur de prendre immédiatement toutes les meskures
nécessaires afin que celui‑ci respecte les obligations que lui impokse le
10
5 CIJ1026.indb 17 20/06/13 08:42 651 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international,
multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which thke
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organizations or institutions by the designation prok‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
13. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by k
the parties :
On behalf of the Government of the Applicant,
in the memorial :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal arguments presented in this
memorial, the Applicant
Requests the Court :
(i) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ; and
(ii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international,
multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which thke
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organization or institution by the designation pro ‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
in the Reply :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal arguments presented in this Rkeply,
the Applicant
Requests the Court :
(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to the jurisdiction of the Court
and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims ;
(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ; and
(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international, mul ‑
tilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which the
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organization or institution by the designation pro ‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
11
5 CIJ1026.indb 18 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 651
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et de mettre fin et de
renoncer à toute forme d’opposition, directe ou indirecte, à l’kadmission
du demandeur à l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nordk ou à l’une
quelconque des autres « organisations ou institutions internationales,
multilatérales et régionales » dont le défendeur est membre, lorsque le
demandeur doit être désigné, dans ces organisations ou institutkions, sous
l’appellation prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. »
13. Au cours de la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci‑après ont ékté présen ‑
tées par les parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement du demandeur,
dans le mémoire :
«Sur la base des éléments de preuve et des moyens de droit exposés dans
le présent mémoire, le demandeur
prie la Cour :
i) de dire et juger que le défendeur, par l’intermédiaire de ses okrganes
d’Etat et de ses agents, a manqué aux obligations que lui impose lke
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire ; et
ii) d’ordonner au défendeur de prendre immédiatement toutes les meskures
nécessaires afin que celui‑ci respecte les obligations que lui impokse le
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et de mettre fin et de
renoncer à toute forme d’opposition, directe ou indirecte, à l’kadmission
du demandeur à l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nordk ou à l’une
quelconque des autres « organisations ou institutions internationales,
multilatérales et régionales » dont le défendeur est membre, lorsque le
demandeur doit être désigné, dans ces organisations ou institutkions, sous
l’appellation prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. »
dans la réplique :
«Sur la base des éléments de preuve et des moyens de droit exposés dans
la présente réplique, le demandeur
prie la Cour :
i) de rejeter les exceptions à la compétence de la Cour et à la rekcevabilité
de la requête soulevées par le défendeur ;
ii) de dire et juger que le défendeur, par l’intermédiaire de ses okrganes
d’Etat et de ses agents, a manqué aux obligations que lui impose lke
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire ; et
iii) d’ordonner au défendeur de prendre immédiatement toutes les meskures
nécessaires afin que celui‑ci respecte les obligations que lui impokse le
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et de mettre fin et de
renoncer à toute forme d’opposition, directe ou indirecte, à l’kadmission
du demandeur à l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nordk ou à l’une
quelconque des autres « organisations ou institutions internationales,
multilatérales et régionales » dont le défendeur est membre, lorsque le
demandeur doit être désigné, dans ces organisations ou institutkions, sous
l’appellation prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. »
11
5 CIJ1026.indb 19 20/06/13 08:42 652 application of interkim accord (judgment)
On behalf of the Government of the Respondent,
in the Counter‑memorial and in the Rejoinder :
“On the basis of the preceding evidence and legal arguments, the Respkond ‑
ent, the Hellenic Republic, requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
1
(i) that the case brought by the FYROm before the Court does not fall
within the jurisdiction of the Court and that the FYROm’s claims are
inadmissible ;
(ii) in the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction and that thke
claims are admissible, that the FYROm’s claims are unfounded.”
14. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by thek
parties :
On behalf of the Government of the Applicant,
at the hearing of 28 march 2011 :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal arguments presented in its wrkitten
and oral pleadings, the Applicant requests the Court :
(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to the jurisdiction of the Court
and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims ;
(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs
and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord ; and
(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to
comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether
directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international,
multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which thke
Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be
referred to in such organization or institution by the designation pro ‑
vided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolu ‑
tion 817 (1993).”
On behalf of the Government of the Respondent,
at the hearing of 30 march 2011 :
“On the basis of the preceding evidence and legal arguments presentedk
in its written and oral pleadings, the Respondent, the Hellenic Republick,
requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
(i) that the case brought by the Applicant before the Court does not fall
within the jurisdiction of the Court and that the Applicant’s claims kare
inadmissible ;
(ii) in the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction and that thke
claims are admissible, that the Applicant’s claims are unfounded.”k
*
* *
1 The acronym “FYROm” is used by the Respondent to refer to the Applicant.
12
5 CIJ1026.indb 20 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 652
Au nom du Gouvernement du défendeur,
dans le contre‑mémoire et la duplique :
«Sur la base des éléments de preuve et des moyens de droit exposéks, la
République hellénique, défendeur en l’affaire, prie la Cour de dire et juger :
1
i) que l’instance introduite par l’ERYm ne relève pas de sa compétence
et que ses demandes sont irrecevables ;
ii) ou, dans l’hypothèse où elle conclurait à sa compétence ekt à la receva ‑
bilité des demandes de l’ERYm, que ces dernières sont dépourvues de
fondement. »
14. Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions ci‑après ont étké présentées
par les parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement du demandeur,
à l’audience du 28 mars 2011 :
«Sur la base des éléments de preuve et des arguments juridiques expkosés
dans ses écritures et plaidoiries, le demandeur prie la Cour :
i) de rejeter les exceptions soulevées par le défendeur quant à lak compé ‑
tence de la Cour et à la recevabilité des prétentions du demandkeur;
ii) de dire et juger que le défendeur, par l’intermédiaire de ses okrganes
d’Etat et de ses agents, a manqué aux obligations que lui impose lke
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire ; et
iii) d’ordonner au défendeur de prendre immédiatement toutes les meskures
nécessaires afin que celui‑ci respecte les obligations que lui impokse le
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et de mettre fin et de
renoncer à toute forme d’opposition, directe ou indirecte, à l’kadmission
du demandeur à l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nordk ou à l’une
quelconque des autres « organisations ou institutions internationales,
multilatérales et régionales » dont le défendeur est membre, lorsque le
demandeur doit être désigné, dans ces organisations ou institutkions, sous
l’appellation prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. »
Au nom du Gouvernement du défendeur,
à l’audience du 30 mars 2011 :
«Sur la base des éléments de preuve et des arguments juridiques expkosés
dans ses écritures et plaidoiries, la République hellénique, dékfendeur en
l’affaire, prie la Cour de dire et juger :
i) que l’instance introduite par le demandeur ne relève pas de sa comkpé ‑
tence et que ses demandes sont irrecevables ;
ii) dans l’hypothèse où elle conclurait à sa compétence et àk la recevabilité
des demandes du demandeur, que ces dernières sont dépourvues de
fondement.»
*
* *
1 Le défendeur emploie l’acronyme « ERYm» pour désigner le demandeur.
12
5 CIJ1026.indb 21 20/06/13 08:42 653 application of interkim accord (judgment)
I. Introduction
15. Before 1991, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia com ‑
prised six constituent republics, including the “Socialist Republic okf
macedonia”. In the course of the break‑up of Yugoslavia, the Assembly
of the Socialist Republic of macedonia adopted (on 25 January 1991) the
“declaration on the Sovereignty of the Socialist Republic of macedonia”,
which asserted sovereignty and the right of self‑determination. On
7 June 1991, the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of macedonia enacted
a constitutional amendment, changing the name “Socialist Republic of k
macedonia” to the “Republic of macedonia”. The Assembly then
adopted a declaration asserting the sovereignty and independence of the k
new State and sought international recognition.
16. On 30 July 1992, the Applicant submitted an application for member‑
ship in the United Nations. The Respondent stated on 25 January 1993 that
it objected to the Applicant’s admission on the basis of the Applicankt’s
adoption of the name “Republic of macedonia”, among other factors.
The Respondent explained that its opposition was based inter alia on
its view that the term “macedonia” referred to a geographical region in
south‑east Europe that included an important part of the territory and
population of the Respondent and of certain third States. The Respondentk
further indicated that once a settlement had been reached on these issues,
it would no longer oppose the Applicant’s admission to the United
Nations. The Respondent had also expressed opposition on similar
grounds to the Applicant’s recognition by the member States of the Eukro ‑
pean Community.
17. On 7 April 1993, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the
Charter, the Security Council adopted resolution 817 (1993), concerning
the “application for admission to the United Nations” of the Applikcant.
In that resolution, noting that “a difference has arisen over the name of
the [Applicant], which needs to be resolved in the interest of the maintke ‑
nance of peaceful and good‑neighbourly relations in the region”, the k
Security Council :
“1. Urge[d] the parties to continue to co‑operate with the Co‑
Chairmen of the Steering Committee of the International Conference
on the Former Yugoslavia in order to arrive at a speedy settlement
of their difference;
2. Recommend[ed] to the general Assembly that the State whose
application is contained in document S/25147 be admitted to member‑
ship in the United Nations, this State being provisionally referred
to for all purposes within the United Nations as ‘the former Yugoslav
Republic of macedonia’ pending settlement of the difference that has
arisen over the name of the State;
3. Request[ed] the Secretary‑general to report to the Council on the
outcome of the initiative taken by the Co‑Chairmen of the Steering
Committee of the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia.”
13
5 CIJ1026.indb 22 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 653
I. Introduction
15. Avant 1991, la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie
était constituée de six républiques, dont la « République socialiste de
macédoine». Au cours de la dissolution de la Yougoslavie, l’Assemblée
de la République socialiste de macédoine adopta (le 25 janvier 1991) la
«déclaration sur la souveraineté de la République socialiste de kmacé ‑
doine», dans laquelle étaient affirmés la souveraineté et le drokit à l’auto‑
détermination. Le 7 juin 1991, elle adopta un amendement constitutionnel
rebaptisant « République de macédoine » la « République socialiste de
macédoine». L’Assemblée adopta alors une déclaration affirmant la soku ‑
veraineté et l’indépendance du nouvel Etat, lequel chercha àk obtenir sa
reconnaissance sur le plan international.
16. Le 30 juillet 1992, le demandeur présenta une demande d’admis ‑
sion à l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Le défendeur déclara le 25 jan‑
vier 1993 qu’il s’opposait à cette admission en raison notamment de k
l’adoption par le demandeur du nom de « République de macédoine». Il
indiqua que son opposition était, entre autres choses, fondée sur kle fait
que le terme «macédoine » désignait, selon lui, une région géographique
du sud‑est de l’Europe comprenant une partie importante du territoire et
de la population du défendeur et de certains Etats tiers. Le défenkdeur
ajouta qu’il cesserait de s’opposer à l’admission du demandekur à l’Orga ‑
nisation des Nations Unies dès que ces questions auraient été rkéglées. Il
s’était déjà, pour des motifs semblables, opposé à la kreconnaissance du
demandeur par les Etats membres de la Communauté européenne.
17. Le 7 avril 1993, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de la
Charte, le Conseil de sécurité adopta la résolution 817 (1993), qui concer ‑
nait la « demande d’admission [du demandeur] à l’Organisation des
Nations Unies». dans cette résolution, notant qu’« une divergence a[vait]
surgi au sujet du nom d[u demandeur], qu’il f[allait] régler dans kl’intérêt
du maintien de relations pacifiques et de bon voisinage dans la régkion », le
Conseil de sécurité
« 1. pri[ait] instamment les parties de continuer à coopérer avec
les coprésidents du comité directeur de la conférence internatikonale
sur l’ex‑Yougoslavie afin de parvenir à un règlement rapide dke la
divergence qui existe entre elles ;
2. recommand[ait] à l’Assemblée générale d’admettre à l’Organi ‑
sation des Nations Unies l’Etat dont la demande [était] formulée
dans le document S/25147, cet Etat devant être désigné provisoikre ‑
ment, à toutes fins utiles à l’Organisation, sous le nom d’k« ex‑
République yougoslave de macédoine» en attendant que soit réglée
la divergence qui a[vait] surgi au sujet de son nom ;
3. pri[ait] le Secrétaire général de lui faire connaître l’issue de k
l’initiative prise par les coprésidents du comité directeur de kla confé ‑
rence internationale sur l’ex‑Yougoslavie. »
13
5 CIJ1026.indb 23 20/06/13 08:42 654 application of interkim accord (judgment)
18. On 8 April 1993, the Applicant was admitted to the United Nations,
following the adoption by the general Assembly, on the recommendation
of the Security Council, of resolution A/RES/47/225. On 18 June 1993, in
light of the continuing absence of a settlement of the difference overk the
name, the Security Council adopted resolution 845 (1993) urging the
parties “to continue their efforts under the auspices of the Secretakry‑
general to arrive at a speedy settlement of the remaining issues between
them”. While the parties have engaged in negotiations to that end, these
negotiations have not yet led to a mutually acceptable solution to the
name issue.
19. Following its admission to the United Nations, the Applicant
became a member of various specialized agencies of the United Nations
system. However, its efforts to join several other non‑United Nations k
affiliated international institutions and organizations, of which the
Respondent was already a member, were not successful. On 16 Febru ‑
ary 1994, the Respondent instituted trade‑related restrictions against the
Applicant.
20. Against this backdrop, on 13 September 1995, the parties signed
the Interim Accord, providing for the establishment of diplomatic rela ‑
tions between them and addressing other related issues. The Interim
Accord refers to the Applicant as “party of the Second part” and to the
Respondent as “party of the First part”, so as to avoid using any conten ‑
tious name. Under its Article 5, the parties
“agree[d] to continue negotiations under the auspices of the
Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to Security
Council resolution 845 (1993) with a view to reaching agreement on
the difference described in that resolution and in Security Council reso‑
lution 817 (1993)”.
21. In the Interim Accord, the parties also addressed the admission of,
and membership by, the Applicant in international organizations and
institutions of which the Respondent was a member. In this regard, Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord provides:
“Upon entry into force of this Interim Accord, the party of the
First part agrees not to object to the application by or the membership
of the party of the Second part in international, multilateral and
regional organizations and institutions of which the party of the First
part is a member ; however, the party of the First part reserves the
right to object to any membership referred to above if and to the
extent 2the party of the Second part is to be referred to in such organ‑
ization or institution differently than in paragraph 2 of United Nations
2In the French version of the Interim Accord published in the United Nations Treaty
Series the expression “if and to the extent” has been rendered by the sokle conjunction “si”.
For the purposes of this Judgment, the Court will however use, in the French text, the
expression “si [et dans la mesure où]”, which is a more literalk translation of the original
English version.
14
5 CIJ1026.indb 24 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 654
18. Le 8 avril 1993, le demandeur fut admis à l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, à la suite de l’adoption par l’Assemblée générakle, sur recom ‑
mandation du Conseil de sécurité, de la résolution A/RES/47/225.
La divergence relative au nom n’étant pas encore réglée, le Conkseil de
sécurité adopta, le 18 juin 1993, la résolution 845 (1993), dans laquelle il
priait instamment les parties « de poursuivre les efforts qu’elles m[enaient]
sous les auspices du Secrétaire général en vue de parvenir à un règlement
rapide des questions qu’il leur rest[ait] à résoudre ». Quoique les parties
aient engagé des négociations à cette fin, celles‑ci n’ontk pas encore permis
d’apporter une solution mutuellement acceptable à la question du nkom.
19. Après son admission à l’Organisation des Nations Unies, le demakn ‑
deur devint membre de plusieurs institutions spécialisées du systèkme des
Nations Unies. L’action qu’il mena pour adhérer à diverses autres inkstitu ‑
tions et organisations internationales non affiliées à l’Organkisation des
Nations Unies — dont le défendeur était déjà membre — se révéla cepen ‑
dant infructueuse. Le 16 février 1994, le défendeur imposa au demandeur
des restrictions commerciales.
20. C’est dans ce contexte que lesparties signèrent, le 13septembre1995,
l’accord intérimaire, qui prévoyait l’établissement de reklations diplo‑
matiques entre elles et traitait de certaines questions connexes. dans cet
instrument, le demandeur est appelé « seconde partie » et le défendeur
«première partie», et ce, afin d’éviter l’emploi de tout nom litigieux. Aux
termes de l’article 5 de l’accord, les parties
«conv[enaient] de poursuivre les négociations sous les auspices du
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, conformé ‑
ment à la résolution 845 (1993) … du Conseil de sécurité, en vue de
parvenir à régler le différend mentionné dans cette résolution et dans
la résolution 817 (1993) … du Conseil ».
21. dans l’accord intérimaire, les parties traitaient aussi de la question
de l’admission et de la participation du demandeur à des organisatkions et
institutions internationales dont le défendeur était membre. A cet égard,
le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de cet instrument dispose que,
«[l]orsque le présent accord intérimaire sera entré en vigueur, kla pre ‑
mière partie ne s’opposera pas à la demande d’admission de la
seconde partie dans des organisations et institutions internationales,
multilatérales ou régionales dont la première partie est membre, non
plus qu’à la participation de la seconde partie à ces organisations et
institutions; toutefois, la première partie se réserve le droit d’élever
des objections à une telle demande ou à une telle participation sik [et
2
dans la mesure où ] la seconde partie doit être dotée dans ces orga ‑
2L’expression « if and to the extent », qui figure dans la version originale anglaise de
l’accord intérimaire publiée dans le Recueil des traités des Nations Unies, a été rendue dans
la traduction française par la seule conjonction « si». Aux fins du présent arrêt, la Cour
emploiera néanmoins l’expression «si [et dans la mesure où]», qui constitue une traduction
plus littérale de la version originale anglaise.
14
5 CIJ1026.indb 25 20/06/13 08:42 655 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Security Council resolution 817 (1993).” (United Nations Treaty
Series (UNTS), Vol. 1891, p. 7 ; original English.)
22. In the period following the adoption of the Interim Accord, the
Applicant was granted membership in a number of international organiza ‑
tions of which the Respondent was already a member. On the invitation
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Applicant in 1995 joined thek
Organization’s partnership for peace (a programme that promotes co‑
operation between NATO and partner countries) and, in 1999, the Organizka ‑
tion’smembership Actionplan (which assists prospective NATO members).
The Applicant’s NATO candidacy was considered in a meeting of NATO
member States in Bucharest (hereinafter the “Bucharest Summit”) kon 2 and
3 April 2008 but the Applicant was not invited to begin talks on accession
to the Organization. The communiqué issued at the end of the Summit
stated that an invitation would be extended to the Applicant “as soonk as a
mutually acceptable solution to the name issue has been reached”.
II. Jurisdiction of the Coukrt and Admissibility
of the Application
23. In the present case, the Applicant maintains that the Respondent
failed to comply with Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord. The
Respondent disagrees with this contention both in terms of the facts andk
of the law, that is, in regard to the meaning, scope and effect of cerktain
provisions of the Interim Accord. In the view of the Court, this is the k
dispute the Applicant brought before the Court, and thus the dispute in k
respect of which the Court’s jurisdiction falls to be determined.
24. The Applicant invokes as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction Arti ‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord, which reads as follows :
“Any difference or dispute that arises between the parties concern‑
ing the interpretation or implementation of this Interim Accord may
be submitted by either of them to the International Court of Justice,
except for the difference referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1.”
25. As already noted (see paragraph 6 above), the Respondent advised
the Court that, rather than raising objections under Article 79 of the
Rules of Court, it would be addressing issues of jurisdiction and admis ‑
sibility along with the merits of the present case. The Court addresses k
these issues at the outset of this Judgment.
26. The Respondent claims that the Court has no jurisdiction to enter ‑
tain the present case and that the Application is inadmissible based on kthe
15
5 CIJ1026.indb 26 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 655
nisations ou institutions d’une appellation différente [de] cellke prévue
au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité
des Nations Unies». (La traduction française de l’accord intérimaire,
dont le texte authentique est en anglais, a été publiée dans lek Recueil
des traités des Nations Unies (RTNU), vol. 1891, p. 40.)
22. dans la période qui suivit l’adoption de l’accord intérimairek, le dema‑
deur fut admis au sein de plusieurs organisations internationales dont lke
défendeur était déjà membre. A l’invitation de l’Organkisation du traité de
l’Atlantique Nord, il fut admis à participer, en1995, au partenariat pour la
paix de cette organisation (un programme qui vise à favoriser la cookpération
entre l’OTAN et les pays partenaires), puis, en 1999, au plan d’action pour
l’adhésion (qui aide les éventuels futurs membres de l’organisation). La
candidature du demandeur fut examinée à une réunion des Etats mkembres
de l’OTAN tenue à Bucarest (ci‑après le « sommet de Bucarest») les 2 et
3 avril 2008, mais le demandeur ne fut pas invité à entamer des discussions
en vue de son adhésion. dans le communiqué publié à l’issue du sommet, il
était précisé que le demandeur serait invité à adhérer «dès qu’une solution
mutuellement acceptable à la question de son nom aura[it] été tkrouv» é.e
II. Compétence de la Cour ekt recevabilité
de la requête
23. En la présente espèce, le demandeur affirme que le défendeur nke
s’est pas conformé au paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire.
Le défendeur réfute cette allégation d’un point de vue tant kfactuel que
juridique, c’est‑à‑dire en ce qui concerne le sens, la portée ekt l’effet de
certaines dispositions de l’accord intérimaire. Tel est, selon la kCour, le
différend que le demandeur a porté devant elle, et à l’égard duquel elle
doit maintenant déterminer si elle a compétence.
24. Le demandeur invoque, comme base de compétence de la Cour, le
paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire, qui se lit comme suit :
«A l’exception de la divergence visée au paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 5, l’une ou l’autre des parties peut saisir la Cour internationale
de Justice de toute divergence ou de tout différend qui s’élèkvent entre
elles en ce qui concerne l’interprétation ou l’exécution du kprésent
accord intérimaire. »
25. Ainsi que cela a été indiqué précédemment (voir paragrapkhe 6
ci‑dessus), le défendeur a précisé à la Cour que, plutôt quke de soulever des
exceptions préliminaires au titre de l’article 79 du Règlement, il aborde ‑
rait les questions de compétence et de recevabilité conjointement kavec
celles relatives au fond. La Cour commencera par examiner les questions k
de compétence et de recevabilité.
26. Le défendeur prétend que la Cour n’a pas compétence pour
connaître de la présente espèce et que la requête est irrecekvable pour les
15
5 CIJ1026.indb 27 20/06/13 08:42 656 application of interkim accord (judgment)
following reasons. First, the Respondent submits that the dispute con ‑
cerns the difference over the name of the Applicant referred to in Artki ‑
cle 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and that, consequently, it is
excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction by virtue of the exception provided
in Article 21, paragraph 2. Secondly, the Respondent alleges that the dis ‑
pute concerns conduct attributable to NATO and its member States,
which is not subject to the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case.k Thirdly,
the Respondent claims that the Court’s Judgment in the present case
would be incapable of effective application because it could not effkect the
Applicant’s admission to NATO or other international, multilateral ankd
regional organizations or institutions. Fourthly, the Respondent submitsk
that the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court would interfere with ongoking
diplomatic negotiations mandated by the Security Council concerning the k
difference over the name and thus would be incompatible with the Courtk’s
judicial function.
27. moreover, the Respondent initially claimed that its action cannot
fall within the jurisdiction of the Court since it did not violate any provi ‑
sion of the Interim Accord by operation of Article 22 thereof, which,
according to the Respondent, super‑ordinates the obligations which eithekr
party to the Interim Accord may have under bilateral or multilateral
agreements with other States or international organizations. Therefore, kin
the Respondent’s view, its alleged conduct could not be a source of akny
dispute between the parties. The Court notes, however, that as the pro ‑
ceedings progressed, the Respondent focused its arguments on Article 22
in its defence on the merits. Accordingly, the Court will address Articlke 22
if and when it turns to the merits of the case.
1. Whether the Dispute Is Excluded from the Court’s Jurisdiction
under the Terms of Article 21, Paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord,
Read in Conjunction with Article 5, Paragraph 1
28. Article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord (see paragraph 24
above) sets out that any “difference or dispute” as to the “kinterpretation
or implementation” of the Interim Accord falls within the jurisdictiokn of
the Court, with the exception of the “difference” referred to ink Article 5,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, which reads as follows :
“The parties agree to continue negotiations under the auspices of
the Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to Security
Council resolution 845 (1993) with a view to reaching agreement on
the difference described in that resolution and in Security Council
resolution 817 (1993).”
29. With regard to this difference, as stated above, Security Council
resolution 817, in its preambular paragraph 3, refers to “a difference
[that] has arisen over the name of the State, which needs to be resolvedk
16
5 CIJ1026.indb 28 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 656
motifs suivants. premièrement, il affirme que le différend se rapporte à la
divergence au sujet du nom du demandeur visée au paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 5 de l’accord intérimaire, et est donc exclu de la compétence dke la
Cour aux termes de l’exception énoncée au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de
ce même instrument. deuxièmement, il avance que le différend a trait à
un comportement imputable à l’OTAN et à ses Etats membres, à l’égard
duquel la Cour n’est pas compétente en l’espèce. Troisièmement, il sou ‑
tient qu’un arrêt de la Cour en la présente affaire ne seraitk pas susceptible
d’application effective, puisqu’il ne pourrait avoir d’effekt sur l’admission
du demandeur à l’OTAN ou à d’autres organisations ou instituktions
internationales, multilatérales et régionales. Quatrièmement, ikl affirme
que l’exercice par la Cour de sa compétence interférerait avec kles négocia ‑
tions diplomatiques en cours sur la divergence au sujet du nom, prescritkes
par le Conseil de sécurité, et, partant, serait incompatible avec kla fonction
judiciaire de la Cour.
27. En outre, le défendeur a, dans un premier temps, fait valoir que ses k
actes ne sauraient relever de la compétence de la Cour car, par l’keffet de
l’article 22 — qui prévoit, selon lui, que toute obligation incombant à
chaque partie à l’accord intérimaire en vertu d’autres accorkds bilatéraux
ou multilatéraux conclus avec d’autres Etats ou organisations intekrnatio‑
nales l’emporte sur les obligations contenues dans cet instrument —, il n’a
violé aucune des dispositions de l’accord intérimaire. Le défendeur estime
donc que le comportement qui lui est imputé ne saurait être à lk’origine
d’un quelconque différend entre les parties. La Cour observe cependant
que le défendeur a, en cours d’instance, exposé l’essentiel kde ses argu ‑
ments relatifs à l’article 22 en tant que moyens de défense au fond. Elle
examinera donc l’article 22 lorsqu’elle abordera, le cas échéant, le fond de
l’affaire.
1. La question de savoir si le différend est exclu de la compétence
que la Cour tient du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire
lu conjointement avec le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5
28. Aux termes du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire
(voir paragraphe 24 ci‑dessus), toute « divergence ou … tout différend »
concernant l’«interprétation ou l’exécution» de l’accord intérimaire relève
de la compétence de la Cour, à l’exception de la « divergence» visée au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 5. Cette dernière disposition est ainsi libellée :
«Les parties conviennent de poursuivre les négociations sous les
auspices du Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nationsk Unies,
conformément à la résolution 845 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité, en
vue de parvenir à régler le différend mentionné dans cette résolution
et dans la résolution 817 (1993) du Conseil. »
29. Ainsi que cela a été indiqué ci‑dessus, le troisième alinéka du préam ‑
bule de la résolution 817 du Conseil de sécurité fait, à cet égard, référencke
à « une divergence [qui] a surgi au sujet du nom de l’Etat, qu’il faudkrait
16
5 CIJ1026.indb 29 20/06/13 08:42 657 application of interkim accord (judgment)
in the interest of the maintenance of peaceful and good‑neighbourly rela ‑
tions in the region”. This resolution “[u]rges the parties to contkinue to
co‑operate with the Co‑Chairman of the Steering Committee of the Inter ‑
national Conference on the Former Yugoslavia in order to arrive at a
speedy settlement of their difference” (operative paragraph 1).
30. Following this resolution, the Security Council adopted resolu ‑
tion 845 of 18 June 1993 which, recalling resolution 817 (1993), also
“[u]rges the parties to continue their efforts under the auspices of the
Secretary‑general to arrive at a speedy settlement of the remaining
issues between them”.
*
31. According to the Respondent’s first objection to the Court’s jurkis ‑
diction, the dispute between the parties concerns the difference over the
Applicant’s name which is excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction bky vir ‑
tue of Article 21, paragraph 2, read in conjunction with Article 5, para ‑
graph 1. The Respondent contends that this exception is broad in scope
and excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction not only any dispute regarkding
the final resolution of the name difference, but also “any disputke
the settlement of which would prejudge, directly or by implication, the
difference over the name”.
32. The Respondent maintains that the Court cannot address the
Applicant’s claims without pronouncing on the question of the non‑
resolution of the name difference since this would be the only reason kupon
which the Respondent would have objected to the Applicant’s admissionk
to NATO. The Respondent also claims that the Court cannot rule upon
the question of the Respondent’s alleged violation of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, without effectively deciding on the name difference as it would
be “putting an end to any incentive the Applicant might have had to
negotiate resolution of the difference as required by the Interim Accokrd
and the Security Council”. Finally, the Respondent maintains that thek
actual terms of the Bucharest Summit declaration and subsequent NATO
statements demonstrate that the main reason for NATO’s decision to
defer the Applicant’s accession procedure was the name difference. kThere ‑
fore, in the Respondent’s submission, the exception provided for in Akrti‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord applies.
33. The Applicant, for its part, argues that the subject of the present
dispute does not concern — either directly or indirectly — the difference
referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord. The Appli ‑
cant disagrees with the broad interpretation of the exception contained kin
Article 21, paragraph 2, proposed by the Respondent, submitting that it
would run contrary to the very purpose of the Interim Accord, and that
Article 11, paragraph 1, would be undermined if the Respondent’s argu ‑
ment were upheld. The Applicant maintains that the present dispute does
not require the Court to resolve or to express any view on the differeknce
17
5 CIJ1026.indb 30 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 657
régler dans l’intérêt du maintien de relations pacifiques ket de bon voisi ‑
nage dans la région ». dans cette résolution, le Conseil de sécurité « [p]rie
instamment les parties de continuer à coopérer avec les coprésikdents du
comité directeur de la conférence internationale sur l’ex‑Yougokslavie afin
de parvenir à un règlement rapide de la divergence qui existe entrke elles»
(paragraphe 1 du dispositif).
30. dans sa résolution 845, adoptée le 18 juin 1993 dans le prolonge ‑
ment de la résolution précitée et où celle‑ci est rappeléke, le Conseil de
sécurité prie en outre « instamment les parties de poursuivre les efforts
qu’elles mènent sous les auspices du Secrétaire général ekn vue de parvenir
à un règlement rapide des questions qu’il leur reste à réksoudre».
*
31. Selon la première exception d’incompétence soulevée par le dkéfen ‑
deur, le différend entre les parties porte sur la divergence relative au nom
du demandeur, qui est exclue de la compétence de la Cour par l’effket du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 21, lu conjointement avec le paragraphe 1 de
l’article 5. Le défendeur avance que cette exception a une large portée et
exclut de la compétence de la Cour non seulement tout différend krelatif au
règlement définitif de la divergence au sujet du nom, mais aussik « tout
différend qui, s’il était réglé, préjugerait — directement ou implicite ‑
ment — la divergence au sujet du nom ».
32. Le défendeur soutient que la Cour ne peut examiner les prétentionsk
du demandeur sans se prononcer sur la question du non‑règlement de lak
divergence relative au nom, puisque telle serait l’unique raison pourk
laquelle il se serait opposé à l’admission du demandeur à l’kOTAN. Il
affirme en outre que la Cour ne peut statuer sur la question de la violation
du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 qu’il aurait commise sans trancher de facto
la divergence relative au nom, «si bien que rien n’inciterait plus le deman ‑
deur à négocier le règlement de la divergence conformément àk l’accord
intérimaire et aux prescriptions du Conseil de sécurité ». Enfin, le défen ‑
deur fait valoir qu’il ressort des termes mêmes de la déclaratikon du
sommet de Bucarest et des déclarations ultérieures de l’OTAN quke la
décision de l’organisation de surseoir à l’admission du demakndeur tenait
essentiellement à la divergence relative au nom. Selon lui, l’excekption
prévue au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire trouve donc
à s’appliquer.
33. Le demandeur soutient, pour sa part, que l’objet du présent diffké ‑
rend ne se rapporte ni directement ni indirectement à la divergence vkisée
au paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 de l’accord intérimaire. Il conteste l’inter ‑
prétation large du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 avancée par le défendeur,
affirmant qu’elle serait contraire à l’objet même de l’akccord intérimaire,
et que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 serait privé d’effet si cet argument
du défendeur était retenu. Selon lui, l’examen du présent diffkérend n’im ‑
pose pas à la Cour de régler la divergence au sujet du nom à lakquelle il est
fait référence au paragraphe 1 de l’article 5, ou d’exprimer sur celle‑ci un
17
5 CIJ1026.indb 31 20/06/13 08:42 658 application of interkim accord (judgment)
over the name referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1, and is consequently
not excluded by Article 21, paragraph 2. The Applicant also claims that
the statement by NATO after the Bucharest Summit indicating that mem‑
bership would be extended to the Applicant when a solution to the name
issue has been reached does not transform the dispute before the Court
into one about the name.
*
34. The Court considers that the Respondent’s broad interpretation of
the exception contained in Article 21, paragraph 2, cannot be upheld. That
provision excludes from the jurisdiction of the Court only one kind of
dispute, namely one regarding the difference referred to in Article 5, para ‑
graph 1. Since Article 5, paragraph 1, identifies the nature of that differ ‑
ence by referring back to Security Council resolutions 817 and 845 (1993),
it is to those resolutions that one must turn in order to ascertain whatk the
parties intended to exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court.
35. Resolutions 817 and 845 (1993) distinguished between the name of
the Applicant, in respect of which they recognized the existence of a dikf ‑
ference between the parties who were urged to resolve that difference by
negotiation (hereinafter the “definitive name”), and the provisional desigk ‑
nation by which the Applicant was to be referred to for all purposes
within the United Nations pending settlement of that difference. The
Interim Accord adopts the same approach and extends it to the Appli ‑
cant’s application to, and membership in, other international organiza ‑
tions. Thus Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord requires the
parties to negotiate regarding the difference over the Applicant’s dkefini ‑
tive name, while Article 11, paragraph 1, imposes upon the Respondent
the obligation not to object to the Applicant’s application to, and mkem ‑
bership in, international organizations, unless the Applicant is to be
referred to in the organization in question differently than in resoluk ‑
tion 817 (1993). The Court considers it to be clear from the text of Arti ‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, and of Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord,
that the “difference” referred to therein and which the parties intended to
exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court is the difference over the defin ‑
itive name of the Applicant and not disputes regarding the Respondent’ks
obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1. If the parties had intended to
entrust to the Court only the limited jurisdiction suggested by the Respkon ‑
dent, they could have expressly excluded the subject‑matter of Article 11,
paragraph 1, from the grant of jurisdiction in Article 21, paragraph 2.
36. Not only does the plain meaning of the text of Article 21, para ‑
graph 2, of the Interim Accord afford no support to the broad interpreta ‑
tion advanced by the Respondent, the purpose of the Interim Accord as
a whole also points away from such an interpretation. In the Court’s k
18
5 CIJ1026.indb 32 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 658
quelconque avis ; le différend en cause n’est donc pas exclu de la compé ‑
tence de la Cour par l’effet du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21. Le demandeur
fait également valoir que la déclaration faite par l’OTAN après le sommet
de Bucarest aux termes de laquelle la qualité de membre de l’organkisation
sera accordée au demandeur lorsqu’une solution au problème du nom
aura été trouvée ne transforme pas le différend dont la Cokur a été saisie
en un différend ayant pour objet la question du nom.
*
34. La Cour estime que l’interprétation large que fait le défendeurk de
l’exception prévue au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 ne saurait être retenue.
Cette disposition n’exclut de sa compétence qu’un seul type de kdifférends,
à savoir ceux ayant trait à la divergence visée au paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 5. Ledit paragraphe précisant la nature de cette divergence par ren ‑
voi aux résolutions 817 et 845 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité, c’est à ces
textes qu’il convient de se référer pour déterminer ce que lkes parties enten ‑
daient exclure de la compétence de la Cour.
35. dans les résolutions 817 et 845 (1993), une distinction a été établie
entre le nom du demandeur, au sujet duquel est reconnue l’existence dk’une
divergence entre les parties que celles‑ci sont instamment priées de régler
par voie de négociation (ci‑après le « nom définitif»), et l’appellation pro ‑
visoire sous laquelle le demandeur devait être désigné à touktes fins utiles
à l’Organisation des Nations Unies, en attendant que soit réglée ladite
divergence. Cette distinction est reprise dans l’accord intérimaire, qui
l’applique aux demandes d’admission et à la participation du dekmandeur
à d’autres organisations internationales. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 de
l’accord intérimaire prescrit donc aux parties de négocier au sujet de la
divergence relative au nom définitif du demandeur, alors que le parka ‑
graphe 1 de l’article 11 impose au défendeur de ne pas s’opposer aux
demandes d’admission et à la participation du demandeur à des okrganisa ‑
tions internationales, à moins que celui‑ci n’y soit doté d’kune appellation
différente de celle prévue dans la résolution 817 (1993). La Cour estime
qu’il ressort clairement du libellé du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 et de
celui du paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 de l’accord intérimaire que la « diver ‑
gence» à laquelle il est fait référence, et que les parties entendaient exclure
de sa compétence, est celle qui concerne le nom définitif du demkandeur et
non les différends relatifs à l’obligation incombant au défendeur en vertu
du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11. Si les parties avaient eu pour intention de
ne conférer à la Cour que la compétence limitée proposée kpar le défen ‑
deur, elles auraient pu exclure expressément l’objet du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11 de la compétence qu’elles lui ont attribuée en vertu du parak ‑
graphe 2 de l’article 21.
36. Outre que l’interprétation large avancée par le défendeur n’kest
aucunement étayée par le sens ordinaire du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 de
l’accord intérimaire, elle est infirmée par l’objet de cetk instrument dans
son ensemble. Selon la Cour, l’un des objectifs essentiels de l’ackcord inté ‑
18
5 CIJ1026.indb 33 20/06/13 08:42 659 application of interkim accord (judgment)
view, one of the main objectives underpinning the Interim Accord was to k
stabilize the relations between the parties pending the resolution of the
name difference. The broad interpretation of the exception under Arti ‑
cle 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord suggested by the Respondent
would result in the Court being unable to entertain many disputes relat ‑
ing to the interpretation or implementation of the Interim Accord itselfk.
As such, the name difference may be related, to some extent, to disputkes
the parties may eventually have as to the interpretation or implementa ‑
tion of the Interim Accord.
37. The fact that there is a relationship between the dispute submitted
to the Court and the name difference does not suffice to remove that dis ‑
pute from the Court’s jurisdiction. The question of the alleged violaktion
of the obligation set out in Article 11, paragraph 1, is distinct from the
issue of which name should be agreed upon at the end of the negotiationsk
between the parties under the auspices of the United Nations. Only if the
Court were called upon to resolve specifically the name difference, kor to
express any views on this particular matter, would the exception under
Article 21, paragraph 2, come into play. This is not the situation facing
the Court in the present case. The exception contained in Article 21, para‑
graph 2, consequently does not apply to the present dispute between the
parties which concerns the Applicant’s allegation that the Respondent
breached its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord, as well as the Respondent’s justifications.
38. Accordingly, the Respondent’s objection to the Court’s jurisdictiokn
based on the exception contained in Article 21, paragraph 2, of the
Interim Accord cannot be upheld.
2. Whether the Dispute Relates to the Conduct of NATO or Its Member
States and whether the Court’s Decision Could Affect Their Rights
and Obligations
39. By way of objection to the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case
and the admissibility of the Application, the Respondent claims that the
object of the Application relates to the conduct of NATO and its other
member States, because the decision to defer the invitation to the Applikcant
to join the Organization was a collective decision taken by NATO “unakni ‑
mously” at the Bucharest Summit, and not an individual or autonomous
decision by the Respondent. Thus, it is argued that the act complained okf is
attributable to NATO as a whole and not to the Respondent alone. more‑
over, in the view of the Respondent, even if the decision to defer the Akpp ‑li
cant’s admission to NATO could be attributed to the Respondent, the
Court could not decide on this point without also deciding on the responksi ‑
bility of NATO or its other members, over whom it has no jurisdiction.
Accordingly, the Respondent argues that the interests of a third party
would form the subject‑matter of any decision the Court may take. The
Respondent further contends that, in accordance with the Monetary Gold
19
5 CIJ1026.indb 34 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 659
rimaire était de stabiliser les relations entre les parties en attendant le
règlement de la divergence relative au nom. L’interprétation lakrge de l’ex ‑
ception énoncée au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 avancée par le défen ‑
deur empêcherait la Cour de connaître de nombreux différends relatifs à
l’interprétation ou à l’exécution de l’accord intérkimaire. Il est en effet
possible que des différends qui pourraient se faire jour entre les parties
concernant l’interprétation ou l’exécution de cet accord aient un certain
lien avec la divergence relative au nom.
37. Le fait qu’existe un lien entre le différend dont la Cour a ékté saisie
et la divergence relative au nom ne suffit pas à soustraire ce diffkérend à sa
compétence. La question du manquement allégué à l’obligatkion énoncée
au paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 est distincte de celle de savoir quel nom
devra être convenu au terme des négociations que les parties doivent
mener sous les auspices des Nations Unies. C’est seulement dans l’hypo ‑
thèse où il serait demandé à la Cour de trancher spécifikquement la diver‑
gence au sujet du nom, ou d’exprimer un quelconque avis sur ce point k
particulier, que l’exception énoncée au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 entre ‑
rait en jeu. Or, telle n’est pas la situation dans laquelle la Cour ske trouve
en l’espèce. L’exception prévue au paragraphe 2 de l’article 21 ne s’ap ‑
plique donc pas au présent différend entre les parties, qui a trait à l’allé ‑
gation du demandeur selon laquelle le défendeur a manqué à son kobli‑
gation au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et
aux justifications que celui‑ci a présentées à cet égard.
38. En conséquence, il ne saurait être fait droit à l’exception kd’incom‑
pétence que le défendeur fonde sur l’exclusion résultant du kparagraphe 2
de l’article 21 de l’accord intérimaire.
2. Les questions de savoir si le différend a trait au comportement
de l’OTAN ou de ses Etats membres et si la décision de la Cour
peut affecter leurs droits et obligations
39. pour contester la compétence de la Cour en la présente affaire etk la
recevabilité de la requête, le défendeur fait valoir que l’okbjet de cette der‑
nière renvoie au comportement de l’OTAN et de ses autres Etats memkbres
car la décision de reporter le moment où le demandeur serait invité à
adhérer à l’organisation a été une décision collectivek prise « à l’unani ‑
mité» au sommet de Bucarest, et non une décision individuelle ou auto ‑
nome du défendeur. Il soutient donc que l’acte dont il est tirék grief est
imputable à l’OTAN dans son ensemble et non à lui seul. En outrke, selon
le défendeur, même si la décision de différer l’admissikon du demandeur à
l’OTAN pouvait lui être attribuée, la Cour ne pourrait statuer ksur ce
point sans se prononcer également sur la responsabilité de l’OTkAN ou de
ses autres membres, à l’égard desquels elle n’a pas compéktence. En consé‑
quence, affirme le défendeur, les intérêts de tiers formeraienkt l’objet de
toute décision que la Cour pourrait prendre. Le défendeur préteknd en
outre que, conformément à la jurisprudence de l’Or monétaire, la Cour
19
5 CIJ1026.indb 35 20/06/13 08:42 660 application of interkim accord (judgment)
case law, the Court “will not exercise jurisdiction where the legal iknterests
of an absent third party form ‘the very subject matter’ of the jurkisdiction”.
40. The Applicant, for its part, argues that its Application is directed
solely at the Respondent’s conduct and not at a decision by NATO or
actions of other NATO member States. The Applicant claims that the
Respondent’s conduct is distinct from any decision of NATO. It contends
that the Court does not need to express any view on the legality of
NATO’s decision to defer an invitation to the Applicant to join the
Alliance.
*
41. In order to examine the Respondent’s objection, the Court has to
consider the specific object of the Application. The Applicant claims kthat
“the Respondent, through its State organs and agents, has violated itks
obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord” and
requests the Court to make a declaration to this effect and to order tkhe
Respondent to “take all necessary steps to comply with its obligationks
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord”.
42. By the terms of the Application, the Applicant’s claim is solely
based on the allegation that the Respondent has violated its obligation k
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, which refers spe ‑
cifically to the Respondent’s conduct, irrespective of the consequeknces it
may have on the actual final decision of a given organization as to thke
Applicant’s membership. The Court notes that the Applicant is challenkg ‑
ing the Respondent’s conduct in the period prior to the taking of thek
decision at the end of the Bucharest Summit and not the decision itself.k
The issue before the Court is thus not whether NATO’s decision may bek
attributed to the Respondent, but rather whether the Respondent vio ‑
lated the Interim Accord as a result of its own conduct. Nothing in the k
Application before the Court can be interpreted as requesting the Court k
to pronounce on whether NATO acted legally in deferring the Appli ‑
cant’s invitation for membership in NATO. Therefore, the dispute doesk
not concern, as contended by the Respondent, the conduct of NATO or
the member States of NATO, but rather solely the conduct of the Respon ‑
dent.
43. Similarly, the Court does not need to determine the responsibility
of NATO or of its member States in order to assess the conduct of the
Respondent. In this respect, the Respondent’s argument that the rightks
and interests of a third party (which it identifies as NATO and/or thke
member States of NATO) would form the subject‑matter of any decision
which the Court might take, with the result that the Court should declinke
to hear the case under the principle developed in the case of the Monetary
Gold Removed from Rome in 1943, is misplaced. The present case can be
distinguished from the Monetary Gold case since the Respondent’s con ‑
duct can be assessed independently of NATO’s decision, and the rightsk
20
5 CIJ1026.indb 36 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 660
ne saurait «exercer sa compétence lorsque les intérêts d’un tiers absentk en
constitu[ent] « l’objet même » ».
40. Le demandeur, quant à lui, affirme que sa requête vise exclusive ‑
ment le comportement du défendeur et non une décision prise par l’kOTAN
ou des actes d’autres Etats membres de cette organisation. Il fait vakloir
que le comportement du défendeur est distinct de toute décision de
l’OTAN. Selon lui, la Cour n’a pas à exprimer un quelconque aviks sur la
licéité de la décision de l’OTAN de reporter le moment oùk il sera invité à
adhérer à l’Alliance.
*
41. Aux fins d’examiner l’exception soulevée ici par le défendkeur, la
Cour doit se pencher sur l’objet spécifique de la requête. Le demandeur
affirme que « le défendeur, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes d’Etat et de
ses agents, a manqué aux obligations que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire », et prie la Cour de faire une décla‑
ration à cet effet et d’ordonner au défendeur de « prendre … toutes les
mesures nécessaires afin que celui‑ci respecte les obligations que klui
impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire ».
42. Au vu du libellé de la requête, la prétention du demandeur repokse
exclusivement sur l’allégation selon laquelle le défendeur a mékconnu l’obli ‑
gation que lui impose le paragraphe1 de l’article11 de l’accord intérimaire,
qui a spécifiquement trait au comportement de celui‑ci, quelles quek soient
les conséquences que ce comportement puisse avoir sur la décision kfinale ‑
ment prise par une organisation donnée au sujet de l’adhésion dku deman‑
deur. La Cour relève que ce dernier conteste le comportement du dékfendeur
dans la période antérieure à la décision qui a été prikse à la fin du sommet de
Bucarest, et non cette décision elle‑même. La question qu’il inkcombe à la
Cour de trancher n’est donc pas de savoir si la décision de l’OkTAN peut
être attribuée au défendeur mais si celui‑ci a, par son comportkement propre,
violé l’accord intérimaire. Rien dans la requête qui a étké présentée à la Cour
ne peut être interprété comme tendant à ce que celle‑ci se pkrononce sur la
licéité de la décision de l’OTAN de reporter le moment oùk le demandeur
sera invité à adhérer à l’organisation. C’est pourquoik, contrairement à ce
que soutient le défendeur, le différend a trait non pas au compokrtement de
l’OTAN ou de ses Etats membres, mais seulement au sien propre.
43. de même, point n’est besoin, aux fins d’apprécier le comporktement
du défendeur, que la Cour détermine la responsabilité de l’OkTAN ou de
ses Etats membres. A cet égard, la Cour estime que c’est à tort que le
défendeur affirme que les droits et intérêts de tiers (c’est‑à‑dire, selon lui,
l’OTAN et/ou ses Etats membres) formeraient l’objet de toute dékcision
qu’elle pourrait prendre — ce qui impliquerait qu’elle devrait refuser de
connaître de la présente espèce, conformément au principe éknoncé dans
l’affaire de l’Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943. La présente espèce se dis ‑
tingue en effet de l’affaire de l’Or monétaire en ce que le comportement du
défendeur peut être apprécié indépendamment de la déciksion de l’OTAN,
20
5 CIJ1026.indb 37 20/06/13 08:42 661 application of interkim accord (judgment)
and obligations of NATO and its member States other than greece do
not form the subject‑matter of the decision of the Court on the merits okf
the case (Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France ;
United Kingdom and United States of America), Preliminary Question,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 19 ; East Timor (Portugal v. Australia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 105, para. 34); nor would the assess ‑
ment of their responsibility be a “prerequisite for the determinationk of the
responsibility” of the Respondent (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
(Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1992, p. 261, para. 55). Therefore, the Court considers that the conduct
forming the object of the Application is the Respondent’s alleged objkec ‑
tion to the Applicant’s admission to NATO, and that, on the merits, tkhe
Court will only have to determine whether or not that conduct demon ‑
strates that the Respondent failed to comply with its obligations under k
the Interim Accord, irrespective of NATO’s final decision on the Apkpli ‑
cant’s membership application.
44. The Court accordingly finds that the Respondent’s objection based
on the argument that the dispute relates to conduct attributable to NATO
and its member States or that NATO and its member States are indis ‑
pensable third parties not before the Court cannot be upheld.
3. Whether the Court’s Judgment Would Be Incapable
of Effective Application
45. The Respondent argues that a Court ruling in the present case
would be devoid of any effect because the Court’s Judgment would nokt be
able to annul or amend NATO’s decision or change the conditions of
admission contained therein. It further contends that even if the Court
were to find in the Applicant’s favour, its Judgment would have no kprac ‑
tical effect concerning the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Accordinkgly,
the Respondent claims that the Court should refuse to exercise its jurisk ‑
diction in order to preserve the integrity of its judicial function.
46. The Applicant, for its part, submits that it is seeking a declaration
by the Court that the Respondent’s conduct violated the Interim Accorkd,
which in its view represents a legitimate request in a judicial procedure.
The Applicant argues that it is “only by misrepresenting the object okf the
Application that the respondent State can claim that a judgment of the
Court would have no concrete effect”. By contrast, the Applicant clkaims
that a judgment of the Court would have a concrete legal effect, and ikn
particular, it “would result in the applicant State once more being pklaced
in the position of candidate for NATO membership without running the
risk of once again being blocked by an objection on grounds not covered ▯in
the Interim Accord ” (emphasis in the original).
*
21
5 CIJ1026.indb 38 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 661
que les droits et obligations de cette organisation et de ses Etats membres
autres que la grèce ne forment pas l’objet de la décision de la Cour sur le
fond de l’affaire (Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie c. France ;
Royaume‑Uni et Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), question préliminaire, arrêt,▯ C.I.J.
Recueil 1954, p. 19 ; Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1995, p. 105, par. 34) et que la détermination de leur responsabi ‑
lité n’est pas « une condition préalable à la détermination de la respon‑
sabilité» du défendeur (Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru
c. Australie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1992, p. 261,
par. 55). La Cour considère donc que le comportement visé par la requêkte
est l’opposition alléguée du défendeur à l’admission dku demandeur à
l’OTAN, comportement dont elle devra seulement déterminer, en exami ‑
nant l’affaire au fond, s’il démontre que le défendeur a mkanqué aux obli‑
gations qui lui incombent au titre de l’accord intérimaire, indékpendamment
de la décision finalement prise par l’OTAN au sujet de la demandke d’ad ‑
mission du demandeur.
44. En conséquence, la Cour conclut qu’elle ne saurait faire droit àk
l’exception du défendeur fondée sur l’argument selon lequel kle différend
porterait sur un comportement imputable à l’OTAN et à ses Etatsk
membres et selon lequel cette organisation et ces Etats seraient des tiers à
l’instance dont la présence est indispensable.
3. La question de savoir si l’arrêt de la Cour
ne serait pas susceptible d’application effective
45. Le défendeur fait valoir que toute décision de la Cour en la prék ‑
sente espèce serait sans effet car elle ne pourrait ni annuler ni mkodifier la
décision de l’OTAN, pas plus qu’elle ne pourrait changer les conditions
d’admission qui y sont mentionnées. Il soutient en outre que, mêkme s’il
était favorable au demandeur, l’arrêt de la Cour n’aurait cokncrètement
aucun effet sur l’admission de celui‑ci à l’OTAN. Selon le dékfendeur,
la Cour devrait donc, pour préserver l’intégrité de sa fonction judiciaire,
refuser d’exercer sa compétence.
46. Le demandeur soutient pour sa part qu’il cherche à obtenir une
déclaration de la Cour à l’effet que le défendeur a, par skon comportement,
violé l’accord intérimaire ; pareille déclaration constitue, selon lui, une
demande légitime dans le cadre d’une procédure judiciaire. Selokn le
demandeur, « ce n’est qu’en livrant une présentation tronquée de l’objket
de cette demande que l’Etat défendeur peut prétendre qu’un akrrêt de la
Cour ne pourrait avoir d’effet concret ». Le demandeur soutient au
contraire qu’un arrêt de la Cour aurait bel et bien un effet jurkidique
concret puisqu’il « aurait [notamment] pour résultat de [le] remettre en
position de candidat à l’admission au sein de l’OTAN sans risquer de se
voir une nouvelle fois opposer une objection fondée sur des motifs au▯tres que
ceux prévus dans l’accord intérimaire » (les italiques sont dans l’original).
*
21
5 CIJ1026.indb 39 20/06/13 08:42 662 application of interkim accord (judgment)
47. As established in the Court’s case law, an essential element for the
proper discharge of the Court’s judicial function is that its judgments “must
have some practical consequence in the sense that [they] can affect exkisting
legal rights or obligations of the parties, thus removing uncertainty frkom
their legal relations” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v.United Kingdom),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 34).
48. In the present case, the Court recalls that, in its final submissions,k
the Applicant requests the Court,
“(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to the jurisdiction of the
Court and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims ;
(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State
organs and agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord ; and
(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps
to comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of
the Interim Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any
way, whether directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other
‘international, multilateral and regional organizations and insti ‑
tutions’ of which the Respondent is a member, in circumstances
where the Applicant is to be referred to in such organization or
institution by the designation provided for in paragraph 2 of
United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993).”
49. In its request, the Applicant asks the Court to make a declaration
that the Respondent violated its obligations under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord. It is clear in the jurisprudence of the
Court and its predecessor that “the Court may, in an appropriate casek,
make a declaratory judgment” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United
Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 37).
The purpose of such declaratory judgment “is to ensure recognition ofk a
situation at law, once and for all and with binding force as between thek
parties; so that the legal position thus established cannot again be called
in question in so far as the legal effects ensuing therefrom are concekrned”
(Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judg ‑
ment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 20).
50. While the Respondent is correct that a ruling from the Court could
not modify NATO’s decision in the Bucharest Summit or create any
rights for the Applicant vis‑à‑vis NATO, such are not the requests of the
Applicant. It is clear that at the heart of the Applicant’s claims likes the
Respondent’s conduct, and not conduct attributable to NATO or its
member States. The Applicant is not requesting the Court to reverse
NATO’s decision in the Bucharest Summit or to modify the conditions
for membership in the Alliance. Therefore, the Respondent’s argument
that the Court’s Judgment in the present case would not have any prackti ‑
22
5 CIJ1026.indb 40 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 662
47. Ainsi que cela a été établi dans sa jurisprudence, l’un des kéléments
essentiels pour que la Cour puisse s’acquitter de sa fonction judiciaire est
que ses arrêts « doi[vent] avoir des conséquences pratiques en ce sens
qu’il[s] doi[vent] pouvoir affecter les droits ou obligations juridkiques exis‑
tants des parties, dissipant ainsi toute incertitude dans leurs relationks jur‑i
diques » (Cameroun septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 34).
48. En la présente espèce, la Cour rappellera que, dans ses conclusions
finales, le demandeur la prie :
«i) de rejeter les exceptions soulevées par le défendeur quant à lak com ‑
pétence de la Cour et à la recevabilité des prétentions du dkemand ;eur
ii) de dire et juger que le défendeur, par l’intermédiaire de ses okrganes
d’Etat et de ses agents, a manqué aux obligations que lui impose
le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire ; et
iii) d’ordonner au défendeur de prendre immédiatement toutes les
mesures nécessaires afin que celui‑ci respecte les obligations que
lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire
et de mettre fin et de renoncer à toute forme d’opposition, direkcte
ou indirecte, à l’admission du demandeur à l’Organisation duk
traité de l’Atlantique Nord ou à l’une quelconque des autresk
«organisations ou institutions internationales, multilatérales et
régionales» dont le défendeur est membre, lorsque le demandeur
doit être désigné, dans ces organisations ou institutions, sousk l’ap ‑
pellation prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. »
49. Le demandeur prie donc la Cour de déclarer que le défendeur a
méconnu les obligations qui lui incombent en application du paragraphke 1
de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire. Ainsi qu’il ressort clairement de la
jurisprudence de la Cour et de sa devancière, « la Cour peut, dans des cas
appropriés, prononcer un jugement déclaratoire» (Cameroun septentrional
(Cameroun c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1963, p. 37). pareil jugement vise «à faire reconnaître une situation de droit
une fois pour toutes et avec effet obligatoire entre les parties, en sorte que
la situation juridique ainsi fixée ne puisse plus être mise en discussion, pour
ce qui est des conséquences juridiques qui en découlent» (Interprétation des
arrêts nos7 et 8 (usine de Chorzów), arrêt n 11, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A n 13,
p. 20).
50. Quoique le défendeur ait raison de dire qu’une décision de la Cour
ne saurait modifier celle que l’OTAN a prise au sommet de Bucarest kni
créer pour le demandeur des droits envers cette organisation, telles kne
sont pas les prétentions du demandeur. de toute évidence, c’est le com ‑
portement du défendeur qui est au cœur de ces prétentions, et nkon un
comportement imputable à l’OTAN ou à ses Etats membres. Le demakn ‑
deur ne demande pas à la Cour d’annuler la décision que l’OTkAN a prise
au sommet de Bucarest ou de modifier les conditions d’adhésion àk l’Al ‑
liance. C’est pourquoi l’argument du défendeur selon lequel l’karrêt de la
22
5 CIJ1026.indb 41 20/06/13 08:42 663 application of interkim accord (judgment)
cal effect because the Court cannot reverse NATO’s decision or chankge
the conditions of admission to NATO is not persuasive.
51. The Northern Cameroons case is to be distinguished from the pres ‑
ent case. The Court recalls that, in the former case, Cameroon, in its
Application, asked the Court to “adjudge and declare . . . that the United
Kingdom has, in the application of the Trusteeship Agreement of
13 december 1946, failed to respect certain obligations directly or indi ‑
rectly flowing therefrom”, and that, by the time the case was argued aknd
decided in 1963, the Agreement had already been terminated. By con ‑
trast, in the present case, Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
remains binding; the obligation stated therein is a continuing one and the
Applicant’s NATO membership application remains in place. A judg ‑
ment by the Court would have “continuing applicability” for there is an
“opportunity for a future act of interpretation or application of thakt
treaty in accordance with any judgment the Court may render” (Northern
Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judg‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, pp. 37‑38).
52. Similarly, the Respondent’s reliance on the Nuclear Tests cases does
not support its position. In these cases, the Court interpreted the Applkica ‑
tions instituting proceedings before it, filed by Australia and New Zeka ‑
land, as concerning future testing by France of nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere. On the basis of statements by France which the Court consid‑
ered to constitute an undertaking possessing legal effect not to test knuclear
weapons in the atmosphere, the Court held that there was no longer a
dispute about that matter and that the Applicants’ objective had in effect
been accomplished; thus no further judicial action was required (Nuclear
Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271,
para. 56 ;Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1974, p. 476, para. 59).
53. The present dispute is clearly different from the latter cases : the
Respondent has not taken any action which could be seen as settling the k
dispute over the alleged violation of Article 11, paragraph 1. Further ‑
more, a judgment of the Court in the present case would not be without
object because it would affect existing rights and obligations of the kparties
under the Interim Accord and would be capable of being applied effec ‑
tively by them.
54. The Court accordingly finds that the Respondent’s objection to the
admissibility of the Application based on the alleged lack of effect okf the
Court’s Judgment cannot be upheld.
4. Whether the Court’s Judgment Would Interfere
with Ongoing Diplomatic Negotiations
55. The Respondent contends that if the Court were to exercise its
jurisdiction, it would interfere with the diplomatic process envisaged bky
the Security Council in resolution 817 (1993) and this would be contrary
23
5 CIJ1026.indb 42 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 663
Cour en la présente espèce serait dépourvu de tout effet pratkique au motif
que la Cour ne peut annuler cette décision ou modifier ces conditiokns
n’est pas convaincant.
51. L’affaire du Cameroun septentrional doit être distinguée de la pré ‑
sente espèce. A cet égard, la Cour rappelle que le Cameroun lui avkait
à l’époque, dans sa requête, demandé de « dire et juger … que le
Royaume‑Uni, dans l’application de l’Accord de Tutelle du 13 décembre
1946, n’a[vait] pas respecté certaines obligations qui en découkl[ai]ent
directement ou indirectement », et que, au moment où il fut plaidé et sta ‑
tué en l’affaire, en 1963, il avait déjà été mis fin à l’accord en questikon. En
la présente espèce, en revanche, le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord
intérimaire demeure contraignant ; l’obligation qui y est énoncée est
inchangée, et le demandeur reste candidat à l’OTAN. par conséquent,
l’arrêt de la Cour « demeure[rait] applicable dans l’avenir », étant donné
qu’existe la «possibilité que ce traité fasse à l’avenir l’objet d’ukn acte d’‑n
terprétation ou d’application conforme à un jugement rendu par kla Cou» r
(Cameroun septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions prélimi‑
naires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 37‑38).
52. L’invocation par le défendeur des affaires des Essais nucléaires
n’étaye pas davantage sa position. dans ces affaires, la Cour avait estimé
que les requêtes introductives d’instance déposées par l’kAustralie et la
Nouvelle‑Zélande avaient trait à des essais futurs d’armes nuclkéaires
effectués par la France dans l’atmosphère. Or, au vu des dékclarations de
la France, dont elle estimait qu’elles constituaient un engagement aykant
un effet juridique de ne pas effectuer pareils essais dans l’atmosphère, la
Cour avait conclu qu’il n’existait plus de différend sur ce pkoint et que
l’objectif du demandeur avait, de fait, été atteint ; aucune autre action
judiciaire n’était donc nécessaire (Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 271, par. 56; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑
Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 476, par. 59).
53. La présente espèce se distingue nettement des affaires précitkées,
puisque le défendeur n’a pris aucune mesure qui puisse être conksi‑
dérée comme ayant réglé le différend relatif à la violation allékguée du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11. de plus, un arrêt de la Cour en l’espèce ne
serait pas sans objet dès lors qu’il affecterait les droits et obligations des
parties au titre de l’accord intérimaire et serait susceptible d’kapplication
effective.
54. En conséquence, la Cour considère qu’il ne saurait être faitk droit à
l’exception d’irrecevabilité soulevée par le défendeur auk motif que l’arrêt
de la Cour serait dépourvu d’effet.
4. La question de savoir si l’arrêt de la Cour
interférerait avec les négociations diplomatiques en cours
55. Le défendeur avance que, si elle exerçait sa compétence, la Cour
interférerait avec le processus diplomatique prévu par le Conseil kde sécu‑
rité dans sa résolution 817 (1993), ce qui serait contraire à sa fonction
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5 CIJ1026.indb 43 20/06/13 08:42 664 application of interkim accord (judgment)
to the Court’s judicial function. It argues that a judgment by the Cokurt in
favour of the Applicant “would judicially seal a unilateral practice kof
imposing a disputed name and would thus run contrary to Security Coun‑
cil resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), requiring the parties to reach a
negotiated solution on this difference”. The Respondent thus submitks
that, on the basis of judicial propriety, the Court should decline to exkercise
its jurisdiction.
56. In response, the Applicant argues that the Court, in determining the
scope of Security Council resolution 817 (1993) and of the Interim Accord,
would in no way settle the dispute over the name, or impose a conclusionk
on the ongoing negotiation process between the parties on this subject
since the object of its claim in the present case and the object of the knego ‑
tiation process are different. The Applicant contends that the Respon ‑
dent’s argument is premised on a confused understanding of the objectk of
the Applicant’s claim. The Applicant contends that the existence of nkego ‑
tiations does not preclude the Court from exercising its judicial functikon.
*
57. Regarding the issue of whether the judicial settlement of disputes
by the Court is incompatible with ongoing diplomatic negotiations, the
Court has made clear that “the fact that negotiations are being activkely
pursued during the present proceedings is not, legally, any obstacle to kthe
exercise by the Court of its judicial function” (Aegean Sea Continental
Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978, p. 12, para. 29 ;
see also United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United
States of America v. Iran), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 20, para. 37).
58. As a judicial organ, the Court has to establish
“first, that the dispute before it is a legal dispute, in the sense of a
dispute capable of being settled by the application of principles and
rules of international law, and secondly, that the Court has jurisdic ‑
tion to deal with it, and that that jurisdiction is not fettered by any k
circumstance rendering the application inadmissible” (Border and
Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 91, para. 52).
The question put before the Court, namely, whether the Respondent’s
conduct is a breach of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, is
a legal question pertaining to the interpretation and implementation of ka
provision of that Accord. As stated above, the disagreement between the
parties amounts to a legal dispute which is not excluded from the Court’ks
jurisdiction. Therefore, by deciding on the interpretation and implemen ‑
tation of a provision of the Interim Accord, a task which the parties
agreed to submit to the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 21, paragraph 2,
the Court would be faithfully discharging its judicial function.
24
5 CIJ1026.indb 44 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 664
judiciaire. Il soutient qu’un arrêt favorable au demandeur « scellerait judi‑
ciairement une pratique unilatérale tendant à imposer l’usage d’un nom
contesté et irait ainsi à l’encontre des résolutions 817 (1993) et 845 (1993)
du Conseil de sécurité, lesquelles exigent des parties qu’elles règlent cette
divergence par la négociation ». Selon le défendeur, l’opportunité judi ‑
ciaire voudrait que la Cour refuse d’exercer sa compétence.
56. En réponse à cet argument, le demandeur fait valoir que, en prékci‑
sant la portée de la résolution 817 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité et de l’ac ‑
cord intérimaire, la Cour ne réglerait nullement la divergence relkative au
nom et ne déterminerait pas l’issue des négociations entre les kparties sur
ce point, étant donné que l’objet de sa prétention en la préksente espèce et
celui de ces négociations sont différents. Il ajoute que l’arkgument du
défendeur repose sur une mauvaise compréhension de l’objet de ska
demande. Selon lui, l’existence de négociations n’empêche donc pas la
Cour d’exercer sa fonction judiciaire.
*
57. En ce qui concerne la question de savoir si le règlement judiciaire
des différends par la Cour est incompatible avec la poursuite de négocia ‑
tions diplomatiques, la Cour a clairement indiqué que « le fait que des
négociations se poursuivent activement pendant la procédure [consikdérée]
ne constitue pas, en droit, un obstacle à l’exercice par la Cour dke sa fonc ‑
tion judiciaire » (Plateau continental de la mer Egée (Grèce c. Turquie),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1978, p. 12, par. 29 ; voir également Personnel diplo ‑
matique et consulaire des Etats‑Unis à Téhéran (Etats‑Unis d’▯Amérique
c. Iran), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 20, par. 37).
58. En tant qu’organe judiciaire, la Cour doit déterminer
«d’une part si le différend qui lui est soumis est d’ordre jurkidique,
c’est‑à‑dire s’il est susceptible d’être résolu par apkplication des principes
et des règles du droit international, et d’autre part si elle a compétence
pour en connaître et si l’exercice de cette compétence n’estk pas entravé
par des circonstances qui rendent la requête irrecevable » (Actions
armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), com ‑
pétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 91, par. 52).
La question posée à la Cour, celle de savoir si le comportement duk défen‑
deur constitue une violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord
intérimaire, est une question juridique relative à l’interpréktation et à
l’exécution d’une disposition de cet accord. Ainsi que cela a ékté précisé
ci‑dessus, le désaccord entre les parties est un différend d’ordre juridique
qui n’est pas exclu de la compétence de la Cour. En se prononçaknt sur
l’interprétation et l’exécution d’une disposition de l’kaccord intérimaire
— tâche dont les parties sont, en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 21,
convenues qu’elle relevait de sa compétence —, la Cour s’acquitterait
donc strictement de sa fonction judiciaire.
24
5 CIJ1026.indb 45 20/06/13 08:42 665 application of interkim accord (judgment)
59. The parties included a provision conferring jurisdiction on the
Court (Art. 21) in an agreement that also required them to continue nego‑
tiations on the dispute over the name of the Applicant (Art. 5, para. 1).
Had the parties considered that a future ruling by the Court would inter ‑
fere with diplomatic negotiations mandated by the Security Council, they
would not have agreed to refer to it disputes concerning the interpretatkion
or implementation of the Interim Accord.
60. Accordingly, the Respondent’s objection to the admissibility of the
Application based on the alleged interference of the Court’s Judgmentk
with ongoing diplomatic negotiations mandated by the Security Council
cannot be upheld.
5. Conclusion concerning the Jurisdiction of the Court over the Present
Dispute and the Admissibility of the Application
61. In conclusion, the Court finds that it has jurisdiction over the legalk
dispute submitted to it by the Applicant. There is no reason for the Coukrt
to decline to exercise its jurisdiction. The Court finds the Application
admissible.
III. Whether the Respondentk Failed to Comply
with the Obligation undker Article11, paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord
62. The Court turns now to the merits of the case. Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord provides :
“the party of the First part [the Respondent] agrees not to object to
the application by or the membership of the party of the Second part
[the Applicant] in international, multilateral and regional organiza ‑
tions and institutions of which the party of the First part is a member ;
however, the party of the First part reserves the right to object to any
membership referred to above if and to the extent the party of the
Second part is to be referred to in such organization or institution
differently than in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council
resolution 817 (1993)”.
The parties agree that this provision imposes on the Respondent an
obligation not to object to the admission of the Applicant to internatioknal
organizations of which the Respondent is a member, including NATO,
subject to the exception in the second clause of paragraph 1.
63. The Applicant contends that the Respondent, prior to, and during,
the Bucharest Summit, failed to comply with the obligation not to objectk
contained in the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1.
64. The Respondent maintains that it did not object to the Applicant’s
admission to NATO. As an alternative, the Respondent argues that any
25
5 CIJ1026.indb 46 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 665
59. Les parties ont inclus une disposition conférant compétence à la
Cour (art. 21) dans un accord qui leur prescrivait aussi de poursuivre les
négociations sur le différend qui les oppose au sujet du nom du kdemandeur
(art. 5, par. 1). Si elles avaient considéré que la décision future de la Cokur
interférerait avec les négociations diplomatiques prescrites par lke Conseil
de sécurité, elles ne seraient pas convenues de porter devant ellek les diffé ‑
rends touchant à l’interprétation ou à l’exécution de kl’accord intérimaire.
60. En conséquence, il ne saurait être fait droit à l’exception kd’irreceva ‑
bilité soulevée par le défendeur au motif que l’arrêt de kla Cour interfére ‑
rait avec les négociations diplomatiques en cours prescrites par le Conseil
de sécurité.
5. Conclusion relative à la compétence de la Cour pour connaître
du présent différend et à la recevabilité de la requête
61. La Cour conclut qu’elle a compétence à l’égard du différend juri ‑
dique qui lui a été présenté par le demandeur, qu’elle n’ka aucune raison de
refuser d’exercer cette compétence et que la requête est recevakble.
III. Question de savoir sik le défendeur ne s’estk pas conformé
à l’obligation conteknue dans le paragraphke 1 de l’articl1 e1
de l’accord intérimakire
62. La Cour en vient maintenant au fond de l’affaire. Le paragraphe 1
de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire est ainsi libellé :
«la première partie [le défendeur] ne s’opposera pas à la demande
d’admission de la seconde partie [le demandeur] dans des organisa ‑
tions et institutions internationales, multilatérales ou régionales dont
la première partie est membre, non plus qu’à la participation de la
seconde partie à ces organisations et institutions ; toutefois, la pre ‑
mière partie se réserve le droit d’élever des objections à une tellke
demande ou à une telle participation si [et dans la mesure où] la k
seconde partie doit être dotée dans ces organisations ou institutions
d’une appellation différente [de] celle prévue au paragraphe 2 de la
résolution 817 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies ».
Les parties s’accordent à considérer que cette disposition impose auk
défendeur de ne pas s’opposer à l’admission du demandeur àk des organisa ‑
tions internationales dont il est lui‑même membre, y compris l’OTAkN, sous
réserve de l’exception prévue dans la seconde clause du mêmek paragraphe.
63. Le demandeur allègue qu’avant et pendant le sommet de Bucarest
le défendeur a méconnu l’obligation, énoncée dans la premkière clause du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11, de ne pas s’opposer à son admission.
64. Le défendeur affirme qu’il ne s’est pas opposé à l’adkmission du
demandeur à l’OTAN. A titre subsidiaire, il soutient que toute objkection
25
5 CIJ1026.indb 47 20/06/13 08:42 666 application of interkim accord (judgment)
objection attributable to it at the Bucharest Summit does not violate Arkti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, because it would fall within the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1. In support of this position, the Respondent
asserts that the Applicant would have been referred to in NATO “diffker ‑
ently than in” paragraph 2 of resolution 817. In addition, the Respondent
argues that, even if it is found to have objected within the meaning of k
Article 11, paragraph 1, such an objection would not have been inconsis ‑
tent with the Interim Accord because of the operation of Article 22 of the
Interim Accord.
65. The Applicant counters with the view that the Respondent’s objec ‑
tion does not fall within the scope of the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and that the obligation not to object
is not obviated by Article 22.
66. The Court will first address the two clauses of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, and then will consider the effect of Article 22.
1. The Respondent’s Obligation under Article 11, Paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord not to Object
to the Applicant’s Admission to NATO
A. The meaning of the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord
67. The first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
obliges the Respondent not to object to “the application by or memberk ‑
ship of” the Applicant in NATO. The Court notes that the parties agree
that the obligation “not to object” does not require the Respondenkt
actively to support the Applicant’s admission to international organikza ‑
tions. In addition, the parties agree that the obligation “not to object” is
not an obligation of result, but rather one of conduct.
68. The interpretations advanced by the parties diverge, however, in
significant respects. The Applicant asserts that in its ordinary meanikng,
interpreted in light of the object and purpose of the Interim Accord, thke
phrase “not to object” should be read broadly to encompass any implicit
or explicit act or expression of disapproval or opposition, in word or
deed, to the Applicant’s application to or membership in an organizatkion
or institution. In the Applicant’s view, the act of objecting is not klimited
to casting a negative vote. Rather, it could include any act or omissionk
designed to oppose or to prevent a consensus decision at an internationakl
organization (where such consensus is necessary for the Applicant to
secure membership) or to inform other members of an international orga ‑
nization or institution that the Respondent will not permit such a consen‑
sus decision to be reached. In particular, the Applicant notes that NATOk
members are admitted on the basis of unanimity of NATO member
26
5 CIJ1026.indb 48 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 666
qu’il aurait élevée au sommet de Bucarest ne constituerait pas kune viola‑
tion du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 parce qu’elle entrerait dans les prévi ‑
sions de la seconde clause de cette disposition. A l’appui de cette akssertion,
le défendeur avance que le demandeur aurait été doté à l’kOTAN « d’une
appellation différente [de] » celle prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolu ‑
tion 817. Il affirme en outre que, même s’il était établi qu’kil s’est opposé
au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11, cette objection n’aurait pas, par
l’effet de l’article 22 de cet instrument, été contraire à l’accord intérimairke.
65. Le demandeur soutient, au contraire, que l’opposition du défen ‑
deur n’entre pas dans le champ de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire et que l’article 22 de ce même instru ‑
ment ne dispense pas le défendeur de l’obligation de ne pas s’opposer à
son admission.
66. La Cour examinera tout d’abord les deux clauses du paragraphe 1
de l’article 11, puis l’effet de l’article 22.
1. L’obligation de ne pas s’opposer à l’admission du demandeur
à l’OTAN qui incombe au défendeur au titre du paragraphe 1
de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire
A. Le sens de la première clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord
intérimaire
67. Aux termes de la première clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de
l’accord intérimaire, le défendeur est tenu de ne pas s’oppokser « à la
demande d’admission» du demandeur à l’OTAN, « non plus qu’à la par ‑
ticipation du demandeur » à cette organisation. La Cour relève que, de
l’avis des deux parties, l’obligation qui est faite au défendeur de « ne [pas]
s’opposer» n’entraîne pas celle de soutenir activement l’admission duk
demandeur à des organisations internationales. En outre, les parties
conviennent que l’obligation de « ne [pas] s’opposer » est une obligation
de comportement et non de résultat.
68. Les interprétations avancées par les parties divergent cependant à
d’importants égards. Le demandeur affirme que la formule « ne [pas]
s’opposer», prise dans son sens ordinaire et interprétée à la lumièkre de
l’objet et du but de l’accord intérimaire, devrait avoir une large portée de
manière à viser toute manifestation implicite ou explicite de déksapproba ‑
tion ou d’opposition, en paroles ou en actes, à sa demande d’adkmission
dans une organisation ou institution ou à sa participation à une tkelle
organisation ou institution. Selon le demandeur, le fait de s’opposerk ne se
limite pas à l’expression d’un vote négatif. Il pourrait ausksi englober toute
action ou omission ayant pour but de s’opposer à une décision pkar
consensus au sein d’une organisation internationale ou d’empêchker qu’une
telle décision ne soit prise (lorsque le consensus est nécessairek pour l’admis
sion du demandeur), ou encore d’informer les autres membres d’unek
organisation ou institution internationale que le défendeur ne permetktrait
26
5 CIJ1026.indb 49 20/06/13 08:42 667 application of interkim accord (judgment)
States, in accordance with Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. That
provision states, in the relevant part, as follows:
“The parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other Euro‑
pean State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and tok
contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this
Treaty.” (North Atlantic Treaty, 4 April 1949, Art. 10, UNTS, Vol. 34,
p. 248.)
69. The Respondent interprets the obligation “not to object” more
narrowly. In its view, an objection requires a specific, negative act, such
as casting a vote or exercising a veto against the Applicant’s admisskion to
or membership in an organization or institution. An objection does not, k
under the Respondent’s interpretation, include abstention or the withk ‑
holding of support in a consensus process. As a general matter, the
Respondent argues that the phrase “not to object” should be interpkreted
narrowly because it imposes a limitation on a right to object that the
Respondent would otherwise possess.
*
70. The Court does not accept the general proposition advanced by the
Respondent that special rules of interpretation should apply when the
Court is examining a treaty that limits a right that a party would otherkwise
have. Turning to the Respondent’s specific arguments in regard to tkhe first
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, the Court observes that nothing in the
text of that clause limits the Respondent’s obligation not to object kto orga ‑
nizations that use a voting procedure to decide on the admission of new
members. There is no indication that the parties intended to exclude from
Article 11, paragraph 1, organizations like NATO that follow procedures
that do not require a vote. moreover, the question before the Court is not
whether the decision taken by NATO at the Bucharest Summit with
respect to the Applicant’s candidacy was due exclusively, principallyk, or
marginally to the Respondent’s objection. As theparties agree, the obliga ‑
tion under the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, is one of conduct, not
of result. Thus, the question before the Court is whether the Respondentk,
by its own conduct, did not comply with the obligation not to object conk ‑
tained in Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
71. The Court also observes that the Respondent did not take the
position that any objection by it at the Bucharest Summit was based on
grounds unrelated to the difference over the name. Therefore, the Courkt
need not decide whether the Respondent retains a right to object to the
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5 CIJ1026.indb 50 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 667
pas qu’une telle décision par consensus soit prise. En particulierk, le
demandeur fait observer que l’admission à l’OTAN procède d’kune déci ‑
sion des Etats membres de l’organisation prise à l’unanimiték, conformé ‑
ment à l’article 10 du traité de l’Atlantique Nord. Cette disposition, dans
sa partie pertinente, énonce ce qui suit :
«Les parties peuvent, par accord unanime, inviter à accéder au
traité tout autre Etat européen susceptible de favoriser le développe ‑
ment des principes du présent traité et de contribuer à la sékcurité de
la région de l’Atlantique Nord.» (Traité de l’Atlantique Nord, 4 avril
1949, art. 10, RTNU, vol. 34, p. 249.)
69. Le défendeur fait une interprétation plus étroite de l’obligkation de
«ne [pas] s’opposer ». Selon lui, une objection prend nécessairement la
forme d’un acte spécifique et négatif, comme l’expression d’un vote ou
l’opposition d’un veto à l’admission ou à la participatiokn du demandeur
à une organisation ou institution ; ni une abstention ni une absence de
soutien dans le cadre d’un processus régi par le consensus ne saurkaient
être qualifiées d’objection. d’un point de vue général, le défendeur avance
que l’expression « ne [pas] s’opposer » doit être interprétée de manière
étroite car elle limite un droit qu’il détiendrait normalement.k
*
70. La Cour ne peut retenir l’assertion générale du défendeur seklon
laquelle elle devrait appliquer des règles spéciales d’interprétation lors ‑
qu’elle examine un traité limitant un droit que détiendrait norkmalement
une partie. En ce qui concerne les arguments spécifiques que le dékfendeur a
avancés relativement à la première clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article11, la
Cour observe que rien dans le libellé de cette clause n’indique quke l’obliga ‑
tion de ne pas s’opposer incombant au défendeur s’appliquerait kseulement
dans les organisations où la décision d’admettre de nouveaux mekmbres est
prise par vote. Rien n’indique non plus que les parties aient eu l’intention
d’exclure du champ d’application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 des orga ‑
nisations qui, telle l’OTAN, suivent des procédures ne prévoyankt pas de
vote. de surcroît, la question qui se pose à la Cour n’est pas de savokir si la
décision prise par l’OTAN au sommet de Bucarest à propos de la kcandida ‑
ture du demandeur est exclusivement, principalement ou accessoirement
due à l’objection du défendeur. Ainsi que les parties en conviennent, l’obli ‑
gation énoncée dans la première clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 est
une obligation de comportement et non de résultat. La question qui sek pose
à la Cour est donc de savoir si le défendeur a, par son comportemeknt
propre, méconnu l’obligation de ne pas s’opposer à l’admission du deman ‑
deur qui lui est faite au paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire.
71. La Cour relève également que le défendeur n’a pas soutenu quk’une
quelconque objection à l’admission du demandeur, élevée par klui au sommet
de Bucarest, aurait été fondée sur des motifs sans rapport aveck la divergence
sur le nom. En conséquence, il n’est pas nécessaire que la Courk détermine si
27
5 CIJ1026.indb 51 20/06/13 08:42 668 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Applicant’s admission to international organizations on such other
grounds.
B. Whether the Respondent “objected” to the Applicant’s admission ▯
to NATO
72. The Court now turns to the evidence submitted to it by the parties, in
order to decide whether the record supports the Applicant’s contention that
the Respondent objected to the Applicant’s membership in NATO. In thiks
regard, the Court recalls that, in general, it is the duty of the party kthat asserts
certain facts to establish the existence of such facts (Pulp Mills on the River
Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 71,
para. 162 ; Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 86, para. 68). Thus, the Applicant bears
the burden of establishing the facts that support its allegation that thke
Respondent failed to comply with its obligation under the Interim Accordk.
73. To support the position that the Respondent objected to its admis ‑
sion to NATO, the Applicant refers the Court to diplomatic correspon ‑
dence of the Respondent before and after the Bucharest Summit and to
statements by senior officials of the Respondent during the same periodk.
The Respondent does not dispute the authenticity of these statements.
The Court will examine these statements as evidence of the Respondent’ks
conduct in connection with the Bucharest Summit, in light of its obligatkion
under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
74. The Applicant referred to diplomatic correspondence from the
Respondent to other NATO member States exchanged prior to the
Bucharest Summit. An aide‑memoire circulated by the Respondent to its
fellow NATO member States in 2007 points to the ongoing negotiations
between the parties pursuant to resolution 817 and states that “[t]he sat ‑
isfactory conclusion of the said negotiations is a sine qua non, in order to
enable greece to continue to support the Euro‑atlantic aspirations of
Skopje”. The aide‑memoire further states that the resolution of the name
issue “is going to be the decisive criterion for greece to accept an invita‑
tion to FYROm to start NATO accession negotiations”.
75. The Applicant also introduced evidence showing that, during the
same period, the Respondent’s prime minister and Foreign minister stated
publicly on a number of occasions that the Respondent would oppose the
extension of an invitation to the Applicant to join NATO at the Buchareskt
Summit unless the name issue was resolved. On 22 February 2008, the
Respondent’s prime minister, speaking at a session of the Respondent’s
parliament, made the following statement with regard to the difference
between the parties over the name: “[W]ithout a mutually acceptable solu‑
tion allied relations cannot be established, there cannot be an invitatikon to
the neighbouring country to join the Alliance. No solution means — no
invitation.” The record indicates that the prime minister reiterated this
position publicly on at least three occasions in march 2008.
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5 CIJ1026.indb 52 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 668
le défendeur conserve le droit d’élever, pour de tels autres motifs, des objec‑
tions à l’admission du demandeur à des organisations internatioknales.
B. La question de savoir si le défendeur « s’est opposé » à l’admission du
demandeur à l’OTAN
72. La Cour considérera à présent les éléments de preuve que klui ont sou ‑
mis les parties, aux fins de déterminer s’ils corroborent la thèse du deman‑
deur selon laquelle le défendeur s’est opposé à son admissiokn à l’OTAN. A
cet égard, elle rappelle que c’est, en règle générale, àk la partie qui avance
certains faits d’en démontrer l’existence (Usines de pâte à papier sur le
fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I), p. 71,
par. 162 ;Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine), arrêt,▯
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 86, par. 68). Le demandeur a donc la charge d’établir
les faits qu’il invoque à l’appui de son allégation selon lakquelle le défendeur
ne s’est pas conformé à son obligation au titre de l’accord kintérimaire.
73. pour étayer sa position selon laquelle le défendeur s’est opposék à
son admission à l’OTAN, le demandeur invite la Cour à se reportker à des
pièces de correspondance diplomatique émanant de l’Etat défekndeur
avant et après le sommet de Bucarest, ainsi qu’à des déclaraktions faites
par de hauts responsables de cet Etat au cours de la même période.k Le
défendeur ne conteste pas l’authenticité de ces déclarationsk. La Cour les
examinera en ce qu’elles témoignent du comportement du défendeur rela‑
tivement au sommet de Bucarest, au regard de l’obligation énoncée au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire.
74. Le demandeur s’est référé à des pièces de correspondankce diploma ‑
tique que le défendeur a adressées aux autres Etats membres de l’OTANk
avant le sommet de Bucarest. Ainsi, dans un aide‑mémoire distribuék à ces
Etats en 2007, le défendeur faisait état des négociations en cours entrek les
parties en application de la résolution 817 et déclarait que « [l]a conclu‑
sion satisfaisante desdites négociations [était] une condition impéra‑
tive pour que la grèce puisse continuer de soutenir les aspirations euro‑
atlantiques de Skopje ». Il ajoutait que le règlement de la question du
nom «sera[it] le critère décisif pour que la grèce accepte que l’ERYm soit
invitée à engager des négociations en vue de son adhésion àk l’OTAN».
75. Le demandeur a aussi produit des éléments de preuve établissantk
que, durant la même période, le premier ministre et le ministre deks affaires
étrangères du défendeur avaient déclaré publiquement àk plusieurs occa ‑
sions que celui‑ci s’opposerait à ce qu’il soit invité à adhérer à l’OTAN
au sommet de Bucarest, à moins que la question du nom ne soit régléke.
Le 22 février 2008, devant le parlement du défendeur, le premier ministre
de celui‑ci a, au sujet de la divergence entre les parties relative au nom,
fait la déclaration suivante : «Sans une solution mutuellement acceptable,
nous ne saurions être alliés, et notre voisin ne peut être invikté à adhérer
à l’Alliance. pas de solution, pas d’invitation. » Ainsi qu’il ressort du
dossier de l’affaire, le premier ministre a réaffirmé publiquement cette
position à trois reprises au moins en mars 2008.
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5 CIJ1026.indb 53 20/06/13 08:42 669 application of interkim accord (judgment)
76. The Respondent’s Foreign minister also explained her govern ‑
ment’s position prior to the Bucharest Summit. On 17 march 2008, she
declared, referring to the Applicant, that “[i]f there is no compromikse, we
will block their accession”. Ten days later, on 27 march 2008, in a speech
to the governing party’s parliamentary group, she stated that until a
solution is reached, “we cannot, of course, consent to addressing an kinvi‑
tation to our neighbouring state to join NATO. No solution — no invita‑
tion. We said it, we mean it, and everyone knows it.”
77. The Applicant also points to the statement of the Respondent’s
prime minister, made on 3 April 2008 at the close of the Bucharest Sum ‑
mit in a message directed to the greek people :
“It was unanimously decided that Albania and Croatia will accede
to NATO. due to greece’s veto, FYROm is not joining NATO.
I had said to everyone — in every possible tone and in every direc ‑
tion — that ‘a failure to solve the name issue will impede their invi ‑
tation’ to join the Alliance. And that is what I did. Skopje will be kable
to become a member of NATO only after the name issue has been
resolved.”
The Applicant notes that this characterization of events at the Summit iks
corroborated by other contemporaneous statements, including that of a
NATO spokesperson.
78. In addition, the Applicant relies on diplomatic correspondence from
the Respondent after the Bucharest Summit, in which the Respondent
characterizes its position at the Summit. In particular, the Applicant iknt‑o
duced a letter, dated 14 April 2008, from the Respondent’s permanent
Representative to the United Nations to the permanent Representative of
Costa Rica to the United Nations that included the following statement:
“At the recent NATO Summit meeting in Bucharest and in view
of the failure to reach a viable and definitive solution to the name
issue, greece was not able to consent to the Former Yugoslav Repub‑
lic of macedonia being invited to join the North Atlantic Alliance.”
The Applicant asserts that the Respondent sent similar letters to all otkher
members of the United Nations Security Council and to the United Nations
Secretary‑general. The Respondent does not refute this contention.
79. On 1 June 2008, in an aide‑memoire sent by the Respondent to the
Organization of American States and its member States, the Respondent
made the following statement :
“At the NATO’s Summit in Bucharest in April 2008, allied leaders,
upon greece’s proposal, agreed to postpone an invitation to FYROm
to join the Alliance, until a mutually acceptable solution to the name
issue is reached.”
29
5 CIJ1026.indb 54 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 669
76. Le ministre des affaires étrangères du défendeur aussi a, prékalable‑
ment à la tenue du sommet de Bucarest, explicité la position de sokn gou‑
vernement. Le 17 mars 2008, elle a ainsi déclaré à propos du demandeur :
«s’il n’y a pas de compromis, nous ferons échec à son adhéksion ». dix
jours plus tard, le 27 mars 2008, dans un discours prononcé devant le
groupe parlementaire du parti au pouvoir, elle a tenu les propos suivants :
«Nous ne pouvons bien entendu consentir à adresser à notre voisin ukne
invitation à adhérer à l’OTAN [avant qu’une solution ne soit trouvée].
pas de solution, pas d’invitation. Nous l’avons dit, nous ne plaisakntons
pas et chacun le sait. »
77. Le demandeur appelle aussi l’attention sur les propos tenus par le
premier ministre du défendeur le 3 avril 2008, à l’issue du sommet de
Bucarest, dans un message adressé au peuple grec :
«Il a été décidé à l’unanimité que l’Albanie et lka Croatie adhére ‑
raient à l’OTAN. En raison du veto de la grèce, tel ne sera cepen ‑
dant pas le cas de l’ERYm.
J’avais informé tout le monde — sur tous les tons et à la moindre
occasion — qu’« un non‑règlement de la question du nom empêche ‑
rait [le demandeur] d’être invité » à adhérer à l’Alliance. Et c’est bien
ce que j’ai fait. Skopje ne pourra devenir membre de l’OTAN que
lorsque cette question aura été réglée. »
Le demandeur relève que cette présentation des événements qui se sont
déroulés au sommet est confirmée par d’autres déclaratikons faites à la
même époque, notamment celle d’un porte‑parole de l’OTAN.
78. Le demandeur invoque en outre des pièces de correspondance diplo‑
matique émanant du défendeur après le sommet de Bucarest, dans klesquelles
celui‑ci précisait quelle avait été sa position au sommet. Il ak notamment
produit une lettre en date du 14 avril 2008, adressée par le représentant per‑
manent de l’Etat défendeur auprès de l’Organisation des Natikons Unies au
représentant permanent du Costa Rica, qui contenait la déclaration suivan :te
«Au récent sommet de l’OTAN à Bucarest, étant donné qu’kau ‑
cune solution viable et définitive n’a pu être trouvée àk la question du
nom, la grèce n’a pas pu accepter que l’ex‑République yougoslave
de macédoine soit invitée à adhérer à l’Alliance nord‑atlakntique.»
Le demandeur affirme que le défendeur a adressé des lettres compakrables à
tous les autres membres du Conseil de sécurité ainsi qu’au Secrkétaire géné ‑
ral de l’Orgerisation des Nations Unies. Le défendeur ne le conteste pas.
79. Le 1 juin 2008, dans un aide‑mémoire adressé à l’Organisation
des Etats américains et à ses Etats membres, le défendeur indiqkuait ce qui
suit :
«Au sommet de l’OTAN qui s’est tenu à Bucarest en avril 2008,
les dirigeants des pays membres sont convenus, sur proposition de la
grèce, de différer le moment où l’ERYm serait invitée à adhérer à
l’Alliance jusqu’à ce qu’une solution mutuellement acceptablke soit
trouvée au problème du nom. »
29
5 CIJ1026.indb 55 20/06/13 08:42 670 application of interkim accord (judgment)
80. The Respondent stresses the absence of a formal voting mechanism
within NATO. For that reason, the Respondent asserts that, irrespective k
of the statements by its government officials, there is no means by whikch
a NATO member State can exercise a “veto” over NATO decisions. Thek
Respondent further maintains that its obligation under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, does not prevent it from expressing its views, whether negative
or positive, regarding the Applicant’s eligibility for admission to akn orga‑
nization, and characterizes the statements by its government officials kas
speaking to whether the Applicant had satisfied the organization’s keligi ‑
bility requirements, not as setting forth a formal objection. The Responk‑
dent further contends that it was “unanimously” decided at the Buckharest
Summit that the Applicant would not yet be invited to join NATO, and
thus that it cannot be determined whether a particular State “objectekd” to
the Applicant’s membership. According to the Respondent, “greece did
not veto the FYROm’s accession to NATO . . . It was a collective decision
made on behalf of the Alliance as a whole.” (Emphasis in the originakl.)
*
81. In the view of the Court, the evidence submitted to it demonstrates
that through formal diplomatic correspondence and through statements
of its senior officials, the Respondent made clear before, during and akfter
the Bucharest Summit that the resolution of the difference over the nakme
was the “decisive criterion” for the Respondent to accept the Applkicant’s
admission to NATO. The Respondent manifested its objection to the
Applicant’s admission to NATO at the Bucharest Summit, citing the fackt
that the difference regarding the Applicant’s name remained unresolkved.
82. moreover, the Court cannot accept that the Respondent’s state ‑
ments regarding the admission of the Applicant were not objections, but k
were merely observations aimed at calling the attention of other NATO
member States to concerns about the Applicant’s eligibility to join NkATO.
The record makes abundantly clear that the Respondent went beyond
such observations to oppose the Applicant’s admission to NATO on the
ground that the difference over the name had not been resolved.
83. The Court therefore concludes that the Respondent objected to the
Applicant’s admission to NATO, within the meaning of the first claukse of
Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
2. The Effect of the Second Clause of Article 11, Paragraph 1,
of the Interim Accord
84. The Court turns now to the question whether the Respondent’s
objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO at the Bucharest Sum ‑
mit fell within the exception contained in the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
30
5 CIJ1026.indb 56 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 670
80. Le défendeur souligne qu’il n’existe pas de procédure formelkle de
vote à l’OTAN. Il affirme que, nonobstant les déclarations faiktes par des
membres de son gouvernement, les Etats membres de l’OTAN ne dis ‑
posent donc d’aucun moyen d’opposer un « veto» aux décisions de cette
organisation. Le défendeur soutient en outre que l’obligation qui kest la
sienne aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 ne lui interdit pas d’ex ‑
primer ses vues, qu’elles soient favorables ou défavorables, sur la question
de savoir si le demandeur satisfait aux critères d’adhésion àk une organisa ‑
tion; selon lui, lesdites déclarations portaient sur la question de savoikr si
le demandeur avait satisfait à ces critères en ce qui concerne l’kOTAN et
ne visaient pas à exprimer une objection formelle. Le défendeur affirme en
outre que, au sommet de Bucarest, il a été décidé « à l’unanimité » que le
demandeur ne serait pas encore invité à adhérer à l’OTAN ket que l’on ne
peut donc établir si un Etat donné « s’est opposé» à son admission. Selon
le défendeur, «la grèce n’a pas opposé son veto à l’admission de l’ERYm
à l’OTAN… Il s’agissait d’une décision collective prise au nom de l’Al ‑
liance dans son ensemble. » (Les italiques sont dans l’original.)
*
81. Au vu des éléments qui lui ont été soumis, la Cour estime quke le
défendeur a, dans sa correspondance diplomatique officielle et par lka voie
des déclarations de ses dirigeants, clairement indiqué avant, pendkant et
après le sommet de Bucarest que le règlement de la divergence au skujet
du nom était le «critère décisif» pour qu’il accepte l’admission du deman ‑
deur à l’OTAN. Au sommet de Bucarest, le défendeur a élevék des objec ‑
tions à cette admission, invoquant le fait que la divergence relativek au
nom de ce dernier n’était toujours pas réglée.
82. En outre, la Cour ne peut admettre que les déclarations du défen ‑
deur concernant l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN étaient nokn pas des
objections mais de simples observations visant à appeler l’attentikon des
autres Etats membres de l’organisation sur ses préoccupations quankt à
l’aptitude du demandeur, au regard des conditions requises, à adhérer à
celle‑ci. Il ressort clairement du dossier que le défendeur est allék au‑delà
de telles observations pour faire obstacle à l’admission du demandkeur à
l’OTAN au motif que la divergence au sujet du nom n’avait pas été réglée.
83. La Cour conclut que le défendeur s’est opposé, au sens de la
première clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire, à
l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN.
2. L’effet de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11
de l’accord intérimaire
84. La Cour examinera à présent la question de savoir si l’oppositikon
que le défendeur a manifestée, au sommet de Bucarest, contre l’kadmission
du demandeur à l’OTAN relève de l’exception énoncée dakns la seconde
clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire.
30
5 CIJ1026.indb 57 20/06/13 08:42 671 application of interkim accord (judgment)
85. In this clause, the parties agree that the Respondent “reserves the
right to object to any membership” by the Applicant in an internationkal,
multilateral or regional organization or institution of which the Responk‑
dent is a member “if and to the extent the [Applicant] is to be referkred to
in such organization or institution differently than in paragraph 2 of
United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993)”. The Court
recalls that paragraph 2 of resolution 817 recommends that the Applicant
be admitted to membership in the United Nations, being “provisionallyk
referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as ‘the formerk
Yugoslav Republic of macedonia’ pending settlement of the difference
that has arisen over the name of the State”.
86. The Applicant maintains that the exception in the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, applies only if the Applicant is to be referred to
by the organization itself as something other than “the former Yugoslkav
Republic of macedonia”. In its view, resolution 817 contemplated that
the Applicant would refer to itself by its constitutional name (“Republic
of macedonia”) within the United Nations. The Applicant asserts that
this has been its consistent practice since resolution 817 was adopted and
that the parties incorporated this practice into the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1. The Applicant also cites evidence contemporaneous
with the adoption of resolution 817 indicating, in its view, that it was
understood by States involved in the drafting of that resolution that the
resolution would neither require the Applicant to refer to itself by thek
provisional designation within the United Nations nor direct third States
to use any particular name or designation when referring to the Appli ‑
cant. On this basis, it is the Applicant’s position that the Respondeknt’s
right to object pursuant to Article 11, paragraph 1, does not apply to the
Applicant’s admission to NATO because the same practice would be fol ‑
lowed in NATO that has been followed in the United Nations. The
Applicant asserts that the reference to how it will be referred to “ikn” an
organization means, with respect to an organization such as NATO, inter
alia: the way that it will be listed by NATO as a member of the organiza ‑
tion; the way that representatives of the Applicant will be accredited by
NATO; and the way that NATO will refer to the Applicant in all official
NATO documents.
87. The Respondent is of the view that the Applicant’s intention to
refer to itself in NATO by its constitutional name, as well as the possikbil ‑
ity that third States may refer to the Applicant by its constitutional nkame,
triggers the exception in the second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, and
thus permitted the Respondent to object to the Applicant’s admission kto
NATO. In the Respondent’s view, resolution 817 requires the Applicant
to refer to itself as the “former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia” within
the United Nations. The Respondent does not dispute the Applicant’s
claim of consistent practice within the United Nations, but contends thakt
the Respondent engaged in a “general practice of protests” in regakrd to
31
5 CIJ1026.indb 58 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 671
85. Aux termes de cette clause, les parties conviennent que le défen ‑
deur « se réserve le droit d’élever des objections [à toute] partickipation »
du demandeur à des organisations et institutions internationales, mulktila ‑
térales ou régionales dont le défendeur est membre « si [et dans la mesure
où le demandeur] doit être doté dans ces organisations ou instiktutions
d’une appellation différente [de] celle prévue au paragraphe 2 de la ré‑
solution 817 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies ». La
Cour rappelle que, au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817, le Conseil de sécu‑
rité recommandait que le demandeur soit admis à l’Organisation kdes
Nations Unies et soit « désigné provisoirement, à toutes fins utiles à l’Or ‑
ganisation, sous le nom d’« ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine » en
attendant que soit réglée la divergence qui a[vait] surgi au sujetk de son
nom ».
86. Le demandeur soutient que l’exception énoncée dans la seconde
clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 s’applique seulement s’il doit être
désigné par l’organisation elle‑même sous une appellation autre
qu’«ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine». Selon lui, la résolution 817
laisse envisager la possibilité qu’il se désigne lui‑même pakr son nom
constitutionnel (« République de macédoine ») au sein de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies. Le demandeur affirme que telle est d’ailleurs sa pra ‑
tique constante depuis l’adoption de la résolution 817 et que les parties
ont entériné cette pratique dans la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11. Le demandeur se réfère également à des éléments dek preuve
remontant à l’adoption de la résolution 817, dont il ressort, selon lui, que
les Etats ayant participé à la rédaction de cette résolutionk considéraient
que celle‑ci ne l’obligerait pas à se désigner lui‑même par kl’appellation
provisoire pas plus qu’elle ne prescrirait aux Etats tiers l’emploki d’un nom
ou d’une appellation particulière pour le désigner. dès lors, il estime que
le droit d’élever des objections en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 ne
s’applique pas à son admission à l’OTAN parce que la pratique qui
est suivie à l’Organisation des Nations Unies serait également suivie à
l’OTAN. Il affirme que la manière dont il sera désigné «kdans» une orga ‑
nisation renvoie notamment, en ce qui concerne une organisation telle
que l’OTAN, au nom sous lequel il figurera dans la liste des Etats
membres, à la manière dont ses représentants seront accréditkés et au nom
que cette organisation utilisera dans tous ses documents officiels pourk le
désigner.
87. Le défendeur, pour sa part, estime que l’intention du demandeur
de se désigner lui‑même à l’OTAN par son nom constitutionnelk et l’éven ‑
tualité que des Etats tiers le désignent par ce même nom permetktent d’in‑
voquer l’exception énoncée dans la seconde clause du paragraphek 1 de
l’article 11 et l’autorisaient donc à élever des objections à l’admkission du
demandeur à l’OTAN. de l’avis du défendeur, la résolution 817 impose
au demandeur de se désigner lui‑même à l’Organisation des Nations Unies
par l’appellation d’«ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine». Le défen ‑
deur ne conteste pas que le demandeur ait, comme il le soutient, suivi ukne
pratique constante au sein de l’Organisation des Nations Unies mais
31
5 CIJ1026.indb 59 20/06/13 08:42 672 application of interkim accord (judgment)
use of the Applicant’s constitutional name, before and after the concklu ‑
sion of the Interim Accord. To support this assertion, the Respondent
submits evidence of eight instances during the period between the adop ‑
tion of resolution 817 and the conclusion of the Interim Accord in which
the Respondent claimed that the Applicant’s reference to itself by thke
name “Republic of macedonia” within the United Nations was inconsis ‑
tent with resolution 817.
88. With respect to the text of Article 11, paragraph 1, the Respondent
points out that the second clause of that Article applies when the Applik ‑
cant is to be referred to “in” an organization, not only when the kAppli ‑
cant is to be referred to “by” the organization in a particular waky.
moreover, the Respondent argues that the phrase “if and to the extent k
that” in the second clause means that Article 11, paragraph 1, is not
merely an “on/off switch”. Instead, in the Respondent’s view,k the phrase
“to the extent” makes clear that the Respondent may object in respkonse
to a limited or occasional use of a name other than the provisional desikg ‑
nation (such as when the Applicant “instigates the use” of a diffkerent
name by the officers of an organization or by other member States of thke
organization). In support of this interpretation the Respondent assertsk
that the phrase “if and to the extent that” would lack effet utile if it were
not interpreted as the Respondent suggests, because this would render thke
words “to the extent that” without legal content.
*
89. The Court notes that the parties agree on the interpretation of the
second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, in one circumstance : the excep ‑
tion contained in the second clause permits the Respondent to object to k
the Applicant’s admission to an organization if the Applicant is to bke
referred to by the organization itself other than by the provisional deskig ‑
nation. The Respondent also asserts that it has the right to object in tkwo
other circumstances : first, if the Applicant will refer to itself in the orga‑
nization using its constitutional name and, secondly, if third States wikll
refer to the Applicant in the organization by its constitutional name. Tkhe
Applicant disagrees with both of these assertions.
90. Although the parties articulate divergent views on the interpreta ‑
tion of the clause, i.e., whether the Respondent may object if third Staktes
will refer to the Applicant using its constitutional name, the Respondenkt
does not pursue, as a factual matter, the position that any objection atk the
Bucharest Summit was made in response to the prospect that third States
would refer to the Applicant in NATO using its constitutional name.
Thus, in the present case, the Court need not decide whether the second k
clause would permit an objection based on the prospect that third Statesk
would use the Applicant’s constitutional name in NATO. On the other
32
5 CIJ1026.indb 60 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 672
affirme avoir, quant à lui, eu pour « pratique de protester systématique ‑
ment», avant et après la conclusion de l’accord intérimaire, conktre l’uti‑
lisation du nom constitutionnel du demandeur. A l’appui de cette
affirmation, le défendeur fournit des éléments de preuve se rapportant à
huit cas, survenus pendant la période comprise entre l’adoption de la
résolution 817 et la conclusion de l’accord intérimaire, dans lesquels il a
affirmé que l’emploi par le demandeur du nom de « République de macé ‑
doine» pour se désigner à l’Organisation des Nations Unies était contraire
à la résolution 817.
88. Considérant le libellé de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 11, le défendeur fait observer que celle‑ci est applicable lorsque le
demandeur doit être doté «dans» une organisation d’une certaine appella ‑
tion, et non pas seulement lorsqu’il doit être désigné de cektte manière
«par» l’organisation en question. de surcroît, le défendeur fait valoir que
l’expression « si [et dans la mesure où] », utilisée dans la seconde clause,
signifie que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 n’exprime pas une simple alter ‑
native, mais qu’elle indique clairement qu’il peut élever des okbjections à
l’utilisation partielle ou occasionnelle d’un nom différent dke l’appellation
provisoire (comme par exemple lorsque le demandeur «encourage l’utilisa ‑
tion» d’un nom différent par les fonctionnaires d’une organisaktion ou par
d’autres Etats membres de cette organisation). A l’appui de cette interpré ‑
tation, le défendeur affirme que la formule « si [et dans la mesure où] »
n’aurait aucun effet utile si elle était entendue différemmkent, parce que cela
priverait de tout contenu juridique les termes « dans la mesure où».
*
89. La Cour relève que les parties s’accordent sur l’interprétation de la
seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 dans un cas : l’exception
énoncée dans cette clause permet au défendeur d’élever deks objections à
l’admission du demandeur dans une organisation internationale lorsquek
celui‑ci doit être désigné par l’organisation elle‑même skous un nom diffé ‑
rent de l’appellation provisoire. Le défendeur affirme aussi avoir le droit
d’élever des objections dans deux autres cas, à savoir, premièrement, si le
demandeur devait se désigner lui‑même par son nom constitutionnel kau
sein de l’organisation et, deuxièmement, si des Etats tiers devaieknt dési ‑
gner le demandeur par ce même nom. Le demandeur conteste ces deux
affirmations.
90. Bien que les parties donnent des interprétations divergentes de
cette clause en ce qui concerne la question de savoir si le défendeur pour ‑
rait élever des objections dans le cas où des Etats tiers désigkneraient le
demandeur par son nom constitutionnel, le défendeur ne prétend pask, en
fait, qu’une éventuelle objection de sa part au sommet de Bucarestk ait été
motivée par cette perspective. La Cour n’a donc pas besoin de déktermi ‑
ner, en la présente affaire, si la seconde clause permettrait d’kélever des
objections fondées sur la perspective que des Etats tiers emploient lke nom
constitutionnel du demandeur à l’OTAN. En revanche, les parties s’ac ‑
32
5 CIJ1026.indb 61 20/06/13 08:42 673 application of interkim accord (judgment)
hand, the parties agree that the Applicant intended to refer to itself within
NATO, once admitted, by its constitutional name, not by the provisional k
designation set forth in resolution 817. Thus, the Court must decide
whether the second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, permitted the
Respondent to object in that circumstance.
91. The Court will interpret the second clause of Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord, in accordance with Articles 31 and 32 of
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (hereinafter the
“1969 Vienna Convention”), to which both the Applicant and the Rekspon ‑
dent are parties. The Court will therefore begin by considering the ordik ‑
nary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context andk in
light of its object and purpose.
92. The Court observes that the parties formulated the second clause
using the passive voice : “if and to the extent the [Applicant] is to be
referred to . . . differently than in” paragraph 2 of resolution 817. The use
of the passive voice is difficult to reconcile with the Respondent’sk view
that the clause covers not only how the organization is to refer to the
Applicant but also the way that the Applicant is to refer to itself. As kto
the inclusion of the phrase “to the extent”, the Court recalls thek Respon ‑
dent’s contention that the phrase lacks legal effect (“effet kutile”) unless it
is interpreted to mean that the Respondent’s right to object is triggkered
not only by the anticipated practice of the organization, but also by the
use of the constitutional name by others. The Court cannot agree that thke
phrase would have legal effect only if interpreted as the Respondent skug ‑
gests. The phrase would still have a legal significance, for example, kif it
were interpreted to mean that the Respondent has a right to object for sko
long as the organization refers to the Applicant by the constitutional
name. Accordingly, the Court rejects the Respondent’s contention that
the phrase “to the extent” is without legal effect unless the sekcond clause
of Article 11, paragraph 1, permits the Respondent to object to admission
to an organization if the Applicant is to refer to itself in the organizkation
by its constitutional name.
93. As for the phrase “to be referred to . . . differently than in para ‑
graph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993)”, it will
be recalled that the relevant text of that resolution recommends that the
Applicant be admitted to membership in the United Nations, being “prok ‑
visionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as ‘kthe
former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia’” pending settlement of the dif ‑
ference over the name. Thus, a central question for the Court is whetherk
the prospect that the Applicant would refer to itself in NATO by its conk ‑
stitutional name means that the Applicant is “to be referred to . . . differ ‑
ently than in paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 817 (1993)”. The
Court therefore examines the text of resolution 817 in relation to the
second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1. That resolution was adopted
33
5 CIJ1026.indb 62 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 673
cordent à dire en l’espèce que le demandeur avait l’intentiokn de se dési ‑
gner lui‑même à l’OTAN, une fois admis dans cette organisation,k par son
nom constitutionnel et non par l’appellation provisoire prévue danks la
résolution 817. La Cour doit donc déterminer si la seconde clause du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 permettait au défendeur d’élever des objec ‑
tions dans ce cas.
91. La Cour interprétera la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 11 de l’accord intérimaire conformément aux articles 31 et 32 de la
convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités de 1969 (ci‑après la « conven ‑
tion de Vienne de 1969 »), à laquelle tant le demandeur que le défendeur
sont parties. Elle commencera donc par rechercher le sens ordinaire àk
attribuer aux termes de l’accord considérés dans leur contexte ket à la
lumière de l’objet et du but de cet instrument.
92. La Cour relève que les parties ont libellé la seconde clause à la voix
passive: «si [et dans la mesure où] [le demandeur] doit être doté … d’une
appellation différente [de] » celle prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolu ‑
tion 817. L’emploi de la voix passive est difficilement conciliable avec kl’a‑r
gument du défendeur selon lequel cette clause s’applique non seulekment à
la façon dont l’organisation doit désigner le demandeur mais aukssi à la
façon dont celui‑ci doit se désigner lui‑même. En ce qui concerne les
termes « dans la mesure où », la Cour rappelle que le défendeur affirme
qu’ils n’ont pas d’effet utile, sauf à être interprétés comme signifiant que
non seulement la pratique à prévoir de la part de l’organisatiokn mais
aussi l’emploi du nom constitutionnel par des tiers lui donnent le droit
d’élever des objections. La Cour ne saurait convenir que ces termeks n’au ‑
raient un effet juridique que s’ils étaient interprétés cokmme l’avance
le défendeur. Tel serait aussi le cas, par exemple, s’ils étaient kinterpré‑
tés comme signifiant que le défendeur a le droit d’élever des objections
aussi longtemps que l’organisation désigne le demandeur par son nokm
constitutionnel. En conséquence, la Cour rejette l’affirmation duk défen ‑
deur selon laquelle les termes « dans la mesure où » n’ont d’effet utile que
si la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 permet d’élever des
objections à l’admission du demandeur à une organisation lorsquke celui‑
ci doit se désigner lui‑même par son nom constitutionnel dans cette
organisation.
93. En ce qui concerne la formule « doit être doté … d’une appellation
différente [de] celle prévue au paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies », il convient de rappeler que le
Conseil de sécurité, dans la partie pertinente de cette résolution, recom ‑
mande d’admettre le demandeur à l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
celui‑ci devant être « désigné provisoirement, à toutes fins utiles à l’Orga ‑
nisation, sous le nom d’« ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine »» en
attendant que soit réglée la divergence sur le nom. Se pose donc àk la Cour
la question fondamentale de savoir si la perspective que le demandeur
se désigne lui‑même à l’OTAN par son nom constitutionnel signifike
qu’il « doit [y] être doté d’une appellation différente [de] cellek prévue au
paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité des
33
5 CIJ1026.indb 63 20/06/13 08:42 674 application of interkim accord (judgment)
pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations,
which states that admission of a State to membership in the Organizationk
is effected by a decision of the general Assembly upon the recommenda ‑
tion of the Security Council. Thus, it could be argued that paragraph 2 of
resolution 817 is directed primarily to another organ of the United
Nations, namely the general Assembly, rather than to individual mem ‑
ber States. On the other hand, the wording of paragraph 2 of resolu ‑
tion 817 is broad — “for all purposes” — and thus could be read to
extend to the conduct of member States, including the Applicant, within
the United Nations.
94. Bearing in mind these observations regarding the text of the second
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, and of resolution 817, the Court will
now proceed to ascertain the ordinary meaning of the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, in its context and in light of the treaty’s object
and purpose. To this end, the Court will examine other provisions of the
treaty and a related and contemporaneous agreement between the parties.
95. Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, provides that the
Respondent will recognize the Applicant as an “independent and sover ‑
eign state” and that the Respondent will refer to it by a provisionalk desig ‑
nation (as “the former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia”). Nowhere,
however, does the Interim Accord require the Applicant to use the provi ‑
sional designation in its dealings with the Respondent. On the contrary,k
the “memorandum on ‘practical measures’ Related to the Interim
Accord”, concluded by the parties contemporaneously with the entry into
force of the Interim Accord, expressly envisages that the Applicant willk
refer to itself as the “Republic of macedonia” in its dealings with the
Respondent. Thus, as of the entry into force of the Interim Accord, the
Respondent did not insist that the Applicant forbear from the use of itsk
constitutional name in all circumstances.
96. The Court also contrasts the wording of the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, to other provisions of the treaty that impose express
limitations on the Applicant or on both parties. In Article 7, paragraph 2,
for example, the Applicant agrees to “cease” the use of the symbolk that it
had previously used on its flag. This provision thus contains a requiremeknt
that the Applicant change its existing conduct. Additional provisions
under the general heading of “friendly relations and confidence‑
building measures” — namely, the three paragraphs of Article 6 — are
also framed entirely as commitments by the Applicant. By contrast,
although the parties were aware of the Applicant’s consistent use of
its constitutional name in the United Nations, the parties drafted the
second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, without using language that calls
for a change in the Applicant’s conduct. If the parties had wanted the
Interim Accord to mandate a change in the Applicant’s use of its con‑
stitutional name in international organizations, they could have included
34
5 CIJ1026.indb 64 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 674
Nations Unies ». La Cour doit par conséquent examiner le texte de la
résolution 817 en regard de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 11. Cette résolution a été adoptée en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’ar ‑
ticle 4 de la Charte des Nations Unies, qui dispose que l’admission d’un
Etat comme membre de l’Organisation se fait par décision de l’Assemblée k
générale sur recommandation du Conseil de sécurité. On pourrkait donc
soutenir que le paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 s’adresse avant tout à
un autre organe de l’Organisation, à savoir à l’Assembléek générale, plutôt
qu’aux Etats membres individuellement. Il n’en reste pas moins que le
paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817 est libellé en des termes généraux — « à
toutes fins utiles » — et qu’il pourrait donc être interprété comme s’applik ‑
quant au comportement des Etats membres, parmi lesquels le deman ‑
deur, au sein de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
94. Compte tenu de ces observations concernant le libellé de la seconde
clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 et celui de la résolution 817, la Cour
cherchera maintenant à déterminer le sens ordinaire de cette clauske consi ‑
dérée dans son contexte et à la lumière de l’objet et du kbut de l’accord
intérimaire. A cette fin, elle examinera d’autres dispositions dke celui‑ci,
ainsi qu’un accord connexe conclu à la même époque entre lesk parties.
95. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de l’accord intérimaire prévoit
que le défendeur reconnaîtra le demandeur en tant qu’« Etat indépendant
et souverain » et le désignera sous une appellation provisoire (« l’ex‑
République yougoslave de macédoine »). Aucune disposition de l’accord
intérimaire n’impose cependant au demandeur d’utiliser cette apkpella‑
tion provisoire dans ses relations avec le défendeur. dans le mémoran ‑
dum relatif aux « dispositions pratiques» concernant l’accord intérimaire,
conclu par les parties lorsque l’accord est entré en vigueur, il est au
contraire expressément prévu que le demandeur se désigne lui‑mêkme
comme la « République de macédoine » dans ses relations avec le défen ‑
deur. Ainsi, au moment de l’entrée en vigueur de l’accord intékrimaire, le
défendeur n’a pas insisté pour que le demandeur s’abstienne,k en toute
circonstance, d’employer son nom constitutionnel.
96. La Cour constate par ailleurs qu’il existe un contraste entre le
libellé de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 et d’autres dis ‑
positions de l’accord intérimaire qui imposent expressément desk condi ‑
tions restrictives au demandeur ou aux deux parties. Aux termes du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 7, par exemple, le demandeur accepte de « ces‑
ser» d’utiliser le symbole qui figurait jusqu’alors sur son drapkeau natio ‑
nal. par cette disposition, le demandeur s’engage donc à changer son
comportement. d’autres dispositions figurant sous la rubrique générale
des « relations amicales et mesures de confiance » — à savoir les trois
paragraphes de l’article 6 — sont elles aussi intégralement formulées
comme des engagements du demandeur. En revanche, alors qu’elles
n’ignoraient pas l’utilisation constante que le demandeur faisait kde son
nom constitutionnel à l’Organisation des Nations Unies, les parties ont
rédigé la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 sans employer une
formulation exigeant de la part de celui‑ci un changement de comporte ‑
34
5 CIJ1026.indb 65 20/06/13 08:42 675 application of interkim accord (judgment)
an explicit obligation to that effect as they did with the correspondikng
obligations in Article 6 and Article 7, paragraph 2.
97. The significance of this comparison between the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, and other provisions of the Interim Accord is
underscored by consideration of the overall structure of the treaty and k
the treaty’s object and purpose. While each party emphasizes different
aspects of the treaty in describing its object and purpose, they appear kto
hold a common view that the treaty was a comprehensive exchange with
the overall object and purpose of : first, providing for the normalization
of the parties’ relations (bilaterally and in international organizations) ;
secondly, requiring good‑faith negotiations regarding the difference over
the name ; and, thirdly, agreeing on what the Respondent called “assur ‑
ances related to particular circumstances”, e.g., provisions governinkg the
use of certain symbols and requiring effective measures to prohibit pokliti ‑
cal interference, hostile activities and negative propaganda. Viewed
together, the two clauses of Article 11, paragraph 1, advance the first of
these objects by specifying the conditions under which the Respondent isk
required to end its practice of blocking the Applicant’s admission tok orga ‑
nizations. Another component of the exchange — the provisions contain ‑
ing assurances, including those that impose obligations on the Applicantk
to change its conduct — appears elsewhere in the treaty. In light of the
structure and the object and purpose of the treaty, it appears to the Cokurt
that the parties would not have imposed a significant new constraint on
the Applicant — that is, to constrain its consistent practice of calling
itself by its constitutional name — by mere implication in Article 11,
paragraph 1. Thus, the Court concludes that the structure and the object
and purpose of the treaty support the position taken by the Applicant.
98. Taken together, therefore, the text of the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, when read in context and in light of the object and
purpose of the treaty, cannot be interpreted to permit the Respondent tok
object to the Applicant’s admission to or membership in an organization
because of the prospect that the Applicant would refer to itself in thatk
organization using its constitutional name.
99. The Court next examines the subsequent practice of the parties in
the application of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, in
accordance with Article 31, paragraph 3 (b), of the 1969 Vienna Conven ‑
tion. The Applicant asserts that between the conclusion of the Interim
Accord and the Bucharest Summit, it joined at least 15 international
organizations of which the Respondent was also a member. In each case,
the Applicant was admitted under the provisional designation prescribed
by paragraph 2 of resolution 817 and has been referred to in the organiza ‑
35
5 CIJ1026.indb 66 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 675
ment. Si elles avaient voulu que l’accord intérimaire impose au deman ‑
deur de ne plus utiliser son nom constitutionnel dans les organisations k
internationales, elles auraient pu y inclure une disposition explicite ekn ce
sens, comme elles l’ont fait dans le cas des obligations énoncékes à l’ar ‑
ticle 6 et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 de l’accord.
97. La prise en considération de la structure d’ensemble de l’accorkd inté ‑
rimaire, ainsi que de son objet et de son but, confirme la pertinence kde cette
comparaison entre la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 et les
autres dispositions dudit accord. Si chacune des parties privilégie des
aspects différents de l’accord lorsqu’elle en présente l’kobjet et le but, l’une et
l’autre semblent toutefois s’accorder à considérer que cet iknstrument consti ‑
tuait un arrangement global dont l’objet et le but étaient les suivants: pre‑
mièrement, assurer la normalisation des relations entre les parties (sur le
plan bilatéral et dans les organisations internationales) ; deuxièmement,
prévoir la tenue de négociations de bonne foi en ce qui concerne lka diver ‑
gence relative au nom; et, troisièmement, s’entendre sur ce que le défendeur
a appelé « les assurances liées à des circonstances particulières », comme,
par exemple, les dispositions régissant l’utilisation de certains ksymboles ou
prévoyant des mesures effectives visant à interdire toute ingékrence politique,
activité hostile ou propagande négative. Considérées conjoinktement, les
deux clauses du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 visent le premier de ces objets
en ce qu’elles précisent les conditions dans lesquelles le défekndeur est tenu
de mettre fin à sa pratique consistant à faire obstacle à l’admission du
demandeur à des organisations. Un autre aspect de l’arrangement —k à
savoir les dispositions contenant des assurances, notamment celles qui
imposent au demandeur de modifier son comportement — apparaît ailleurs
dans l’accord. Compte tenu de la structure ainsi que de l’objet etk du but de
celui‑ci, il ne semble pas à la Cour que les parties auraient voulu imposer
au demandeur une nouvelle contrainte importante — visant à limiter sa
pratique constante consistant à se désigner lui‑même par son nom constitu ‑
tionnel — sur la base d’une simple implication du paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 11. La Cour conclut donc que la structure de l’accord intérimaire kainsi
que son objet et son but étayent l’interprétation avancée pakr le demandeur.
98. par conséquent, le libellé de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 11, considéré dans le contexte et à la lumière de l’objetk et du but
de l’accord, ne peut être interprété comme permettant au dékfendeur de
s’opposer à l’admission ou à la participation du demandeur àk une organi ‑
sation lorsqu’il est à prévoir que celui‑ci utilisera son nom constitutionnel
pour s’y désigner.
99. La Cour examinera à présent la pratique ultérieure des parties en ce
qui concerne l’application du paragraphe1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intéri ‑
maire, conformément à l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 de la
convention de Vienne de 1969. Le demandeur affirme que, entre la conclu ‑
sion de l’accord intérimaire et le sommet de Bucarest, il a adhérék à au moins
quinze organisations internationales dont le défendeur était membre. dans
chacune d’entre elles, il a été admis sous l’appellation prokvisoire spécifiée au
paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817, et est désigné sous cette même appella ‑
35
5 CIJ1026.indb 67 20/06/13 08:42 676 application of interkim accord (judgment)
tion by that name. However, the Applicant has continued to refer to itseklf
by its constitutional name in its relations with and dealings within those
international organizations and institutions. The Court notes, in particku‑
lar, the Applicant’s assertion that the Respondent did not object to kits
admission to any of these 15 organizations. This point went unchallenged
by the Respondent. Although there is no evidence that the Respondent
ever objected to admission or membership based on the prospect that the k
Applicant would use its constitutional name in such organizations, the
Respondent does identify one instance in which it complained about the
Applicant’s use of its constitutional name in the Council of Europe akfter
the Applicant had already joined that organization. The Respondent
apparently raised its concerns for the first time only in december 2004,
more than nine years after the Applicant’s admission, returning to the
subject once again in 2007.
100. The Court also refers to evidence of the parties’ practice in respect
of NATO prior to the Bucharest Summit. For several years leading up to
the Bucharest Summit, the Applicant consistently used its constitutionalk
name in its dealings with NATO, as a participant in the NATO partner ‑
ship for peace and the NATO membership Action plan. despite the
Applicant’s practice of using its constitutional name in its dealingsk with
NATO, as it did in all other organizations, there is no evidence that thke
Respondent, in the period leading up to the Bucharest Summit, ever
expressed concerns about the Applicant’s use of the constitutional nakme
in its dealings with NATO or that the Respondent indicated that it wouldk
object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO based on the Applicant’ks
past or future use of its constitutional name. Instead, as detailed abovke,
the evidence makes clear that the Respondent objected to the Applicant’ks
admission to NATO in view of the failure to reach a final settlement okf
the difference over the name.
101. Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court concludes that the
practice of the parties in implementing the Interim Accord supports the
Court’s prior conclusions (see paragraph 98) and thus that the second
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, does not permit the Respondent to
object to the Applicant’s admission to an organization based on the pkros ‑
pect that the Applicant is to refer to itself in such organization with kits
constitutional name.
102. The Court recalls that the parties introduced extensive evidence
related to the travaux préparatoires of the Interim Accord and of resolu ‑
tion 817. In view of the conclusions stated above (see paragraphs 98
and 101), however, the Court considers that it is not necessary to address k
this additional evidence. The Court also recalls that each party referred to
additional evidence regarding the use of the Applicant’s constitutional
name, beyond the evidence related to the subsequent practice under the
Interim Accord, which is analysed above. This evidence does not bear
directly on the question whether the Interim Accord permits the Respon ‑
dent to object to the Applicant’s admission to or membership in an orkga‑
36
5 CIJ1026.indb 68 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 676
tion. Il continue cependant d’employer son nom constitutionnel pour ske
désigner lui‑même aux fins de ses relations avec ces organisatiokns et institu‑
tions internationales, ainsi que dans le cadre de ses activités au sekin de
celles‑ci. La Cour relève en particulier l’affirmation du demandekur selon
laquelle le défendeur n’a élevé d’objection à son admikssion à aucune de ces
quinze organisations. Ce point n’a pas été contesté par le dkéfendeur. Bien
que rien n’indique qu’il ait jamais élevé d’objection àk l’admission ou à la
participation du demandeur à ces organisations au motif qu’il éktait à prévoir
que celui‑ci y emploierait son nom constitutionnel, le défendeur mentkionne
le cas d’une organisation — le Conseil de l’Europe — où il s’est plaint de
l’utilisation par le demandeur de ce nom après que celui‑ci y avaikt adhéré. Le
défendeur ne semble avoir exprimé ses préoccupations à cet ékgard pour la
première fois qu’en décembre 2004, soit plus de neuf ans après l’admission
du demandeur, revenant une nouvelle fois sur le sujet en 2007.
100. La Cour se réfère également aux éléments de preuve qui sek rap ‑
portent à la pratique des parties à l’égard de l’OTAN avant le sommet de
Bucarest. pendant les années qui ont précédé ce sommet, le demandeur
a toujours employé son nom constitutionnel dans ses relations avec
l’OTAN, en tant que participant au partenariat pour la paix et au plakn
d’action pour l’adhésion. Nonobstant cette pratique, qui est coknforme à
celle que le demandeur a suivie dans toutes les autres organisations intker ‑
nationales, rien n’indique que le défendeur ait, dans la période qui a pré ‑
cédé le sommet de Bucarest, jamais exprimé de préoccupation kau sujet de
l’emploi par le demandeur de son nom constitutionnel dans ses relations
avec l’OTAN ou qu’il ait indiqué qu’il élèverait des okbjections à l’admis ‑
sion du demandeur à l’OTAN en raison de l’emploi — passé ou futur —
par celui‑ci de ce nom. Ainsi que cela a été exposé ci‑dessus, kles éléments
de preuve démontrent en revanche clairement que le défendeur a éklevé des
objections à l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN parce que la kdivergence
relative au nom n’avait pas été définitivement régléke.
101. Au vu de l’examen qui précède, la Cour conclut que la pratique k
des parties en ce qui concerne l’application de l’accord intérimaire étaye
ses conclusions précédentes (voir paragraphe 98) et que, partant, la
seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 n’autorise pas le défendeur
à élever des objections à l’admission du demandeur à une korganisation au
motif qu’il est à prévoir que celui‑ci s’y désignera lui‑kmême par son nom
constitutionnel.
102. La Cour rappelle que les parties ont présenté de nombreux éléments
de preuve relatifs aux travaux préparatoires de l’accord intérikmaire et de la
résolution 817. Toutefois, eu égard à la conclusion à laquelle elle est pakrve‑
nue plus haut (voir paragraphes 98 et 101), la Cour estime qu’il n’est pas
nécessaire d’examiner ces éléments de preuve additionnels. Lka Cour rap ‑
pelle par ailleurs que les deux parties ne se sont pas limitées à invoquer la
pratique ultérieure en application de l’accord intérimaire, quik est examinée
ci‑dessus, se référant aussi à d’autres éléments de preuvke relatifs à l’emploi
du nom constitutionnel du demandeur. Ces éléments étant sans inkcidence
directe sur la question de savoir si l’accord intérimaire autorisek le défendeur
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5 CIJ1026.indb 69 20/06/13 08:42 677 application of interkim accord (judgment)
nization based on the Applicant’s self‑reference by its constitutional
name, and accordingly the Court does not address it.
*
103. In view of the preceding analysis, the Court concludes that the
Applicant’s intention to refer to itself in an international organizaktion by
its constitutional name did not mean that it was “to be referred to”k in
such organization “differently than in” paragraph 2 of resolution 817.
Accordingly, the exception set forth in the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord did not entitle the Respondent to
object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO.
3. Article 22 of the Interim Accord
104. Article 22 of the Interim Accord provides :
“This Interim Accord is not directed against any other State or
entity and it does not infringe on the rights and duties resulting from k
bilateral or multilateral agreements already in force that the parties
have concluded with other States or international organizations.”
105. The Applicant maintains that Article 22 “is simply a factual state‑
ment”. It “does not address the rights and duties of the Respondenkt : it
merely declares that the Interim Accord as a whole does not infringe on k
the rights and duties of third States or other entities”. According tko the
Applicant, Article 22 expresses “the rule set forth in Article 34 of the 1969
Vienna Convention . . . that ‘[a] treaty does not create either obligations
or rights for a third State without its consent’”. The Applicant nkotes that
the Respondent’s interpretation would render Article 11, paragraph 1,
meaningless by allowing the Respondent to object simply by invoking an
alleged right or duty under another agreement.
106. The Respondent takes the position that, even assuming that the
Court were to conclude that the Respondent had objected to the Appli ‑
cant’s admission to NATO, in contravention of Article 11, paragraph 1,
such objection would not breach the Interim Accord, because of the effect
of Article 22. In the written proceedings, the Respondent construed Arti ‑
cle 22 to mean that both the rights and the duties of a party to the Interimk
Accord under a prior agreement prevail over that party’s obligations kin
the Interim Accord. In particular, the Respondent argued that it was freke
to object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO because “any rightsk of
greece under NATO, and any obligations owed to NATO or to the other
NATO member States must prevail in case of a conflict” with the restrikc‑
tion on the Respondent’s right to object under Article 11, paragraph 1.
The Respondent relied on its right under Article 10 of the North Atlantic
37
5 CIJ1026.indb 70 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 677
à élever des objections à l’admission ou à la participatikon du demandeur à
une organisation au motif que celui‑ci se désigne lui‑même par son nom
constitutionnel, ils ne seront pas davantage examinés par la Cour.
*
103. Cette analyse porte la Cour à conclure que, si le demandeur avait
l’intention de se désigner lui‑même par son nom constitutionnelk dans une
organisation internationale, cela ne signifie pas qu’il « d[eva]it être doté »
dans cette organisation «d’une appellation différente [de] celle prévue» au
paragraphe 2 de la résolution 817. En conséquence, l’exception énoncée
dans la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 ne conférait pas au
défendeur le droit d’élever des objections à l’admission kdu demandeur à
l’OTAN.
3. L’article 22 de l’accord intérimaire
104. L’article 22 de l’accord intérimaire est ainsi libellé :
«Le présent accord intérimaire n’est dirigé contre aucun autrke Etat
ou entité et il ne porte pas atteinte aux droits et aux devoirs découlant
d’accords bilatéraux et multilatéraux déjà en vigueur quek les parties
ont conclus avec d’autres Etats ou organisations internationales.»
105. Le demandeur soutient que l’article 22 «est simplement une décla‑
ration de fait» et que cette disposition «ne vise pas les droits et les devoirs
du défendeur : elle indique seulement que l’accord intérimaire dans son
ensemble ne porte pas atteinte aux droits et devoirs d’Etats tiers ouk autres
entités». Selon lui, l’article 22 est l’expression « de la règle énoncée à l’ar ‑
ticle 34 de la convention de Vienne de 1969, selon laquelle « [u]n traité ne
crée ni obligations ni droits pour un Etat tiers sans son consentement »».
Le demandeur fait valoir que « le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 serait vidé
de son sens » si l’on retenait l’interprétation du défendeur parce quk’il suf‑
firait à celui‑ci, pour élever des objections, d’invoquer un kprétendu droit
ou une prétendue obligation qu’il tiendrait d’un autre accord.
106. Le défendeur soutient que, à supposer même que la Cour vienne à
conclure qu’il s’est opposé à l’admission du demandeur àk l’OTAN en
contravention du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11, cela ne constituerait pas,
par l’effet de l’article 22, une violation de l’accord intérimaire. Selon l’in ‑
terprétation de l’article 22 que donne le défendeur dans ses écritures, cette
disposition signifie que les droits et les devoirs d’une partie àk l’accord in‑é
rimaire découlant d’un accord antérieur l’emportent sur les kobligations de
cette partie au titre de l’accord intérimaire. En particulier, le défendeur
soutient qu’il était libre de s’opposer à l’admission du demandeur à
l’OTAN parce que « tous les droits détenus par la grèce dans le cadre de
l’OTAN, et toutes ses obligations envers l’OTAN ou ses Etats membrkes,
doivent prévaloir en cas de conflit» avec la restriction de son droit d’élever
des objections énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 11. Il invoque à cet
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5 CIJ1026.indb 71 20/06/13 08:42 678 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Treaty to consent (or not) to the admission of a State to NATO and its
“duty to engage actively and promptly in discussions of concern to the
Organization”. The Respondent argues that Article 22 “is a legal provi ‑
sion” (emphasis in the original) and not “simply a factual statekment” and
that the Applicant’s interpretation of Article 22 — that it restates the rule
in Article 34 of the [1969 Vienna Convention] — “would render Article 22
essentially an exercise in redundancy”.
107. In the course of the oral proceedings, however, the Respondent
appears to have narrowed its interpretation of Article 22, stating that it
has a right to object “if, and only if, the rules and criteria of thokse orga ‑
nizations require objection in the light of the circumstances of the applica‑
tion for admission” (emphasis added). From the fact that NATO is a
“limited‑membership organization” with the specific objective ofk mutual
defence, the Respondent also infers a duty “to exercise plenary judgmkent
in each membership decision”. In the Respondent’s view, each membekr
State thus has not only a right but also a duty to raise its concerns ifk it
believes that an applicant does not fulfil the organization’s accesksion cri ‑
teria. With respect to the content of those accession criteria as they rkelate
to the Applicant, the Respondent relies principally on a NATO press
release entitled “membership Action plan (mAp)”, adopted at the close
of the Washington, d.C. NATO Summit on 24 April 1999, stating that
aspiring members would be expected, inter alia, “to settle ethnic disputes
or external territorial disputes including irredentist claims . . . by peaceful
means” and “to pursue good neighbourly relations”.
*
108. The Court first observes that if Article 22 of the Interim Accord is
interpreted as a purely declaratory provision, as the Applicant suggestsk,
that Article could under no circumstances provide a basis for the Responk ‑
dent’s objection.
109. Turning to the Respondent’s interpretation of Article 22, the
Court notes the breadth of the Respondent’s original contention that kits
“rights” under a prior agreement (in addition to its “duties”) take precek ‑
dence over its obligation not to object to admission by the Applicant tok
an organization within the terms of Article 11, paragraph 1. That inter ‑
pretation of Article 22, if accepted, would vitiate that obligation, because
the Respondent normally can be expected to have a “right” under prior
agreements with third States to express a view on membership decisions. k
The Court, considering that the parties did not intend Article 22 to ren ‑
der meaningless the first clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, is therefore
unable to accept the broad interpretation originally advanced by the
Respondent. In this regard, the Court notes that the Court of Justice ofk
the European Communities has rejected a similar argument. In particu ‑
38
5 CIJ1026.indb 72 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 678
égard le droit, qu’il tient de l’article 10 du traité de l’Atlantique Nord, de
consentir (ou non) à l’admission d’un Etat à l’OTAN, ainsi que son
«devoir de participer activement et diligemment aux discussions concer ‑
nant l’organisation». Il soutient que l’article 22 « est une disposition juri‑
dique» (les italiques sont dans l’original), et non « une simple déclaration
de fait», et que la lecture que fait le demandeur de cette disposition — qui
réaffirmerait la règle énoncée à l’article 34 de la [convention de Vienne
de 1969] — « reviendrait essentiellement à rendre l’article 22 redondant».
107. Il apparaît cependant que le défendeur a, au cours de la procédkure
orale, adopté une interprétation plus étroite de l’article 22, déclarant qu’il
avait le droit d’élever des objections « si, et seulement si, les règles et les
critères de ces organisations lui impos[ai]ent, compte tenu des circonstances
de la demande d’admission, l’obligation d’objecter» (les italiques sont de la
Cour). par ailleurs, constatant que l’OTAN est une « organisation à com ‑
position limitée» dont l’objectif spécifique est la défense collective, lek déf‑en
deur en déduit qu’il existe un devoir d’« exercer tout son jugement dans
chaque décision relative à l’admission d’un nouveau membre ». Selon lui,
chaque Etat membre a donc non seulement le droit, mais aussi le devoir,
d’exprimer ses préoccupations s’il estime qu’un candidat ne ksatisfait pas
aux critères d’adhésion de l’organisation. S’agissant du kcontenu de ces
critères en ce qu’ils s’appliquent au demandeur, le défendeukr invoque
principalement un communiqué de presse de l’OTAN intitulé « plan d’ac ‑
tion pour l’adhésion (mAp) », adopté à l’issue du sommet de l’OTAN de
Washington, d.C., le 24 avril 1999, indiquant que les pays candidats
devraient notamment «régle[r] les différends ethniques ou les litiges terri‑
toriaux d’ordre externe, y compris les revendications irrédentisteks … par
des moyens pacifiques» et «recherche[r] des relations de bon voisinage».
*
108. La Cour commence par faire observer que, si l’article 22 de l’ac ‑
cord intérimaire doit, ainsi que l’avance le demandeur, être coknsidéré
comme une disposition strictement déclaratoire, il ne saurait en aucukn cas
servir de fondement aux objections élevées par le défendeur.
109. En ce qui concerne l’interprétation de l’article 22 que donne le
défendeur, la Cour prend note de la très large portée de l’akffirmation ini ‑
tiale de celui‑ci, selon laquelle ses « droits» (en plus de ses « devoirs»)
découlant d’un accord antérieur prévalent sur l’obligatiokn qui lui incombe
en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de ne pas s’opposer à l’admission
du demandeur à une organisation. Cette interprétation de l’artikcle 22, si
elle était retenue, viderait de son sens ladite obligation car on peukt norma ‑
lement s’attendre à ce que le défendeur ait, en vertu d’accokrds antérieurs
conclus avec des Etats tiers, le « droit» de se prononcer sur les décisions
à prendre relativement à l’admission de nouveaux membres. La Cour,
considérant que les parties n’entendaient pas que la première clause du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 soit privée d’effet par l’article 22, ne peut
souscrire à l’interprétation large initialement avancée par kle défendeur. A
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5 CIJ1026.indb 73 20/06/13 08:42 679 application of interkim accord (judgment)
lar, that court has interpreted a provision of the Treaty establishing tkhe
European Economic Community which states that “rights and obliga ‑
tions” under prior agreements “shall not be affected by” the kprovisions of
the treaty. The European Court has concluded that this language refers tko
the “rights” of third countries and the “obligations” of trekaty parties,
respectively (see Case 10/61 Commission v. Italy [1962] ECR, p. 10; see
also Case C‑249/06 Commission v. Sweden [2009] ECR I‑1348, para. 34).
110. The Court thus turns to the Respondent’s narrower interpretation
of Article 22, i.e., that “duties” under a prior treaty would take prece ‑
dence over obligations in the Interim Accord. Accepting, arguendo, that
narrower interpretation, the next step in the Court’s analysis would kbe to
evaluate whether the Respondent has duties under the North Atlantic
Treaty with which it cannot comply without being in breach of its obliga ‑
tion not to object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Thus, to evaklu ‑
ate the effect of Article 22, if interpreted in the manner suggested by the
Respondent in the narrower and later version of its argument, the Court k
must also examine whether the Respondent has established that the
North Atlantic Treaty imposed a duty on it to object to the Applicant’ks
admission to NATO.
111. The Respondent offers no persuasive argument that any provision
of the North Atlantic Treaty required it to object to the Applicant’sk mem ‑
bership. Instead the Respondent attempts to convert a general “right”k to
take a position on membership decisions into a “duty” by assertingk a
“duty” to exercise judgment as to membership decisions that frees kthe
Respondent from its obligation not to object to the Applicant’s admisk ‑
sion to an organization. This argument suffers from the same deficiency
as the broader interpretation of Article 22 initially advanced by the
Respondent, namely, that it would erase the value of the first clause kof
Article 11, paragraph 1. Thus, the Court concludes that the Respondent
has not demonstrated that a requirement under the North Atlantic Treaty
compelled it to object to the admission of the Applicant to NATO.
112. As a result of the foregoing analysis, the Court concludes that the
Respondent’s attempt to rely on Article 22 is unsuccessful. Accordingly,
the Court need not decide which of the two parties’ interpretations is the
correct one.
4. Conclusion concerning whether the Respondent Failed
to Comply with Article 11,
Paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
113. Thus, the Court concludes that the Respondent failed to comply
with its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord
by objecting to the Applicant’s admission to NATO at the Bucharest
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5 CIJ1026.indb 74 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 679
cet égard, elle observe que la Cour de justice des Communautés eurko ‑
péennes a rejeté un argument similaire. Cette juridiction a notammkent
interprété une disposition du traité instituant la Communauték écono ‑
mique européenne qui prévoyait que les « droits et obligations» découlant
d’accords antérieurs « ne ser[aie]nt pas affectés par » les dispositions de ce
même instrument. La Cour européenne a conclu que les termes « droits et
obligations» renvoyaient respectivement aux « droits» des Etats tiers et
aux « obligations» des Etats parties (voir arrêt du 27 février 1962, Com ‑
mission/Italie, C‑10/61, Rec. p. 22 ; voir également arrêt du 3 mars 2009,
Commission/Suède, C‑249/06, Rec. p. I‑1348, par. 34).
110. La Cour en vient maintenant à l’interprétation plus étroite de l’ar‑
ticle 22 faite par le défendeur, selon laquelle les « devoirs» découlant d’un
traité antérieur prévalent sur les obligations au titre de l’kaccord intéri ‑
maire. A supposer, arguendo, qu’elle retienne cette interprétation plus
étroite, la prochaine étape de son examen consisterait à recherkcher si le
défendeur a, au titre du traité de l’Atlantique Nord, des devoikrs dont il ne
peut s’acquitter sans manquer à son obligation de ne pas s’oppokser à l’ad ‑
mission du demandeur à l’OTAN. par conséquent, pour évaluer l’effet de
l’article 22 tel qu’interprété comme le suggère le défendeur dans lka version
ultérieure, plus étroite, de son argument, la Cour doit chercher àk détermi ‑
ner si celui‑ci a établi que le traité de l’Atlantique Nord luik imposait de
s’opposer à l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN.
111. Le défendeur n’a présenté aucun argument convaincant tendantk à
démontrer qu’une quelconque disposition du traité de l’Atlantique Nord
lui imposait de s’opposer à l’admission du demandeur à l’kOTAN. En réa ‑
lité, il a tenté de transformer un « droit» d’ordre général de se prononcer
sur les décisions à prendre relativement à l’admission de nokuveaux
membres en un « devoir», affirmant qu’il avait en la matière un tel
«devoir» et que cela le libérait de son obligation de ne pas s’opposerk à
l’admission du demandeur à une organisation. Cet argument souffrke des
mêmes faiblesses que l’interprétation plus large de l’articlke 22 initialement
avancée par le défendeur, à savoir qu’il ôterait toute vakleur à la première
clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11. La Cour conclut donc que le défen‑
deur n’a pas démontré qu’il était, aux termes du traiték de l’Atlantique
Nord, tenu de s’opposer à l’admission du demandeur à l’OTkAN.
112. Au vu de l’analyse qui précède, la Cour conclut que la tentativke
faite par le défendeur de se fonder sur l’article 22 est vaine. En consé ‑
quence, elle n’a pas à décider si l’une ou l’autre des inkterprétations don ‑
nées par les parties est correcte.
4. Conclusion quant à la question de savoir si le défendeur
ne s’est pas conformé au paragraphe 1 de l’article 11
de l’accord intérimaire
113. La Cour conclut que le défendeur, en s’opposant à l’admissiokn du
demandeur à l’OTAN au sommet de Bucarest, ne s’est pas conformék à
l’obligation que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord inté ‑
39
5 CIJ1026.indb 75 20/06/13 08:42 680 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Summit. The prospect that the Applicant would refer to itself in NATO
using its constitutional name did not render that objection lawful under
the exception contained in the second clause of Article 11, paragraph 1.
In the circumstances of the present case, Article 22 of the Interim Accord
does not provide a basis for the Respondent to make an objection that isk
inconsistent with Article 11, paragraph 1.
IV. Additional Justificatkions Invoked by the Respkondent
114. As an alternative to its main argument that the Respondent com ‑
plied with its obligations under the Interim Accord, the Respondent con ‑
tends that the wrongfulness of any objection to the admission of the
Applicant to NATO is precluded by the doctrine of exceptio non adimpleti
contractus. The Respondent also suggests that any failure to comply with
its obligations under the Interim Accord could be justified both as a k
response to a material breach of a treaty and as a countermeasure under
the law of State responsibility. The Court will begin by summarizing thek
parties’ arguments with respect to those three additional justificatkions.
1. The Parties’ Arguments with regard
to the Respondent’s Additional Justifications
A. The Parties’ arguments with regard to the exceptio non adimpleti
contractus
115. The Respondent states that the exceptio non adimpleti contractus
is a general principle of international law that permits the Respondent k“to
withhold the execution of its own obligations which are reciprocal to
those not performed by [the Applicant]”. According to the Respondent,k
the exceptio would apply in respect of the failure of one party to perform
a “fundamental provision” of the Interim Accord. In the view of thke
Respondent, the exceptio permits a State suffering breaches of treaty
commitments by another State to respond by unilaterally suspending or
terminating its own corresponding obligations. In particular, the Responk ‑
dent contends that its obligation not to object (under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1) is linked in a synallagmatic relationship with the obligations of
the Applicant in Articles 5, 6, 7 and 11 of the Interim Accord, and thus
that under the exceptio, breaches by the Applicant of these obligations
preclude the wrongfulness of any non‑performance by the Respondent of
its obligation not to object to the Applicant’s admission to NATO.
116. The Respondent also states that “the conditions triggering the
exception of non‑performance are different from and less rigid than thke
conditions for suspending a treaty or precluding wrongfulness by way of k
countermeasures”. According to the Respondent, the exceptio “does not
40
5 CIJ1026.indb 76 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 680
rimaire. La perspective que le demandeur emploie sa dénomination
constitutionnelle pour se désigner lui‑même à l’organisationk ne rendait
pas cette objection licite par l’effet de l’exception énoncéke dans la
seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11. dans les circonstances de
la présente espèce, le défendeur ne saurait fonder sur l’artkicle 22 de l’ac ‑
cord intérimaire une objection contraire aux dispositions du paragraphe 1
de l’article 11.
IV. Justifications additkionnelles invoquées kpar le défendeur
114. Subsidiairement à son argument principal, à savoir qu’il s’ekst
conformé aux obligations que lui impose l’accord intérimaire, lke défen ‑
deur prétend que l’illicéité de toute objection à l’adkmission du demandeur
à l’OTAN serait exclue en vertu de la théorie de l’exceptio non adimpleti
contractus. Il donne également à entendre que tout manquement aux obli‑
gations que lui impose l’accord intérimaire pourrait être justikfié aussi bien
comme une réponse à une violation substantielle d’un traité kque comme
une contre‑mesure prise conformément au droit de la responsabiliték de
l’Etat. La Cour commencera par résumer les arguments des parties rela ‑
tifs à ces trois justifications additionnelles.
1. Les arguments des Parties concernant les justifications
additionnelles invoquées par le défendeur
A. Les arguments des Parties concernant l’exceptio non adimpleti
contractus
115. Le défendeur considère que l’exceptio non adimpleti contractus est
un principe général de droit international l’autorisant à «ksuspendre celles
de ses obligations qui sont réciproques aux obligations que [le demank ‑
deur] n’observe pas». Selon lui, l’exceptio joue en cas de manquement par
une partie à une « disposition fondamentale » de l’accord intérimaire. Le
défendeur considère que l’exceptio permet à un Etat victime de manque ‑
ments à des engagements conventionnels commis par un autre Etat d’ky
répondre en suspendant l’exécution de ses obligations corrélkatives ou en y
mettant fin. Il affirme en particulier qu’il existe un lien synallkagmatique
entre son obligation de ne pas s’opposer (énoncée au paragraphke 1 de
l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire) et les obligations assumées par le
demandeur aux termes des articles 5, 6, 7 et 11 dudit accord, et que, par
le jeu de l’exceptio, le manquement par le demandeur à ces obligations
exclut l’illicéité de toute inobservation par le défendeur dke son obligation
de ne pas s’opposer à son admission à l’OTAN.
116. Le défendeur affirme également que « les conditions permettant
d’invoquer l’exception d’inexécution sont différentes dke celles qui
entraînent la suspension d’un traité ou excluent l’illicékité par le jeu des
contre‑mesures, et [qu’]elles sont moins rigides ». Selon lui, « il n’y a pas
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5 CIJ1026.indb 77 20/06/13 08:42 681 application of interkim accord (judgment)
have to be notified or proven beforehand . . . There are simply no proce ‑
dural requirements to the exercise of the staying of the performance
through the mechanism of the exceptio.” The Respondent also points to
several situations in which it maintains that it complained to the Applik ‑
cant about the Applicant’s alleged failure to comply with its obligatkions
under the Interim Accord.
117. The Applicant asserts that the Respondent has failed to demon ‑
strate that the exceptio is a general principle of international law. The
Applicant also argues that Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Convention pro ‑
vides a complete set of rules and procedures governing responses to matek ‑
rial breaches under the law of treaties and that the exceptio is not
recognized as justifying non‑performance under the law of State respon ‑
sibility. The Applicant further disputes the Respondent’s contention kthat
the Applicant’s obligations under Articles 5, 6 and 7 of the Interim
Accord are synallagmatic with the Respondent’s obligation not to objekct
in Article 11, paragraph 1. The Applicant also takes the position that the
Respondent did not raise the breaches upon which it now relies until aftker
the Respondent objected to the Applicant’s admission to NATO.
B. The Parties’ arguments with regard to a response to material breach
118. The Respondent maintains that any disregard of its obligations
under the Interim Accord could be justified as a response to a materiakl
breach of a treaty. The Respondent initially stated that it was not seekking
to suspend the Interim Accord in whole or in part pursuant to the
1969 Vienna Convention, but later took the position that partial suspen ‑
sion of the Interim Accord is “justified” under Article 60 of the
1969 Vienna Convention (to which both the Applicant and Respondent
are parties) because the Applicant’s breaches were material. The Respon ‑
dent took note of the procedural requirements contained in Article 65 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention, but asserted that, if a State is suspending k
part of a treaty “in answer to another party . . . alleging its violation”, ex
ante notice is not required.
119. The Applicant contends that the Respondent never alerted the Ap‑pli
cant to any alleged material breach of the Interim Accord and never sougkht
to invoke a right of suspension under Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Con‑
vention. The Applicant notes that the Respondent confirmed its non‑relkiance
on Article 60 in the Counter‑memorial. In addition, the Applicant calls atten ‑
tion to the “specific and detailed” procedural requirements of Akrticle 65 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention and asserts that the Respondent has not met
those. The Applicant further contends that prior to the Bucharest Summitk,
the Respondent never notified the Applicant of any ground for suspensikon
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5 CIJ1026.indb 78 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 681
lieu de notifier [l’invocation de l’exceptio] ou d’en prouver le bien‑fondé
au préalable… La suspension, sur la base de l’exceptio, de l’exécution
d’une obligation n’est assujettie à aucune règle de procédure. Le défen ‑
deur cite aussi plusieurs cas où il affirme s’être plaint auprkès du deman ‑
deur du manquement de ce dernier à ses obligations au titre de l’akccord
intérimaire.
117. Le demandeur soutient pour sa part que le défendeur n’a pas
démontré que l’exceptio constituait un principe général de droit interna ‑
tional. Il fait également valoir que l’article 60 de la convention de Vienne
de 1969 énonce un ensemble complet de règles et de procédures rékgissant
la façon dont il convient de répondre à des violations substantkielles en
vertu du droit des traités et que le droit de la responsabilité dek l’Etat ne
reconnaît pas l’exceptio comme justifiant l’inexécution d’obligations. Il
conteste en outre la position du défendeur selon laquelle les obligatkions
que lui font les articles 5, 6 et 7 de l’accord intérimaire et l’obligation de
ne pas s’opposer que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord impose au
défendeur sont synallagmatiques. de plus, le demandeur fait valoir que le
défendeur n’a fait état des violations dont il tire maintenant argument
qu’après s’être opposé à son admission à l’OTAN.k
B. Les arguments des Parties concernant la réponse à une violation
substantielle
118. Le défendeur soutient que toute méconnaissance de sa part des
obligations que lui impose l’accord intérimaire peut être justikfiée comme
étant une réponse à la violation substantielle d’un traité. Après avoir
commencé par déclarer qu’il n’entendait pas invoquer la convkention de
Vienne de 1969 pour obtenir la suspension de l’application de l’accord
intérimaire, en totalité ou en partie, le défendeur a changék de position,
soutenant que la suspension partielle de l’application de l’accordk confor ‑
mément à l’article 60 de ladite convention (à laquelle le demandeur et le
défendeur sont l’un et l’autre parties) était « justifiée» parce que les viola ‑
tions imputées au demandeur étaient substantielles. Tout en se dékclarant
conscient des obligations procédurales énoncées à l’artickle 65 de la
convention de Vienne de 1969, le défendeur soutient que, si un Etat sus ‑
pend partiellement l’application d’un traité « en réponse à une autre par ‑
tie … qui allègue sa violation », la notification ex ante n’a pas lieu d’être.
119. Le demandeur affirme, quant à lui, que le défendeur ne l’a jamkais
avisé qu’il lui imputait une violation substantielle de l’accorkd intérimaire
et n’a jamais cherché à invoquer le droit de suspension prévku à l’article 60
de la convention de Vienne de 1969. Il fait observer que le défendeur a,
dans son contre‑mémoire, confirmé qu’il ne s’appuyait pas sur l’article 60.
de plus, il appelle l’attention sur «la procédure précise et détaillée» énon ‑
cée à l’article 65 de la convention de Vienne de 1969 et affirme que le
défendeur ne l’a pas respectée. Le demandeur affirme en outre que, avant
le sommet de Bucarest, le défendeur ne lui a jamais notifié qu’kil avait
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5 CIJ1026.indb 79 20/06/13 08:42 682 application of interkim accord (judgment)
of the Interim Accord, of its view that the Applicant had breached the Intkerim
Accord or that the Respondent was suspending the Interim Accord.
C. The Parties’ arguments with regard to countermeasures
120. The Respondent also argues that any failure to comply with its
obligations under the Interim Accord could be justified as a counter‑
measure. As with the Respondent’s argument regarding suspension in
response to a material breach, the Respondent’s position on counter‑
measures evolved during the proceedings. Initially, the Respondent stated
that it did not claim that any objection to the Applicant’s admission to
NATO was justified as a countermeasure. Later, the Respondent stated
that its “supposed objection would fulfil the requirements for counkter ‑
measures”. The Respondent described the defence as “doubly subsid ‑
iary”, meaning that it would play a role only if the Court found the k
Respondent to be in breach of the Interim Accord and if it concluded thakt
the exceptio did not preclude the wrongfulness of the Respondent’s
conduct.
121. The Respondent discusses countermeasures with reference to
the requirements reflected in the International Law Commission Articles
on State Responsibility (Annex to general Assembly resolution 56/83,
12 december 2001, hereinafter referred to as “the ILC Articles on State
Responsibility”). It asserts that the Applicant’s violations were serious
and that the Respondent’s responses were consistent with the conditions
reflected in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, which it describesk as
requiring that countermeasures be proportionate, be taken for the pur ‑
pose of achieving cessation of the wrongful act and be confined to thek
temporary non‑performance of the Respondent’s obligation not to objeckt.
The Respondent also states that the Applicant was repeatedly informed
of the Respondent’s positions.
122. The Applicant calls attention to the requirements in the ILC Arti ‑
cles on State Responsibility that countermeasures must be taken in
response to a breach by the other State, must be proportionate to those k
breaches and must be taken only after notice to the other State. In the k
view of the Applicant, none of these requirements were met. The Appli ‑
cant further states its view that the requirements for the imposition ofk
countermeasures contained in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility
reflect “general international law”.
2. The Respondent’s Allegations
that the Applicant Failed to Comply
with Its Obligations under the Interim Accord
123. The Court observes that while the Respondent presents separate
arguments relating to the exceptio, partial suspension under Article 60 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention, and countermeasures, it advances certain
minimum conditions that are common to all three arguments. First, the
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5 CIJ1026.indb 80 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 682
motif à suspendre l’application de l’accord intérimaire, qu’il lui en impu ‑
tait une violation ou qu’il en suspendait l’application.
C. Les arguments des Parties concernant les contre‑mesures
120. Le défendeur allègue également que tout défaut de conformiték de
sa part avec les obligations que lui fait l’accord intérimaire peukt être jus‑
tifié en tant que contre‑mesure. de même que son argument au sujet de la
suspension de l’application de l’accord en réponse à une vioklation sub‑
stantielle, sa position sur les contre‑mesures a évolué en cours dk’instance.
Après avoir déclaré ne pas prétendre que toute objection àk l’admission du
demandeur à l’OTAN était justifiée en tant que contre‑mesukre, le défen ‑
deur a soutenu que sa « prétendue opposition remplirait les conditions
requises pour constituer une contre‑mesure ». Il a présenté ce moyen de
défense comme « doublement subsidiaire », signifiant par là qu’il n’aurait
à le faire valoir que si la Cour établissait qu’il avait contrekvenu à l’accord
intérimaire et si elle concluait que l’exceptio ne pouvait pas être invoquée
pour exclure l’illicéité du comportement du défendeur.
121. Le défendeur s’est penché sur les conditions auxquelles les artkicles
de la Commission du droit international sur la responsabilité de l’kEtat
(annexe de la résolution 56/83 de l’Assemblée générale, du 12 décembre 20;01
ci‑après dénommés «les articles de la CdI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat»)
subordonnent l’adoption de contre‑mesures. Il soutient que les violatkions
qu’il impute au demandeur sont graves et que la manière dont il y ka
répondu satisfait aux conditions prévues par les articles de la CdI sur la
responsabilité de l’Etat, dont il retient que les contre‑mesures dkoivent être
proportionnées, être prises dans le but d’obtenir la cessation du fait illicite
et se limiter à l’inexécution temporaire de son obligation de ne pas s’oppo ‑
ser à l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN. de plus, le défendeur affirme
avoir, à maintes reprises, informé le demandeur de ses positions.
122. Le demandeur appelle pour sa part l’attention sur les dispositions
des articles de la CdI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat stipulant que les
contre‑mesures doivent constituer une réponse à des violations commises
par un autre Etat, être proportionnées à ces violations et n’kêtre prises
qu’après notification à l’autre Etat. Selon lui, aucune dek ces conditions n’a
été remplie. Le demandeur considère également que les conditkions énon ‑
cées dans les articles de la CdI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat pour la mise
en œuvre de contre‑mesures reflètent le « droit international général».
2. Les allégations du défendeur selon lesquelles
le demandeur ne s’est pas conformé à ses obligations
au titre de l’accord intérimaire
123. La Cour observe que le défendeur, s’il a présenté séparékment ses
arguments relatifs, respectivement, à l’exceptio, à la suspension partielle de
l’accord intérimaire en vertu de l’article 60 de la convention de Vienne de 1969
et aux contre‑mesures, a énoncé certaines conditions minimales qui, selon lui,
42
5 CIJ1026.indb 81 20/06/13 08:42 683 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Respondent bases each argument on the allegation that the Applicant
breached several provisions of the Interim Accord prior to the Respon ‑
dent’s objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Secondly, ekach
argument, as framed by the Respondent, requires the Respondent to
show that its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO was madek
in response to the alleged breach or breaches by the Applicant, in otherk
words, to demonstrate a connection between any breach by the Applicant
and any objection by the Respondent. With these conditions in mind, the k
Court turns to the evidence regarding the alleged breaches by the Appli ‑
cant. As previously noted (see paragraph 72), it is in principle the duty of
the party that asserts certain facts to establish the existence of such kfacts.
A. Alleged breach by the Applicant of the second clause of Article 11,
paragraph 1
124. The Court begins with the Respondent’s claim that the second
clause of Article 11, paragraph 1, imposes an obligation on the Applicant
not to be referred to in an international organization or institution byk any
reference other than the provisional designation (as “the former Yugkoslav
Republic of macedonia”). The Respondent alleges that the Applicant has
failed to comply with such an obligation.
125. The Applicant, for its part, asserts that the second clause of Arti ‑
cle 11, paragraph 1, does not impose an obligation on the Applicant, but
instead specifies the single circumstance under which the Respondent mkay
object to admission.
126. The Court notes that on its face, the text of the second clause of
Article 11, paragraph 1, does not impose an obligation upon the Appli ‑
cant. The Court further notes that, just as other provisions of the Intekrim
Accord impose obligations only on the Applicant, Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, imposes an obligation only on the Respondent. The second
clause contains an important exception to this obligation, but that doesk
not transform it into an obligation upon the Applicant. Accordingly, thek
Court finds no breach by the Applicant of this provision.
B. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 5, paragraph 1
127. The Court next considers the Respondent’s allegation that the
Applicant breached its obligation to negotiate in good faith. It will bek
recalled that Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord provides :
“The parties agree to continue negotiations under the auspices of
the Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to Security
Council resolution 845 (1993) with a view to reaching agreement on
the difference described in that resolution and in Security Council
resolution 817 (1993).”
43
5 CIJ1026.indb 82 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 683
sont communes à ces trois arguments. premièrement, il a fondé chacun d’entre
eux sur l’allégation selon laquelle le demandeur avait violé plusieurs disposi‑
tions de l’accord avant qu’il n’élève des objections àk l’admission de celui‑ci à
l’OTAN. deuxièmement, chacun de ces arguments, tel que présenté par le
défendeur, suppose que ce dernier démontre que ses objections ont kété élevées
en réponse aux violations alléguées du demandeur; autrement dit, il lui faut
démontrer qu’il existe un rapport entre lesdites violations et sesk objections.
En gardant à l’esprit les conditions ainsi énoncées, la Cour examinera main ‑
tenant les éléments de preuve relatifs aux violations que le demankdeur aurait
commises. Ainsi qu’il a été indiqué précédemment (voikr paragraphe 72), c’est
en principe à la partie qui avance certains faits d’en démontrekr l’existence.
A. La violation de la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11
qu’aurait commise le demandeur
124. La Cour commencera par examiner l’assertion du défendeur selon
laquelle la seconde clause du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 impose au deman ‑
deur l’obligation de ne pas être doté dans une organisation ou kune institu ‑
tion internationale d’une appellation autre que la dénomination prkovisoire
(à savoir «l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine»). Le défendeur pré‑
tend que le demandeur ne s’est pas conformé à cette obligation.k
125. Le demandeur affirme, pour sa part, que la seconde clause du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 ne lui impose nullement une obligation, mais
définit le seul cas où le défendeur peut s’opposer à sokn admission.
126. La Cour observe que, telle qu’elle est libellée, la seconde clausek du
paragraphe1 de l’article 11 n’impose pas une obligation au demandeur. La
Cour relève en outre que, tout comme d’autres dispositions de l’kaccord
intérimaire imposent des obligations au seul demandeur, le paragraphek 1
de l’article 11 en impose une au seul défendeur. La seconde clause énonce
une importante exception à cette obligation, mais ne fait pas de cettke excep ‑
tion une obligation à la charge du demandeur. La Cour estime donc quek le
demandeur n’a pas contrevenu à cette disposition.
B. La violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 qu’aurait commise
le demandeur
127. La Cour se penchera à présent sur l’allégation du défendeur selon
laquelle le demandeur a manqué à son obligation de négocier de kbonne
foi. Elle rappellera que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 de l’accord intéri ‑
maire est ainsi libellé :
«Les parties conviennent de poursuivre les négociations sous les
auspices du Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nationsk Unies,
conformément à la résolution 845 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité, en
vue de parvenir à régler le différend mentionné dans cette résolution
et dans la résolution 817 (1993) du Conseil. »
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5 CIJ1026.indb 83 20/06/13 08:42 684 application of interkim accord (judgment)
128. The Respondent asserts that the parties understood that the nego‑
tiations pursuant to Article 5, paragraph 1, have always been meant to
reach agreement on a single name that would be used for all purposes.
The Respondent contends that the Applicant has departed from this
understanding by pressing for a “dual formula” whereby the negotiaktions
are “limited solely to finding a name for use in the bilateral relations of
the parties” and thus has attempted “unilaterally to redefine the objkect
and purpose of [the] negotiations”. The Respondent further contends tkhat
the Applicant’s continuous use of its constitutional name to refer tok itself
and its policy of securing third‑State recognition under that name deprikves
the negotiations of their object and purpose. The Respondent also makes k
the more general allegation that the Applicant has adopted an intransi ‑
gent and inflexible stance during the negotiations over the name.
129. The Applicant, on the other hand, is of the view that it “gave no
undertaking under resolution 817, the Interim Accord or otherwise to call
itself by the provisional reference” (emphasis in the original) and main ‑
tains that its efforts to build third‑State support for its constitutikonal
name do not violate its obligation to negotiate in good faith, as requirked
by Article 5, paragraph 1. The Applicant contends that the Interim
Accord did not prejudge the outcome of the negotiations required by
Article 5, paragraph 1, by prescribing that those negotiations result in a
single name to be used for all purposes. In addition, the Applicant argukes
that it showed openness to compromises and that it was the Respondent
that was intransigent.
130. The Court observes that it is within the jurisdiction of the Court
to examine the question raised by the Respondent of whether the parties
were engaged in good faith negotiations pursuant to Article 5, para ‑
graph 1, without addressing the substance of, or expressing any views on,
the name difference itself, which is excluded from the Court’s juriksdiction
under Article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord (see paragraphs 28
to 38 above).
131. At the outset, the Court notes that although Article 5, paragraph 1,
contains no express requirement that the parties negotiate in good faith,
such obligation is implicit under this provision (see 1969 Vienna Conven ‑
tion, Art. 26; see also Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
Maine Area (Canada/United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports▯
1984, p. 292, para. 87 ; Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 33‑34, paras. 78‑79 ; Fisheries
Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 202, para. 69 ; Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 268, para. 46 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zea ‑
land v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 473, para. 49; North Sea
Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal Rep‑
ublic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, pp. 46‑47,
para. 85).
44
5 CIJ1026.indb 84 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 684
128. Le défendeur soutient que, dans l’esprit des deux parties, les
négociations menées en application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 ont tou‑
jours eu pour objet de parvenir à un accord sur un nom unique, à
employer à quelque fin que ce soit. Il affirme que le demandeur s’kest écarté
de cette conception commune en insistant pour que soit retenue une
«double formule », selon laquelle les négociations auraient « simplement
pour but la détermination du nom à employer dans le cadre des relaktions
bilatérales entre les parties », et a ainsi tenté de « redéfinir unilatéralement
l’objet et le but des négociations ». Le défendeur affirme en outre que, en
employant constamment son nom constitutionnel pour se désigner lui‑
même et en cherchant systématiquement à se faire reconnaître sous ce
nom par les Etats tiers, le demandeur prive les négociations de leur kobjet
et de leur but. Il soutient aussi, plus généralement, que le demankdeur a
adopté une position intransigeante et inflexible pendant les négociations
sur le nom.
129. Le demandeur estime de son côté qu’il « ne s’est jamais engagé,
que ce soit en vertu de la résolution 817, de l’accord intérimaire ou d’un
autre texte, à se désigner lui‑même par l’appellation provisoire » (les ita ‑
liques sont dans l’original) et soutient que, en cherchant à rallkier les Etats
tiers à l’emploi de son nom constitutionnel, il n’a pas manquék à l’obliga ‑
tion de négocier de bonne foi que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5.
Il fait valoir que l’accord intérimaire ne préjuge pas l’isskue des négocia ‑
tions, le paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 ne prescrivant pas que celles‑ci doivent
aboutir à l’adoption d’un nom unique à employer à quelque fin que ce
soit. Le demandeur affirme en outre qu’il s’est montré disposék à transiger
et que c’est le défendeur qui a fait preuve d’intransigeance.
130. La Cour fait observer qu’elle a compétence — sans aborder la
divergence sur le nom au fond ni exprimer une quelconque opinion à cek
sujet, ce qui est exclu de sa compétence en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’ar ‑
ticle 21 de l’accord intérimaire (voir paragraphes 28 à 38 ci‑dessus) —
pour examiner la question, soulevée par le défendeur, de savoir sik les
parties ont, en application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 5, mené des négo ‑
ciations de bonne foi.
131. La Cour relève d’emblée que, bien que le paragraphe 1 de l’ar ‑
ticle 5 ne fasse pas expressément obligation aux parties de négocier de
bonne foi, cette obligation découle implicitement de ladite dispositikon
(voir convention de Vienne de 1969, art. 26 ; voir aussi Délimitation de la
frontière maritime dans la région du golfe du Maine (Canada/Etats▯‑Unis
d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 292, par. 87 ; Compétence en
matière de pêcheries (Royaume‑Uni c. Islande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1974, p. 33‑34, par. 78‑79 ; Compétence en matière de pêcheries (Répu ‑
blique fédérale d’Allemagne c. Islande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974,
p. 202, par. 69; Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1974, p. 268, par. 46 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 473, par. 49 ; Plateau continental de la mer du
Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark ; République fédérale
d’Allemagne/Pays‑Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 46‑47, par. 85).
44
5 CIJ1026.indb 85 20/06/13 08:42 685 application of interkim accord (judgment)
132. The Court notes that the meaning of negotiations for the pur ‑
poses of dispute settlement, or the obligation to negotiate, has been clkari‑
fied through the jurisprudence of the Court and that of its predecessor, as
well as arbitral awards. As the permanent Court of International Justice
already stated in 1931 in the case concerning Railway Traffic between
Lithuania and Poland, the obligation to negotiate is first of all “not only
to enter into negotiations, but also to pursue them as far as possible, kwith
a view to concluding agreements”. No doubt this does not imply “ank obli ‑
gation to reach an agreement” (Railway Traffic between Lithuania and
Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1931, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116 ; see
also Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 68, para. 150), or that lengthy negotiations
must be pursued of necessity (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judg ‑
ment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 13). However, States must
conduct themselves so that the “negotiations are meaningful”. Thisk
requirement is not satisfied, for example, where either of the parties
“insists upon its own position without contemplating any modificatikon of
it” (North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ;
Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1969, p. 47, para. 85 ; see also Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argen ‑
tina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 67, para. 146) or
where they obstruct negotiations, for example, by interrupting communi ‑
cations or causing delays in an unjustified manner or disregarding thek
procedures agreed upon (Lake Lanoux Arbitration (Spain/France)
(1957), Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA), Vol. XII,
p. 307). Negotiations with a view to reaching an agreement also imply
that the parties should pay reasonable regard to the interests of the otkher
(Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 33, para. 78). As for the proof required for finding
of the existence of bad faith (a circumstance which would justify either
party in claiming to be discharged from performance), “something morek
must appear than the failure of particular negotiations” (Arbitratiokn on
the Tacna‑Arica Question (Chile/Peru) (1925), RIAA, Vol. II, p. 930). It
could be provided by circumstantial evidence but should be supported
“not by disputable inferences but by clear and convincing evidence whkich
compels such a conclusion” (ibid.).
133. The Court turns to examine whether the obligation to negotiate in
good faith was met in the present case in light of the standards set outk
above.
134. The Court observes that the failure of the parties to reach agree ‑
ment, 16 years after the conclusion of the Interim Accord, does not itself
establish that either party has breached its obligation to negotiate in good
faith. Whether the obligation has been undertaken in good faith cannot
be measured by the result obtained. Rather, the Court must consider
whether the parties conducted themselves in such a way that negotiations
may be meaningful.
45
5 CIJ1026.indb 86 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 685
132. La Cour fait observer que la notion de négociation aux fins du
règlement des différends, ou d’obligation de négocier, a ékté clarifiée par sa
jurisprudence et celle de sa devancière, ainsi que par des sentences karbi ‑
trales. Comme la Cour permanente de Justice internationale l’a prékcisé
dès 1931 dans l’avis consultatif qu’elle a donné sur la question duk Trafic
ferroviaire entre la Lithuanie et la Pologne, l’obligation de négocier, avant
tout, n’est « pas seulement [celle] d’entamer des négociations, mais encore
[celle] de les poursuivre autant que possible, en vue d’arriver à kdes accor ».s
de toute évidence, cela n’implique cependant ni « [l’obligation] de s’en ‑
tendre » (Trafic ferroviaire entre la Lithuanie et la Pologne, avis consultatif,
1931, C.P.J.I. série A/B n o42, p. 116; voir également Usines de pâte à papier
sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I),
p. 68, par. 150) ni la nécessité de mener de longues négociations (Conces ‑
sions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt n o2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n o2,
p. 13). Les Etats ont néanmoins l’obligation de se comporter de tellke sorte
que «les négociations aient un sens». Il n’est pas satisfait à cette condition
lorsque, par exemple, l’une ou l’autre partie «insiste sur sa propre position
sans envisager aucune modification» (Plateau continental de la mer du Nord
(République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark ; République fédérale d’Alle ‑
magne/Pays‑Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 47, par. 85; voir également
Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I), p. 67, par. 146) ou fait obstacle aux négociations,
par exemple, en interrompant toute communication, en causant des retardsk
injustifiés, en ne tenant pas compte des procédures convenues (kAffaire du
Lac Lanoux (Espagne/France) (1957), Recueil des sentences arbitrales▯
(RSA), vol. XII, p. 307). La tenue de négociations en vue de parvenir à un
accord implique également que chaque partie tienne raisonnablement
compte de l’intérêt de l’autre (Compétence en matière de pêcheries (Royaume‑
Uni c. Islande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 33, par. 78). En ce qui
concerne la preuve requise pour établir la mauvaise foi (ce qui fonderait
l’une ou l’autre partie à soutenir qu’elle est libérée de son obligation d’kexé ‑
cution), «le simple échec de certaines négociations ne constitue pas un ékl‑é
ment suffisant » (arbitrage de Tacna‑Arica (Chili/Pérou) (1925), RSA,
vol. II, p. 930). Si ladite preuve peut être apportée par des éléments indi ‑
rects, elle doit cependant être étayée «non par des déductions contestables
mais par des éléments clairs et convaincants qui appellent nécekssairement
pareille conclusion »(ibid.).
133. La Cour examinera maintenant la question de savoir si l’obliga ‑
tion de négocier de bonne foi a été satisfaite en l’espècke au regard des
critères exposés ci‑dessus.
134. La Cour observe que le fait que les parties ne sont toujours pas
parvenues à s’entendre seize ans après la conclusion de l’accord intéri ‑
maire ne suffit pas, en soi, à établir que l’une ou l’autrek a manqué à son
obligation de négocier de bonne foi. La question de savoir si elles ske sont
acquittées de cette obligation ne peut être appréciée en fonkction des résul ‑
tats obtenus. pour y répondre, la Cour doit rechercher si les parties se
sont comportées de telle sorte que les négociations puissent avoirk un sens.
45
5 CIJ1026.indb 87 20/06/13 08:42 686 application of interkim accord (judgment)
135. The record indicates that, during the course of the negotiations
pursuant to Article 5, paragraph 1, the Applicant had resisted suggestions
that it depart from its constitutional name and that the Respondent had k
opposed the use of “macedonia” in the name of the Applicant. In addi ‑
tion, the record reveals that political leaders of both parties at times made
public statements that suggested an inflexible position as to the name
difference, including in the months prior to the Bucharest Summit.
Although such statements raise concerns, there is also evidence that thek
United Nations mediator presented the parties with a range of proposals
over the years and, in particular, expressed the view that, in the time
period prior to the Bucharest Summit, the parties were negotiating in
earnest. Taken as a whole, the evidence from this period indicates that k
the Applicant showed a degree of openness to proposals that differed
from either the sole use of its constitutional name or the “dual formkula”,
while the Respondent, for its part, apparently changed its initial position
and in September 2007 declared that it would agree to the word “mace ‑
donia” being included in the Applicant’s name as part of a compounkd
formulation.
136. In particular, in march 2008, the United Nations mediator pro ‑
posed that the Applicant adopt the name “Republic of macedonia
(Skopje)” for all purposes. According to the record before the Court,k
the Applicant expressed a willingness to put this name to a referendum.
The record also indicates that it was the Respondent who rejected this
proposed name.
137. The Court also notes that the United Nations mediator made
comments during the period January‑march 2008 that characterized the
negotiations in positive terms, noting the parties’ obvious desire to settle
their differences.
138. Thus, the Court concludes that the Respondent has not met its
burden of demonstrating that the Applicant breached its obligation to
negotiate in good faith.
C. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 6, paragraph 2
139. Article 6, paragraph 2, provides:
“The party of the Second part hereby solemnly declares that noth ‑
ing in its Constitution, and in particular in Article 49 as amended, can
or should be interpreted as constituting or will ever constitute the baskis
for the party of the Second part to interfere in the internal affairs of
another State in order to protect the status and rights of any persons
in other States who are not citizens of the party to the Second part.”
140. The Respondent’s allegations under this heading relate principally
to the Applicant’s efforts to support or to advocate on behalf of pkersons
now resident in the Applicant’s territory (who are also, in some caskes, the
46
5 CIJ1026.indb 88 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 686
135. Il ressort du dossier de l’affaire que, durant les négociations k
menées en application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 5, le demandeur a
refusé les propositions de s’écarter de son nom constitutionnel et que lek
défendeur s’est opposé à ce que le mot «macédoine » figure dans le nom
du demandeur. Le dossier révèle aussi que les dirigeants politiqueks des
deux parties ont parfois, notamment dans les mois qui ont précédé le k
sommet de Bucarest, fait des déclarations publiques qui laissaient enktre ‑
voir une position intransigeante sur la divergence relative au nom. Ces
déclarations sont certes regrettables, mais certains éléments akttestent éga‑
lement que le médiateur des Nations Unies a, au fil des années, présenté
aux parties différentes propositions et qu’il a en particulier émiks l’avis
selon lequel, durant la période qui a précédé le sommet de Bkucarest, les
parties négociaient sérieusement. Considérés dans leur ensembkle, les élé‑
ments de preuve de cette période indiquent que le demandeur n’a paks
totalement exclu l’idée d’examiner des propositions s’écakrtant tant de
l’emploi exclusif de son nom constitutionnel que de la « double formule»,
tandis que le défendeur, modifiant apparemment sa position initialek, a
déclaré en septembre 2007 qu’il accepterait que le mot «macédoine » soit
inclus dans un nom composé par lequel serait désigné le demandekur.
136. En particulier, le médiateur des Nations Unies a, en mars 2008,
proposé que le demandeur adopte le nom de « République de macédoine
(Skopje)» à quelque fin que ce soit. d’après le dossier de l’affaire, le
demandeur a fait savoir qu’il était disposé à soumettre l’kadoption de ce
nom à un référendum. Il ressort également du dossier que c’kest le défen ‑
deur qui a rejeté le nom proposé.
137. La Cour note aussi que le médiateur des Nations Unies a, durant
la période allant de janvier à mars 2008, formulé des commentaikres favo‑
rables sur le déroulement des négociations, faisant état du désir manifeste
des parties de résoudre leurs divergences.
138. La Cour conclut donc que le défendeur n’a pas, comme il en avait
la charge, démontré que le demandeur avait manqué à son oblikgation de
négocier de bonne foi.
C. La violation du paragraphe 2 de l’article 6 qu’aurait commise le
demandeur
139. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 6 est ainsi libellé :
«La seconde partie déclare solennellement qu’aucune disposition
de sa Constitution, en particulier l’article 49 tel qu’amendé, ne peut
et ne doit être interprétée comme constituant et ne constituera jamais
une raison d’intervenir dans les affaires intérieures d’un auktre Etat en
vue de protéger le statut et les droits de toutes personnes se trouvaknt
dans d’autres Etats qui ne sont pas citoyens de la seconde partie. »
140. Les allégations du défendeur à cet égard portent principalemkent sur
l’action menée par le demandeur pour soutenir ou défendre les ikntérêts de
personnes résidant aujourd’hui sur le territoire du demandeur (doknt des nati‑
46
5 CIJ1026.indb 89 20/06/13 08:42 687 application of interkim accord (judgment)
Applicant’s nationals) who left or were expelled from the Respondentk’s
territory in connection with its civil war in the 1940s (or who are thek des‑
cendants of such persons) and who assert claims in relation to, among okther
things, abandoned property in the Respondent’s territory. Some allegaktions
on which the Respondent relies refer to events subsequent to the Bucharest
Summit. Thus, the objection at the Summit could not have been a responsek
to them. The Respondent also complains about the Applicant’s alleged
efforts to support a “macedonian minority” in the Respondent’s territory
made up of persons who are also the Respondent’s nationals.
141. For its part, the Applicant asserts that its concern for the human
rights of minority groups in the Respondent’s territory and for the hkuman
rights of its own citizens cannot reasonably be viewed as constituting
interference in the Respondent’s internal affairs.
142. The Court finds that the allegations on which the Respondent
relies appear to be divorced from the text of Article 6, paragraph 2, which
addresses only the Applicant’s interpretation of its Constitution. The
Respondent has presented no convincing evidence to suggest that the
Applicant has interpreted its Constitution as providing a right to interkfere
in the Respondent’s internal affairs on behalf of persons not citizkens of
the Applicant. The Court therefore does not find that the Applicant
breached Article 6, paragraph 2, prior to the Bucharest Summit.
D. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 1
143. Article 7, paragraph 1, provides:
“Each party shall promptly take effective measures to prohibit hos ‑
tile activities or propaganda by State‑controlled agencies and to dis ‑
courage acts by private entities likely to incite violence, hatred or
hostility against each other.”
144. The Respondent alleges that the Applicant breached this provi ‑
sion based on its failure to take effective measures to prohibit hostikle
activities by State‑controlled agencies, citing, for example, allegationks
relating to the content of school textbooks. In that respect, the Responk ‑
dent refers to history textbooks used in the Applicant’s schools that
depict a historic “greater macedonia” and that present certain historical
figures as the ancestors of the Applicant’s current population. Acckording
to the Respondent, these and other examples demonstrate that the
Applicant has taken no measures to prohibit hostile activities directed k
against the Respondent and has actively engaged in such propaganda.
145. The Respondent also alleges that the Applicant breached a
second obligation set forth in Article 7, paragraph 1: the obligation to dis‑
courage acts by private entities likely to incite violence, hatred or hokstility
47
5 CIJ1026.indb 90 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 687
naux de celui‑ci) après avoir quitté le territoire du défendeukr ou en avoir été
expulsées par suite de la guerre civile que ce dernier a connue dans kles
années 1940 (ou les intérêts de leurs descendants) et qui revendiquent knotam ‑
ment des biens fonciers abandonnés sis sur le territoire du défendkeur. Ce‑r
taines des allégations du défendeur renvoient à des événements postérieurs au
sommet de Bucarest. Elles ne sauraient donc avoir été le motif de kl’opposition
manifestée par le défendeur lors de ce sommet. Celui‑ci tire aussi grief de l’‑c
tion selon lui menée par le demandeur pour soutenir, sur son territoikre u,ne
minorité macédonienne» constituée de personnes qui sont ses nationaux.
141. Le demandeur soutient pour sa part que le fait qu’il se soucie des
droits de l’homme de groupes minoritaires se trouvant sur le territoikre du
défendeur et de ceux de ses propres citoyens ne saurait raisonnablemeknt
être considéré comme constituant une ingérence dans les affkaires inté ‑
rieures du défendeur.
142. La Cour conclut que les allégations avancées par le défendeur
semblent être sans rapport avec le libellé du paragraphe 2 de l’article 6,
qui traite uniquement de l’interprétation par le demandeur de sa Ckons‑
titution. Le défendeur n’a pas présenté d’éléments kde preuve convaincants
indiquant que le demandeur a interprété sa Constitution comme lui kconf‑é
rant le droit d’intervenir dans ses affaires intérieures au nom kde personnes
qui ne sont pas des citoyens du demandeur. La Cour n’estime donc pas k
que le demandeur a contrevenu au paragraphe 2 de l’article 6 avant le
sommet de Bucarest.
D. La violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 qu’aurait commise le
demandeur
143. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 se lit comme suit :
«Chaque partie prendra rapidement des mesures efficaces aux fins
d’interdire des actes d’hostilité ou de propagande par des orgaknismes
d’Etat et de décourager les actes d’entités privées suscekptibles d’inci‑
ter à la violence, à la haine ou à l’hostilité mutuelles.k»
144. Le défendeur allègue que le demandeur a violé cette dispositionk en
ne prenant pas des mesures efficaces pour interdire les actes hostiles kcom‑
mis par des institutions contrôlées par l’Etat, formulant notamkment à cet
égard des assertions concernant le contenu de certains manuels scolaikres.
Les manuels auxquels il fait référence sont des manuels d’histokire utilisés
dans les écoles du demandeur qui dépeignent une «grande macédoine »
et présentent certains personnages historiques comme les ancêtres kde la
population actuelle du demandeur. Selon le défendeur, ces exemples, ekt
d’autres encore, démontrent que le demandeur n’a pris aucune meksure
pour interdire les actes d’hostilité à l’encontre du défekndeur et s’est livré
activement à une propagande hostile.
145. Le défendeur allègue également que le demandeur a contrevenu àk
une seconde obligation énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 7, celle de
décourager les actes d’entités privées susceptibles d’inckiter à la violence, à
47
5 CIJ1026.indb 91 20/06/13 08:42 688 application of interkim accord (judgment)
against the Respondent. In particular, the Respondent cites an incident k
on 29 march 2008 (in the days prior to the Bucharest Summit) in which
several outdoor billboards in Skopje depicted an altered image of the
Respondent’s flag. In addition, the Respondent alleges a consistent fakil ‑
ure by the Applicant to protect the premises and personnel of the Respon‑k
dent’s Liaison Office in Skopje.
146. For its part, the Applicant asserts that the school textbooks reflect
differences concerning the history of the region. It further claims thkat the
billboards in Skopje in march 2008 were erected by private individuals
and that it acted promptly to have them removed. The Applicant denies
the allegations regarding the Respondent’s diplomatic staff and prekmises
and refers the Court to documents relating to its efforts to provide akde ‑
quate protection to those diplomatic staff and premises and to investigate
the incidents alleged by the Respondent.
147. Based on its review of the parties’ arguments and the extensive
documentation submitted in relation to these allegations, the Court fiknds
that the evidence cannot sustain a finding that the Applicant committekd a
breach of Article 7, paragraph 1, prior to the Bucharest Summit. The
textbook content described above does not provide a basis to conclude
that the Applicant has failed to prohibit “hostile activities or propka ‑
ganda”. Furthermore, the Respondent has not demonstrated convinc ‑
ingly that the Applicant failed “to discourage” acts by private enktities
likely to incite violence, hatred or hostility towards the Respondent. Tkhe
Applicant’s assertion that it took prompt action in response to the march
2008 billboards was not challenged by the Respondent, and the evidence
shows that, at a minimum, the Applicant issued a statement seeking to
distance itself from the billboards. The Court notes the obligation to pkro ‑
tect the premises of the diplomatic mission and to protect any disturbankce
of the peace or impairment of its dignity contained in Article 22 of the
Vienna Convention on diplomatic Relations, and observes that any inci ‑
dent in which there is damage to diplomatic property is to be regretted.k
Nonetheless, such incidents do not ipso facto demonstrate a breach by the
Applicant of its obligation under Article 7, paragraph 1, “to discourage”
certain acts by private entities. moreover, the Applicant introduced evi ‑
dence demonstrating its efforts to provide adequate protection to the k
Respondent’s diplomatic staff and premises.
E. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 2
148. Article 7, paragraph 2, provides:
“Upon entry into force of this Interim Accord, the party of the
Second part shall cease to use in any way the symbol in all its forms
displayed on its national flag prior to such entry into force.”
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5 CIJ1026.indb 92 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 688
la haine ou à l’hostilité envers lui. Il mentionne en particulier un incident
survenu le 29 mars 2008 (soit quelques jours avant l’ouverture du sommet
de Bucarest) au cours duquel plusieurs affiches représentant une imkage
altérée de son drapeau ont été placardées à Skopje. Lek défendeur allègue
en outre que le demandeur a constamment négligé de protéger le kperson‑
nel et les locaux de son bureau de liaison à Skopje.
146. Le demandeur, quant à lui, affirme que les manuels scolaires incri ‑
minés reflètent des divergences quant à l’histoire de la rékgion. Il affirme
par ailleurs que les affiches placardées à Skopje en mars 2008 l’ont été par
des particuliers, et qu’il a agi rapidement pour les faire enlever. Ikl rejette
l’allégation concernant le personnel et les locaux diplomatiques dku défen ‑
deur, et prie la Cour de se reporter aux documents attestant les disposik ‑
tions qu’il a prises pour assurer la protection adéquate de ce perksonnel et
de ces locaux et enquêter sur les incidents allégués par le dékfendeur.
147. Au vu des arguments des parties et de l’abondante documentation
qui lui a été soumise au sujet de ces allégations, la Cour estime que les élé ‑
ments de preuve ne permettent pas d’établir que le demandeur ait ckommis
une violation du paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 avant le sommet de Bucarest. Le
contenu des manuels scolaires dont il est question ci‑dessus ne fournit kpas
matière à conclure que le demandeur n’a pas interdit « des actes d’hostilité
ou de propagande». Qui plus est, le défendeur n’a pas démontré de façokn
convaincante que le demandeur avait négligé de « décourager» les actes
d’entités privées susceptibles d’inciter à la violence, àk la haine ou à l’hostilité
envers lui. L’assertion du demandeur selon laquelle il avait pris rapkidement
des mesures en réponse au placardage d’affiches survenu en mars 2008 n’a
pas été contestée par le défendeur; de plus, il ressort des éléments de preuve
que le demandeur avait, à tout le moins, fait une déclaration par klaquelle il
cherchait à se distancier de ces affiches. La Cour rappelle l’oblkigation, telle
qu’énoncée à l’article 22 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplo ‑
matiques, de protéger les locaux d’une mission diplomatique et d’empêcher
que la paix de celle‑ci soit troublée ou sa dignité, amoindrie; elle fait obser
ver que tout incident au cours duquel des biens appartenant à une mission
diplomatique sont endommagés est regrettable. Ce nonobstant, les incikdents
en question ne démontrent pas ipso facto que le demandeur ait manqué à
l’obligation que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 de « décourager»
certains actes d’entités privées. En outre, le demandeur a prodkuit des
éléments attestant qu’il s’était efforcé d’assurekr la protection adéquate du
personnel et des locaux diplomatiques du défendeur.
E. La violation du paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 qu’aurait commise le
demandeur
148. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 est ainsi libellé :
«Lorsque le présent accord intérimaire entrera en vigueur, la
seconde partie cessera d’utiliser de quelque façon que ce soit et sous
toutes ses formes le symbole qui figurait sur son drapeau national
avant l’entrée en vigueur de l’accord. »
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5 CIJ1026.indb 93 20/06/13 08:42 689 application of interkim accord (judgment)
149. The Respondent asserts that the Applicant has used the symbol
described in Article 7, paragraph 2, in various ways since the Interim
Accord entered into force, thus violating this provision.
150. The Respondent does not dispute that the Applicant has changed
its flag, as required. The Respondent’s allegations relate to the use kof the
symbol in other contexts, including an alleged use by a regiment of the k
Applicant’s army depicted in a publication of the Applicant’s ministry of
defence in 2004. The record indicates that the Respondent raised its con ‑
cerns to the Applicant about that use of the symbol at that time and thek
Applicant does not refute the claim that the regiment did use the symbolk.
151. The Applicant asserts that the regiment in question was disbanded
in 2004 (an assertion left unchallenged by the Respondent), and there kis
no allegation by the Respondent that the symbol continued to be used in k
that way after 2004.
152. The Respondent also introduces evidence with respect to fewer
than ten additional instances in which the symbol has been used in the
territory of the Applicant in various ways, mainly in connection with
either publications or public displays.
153. The Court observes that these allegations relate either to the
activities of private persons or were not communicated to the Applicant k
until after the Bucharest Summit. Nevertheless, as previously noted, thek
record does support the conclusion that there was at least one instance kin
which the Applicant’s army used the symbol prohibited by Article 7,
paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord.
F. Alleged breach by the Applicant of Article 7, paragraph 3
154. Article 7, paragraph 3, provides:
“If either party believes one or more symbols constituting part of
its historic or cultural patrimony is being used by the other party, it
shall bring such alleged use to the attention of the other party, and
the other party shall take appropriate corrective action or indicate
why it does not consider it necessary to do so.”
155. The Respondent asserts that Article 7, paragraph 3, means that
each party should abstain from using the symbols referred to therein
because such conduct could undermine the objectives of the Interim
Accord. The Respondent further asserts that the Applicant has violated
this provision in a variety of ways, including by issuing stamps, erectikng
statues and renaming the airport of the capital.
156. The Court notes that in contrast to Article 7, paragraph 2, the
text of Article 7, paragraph 3, does not expressly prohibit the Applicant
from using the symbols that it describes. Rather, it establishes a procek ‑
dure for situations in which one party believes the other party to be using
its historical or cultural symbols.
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5 CIJ1026.indb 94 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 689
149. Le défendeur soutient que, depuis l’entrée en vigueur de l’akccord
intérimaire, le demandeur a utilisé de diverses manières le symkbole visé au
paragraphe 2 de l’article 7, violant ainsi cette disposition.
150. Le défendeur ne conteste pas que le demandeur a, comme il y était k
tenu, modifié son drapeau. Ses allégations portent sur l’utilkisation du
symbole dans d’autres contextes, notamment par un régiment de l’karmée
du demandeur, que révèle une illustration figurant dans une publkication
de son ministère de la défense parue en 2004. Il ressort du dossier que le
défendeur s’est à l’époque inquiété auprès du dekmandeur de cette utilisa‑
tion du symbole, et que celui‑ci ne réfute pas l’assertion selon laquelle le
régiment l’a utilisé.
151. Le demandeur fait cependant valoir que le régiment en question a
été dissous en 2004 (ce que le défendeur ne conteste pas), et le défendeur
n’a pas allégué que le symbole avait continué d’être uktilisé de la sorte
après 2004.
152. Le défendeur a également produit des éléments de preuve portkant
sur moins de dix autres cas où ledit symbole a été utilisé de diverses
manières sur le territoire du demandeur, principalement dans des publkica ‑
tions ou lors de manifestations publiques.
153. La Cour fait cependant observer que ces allégations ou bien visent
les activités de particuliers, ou bien n’ont été portées kà l’attention du
demandeur qu’après le sommet de Bucarest. Certes, comme elle l’a relevé
précédemment, le dossier de l’affaire permet d’établir kque, dans un cas au
moins, l’armée du demandeur a utilisé le symbole que vise l’kinterdiction
figurant au paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 de l’accord intérimaire.
F. La violation du paragraphe 3 de l’article 7 qu’aurait commise le
demandeur
154. Le paragraphe 3 de l’article 7 est ainsi libellé :
«Si l’une des parties pense que l’autre partie utilise un ou plusieurs
symboles faisant partie de son patrimoine historique ou culturel, elle
portera cette question à l’attention de l’autre partie et cette dernière
soit prendra les mesures voulues pour remédier à la situation, soikt
indiquera pourquoi elle ne considère pas nécessaire de le faire. »
155. Selon le défendeur, le paragraphe 3 de l’article 7 signifie que cha ‑
cune des parties doit s’abstenir d’utiliser les symboles qui y sont visés car
une telle utilisation pourrait aller à l’encontre des objectifs dek l’accord
intérimaire. Le défendeur soutient également que le demandeur ak contre‑
venu de diverses manières à cette disposition, notamment en émekttant des
timbres, en érigeant des statues et en rebaptisant l’aéroport dke la capitale.
156. La Cour relève que, à la différence du paragraphe 2 de l’article 7,
le paragraphe 3 n’interdit pas expressément au demandeur d’utiliser les
symboles qui y sont visés. Il énonce simplement la procédure àk suivre
lorsque l’une des parties pense que l’autre utilise des symboles apparte ‑
nant à son patrimoine historique ou culturel.
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5 CIJ1026.indb 95 20/06/13 08:42 690 application of interkim accord (judgment)
157. Because Article 7, paragraph 3, does not contain any prohibition
on the use of particular symbols, the renaming of an airport could not
itself constitute a breach. The threshold question is thus whether the
Respondent brought its concern “to the attention” of the Applicantk prior
to the Bucharest Summit. The Respondent introduced evidence showing
that in december 2006, the Respondent’s Foreign minister described the
Applicant’s conduct as “not consistent with the obligations concerkning
good neighbourly relations that emanate from the Interim Agreement”
and as not serving “Skopje’s Euro‑Atlantic aspirations”, withoukt, how ‑
ever, referring expressly to the renaming of the airport. during a parlia‑
mentary meeting in February 2007, the Respondent’s Foreign minister
expressly characterized the Applicant’s renaming of the airport as a k
breach of the Interim Accord. There is no evidence of communication to
the Applicant on this matter.
158. Although it does not appear that the Respondent brought its con‑
cern to the attention of the Applicant in a manner contemplated by Arti ‑
cle 7, paragraph 3, the Applicant was aware of the Respondent’s concern,
and the Applicant’s Foreign minister explained the rationale behind the
renaming of the airport in a January 2007 interview to a greek newspaper.
159. On the basis of this record, the Court concludes that the Respon ‑
dent has not discharged its burden to demonstrate a breach of Article 7,
paragraph 3, by the Applicant.
*
160. In light of this analysis of the Respondent’s allegations that the
Applicant breached several of its obligations under the Interim Accord, k
the Court concludes that the Respondent has established only one such
breach. Namely, the Respondent has demonstrated that the Applicant
used the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Interim
Accord in 2004. After the Respondent raised the matter with the Appli ‑
cant in 2004, the use of the symbol was discontinued during that same
year. With these conclusions in mind, the Court will next state its fikndings
regarding each of the three justifications advanced by the Respondent.k
3. Conclusions concerning the Respondent’s Additional Justifications
A. Conclusion concerning the exceptio non adimpleti contractus
161. Having reviewed the Respondent’s allegations of breaches by the
Applicant, the Court returns to the Respondent’s contention that the k
exceptio, as it is defined by the Respondent, precludes the Court from
finding that the Respondent breached its obligation under Article 11,
paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord. The Court recalls that in all but one
instance (the use of the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2 (see
50
5 CIJ1026.indb 96 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 690
157. Le paragraphe 3 de l’article 7 n’interdisant en rien l’utilisation de
tel ou tel symbole, le fait de rebaptiser un aéroport ne saurait en skoi en
constituer une violation. La question est de savoir si le défendeur ak porté
ses préoccupations « à l’attention » du demandeur avant le sommet de
Bucarest. Le défendeur a produit des éléments de preuve montrant que,
en décembre 2006, son ministre des affaires étrangères avait qualifié
le comportement du demandeur d’« incompatible avec les obligations en
matière de relations de bon voisinage qui découlent de l’accord intéri ‑
maire» et de «contraire aux aspirations euro‑atlantiques de Skopje», sans
toutefois faire expressément mention du changement de nom de l’aékro ‑
port. En février 2007, devant le parlement, le ministre des affaires étran ‑
gères du défendeur a expressément qualifié de violation dek l’accord
intérimaire le changement de nom de l’aéroport par le demandeurk. Rien
n’indique toutefois que le défendeur ait adressé à ce sujet kune communi ‑
cation au demandeur.
158. Bien que le défendeur ne semble pas avoir porté ses préoccupa ‑
tions à l’attention du demandeur, comme le prévoit le paragraphke 3 de
l’article 7, ce dernier en était conscient, et son ministre des affaires éktran
gères a expliqué le changement du nom de l’aéroport dans unek interview
accordée en janvier 2007 à un journal grec.
159. A la lumière de ces éléments du dossier, la Cour conclut que lek
défendeur n’a pas, comme il en avait la charge, démontré quek le deman ‑
deur a contrevenu au paragraphe 3 de l’article 7.
*
160. Au vu de cet examen des allégations du défendeur selon lesquelles k
le demandeur a manqué à plusieurs obligations que lui impose l’accord
intérimaire, la Cour conclut que le défendeur n’a établi qu’kun seul man ‑
quement de cette nature. Il a en effet démontré que le demandeur avait,
en 2004, utilisé le symbole interdit par le paragraphe 2 de l’article 7. Après
que le défendeur eut appelé son attention sur cette question en 2004, le
demandeur a mis fin à l’utilisation dudit symbole cette même kannée. Sur
la base de ce qui précède, la Cour énoncera maintenant ses concklusions
concernant chacune des trois justifications invoquées par le défkendeur.
3. Conclusions concernant les justifications additionnelles
invoquées par le défendeur
A. Conclusion concernant l’exceptio non adimpleti contractus
161. Ayant examiné les allégations de violations que le défendeur a
formulées à l’encontre du demandeur, la Cour en revient à l’kargument du
défendeur selon lequel, en vertu de l’exceptio, telle que celui‑ci la définit,
elle ne saurait conclure qu’il a manqué à l’obligation que lkui impose le
paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire. Elle rappelle que, à
une exception près (l’interdiction d’utiliser le symbole énkoncée au para ‑
50
5 CIJ1026.indb 97 20/06/13 08:42 691 application of interkim accord (judgment)
paragraph 153)), the Respondent failed to establish any breach of the
Interim Accord by the Applicant. In addition, the Respondent has failed k
to show a connection between the Applicant’s use of the symbol in 200k4
and the Respondent’s objection in 2008 — that is, evidence that when the
Respondent raised its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO, it
did so in response to the apparent violation of Article 7, paragraph 2, or,
more broadly, on the basis of any belief that the exceptio precluded the
wrongfulness of its objection. The Respondent has thus failed to establiksh
that the conditions which it has itself asserted would be necessary for kthe
application of the exceptio have been satisfied in this case. It is, therefore,
unnecessary for the Court to determine whether that doctrine forms part k
of contemporary international law.
B. Conclusion concerning a response to material breach
162. As described above (see paragraph 118), the Respondent also sug‑
gested that its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO could k
have been regarded as a response, within Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna
Convention, to material breaches of the Interim Accord allegedly com ‑
mitted by the Applicant. Article 60, paragraph 3 (b), of the 1969 Vienna
Convention provides that a material breach consists in “the violationk of a
provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of thke
treaty”.
163. The Court recalls its analysis of the Respondent’s allegations of
breach at paragraphs 124 to 159 above and its conclusion that the only
breach which has been established is the display of a symbol in breach okf
Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord, a situation which ended in
2004. The Court considers that this incident cannot be regarded as a
material breach within the meaning of Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Con ‑
vention. moreover, the Court considers that the Respondent has failed to
establish that the action which it took in 2008 in connection with the
Applicant’s application to NATO was a response to the breach of Arti ‑
cle 7, paragraph 2, approximately four years earlier. Accordingly, the
Court does not accept that the Respondent’s action was capable of falkling
within Article 60 of the 1969 Vienna Convention.
C. Conclusion concerning countermeasures
164. As described above (see paragraphs 120 and 121), the Respondent
also argues that its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO ckould
be justified as a proportionate countermeasure in response to breachesk of
the Interim Accord by the Applicant. As the Court has already made cleark,
the only breach which has been established by the Respondent is the Applki ‑
cant’s use in 2004 of the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2, of the
Interim Accord. Having reached that conclusion and in the light of its akna‑
lysis at paragraphs 72 to 83 concerning the reasons given by the Respondent
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5 CIJ1026.indb 98 20/06/13 08:42 application d’accorkd intérimaire (arrêt) 691
graphe 2 de l’article 7 (voir paragraphe 153)), le défendeur n’a pas démon‑
tré que le demandeur avait commis une quelconque violation de l’ackcord
intérimaire. de surcroît, le défendeur n’a pas établi l’existence d’kun rap ‑
port entre l’utilisation du symbole par le demandeur en 2004 et son oppo‑
sition à l’admission de celui‑ci à l’OTAN en 2008 ; autrement dit, il n’a
pas démontré qu’il s’était opposé à cette admissionk en réponse à l’appa ‑
rente violation du paragraphe 2 de l’article 7 ou, plus généralement, parce
qu’il pensait que l’exceptio excluait l’illicéité de cette opposition. Le
défendeur n’a donc pas établi qu’il avait été satisfaikt, en l’espèce, aux
conditions, énoncées par lui‑même, qui seraient requises pour que l’excep ‑
tio s’applique. dès lors, il n’est pas nécessaire que la Cour détermine si
cette théorie fait partie du droit international contemporain.
B. Conclusion concernant la réponse à une violation substantielle
162. Comme indiqué ci‑dessus (voir paragraphe 118), le défendeur a
aussi avancé que son opposition à l’admission du demandeur àk l’OTAN
aurait pu être considérée comme une réponse, au sens de l’karticle 60 de la
convention de Vienne de 1969, à des violations substantielles de l’accord
intérimaire que le demandeur aurait, selon lui, commises. L’alinéka b) du
paragraphe 3 de cet article dispose qu’une violation substantielle est
constituée par « la violation d’une disposition essentielle pour la réalisa ‑
tion de l’objet et du but du traité ».
163. La Cour rappelle l’analyse qu’elle a faite aux paragraphes 124
à 159 ci‑dessus des allégations de violation formulées par le défkendeur,
ainsi que sa conclusion selon laquelle la seule violation établie conkcerne
l’utilisation d’un symbole contrairement aux prescriptions du parak ‑
graphe 2 de l’article 7 de l’accord intérimaire, situation qui a pris fin
en 2004. Elle estime que cet incident ne peut être considéré commek une
violation substantielle au sens de l’article 60 de la convention de Vienne
de 1969. de surcroît, elle est d’avis que le défendeur n’a pas établi que
l’action menée par lui en 2008 relativement à la demande d’admission du
demandeur à l’OTAN répondait à la violation du paragraphe 2 de l’ar‑
ticle 7 survenue environ quatre ans auparavant. En conséquence, la Cour
n’admet pas que l’action du défendeur pouvait entrer dans les pkrévisions
de l’article 60 de la convention de Vienne de 1969.
C. Conclusion concernant les contre‑mesures
164. Comme il a été indiqué ci‑dessus (voir paragraphes 120 et 121), le
défendeur affirme aussi que son opposition à l’admission du dekmandeur à
l’OTAN pourrait être justifiée en tant que contre‑mesure proportionnée
aux violations de l’accord intérimaire qu’il lui impute. Ainsi kque la Cour
l’a déjà précisé, la seule violation que le défendeur kait établie est l’utili‑
sation par le demandeur en 2004 du symbole visé au paragraphe 2 de
l’article 7 de l’accord intérimaire. Etant parvenue à cette conclusion, ekt
compte tenu de son analyse présentée aux paragraphes 72 à 83 des raisons
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for its objection to the Applicant’s admission to NATO, the Court is knot
persuaded that the Respondent’s objection to the Applicant’s admisksion
was taken for the purpose of achieving the cessation of the Applicant’s use
of the symbol prohibited by Article 7, paragraph 2. As the Court noted
above, the use of the symbol that supports the finding of a breach of kArti‑
cle 7, paragraph 2, by the Applicant had ceased as of 2004. Thus, the Court
rejects the Respondent’s claim that its objection could be justifiekd as a
countermeasure precluding the wrongfulness of the Respondent’s objectkion
to the Applicant’s admission to NATO. Accordingly, there is no reasonk for
the Court to consider any of the additional arguments advanced by the
parties with respect to the law governing countermeasures.
165. For the foregoing reasons, the additional justifications submitted
by the Respondent fail.
*
* *
166. Lastly, the Court emphasizes that the 1995 Interim Accord places
the parties under a duty to negotiate in good faith under the auspices of
the Secretary‑general of the United Nations pursuant to the pertinent
Security Council resolutions with a view to reaching agreement on the
difference described in those resolutions.
*
* *
V. Remedies
167. The Court recalls that, in its final submissions pertaining to the
merits of the present case, the Applicant seeks two remedies which it
regarded as constituting appropriate redress for claimed violations of tkhe
Interim Accord by the Respondent. First, the Applicant seeks relief in tkhe
form of a declaration of the Court that the Respondent has acted ille ‑
gally, and secondly, it requests relief in the form of an order of the Ckourt
that the Respondent henceforth refrain from any action that violates its
obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord.
168. As elaborated above, the Court has found a violation by the
Respondent of its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord. As to possible remedies for such a violation, the Court finds kthat
a declaration that the Respondent violated its obligation not to object kto
the Applicant’s admission to or membership in NATO is warranted.
moreover, the Court does not consider it necessary to order the Respon ‑
dent, as the Applicant requests, to refrain from any future conduct
that violates its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim
Accord. As the Court previously explained, “[a]s a general rule, therke is
no reason to suppose that a State whose act or conduct has been declared
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qui, selon le défendeur, justifiaient son objection à l’admisksion du deman ‑
deur à l’OTAN, la Cour n’est pas convaincue que ladite objection visait à
contraindre le demandeur à cesser d’utiliser le symbole prohibék par le
paragraphe 2 de l’article 7. Comme elle l’a noté ci‑dessus, l’utilisation
dudit symbole, qui permet de conclure à une violation par le demandeukr
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 7, a pris fin en 2004. En conséquence, la Cour
rejette la prétention du défendeur selon laquelle son objection pourrait
se justifier comme une contre‑mesure excluant l’illicéité de l’kopposition
manifestée par lui à l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN. Eklle n’a donc
pas à examiner les arguments supplémentaires que les parties ont pu
avancer au sujet du droit régissant les contre‑mesures.
165. pour les motifs exposés ci‑dessus, les justifications additionnelles
invoquées par le défendeur ne peuvent être retenues.
*
* *
166. En dernier lieu, la Cour souligne que l’accord intérimaire de 1995
met les parties dans l’obligation de négocier de bonne foi sous les auspiceks
du Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies conformément
aux résolutions pertinentes du Conseil de sécurité, en vue de pkarvenir à un
accord sur la divergence visée dans ces résolutions.
*
* *
V. Réparation
167. La Cour rappelle que, dans ses conclusions finales sur le fond, le
demandeur la prie de prendre deux mesures qui constituent selon lui une
réparation appropriée pour les violations de l’accord intérikmaire qu’il
impute au défendeur. Il demande réparation, premièrement, sous kla forme
d’une déclaration de la Cour à l’effet que le défendeurk a agi de façon illi‑
cite et, deuxièmement, sous la forme d’une injonction de la Cour aku
défendeur de s’abstenir à l’avenir de toute action contrairek à l’obligation
que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire.
168. A l’issue de l’examen exposé ci‑dessus, la Cour a établi que le
défendeur avait manqué à l’obligation que lui impose le parakgraphe 1 de
l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire. Quant à la forme que peut revêtikr la
réparation à accorder pour ce manquement, la Cour estime être fkondée à
déclarer que le défendeur a méconnu son obligation de ne pas s’kopposer à
l’admission du demandeur à l’OTAN. En revanche, la Cour n’esktime pas
nécessaire d’ordonner au défendeur, comme le demandeur l’en kprie, de
s’abstenir à l’avenir de toute action contraire à l’obligkation que lui impose
le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord. Comme elle l’a indiqué précé ‑
demment, «en règle générale, il n’y a pas lieu de supposer que l’Etkat dont
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5 CIJ1026.indb 101 20/06/13 08:42 693 application of interkim accord (judgment)
wrongful by the Court will repeat that act or conduct in the future, sinkce
its good faith must be presumed” (Navigational and Related Rights (Costa
Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 267, para. 150).
169. The Court accordingly determines that its finding that the Respon‑
dent has violated its obligation to the Applicant under Article 11, para ‑
graph 1, of the Interim Accord, constitutes appropriate satisfaction.
* * *
170. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) By fourteen votes to two,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by the
former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia on 17 November 2008 and that
this Application is admissible ;
in favour : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Can ‑
çado Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Vukas ;
against : Judge Xue ;Judge ad hoc Roucounas ;
(2) By fifteen votes to one,
Finds that the Hellenic Republic, by objecting to the admission of the
former Yugoslav Republic of macedonia to NATO, has breached its
obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord of 13 Sep‑
tember 1995 ;
in favour : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Can ‑
çado Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, Xue, donoghue ; Judge ad hoc Vukas ;
against : Judge ad hoc Roucounas ;
(3) By fifteen votes to one,
Rejects all other submissions made by the former Yugoslav Republic of
macedonia.
in favour :President Owada ;Vice‑President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trin ‑
dade, Yusuf, greenwood, Xue, donoghue; Judge ad hoc Roucounas ;
against : Judge ad hoc Vukas.
done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this fifth day of december, two thousand
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un acte ou un comportement a été déclaré illicite par la Coukr répétera à
l’avenir cet acte ou ce comportement, puisque sa bonne foi doit êtkre pré‑
sumée » (Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits connexe▯s
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 267, par. 150).
169. La Cour décide en conséquence que sa conclusion selon laquelle
le défendeur a manqué à l’obligation que lui impose envers le dkemandeur
le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intérimaire constitue une satis ‑
faction appropriée.
*
* *
170. par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) par quatorze voix contre deux,
Dit qu’elle a compétence pour connaître de la requête déposée par
l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine le 17 novembre 2008 et que
cette requête est recevable ;
pour :m. Owada, président ;m. Tomka, vice‑président; mm. Koroma, Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amer, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trin ‑
dade, Yusuf, greenwood, m donoghue, juges ;m. Vukas, juge ad hoc;
contre : m meXue, juge ; m. Roucounas, juge ad hoc ;
2) par quinze voix contre une,
Dit que la République hellénique, en s’opposant à l’admissiokn de
l’ex‑République yougoslave de macédoine à l’OTAN, a manqué à l’obli ‑
gation que lui impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de l’accord intéri ‑
maire du 13 septembre 1995 ;
pour : m.Owada, président ; m. Tomka, vice‑président; mm. Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amormesennouna, Skotnikov, Can ‑
çado Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, m Xue, donoghue, juges ;m. Vukas,
juge ad hoc ;
contre : m. Roucounas, juge ad hoc ;
3) par quinze voix contre une,
Rejette le surplus des conclusions de l’ex‑République yougoslave de
macédoine.
pour : m. Owada, président ; m. Tomka, vice‑président; mm. Koroma,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda‑Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Can ‑
çado Trindade, Yusuf, greenwood, m mesXue, donoghue, juges ; m. Rou‑
counas, juge ad hoc ;
contre : m. Vukas, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
paix, à La Haye, le cinq décembre deux mille onze, en trois exemplaires,
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and eleven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivesk of
the Court and the others transmitted to the government of the former
Yugoslav Republic of macedonia and the government of the Hellenic
Republic, respectively.
(Signed) Hisashi Owada,
president.
(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
Judge Simma appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge Bennouna appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judge Xue appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judge ad hoc Roucounas appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment
of the Court; Judge ad hoc Vukas appends a declaration to the Judgment
of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) ph.C.
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dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres kseront tran‑s
mis, respectivement, au gouvernement de l’ex‑République yougoslave de
macédoine et au gouvernement de la République hellénique.
Le président,
(Signé) Hisashi Owada.
Le greffier,
(Signé) philippe Couvreur.
m. le juge Simma joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ;
m. le juge Bennouna joint une déclaration à l’arrêt ; m mela juge Xue
joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ; m. le juge ad hoc Rou ‑
counas joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ; m. le juge ad
hoc Vukas joint une déclaration à l’arrêt.
(Paraphé) H.O.
(Paraphé) ph.C.
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Judgment of 5 December 2011